subject
stringlengths 8
39
| wikitext
stringlengths 862
71.6k
| text
stringlengths 862
71.6k
|
|---|---|---|
Benedetto Varchi
|
Benedetto Varchi (Italian pronunciation: [beneˈdetto ˈvarki]; 1502/1503 – 1565) was an Italian humanist, historian, and poet.
Biography
Born in Florence to a family that had originated at Montevarchi, he frequented the neoplatonic academy that Bernardo Rucellai organized in his garden, the Orti Oricellari; there, in spite of the fact that Rucellai was married to the elder sister of Lorenzo de' Medici, republican ideals circulated, in the context of revived classical culture, that culminated in a plot in 1513 to subvert Medici rule in Florence. At Pisa, Varchi studied to become a notary.
With his return to Florence, he fought in the defence of the temporarily revived Republic of Florence, during the siege by the Mediceans and imperialists in 1530, and was exiled after the surrender of the city; he spent time at Padua (1537), where he was a protégé of the émigré Piero Strozzi and at Bologna (1540). In 1536 he took part in Strozzi's unsuccessful expedition against Medicean rule, but seven years later Varchi was called back to Florence by Cosimo I, who gave him a pension and appointed him one of the three official historians of Florence along with Giovanni Battista Adriani and Scipione Ammirato. His Storia fiorentina (16 vol.) covers the period from 1527 to 1538, though it was so frank it was not published in Florence until 1721. Varchi also wrote a number of plays, poems, dialogues, and translations from the classics.
With his return to Medici patronage, he became a member of the Accademia fiorentina, occupied with studies of linguistics, literary criticism, esthetics, and philosophy, but also, as became a Renaissance humanist in botany and alchemy. His tract L'Hercolano, in the form of a dialogue between the writer and a conte Ercolano, discussed the Tuscan dialect as it was spoken at Florence, in the vulgar rather than in Latin, an innovation in works of linguistics; it was published posthumously, in 1570. He wrote a comedy La Suocera ("The Mother-in-Law").
Towards the end of his life, he had a spiritual crisis and took holy orders.
In Ezra Pound's The Cantos, Varchi is mentioned with approbation (Canto V) for his honesty as a historian who did not try to fill in gaps in a historical record just to make that record neat. Rather, he was willing to admit that he did not know or that the motives or the events surrounding a particular incident could not be absolutely determined. Pound gives as an example of Varchi's honesty his investigation—for his history of Florence—of the murder of Alessandro de' Medici. Varchi admitted that after all his attempts to uncover the facts he could not decide on the motives of Alessandro's murderer (Lorenzino de' Medici, Alessandro's cousin).
Homosexuality
In his time, Varchi was notorious for his many sonnets to young boys. Though his loves were not always reciprocated, and despite his denunciations of men who engaged in "filthy loves", he was criticized by his contemporaries for his attachments to young boys. One critic mocked him in a satire: "O father Varchi, new Socrates ... his arms open and his trousers down, this is how your Bembo is waiting for you in the Elysian Fields". Another comments on his legacy, "But since he was always inclined to boy love ... he greatly lessened the reputation that would have been rightfully appropriate." In 1545, Varchi was arrested and tried for pederasty, and was eventually pardoned by Cosimo de' Medici upon the intercession of his many friends.
References
An extensive bibliography may be found at Italian Wikipedia: "Benedetto Varchi"
Further reading (Italian)
Due lezioni
Il discorso della bellezza e della grazia
Rime
|
Benedetto Varchi (Italian pronunciation: [beneˈdetto ˈvarki]; 1502/1503 – 1565) was an Italian humanist, historian, and poet.
Biography
Born in Florence to a family that had originated at Montevarchi, he frequented the neoplatonic academy that Bernardo Rucellai organized in his garden, the Orti Oricellari; there, in spite of the fact that Rucellai was married to the elder sister of Lorenzo de' Medici, republican ideals circulated, in the context of revived classical culture, that culminated in a plot in 1513 to subvert Medici rule in Florence. At Pisa, Varchi studied to become a notary.
With his return to Florence, he fought in the defence of the temporarily revived Republic of Florence, during the siege by the Mediceans and imperialists in 1530, and was exiled after the surrender of the city; he spent time at Padua (1537), where he was a protégé of the émigré Piero Strozzi and at Bologna (1540). In 1536 he took part in Strozzi's unsuccessful expedition against Medicean rule, but seven years later Varchi was called back to Florence by Cosimo I, who gave him a pension and appointed him one of the three official historians of Florence along with Giovanni Battista Adriani and Scipione Ammirato. His Storia fiorentina (16 vol.) covers the period from 1527 to 1538, though it was so frank it was not published in Florence until 1721. Varchi also wrote a number of plays, poems, dialogues, and translations from the classics.
With his return to Medici patronage, he became a member of the Accademia fiorentina, occupied with studies of linguistics, literary criticism, esthetics, and philosophy, but also, as became a Renaissance humanist in botany and alchemy. His tract L'Hercolano, in the form of a dialogue between the writer and a conte Ercolano, discussed the Tuscan dialect as it was spoken at Florence, in the vulgar rather than in Latin, an innovation in works of linguistics; it was published posthumously, in 1570. He wrote a comedy La Suocera ("The Mother-in-Law").
Towards the end of his life, he had a spiritual crisis and took holy orders.
In Ezra Pound's The Cantos, Varchi is mentioned with approbation (Canto V) for his honesty as a historian who did not try to fill in gaps in a historical record just to make that record neat. Rather, he was willing to admit that he did not know or that the motives or the events surrounding a particular incident could not be absolutely determined. Pound gives as an example of Varchi's honesty his investigation—for his history of Florence—of the murder of Alessandro de' Medici. Varchi admitted that after all his attempts to uncover the facts he could not decide on the motives of Alessandro's murderer (Lorenzino de' Medici, Alessandro's cousin).
Homosexuality
In his time, Varchi was notorious for his many sonnets to young boys. Though his loves were not always reciprocated, and despite his denunciations of men who engaged in "filthy loves", he was criticized by his contemporaries for his attachments to young boys. One critic mocked him in a satire: "O father Varchi, new Socrates ... his arms open and his trousers down, this is how your Bembo is waiting for you in the Elysian Fields". Another comments on his legacy, "But since he was always inclined to boy love ... he greatly lessened the reputation that would have been rightfully appropriate." In 1545, Varchi was arrested and tried for pederasty, and was eventually pardoned by Cosimo de' Medici upon the intercession of his many friends.
References
An extensive bibliography may be found at Italian Wikipedia: "Benedetto Varchi"
Further reading (Italian)
Due lezioni
Il discorso della bellezza e della grazia
Rime
|
Wilhelm Wattenbach
|
Wilhelm Wattenbach (22 September 1819 – 20 September 1897), was a German historian.
He was born at Rantzau in Holstein. He studied philology at the universities of Bonn, Göttingen and Berlin, and in 1843 he began to work upon the Monumenta Germaniae Historica. In 1855 he was appointed archivist at Breslau; in 1862 he became a professor of history at Heidelberg, and ten years later a professor at Berlin, where he was a member of the directing body of the Monumenta Germaniae Historica and a member of the academy. He died at Frankfurt.
According to the Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition, Wattenbach was distinguished by his thorough knowledge of the chronicles and other original documents of the Middle Ages, and his most valuable work was done in this field.
Works
Deutschlands Geschichtsquellen im Mittelalter bis zur Mitte des XIII Jahrhunderts (1858), his principal book, a guide to the sources of the history of Germany in the Middle Ages, several editions. 1893 ed.
Anleitung zur lateinischen Paläographie (Leipzig, 1869, and again 1886)
Das Schriftwesen im Mittelalter (Leipzig, 1871, and again 1896)
Beiträge zur Geschichte der christlichen Kirche in Böhmen und Mähren (Vienna, 1849)
Geschichte des römischen Papsttums (Berlin, 1876)
Anleitung zur griechischen Paläographie (Leipzig, 1867, and again 1895).
See also
Privilegium Maius
== References ==
|
Wilhelm Wattenbach (22 September 1819 – 20 September 1897), was a German historian.
He was born at Rantzau in Holstein. He studied philology at the universities of Bonn, Göttingen and Berlin, and in 1843 he began to work upon the Monumenta Germaniae Historica. In 1855 he was appointed archivist at Breslau; in 1862 he became a professor of history at Heidelberg, and ten years later a professor at Berlin, where he was a member of the directing body of the Monumenta Germaniae Historica and a member of the academy. He died at Frankfurt.
According to the Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition, Wattenbach was distinguished by his thorough knowledge of the chronicles and other original documents of the Middle Ages, and his most valuable work was done in this field.
Works
Deutschlands Geschichtsquellen im Mittelalter bis zur Mitte des XIII Jahrhunderts (1858), his principal book, a guide to the sources of the history of Germany in the Middle Ages, several editions. 1893 ed.
Anleitung zur lateinischen Paläographie (Leipzig, 1869, and again 1886)
Das Schriftwesen im Mittelalter (Leipzig, 1871, and again 1896)
Beiträge zur Geschichte der christlichen Kirche in Böhmen und Mähren (Vienna, 1849)
Geschichte des römischen Papsttums (Berlin, 1876)
Anleitung zur griechischen Paläographie (Leipzig, 1867, and again 1895).
See also
Privilegium Maius
== References ==
|
Elsa Triolet
|
Ella Yuryevna Kagan (Russian: Элла Юрьевна Каган; 1896–1970), known as Elsa Triolet, was a Russian-French writer and translator known for being the first woman to be awarded the Prix Goncourt.
Biography
Ella Yuryevna Kagan was born into a Jewish family of Yuri Alexandrovich Kagan, a lawyer, and Yelena Youlevna Berman, a music teacher, in Moscow. She and her older sister Lilya Brik received excellent educations; they were able to speak fluent German and French and play the piano. Ella graduated from the Moscow Institute of Architecture.
Ella soon became associated with the Russian Futurists via Lilya, who was in 1912 married to the art critic Osip Brik; she befriended people of their circle, including Roman Jakobson, then a zaum poet, who became her lifelong friend. Elsa enjoyed poetry, and in 1911 befriended and fell in love with the aspiring futurist poet and graphic artist Vladimir Mayakovsky. When she invited him home, the poet fell madly in love with her sister, marking the start of a series of artistic collaborations involving the two that lasted until the poet's death. Ella was the first to translate Mayakovsky's poetry (as well as volumes of other Russian-language poetry) to French.
In 1918, at the outset of the Russian Civil War, Ella married the French cavalry officer André Triolet, and emigrated to France, where she changed her name to Elsa, but for years admitted in her letters to Lilya to being heartbroken. She later divorced Triolet.
In the early 1920s, Elsa described her visit to Tahiti in her letters to Victor Shklovsky, who subsequently showed them to Maxim Gorky. Gorky suggested that the author should consider a literary career. The 1925 book In Tahiti, written in Russian and published in Leningrad, was based on these letters. She published two further novels in Russian, Wild Strawberry (1926) and Camouflage (1928), both published in Moscow.
In 1928 Elsa met French writer Louis Aragon. They stayed together for 42 years and married in 1939. She influenced Aragon to join the French Communist Party. Triolet and Aragon fought in the French Resistance.
In 1944 Triolet was the first woman to be awarded the Prix Goncourt for her novel Le premier accroc coûte deux cents francs.
She died, aged 73, in Moulin de Villeneuve, Saint-Arnoult-en-Yvelines, France of a heart attack.
In 2010, La Poste, the French post office, issued three stamps honoring Triolet.
Documentary
1965 : Elsa La Rose directed by Agnès Varda
2022 : In the eyes of Elsa Triolet directed by Gregory Monro
Bibliography
На Таити (In Tahiti, in Russian, 1925)
Земляничка (Wild Strawberry, in Russian, 1926)
Защитный цвет (Camouflage, in Russian, 1928)
Bonsoir Thérèse (Good Evening, Theresa - her first book in French, 1938)
Maïakovski (1939) translation by N. Semoniff (in Russian – published by Т/О "НЕФОРМАТ" Издат-во Accent Graphics Communications, Montreal, 2012)
Mille regrets (1942)
Le Cheval blanc (The White Horse, 1943)
Les Amants d'Avignon. (The Lovers of Avignon, published pseudonymously as Laurent Daniel for Éditions de Minuit, 1943)
Qui est cet étranger qui n'est pas d'ici ? ou le mythe de la Baronne Mélanie (Who Is This Stranger Who Isn't from Here? or, The Myth of Baroness Melanie) (1944)
Le Premier accroc coûte deux cents francs (A Fine of 200 Francs, 1945, Prix Goncourt 1944)
Personne ne m'aime (Nobody Loves Me, 1946; published in French by Le Temps des Cerises éditeurs, 2014)
Les Fantômes armés (The Armed Phantoms, 1947; Le Temps des Cerises éditeurs, 2014)
L'Inspecteur des ruines (The Inspector of Ruins, 1948)
Le Cheval roux ou les intentions humaines (The Roan Horse, or Humane Intentions) (1953)
L'Histoire d'Anton Tchekov (The Life of Anton Chekov) (1954)
Le Rendez-vous des étrangers (1956)
Le Monument (1957)
Roses à crédit (1959), the 2010 movie Roses à crédit is based on the story
Luna-Park (1960)
Les Manigances (1961)
L'Âme (1962)
Le Grand jamais (The Big Never) (1965)
Écoutez-voir (Listen and See) (1968)
La Mise en mots (1969)
Le Rossignol se tait à l'aube (1970)
References
External links
Elsa Triolet at IMDb
|
Ella Yuryevna Kagan (Russian: Элла Юрьевна Каган; 1896–1970), known as Elsa Triolet, was a Russian-French writer and translator known for being the first woman to be awarded the Prix Goncourt.
Biography
Ella Yuryevna Kagan was born into a Jewish family of Yuri Alexandrovich Kagan, a lawyer, and Yelena Youlevna Berman, a music teacher, in Moscow. She and her older sister Lilya Brik received excellent educations; they were able to speak fluent German and French and play the piano. Ella graduated from the Moscow Institute of Architecture.
Ella soon became associated with the Russian Futurists via Lilya, who was in 1912 married to the art critic Osip Brik; she befriended people of their circle, including Roman Jakobson, then a zaum poet, who became her lifelong friend. Elsa enjoyed poetry, and in 1911 befriended and fell in love with the aspiring futurist poet and graphic artist Vladimir Mayakovsky. When she invited him home, the poet fell madly in love with her sister, marking the start of a series of artistic collaborations involving the two that lasted until the poet's death. Ella was the first to translate Mayakovsky's poetry (as well as volumes of other Russian-language poetry) to French.
In 1918, at the outset of the Russian Civil War, Ella married the French cavalry officer André Triolet, and emigrated to France, where she changed her name to Elsa, but for years admitted in her letters to Lilya to being heartbroken. She later divorced Triolet.
In the early 1920s, Elsa described her visit to Tahiti in her letters to Victor Shklovsky, who subsequently showed them to Maxim Gorky. Gorky suggested that the author should consider a literary career. The 1925 book In Tahiti, written in Russian and published in Leningrad, was based on these letters. She published two further novels in Russian, Wild Strawberry (1926) and Camouflage (1928), both published in Moscow.
In 1928 Elsa met French writer Louis Aragon. They stayed together for 42 years and married in 1939. She influenced Aragon to join the French Communist Party. Triolet and Aragon fought in the French Resistance.
In 1944 Triolet was the first woman to be awarded the Prix Goncourt for her novel Le premier accroc coûte deux cents francs.
She died, aged 73, in Moulin de Villeneuve, Saint-Arnoult-en-Yvelines, France of a heart attack.
In 2010, La Poste, the French post office, issued three stamps honoring Triolet.
Documentary
1965 : Elsa La Rose directed by Agnès Varda
2022 : In the eyes of Elsa Triolet directed by Gregory Monro
Bibliography
На Таити (In Tahiti, in Russian, 1925)
Земляничка (Wild Strawberry, in Russian, 1926)
Защитный цвет (Camouflage, in Russian, 1928)
Bonsoir Thérèse (Good Evening, Theresa - her first book in French, 1938)
Maïakovski (1939) translation by N. Semoniff (in Russian – published by Т/О "НЕФОРМАТ" Издат-во Accent Graphics Communications, Montreal, 2012)
Mille regrets (1942)
Le Cheval blanc (The White Horse, 1943)
Les Amants d'Avignon. (The Lovers of Avignon, published pseudonymously as Laurent Daniel for Éditions de Minuit, 1943)
Qui est cet étranger qui n'est pas d'ici ? ou le mythe de la Baronne Mélanie (Who Is This Stranger Who Isn't from Here? or, The Myth of Baroness Melanie) (1944)
Le Premier accroc coûte deux cents francs (A Fine of 200 Francs, 1945, Prix Goncourt 1944)
Personne ne m'aime (Nobody Loves Me, 1946; published in French by Le Temps des Cerises éditeurs, 2014)
Les Fantômes armés (The Armed Phantoms, 1947; Le Temps des Cerises éditeurs, 2014)
L'Inspecteur des ruines (The Inspector of Ruins, 1948)
Le Cheval roux ou les intentions humaines (The Roan Horse, or Humane Intentions) (1953)
L'Histoire d'Anton Tchekov (The Life of Anton Chekov) (1954)
Le Rendez-vous des étrangers (1956)
Le Monument (1957)
Roses à crédit (1959), the 2010 movie Roses à crédit is based on the story
Luna-Park (1960)
Les Manigances (1961)
L'Âme (1962)
Le Grand jamais (The Big Never) (1965)
Écoutez-voir (Listen and See) (1968)
La Mise en mots (1969)
Le Rossignol se tait à l'aube (1970)
References
External links
Elsa Triolet at IMDb
|
Theopompus
|
Theopompus (Ancient Greek: Θεόπομπος, Theópompos; c. 380 BC – c. 315 BC) was an ancient Greek historian and rhetorician who was a student of Isocrates.
Biography
Early life and education
Theopompus was born on the Aegean island of Chios in 378 or 377 BCE. In his early youth, he seems to have spent some time at Athens, with his father Damasistratus, who had been exiled for his Laconian sympathies. In Athens, he became a pupil of Isocrates, and rapidly made progress in rhetoric; we are told that Isocrates used to say that Ephorus required the spur but Theopompus the bit.
At first he appears to have composed epideictic speeches, in which he attained to such proficiency that in 352–351 BC he gained the prize of oratory given by Artemisia II of Caria in honour of her husband, although Isocrates was himself among the competitors. It is said to have been the advice of his teacher that finally determined his career as an historian—a career for which he was peculiarly qualified owing to his abundant patrimony and his wide knowledge of men and places. Through the influence of Alexander III, he was permitted to return to Chios around 333 BC, and figured for some time as one of the leaders of the aristocratic party in his native town. After Alexander's death, he was again expelled, and took refuge with Ptolemy in Egypt, where he appears to have met with a somewhat cold reception. The exact date of his death isn't know, but scholars have placed it around 320 BC.
Career and Works
The works of Theopompus were chiefly historical, and are much quoted by later writers. They included an Epitome of Herodotus's Histories (whether this work is actually his is debated), the Hellenica (Ἑλληνικά), the History of Philip, and several panegyrics and hortatory addresses, the chief of which was the Letter to Alexander.
The Hellenica
The Hellenica treated of the history of Greece, in twelve books, from 411 BC (where Thucydides breaks off) to 394 BC — the date of the Battle of Cnidus. Of this work, only a few fragments were known up till 1907. The papyrus fragment of a Greek historian of the 4th century BC, discovered by B. P. Grenfell and A. S. Hunt, and published by them in Oxyrhynchus Papyri (Vol. 5, 1908), has been recognized by Eduard Meyer, Ulrich von Wilamowitz-Moellendorff and Georg Busolt as a portion of the Hellenica. This identification has been disputed, however, by Friedrich Blass, J. B. Bury, E. M. Walker and others, most of whom attribute the fragment, which deals with the events of the year 395 BC and is of considerable extent, to Cratippus.
History of Philip II
Theopompus's most significant work, the Philippica, consisted of fifty-eight books which detailed the reign of Philip II of Macedon. Despite its fragmented state modern scholarship offers insights into its themes and Theopompus's historiographical approach. Unlike many of his peers, Theopompus offered a nuanced portrayal of Philip. He depicts him not merely as a conqueror but as a figure whose reign brought about significant moral and social destruction. The "Philippica" was more than a historical record. It is moral commentary on the corruption of Philips court. Theopompus criticizes the moral decline which accompanied Philip's expansionist policies. He'd draw parallels between personal vices of individuals and the larger societal corruption. Also, he detailed accounts of various regions and their political and social conditions. By doing so, he could share his belief in the interconnectedness of moral and political decay in different societies.
A far more elaborate work was the history of Philip's reign (360–336 BC), with digressions on the names and customs of the various races and countries of which he had occasion to speak, which were so numerous that Philip V of Macedon reduced the bulk of the history from 58 to 16 books by cutting out those parts which had no connection with Macedonia. It was from this history that Trogus Pompeius (of whose Historiae Philippicae we possess the epitome by Justin) derived much of his material. Fifty-three books were extant in the time of Photius (9th century), who read them, and has left us an epitome of the 12th book. Several fragments, chiefly anecdotes and strictures of various kinds upon the character of nations and individuals, are preserved by Athenaeus, Plutarch and others. Of the Letter to Alexander we possess one or two fragments cited by Athenaeus, criticizing severely the immorality and dissipations of Harpalus.
The artistic unity of his work suffered severely from the frequent and lengthy digressions, of which the most important was On the Athenian Demagogues in the 10th book of the Philippica, containing a bitter attack on many of the chief Athenian statesmen, and generally recognized as having been freely used by Plutarch in several of the Lives. The Marvels is a lengthy digression inserted into books 8 and 9.
Another fault of Theopompus was his excessive fondness for romantic and incredible stories; a collection of some of these was afterwards made and published under his name. He was also severely blamed in antiquity for his censoriousness, and throughout his fragments no feature is more striking than this. On the whole, however, he appears to have been fairly impartial. Theompopus censures Philip severely for drunkenness and immorality while warmly praising Demosthenes.
Mention by others
Aristotle mentions the conception and testimony of Theopompus about the inequity of slavery, in Politics. Jewish historian Flavius Josephus writes that Demetrius of Phalerum, in response to Ptolemy II Philadelphus asking why the Jewish Law had not been mentioned by any of his scribes or poets, told that due to the divine nature of the documents, any who endeavored to write about it had been afflicted by a distemper. He continued, saying that Theopompus once endeavored to write about the Jewish Law, but became disturbed in his mind for 30 days, whereupon during some intermission of his distemper he prayed for healing and determined to leave off his attempt to write, and was cured thereby. A passage from Theopompus is given by Athenaeus in his Deipnosophistae. Claudius Aelianus quotes both Theopompus and Lycus of Rhegium as sources on the crop-protection practices of the Adriatic Veneti.
Modern Scholarship
Modern scholarship by historians such as Gordon Shrimpton and W. Robert Connor have re-evaluated Theopompus's contributions to historiography. Shrimpton emphasizes Theopompus's refined portrayal of Phillip II. He argues that Theopompus's work reflected a sophisticated understanding of the nuances of power and corruption. Connor highlights Theopompus's disillusionment with the moral state of Greece. This presents him as a critical observer and recorder of society.
Riccardo Vattoune's analysis further examines Theopompus's innovations in methodology. The chapter explores how Theopompus approached writing of history, specifically his use of sources and his treatment of historical events. One key aspect discussed is Theopompus's interest in "invisible" parts of history such as motivations, emotions, and character traits. These parts of history aren't readily apparent from the historical record alone, but his work preserves that part of history. Additionally, Vattuone dives into Theopompus's use of speeches, anecdotes, and character sketch's to give life to these invisible parts of history. Overall, the chapter provides insight into Theopompus's innovations in the field of historiography.
References
Citations
Sources
This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Walker, Edward Mewburn (1911). "Theopompus". In Chisholm, Hugh (ed.). Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 26 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 787–788.
Christ, M. R. (1993). "Theopompus and Herodotus: A Reassessment". The Classical Quarterly. New Series. 43 (1): 47–52. doi:10.1017/s0009838800044165. S2CID 170587615.
Colby, Frank Moore Colby; Williams, Talcott (1905). The New International Encyclopædia. Vol. 9.
Fox, Robin Lane (1973). Alexander the Great. London: Penguin Books.
Georgiadou, Aristoula; Larmour, David Henry James (1998). Lucian's science fiction novel, true histories : interpretation and commentary. Brill. ISBN 90-04-10667-7. OCLC 468092394.
Natoli, Anthony Francis (2004). The letter of Speusippus to Philip II : introduction, text, translation and commentary. Steiner. ISBN 3-515-08396-0. OCLC 1146496114.
Shrimpton, Gordon. “Theopompus’ Treatment of Philip in the ‘Philippica.’” Phoenix, vol. 31, no. 2, 1977, pp. 123–44. JSTOR, https://doi.org/10.2307/1087268. Accessed 23 May 2024.
Connor, Robert. “History without Heroes: Theopompus' Treatment of Philip of Macedon.” Wikipedia, https://grbs.library.duke.edu/index.php/grbs/article/view/11251. Accessed 23 May 2024.
Further reading
Bruce, I. A. F. (1970). "Theopompus and Classical Greek Historiography". History and Theory. 9 (1). Blackwell Publishing: 86–109. doi:10.2307/2504503. JSTOR 2504503.
Flower, Michael Attyah (1994). Theopompus of Chios: History and Rhetoric in the Fourth Century BC. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Lund, Helen S. (1992). Lysimachus: A Study in Early Hellenistic Kingship. London: Routledge.
Shrimpton, Gordon S. (1992). Theopompus the Historian. Montreal: McGill-Queen's University Press.
Ottone, Gabriella (2004). "Per una nuova edizione dei frammenti di Teopompo di Chio: riflessioni su alcune problematiche teoriche e metodologiche". Ktèma. Civilisations de l'Orient, de la Grèce et de Rome antiques. 29: 129–143. doi:10.3406/ktema.2004.2535.
Ottone, Gabriella (2018). Teopompo di Chio. Filippiche (Fozio, Biblioteca, cod. 176). Tivoli: Edizioni Tored.
External links
Lendering, Jona (2019) [2004]. "Theopompus of Chios". Livius: Articles on Ancient History. Livius.org.
|
Theopompus (Ancient Greek: Θεόπομπος, Theópompos; c. 380 BC – c. 315 BC) was an ancient Greek historian and rhetorician who was a student of Isocrates.
Biography
Early life and education
Theopompus was born on the Aegean island of Chios in 378 or 377 BCE. In his early youth, he seems to have spent some time at Athens, with his father Damasistratus, who had been exiled for his Laconian sympathies. In Athens, he became a pupil of Isocrates, and rapidly made progress in rhetoric; we are told that Isocrates used to say that Ephorus required the spur but Theopompus the bit.
At first he appears to have composed epideictic speeches, in which he attained to such proficiency that in 352–351 BC he gained the prize of oratory given by Artemisia II of Caria in honour of her husband, although Isocrates was himself among the competitors. It is said to have been the advice of his teacher that finally determined his career as an historian—a career for which he was peculiarly qualified owing to his abundant patrimony and his wide knowledge of men and places. Through the influence of Alexander III, he was permitted to return to Chios around 333 BC, and figured for some time as one of the leaders of the aristocratic party in his native town. After Alexander's death, he was again expelled, and took refuge with Ptolemy in Egypt, where he appears to have met with a somewhat cold reception. The exact date of his death isn't know, but scholars have placed it around 320 BC.
Career and Works
The works of Theopompus were chiefly historical, and are much quoted by later writers. They included an Epitome of Herodotus's Histories (whether this work is actually his is debated), the Hellenica (Ἑλληνικά), the History of Philip, and several panegyrics and hortatory addresses, the chief of which was the Letter to Alexander.
The Hellenica
The Hellenica treated of the history of Greece, in twelve books, from 411 BC (where Thucydides breaks off) to 394 BC — the date of the Battle of Cnidus. Of this work, only a few fragments were known up till 1907. The papyrus fragment of a Greek historian of the 4th century BC, discovered by B. P. Grenfell and A. S. Hunt, and published by them in Oxyrhynchus Papyri (Vol. 5, 1908), has been recognized by Eduard Meyer, Ulrich von Wilamowitz-Moellendorff and Georg Busolt as a portion of the Hellenica. This identification has been disputed, however, by Friedrich Blass, J. B. Bury, E. M. Walker and others, most of whom attribute the fragment, which deals with the events of the year 395 BC and is of considerable extent, to Cratippus.
History of Philip II
Theopompus's most significant work, the Philippica, consisted of fifty-eight books which detailed the reign of Philip II of Macedon. Despite its fragmented state modern scholarship offers insights into its themes and Theopompus's historiographical approach. Unlike many of his peers, Theopompus offered a nuanced portrayal of Philip. He depicts him not merely as a conqueror but as a figure whose reign brought about significant moral and social destruction. The "Philippica" was more than a historical record. It is moral commentary on the corruption of Philips court. Theopompus criticizes the moral decline which accompanied Philip's expansionist policies. He'd draw parallels between personal vices of individuals and the larger societal corruption. Also, he detailed accounts of various regions and their political and social conditions. By doing so, he could share his belief in the interconnectedness of moral and political decay in different societies.
A far more elaborate work was the history of Philip's reign (360–336 BC), with digressions on the names and customs of the various races and countries of which he had occasion to speak, which were so numerous that Philip V of Macedon reduced the bulk of the history from 58 to 16 books by cutting out those parts which had no connection with Macedonia. It was from this history that Trogus Pompeius (of whose Historiae Philippicae we possess the epitome by Justin) derived much of his material. Fifty-three books were extant in the time of Photius (9th century), who read them, and has left us an epitome of the 12th book. Several fragments, chiefly anecdotes and strictures of various kinds upon the character of nations and individuals, are preserved by Athenaeus, Plutarch and others. Of the Letter to Alexander we possess one or two fragments cited by Athenaeus, criticizing severely the immorality and dissipations of Harpalus.
The artistic unity of his work suffered severely from the frequent and lengthy digressions, of which the most important was On the Athenian Demagogues in the 10th book of the Philippica, containing a bitter attack on many of the chief Athenian statesmen, and generally recognized as having been freely used by Plutarch in several of the Lives. The Marvels is a lengthy digression inserted into books 8 and 9.
Another fault of Theopompus was his excessive fondness for romantic and incredible stories; a collection of some of these was afterwards made and published under his name. He was also severely blamed in antiquity for his censoriousness, and throughout his fragments no feature is more striking than this. On the whole, however, he appears to have been fairly impartial. Theompopus censures Philip severely for drunkenness and immorality while warmly praising Demosthenes.
Mention by others
Aristotle mentions the conception and testimony of Theopompus about the inequity of slavery, in Politics. Jewish historian Flavius Josephus writes that Demetrius of Phalerum, in response to Ptolemy II Philadelphus asking why the Jewish Law had not been mentioned by any of his scribes or poets, told that due to the divine nature of the documents, any who endeavored to write about it had been afflicted by a distemper. He continued, saying that Theopompus once endeavored to write about the Jewish Law, but became disturbed in his mind for 30 days, whereupon during some intermission of his distemper he prayed for healing and determined to leave off his attempt to write, and was cured thereby. A passage from Theopompus is given by Athenaeus in his Deipnosophistae. Claudius Aelianus quotes both Theopompus and Lycus of Rhegium as sources on the crop-protection practices of the Adriatic Veneti.
Modern Scholarship
Modern scholarship by historians such as Gordon Shrimpton and W. Robert Connor have re-evaluated Theopompus's contributions to historiography. Shrimpton emphasizes Theopompus's refined portrayal of Phillip II. He argues that Theopompus's work reflected a sophisticated understanding of the nuances of power and corruption. Connor highlights Theopompus's disillusionment with the moral state of Greece. This presents him as a critical observer and recorder of society.
Riccardo Vattoune's analysis further examines Theopompus's innovations in methodology. The chapter explores how Theopompus approached writing of history, specifically his use of sources and his treatment of historical events. One key aspect discussed is Theopompus's interest in "invisible" parts of history such as motivations, emotions, and character traits. These parts of history aren't readily apparent from the historical record alone, but his work preserves that part of history. Additionally, Vattuone dives into Theopompus's use of speeches, anecdotes, and character sketch's to give life to these invisible parts of history. Overall, the chapter provides insight into Theopompus's innovations in the field of historiography.
References
Citations
Sources
This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Walker, Edward Mewburn (1911). "Theopompus". In Chisholm, Hugh (ed.). Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 26 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 787–788.
Christ, M. R. (1993). "Theopompus and Herodotus: A Reassessment". The Classical Quarterly. New Series. 43 (1): 47–52. doi:10.1017/s0009838800044165. S2CID 170587615.
Colby, Frank Moore Colby; Williams, Talcott (1905). The New International Encyclopædia. Vol. 9.
Fox, Robin Lane (1973). Alexander the Great. London: Penguin Books.
Georgiadou, Aristoula; Larmour, David Henry James (1998). Lucian's science fiction novel, true histories : interpretation and commentary. Brill. ISBN 90-04-10667-7. OCLC 468092394.
Natoli, Anthony Francis (2004). The letter of Speusippus to Philip II : introduction, text, translation and commentary. Steiner. ISBN 3-515-08396-0. OCLC 1146496114.
Shrimpton, Gordon. “Theopompus’ Treatment of Philip in the ‘Philippica.’” Phoenix, vol. 31, no. 2, 1977, pp. 123–44. JSTOR, https://doi.org/10.2307/1087268. Accessed 23 May 2024.
Connor, Robert. “History without Heroes: Theopompus' Treatment of Philip of Macedon.” Wikipedia, https://grbs.library.duke.edu/index.php/grbs/article/view/11251. Accessed 23 May 2024.
Further reading
Bruce, I. A. F. (1970). "Theopompus and Classical Greek Historiography". History and Theory. 9 (1). Blackwell Publishing: 86–109. doi:10.2307/2504503. JSTOR 2504503.
Flower, Michael Attyah (1994). Theopompus of Chios: History and Rhetoric in the Fourth Century BC. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Lund, Helen S. (1992). Lysimachus: A Study in Early Hellenistic Kingship. London: Routledge.
Shrimpton, Gordon S. (1992). Theopompus the Historian. Montreal: McGill-Queen's University Press.
Ottone, Gabriella (2004). "Per una nuova edizione dei frammenti di Teopompo di Chio: riflessioni su alcune problematiche teoriche e metodologiche". Ktèma. Civilisations de l'Orient, de la Grèce et de Rome antiques. 29: 129–143. doi:10.3406/ktema.2004.2535.
Ottone, Gabriella (2018). Teopompo di Chio. Filippiche (Fozio, Biblioteca, cod. 176). Tivoli: Edizioni Tored.
External links
Lendering, Jona (2019) [2004]. "Theopompus of Chios". Livius: Articles on Ancient History. Livius.org.
|
Heinrich Ritter
|
Heinrich August Ritter (German: [ˈʁɪtɐ]; 21 November 1791 – 3 February 1869) was a German philosopher and historian of philosophy.
He was born in Zerbst, and studied philosophy and theology at the University of Göttingen and Berlin until 1815. In 1824 he became an associate professor of philosophy at Berlin, later transferring to Kiel, where he occupied the chair of philosophy from 1833 to 1837. He then accepted a similar position at the University of Göttingen, where he remained till his death. Friedrich Schleiermacher was a major influence in his thinking.
Works
Ritter's chief work was a history of philosophy (Geschichte der Philosophie) published in twelve volumes at Hamburg from 1829 to 1853. This work was the product of a wide and thorough knowledge of the subject aided by an impartial critical faculty, and its value was underscored by its translation into almost all the languages of Europe. He wrote also accounts of ancient schools of philosophy, such as the Ionians, the Pythagoreans and the Megarians.
Beside these important historical works, he published a large number of treatises of which the following may be mentioned:
Abriss der philosophischen Logik (1824).
Geschichte der Philosophie (1829–1853; 2nd edition, vols. i–iv, 1836–1838) — its 1st section, "Geschichte der philosophie alter zeit", was translated into English by Alexander J.W. Morrison and published as: The history of ancient philosophy (1838–46).
Ueber das Verhältnis der Philosophie zum Leben (1835).
Historia philosophiae Graeco-Romanae (in collaboration with Ludwig Preller, 1838; 7th edition, 1888).
Kleine philosophische Schriften (1839–1840).
Versuch zur Verständigung über die neueste deutsche Philosophie seit Kant (1853).
System der Logik und Metaphysik (1856).
Die christliche Philosophie bis auf die neuesten Zeiten (2 volumes, 1858–1859).
Encyklopädie der philosophischen Wissenschaften (1862–1864).
Ernest Renan, über die Naturwissenschaften und die Geschichte (1865).
Ueber das Böse und seine Folgen (1869).
Notes
References
This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Ritter, Heinrich". Encyclopædia Britannica (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press.
Gilman, D. C.; Peck, H. T.; Colby, F. M., eds. (1905). "Ritter, Heinrich" . New International Encyclopedia (1st ed.). New York: Dodd, Mead.
|
Heinrich August Ritter (German: [ˈʁɪtɐ]; 21 November 1791 – 3 February 1869) was a German philosopher and historian of philosophy.
He was born in Zerbst, and studied philosophy and theology at the University of Göttingen and Berlin until 1815. In 1824 he became an associate professor of philosophy at Berlin, later transferring to Kiel, where he occupied the chair of philosophy from 1833 to 1837. He then accepted a similar position at the University of Göttingen, where he remained till his death. Friedrich Schleiermacher was a major influence in his thinking.
Works
Ritter's chief work was a history of philosophy (Geschichte der Philosophie) published in twelve volumes at Hamburg from 1829 to 1853. This work was the product of a wide and thorough knowledge of the subject aided by an impartial critical faculty, and its value was underscored by its translation into almost all the languages of Europe. He wrote also accounts of ancient schools of philosophy, such as the Ionians, the Pythagoreans and the Megarians.
Beside these important historical works, he published a large number of treatises of which the following may be mentioned:
Abriss der philosophischen Logik (1824).
Geschichte der Philosophie (1829–1853; 2nd edition, vols. i–iv, 1836–1838) — its 1st section, "Geschichte der philosophie alter zeit", was translated into English by Alexander J.W. Morrison and published as: The history of ancient philosophy (1838–46).
Ueber das Verhältnis der Philosophie zum Leben (1835).
Historia philosophiae Graeco-Romanae (in collaboration with Ludwig Preller, 1838; 7th edition, 1888).
Kleine philosophische Schriften (1839–1840).
Versuch zur Verständigung über die neueste deutsche Philosophie seit Kant (1853).
System der Logik und Metaphysik (1856).
Die christliche Philosophie bis auf die neuesten Zeiten (2 volumes, 1858–1859).
Encyklopädie der philosophischen Wissenschaften (1862–1864).
Ernest Renan, über die Naturwissenschaften und die Geschichte (1865).
Ueber das Böse und seine Folgen (1869).
Notes
References
This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Ritter, Heinrich". Encyclopædia Britannica (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press.
Gilman, D. C.; Peck, H. T.; Colby, F. M., eds. (1905). "Ritter, Heinrich" . New International Encyclopedia (1st ed.). New York: Dodd, Mead.
|
Adrienne Monnier
|
Adrienne Monnier (26 April 1892 – 19 June 1955) was a French bookseller, writer, and publisher, and an influential figure in the modernist writing scene in Paris in the 1920s and 1930s.
Formative years
Monnier was born in Paris on 26 April 1892. Her father, Clovis Monnier (1859–1944), was a postal worker (postier ambulant), sorting mail in transit on night trains. Her mother, Philiberte (née Sollier, 1873–1944), was "open-minded" with an interest in literature and the arts. Adrienne's younger sister, Marie (1894–1976), would become known as a skillful embroiderer and illustrator. Their mother encouraged the sisters to read widely from an early age and frequently took them to the theatre, opera, and ballet.
In 1909, aged 17, Monnier graduated from high school, with a teaching qualification (brevet supérieur). Within months, in September, she moved to London, officially to improve her English but in reality to be close to her classmate, Suzanne Bonnierre, with whom she was "very much in love". Monnier spent three months working as an au pair, before finding a job for six months teaching French in Eastbourne. She later wrote about her English experiences in Souvenirs de Londres ("Memories of London").
Back in France, Monnier taught briefly at a private school, before enrolling on a shorthand and typing course. Thus equipped, in 1912, she found work as a secretary at the Université des Annales, a Right Bank publishing house specialising in mainstream literary and cultural works. Although Monnier enjoyed the work, she had little in common with the writers and journalists with whom she came into contact, preferring the bohemian Left Bank and the avant-garde literary world that it represented.
In November 1913, Monnier's father, Clovis, was seriously injured in a train crash while at work; he was left with a lifelong limp. When the compensation came through, he gave all of it – 10,000 Francs – to Monnier, to help her set up in bookselling.
La Maison des Amis des Livres
On 15 November 1915, Monnier opened her bookshop and lending library, "La Maison des Amis des Livres" at 7 rue de l'Odéon, Paris VI. She was among the first women in France to found her own bookstore. While women sometimes assisted in a family bookstore, and widows occasionally took over their husband's bookselling or publishing business, it was unusual for a French woman to independently set herself up as a bookseller. Nonetheless Monnier, who had worked as a teacher and as a literary secretary, loved the world of literature and was determined to make bookselling her career. With limited capital she opened her shop at a time when there was a genuine need for a new bookstore, since many booksellers had left their work to join the armed forces. As her reputation spread, Monnier's advice was sought out by other women who hoped to follow her example and become booksellers.
Odéonia
Monnier offered advice and encouragement to Sylvia Beach when Beach founded an English language bookstore called Shakespeare and Company in 1919. During the 1920s, the shops owned by Beach and Monnier were located across from each other on the rue de l'Odéon in the heart of the Latin Quarter. Both bookstores became gathering places for French, British, and American writers. By sponsoring readings and encouraging informal conversations among authors and readers, the two women brought to bookselling a domesticity and hospitality that encouraged friendship as well as cultural exchange.
Le Navire d'Argent
In June 1925, Monnier, with Beach's moral and literary support, launched a French language review, Le Navire d'Argent (The Silver Ship), with Jean Prévost as literary editor. Taking its name from the silver sailing ship, which appears in Paris's coat of arms, it cost 5 Fr per issue, or 50 Fr for a twelve-month subscription. Although financially unsuccessful, it was an important part of the literary scene of the Twenties and was "a great European light", helping launch several writers' careers. Typically, about a hundred pages per issue, it was "French in language, but international in spirit" and drew heavily on the circle of writers frequenting her shop. The first edition contained a French-language translation (prepared jointly by Monnier and Beach) of T. S. Eliot's poem, The Love Song of J. Alfred Prufrock (May 1925). Other issues included an early draft of part of James Joyce's Finnegans Wake (Oct 1925); and an abridged version of Antoine de Saint-Exupéry's novella, The Aviator, in the penultimate (April 1926) edition. One edition (March 1926) was devoted to American writers (including Walt Whitman, William Carlos Williams and E. E. Cummings). It also first introduced Ernest Hemingway in translation to French audiences. Monnier herself contributed under the pseudonym J-M Sollier, based on her mother's maiden name. After twelve issues, Monnier abandoned the Navire d’Argent, as the effort and the cost was more than she could manage. To cover her losses, Monnier auctioned her personal collection of 400 books, many inscribed to her by their authors. A decade later, Monnier launched a successor periodical, the Gazette des Amis des Livres, which ran from January 1938 until May 1940.
Later years
Although Beach closed her store during the German Occupation, Monnier's remained open and continued to provide books and solace to Parisian readers. For ten years after the war Monnier continued her work as an essayist, translator and bookseller. Plagued by ill health, Monnier was diagnosed in September 1954 with Ménière's disease, a disorder of the inner ear which affects balance and hearing. She also suffered from delusions. On 19 June 1955, she died by suicide by taking an overdose of sleeping pills.
Works
Les Gazettes, Gallimard, Paris, 1960.
La Figure, René Julliard, Paris, 1923.
Les Vertus, René Julliard, Paris, 1926.
Fableaux, René Julliard, Paris, 1932.
Souvenirs de Londres, Mercure de France, Paris, 1957.
Rue de l'Odéon, Albin Michel, Paris, 1960.
References
Notes
=== Sources ===
|
Adrienne Monnier (26 April 1892 – 19 June 1955) was a French bookseller, writer, and publisher, and an influential figure in the modernist writing scene in Paris in the 1920s and 1930s.
Formative years
Monnier was born in Paris on 26 April 1892. Her father, Clovis Monnier (1859–1944), was a postal worker (postier ambulant), sorting mail in transit on night trains. Her mother, Philiberte (née Sollier, 1873–1944), was "open-minded" with an interest in literature and the arts. Adrienne's younger sister, Marie (1894–1976), would become known as a skillful embroiderer and illustrator. Their mother encouraged the sisters to read widely from an early age and frequently took them to the theatre, opera, and ballet.
In 1909, aged 17, Monnier graduated from high school, with a teaching qualification (brevet supérieur). Within months, in September, she moved to London, officially to improve her English but in reality to be close to her classmate, Suzanne Bonnierre, with whom she was "very much in love". Monnier spent three months working as an au pair, before finding a job for six months teaching French in Eastbourne. She later wrote about her English experiences in Souvenirs de Londres ("Memories of London").
Back in France, Monnier taught briefly at a private school, before enrolling on a shorthand and typing course. Thus equipped, in 1912, she found work as a secretary at the Université des Annales, a Right Bank publishing house specialising in mainstream literary and cultural works. Although Monnier enjoyed the work, she had little in common with the writers and journalists with whom she came into contact, preferring the bohemian Left Bank and the avant-garde literary world that it represented.
In November 1913, Monnier's father, Clovis, was seriously injured in a train crash while at work; he was left with a lifelong limp. When the compensation came through, he gave all of it – 10,000 Francs – to Monnier, to help her set up in bookselling.
La Maison des Amis des Livres
On 15 November 1915, Monnier opened her bookshop and lending library, "La Maison des Amis des Livres" at 7 rue de l'Odéon, Paris VI. She was among the first women in France to found her own bookstore. While women sometimes assisted in a family bookstore, and widows occasionally took over their husband's bookselling or publishing business, it was unusual for a French woman to independently set herself up as a bookseller. Nonetheless Monnier, who had worked as a teacher and as a literary secretary, loved the world of literature and was determined to make bookselling her career. With limited capital she opened her shop at a time when there was a genuine need for a new bookstore, since many booksellers had left their work to join the armed forces. As her reputation spread, Monnier's advice was sought out by other women who hoped to follow her example and become booksellers.
Odéonia
Monnier offered advice and encouragement to Sylvia Beach when Beach founded an English language bookstore called Shakespeare and Company in 1919. During the 1920s, the shops owned by Beach and Monnier were located across from each other on the rue de l'Odéon in the heart of the Latin Quarter. Both bookstores became gathering places for French, British, and American writers. By sponsoring readings and encouraging informal conversations among authors and readers, the two women brought to bookselling a domesticity and hospitality that encouraged friendship as well as cultural exchange.
Le Navire d'Argent
In June 1925, Monnier, with Beach's moral and literary support, launched a French language review, Le Navire d'Argent (The Silver Ship), with Jean Prévost as literary editor. Taking its name from the silver sailing ship, which appears in Paris's coat of arms, it cost 5 Fr per issue, or 50 Fr for a twelve-month subscription. Although financially unsuccessful, it was an important part of the literary scene of the Twenties and was "a great European light", helping launch several writers' careers. Typically, about a hundred pages per issue, it was "French in language, but international in spirit" and drew heavily on the circle of writers frequenting her shop. The first edition contained a French-language translation (prepared jointly by Monnier and Beach) of T. S. Eliot's poem, The Love Song of J. Alfred Prufrock (May 1925). Other issues included an early draft of part of James Joyce's Finnegans Wake (Oct 1925); and an abridged version of Antoine de Saint-Exupéry's novella, The Aviator, in the penultimate (April 1926) edition. One edition (March 1926) was devoted to American writers (including Walt Whitman, William Carlos Williams and E. E. Cummings). It also first introduced Ernest Hemingway in translation to French audiences. Monnier herself contributed under the pseudonym J-M Sollier, based on her mother's maiden name. After twelve issues, Monnier abandoned the Navire d’Argent, as the effort and the cost was more than she could manage. To cover her losses, Monnier auctioned her personal collection of 400 books, many inscribed to her by their authors. A decade later, Monnier launched a successor periodical, the Gazette des Amis des Livres, which ran from January 1938 until May 1940.
Later years
Although Beach closed her store during the German Occupation, Monnier's remained open and continued to provide books and solace to Parisian readers. For ten years after the war Monnier continued her work as an essayist, translator and bookseller. Plagued by ill health, Monnier was diagnosed in September 1954 with Ménière's disease, a disorder of the inner ear which affects balance and hearing. She also suffered from delusions. On 19 June 1955, she died by suicide by taking an overdose of sleeping pills.
Works
Les Gazettes, Gallimard, Paris, 1960.
La Figure, René Julliard, Paris, 1923.
Les Vertus, René Julliard, Paris, 1926.
Fableaux, René Julliard, Paris, 1932.
Souvenirs de Londres, Mercure de France, Paris, 1957.
Rue de l'Odéon, Albin Michel, Paris, 1960.
References
Notes
=== Sources ===
|
Ann Brashares
|
Ann Brashares (born July 30, 1967) is an American young adult novelist. She is best known as the author of The Sisterhood of the Traveling Pants series.
Life and career
Brashares was born in Alexandria, Virginia, and grew up in Chevy Chase, Maryland, with her three brothers. She attended elementary and high school at the Sidwell Friends School in Washington, D.C. After studying philosophy at Barnard College, she worked as an editor for 17th Street Productions. 17th Street was acquired by Alloy Entertainment, and following the acquisition she worked briefly for Alloy.
After leaving Alloy she wrote The Sisterhood of the Traveling Pants (2001), which became an international best seller. It was followed with three more titles in the "Pants" series that were The Second Summer of the Sisterhood (2003), Girls in Pants: The Third Summer of the Sisterhood (2005) and Forever in Blue: The Fourth Summer of the Sisterhood (2007). The first book in the series was adapted into the film The Sisterhood of the Traveling Pants in 2005. The sequel, The Sisterhood of the Traveling Pants 2, based on the other three novels in the series was released in August 2008. Brashares' first novel for adults, The Last Summer (of You and Me) was released in 2007. The first companion book to the Sisterhood series, 3 Willows: The Sisterhood Grows, was published in 2009, and the second companion book, Sisterhood Everlasting, was published in 2011. Her second novel for adults, My Name is Memory was published in 2010 and has been optioned for film. Brashares' young-adult time travel novel, The Here and Now, was published in April 2014. She resides in New York City with her artist husband, Jacob Collins, and children Samuel, Nathaniel, Susannah and Isaiah.
Works
Brashares mainly writes for young adults. Besides the Sisterhood series and its two companion books, 3 Willows and Sisterhood Everlasting, she has contributed two 80-page biographies to the nonfiction book series Techies and has published two standalone novels for adults. She won the Indies Choice Book Award for Children's Literature in 2002, and won the Quill Award for Young teen/adult in 2005.
Nonfiction
2001 – Linus Torvalds, Software Rebel (Twenty-First Century Books, 2001)
2001 – Steve Jobs Thinks Different (Twenty-First Century, 2001)
Fiction
2001 – The Sisterhood of the Traveling Pants
2003 – The Second Summer of the Sisterhood
2005 – Girls in Pants: The Third Summer of the Sisterhood
2007 – Forever in Blue: The Fourth Summer of the Sisterhood
2007 – The Last Summer (of You and Me)
2009 – 3 Willows: The Sisterhood Grows
2010 – My Name Is Memory
2011 – Sisterhood Everlasting
2014 – The Here and Now (Delacorte, April 2014)
2017 – The Summer Bed (previously published as The Whole Thing Together)
2025 – Westfallen (co-written with her brother and children's author Ben Brashares)
References
External links
Official website
Sisterhood Central biography
Teenreads biography Archived 2009-01-07 at the Wayback Machine
Alumna profile at Barnard College
New York Times profiles Brashares, her husband, and their renovated East Side carriage house, January 4, 2007
Ann Brashares at IMDb
Ann Brashares at Library of Congress, with 16 library catalog records
|
Ann Brashares (born July 30, 1967) is an American young adult novelist. She is best known as the author of The Sisterhood of the Traveling Pants series.
Life and career
Brashares was born in Alexandria, Virginia, and grew up in Chevy Chase, Maryland, with her three brothers. She attended elementary and high school at the Sidwell Friends School in Washington, D.C. After studying philosophy at Barnard College, she worked as an editor for 17th Street Productions. 17th Street was acquired by Alloy Entertainment, and following the acquisition she worked briefly for Alloy.
After leaving Alloy she wrote The Sisterhood of the Traveling Pants (2001), which became an international best seller. It was followed with three more titles in the "Pants" series that were The Second Summer of the Sisterhood (2003), Girls in Pants: The Third Summer of the Sisterhood (2005) and Forever in Blue: The Fourth Summer of the Sisterhood (2007). The first book in the series was adapted into the film The Sisterhood of the Traveling Pants in 2005. The sequel, The Sisterhood of the Traveling Pants 2, based on the other three novels in the series was released in August 2008. Brashares' first novel for adults, The Last Summer (of You and Me) was released in 2007. The first companion book to the Sisterhood series, 3 Willows: The Sisterhood Grows, was published in 2009, and the second companion book, Sisterhood Everlasting, was published in 2011. Her second novel for adults, My Name is Memory was published in 2010 and has been optioned for film. Brashares' young-adult time travel novel, The Here and Now, was published in April 2014. She resides in New York City with her artist husband, Jacob Collins, and children Samuel, Nathaniel, Susannah and Isaiah.
Works
Brashares mainly writes for young adults. Besides the Sisterhood series and its two companion books, 3 Willows and Sisterhood Everlasting, she has contributed two 80-page biographies to the nonfiction book series Techies and has published two standalone novels for adults. She won the Indies Choice Book Award for Children's Literature in 2002, and won the Quill Award for Young teen/adult in 2005.
Nonfiction
2001 – Linus Torvalds, Software Rebel (Twenty-First Century Books, 2001)
2001 – Steve Jobs Thinks Different (Twenty-First Century, 2001)
Fiction
2001 – The Sisterhood of the Traveling Pants
2003 – The Second Summer of the Sisterhood
2005 – Girls in Pants: The Third Summer of the Sisterhood
2007 – Forever in Blue: The Fourth Summer of the Sisterhood
2007 – The Last Summer (of You and Me)
2009 – 3 Willows: The Sisterhood Grows
2010 – My Name Is Memory
2011 – Sisterhood Everlasting
2014 – The Here and Now (Delacorte, April 2014)
2017 – The Summer Bed (previously published as The Whole Thing Together)
2025 – Westfallen (co-written with her brother and children's author Ben Brashares)
References
External links
Official website
Sisterhood Central biography
Teenreads biography Archived 2009-01-07 at the Wayback Machine
Alumna profile at Barnard College
New York Times profiles Brashares, her husband, and their renovated East Side carriage house, January 4, 2007
Ann Brashares at IMDb
Ann Brashares at Library of Congress, with 16 library catalog records
|
Hartmann von Aue
|
Hartmann von Aue, also known as Hartmann von Ouwe, (born c. 1160–70, died c. 1210–20) was a German knight and poet. With his works including Erec, Iwein, Gregorius, and Der arme Heinrich, he introduced the Arthurian romance into German literature and, with Wolfram von Eschenbach and Gottfried von Strassburg, was one of the three great epic poets of Middle High German literature.
Life
Hartmann belonged to the lower nobility of Swabia, where he was born. After receiving a monastic education, he became retainer (Dienstmann) of a nobleman whose domain, Aue, has been identified with Obernau on the River Neckar. He also took part in the Crusade of 1197. The date of his death is as uncertain as that of his birth; he is mentioned in Gottfried von Strassburg's Tristan (c. 1210) as still alive, and in the Crône of Heinrich von dem Türlin, written about 1220, he is mourned for as dead.
Works
Hartmann produced four narrative poems which are of importance for the evolution of the Middle High German court epic. The first of these, Erec, which may have been written as early as 1191 or 1192, and the last, Iwein, belong to the Arthurian cycle and are based on epics by Chrétien de Troyes (Erec and Enide and Yvain, the Knight of the Lion, respectively). While the story of Chretien's Yvain refers to events in Chretien's Lancelot, to explain that Arthur is not present to help because Guinevere has been kidnapped, Hartmann did not adapt Chretien's Lancelot. The result is that Hartmann's Erec introduces entirely different explanations for Guinevere's kidnapping, which do not correspond to what occurred in the shared literary tradition of Chretien's Arthurian romances.
His other two narrative poems are Gregorius, also an adaptation of a French epic, and Der arme Heinrich, which tells the story of a leper cured by a young girl who is willing to sacrifice her life for him. The source of this tale evidently came from the lore of the noble family whom Hartmann served. Gregorius, Der arme Heinrich and Hartmann's lyrics, which are all fervidly religious in tone, imply a tendency towards asceticism, but, on the whole, Hartmann's striving seems rather to have been to reconcile the extremes of life; to establish a middle way of human conduct between the worldly pursuits of knighthood and the ascetic ideals of medieval religion. Translations have been made into modern German of all Hartmann's poems, while Der arme Heinrich has repeatedly attracted the attention of modern poets, both English (Longfellow, Rossetti) and German (notably, Gerhart Hauptmann).
He was also a Minnesänger, and 18 of his songs survive.
Editions and translations
Tobin, Frank, Kim Vivian, and Richard H. Lawson, trans. Arthurian Romances, Tales, and Lyric Poetry: The Complete Works of Hartmann von Aue, Penn State Press, 2001 ISBN 0-271-02112-8
Hartmann Von Aue, "Iwein: The Knight with the Lion", translated by J.W. Thomas, 1979, ISBN 0-8032-7331-2.
Hartmann Von Aue, "Erec," translated by J.W. Thomas, 2001, ISBN 0-8032-7329-0.
References
This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Hartmann von Aue". Encyclopædia Britannica (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press.
Cormeau C (1981). "Hartmann von Aue". In Ruh K, Keil G, Schröder W (eds.). Die deutsche Literatur des Mittelalters. Verfasserlexikon. Vol. 3. Berlin, New York: Walter De Gruyter. cols 500–520. ISBN 978-3-11-022248-7.
Cormeau, Christoph; Störmer, Wilhelm (1993). Hartmann von Aue. Epoche - Werk - Wirkung (2nd ed.). Munich: Beck. pp. 160–193. ISBN 3-406-30309-9.
Gentry, Francis G., ed. (2005). A Companion to the Works of Hartmann von Aue. Rochester, NY: Camden House. ISBN 1571132384.
Jackson, W.H. (1995). Chivalry in Twelfth-Century Germany: The Works of Hartmann von Aue. Cambridge: D.S. Brewer. ISBN 978-0859914314.
Neumann, Friedrich (1966). "Hartmann von Aue". Neue Deutsche Biographie (in German). Vol. 7. Berlin: Duncker & Humblot. pp. 728–731. (full text online).
External links
Works by or about Hartmann von Aue at the Internet Archive
Roy Boggs and Kurt Gärtner: Hartmann von Aue (Knowledge Base) Portal Archived 2 February 2016 at the Wayback Machine
"Aue, Hartmann von" . New International Encyclopedia. 1905.
"Aue, Hartmann von" . Encyclopedia Americana. 1920.
|
Hartmann von Aue, also known as Hartmann von Ouwe, (born c. 1160–70, died c. 1210–20) was a German knight and poet. With his works including Erec, Iwein, Gregorius, and Der arme Heinrich, he introduced the Arthurian romance into German literature and, with Wolfram von Eschenbach and Gottfried von Strassburg, was one of the three great epic poets of Middle High German literature.
Life
Hartmann belonged to the lower nobility of Swabia, where he was born. After receiving a monastic education, he became retainer (Dienstmann) of a nobleman whose domain, Aue, has been identified with Obernau on the River Neckar. He also took part in the Crusade of 1197. The date of his death is as uncertain as that of his birth; he is mentioned in Gottfried von Strassburg's Tristan (c. 1210) as still alive, and in the Crône of Heinrich von dem Türlin, written about 1220, he is mourned for as dead.
Works
Hartmann produced four narrative poems which are of importance for the evolution of the Middle High German court epic. The first of these, Erec, which may have been written as early as 1191 or 1192, and the last, Iwein, belong to the Arthurian cycle and are based on epics by Chrétien de Troyes (Erec and Enide and Yvain, the Knight of the Lion, respectively). While the story of Chretien's Yvain refers to events in Chretien's Lancelot, to explain that Arthur is not present to help because Guinevere has been kidnapped, Hartmann did not adapt Chretien's Lancelot. The result is that Hartmann's Erec introduces entirely different explanations for Guinevere's kidnapping, which do not correspond to what occurred in the shared literary tradition of Chretien's Arthurian romances.
His other two narrative poems are Gregorius, also an adaptation of a French epic, and Der arme Heinrich, which tells the story of a leper cured by a young girl who is willing to sacrifice her life for him. The source of this tale evidently came from the lore of the noble family whom Hartmann served. Gregorius, Der arme Heinrich and Hartmann's lyrics, which are all fervidly religious in tone, imply a tendency towards asceticism, but, on the whole, Hartmann's striving seems rather to have been to reconcile the extremes of life; to establish a middle way of human conduct between the worldly pursuits of knighthood and the ascetic ideals of medieval religion. Translations have been made into modern German of all Hartmann's poems, while Der arme Heinrich has repeatedly attracted the attention of modern poets, both English (Longfellow, Rossetti) and German (notably, Gerhart Hauptmann).
He was also a Minnesänger, and 18 of his songs survive.
Editions and translations
Tobin, Frank, Kim Vivian, and Richard H. Lawson, trans. Arthurian Romances, Tales, and Lyric Poetry: The Complete Works of Hartmann von Aue, Penn State Press, 2001 ISBN 0-271-02112-8
Hartmann Von Aue, "Iwein: The Knight with the Lion", translated by J.W. Thomas, 1979, ISBN 0-8032-7331-2.
Hartmann Von Aue, "Erec," translated by J.W. Thomas, 2001, ISBN 0-8032-7329-0.
References
This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Hartmann von Aue". Encyclopædia Britannica (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press.
Cormeau C (1981). "Hartmann von Aue". In Ruh K, Keil G, Schröder W (eds.). Die deutsche Literatur des Mittelalters. Verfasserlexikon. Vol. 3. Berlin, New York: Walter De Gruyter. cols 500–520. ISBN 978-3-11-022248-7.
Cormeau, Christoph; Störmer, Wilhelm (1993). Hartmann von Aue. Epoche - Werk - Wirkung (2nd ed.). Munich: Beck. pp. 160–193. ISBN 3-406-30309-9.
Gentry, Francis G., ed. (2005). A Companion to the Works of Hartmann von Aue. Rochester, NY: Camden House. ISBN 1571132384.
Jackson, W.H. (1995). Chivalry in Twelfth-Century Germany: The Works of Hartmann von Aue. Cambridge: D.S. Brewer. ISBN 978-0859914314.
Neumann, Friedrich (1966). "Hartmann von Aue". Neue Deutsche Biographie (in German). Vol. 7. Berlin: Duncker & Humblot. pp. 728–731. (full text online).
External links
Works by or about Hartmann von Aue at the Internet Archive
Roy Boggs and Kurt Gärtner: Hartmann von Aue (Knowledge Base) Portal Archived 2 February 2016 at the Wayback Machine
"Aue, Hartmann von" . New International Encyclopedia. 1905.
"Aue, Hartmann von" . Encyclopedia Americana. 1920.
|
Jorge Semprún
|
Jorge Semprún Maura (Spanish pronunciation: [ˈxoɾxe semˈpɾum ˈmawɾa]; 10 December 1923 – 7 June 2011) was a Spanish writer and politician who lived in France most of his life and wrote primarily in French. From 1953 to 1962, during the dictatorship of Francisco Franco, Semprún lived clandestinely in Spain working as an organizer for the exiled Communist Party of Spain, but was expelled from the party in 1964. After the death of Franco and the change to a democratic government, he served as Minister of Culture in Spain's socialist government from 1988 to 1991.
He was a screenwriter for two successive films by the Greek director Costa-Gavras, Z (1969) and The Confession (1970), which dealt with the theme of persecution by governments. For his work on the films La Guerre est finie (The War Is Over; Alain Renais, 1966) and Z (Costa-Gavras, 1969) Semprún was nominated for the Academy Award. In 1996, he became the first non-French author elected to the Académie Goncourt, which awards an annual literary prize. He won the 1997 Jerusalem Prize in Israel, and the 2002 Ovid Prize in Romania.
Early life and education
Jorge Semprún Maura was born in 1923 in Madrid. His mother, who died when Jorge was eight, was Susana Maura Gamazo, the youngest daughter of Antonio Maura, who served several times as prime minister of Spain. His father, José María Semprún Gurrea (1893–1966), was a liberal politician and served as a diplomat for the Republic of Spain during the Spanish Civil War.
Émigrés and World War II
In the wake of the military uprising led by General Franco in July 1936, the Semprún family moved to France, and then to The Hague where his father was a diplomat, representing the Republic of Spain in the Netherlands. After the Netherlands officially recognized the Franco government in the beginning of 1939, the family returned to France as refugees. Jorge Semprún enrolled there at the Lycée Henri IV and later the Sorbonne.
During the Nazi occupation of France, the young Semprún joined the Francs-Tireurs et Partisans – Main-d'Œuvre Immigrée (FTP-MOI), a Resistance organization made up mostly of immigrants. After joining the Spanish Communist Party in 1942 in France, Semprún was reassigned to the Francs-Tireurs et Partisans (FTP), the Communist armed Resistance. In 1943 he was arrested by the Gestapo and deported to Buchenwald concentration camp for his role in the Resistance. He deals with the experiences in two books: Le grand voyage (1963) treats the journey to Buchenwald, and Quel beau dimanche! (1980) his camp experiences.
In 1945, Semprún returned to France and became an active member of the exiled Communist Party of Spain (PCE). From 1953 to 1962, he was an important organizer of the PCE's clandestine activities in Spain, using the pseudonym of Federico Sánchez. He entered the party's executive committee in 1956. In 1964, he was expelled from the party because of "differences regarding the party line", and from then on he concentrated on his writing career.
Semprún wrote many novels, plays, and screenplays, for which he received several nominations, including an Academy Award in 1970, and awards, including the 1997 Jerusalem Prize. He was a screenwriter for two successive films by the Greek director Costa-Gavras, dealing with the theme of persecution by governments, Z (1969) and The Confession (1970). For his work on Z, he was nominated for the Academy Award for Best Adapted Screenplay but did not win.
He was a member of the jury at the 1984 Cannes Film Festival. In 1988 he was appointed Minister of Culture in Felipe González's second government, despite being neither an elected MP nor a member of the Socialist Party (PSOE). He resigned the post three years later after publishing an article openly criticising the vice-president, Alfonso Guerra, and his brother Juan Guerra.
In 1996, Semprún became the first non-French author to be elected to the Académie Goncourt, which awards an annual prize for literature written in French. In 2002, he was awarded the inaugural Ovid Prize in recognition of his entire body of work, which focuses on "tolerance and freedom of expression".
Jorge Semprún served as the honorary chairman of the Spanish branch of Action Against Hunger. He lived in Paris. In 2001, while giving a conference at the Lycée Frédéric Mistral in Avignon, France, he inspired young Pablo Daniel Magee to become a writer. Magee went on to write Opération Condor, prefaced by Costa Gavras.
Marriage and family
Semprún married the actress Loleh Bellon in 1949. Their son, Jaime Semprún (1947–2010), was also a writer. Later Semprún married the French film editor Colette Leloup in 1958. They had five children: Dominique Semprún, Ricardo Semprún, Lourdes Semprún, Juan Semprún and Pablo Semprún. He is the brother of the writer Carlos Semprún (1926–2009).
Style and themes
Semprún wrote primarily in French and alluded to French authors as much as to Spanish ones. Most of his books are fictionalized accounts of his deportation to Buchenwald. His writing is non-linear and achronological. The narrative setting shifts back and forth in time, exploring the past and future in relation to key events. With each recounting, events take on different meanings. Semprún's works are self-reflexive. His narrators explore how events live on in memory and means of communicating the events of the concentration camp to readers who cannot fathom that experience. His more recent work in this vein also includes reflections on the meaning of Europe and of being European, as informed by this period of history, including how Buchenwald was reopened by Soviet forces as Special Camp No. 2 of the NKVD, and then largely razed and planted over by East Germany to hide the mass graves from this second dark episode.
Semprún's writing in Spanish deals with Spanish subject matter, and includes two volumes of memoirs: Autobiografía de Federico Sánchez, about his clandestine work in and later exclusion from the Spanish Communist Party (1953–64), and Federico Sánchez se despide de ustedes, which deals with his term of service as Minister of Culture in the second Socialist government of Felipe González (1988–91). A novel in Spanish, Veinte años y un día, is set in 1956 and deals with recent history in Spain.
Works
Semprún's first book, Le grand voyage (The Long Voyage in English; republished as The Cattle Truck in 2005 by Serif), was published in 1963 by Gallimard. It recounts Semprún's deportation and incarceration in Buchenwald in fictionalized form. A feature of the novel, and with Semprún's work in general, is its fractured chronology. The work recounts his train journey and arrival at the concentration camp. During the long trip, the narrator provides the reader with flashbacks to his experiences in the French Resistance and flash-forwards to life in the camp and after liberation. The novel won two literary prizes, the Prix Formentor and Prix littéraire de la Résistance ("Literary Prize of the Resistance").
In 1977, his Autobiografía de Federico Sánchez (Autobiography of Federico Sánchez) won the Premio Planeta, the most highly remunerated literary prize in Spain. In spite of the pseudonymous title, the work is Semprún's least fictionalized volume of autobiography, recounting his life as a member of the central committee of the Spanish Communist Party (PCE), and his undercover activities in Spain between 1953 and 1964. The book shows a stark view of Communist organizations during the Cold War, and presents a very critical portrait of leading figures of the PCE, including Santiago Carrillo and Dolores Ibárruri.
What a Beautiful Sunday (Quel beau dimanche!), his novel of life in Buchenwald and after liberation was published by Grasset in 1980. It purports to tell what it was like to live one day, hour by hour, in the concentration camp, but like Semprún's other novels, the narrator recounts events that precede and follow that day. In part, Semprún was inspired by A Day in the Life of Ivan Denisovich by Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn, and the work contains criticism of Stalinism as well as fascism.
Literature or Life was published by Gallimard in 1994. The French title, L'Ecriture ou la vie, might be better translated as "Writing or Life". Semprún explores themes related to deportation, but the focus is on living with the memory of the experience and how to write about it. Semprún revisits scenes from previous works and gives rationales for his literary choices.
Semprún's essays and public lectures, published in Spanish in the collection Pensar en Europa and, somewhat less comprehensively, In Franch in Une Tombe au Creux des Nuages, include reflections on the legacy of Jewish Europeans, whether German-speaking such as Sigmund Freud, Gustav Mahler, or Edmund Husserl, or French, such as Alfred Dreyfus or Léon Blum, as well as the political and social conflicts from World War II to the Cold War and beyond into the twenty-first century
Semprún's plays are less well-known than his film scripts and prose works but offer noteworthy treatments of his key themes, such as Buchenwald and the Nazi legacy, Jewish lives in Europe before and after the Shoah, the persistence as well as perishability of memory. Of his plays, only Le Retour de Carola Neher (The Return of Carola Neher) was published in his lifetime by Gallimard in 1998. It was commissioned by director Klaus Michael Grüber and staged in German as Bleiche Mutter, Zarte Schwester (Pale Mother, Gentle Sister), a title that alludes to two poems by Bertolt Brecht, in the Soviet military graveyard near Buchenwald to commemorate the fiftieth anniversary of the liberation of the camp inmates in April 1995. Two other plays were published posthumously: Moi, Eléanor, FIlle de Karl Marx, Juive (I, Eleanor Marx, am Jewish) in 2014 by Gallimard, and Gurs: une tragédie européene written in French but published in Spanish translation in Teatro completo de Jorge Semprún in 2021.
Books
Grand voyage (Paris: Gallimard, 1963)
Long voyage, translated by Richard Seaver (New York: Grove Press, 1964)
Évanouissement (Paris: Gallimard, 1967)
Deuxième mort de Ramón Mercader (Paris: Gallimard, 1969)
Second death of Ramón Mercader, translated by Len Ortzen (New York: Grove Press, 1973)
Segunda muerte de Ramón Mercader: novela, traducción por Carlos Pujol (Barcelona: Planeta, 1978)
Repérages: Photographies de Alain Resnais, texte de Jorge Semprun (Paris: Chêne, 1974)
Autobiografía de Federico Sánchez (Barcelona: Planeta, 1977)
Autobiography of Federico Sanchez and the Communist underground in Spain, translated by Helen Lane (New York: Karz Publishers, c1979)
Desvanecimiento: novela (Barcelona: Planeta, 1979)
Quel beau dimanche (Paris: B. Grasset, c1980)
What a beautiful Sunday!, translated by Alan Sheridan (San Diego: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, c1982)
Algarabie: roman (Paris: Fayard, c1981)
Montand, la vie continue (Paris: Denoël J. Clims, c1983)
Montagne blanche: roman (Paris: Gallimard, c1986)
Netchaïev est de retour-- : roman (Paris: J.C. Lattès, c1987)
Le Retour de Carola Neher (Paris: Gallimard, 1998)
Pensar en Europa. Ensayos. (Barcelona: Tusquets, 2006)
Une Tombe au Creux des Nuages: Essais sur L'Europe (Paris: Climats, 2010)
Moi, Eléanor, Fille de Karl Marx, Juive (Paris: Gallimard, 2014)
Teatro completo, Ed. Manuel Aznar Soler (Seville: Renacimiento, 2021)
See also
List of Spanish Academy Award winners and nominees
Calle Mayor (film)
References
Sources
Céspedes Gallego, Jaime, La obra de Jorge Semprún. Claves de interpretación, Bern, Berlin, Bruxelles, Frankfurt am Main, New York, Oxford, Wien, Peter Lang, vol. 1: Autobiografía y novela (2012); vol. 2: Cine y teatro (2015).
Céspedes Gallego, Jaime, Las Dos Memorias de Jorge Semprún y los documentales sobre la Guerra Civil Española, Sevilla, Renacimiento, 2021.
Céspedes Gallego, Jaime (University of Orleans, ed.), Cinéma et engagement: Jorge Semprún scénariste, nº 140, CinémAction, Corlet Éditions, 2011.
Céspedes Gallego, Jaime, «André Malraux chez Jorge Semprún: l'héritage d'une quête», in Revue André Malraux Review, n° 33, Michel Lantelme (editor), Norman, University of Oklahoma, 2005, pp. 86–101.
Céspedes Gallego, Jaime, «La dimensión biográfica de Veinte años y un día de Jorge Semprún», in Tonos. Revista Electrónica de Estudios Filológicos, n° 10, University of Murcia, 2005.
Céspedes Gallego, Jaime, «Un eslabón perdido en la historiografía sobre la Guerra Civil: Las dos memorias de Jorge Semprún» Archived 10 October 2011 at the Wayback Machine, in Cartaphilus. Revista de investigación y crítica estética, n° 5, University of Murcia, 2009.
Drakopoulou, Eugenia. «The Revivification of Baroque Paintings in the Novels of Jorge Semprun», in Actual Problems of Theory and History of Art: Collection of articles. Vol. 8. Ed. S. V. Mal’tseva, E. Iu. Staniukovich-Denisova, A. V. Zakharova. St. Petersburg, St. Petersburg Univ. Press, 2018, pp. 701–707. ISSN 2312-2129.
Johnson, Kathleen A. "The Framing of History: Jorge Semprun's «La Deuxieme Mort de Ramon Mercader", in French Forum, vol. 20, n° 1, January 1995, pp. 77–90.
Fox Maura, Soledad, «Jorge Semprún, The Spaniard Who Survived the Nazis and Conquered Paris», Cañada Blanch Centre for Contemporary Spanish Studies / Sussex Academic Press, 2017.
Benestroff, Corinne. Jorge Semprún entre résistance et résilience. Paris: CNRS, 2017
External links
Lila Azam Zanganeh (Spring 2007). "Jorge Semprún, The Art of Fiction No. 192". The Paris Review. Spring 2007 (180).
Jorge Semprún at IMDb
Portrait of Jorge Semprún by Braun-Vega.
|
Jorge Semprún Maura (Spanish pronunciation: [ˈxoɾxe semˈpɾum ˈmawɾa]; 10 December 1923 – 7 June 2011) was a Spanish writer and politician who lived in France most of his life and wrote primarily in French. From 1953 to 1962, during the dictatorship of Francisco Franco, Semprún lived clandestinely in Spain working as an organizer for the exiled Communist Party of Spain, but was expelled from the party in 1964. After the death of Franco and the change to a democratic government, he served as Minister of Culture in Spain's socialist government from 1988 to 1991.
He was a screenwriter for two successive films by the Greek director Costa-Gavras, Z (1969) and The Confession (1970), which dealt with the theme of persecution by governments. For his work on the films La Guerre est finie (The War Is Over; Alain Renais, 1966) and Z (Costa-Gavras, 1969) Semprún was nominated for the Academy Award. In 1996, he became the first non-French author elected to the Académie Goncourt, which awards an annual literary prize. He won the 1997 Jerusalem Prize in Israel, and the 2002 Ovid Prize in Romania.
Early life and education
Jorge Semprún Maura was born in 1923 in Madrid. His mother, who died when Jorge was eight, was Susana Maura Gamazo, the youngest daughter of Antonio Maura, who served several times as prime minister of Spain. His father, José María Semprún Gurrea (1893–1966), was a liberal politician and served as a diplomat for the Republic of Spain during the Spanish Civil War.
Émigrés and World War II
In the wake of the military uprising led by General Franco in July 1936, the Semprún family moved to France, and then to The Hague where his father was a diplomat, representing the Republic of Spain in the Netherlands. After the Netherlands officially recognized the Franco government in the beginning of 1939, the family returned to France as refugees. Jorge Semprún enrolled there at the Lycée Henri IV and later the Sorbonne.
During the Nazi occupation of France, the young Semprún joined the Francs-Tireurs et Partisans – Main-d'Œuvre Immigrée (FTP-MOI), a Resistance organization made up mostly of immigrants. After joining the Spanish Communist Party in 1942 in France, Semprún was reassigned to the Francs-Tireurs et Partisans (FTP), the Communist armed Resistance. In 1943 he was arrested by the Gestapo and deported to Buchenwald concentration camp for his role in the Resistance. He deals with the experiences in two books: Le grand voyage (1963) treats the journey to Buchenwald, and Quel beau dimanche! (1980) his camp experiences.
In 1945, Semprún returned to France and became an active member of the exiled Communist Party of Spain (PCE). From 1953 to 1962, he was an important organizer of the PCE's clandestine activities in Spain, using the pseudonym of Federico Sánchez. He entered the party's executive committee in 1956. In 1964, he was expelled from the party because of "differences regarding the party line", and from then on he concentrated on his writing career.
Semprún wrote many novels, plays, and screenplays, for which he received several nominations, including an Academy Award in 1970, and awards, including the 1997 Jerusalem Prize. He was a screenwriter for two successive films by the Greek director Costa-Gavras, dealing with the theme of persecution by governments, Z (1969) and The Confession (1970). For his work on Z, he was nominated for the Academy Award for Best Adapted Screenplay but did not win.
He was a member of the jury at the 1984 Cannes Film Festival. In 1988 he was appointed Minister of Culture in Felipe González's second government, despite being neither an elected MP nor a member of the Socialist Party (PSOE). He resigned the post three years later after publishing an article openly criticising the vice-president, Alfonso Guerra, and his brother Juan Guerra.
In 1996, Semprún became the first non-French author to be elected to the Académie Goncourt, which awards an annual prize for literature written in French. In 2002, he was awarded the inaugural Ovid Prize in recognition of his entire body of work, which focuses on "tolerance and freedom of expression".
Jorge Semprún served as the honorary chairman of the Spanish branch of Action Against Hunger. He lived in Paris. In 2001, while giving a conference at the Lycée Frédéric Mistral in Avignon, France, he inspired young Pablo Daniel Magee to become a writer. Magee went on to write Opération Condor, prefaced by Costa Gavras.
Marriage and family
Semprún married the actress Loleh Bellon in 1949. Their son, Jaime Semprún (1947–2010), was also a writer. Later Semprún married the French film editor Colette Leloup in 1958. They had five children: Dominique Semprún, Ricardo Semprún, Lourdes Semprún, Juan Semprún and Pablo Semprún. He is the brother of the writer Carlos Semprún (1926–2009).
Style and themes
Semprún wrote primarily in French and alluded to French authors as much as to Spanish ones. Most of his books are fictionalized accounts of his deportation to Buchenwald. His writing is non-linear and achronological. The narrative setting shifts back and forth in time, exploring the past and future in relation to key events. With each recounting, events take on different meanings. Semprún's works are self-reflexive. His narrators explore how events live on in memory and means of communicating the events of the concentration camp to readers who cannot fathom that experience. His more recent work in this vein also includes reflections on the meaning of Europe and of being European, as informed by this period of history, including how Buchenwald was reopened by Soviet forces as Special Camp No. 2 of the NKVD, and then largely razed and planted over by East Germany to hide the mass graves from this second dark episode.
Semprún's writing in Spanish deals with Spanish subject matter, and includes two volumes of memoirs: Autobiografía de Federico Sánchez, about his clandestine work in and later exclusion from the Spanish Communist Party (1953–64), and Federico Sánchez se despide de ustedes, which deals with his term of service as Minister of Culture in the second Socialist government of Felipe González (1988–91). A novel in Spanish, Veinte años y un día, is set in 1956 and deals with recent history in Spain.
Works
Semprún's first book, Le grand voyage (The Long Voyage in English; republished as The Cattle Truck in 2005 by Serif), was published in 1963 by Gallimard. It recounts Semprún's deportation and incarceration in Buchenwald in fictionalized form. A feature of the novel, and with Semprún's work in general, is its fractured chronology. The work recounts his train journey and arrival at the concentration camp. During the long trip, the narrator provides the reader with flashbacks to his experiences in the French Resistance and flash-forwards to life in the camp and after liberation. The novel won two literary prizes, the Prix Formentor and Prix littéraire de la Résistance ("Literary Prize of the Resistance").
In 1977, his Autobiografía de Federico Sánchez (Autobiography of Federico Sánchez) won the Premio Planeta, the most highly remunerated literary prize in Spain. In spite of the pseudonymous title, the work is Semprún's least fictionalized volume of autobiography, recounting his life as a member of the central committee of the Spanish Communist Party (PCE), and his undercover activities in Spain between 1953 and 1964. The book shows a stark view of Communist organizations during the Cold War, and presents a very critical portrait of leading figures of the PCE, including Santiago Carrillo and Dolores Ibárruri.
What a Beautiful Sunday (Quel beau dimanche!), his novel of life in Buchenwald and after liberation was published by Grasset in 1980. It purports to tell what it was like to live one day, hour by hour, in the concentration camp, but like Semprún's other novels, the narrator recounts events that precede and follow that day. In part, Semprún was inspired by A Day in the Life of Ivan Denisovich by Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn, and the work contains criticism of Stalinism as well as fascism.
Literature or Life was published by Gallimard in 1994. The French title, L'Ecriture ou la vie, might be better translated as "Writing or Life". Semprún explores themes related to deportation, but the focus is on living with the memory of the experience and how to write about it. Semprún revisits scenes from previous works and gives rationales for his literary choices.
Semprún's essays and public lectures, published in Spanish in the collection Pensar en Europa and, somewhat less comprehensively, In Franch in Une Tombe au Creux des Nuages, include reflections on the legacy of Jewish Europeans, whether German-speaking such as Sigmund Freud, Gustav Mahler, or Edmund Husserl, or French, such as Alfred Dreyfus or Léon Blum, as well as the political and social conflicts from World War II to the Cold War and beyond into the twenty-first century
Semprún's plays are less well-known than his film scripts and prose works but offer noteworthy treatments of his key themes, such as Buchenwald and the Nazi legacy, Jewish lives in Europe before and after the Shoah, the persistence as well as perishability of memory. Of his plays, only Le Retour de Carola Neher (The Return of Carola Neher) was published in his lifetime by Gallimard in 1998. It was commissioned by director Klaus Michael Grüber and staged in German as Bleiche Mutter, Zarte Schwester (Pale Mother, Gentle Sister), a title that alludes to two poems by Bertolt Brecht, in the Soviet military graveyard near Buchenwald to commemorate the fiftieth anniversary of the liberation of the camp inmates in April 1995. Two other plays were published posthumously: Moi, Eléanor, FIlle de Karl Marx, Juive (I, Eleanor Marx, am Jewish) in 2014 by Gallimard, and Gurs: une tragédie européene written in French but published in Spanish translation in Teatro completo de Jorge Semprún in 2021.
Books
Grand voyage (Paris: Gallimard, 1963)
Long voyage, translated by Richard Seaver (New York: Grove Press, 1964)
Évanouissement (Paris: Gallimard, 1967)
Deuxième mort de Ramón Mercader (Paris: Gallimard, 1969)
Second death of Ramón Mercader, translated by Len Ortzen (New York: Grove Press, 1973)
Segunda muerte de Ramón Mercader: novela, traducción por Carlos Pujol (Barcelona: Planeta, 1978)
Repérages: Photographies de Alain Resnais, texte de Jorge Semprun (Paris: Chêne, 1974)
Autobiografía de Federico Sánchez (Barcelona: Planeta, 1977)
Autobiography of Federico Sanchez and the Communist underground in Spain, translated by Helen Lane (New York: Karz Publishers, c1979)
Desvanecimiento: novela (Barcelona: Planeta, 1979)
Quel beau dimanche (Paris: B. Grasset, c1980)
What a beautiful Sunday!, translated by Alan Sheridan (San Diego: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, c1982)
Algarabie: roman (Paris: Fayard, c1981)
Montand, la vie continue (Paris: Denoël J. Clims, c1983)
Montagne blanche: roman (Paris: Gallimard, c1986)
Netchaïev est de retour-- : roman (Paris: J.C. Lattès, c1987)
Le Retour de Carola Neher (Paris: Gallimard, 1998)
Pensar en Europa. Ensayos. (Barcelona: Tusquets, 2006)
Une Tombe au Creux des Nuages: Essais sur L'Europe (Paris: Climats, 2010)
Moi, Eléanor, Fille de Karl Marx, Juive (Paris: Gallimard, 2014)
Teatro completo, Ed. Manuel Aznar Soler (Seville: Renacimiento, 2021)
See also
List of Spanish Academy Award winners and nominees
Calle Mayor (film)
References
Sources
Céspedes Gallego, Jaime, La obra de Jorge Semprún. Claves de interpretación, Bern, Berlin, Bruxelles, Frankfurt am Main, New York, Oxford, Wien, Peter Lang, vol. 1: Autobiografía y novela (2012); vol. 2: Cine y teatro (2015).
Céspedes Gallego, Jaime, Las Dos Memorias de Jorge Semprún y los documentales sobre la Guerra Civil Española, Sevilla, Renacimiento, 2021.
Céspedes Gallego, Jaime (University of Orleans, ed.), Cinéma et engagement: Jorge Semprún scénariste, nº 140, CinémAction, Corlet Éditions, 2011.
Céspedes Gallego, Jaime, «André Malraux chez Jorge Semprún: l'héritage d'une quête», in Revue André Malraux Review, n° 33, Michel Lantelme (editor), Norman, University of Oklahoma, 2005, pp. 86–101.
Céspedes Gallego, Jaime, «La dimensión biográfica de Veinte años y un día de Jorge Semprún», in Tonos. Revista Electrónica de Estudios Filológicos, n° 10, University of Murcia, 2005.
Céspedes Gallego, Jaime, «Un eslabón perdido en la historiografía sobre la Guerra Civil: Las dos memorias de Jorge Semprún» Archived 10 October 2011 at the Wayback Machine, in Cartaphilus. Revista de investigación y crítica estética, n° 5, University of Murcia, 2009.
Drakopoulou, Eugenia. «The Revivification of Baroque Paintings in the Novels of Jorge Semprun», in Actual Problems of Theory and History of Art: Collection of articles. Vol. 8. Ed. S. V. Mal’tseva, E. Iu. Staniukovich-Denisova, A. V. Zakharova. St. Petersburg, St. Petersburg Univ. Press, 2018, pp. 701–707. ISSN 2312-2129.
Johnson, Kathleen A. "The Framing of History: Jorge Semprun's «La Deuxieme Mort de Ramon Mercader", in French Forum, vol. 20, n° 1, January 1995, pp. 77–90.
Fox Maura, Soledad, «Jorge Semprún, The Spaniard Who Survived the Nazis and Conquered Paris», Cañada Blanch Centre for Contemporary Spanish Studies / Sussex Academic Press, 2017.
Benestroff, Corinne. Jorge Semprún entre résistance et résilience. Paris: CNRS, 2017
External links
Lila Azam Zanganeh (Spring 2007). "Jorge Semprún, The Art of Fiction No. 192". The Paris Review. Spring 2007 (180).
Jorge Semprún at IMDb
Portrait of Jorge Semprún by Braun-Vega.
|
Giovanni Battista Casti
|
Giovanni Battista Casti (29 August 1724 – 5 February 1803) was an Italian poet, satirist, and author of comic opera librettos.
Life
He was born in Acquapendente near Viterbo. He entered the priesthood after studying at the seminary of Montefiascone and became a canon in the cathedral of his native place, but gave up his chance of church preferment to satisfy his restless spirit by visiting most of the capitals of Europe. In 1784, after the death of Metastasio (in 1782), he failed to be appointed Poeta Cesareo, or poet laureate of Austria, and he left Austria in 1796.
In 1798 he moved to Paris and was able to publish works that had been unacceptable in Italy – the ottava rima Poema tartaro (1797), which satirizes Russia and Catherine II, and the philosophically materialist and often licentious Novelle galanti (definitive edition 1802), satirizing relations between the sexes.
In Paris he also wrote his most famous work, Animali parlanti (1802), a poem in twenty-six canti of six-line stanzas, which uses the classical fable to depict the political battle between the aristocracy and democracy then under way. Though it attracted stinging criticism, it was lauded by Leopardi, who treated it as a model of political satire.
Casti spent the rest of his life in Paris, where he died in 1803.
Works
Casti is best known as the author of the Novelle galanti, and of Gli Animali parlanti, a poetical allegory, over which he spent eight years (1794–1802), which excited so much interest that it was translated into French, German and Spanish, and (very freely and with additions) into English, in William Stewart Rose's Court and Parliament of Beasts (London, 1819). Written during the time of the Revolution in France, it was intended to exhibit the feelings and hopes of the people and the defects and absurdities of various political systems. Some of Goya's print series The Disasters of War drew from the Spanish translation of 1813. The Novelle Galanti is a series of poetical tales, in the ottava rima metre largely used by Italian poets for that class of compositions. One merit of these poems is in the harmony and purity of the style, and the liveliness and sarcastic power of many passages.
Operas for which he provided the librettos include:
Il re Teodoro in Venezia (music by Giovanni Paisiello, 1784)
La grotta di Trofonio (music by Antonio Salieri, 1785)
Prima la musica e poi le parole (music by Antonio Salieri, 1786)
Cublai gran kan de' Tartari (music by Antonio Salieri, 1787)
Catilina (music by Antonio Salieri, 1792)
References
Attribution
This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Casti, Giovanni Battista". Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 5 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 474.
External links
Nigro, Salvatore (1979). "Casti, Giambattista". Dizionario Biografico degli Italiani (in Italian). Vol. 22: Castelvetro–Cavallotti. Rome: Istituto dell'Enciclopedia Italiana. ISBN 978-88-12-00032-6.
|
Giovanni Battista Casti (29 August 1724 – 5 February 1803) was an Italian poet, satirist, and author of comic opera librettos.
Life
He was born in Acquapendente near Viterbo. He entered the priesthood after studying at the seminary of Montefiascone and became a canon in the cathedral of his native place, but gave up his chance of church preferment to satisfy his restless spirit by visiting most of the capitals of Europe. In 1784, after the death of Metastasio (in 1782), he failed to be appointed Poeta Cesareo, or poet laureate of Austria, and he left Austria in 1796.
In 1798 he moved to Paris and was able to publish works that had been unacceptable in Italy – the ottava rima Poema tartaro (1797), which satirizes Russia and Catherine II, and the philosophically materialist and often licentious Novelle galanti (definitive edition 1802), satirizing relations between the sexes.
In Paris he also wrote his most famous work, Animali parlanti (1802), a poem in twenty-six canti of six-line stanzas, which uses the classical fable to depict the political battle between the aristocracy and democracy then under way. Though it attracted stinging criticism, it was lauded by Leopardi, who treated it as a model of political satire.
Casti spent the rest of his life in Paris, where he died in 1803.
Works
Casti is best known as the author of the Novelle galanti, and of Gli Animali parlanti, a poetical allegory, over which he spent eight years (1794–1802), which excited so much interest that it was translated into French, German and Spanish, and (very freely and with additions) into English, in William Stewart Rose's Court and Parliament of Beasts (London, 1819). Written during the time of the Revolution in France, it was intended to exhibit the feelings and hopes of the people and the defects and absurdities of various political systems. Some of Goya's print series The Disasters of War drew from the Spanish translation of 1813. The Novelle Galanti is a series of poetical tales, in the ottava rima metre largely used by Italian poets for that class of compositions. One merit of these poems is in the harmony and purity of the style, and the liveliness and sarcastic power of many passages.
Operas for which he provided the librettos include:
Il re Teodoro in Venezia (music by Giovanni Paisiello, 1784)
La grotta di Trofonio (music by Antonio Salieri, 1785)
Prima la musica e poi le parole (music by Antonio Salieri, 1786)
Cublai gran kan de' Tartari (music by Antonio Salieri, 1787)
Catilina (music by Antonio Salieri, 1792)
References
Attribution
This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Casti, Giovanni Battista". Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 5 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 474.
External links
Nigro, Salvatore (1979). "Casti, Giambattista". Dizionario Biografico degli Italiani (in Italian). Vol. 22: Castelvetro–Cavallotti. Rome: Istituto dell'Enciclopedia Italiana. ISBN 978-88-12-00032-6.
|
Najaf Daryabandari
|
Najaf Daryabandari (Persian: نجف دریابندری; 23 August 1929 – 4 May 2020) was an Iranian writer and translator of works from English into Persian.
Career
Najaf was the son of Captain Khalaf Daryabandari, one of the first marine pilots of Iran. The Iranian Merchant Mariners' Syndicate held a commemoration ceremony for Najaf Daryabandari and awarded him a replica of Darius the Great's Suez Inscriptions. He started translation at the age of 17–18 with the book of William Faulkner, "A Rose for Emily". He and his wife Fahimeh Rastkar, were also the authors of "The Rt. Honorable Cookbook, from Soup to Nuts" [literally in Persian "From Garlic to Onion"], a two-volume tome on Iranian cuisine that have collected the diverse dishes of the country.
He worked as a senior editor at the Tehran branch of Franklin Book Programs.
Death
Najaf Daryabandari died on 4 May 2020, in Tehran at the age of 90 after a long illness.
Selected list of works
Persian Translations
Hemingway's A Farewell to Arms and The Old Man and the Sea
Kazuo Ishiguro's Remains of the Day
William Faulkner's A Rose for Emily and As I Lay Dying (novel)
Bertrand Russell's A History of Western Philosophy, Mysticism and Logic and Power: A New Social Analysis
Samuel Beckett's Waiting for Godot
Edgar Lawrence Doctorow's Billy Bathgate and Ragtime
Mark Twain's Adventures of Huckleberry Finn and The Mysterious Stranger
Will Cuppy's The Decline and Fall of Practically Everybody, 1972 under the title of Čenin konand bozorgān (چنین کنند بزرگان, Thus Act the Great).
Ernst Cassirer's Philosophy of the Enlightenment and The Myth of the State
Isaiah Berlin's Russian Thinkers
Sophocles's Antigone
Kahlil Gibran's The Prophet and The Mad Man
Original works
The Rt. Honorable Cookbook, from Soup to Nuts, [literally, from garlic to onion, in Persian] co-authored with his wife Fahimeh Rastkar.
Selflessness pain: Review of the Concept of Alienation in the Philosophy of the West (1990)
The Myth Legend (2001)
In This Respect (2009)
== References ==
|
Najaf Daryabandari (Persian: نجف دریابندری; 23 August 1929 – 4 May 2020) was an Iranian writer and translator of works from English into Persian.
Career
Najaf was the son of Captain Khalaf Daryabandari, one of the first marine pilots of Iran. The Iranian Merchant Mariners' Syndicate held a commemoration ceremony for Najaf Daryabandari and awarded him a replica of Darius the Great's Suez Inscriptions. He started translation at the age of 17–18 with the book of William Faulkner, "A Rose for Emily". He and his wife Fahimeh Rastkar, were also the authors of "The Rt. Honorable Cookbook, from Soup to Nuts" [literally in Persian "From Garlic to Onion"], a two-volume tome on Iranian cuisine that have collected the diverse dishes of the country.
He worked as a senior editor at the Tehran branch of Franklin Book Programs.
Death
Najaf Daryabandari died on 4 May 2020, in Tehran at the age of 90 after a long illness.
Selected list of works
Persian Translations
Hemingway's A Farewell to Arms and The Old Man and the Sea
Kazuo Ishiguro's Remains of the Day
William Faulkner's A Rose for Emily and As I Lay Dying (novel)
Bertrand Russell's A History of Western Philosophy, Mysticism and Logic and Power: A New Social Analysis
Samuel Beckett's Waiting for Godot
Edgar Lawrence Doctorow's Billy Bathgate and Ragtime
Mark Twain's Adventures of Huckleberry Finn and The Mysterious Stranger
Will Cuppy's The Decline and Fall of Practically Everybody, 1972 under the title of Čenin konand bozorgān (چنین کنند بزرگان, Thus Act the Great).
Ernst Cassirer's Philosophy of the Enlightenment and The Myth of the State
Isaiah Berlin's Russian Thinkers
Sophocles's Antigone
Kahlil Gibran's The Prophet and The Mad Man
Original works
The Rt. Honorable Cookbook, from Soup to Nuts, [literally, from garlic to onion, in Persian] co-authored with his wife Fahimeh Rastkar.
Selflessness pain: Review of the Concept of Alienation in the Philosophy of the West (1990)
The Myth Legend (2001)
In This Respect (2009)
== References ==
|
Heinz Erhardt
|
Heinz Erhardt (German: [haɪnts ˈeːɐ̯haʁt]; 20 February 1909 – 5 June 1979) was a German comedian, musician, entertainer, actor and poet.
Life
Heinz Erhardt was born in Riga, the son of Baltic German Kapellmeister Gustav Erhardt. He lived most of his childhood at his grandparents in Riga, where his grandfather, Paul Nelder, owned a music supply store at the current location of the Freedom Square. His grandfather also taught him how to play the piano.
After World War I, his father emigrated to Germany. Erhardt lived with his stepmother in Wennigsen near Hanover, where he attended school, until in 1924 he returned to Riga. From 1926 he studied at the Leipzig conservatory; however, Erhardt's wish to become a professional pianist was not supported by his grandparents who wanted him to work as a merchant. In 1935, Erhardt married Gilda Zanetti, daughter of the Italian consul in Saint Petersburg. They had four children: Grit, Verena, Gero and Marita. Gero Erhardt became a film director and cinematographer, and his grandson, Marek Erhardt, became an actor.
Working at his grandfather's business, Erhardt entered the stage as a cabaret artist in several Riga coffeehouses and in 1937 even appeared on the German RRG radio. The next year, Erhardt moved to Berlin, where he performed on a Kabarett stage on Kurfürstendamm. In 1939, he made his first TV appearance with his swing song Mein Mädchen in the film Bunte Fernseh-Fibel. The spectacle wearer and non-swimmer Erhardt was drafted into the German Kriegsmarine navy during World War II, but only on the third call-up; he served as a pianist in the Marine orchestra and only handled weapons during his basic training.
In 1948, he started work as a radio presenter at the public NWDR radio station. By then he had moved to Wellingsbüttel, a quarter of Hamburg. He quickly became extremely popular and famous for his irresistible puns and countless nonsense poems. He also acted in films and on stage. In his films he usually played characters similar to his stage persona as an entertainer and comedian – impersonating polite, uptight characters with a tendency to slips of the tongue and uncontrolled outbursts, exposing the bigotry and insincerity of West Germany's post-war society. By the 1960s, he had become a household name. Still today, many family gatherings which include the older generation tend to end in spontaneous recitations of Erhardt's most famous pieces such as Die Made.
Erhardt suffered a stroke in December 1971, which left him unable to speak or write. He was limited to reading and understanding the speech of others; these limitations ended his long career as an actor.
As a belated 70th birthday gift, he was awarded the Commander's Cross of the Order of Merit of the Federal Republic of Germany four days before his death in 1979.
Selected filmography
References
Sources
External links
Official website
Heinz Erhardt at IMDb
|
Heinz Erhardt (German: [haɪnts ˈeːɐ̯haʁt]; 20 February 1909 – 5 June 1979) was a German comedian, musician, entertainer, actor and poet.
Life
Heinz Erhardt was born in Riga, the son of Baltic German Kapellmeister Gustav Erhardt. He lived most of his childhood at his grandparents in Riga, where his grandfather, Paul Nelder, owned a music supply store at the current location of the Freedom Square. His grandfather also taught him how to play the piano.
After World War I, his father emigrated to Germany. Erhardt lived with his stepmother in Wennigsen near Hanover, where he attended school, until in 1924 he returned to Riga. From 1926 he studied at the Leipzig conservatory; however, Erhardt's wish to become a professional pianist was not supported by his grandparents who wanted him to work as a merchant. In 1935, Erhardt married Gilda Zanetti, daughter of the Italian consul in Saint Petersburg. They had four children: Grit, Verena, Gero and Marita. Gero Erhardt became a film director and cinematographer, and his grandson, Marek Erhardt, became an actor.
Working at his grandfather's business, Erhardt entered the stage as a cabaret artist in several Riga coffeehouses and in 1937 even appeared on the German RRG radio. The next year, Erhardt moved to Berlin, where he performed on a Kabarett stage on Kurfürstendamm. In 1939, he made his first TV appearance with his swing song Mein Mädchen in the film Bunte Fernseh-Fibel. The spectacle wearer and non-swimmer Erhardt was drafted into the German Kriegsmarine navy during World War II, but only on the third call-up; he served as a pianist in the Marine orchestra and only handled weapons during his basic training.
In 1948, he started work as a radio presenter at the public NWDR radio station. By then he had moved to Wellingsbüttel, a quarter of Hamburg. He quickly became extremely popular and famous for his irresistible puns and countless nonsense poems. He also acted in films and on stage. In his films he usually played characters similar to his stage persona as an entertainer and comedian – impersonating polite, uptight characters with a tendency to slips of the tongue and uncontrolled outbursts, exposing the bigotry and insincerity of West Germany's post-war society. By the 1960s, he had become a household name. Still today, many family gatherings which include the older generation tend to end in spontaneous recitations of Erhardt's most famous pieces such as Die Made.
Erhardt suffered a stroke in December 1971, which left him unable to speak or write. He was limited to reading and understanding the speech of others; these limitations ended his long career as an actor.
As a belated 70th birthday gift, he was awarded the Commander's Cross of the Order of Merit of the Federal Republic of Germany four days before his death in 1979.
Selected filmography
References
Sources
External links
Official website
Heinz Erhardt at IMDb
|
Rudolf Christoph Eucken
|
Rudolf Christoph Eucken (; German: [ˈʁuːdɔlf ˈɔʏkn̩] ; 5 January 1846 – 14 September 1926) was a German philosopher. He received the 1908 Nobel Prize in Literature "in recognition of his earnest search for truth, his penetrating power of thought, his wide range of vision, and the warmth and strength in presentation with which in his numerous works he has vindicated and developed an idealistic philosophy of life", after he had been nominated by a member of the Swedish Academy.
Early life
Eucken was born on 5 January 1846 in Aurich, then in the Kingdom of Hanover (now Lower Saxony). His father, Ammo Becker Eucken died when he was a child, and he was brought up by his mother, Ida Maria (née Gittermann). He was educated at Aurich, where one of his teachers was the classical philologist and philosopher Ludwig Wilhelm Maximilian Reuter. He studied at Göttingen University (1863–1866), where Hermann Lotze was one of his teachers, and Berlin University. In the latter place, Friedrich Adolf Trendelenburg was a professor whose ethical tendencies and historical treatment of philosophy greatly attracted him.
Career
Eucken received his PhD in classical philology and ancient history from Göttingen University in 1866 with a dissertation titled De Aristotelis dicendi ratione. However, the inclination of his mind was definitely towards the philosophical side of theology. In 1871, after five years working as a school teacher at Husum, Berlin und Frankfurt, he was appointed Professor of Philosophy at the University of Basel, Switzerland, succeeding another of his former teachers at Göttingen, Gustav Teichmüller, and beating Friedrich Nietzsche in competition for the position. He stayed there until 1874 when he took up a similar position at the University of Jena. He stayed there until he retired in 1920. In 1912–13, Eucken spent half of the year as an exchange professor at Harvard University, and in 1913 he served as a Deem lecturer at New York University. During World War I, Eucken, like many of his academic colleagues, took a strong line in favour of the causes with which his country had associated itself.
Ethical activism
Eucken's philosophical work is partly historical and partly constructive, the former side being predominant in his earlier, the latter in his later works. Their most striking feature is the close organic relationship between the two parts. The aim of the historical works is to show the necessary connection between philosophical concepts and the age to which they belong; the same idea is at the root of his constructive speculation. All philosophy is philosophy of life, the development of a new culture, not mere intellectualism, but the application of a vital religious inspiration to the practical problems of society. This practical idealism Eucken described by the term "ethical activism" (German: Aktivismus). In accordance with this principle, Eucken gave considerable attention to social and educational problems.
He maintained that humans have souls, and that they are therefore at the junction between nature and spirit. He believed that people should overcome their non-spiritual nature by continuous efforts to achieve a spiritual life, another aspect of his ethical activism and meaning of life.
Later life and death
Rudolf Eucken married Irene Passow in 1882 and had a daughter and two sons. His son Walter Eucken became a famous founder of ordoliberal thought in economics. His son Arnold Eucken was a chemist and physicist.
Rudolf Eucken died on 15 September 1926 in Jena at the age of 80.
Major works
He was a prolific writer; his best-known works are:
Die Lebensanschauungen der großen Denker (1890; 7th ed., 1907; 1918; Eng. trans., W. Hough and Boyce Gibson, The Problem of Human Life, 1909) (The Problem of Human Life as Viewed by the Great Thinkers)
Der Kampf um einen geistigen Lebensinhalt (1896) (The Struggle for a Spiritual Content of Life)
Der Wahrheitsgehalt der Religion (1901) (The Truth of Religion)
Grundlinien einer neuen Lebensanschauung (1907) (Life's Basis and Life's Ideal: The Fundamentals of a New Philosophy of Life)
Der Sinn und Wert des Lebens (1908) (The Meaning and Value of Life)
Geistige Strömungen der Gegenwart (1908; first appeared in 1878 as Die Grundbegriffe der Gegenwart; Eng. trans. by M. Stuart Phelps, New York, 1880) (Main Currents of Modern Thought)
Können wir noch Christen sein? (1911) (Can We Still Be Christians?, 1914)
Present Day Ethics in their Relation to the Spiritual Life (1913) (Deem Lectures given at New York University)
Der Sozialismus und seine Lebensgestaltung (1920) (Socialism: an Analysis (1922))
Other notable works are:
Die Methode der aristotelischen Forschung (1872) (The Aristotelian Method of Research)
Geschichte der philosophische Terminologie (1879) (History of Philosophical Terminology)
Prolegomena zu Forschungen über die Einheit des Geisteslebens (1885) (Prolegomena to Research on the Unity of the Spiritual Life)
Beiträge zur Geschichte der neueren Philosophie (1886, 1905) (Contributions to the History of the Newer Philosophies)
Die Einheit des Geisteslebens (1888) (The Unity of the Spiritual Life)
Thomas von Aquino und Kant (1901) (Thomas Aquinas and Kant)
Gesammelte Aufsätze zu Philosophische und Lebensanschauung (1903) (Collected Essays on Views of Philosophy and Life)
Philosophie der Geschichte (1907) (Philosophy of History)
Einführung in die Philosophie der Geisteslebens (1908; Eng. trans., The Life of the Spirit, F. L. Pogson, 1909, Crown Theological Library) (Introduction to the Philosophy of the Life of the Spirit)
Hauptprobleme der Religionsphilosophie der Gegenwart (1907) (Main Problems of the Current Philosophy of Religion)
Other English translations of his work include:
Liberty in Teaching in the German Universities (1897)
Are the Germans still a Nation of Thinkers? (1898)
Progress of Philosophy in the 19th Century (1899)
The Finnish Question (1899)
The Present Status of Religion in Germany (1901)
The Problem of Human Life as Viewed by the Great Thinkers from Plato to the Present Time, Charles Scribner's Sons, 1909.
Back to Religion, 1912.
Main Currents of Modern Thought: A Study of the Spiritual and Intellectual Movements of the Present Day, T. Fisher Unwin, 1912.
The Meaning and Value of Life, A. and C. Black, 1913.
Can we Still be Christians?, The Macmillan Company, 1914.
Collected Essays, edited and translated by Meyrick Booth, T. Fisher Unwin, 1914.
Knowledge and Life (translation), G.P. Putnam's Sons, 1914.
He delivered lectures in England in 1911 and spent six months lecturing at Harvard University and elsewhere in the United States in 1912–1913.
References
Further reading
Beck, Friedrich Alfred. Rudolf Eucken, Deutsche Buch-Gemeinschaft, 1927.
Booth, Meyrick. Rudolf Eucken: His Philosophy and Influence, Charles Scribner's Sons, 1913.
Feuling, Daniel. "Rudolf Eucken's Philosophy," The Dublin Review, Vol. CLV, July/October, 1914.
Gibson, W. R. Boyce. Rudolf Eucken's Philosophy of Life, A. & C. Black, 1915.
Jones, Abel J. Rudolf Eucken: A Philosophy of Life, T. C. & E. C. Jack, 1913.
Jones, W. Tudor. Rudolf Eucken: His Life and Philosophy, Haldeman-Julius Co., 1920.
MacSwiney, Margaret Mary. Rudolf Eucken and the Spiritual Life, National Capital Press, 1915.
H. Osborne Ryder, "Religious Tendencies in Eucken and Bergson", Social Science, 2(4), August/September/October, 1927, pp. 419–425.
External links
Media related to Rudolf Eucken at Wikimedia Commons
Eucken, Rudolf Christoph at Nobel-winners.com
Works by Rudolf Eucken at Project Gutenberg
List of Works
Works by or about Rudolf Christoph Eucken at the Internet Archive
Works by Rudolf Christoph Eucken at LibriVox (public domain audiobooks)
Newspaper clippings about Rudolf Christoph Eucken in the 20th Century Press Archives of the ZBW
Rudolf Christoph Eucken on Nobelprize.org
|
Rudolf Christoph Eucken (; German: [ˈʁuːdɔlf ˈɔʏkn̩] ; 5 January 1846 – 14 September 1926) was a German philosopher. He received the 1908 Nobel Prize in Literature "in recognition of his earnest search for truth, his penetrating power of thought, his wide range of vision, and the warmth and strength in presentation with which in his numerous works he has vindicated and developed an idealistic philosophy of life", after he had been nominated by a member of the Swedish Academy.
Early life
Eucken was born on 5 January 1846 in Aurich, then in the Kingdom of Hanover (now Lower Saxony). His father, Ammo Becker Eucken died when he was a child, and he was brought up by his mother, Ida Maria (née Gittermann). He was educated at Aurich, where one of his teachers was the classical philologist and philosopher Ludwig Wilhelm Maximilian Reuter. He studied at Göttingen University (1863–1866), where Hermann Lotze was one of his teachers, and Berlin University. In the latter place, Friedrich Adolf Trendelenburg was a professor whose ethical tendencies and historical treatment of philosophy greatly attracted him.
Career
Eucken received his PhD in classical philology and ancient history from Göttingen University in 1866 with a dissertation titled De Aristotelis dicendi ratione. However, the inclination of his mind was definitely towards the philosophical side of theology. In 1871, after five years working as a school teacher at Husum, Berlin und Frankfurt, he was appointed Professor of Philosophy at the University of Basel, Switzerland, succeeding another of his former teachers at Göttingen, Gustav Teichmüller, and beating Friedrich Nietzsche in competition for the position. He stayed there until 1874 when he took up a similar position at the University of Jena. He stayed there until he retired in 1920. In 1912–13, Eucken spent half of the year as an exchange professor at Harvard University, and in 1913 he served as a Deem lecturer at New York University. During World War I, Eucken, like many of his academic colleagues, took a strong line in favour of the causes with which his country had associated itself.
Ethical activism
Eucken's philosophical work is partly historical and partly constructive, the former side being predominant in his earlier, the latter in his later works. Their most striking feature is the close organic relationship between the two parts. The aim of the historical works is to show the necessary connection between philosophical concepts and the age to which they belong; the same idea is at the root of his constructive speculation. All philosophy is philosophy of life, the development of a new culture, not mere intellectualism, but the application of a vital religious inspiration to the practical problems of society. This practical idealism Eucken described by the term "ethical activism" (German: Aktivismus). In accordance with this principle, Eucken gave considerable attention to social and educational problems.
He maintained that humans have souls, and that they are therefore at the junction between nature and spirit. He believed that people should overcome their non-spiritual nature by continuous efforts to achieve a spiritual life, another aspect of his ethical activism and meaning of life.
Later life and death
Rudolf Eucken married Irene Passow in 1882 and had a daughter and two sons. His son Walter Eucken became a famous founder of ordoliberal thought in economics. His son Arnold Eucken was a chemist and physicist.
Rudolf Eucken died on 15 September 1926 in Jena at the age of 80.
Major works
He was a prolific writer; his best-known works are:
Die Lebensanschauungen der großen Denker (1890; 7th ed., 1907; 1918; Eng. trans., W. Hough and Boyce Gibson, The Problem of Human Life, 1909) (The Problem of Human Life as Viewed by the Great Thinkers)
Der Kampf um einen geistigen Lebensinhalt (1896) (The Struggle for a Spiritual Content of Life)
Der Wahrheitsgehalt der Religion (1901) (The Truth of Religion)
Grundlinien einer neuen Lebensanschauung (1907) (Life's Basis and Life's Ideal: The Fundamentals of a New Philosophy of Life)
Der Sinn und Wert des Lebens (1908) (The Meaning and Value of Life)
Geistige Strömungen der Gegenwart (1908; first appeared in 1878 as Die Grundbegriffe der Gegenwart; Eng. trans. by M. Stuart Phelps, New York, 1880) (Main Currents of Modern Thought)
Können wir noch Christen sein? (1911) (Can We Still Be Christians?, 1914)
Present Day Ethics in their Relation to the Spiritual Life (1913) (Deem Lectures given at New York University)
Der Sozialismus und seine Lebensgestaltung (1920) (Socialism: an Analysis (1922))
Other notable works are:
Die Methode der aristotelischen Forschung (1872) (The Aristotelian Method of Research)
Geschichte der philosophische Terminologie (1879) (History of Philosophical Terminology)
Prolegomena zu Forschungen über die Einheit des Geisteslebens (1885) (Prolegomena to Research on the Unity of the Spiritual Life)
Beiträge zur Geschichte der neueren Philosophie (1886, 1905) (Contributions to the History of the Newer Philosophies)
Die Einheit des Geisteslebens (1888) (The Unity of the Spiritual Life)
Thomas von Aquino und Kant (1901) (Thomas Aquinas and Kant)
Gesammelte Aufsätze zu Philosophische und Lebensanschauung (1903) (Collected Essays on Views of Philosophy and Life)
Philosophie der Geschichte (1907) (Philosophy of History)
Einführung in die Philosophie der Geisteslebens (1908; Eng. trans., The Life of the Spirit, F. L. Pogson, 1909, Crown Theological Library) (Introduction to the Philosophy of the Life of the Spirit)
Hauptprobleme der Religionsphilosophie der Gegenwart (1907) (Main Problems of the Current Philosophy of Religion)
Other English translations of his work include:
Liberty in Teaching in the German Universities (1897)
Are the Germans still a Nation of Thinkers? (1898)
Progress of Philosophy in the 19th Century (1899)
The Finnish Question (1899)
The Present Status of Religion in Germany (1901)
The Problem of Human Life as Viewed by the Great Thinkers from Plato to the Present Time, Charles Scribner's Sons, 1909.
Back to Religion, 1912.
Main Currents of Modern Thought: A Study of the Spiritual and Intellectual Movements of the Present Day, T. Fisher Unwin, 1912.
The Meaning and Value of Life, A. and C. Black, 1913.
Can we Still be Christians?, The Macmillan Company, 1914.
Collected Essays, edited and translated by Meyrick Booth, T. Fisher Unwin, 1914.
Knowledge and Life (translation), G.P. Putnam's Sons, 1914.
He delivered lectures in England in 1911 and spent six months lecturing at Harvard University and elsewhere in the United States in 1912–1913.
References
Further reading
Beck, Friedrich Alfred. Rudolf Eucken, Deutsche Buch-Gemeinschaft, 1927.
Booth, Meyrick. Rudolf Eucken: His Philosophy and Influence, Charles Scribner's Sons, 1913.
Feuling, Daniel. "Rudolf Eucken's Philosophy," The Dublin Review, Vol. CLV, July/October, 1914.
Gibson, W. R. Boyce. Rudolf Eucken's Philosophy of Life, A. & C. Black, 1915.
Jones, Abel J. Rudolf Eucken: A Philosophy of Life, T. C. & E. C. Jack, 1913.
Jones, W. Tudor. Rudolf Eucken: His Life and Philosophy, Haldeman-Julius Co., 1920.
MacSwiney, Margaret Mary. Rudolf Eucken and the Spiritual Life, National Capital Press, 1915.
H. Osborne Ryder, "Religious Tendencies in Eucken and Bergson", Social Science, 2(4), August/September/October, 1927, pp. 419–425.
External links
Media related to Rudolf Eucken at Wikimedia Commons
Eucken, Rudolf Christoph at Nobel-winners.com
Works by Rudolf Eucken at Project Gutenberg
List of Works
Works by or about Rudolf Christoph Eucken at the Internet Archive
Works by Rudolf Christoph Eucken at LibriVox (public domain audiobooks)
Newspaper clippings about Rudolf Christoph Eucken in the 20th Century Press Archives of the ZBW
Rudolf Christoph Eucken on Nobelprize.org
|
Paul Gerhardt
|
Paulus or Paul Gerhardt (12 March 1607 – 27 May 1676) was a German theologian, Lutheran minister and hymnodist.
Biography
Gerhardt was born into a middle-class family at Gräfenhainichen, a small town between Halle and Wittenberg. His father died in 1619, his mother in 1621. At the age of fifteen, he entered the Fürstenschule in Grimma. The school was known for its pious atmosphere and stern discipline. The school almost closed in 1626 when the plague came to Grimma, but Paul remained and graduated from there in 1627. In January 1628 he enrolled in the University of Wittenberg. There, two teachers in particular had an influence on him: Paul Röber and Jacob Martini. Both of these men were staunch Lutherans, promoting its teachings not only in the classroom but in sermons and hymns. Röber in particular often took his sermon texts from hymns. In this way Gerhardt was taught the use of hymnody as a tool of pastoral care and instruction.
Gerhardt graduated from the University of Wittenberg around 1642. Due to the troubles of the Thirty Years' War it seems he was not immediately placed as a pastor, and thus moved to Berlin where he worked as tutor in the family of an advocate named Andreas Barthold. During his time in Berlin his hymns and poems brought him to the attention of Johann Crüger, the cantor and organist at the Nicolaikirche in Berlin. Crüger was impressed by Gerhardt's hymns and included many of them in his Praxis pietatis melica. The hymns proved popular, and Gerhardt and Crüger began a collaboration and friendship that continued for many years.
In September 1651, Gerhardt received his first ecclesiastical appointment as the new Probst at Mittenwalde (a small town near Berlin). It was during his time in Mittenwalde when he composed most of his hymns. Also while there he married Anna Maria Barthold, one of the daughters of Andreas Barthold. Their first child was born there in 1656, but died in infancy; a memorial tablet in the church shows their grief.
While Gerhardt was a devoted pastor in Mittenwalde it appears he missed Berlin. In 1657 he was called to be a Deacon (Associate Pastor) to the Nikolaikirche of Berlin. He seems to have had some hesitancy about leaving Mittenwalde since it was only after long deliberation that he accepted the appointment.
When Gerhardt came to Berlin he found a city full of strife between the Lutheran and Reformed clergy. The Elector at the time was Friedrich Wilhelm I of Brandenburg, who was Reformed. He wanted to make peace between the clerical factions, but being Reformed himself, he concentrated most of his efforts on making his lands more Calvinist. He placed only Reformed pastors into parishes, removed the Lutheran professors from the University of Frankfurt and forbade students from his lands to study at the University of Wittenberg.
He also sponsored a series of conferences between the Lutheran and Reformed clergy in the hopes of having them arrive at some consensus, but the result was the opposite: the more the two sides argued, the further apart they found themselves. Gerhardt was a leading voice among the Lutheran clergy, and drew up many of the statements in defense of the Lutheran faith. At the same time he was renowned for acting fraternally not only with the Lutherans but also with the Reformed clergy; he was respected and very well liked by all. His sermons and devotional writings were so free from controversy that many among the Reformed attended his services, and the wife of the Elector, Louisa Henrietta, was a great admirer of him and his hymns.
The Elector, however, was growing impatient with a lack of success at his conferences. He put an end to them in 1664 and published his "syncretistic" edict. Since the edict disallowed the Formula of Concord, one of the Lutheran Confessions as contained in the Book of Concord, many Lutheran clergy could not bring themselves to comply with the edict. Gerhardt was thus removed from his position in 1666.
The citizens of Berlin petitioned to have him restored, and owing to their repeated requests an exception to the edict was made for Gerhardt, although his conscience did not allow him to retain a post which, it appeared to him, could only be held on condition of a tacit repudiation of the Formula of Concord. For over a year he lived in Berlin without fixed employment. During this time his wife also died, leaving him with only one surviving child. Ironically the edict was withdrawn a few months later, although by this time his patroness, Electress Louisa Henrietta had died as well and so he was still without a position. In October 1668 he was called as archdeacon of Lübben in the duchy of Saxe-Merseburg, where, after a ministry of eight years, he died on 27 May 1676.
Gerhardt is considered Germany's greatest hymn writer. Many of his best-known hymns were originally published in various church hymn-books, as for example in that for Brandenburg, which appeared in 1658; others first saw the light in Johann Crüger's Geistliche Kirchenmelodien (1647) and Praxis pietatis melica. The first complete collection is the Geistliche Andachten, published in 1666–1667 by Ebeling, music director in Berlin. No hymn by Gerhardt of a later date than 1667 is known to exist.
The life of Gerhardt has been written by Roth (1829), by Langbecker (1841), by Schultz (1842), by Wildenhahn (1845) and by Bachmann (1863); also by Kraft in Ersch's und Gruber's Allg. Encyc (1855). A short biography was also done by William Dallmann, reprinted in 2003. The best modern edition of the hymns, published by Wackernagel in 1843, has often been reprinted. There is an English translation by Kelly (Paul Gerhardt's Spiritual Songs, 1867).
Commemoration
Paul Gerhardt is commemorated on 26 October in the Calendar of Saints used by some Lutheran churches in the United States, on which day the achievements of Philipp Nicolai and Johann Heermann are also commemorated.
A plaque in Wittenberg marks his lodgings, close to the university.
Hymns
Johann Sebastian Bach used several single stanzas of Gerhardt's hymns in his church cantatas, motets, Passions and Christmas Oratorio. The hymn "Ich hab in Gottes Herz und Sinn" is the base for Bach's chorale cantata BWV 92.
Hymn texts by Gerhardt, listed with a translation of the first line, associated hymn tune, base, liturgical occasion, the number in the current German Protestant hymnal Evangelisches Gesangbuch (EG) and the Catholic Gotteslob (GL), use in Bachs works (BWV numbers between 1 and 200 are cantatas, BWV 245 is the St John Passion, BWV 244 is the St Matthew Passion, BWV 248 the Christmas Oratorio, BWV 439–507 appear in Schemellis Gesangbuch), and/or notes:
References
External links
Paul Gerhardt 1607–1676 from The Cyber Hymnal
Theodore Brown Hewitt. Paul Gerhardt as a Hymn Writer and His Influence on English Hymnody New Haven: Yale University Press. 1918
Works by Paul Gerhardt at Project Gutenberg
Works by or about Paul Gerhardt at the Internet Archive
In Behalf of Paul Gerhardt and the Elenchus
Paul Gerhardt's Spiritual Songs, trans. J. Kelly, 80 pages, 1867.
"Gerhardt, Paul" . Encyclopedia Americana. 1920.
"Gerhardt, Paulus" . New International Encyclopedia. 1906.
Paul-Gerhardt-Gemeinde Mannheim
|
Paulus or Paul Gerhardt (12 March 1607 – 27 May 1676) was a German theologian, Lutheran minister and hymnodist.
Biography
Gerhardt was born into a middle-class family at Gräfenhainichen, a small town between Halle and Wittenberg. His father died in 1619, his mother in 1621. At the age of fifteen, he entered the Fürstenschule in Grimma. The school was known for its pious atmosphere and stern discipline. The school almost closed in 1626 when the plague came to Grimma, but Paul remained and graduated from there in 1627. In January 1628 he enrolled in the University of Wittenberg. There, two teachers in particular had an influence on him: Paul Röber and Jacob Martini. Both of these men were staunch Lutherans, promoting its teachings not only in the classroom but in sermons and hymns. Röber in particular often took his sermon texts from hymns. In this way Gerhardt was taught the use of hymnody as a tool of pastoral care and instruction.
Gerhardt graduated from the University of Wittenberg around 1642. Due to the troubles of the Thirty Years' War it seems he was not immediately placed as a pastor, and thus moved to Berlin where he worked as tutor in the family of an advocate named Andreas Barthold. During his time in Berlin his hymns and poems brought him to the attention of Johann Crüger, the cantor and organist at the Nicolaikirche in Berlin. Crüger was impressed by Gerhardt's hymns and included many of them in his Praxis pietatis melica. The hymns proved popular, and Gerhardt and Crüger began a collaboration and friendship that continued for many years.
In September 1651, Gerhardt received his first ecclesiastical appointment as the new Probst at Mittenwalde (a small town near Berlin). It was during his time in Mittenwalde when he composed most of his hymns. Also while there he married Anna Maria Barthold, one of the daughters of Andreas Barthold. Their first child was born there in 1656, but died in infancy; a memorial tablet in the church shows their grief.
While Gerhardt was a devoted pastor in Mittenwalde it appears he missed Berlin. In 1657 he was called to be a Deacon (Associate Pastor) to the Nikolaikirche of Berlin. He seems to have had some hesitancy about leaving Mittenwalde since it was only after long deliberation that he accepted the appointment.
When Gerhardt came to Berlin he found a city full of strife between the Lutheran and Reformed clergy. The Elector at the time was Friedrich Wilhelm I of Brandenburg, who was Reformed. He wanted to make peace between the clerical factions, but being Reformed himself, he concentrated most of his efforts on making his lands more Calvinist. He placed only Reformed pastors into parishes, removed the Lutheran professors from the University of Frankfurt and forbade students from his lands to study at the University of Wittenberg.
He also sponsored a series of conferences between the Lutheran and Reformed clergy in the hopes of having them arrive at some consensus, but the result was the opposite: the more the two sides argued, the further apart they found themselves. Gerhardt was a leading voice among the Lutheran clergy, and drew up many of the statements in defense of the Lutheran faith. At the same time he was renowned for acting fraternally not only with the Lutherans but also with the Reformed clergy; he was respected and very well liked by all. His sermons and devotional writings were so free from controversy that many among the Reformed attended his services, and the wife of the Elector, Louisa Henrietta, was a great admirer of him and his hymns.
The Elector, however, was growing impatient with a lack of success at his conferences. He put an end to them in 1664 and published his "syncretistic" edict. Since the edict disallowed the Formula of Concord, one of the Lutheran Confessions as contained in the Book of Concord, many Lutheran clergy could not bring themselves to comply with the edict. Gerhardt was thus removed from his position in 1666.
The citizens of Berlin petitioned to have him restored, and owing to their repeated requests an exception to the edict was made for Gerhardt, although his conscience did not allow him to retain a post which, it appeared to him, could only be held on condition of a tacit repudiation of the Formula of Concord. For over a year he lived in Berlin without fixed employment. During this time his wife also died, leaving him with only one surviving child. Ironically the edict was withdrawn a few months later, although by this time his patroness, Electress Louisa Henrietta had died as well and so he was still without a position. In October 1668 he was called as archdeacon of Lübben in the duchy of Saxe-Merseburg, where, after a ministry of eight years, he died on 27 May 1676.
Gerhardt is considered Germany's greatest hymn writer. Many of his best-known hymns were originally published in various church hymn-books, as for example in that for Brandenburg, which appeared in 1658; others first saw the light in Johann Crüger's Geistliche Kirchenmelodien (1647) and Praxis pietatis melica. The first complete collection is the Geistliche Andachten, published in 1666–1667 by Ebeling, music director in Berlin. No hymn by Gerhardt of a later date than 1667 is known to exist.
The life of Gerhardt has been written by Roth (1829), by Langbecker (1841), by Schultz (1842), by Wildenhahn (1845) and by Bachmann (1863); also by Kraft in Ersch's und Gruber's Allg. Encyc (1855). A short biography was also done by William Dallmann, reprinted in 2003. The best modern edition of the hymns, published by Wackernagel in 1843, has often been reprinted. There is an English translation by Kelly (Paul Gerhardt's Spiritual Songs, 1867).
Commemoration
Paul Gerhardt is commemorated on 26 October in the Calendar of Saints used by some Lutheran churches in the United States, on which day the achievements of Philipp Nicolai and Johann Heermann are also commemorated.
A plaque in Wittenberg marks his lodgings, close to the university.
Hymns
Johann Sebastian Bach used several single stanzas of Gerhardt's hymns in his church cantatas, motets, Passions and Christmas Oratorio. The hymn "Ich hab in Gottes Herz und Sinn" is the base for Bach's chorale cantata BWV 92.
Hymn texts by Gerhardt, listed with a translation of the first line, associated hymn tune, base, liturgical occasion, the number in the current German Protestant hymnal Evangelisches Gesangbuch (EG) and the Catholic Gotteslob (GL), use in Bachs works (BWV numbers between 1 and 200 are cantatas, BWV 245 is the St John Passion, BWV 244 is the St Matthew Passion, BWV 248 the Christmas Oratorio, BWV 439–507 appear in Schemellis Gesangbuch), and/or notes:
References
External links
Paul Gerhardt 1607–1676 from The Cyber Hymnal
Theodore Brown Hewitt. Paul Gerhardt as a Hymn Writer and His Influence on English Hymnody New Haven: Yale University Press. 1918
Works by Paul Gerhardt at Project Gutenberg
Works by or about Paul Gerhardt at the Internet Archive
In Behalf of Paul Gerhardt and the Elenchus
Paul Gerhardt's Spiritual Songs, trans. J. Kelly, 80 pages, 1867.
"Gerhardt, Paul" . Encyclopedia Americana. 1920.
"Gerhardt, Paulus" . New International Encyclopedia. 1906.
Paul-Gerhardt-Gemeinde Mannheim
|
Moshe Greenberg
|
Moshe Greenberg (Hebrew: משה גרינברג; July 10, 1928 – May 15, 2010) was an American rabbi, Bible scholar, and professor emeritus of the Hebrew University of Jerusalem.
Biography
Moshe Greenberg was born in Philadelphia in 1928. Raised in a Hebrew-speaking Zionist home, he studied Bible and Hebrew literature from his youth. His father, Rabbi Simon Greenberg, was the rabbi of Har Zion Temple and one of the most important leaders of the Conservative movement. Moshe Greenberg received his doctorate from the University of Pennsylvania in 1954, studying Bible and Assyriology under E. A. Speiser; simultaneously, he studied post-Biblical Judaica at the Jewish Theological Seminary of America (JTSA), where he was ordained as a rabbi. Greenberg was married to Evelyn Gelber and had three sons. He died in Jerusalem after a long illness.
Academic and literary career
Greenberg taught Bible and Judaica at the University of Pennsylvania from 1964-1970. He held a chair in Jewish studies at the Hebrew University of Jerusalem, an institution at which he had taught since 1970. He also taught at Swarthmore College, the JTSA, the University of California, Berkeley and the Schechter Institute of Jewish Studies. Greenberg was editor-in-chief of the Ketuvim section of the Jewish Publication Society of America's new English translation of the Bible. He was the author of ten books and numerous articles. From 1994-1995 he held a fellowship at the Katz Center for Advanced Judaic Studies, doing research in Historiography.
Scholarship
Greenberg was the first Jewish Bible scholar appointed to a position in a secular university after World War II and had an important influence on the development of Biblical scholarship. He focused on the phenomenology of biblical religion and law, the theory and practice of interpreting biblical texts, and the role of the Bible in Jewish thought. In the area of prayer, Greenberg studied the development of biblical petition and praise, which he portrayed as "a vehicle of humility, an expression of un-selfsufficiency, which in biblical thought, is the proper stance of humans before God" (Studies, 75-108). He showed that the prose prayers embedded in biblical narratives reflect the piety of commoners, and reasoned that the frequency of spontaneous prayer strengthened the egalitarian tendency of Israelite religion which led to the establishment of the synagogue. In the area of biblical law, Greenberg argued that "the law [is] the expression of underlying postulates or values of culture" and that differences between biblical and ancient Near Eastern laws were not reflections of different stages of social development but of different underlying legal and religious principles (Studies, 25-41). Analyzing economic, social, political, and religious laws in the Torah, he showed that they dispersed authority throughout society and prevented the monopolization of prestige and power by narrow elite groups (Studies, 51-61). In his commentaries on Exodus (1969) and Ezekiel (1983, 1997), Greenberg developed a "holistic" method of exegesis, redirecting attention from the text's "hypothetically reconstructed elements" to the biblical books as integral wholes and products of thoughtful and artistic design. Greenberg's studies of Jewish thought include studies of the intellectual achievements of medieval Jewish exegesis, investigations of rabbinic reflections on defying illegal orders (Studies, 395-403), and attitudes toward members of other religions (Studies, 369-393; "A Problematic Heritage"). He argued that a Scripture-based religion must avoid fundamentalism through selectivity and re-prioritizing values.
Awards
In 1961, Greenberg was awarded a Guggenheim Fellowship.
He was also awarded the Harrison Prize for Distinguished Teaching and Research.
In 1994, he was awarded the Israel Prize in Bible. Greenberg also taught at Beyt Midrash leShalom, the Peace Study Center sponsored jointly by the Israeli Religious Peace Movement Netivot Shalom and by Tikkun Magazine.
Published works
Hab Piru, 1955
Introduction to Hebrew, 1965
Understanding Exodus, 1967
Biblical Prose Prayer as a Window to the Popular Religion of Ancient Israel, 1983
Ezekiel in the Anchor Bible Series 3 volumes, 1983, 1997 (third volume was to be completed by Jacob Milgrom, who died June 5, 2010)
Torah: Five Books of Moses, 2000
See also
List of Israel Prize recipients
References
Bibliography
Moshe Greenberg: An Appreciation," and "Bibliography of the Writings of Moshe Greenberg," pp. ix-xxxviii in M. Cogan, B.L. Eichler, and J.H. Tigay, eds., Tehilla le-Moshe. Biblical and Judaic
Studies in Honor of Moshe Greenberg. Winona Lake, Indiana: Eisenbrauns, 1997
S.D. Sperling, ed., Students of the Covenant: A History of Jewish Biblical Scholarship in North America (Atlanta: Scholars Press, 1992), index s.v. "Greenberg, Moshe."
Pras Yisra'el 5754 (Israel Prizes, 1994). Israel: Ministry of Science and Arts; Ministry of Education, Culture, and Sports, 1994), pp. 5–7 (in Hebrew)
|
Moshe Greenberg (Hebrew: משה גרינברג; July 10, 1928 – May 15, 2010) was an American rabbi, Bible scholar, and professor emeritus of the Hebrew University of Jerusalem.
Biography
Moshe Greenberg was born in Philadelphia in 1928. Raised in a Hebrew-speaking Zionist home, he studied Bible and Hebrew literature from his youth. His father, Rabbi Simon Greenberg, was the rabbi of Har Zion Temple and one of the most important leaders of the Conservative movement. Moshe Greenberg received his doctorate from the University of Pennsylvania in 1954, studying Bible and Assyriology under E. A. Speiser; simultaneously, he studied post-Biblical Judaica at the Jewish Theological Seminary of America (JTSA), where he was ordained as a rabbi. Greenberg was married to Evelyn Gelber and had three sons. He died in Jerusalem after a long illness.
Academic and literary career
Greenberg taught Bible and Judaica at the University of Pennsylvania from 1964-1970. He held a chair in Jewish studies at the Hebrew University of Jerusalem, an institution at which he had taught since 1970. He also taught at Swarthmore College, the JTSA, the University of California, Berkeley and the Schechter Institute of Jewish Studies. Greenberg was editor-in-chief of the Ketuvim section of the Jewish Publication Society of America's new English translation of the Bible. He was the author of ten books and numerous articles. From 1994-1995 he held a fellowship at the Katz Center for Advanced Judaic Studies, doing research in Historiography.
Scholarship
Greenberg was the first Jewish Bible scholar appointed to a position in a secular university after World War II and had an important influence on the development of Biblical scholarship. He focused on the phenomenology of biblical religion and law, the theory and practice of interpreting biblical texts, and the role of the Bible in Jewish thought. In the area of prayer, Greenberg studied the development of biblical petition and praise, which he portrayed as "a vehicle of humility, an expression of un-selfsufficiency, which in biblical thought, is the proper stance of humans before God" (Studies, 75-108). He showed that the prose prayers embedded in biblical narratives reflect the piety of commoners, and reasoned that the frequency of spontaneous prayer strengthened the egalitarian tendency of Israelite religion which led to the establishment of the synagogue. In the area of biblical law, Greenberg argued that "the law [is] the expression of underlying postulates or values of culture" and that differences between biblical and ancient Near Eastern laws were not reflections of different stages of social development but of different underlying legal and religious principles (Studies, 25-41). Analyzing economic, social, political, and religious laws in the Torah, he showed that they dispersed authority throughout society and prevented the monopolization of prestige and power by narrow elite groups (Studies, 51-61). In his commentaries on Exodus (1969) and Ezekiel (1983, 1997), Greenberg developed a "holistic" method of exegesis, redirecting attention from the text's "hypothetically reconstructed elements" to the biblical books as integral wholes and products of thoughtful and artistic design. Greenberg's studies of Jewish thought include studies of the intellectual achievements of medieval Jewish exegesis, investigations of rabbinic reflections on defying illegal orders (Studies, 395-403), and attitudes toward members of other religions (Studies, 369-393; "A Problematic Heritage"). He argued that a Scripture-based religion must avoid fundamentalism through selectivity and re-prioritizing values.
Awards
In 1961, Greenberg was awarded a Guggenheim Fellowship.
He was also awarded the Harrison Prize for Distinguished Teaching and Research.
In 1994, he was awarded the Israel Prize in Bible. Greenberg also taught at Beyt Midrash leShalom, the Peace Study Center sponsored jointly by the Israeli Religious Peace Movement Netivot Shalom and by Tikkun Magazine.
Published works
Hab Piru, 1955
Introduction to Hebrew, 1965
Understanding Exodus, 1967
Biblical Prose Prayer as a Window to the Popular Religion of Ancient Israel, 1983
Ezekiel in the Anchor Bible Series 3 volumes, 1983, 1997 (third volume was to be completed by Jacob Milgrom, who died June 5, 2010)
Torah: Five Books of Moses, 2000
See also
List of Israel Prize recipients
References
Bibliography
Moshe Greenberg: An Appreciation," and "Bibliography of the Writings of Moshe Greenberg," pp. ix-xxxviii in M. Cogan, B.L. Eichler, and J.H. Tigay, eds., Tehilla le-Moshe. Biblical and Judaic
Studies in Honor of Moshe Greenberg. Winona Lake, Indiana: Eisenbrauns, 1997
S.D. Sperling, ed., Students of the Covenant: A History of Jewish Biblical Scholarship in North America (Atlanta: Scholars Press, 1992), index s.v. "Greenberg, Moshe."
Pras Yisra'el 5754 (Israel Prizes, 1994). Israel: Ministry of Science and Arts; Ministry of Education, Culture, and Sports, 1994), pp. 5–7 (in Hebrew)
|
Amy Clampitt
|
Amy Clampitt (June 15, 1920 – September 10, 1994) was an American poet and author.
Life
Clampitt was born on June 15, 1920, of Quaker parents, and brought up in New Providence, Iowa. At nearby Grinnell College and later in the American Academy of Arts and Letters she began a study of English literature that eventually led her to poetry. Clampitt graduated with honors in English from Grinnell College in 1941, and from that time on lived mainly in New York City. To support herself, she worked as a secretary at the Oxford University Press, a reference librarian at the Audubon Society, and a freelance editor.
Not until the mid-1960s, when Clampitt was in her forties, did she return to writing poetry. Her first poem was published by The New Yorker in 1978. In 1983, at the age of sixty-three, Clampitt published her first full-length collection, The Kingfisher. In the decade that followed, Clampitt published five books of poetry, including What the Light Was Like (1985), Archaic Figure (1987), and Westward (1990), the latter of which was selected by critic Harold Bloom for inclusion in his Western Canon. Her last book, A Silence Opens, appeared in 1994. Clampitt also published a book of essays and several privately printed editions of her longer poems. She taught at the College of William and Mary, Smith College, and Amherst College, but it was her time spent in Manhattan, in a remote part of Maine, and on various trips to Europe, the former Soviet Union, Iowa, Wales, and England that most directly influenced her work.
Clampitt died of cancer in September 1994.
An Amy Clampitt Residency was established in Lenox, Massachusetts at Clampitt’s former home.
Awards
Clampitt was the recipient of a 1982 Guggenheim Fellowship, a MacArthur Fellowship (1992), and she was a member of the American Academy of Arts and Letters and the American Academy of Poets.
Works
Poetry collections
Multitudes, Multitudes (Washington Street Press, 1973).
The Isthmus (1981).
The Summer Solstice (Sarabande Press, 1983).
The Kingfisher (Knopf, 1983). ISBN 0-394-52840-9.
What the Light Was Like (Knopf, 1983). ISBN 0-394-54318-1.
Archaic Figure (Knopf, 1987). ISBN 0-394-75090-X.
Westward (Knopf, 1990). ISBN 0-394-58455-4.
Manhattan: An Elegy, and Other Poems (University of Iowa Center for the Book, 1990).
A Silence Opens (Knopf, 1994). ISBN 0-679-75022-3.
The Collected Poems of Amy Clampitt (Knopf, 1997). ISBN 0-375-70064-1.
"A Homage to John Keats" (The Sarabande Press, 1984)
Prose
A Homage to John Keats (Sarabande Press, 1984).
The Essential Donne (Ecco Press, 1988). ISBN 0-88001-480-6.
Predecessors, Et Cetera: Essays (University of Michigan Press, 1991). ISBN 0-472-06457-6.
Biography
Willard Spiegelman, Nothing Stays Put: The Life and Poetry of Amy Clampitt, Knopf, 2023.
References
External links
The Amy Clampitt Fund
Clampitt's Academy of American Poets page
Poetry Foundation page
"Clampitt, Amy: Introduction" Poetry Criticism. Vol. 19, edited by Carol T. Gaffke (Thomson Gale, 1997).
Robert E. Hosmer (Spring 1993). "Amy Clampitt, The Art of Poetry No. 45". Paris Review. Spring 1993 (126).
Catherine Cucinella, ed., Contemporary American Women Poets: An A-Z guide Archived March 26, 2018, at the Wayback Machine
Collection on Amy Clampitt, 1938-1998 SMU
Amy Clampitt's Papers are housed at University of Iowa Libraries Special Collections & Archives
|
Amy Clampitt (June 15, 1920 – September 10, 1994) was an American poet and author.
Life
Clampitt was born on June 15, 1920, of Quaker parents, and brought up in New Providence, Iowa. At nearby Grinnell College and later in the American Academy of Arts and Letters she began a study of English literature that eventually led her to poetry. Clampitt graduated with honors in English from Grinnell College in 1941, and from that time on lived mainly in New York City. To support herself, she worked as a secretary at the Oxford University Press, a reference librarian at the Audubon Society, and a freelance editor.
Not until the mid-1960s, when Clampitt was in her forties, did she return to writing poetry. Her first poem was published by The New Yorker in 1978. In 1983, at the age of sixty-three, Clampitt published her first full-length collection, The Kingfisher. In the decade that followed, Clampitt published five books of poetry, including What the Light Was Like (1985), Archaic Figure (1987), and Westward (1990), the latter of which was selected by critic Harold Bloom for inclusion in his Western Canon. Her last book, A Silence Opens, appeared in 1994. Clampitt also published a book of essays and several privately printed editions of her longer poems. She taught at the College of William and Mary, Smith College, and Amherst College, but it was her time spent in Manhattan, in a remote part of Maine, and on various trips to Europe, the former Soviet Union, Iowa, Wales, and England that most directly influenced her work.
Clampitt died of cancer in September 1994.
An Amy Clampitt Residency was established in Lenox, Massachusetts at Clampitt’s former home.
Awards
Clampitt was the recipient of a 1982 Guggenheim Fellowship, a MacArthur Fellowship (1992), and she was a member of the American Academy of Arts and Letters and the American Academy of Poets.
Works
Poetry collections
Multitudes, Multitudes (Washington Street Press, 1973).
The Isthmus (1981).
The Summer Solstice (Sarabande Press, 1983).
The Kingfisher (Knopf, 1983). ISBN 0-394-52840-9.
What the Light Was Like (Knopf, 1983). ISBN 0-394-54318-1.
Archaic Figure (Knopf, 1987). ISBN 0-394-75090-X.
Westward (Knopf, 1990). ISBN 0-394-58455-4.
Manhattan: An Elegy, and Other Poems (University of Iowa Center for the Book, 1990).
A Silence Opens (Knopf, 1994). ISBN 0-679-75022-3.
The Collected Poems of Amy Clampitt (Knopf, 1997). ISBN 0-375-70064-1.
"A Homage to John Keats" (The Sarabande Press, 1984)
Prose
A Homage to John Keats (Sarabande Press, 1984).
The Essential Donne (Ecco Press, 1988). ISBN 0-88001-480-6.
Predecessors, Et Cetera: Essays (University of Michigan Press, 1991). ISBN 0-472-06457-6.
Biography
Willard Spiegelman, Nothing Stays Put: The Life and Poetry of Amy Clampitt, Knopf, 2023.
References
External links
The Amy Clampitt Fund
Clampitt's Academy of American Poets page
Poetry Foundation page
"Clampitt, Amy: Introduction" Poetry Criticism. Vol. 19, edited by Carol T. Gaffke (Thomson Gale, 1997).
Robert E. Hosmer (Spring 1993). "Amy Clampitt, The Art of Poetry No. 45". Paris Review. Spring 1993 (126).
Catherine Cucinella, ed., Contemporary American Women Poets: An A-Z guide Archived March 26, 2018, at the Wayback Machine
Collection on Amy Clampitt, 1938-1998 SMU
Amy Clampitt's Papers are housed at University of Iowa Libraries Special Collections & Archives
|
Ted Kooser
|
Theodore J. Kooser (born April 25, 1939) is an American poet. He won the Pulitzer Prize in Poetry in 2005. He served as Poet Laureate Consultant in Poetry to the Library of Congress from 2004 to 2006. Kooser was one of the first poets laureate selected from the Great Plains, and is known for his conversational style of poetry.
Biography
Early life
Ted Kooser was born in Ames, Iowa, on April 25, 1939. Growing up, Kooser attended Ames Public Schools for elementary and middle school. When Kooser arrived at Ames High School, his interest diverted from the library, and it went to cars. He joined the Nightcrawlers Car Club and became secretary of the group in 1956. His motivation for writing in high school can be in part credited to one of his teachers, Mary McNally, who encouraged him to continue writing essays and poems that reflected his life.
Education
Kooser graduated from Ames High School with a class of 175 students and enrolled at Iowa State University, the alma mater of his uncles. He began writing short nonfiction stories for the Iowa State student literary magazine. He also joined the Iowa State Writer's Round Table, which he credits for fine-tuning his writing skills; Iowa Senator Tom Harkin was also a part of the group. In 1961, Kooser moved to Marshalltown, Iowa, to student teach English classes. The following year he graduated with a BS in English education from Iowa State University and moved to Cedar Rapids, Iowa, to live with his parents. He was offered a graduate readership opportunity at the University of Nebraska and in 1963, he and his wife moved to Lincoln, Nebraska. After winning the Vreeland Award for poetry in 1964, he soon after lost his graduate readership from the University for his poor GPA. In 1967, he received his MA from Nebraska.
Career
After earning his MA, Kooser worked at Bankers Life Nebraska. He eventually went on to work for Lincoln Benefit Life (a subsidiary of Allstate), an insurance company, for 35 years before retiring as vice president at the age of 60. He wrote for an hour and a half before work every morning, and by the time he retired, Kooser had published seven books of poetry. Kooser taught as a Presidential Professor in the English department of the University of Nebraska–Lincoln and is currently a Professor Emeritus.
On August 12, 2004, he was named Poet Laureate Consultant in Poetry by the Librarian of Congress to serve a term from October 2004 through May 2005.
In April 2005, Theodore J. Kooser was appointed to serve a second term as Poet Laureate Consultant in Poetry. During that same week, Kooser received the 2005 Pulitzer Prize for Poetry for his book Delights & Shadows (Copper Canyon Press, 2004). Edward Hirsch wrote: "There is a sense of quiet amazement at the core of all Kooser's work, but it especially seems to animate his new collection of poems, Delights & Shadows."
Kooser's most recent books are Kindest Regards: New and Selected Poems and Red Stilts (2020).
He founded and hosted the newspaper project "American Life in Poetry". In 2020, Kooser chose Kwame Dawes, a chancellor of the Academy of American Poets, to be his successor as of January 1, 2021. Kooser also edits the Ted Kooser Contemporary Poetry series published by the University of Nebraska Press.
Midwest Poetry Renaissance
Ted Kooser was part of the Midwest Poetry Renaissance in the 1960s and 1970s. The Midwest Poetry Renaissance drew on elements of Rural America through a five-state swath of the Great Plains region. Poets of the Midwest were respected among artists throughout the country due to being informed of larger societal forces, such as the distrust of a media-driven culture.
More small presses opened up in that time, and Midwestern poets began publishing more work. Warren Woessner regards the catalyst of the MPR to be the anthology Heartland in 1967. The movement began to develop after that point, along with the works of Ted and other poets such as Victor Contoski, Mak Vinz, David Steinglass, Gary Gildner, James Hazard, Greg Kuzma, Judith Minty, and Kathy Weigner (as well as many others) who exemplified the rural subject matter and conversational tone. Most of the poets were in their twenties or early thirties and published their first books.
Ted was in his late twenties and thirties during the decade the Midwest Poetry Renaissance occurred. He published his first book through the University of Nebraska Press at age 30, titled "Official Entry Blank." Ted's first full-length book was already out of print by the early 1970s, at which time he became more of a small press poet like many other poets in the Midwest. Ted continued to receive publication of individual poems within anthologies and published several more books in small presses. He also began to edit The New Salt Creek Reader, which had six anthologies by 1974.
According to Warren Woessner, a poet during the Midwest Poetry Renaissance, the movement ended in 1975 with the publication of Heartland II.
Poetic Style
Ted Kooser is known for his conversational style of poetry that is accessible to a nonliterary public. Critic Dana Gioia, in his book Can Poetry Matter?, describes Kooser's style as "drawn from common speech, with subject matter common to the Midwest." Kooser's early and contemporary work involves both troubles for Midwesterners, and observations from everyday life. Recurring themes include love, family, place, and time, but he does not consider himself a regional poet.
Personal life
Kooser lives on an acreage near the village of Garland, Nebraska. Kooser has served on the Lincoln Library Board. He was founding president of The Nebraska Literary Heritage Association.
Kooser is married to Kathleen Rutledge, former editor of the Lincoln Journal Star. They have one son and two grandchildren.
Awards & Honors
Bibliography
Books
Kooser, Ted (1969). Official Entry Blank.
—— (1971). Grass County.
—— (1973). Twenty Poems.
—— (1974). A Local Habitation and a Name.
—— (1976). Not Coming to Be Barked At.
—— (1980). Sure Signs: New and Selected Poems.
—— (1985). One World at a Time.
—— (1986). The Blizzard Voices.
—— (1994). Weather Central.
—— (1995). A Book of Things.
—— (1999). Riding with Colonel Carter.
—— (2001). Winter Morning Walks: One Hundred Postcards to Jim Harrison.
—— (2003). Braided Creek: A Conversation in Poetry. Copper Canyon Press.
—— (2004). Delights and Shadows. Copper Canyon Press.
—— (2004). Local Wonders: Seasons in the Bohemian Alps.
—— (2005). Flying at Night: Poems 1965–1985.
—— (2005). Lights on a Ground of Darkness: An Evocation of Place and Time.
—— (2007). The Poetry Home Repair Manual: Practical Advice for Beginning Poets.
—— (2008). Valentines. University of Nebraska Press.
—— (2010). Bag in the Wind.
—— (2012). Pursuing Blackhawk. Cedar Creek Press, Mason City.
—— (2012). House Held Up by Trees.
—— (2014). Splitting an Order. Copper Canyon Press.
—— (2016). The Bell in the Bridge.
—— (2018). Kindest Regards: New and Selected Poems. Copper Canyon Press.
—— (2020). Red Stilts. Copper Canyon Press.
—— (2022). Cotton Candy: Poems Dipped Out of the Air. University of Nebraska Press.
—— (2024). Raft. Copper Canyon Press.
Poems
References
External links
Official website
Ted Kooser: Online Resources from the Library of Congress
American Life in Poetry, Kooser's syndicated newspaper feature
Author interview in Guernica Magazine (Guernicamag.com)
Ted Kooser biographical summary
Linton Weeks, Washington Post, "Poet Laureate's Prized Words", April 5, 2005, page C1
A review of Delights & Shadows by Ted Kooser.
Fresh Air radio interview – 4 April 2005
Television Profile of Ted Kooser – NET Television
John Cusatis, Charleston Post & Courier, Q & A with Ted Kooser, January 5, 2025
|
Theodore J. Kooser (born April 25, 1939) is an American poet. He won the Pulitzer Prize in Poetry in 2005. He served as Poet Laureate Consultant in Poetry to the Library of Congress from 2004 to 2006. Kooser was one of the first poets laureate selected from the Great Plains, and is known for his conversational style of poetry.
Biography
Early life
Ted Kooser was born in Ames, Iowa, on April 25, 1939. Growing up, Kooser attended Ames Public Schools for elementary and middle school. When Kooser arrived at Ames High School, his interest diverted from the library, and it went to cars. He joined the Nightcrawlers Car Club and became secretary of the group in 1956. His motivation for writing in high school can be in part credited to one of his teachers, Mary McNally, who encouraged him to continue writing essays and poems that reflected his life.
Education
Kooser graduated from Ames High School with a class of 175 students and enrolled at Iowa State University, the alma mater of his uncles. He began writing short nonfiction stories for the Iowa State student literary magazine. He also joined the Iowa State Writer's Round Table, which he credits for fine-tuning his writing skills; Iowa Senator Tom Harkin was also a part of the group. In 1961, Kooser moved to Marshalltown, Iowa, to student teach English classes. The following year he graduated with a BS in English education from Iowa State University and moved to Cedar Rapids, Iowa, to live with his parents. He was offered a graduate readership opportunity at the University of Nebraska and in 1963, he and his wife moved to Lincoln, Nebraska. After winning the Vreeland Award for poetry in 1964, he soon after lost his graduate readership from the University for his poor GPA. In 1967, he received his MA from Nebraska.
Career
After earning his MA, Kooser worked at Bankers Life Nebraska. He eventually went on to work for Lincoln Benefit Life (a subsidiary of Allstate), an insurance company, for 35 years before retiring as vice president at the age of 60. He wrote for an hour and a half before work every morning, and by the time he retired, Kooser had published seven books of poetry. Kooser taught as a Presidential Professor in the English department of the University of Nebraska–Lincoln and is currently a Professor Emeritus.
On August 12, 2004, he was named Poet Laureate Consultant in Poetry by the Librarian of Congress to serve a term from October 2004 through May 2005.
In April 2005, Theodore J. Kooser was appointed to serve a second term as Poet Laureate Consultant in Poetry. During that same week, Kooser received the 2005 Pulitzer Prize for Poetry for his book Delights & Shadows (Copper Canyon Press, 2004). Edward Hirsch wrote: "There is a sense of quiet amazement at the core of all Kooser's work, but it especially seems to animate his new collection of poems, Delights & Shadows."
Kooser's most recent books are Kindest Regards: New and Selected Poems and Red Stilts (2020).
He founded and hosted the newspaper project "American Life in Poetry". In 2020, Kooser chose Kwame Dawes, a chancellor of the Academy of American Poets, to be his successor as of January 1, 2021. Kooser also edits the Ted Kooser Contemporary Poetry series published by the University of Nebraska Press.
Midwest Poetry Renaissance
Ted Kooser was part of the Midwest Poetry Renaissance in the 1960s and 1970s. The Midwest Poetry Renaissance drew on elements of Rural America through a five-state swath of the Great Plains region. Poets of the Midwest were respected among artists throughout the country due to being informed of larger societal forces, such as the distrust of a media-driven culture.
More small presses opened up in that time, and Midwestern poets began publishing more work. Warren Woessner regards the catalyst of the MPR to be the anthology Heartland in 1967. The movement began to develop after that point, along with the works of Ted and other poets such as Victor Contoski, Mak Vinz, David Steinglass, Gary Gildner, James Hazard, Greg Kuzma, Judith Minty, and Kathy Weigner (as well as many others) who exemplified the rural subject matter and conversational tone. Most of the poets were in their twenties or early thirties and published their first books.
Ted was in his late twenties and thirties during the decade the Midwest Poetry Renaissance occurred. He published his first book through the University of Nebraska Press at age 30, titled "Official Entry Blank." Ted's first full-length book was already out of print by the early 1970s, at which time he became more of a small press poet like many other poets in the Midwest. Ted continued to receive publication of individual poems within anthologies and published several more books in small presses. He also began to edit The New Salt Creek Reader, which had six anthologies by 1974.
According to Warren Woessner, a poet during the Midwest Poetry Renaissance, the movement ended in 1975 with the publication of Heartland II.
Poetic Style
Ted Kooser is known for his conversational style of poetry that is accessible to a nonliterary public. Critic Dana Gioia, in his book Can Poetry Matter?, describes Kooser's style as "drawn from common speech, with subject matter common to the Midwest." Kooser's early and contemporary work involves both troubles for Midwesterners, and observations from everyday life. Recurring themes include love, family, place, and time, but he does not consider himself a regional poet.
Personal life
Kooser lives on an acreage near the village of Garland, Nebraska. Kooser has served on the Lincoln Library Board. He was founding president of The Nebraska Literary Heritage Association.
Kooser is married to Kathleen Rutledge, former editor of the Lincoln Journal Star. They have one son and two grandchildren.
Awards & Honors
Bibliography
Books
Kooser, Ted (1969). Official Entry Blank.
—— (1971). Grass County.
—— (1973). Twenty Poems.
—— (1974). A Local Habitation and a Name.
—— (1976). Not Coming to Be Barked At.
—— (1980). Sure Signs: New and Selected Poems.
—— (1985). One World at a Time.
—— (1986). The Blizzard Voices.
—— (1994). Weather Central.
—— (1995). A Book of Things.
—— (1999). Riding with Colonel Carter.
—— (2001). Winter Morning Walks: One Hundred Postcards to Jim Harrison.
—— (2003). Braided Creek: A Conversation in Poetry. Copper Canyon Press.
—— (2004). Delights and Shadows. Copper Canyon Press.
—— (2004). Local Wonders: Seasons in the Bohemian Alps.
—— (2005). Flying at Night: Poems 1965–1985.
—— (2005). Lights on a Ground of Darkness: An Evocation of Place and Time.
—— (2007). The Poetry Home Repair Manual: Practical Advice for Beginning Poets.
—— (2008). Valentines. University of Nebraska Press.
—— (2010). Bag in the Wind.
—— (2012). Pursuing Blackhawk. Cedar Creek Press, Mason City.
—— (2012). House Held Up by Trees.
—— (2014). Splitting an Order. Copper Canyon Press.
—— (2016). The Bell in the Bridge.
—— (2018). Kindest Regards: New and Selected Poems. Copper Canyon Press.
—— (2020). Red Stilts. Copper Canyon Press.
—— (2022). Cotton Candy: Poems Dipped Out of the Air. University of Nebraska Press.
—— (2024). Raft. Copper Canyon Press.
Poems
References
External links
Official website
Ted Kooser: Online Resources from the Library of Congress
American Life in Poetry, Kooser's syndicated newspaper feature
Author interview in Guernica Magazine (Guernicamag.com)
Ted Kooser biographical summary
Linton Weeks, Washington Post, "Poet Laureate's Prized Words", April 5, 2005, page C1
A review of Delights & Shadows by Ted Kooser.
Fresh Air radio interview – 4 April 2005
Television Profile of Ted Kooser – NET Television
John Cusatis, Charleston Post & Courier, Q & A with Ted Kooser, January 5, 2025
|
Alfred Vogel
|
Alfred Max Vogel (October 26, 1902 – October 1, 1996) was a Swiss herbalist, naturopath and writer.
Life
Alfred Max Vogel was born in 1902 in Aesch, Basel, Switzerland. At the age of 21, he moved to Basel to manage a health store. In 1927, he married Sophie Sommer; together they had two daughters. In 1929, he started publishing a monthly magazine, Das Neue Leben ("The New Life"). From 1941, this became A. Vogel Gesundheits-Nachrichten ("A. Vogel Health News").
From 1935, he operated a spa/guesthouse in Trogen where he produced extracts. Vogel then relocated to Teufen in Appenzell to open a clinic and he went on to found health stores in Zürich, Solothurn, and Bern. In 1963, he founded Bioforce AG (Roggwil, Thurgau) to scale production, where he continued adjusting recipes to evolving pharmaceutical standards into the early 1990s. Vogel was an avid traveller and enjoyed visiting new countries and meeting new cultures. He was especially interested in meeting indigenous peoples in a close relationship with nature. From the 1950s onward, he travelled extensively through Africa, North America, Oceania, and South America.
On one of his travels he met and stayed with the Sioux in the United States. The story goes that he befriended Ben Black Elk, son of medicine man Nicholas Black Elk, who Vogel says, taught him about the Native American herbal tradition. However, Ben Black Elk was known to be merely earning his bread as an actor by having taken pictures of him with tourists near Mount Rushmore for money, also starring in the 1962 film How the West Was Won. Upon Vogel's departure, Ben Black Elk allegedly gave him a farewell present: a handful of seeds of Echinacea purpurea (purple coneflower). Back in Switzerland, Vogel began cultivating and researching the plant, eventually creating Echinaforce, which would become his flagship product. Histories of Swiss complementary medicine credit him with helping to popularize Echinacea and advance fresh-plant industrial phytotherapy.
Being a member of Jehovah's Witnesses, Vogel preached that God prohibited blood transfusions.
He died in 1996 in Feusisberg at the age of 93. The New Zealand-based bakery and cereal company Vogel's is named after him.
Criticism
For years, Alfred Vogel was falsely known as Doctor Vogel or Dr. Vogel. According to some sources, however, Vogel received an honorary doctorate (doctor honoris causa) in botanical studies in 1952 from the University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA), allowing the styling Dr. h.c. Vogel. Jan Willem Nienhuys claimed that he obtained his honorary degree from California University of Liberal Physicians (CULP) situated in Los Angeles, an institute that was dissolved long ago and whose legitimacy of its diplomas is disputed. Because he was not a physician, but did sell 'natural medicines', the title Doctor or Dr. Vogel implied an invalid association. After a complaint in 1981 at the Dutch Advertising Standards Authority (Dutch: Reclame Code Commissie), he and his products were gradually no longer called Doctor.
On October 14, 1982, Dutch teacher, presenter and comedian Ivo de Wijs published an article in the science section of NRC Handelsblad on this matter, in which he branded Vogel a quack.
Vogel was criticized for justifying his opposition to blood transfusions by claiming that they could lead to a change in character in older editions of Der kleine Doktor (published in English as "The Nature Doctor").
During a November 2014 episode of the satirical television show Zondag met Lubach, Vogel's "invention" of Echinaforce was criticised and mocked.
Institutions, awards, and legacy
Alfred-Vogel-Stiftung (Foundation) established 1984; Alfred-Vogel-Museum opened 1991 in Teufen; exhibitions in Aesch document his life
Recognitions reported by Swiss biographical references include the Priessnitz Medal (1982) and honorary membership of SAGEM (1984)
Selected publications
Kleiner Wegweiser für die Lebensreform ("How to Reform Your Life") (1926)
Die Nahrung als Heilfaktor ("Nature as a Healing Factor") (1935)
Erblehre und Rassenkunde in bildlicher Darstellung ("Heredity and Racial Science in Images") (1938)
Der kleine Doktor ("The Nature Doctor") (1952)
Die Leber als Regulator der Gesundheit ("The Liver as a Regulator of Health") (1960)
Gesundheitsführer durch südliche Länder ("Health Guide to Southern Countries") (1972)
Krebs – Schicksal oder Zivilisationskrankheit? ("Cancer – Fate or the Disease of Civilisation") (1982)
References
External links
www.avogel.ch
www.avogel.com
|
Alfred Max Vogel (October 26, 1902 – October 1, 1996) was a Swiss herbalist, naturopath and writer.
Life
Alfred Max Vogel was born in 1902 in Aesch, Basel, Switzerland. At the age of 21, he moved to Basel to manage a health store. In 1927, he married Sophie Sommer; together they had two daughters. In 1929, he started publishing a monthly magazine, Das Neue Leben ("The New Life"). From 1941, this became A. Vogel Gesundheits-Nachrichten ("A. Vogel Health News").
From 1935, he operated a spa/guesthouse in Trogen where he produced extracts. Vogel then relocated to Teufen in Appenzell to open a clinic and he went on to found health stores in Zürich, Solothurn, and Bern. In 1963, he founded Bioforce AG (Roggwil, Thurgau) to scale production, where he continued adjusting recipes to evolving pharmaceutical standards into the early 1990s. Vogel was an avid traveller and enjoyed visiting new countries and meeting new cultures. He was especially interested in meeting indigenous peoples in a close relationship with nature. From the 1950s onward, he travelled extensively through Africa, North America, Oceania, and South America.
On one of his travels he met and stayed with the Sioux in the United States. The story goes that he befriended Ben Black Elk, son of medicine man Nicholas Black Elk, who Vogel says, taught him about the Native American herbal tradition. However, Ben Black Elk was known to be merely earning his bread as an actor by having taken pictures of him with tourists near Mount Rushmore for money, also starring in the 1962 film How the West Was Won. Upon Vogel's departure, Ben Black Elk allegedly gave him a farewell present: a handful of seeds of Echinacea purpurea (purple coneflower). Back in Switzerland, Vogel began cultivating and researching the plant, eventually creating Echinaforce, which would become his flagship product. Histories of Swiss complementary medicine credit him with helping to popularize Echinacea and advance fresh-plant industrial phytotherapy.
Being a member of Jehovah's Witnesses, Vogel preached that God prohibited blood transfusions.
He died in 1996 in Feusisberg at the age of 93. The New Zealand-based bakery and cereal company Vogel's is named after him.
Criticism
For years, Alfred Vogel was falsely known as Doctor Vogel or Dr. Vogel. According to some sources, however, Vogel received an honorary doctorate (doctor honoris causa) in botanical studies in 1952 from the University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA), allowing the styling Dr. h.c. Vogel. Jan Willem Nienhuys claimed that he obtained his honorary degree from California University of Liberal Physicians (CULP) situated in Los Angeles, an institute that was dissolved long ago and whose legitimacy of its diplomas is disputed. Because he was not a physician, but did sell 'natural medicines', the title Doctor or Dr. Vogel implied an invalid association. After a complaint in 1981 at the Dutch Advertising Standards Authority (Dutch: Reclame Code Commissie), he and his products were gradually no longer called Doctor.
On October 14, 1982, Dutch teacher, presenter and comedian Ivo de Wijs published an article in the science section of NRC Handelsblad on this matter, in which he branded Vogel a quack.
Vogel was criticized for justifying his opposition to blood transfusions by claiming that they could lead to a change in character in older editions of Der kleine Doktor (published in English as "The Nature Doctor").
During a November 2014 episode of the satirical television show Zondag met Lubach, Vogel's "invention" of Echinaforce was criticised and mocked.
Institutions, awards, and legacy
Alfred-Vogel-Stiftung (Foundation) established 1984; Alfred-Vogel-Museum opened 1991 in Teufen; exhibitions in Aesch document his life
Recognitions reported by Swiss biographical references include the Priessnitz Medal (1982) and honorary membership of SAGEM (1984)
Selected publications
Kleiner Wegweiser für die Lebensreform ("How to Reform Your Life") (1926)
Die Nahrung als Heilfaktor ("Nature as a Healing Factor") (1935)
Erblehre und Rassenkunde in bildlicher Darstellung ("Heredity and Racial Science in Images") (1938)
Der kleine Doktor ("The Nature Doctor") (1952)
Die Leber als Regulator der Gesundheit ("The Liver as a Regulator of Health") (1960)
Gesundheitsführer durch südliche Länder ("Health Guide to Southern Countries") (1972)
Krebs – Schicksal oder Zivilisationskrankheit? ("Cancer – Fate or the Disease of Civilisation") (1982)
References
External links
www.avogel.ch
www.avogel.com
|
Siegfried Lenz
|
Siegfried Lenz (German: [ˈziːkfʁiːt ˈlɛnts] ; 17 March 1926 – 7 October 2014) was a German writer of novels, short stories and essays, as well as dramas for radio and the theatre. In 2000 he received the Goethe Prize on the 250th Anniversary of Johann Wolfgang von Goethe's birth. He won the 2010 International Nonino Prize in Italy.
Life
Siegfried Lenz was born in Lyck, East Prussia (now Ełk, Poland), the son of a customs officer. After graduating in 1943 he was drafted into the Kriegsmarine.
According to documents released in June 2007, he joined the Nazi Party at the age of 18 on 20 April 1944 along with several other German authors and personalities such as Dieter Hildebrandt and Martin Walser. However Lenz subsequently said he had been included in a collective ‘joining’ of the Party without his knowledge. In World War II he was a soldier in the German Kriegsmarine and served as a Fähnrich zur See (officer cadet) on the Admiral Scheer, the German auxiliary cruiser Hansa, and for a short period in Naestved in Denmark. Shortly after the German surrender at Lüneburg Heath he deserted and was held briefly as a prisoner of war in Schleswig-Holstein. He then worked as an interpreter for the British army.
At the University of Hamburg, he studied philosophy, English and literary history. His studies were cut off early when he became an intern for the daily newspaper Die Welt, where he served as an editor from 1950 to 1951. It was there he met his future wife, Liselotte, whom he married in 1949.
In 1951, Lenz used the money he had earned from his first novel, Habichte in der Luft ("Hawks in the air"), to finance a trip to Kenya. During his time there he wrote about the Mau Mau Uprising in his short story "Lukas, sanftmütiger Knecht" ("Luke, gentle servant"). After 1951, Lenz worked as a freelance writer in Hamburg, where he joined the Group 47 group of writers. Together with Günter Grass he became engaged with the Social Democratic Party and championed the Ostpolitik of Willy Brandt. As a supporter of rapprochement with Eastern Europe, he was a member of the German delegation at the signing of the Treaty of Warsaw (1970). In October 2011, he was made an honorary citizen of his home town Ełk, which had become Polish as a result of the border changes promulgated at the 1945 Potsdam Conference.
In 2003, Lenz joined the Verein für deutsche Rechtschreibung und Sprachpflege (Society for German Spelling and Language Cultivation) to protest against the German orthography reform of 1996.
His wife, Liselotte, died in 2006 after 57 years of marriage. Four years later he married his 74-year-old neighbour, Ulla, who had helped him after the death of his wife. Siegfried Lenz died at the age of 88 on 7 October 2014 in Hamburg.
After his death, a previously unpublished novel, Der Überläufer ("The Turncoat"), which Lenz had written in 1951, was published. Found among his effects, it is a novel about a German soldier who defects to Soviet forces.
Honours
In 1988 Lenz was awarded the Peace Prize of the German Book Trade, a prize given annually at the Frankfurt Book Fair. The Goethe Prize of Frankfurt am Main (Goethepreis der Stadt Frankfurt) was given to Lenz in 2000. A year later Lenz was honoured with the highest decoration of Hamburg, honorary citizenship. In 2004 Lenz was named an honorary citizen of Schleswig Holstein and in October 2011 an honorary citizen of his hometown Ełk (Lyck). In 2010 he won the Italian International Nonino Prize.
Siegfried Lenz Prize
The Siegfried Lenz Prize is a literary prize awarded every two years in Hamburg by the Siegfried Lenz Foundation. The prize is awarded to "international writers who have gained recognition with their narrative work and whose creative work is close to the spirit of Siegfried Lenz." A five-member jury appointed by the Foundation selects winners. The prize includes an award of 50,000 euros, ranking among the highest-endowed literature awards in Germany. The prize was initiated by Siegfried Lenz in 2014 before his death in October of that year.
Selected bibliography
Novels
Es waren Habichte in der Luft (1951) OCLC 4181946
Duell mit dem Schatten (1953) ISBN 978-3-455-04255-9
Der Mann im Strom (1957) OCLC 5955470
Brot und Spiele (1959) OCLC 4181935
Das Feuerschiff (1960) OCLC 1028271 (English: The Lightship, trans. M. Bullock, 1960)
Stadtgespräch (1963) OCLC 360361
Deutschstunde (1968) OCLC 887072907 (English: The German Lesson, trans. E. Kaiser and E. Wilkins, 1968)
Das Vorbild (1973) ISBN 978-3-4550-4238-2 (English: An Exemplary Life, trans. Douglas Parmée, 1976)
Heimatmuseum (1978) ISBN 978-3-455-04222-1 (English: The Heritage, trans. Krishna Winston, 1983)
Der Verlust (1981) ISBN 978-3-455-04244-3
Exerzierplatz (1985) ISBN 978-3-455-04213-9 (English: Training Ground, trans. G. Skelton, 1991)
Die Klangprobe (1990) ISBN 978-3-455-04248-1
Die Auflehnung (1994) ISBN 978-3-455-04252-8
Arnes Nachlass (1999) ISBN 978-3-455-04289-4
Fundbüro (2003) ISBN 978-3-455-04280-1
Landesbühne (2009) ISBN 978-3-423-13985-4
Der Überläufer (2016) ISBN 978-3-455-81402-6 (English: The Turncoat, trans. John Cullen)
Novellas and short story collections
So zärtlich war Suleyken: masurische Geschichten (1955) – short stories OCLC 3570259
Der Geist der Mirabelle: Geschichten aus Bollerup (1975) – short stories
Die Erzählungen (2006) – short stories ISBN 3-455-04285-6 (First published by Deutscher Taschenbuch Verlag: Vol. 1: 1949–1958. Vol 2: 1959–1964. Vol. 3: 1965–1984) (English: The Selected Stories of Siegfried Lenz, selections from Die Erzählungen, 1995)
Schweigeminute (2008) – novella ISBN 978-3-455-04284-9
Plays
Das schönste Fest der Welt (1956) OCLC 215017008
Zeit der Schuldlosen. Zeit der Schuldigen. (1961) OCLC 8651536
Das Gesicht (1964) OCLC 1250172
Haussuchung (1967) OCLC 59690579
Die Augenbinde (1970) OCLC 256912361
Drei Stücke (1980) ISBN 978-3-455-04242-9
Other
Das Kabinett der Konterbande (1956) OCLC 8465256
Jäger des Spotts. Geschichten aus dieser Zeit (1958) – Narratives OCLC 777022446
Lukas, sanftmütiger Knecht (1958) OCLC 221865117
Stimmungen der See (1962) OCLC 950463
Lehmanns Erzählungen, oder So schön war mein Markt: aus den Bekenntnissen eines Schwarzhändlers (1964) OCLC 60240089
Der Spielverderber (1965) OCLC 263613364
Leute von Hamburg (1968) OCLC 257975222
Einstein überquert die Elbe bei Hamburg (1975) ISBN 978-3-455-04227-6
Ein Kriegsende (1984) ISBN 978-3-455-04212-2
Das serbische Mädchen (1987) ISBN 978-3-455-04245-0
Ludmilla (1996) ISBN 978-3-455-04256-6
Zaungast (2004) ISBN 978-3-455-04278-8
Essays, children's books, speeches
1970 Beziehungen, Essay
1971 Die Herrschaftssprache der CDU, Speech
1971 Verlorenes Land – Gewonnene Nachbarschaft, Speech
1971 So war das mit dem Zirkus, Children's book
1980 Gespräche mit Manès Sperber und Leszek Kołakowski
1982 Über Phantasie: Gespräche mit Heinrich Böll, Günter Grass, Walter Kempowski, Pavel Kohout
1983 Elfenbeinturm und Barrikade. Erfahrungen am Schreibtisch, Essay
1986 Geschichte erzählen – Geschichten erzählen, Essay
1992 Über das Gedächtnis. Reden und Aufsätze, Speeches and essays collection
1998 Über den Schmerz, Essay
2001 Mutmassungen über die Zukunft der Literatur, Essay
2006 Selbstversetzung, Über Schreiben und Leben, ISBN 3-455-04286-4
2014 Gelegenheit zum Staunen. Ausgewählte Essays, ed. by Heinrich Detering. Hoffmann und Campe Verlag, ISBN 978-3-455-40493-7
Filmography
Man in the River, directed by Eugen York (1958, based on the novel Der Mann im Strom)
The Lightship, directed by Ladislao Vajda (1963, based on the story Das Feuerschiff)
Zeit der Schuldlosen, directed by Fritz Schröder-Jahn (TV film, 1961, based on the play Die Zeit der Schuldlosen)
Time of the Innocent, directed by Thomas Fantl (1964, based on the play Die Zeit der Schuldlosen)
Risiko für Weihnachtsmänner, directed by Thomas Fantl (TV film, 1968, based on the short story Risiko für Weihnachtsmänner)
Das schönste Fest der Welt, directed by Thomas Fantl (TV film, 1969, based on the play Das schönste Fest der Welt)
The German Lesson, directed by Peter Beauvais (TV miniseries, 1971, based on the novel The German Lesson)
Lehmanns Erzählungen, directed by Wolfgang Staudte (TV film, 1975, based on Lehmanns Erzählungen)
Der Geist der Mirabelle, directed by Eberhard Pieper (TV film, 1978, based on Der Geist der Mirabelle)
Ein Kriegsende, directed by Volker Vogeler (TV film, 1984, based on the story Ein Kriegsende)
The Lightship, directed by Jerzy Skolimowski (1986, based on the story Das Feuerschiff)
Heimatmuseum, directed by Egon Günther (TV miniseries, 1988, based on the novel Heimatmuseum)
The Serbian Girl, directed by Peter Sehr (1991, based on the novel Das serbische Mädchen)
Der Mann im Strom, directed by Niki Stein (TV film, 2006, based on the novel Der Mann im Strom)
The Lightship, directed by Florian Gärtner (TV film, 2008, based on the story Das Feuerschiff)
Die Auflehnung, directed by Manfred Stelzer (TV film, 2009, based on the novel Die Auflehnung)
Arnes Nachlass, directed by Thorsten Schmidt (TV film, 2012, based on the novel Arnes Nachlass)
High Tide Is Dead on Time, directed by Thomas Berger (TV film, 2014, based on the story Die Flut ist pünktlich)
The Loss, directed by Thomas Berger (TV film, 2015, based on the novel Der Verlust)
Die Nacht im Hotel, directed by Konstantinos Sampanis (short, 2015, based on the 1948 short story "Die Nacht im Hotel")
A Minute's Silence, directed by Thorsten Schmidt (TV film, 2016, based on the novel Schweigeminute)
The Start of Something, directed by Thomas Berger (TV film, 2019, based on the story Der Anfang von etwas)
The German Lesson, directed by Christian Schwochow (2019, based on the novel The German Lesson)
The Turncoat, directed by Florian Gallenberger (2020, based on the novel Der Überläufer)
References
External links
Website published by Deutscher Taschenbuch Verlag. Retrieved 2009-10-04 (in German)
|
Siegfried Lenz (German: [ˈziːkfʁiːt ˈlɛnts] ; 17 March 1926 – 7 October 2014) was a German writer of novels, short stories and essays, as well as dramas for radio and the theatre. In 2000 he received the Goethe Prize on the 250th Anniversary of Johann Wolfgang von Goethe's birth. He won the 2010 International Nonino Prize in Italy.
Life
Siegfried Lenz was born in Lyck, East Prussia (now Ełk, Poland), the son of a customs officer. After graduating in 1943 he was drafted into the Kriegsmarine.
According to documents released in June 2007, he joined the Nazi Party at the age of 18 on 20 April 1944 along with several other German authors and personalities such as Dieter Hildebrandt and Martin Walser. However Lenz subsequently said he had been included in a collective ‘joining’ of the Party without his knowledge. In World War II he was a soldier in the German Kriegsmarine and served as a Fähnrich zur See (officer cadet) on the Admiral Scheer, the German auxiliary cruiser Hansa, and for a short period in Naestved in Denmark. Shortly after the German surrender at Lüneburg Heath he deserted and was held briefly as a prisoner of war in Schleswig-Holstein. He then worked as an interpreter for the British army.
At the University of Hamburg, he studied philosophy, English and literary history. His studies were cut off early when he became an intern for the daily newspaper Die Welt, where he served as an editor from 1950 to 1951. It was there he met his future wife, Liselotte, whom he married in 1949.
In 1951, Lenz used the money he had earned from his first novel, Habichte in der Luft ("Hawks in the air"), to finance a trip to Kenya. During his time there he wrote about the Mau Mau Uprising in his short story "Lukas, sanftmütiger Knecht" ("Luke, gentle servant"). After 1951, Lenz worked as a freelance writer in Hamburg, where he joined the Group 47 group of writers. Together with Günter Grass he became engaged with the Social Democratic Party and championed the Ostpolitik of Willy Brandt. As a supporter of rapprochement with Eastern Europe, he was a member of the German delegation at the signing of the Treaty of Warsaw (1970). In October 2011, he was made an honorary citizen of his home town Ełk, which had become Polish as a result of the border changes promulgated at the 1945 Potsdam Conference.
In 2003, Lenz joined the Verein für deutsche Rechtschreibung und Sprachpflege (Society for German Spelling and Language Cultivation) to protest against the German orthography reform of 1996.
His wife, Liselotte, died in 2006 after 57 years of marriage. Four years later he married his 74-year-old neighbour, Ulla, who had helped him after the death of his wife. Siegfried Lenz died at the age of 88 on 7 October 2014 in Hamburg.
After his death, a previously unpublished novel, Der Überläufer ("The Turncoat"), which Lenz had written in 1951, was published. Found among his effects, it is a novel about a German soldier who defects to Soviet forces.
Honours
In 1988 Lenz was awarded the Peace Prize of the German Book Trade, a prize given annually at the Frankfurt Book Fair. The Goethe Prize of Frankfurt am Main (Goethepreis der Stadt Frankfurt) was given to Lenz in 2000. A year later Lenz was honoured with the highest decoration of Hamburg, honorary citizenship. In 2004 Lenz was named an honorary citizen of Schleswig Holstein and in October 2011 an honorary citizen of his hometown Ełk (Lyck). In 2010 he won the Italian International Nonino Prize.
Siegfried Lenz Prize
The Siegfried Lenz Prize is a literary prize awarded every two years in Hamburg by the Siegfried Lenz Foundation. The prize is awarded to "international writers who have gained recognition with their narrative work and whose creative work is close to the spirit of Siegfried Lenz." A five-member jury appointed by the Foundation selects winners. The prize includes an award of 50,000 euros, ranking among the highest-endowed literature awards in Germany. The prize was initiated by Siegfried Lenz in 2014 before his death in October of that year.
Selected bibliography
Novels
Es waren Habichte in der Luft (1951) OCLC 4181946
Duell mit dem Schatten (1953) ISBN 978-3-455-04255-9
Der Mann im Strom (1957) OCLC 5955470
Brot und Spiele (1959) OCLC 4181935
Das Feuerschiff (1960) OCLC 1028271 (English: The Lightship, trans. M. Bullock, 1960)
Stadtgespräch (1963) OCLC 360361
Deutschstunde (1968) OCLC 887072907 (English: The German Lesson, trans. E. Kaiser and E. Wilkins, 1968)
Das Vorbild (1973) ISBN 978-3-4550-4238-2 (English: An Exemplary Life, trans. Douglas Parmée, 1976)
Heimatmuseum (1978) ISBN 978-3-455-04222-1 (English: The Heritage, trans. Krishna Winston, 1983)
Der Verlust (1981) ISBN 978-3-455-04244-3
Exerzierplatz (1985) ISBN 978-3-455-04213-9 (English: Training Ground, trans. G. Skelton, 1991)
Die Klangprobe (1990) ISBN 978-3-455-04248-1
Die Auflehnung (1994) ISBN 978-3-455-04252-8
Arnes Nachlass (1999) ISBN 978-3-455-04289-4
Fundbüro (2003) ISBN 978-3-455-04280-1
Landesbühne (2009) ISBN 978-3-423-13985-4
Der Überläufer (2016) ISBN 978-3-455-81402-6 (English: The Turncoat, trans. John Cullen)
Novellas and short story collections
So zärtlich war Suleyken: masurische Geschichten (1955) – short stories OCLC 3570259
Der Geist der Mirabelle: Geschichten aus Bollerup (1975) – short stories
Die Erzählungen (2006) – short stories ISBN 3-455-04285-6 (First published by Deutscher Taschenbuch Verlag: Vol. 1: 1949–1958. Vol 2: 1959–1964. Vol. 3: 1965–1984) (English: The Selected Stories of Siegfried Lenz, selections from Die Erzählungen, 1995)
Schweigeminute (2008) – novella ISBN 978-3-455-04284-9
Plays
Das schönste Fest der Welt (1956) OCLC 215017008
Zeit der Schuldlosen. Zeit der Schuldigen. (1961) OCLC 8651536
Das Gesicht (1964) OCLC 1250172
Haussuchung (1967) OCLC 59690579
Die Augenbinde (1970) OCLC 256912361
Drei Stücke (1980) ISBN 978-3-455-04242-9
Other
Das Kabinett der Konterbande (1956) OCLC 8465256
Jäger des Spotts. Geschichten aus dieser Zeit (1958) – Narratives OCLC 777022446
Lukas, sanftmütiger Knecht (1958) OCLC 221865117
Stimmungen der See (1962) OCLC 950463
Lehmanns Erzählungen, oder So schön war mein Markt: aus den Bekenntnissen eines Schwarzhändlers (1964) OCLC 60240089
Der Spielverderber (1965) OCLC 263613364
Leute von Hamburg (1968) OCLC 257975222
Einstein überquert die Elbe bei Hamburg (1975) ISBN 978-3-455-04227-6
Ein Kriegsende (1984) ISBN 978-3-455-04212-2
Das serbische Mädchen (1987) ISBN 978-3-455-04245-0
Ludmilla (1996) ISBN 978-3-455-04256-6
Zaungast (2004) ISBN 978-3-455-04278-8
Essays, children's books, speeches
1970 Beziehungen, Essay
1971 Die Herrschaftssprache der CDU, Speech
1971 Verlorenes Land – Gewonnene Nachbarschaft, Speech
1971 So war das mit dem Zirkus, Children's book
1980 Gespräche mit Manès Sperber und Leszek Kołakowski
1982 Über Phantasie: Gespräche mit Heinrich Böll, Günter Grass, Walter Kempowski, Pavel Kohout
1983 Elfenbeinturm und Barrikade. Erfahrungen am Schreibtisch, Essay
1986 Geschichte erzählen – Geschichten erzählen, Essay
1992 Über das Gedächtnis. Reden und Aufsätze, Speeches and essays collection
1998 Über den Schmerz, Essay
2001 Mutmassungen über die Zukunft der Literatur, Essay
2006 Selbstversetzung, Über Schreiben und Leben, ISBN 3-455-04286-4
2014 Gelegenheit zum Staunen. Ausgewählte Essays, ed. by Heinrich Detering. Hoffmann und Campe Verlag, ISBN 978-3-455-40493-7
Filmography
Man in the River, directed by Eugen York (1958, based on the novel Der Mann im Strom)
The Lightship, directed by Ladislao Vajda (1963, based on the story Das Feuerschiff)
Zeit der Schuldlosen, directed by Fritz Schröder-Jahn (TV film, 1961, based on the play Die Zeit der Schuldlosen)
Time of the Innocent, directed by Thomas Fantl (1964, based on the play Die Zeit der Schuldlosen)
Risiko für Weihnachtsmänner, directed by Thomas Fantl (TV film, 1968, based on the short story Risiko für Weihnachtsmänner)
Das schönste Fest der Welt, directed by Thomas Fantl (TV film, 1969, based on the play Das schönste Fest der Welt)
The German Lesson, directed by Peter Beauvais (TV miniseries, 1971, based on the novel The German Lesson)
Lehmanns Erzählungen, directed by Wolfgang Staudte (TV film, 1975, based on Lehmanns Erzählungen)
Der Geist der Mirabelle, directed by Eberhard Pieper (TV film, 1978, based on Der Geist der Mirabelle)
Ein Kriegsende, directed by Volker Vogeler (TV film, 1984, based on the story Ein Kriegsende)
The Lightship, directed by Jerzy Skolimowski (1986, based on the story Das Feuerschiff)
Heimatmuseum, directed by Egon Günther (TV miniseries, 1988, based on the novel Heimatmuseum)
The Serbian Girl, directed by Peter Sehr (1991, based on the novel Das serbische Mädchen)
Der Mann im Strom, directed by Niki Stein (TV film, 2006, based on the novel Der Mann im Strom)
The Lightship, directed by Florian Gärtner (TV film, 2008, based on the story Das Feuerschiff)
Die Auflehnung, directed by Manfred Stelzer (TV film, 2009, based on the novel Die Auflehnung)
Arnes Nachlass, directed by Thorsten Schmidt (TV film, 2012, based on the novel Arnes Nachlass)
High Tide Is Dead on Time, directed by Thomas Berger (TV film, 2014, based on the story Die Flut ist pünktlich)
The Loss, directed by Thomas Berger (TV film, 2015, based on the novel Der Verlust)
Die Nacht im Hotel, directed by Konstantinos Sampanis (short, 2015, based on the 1948 short story "Die Nacht im Hotel")
A Minute's Silence, directed by Thorsten Schmidt (TV film, 2016, based on the novel Schweigeminute)
The Start of Something, directed by Thomas Berger (TV film, 2019, based on the story Der Anfang von etwas)
The German Lesson, directed by Christian Schwochow (2019, based on the novel The German Lesson)
The Turncoat, directed by Florian Gallenberger (2020, based on the novel Der Überläufer)
References
External links
Website published by Deutscher Taschenbuch Verlag. Retrieved 2009-10-04 (in German)
|
Philip Stanhope, 5th Earl Stanhope
|
Philip Henry Stanhope, 5th Earl Stanhope, (30 January 1805 – 24 December 1875), styled Viscount Mahon between 1816 and 1855, was an English antiquarian and Tory politician. He held political office under Sir Robert Peel in the 1830s and 1840s but is best remembered for his contributions to cultural causes and for his historical writings.
Background and education
Born at Walmer, Kent, Stanhope was the son of Philip Stanhope, 4th Earl Stanhope, and the Hon. Catherine Stanhope, daughter of Robert Smith, 1st Baron Carrington. He was educated at Christ Church, Oxford, graduating in 1827.
Political career
Stanhope entered Parliament in 1830, representing the rotten borough of Wootton Basset in Wiltshire until the seat was disenfranchised in 1832. He was then re-elected to Parliament representing Hertford. He served under Sir Robert Peel as Under-Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs between December 1834 and April 1835, and Secretary to the Board of Control in 1845, but though he remained in the House of Commons till 1852, he made no special mark in politics.
He was elected as a member to the American Philosophical Society in 1854.
Contributions to culture
Stanhope's chief achievements were in the fields of literature and antiquities. In 1842 took a prominent part in passing the Literary Copyright Act 1842. From the House of Lords he was mainly responsible for proposing and organising the foundation of the National Portrait Gallery, London in 1856. A sculpted bust of Stanhope holds the central place over the entrance of the building, flanked by fellow historians and supporters Thomas Carlyle and Lord Macaulay. It was mainly due to him that in 1869 the Historical Manuscripts Commission was started. As president of the Society of Antiquaries (from 1846 onwards), he called attention in England to the need of supporting the excavations at Troy. He was also president of the Royal Literary Fund from 1863 until his death, a trustee of the British Museum and founded the Stanhope essay prize at Oxford in 1855. He was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society in 1827.
Writings
Of Lord Stanhope's own works, the most important were:
Life of Belisarius (1829);
History of the War of the Succession in Spain (1832), largely based on the James Stanhope, 1st Earl Stanhope's papers;
History of England from the Peace of Utrecht to the Peace of Versailles, 1713–1783 (7 vols.) (1836–1853);
Life of the Right Honourable William Pitt (4 vols.) (1861–1862);
The Reign of Queen Anne until the Peace of Utrecht, 1701–1713 (1870, reprinted 1908);
Notes of Conversation with the Duke of Wellington, 1831–1851 (1886, reprinted 1998)
A further little work was The Forty-Five a narrative of the Jacobite rising of 1745 extracted from his "History of England." A new edition of this work was published in London by John Murray, Albemarle St., in 1869, which includes some letters of Prince Charles Edward Stuart.
The two histories and the Life of William Pitt were considered of great importance on account of Stanhope's unique access to manuscript authorities on Pitt the Elder's life. His records of the Duke of Wellington's remarks during his frequent visits were also considered of great use to the historian as a substitute for Wellington's never-written memoirs. They were secretly transcribed because of Wellington's famous antagonism to the "truth" of recollected history. He also edited the letters that his distant cousin, Philip Stanhope, 4th Earl of Chesterfield, had written to his natural son, Philip. They were published between 1845 and 1853.
Stanhope's position as an historian was already established when he succeeded to the earldom in 1855, and in 1872 he was made an honorary associate of the Institute of France.
Family
Lord Stanhope married Emily Harriet Kerrison, daughter of General Sir Edward Kerrison, 1st Baronet, in 1834. She died in December 1873. They had four sons and one daughter:
Arthur Stanhope, 6th Earl Stanhope (1838–1905)
Hon. Edward Stanhope (1840–1893), a well-known Conservative politician
Lady Mary Catharine Stanhope (3 February 1844 – 30 June 1876), married Frederick Lygon, 6th Earl Beauchamp, and had issue
Hon. Henry Augustus Stanhope (4 December 1845 – 17 June 1933), married Hon. Mildred Vernon (died 1915) and had issue
Philip Stanhope, 1st Baron Weardale (1847–1923)
Stanhope survived her by two years and died at Merivale, Bournemouth, Hampshire, in December 1875, aged 70. He was succeeded in the earldom by his eldest son, Arthur.
References
Burke, Bernard (1869), A Genealogical and Heraldic Dictionary of the Peerage and Baronetage of the British Empire, London: Harrison, p. 636
Lundy, Darryl (13 July 2011), Philip James Stanhope, 1st Baron and last Weardale of Stanhope, The Peerage, p. 22434 § 224331
Lundy, Darryl (19 June 2015), Philip Henry Stanhope, 5th Earl Stanhope, The Peerage, p. 1407 § 14069
Pine, L. G. (1972), The New Extinct Peerage 1884–1971: Containing Extinct, Abeyant, Dormant and Suspended Peerages With Genealogies and Arms, London: Heraldry Today, p. 67
Stanhope, Philip Henry (1829), The life of Belisarius, London: John Murray
Stanhope, Philip Henry (1836), History of the War of the Succession in Spain, London: John Murray
Stanhope, Philip Henry (1853), History of England from the Peace of Utrecht to the Peace of Versailles, 1713–1783, vol. 1 (7 volumes ed.), London: John Murray
Stanhope, Philip Henry (1861), Life of the Right Honourable William Pitt, vol. 4 (4 volumes ed.), London: John Murray
Stanhope, Philip Henry (1908), The reign of Queen Anne until the peace of Utrecht (1701–1713) (5th edition reprint ed.), London: John Murray
Stanhope, Philip Henry (2011), Notes of Conversations with the Duke of Wellington 1831–1851, Pickle Partners Publishing, ISBN 978-1-908692-35-1
Notes
Attribution
This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911), "Stanhope, Earls", Encyclopædia Britannica, vol. 25 (11th ed.), Cambridge University Press, pp. 773–775
External links
Pollard, Albert Frederick (1898). "Stanhope, Philip Henry" . In Lee, Sidney (ed.). Dictionary of National Biography. Vol. 54. London: Smith, Elder & Co. pp. 37–40.
"Stanhope, Philip Henry, 5th Earl Stanhope", A Short Biographical Dictionary of English Literature, 1910 – via Wikisource
Hansard 1803–2005: contributions in Parliament by Philip Stanhope, Viscount Mahon
|
Philip Henry Stanhope, 5th Earl Stanhope, (30 January 1805 – 24 December 1875), styled Viscount Mahon between 1816 and 1855, was an English antiquarian and Tory politician. He held political office under Sir Robert Peel in the 1830s and 1840s but is best remembered for his contributions to cultural causes and for his historical writings.
Background and education
Born at Walmer, Kent, Stanhope was the son of Philip Stanhope, 4th Earl Stanhope, and the Hon. Catherine Stanhope, daughter of Robert Smith, 1st Baron Carrington. He was educated at Christ Church, Oxford, graduating in 1827.
Political career
Stanhope entered Parliament in 1830, representing the rotten borough of Wootton Basset in Wiltshire until the seat was disenfranchised in 1832. He was then re-elected to Parliament representing Hertford. He served under Sir Robert Peel as Under-Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs between December 1834 and April 1835, and Secretary to the Board of Control in 1845, but though he remained in the House of Commons till 1852, he made no special mark in politics.
He was elected as a member to the American Philosophical Society in 1854.
Contributions to culture
Stanhope's chief achievements were in the fields of literature and antiquities. In 1842 took a prominent part in passing the Literary Copyright Act 1842. From the House of Lords he was mainly responsible for proposing and organising the foundation of the National Portrait Gallery, London in 1856. A sculpted bust of Stanhope holds the central place over the entrance of the building, flanked by fellow historians and supporters Thomas Carlyle and Lord Macaulay. It was mainly due to him that in 1869 the Historical Manuscripts Commission was started. As president of the Society of Antiquaries (from 1846 onwards), he called attention in England to the need of supporting the excavations at Troy. He was also president of the Royal Literary Fund from 1863 until his death, a trustee of the British Museum and founded the Stanhope essay prize at Oxford in 1855. He was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society in 1827.
Writings
Of Lord Stanhope's own works, the most important were:
Life of Belisarius (1829);
History of the War of the Succession in Spain (1832), largely based on the James Stanhope, 1st Earl Stanhope's papers;
History of England from the Peace of Utrecht to the Peace of Versailles, 1713–1783 (7 vols.) (1836–1853);
Life of the Right Honourable William Pitt (4 vols.) (1861–1862);
The Reign of Queen Anne until the Peace of Utrecht, 1701–1713 (1870, reprinted 1908);
Notes of Conversation with the Duke of Wellington, 1831–1851 (1886, reprinted 1998)
A further little work was The Forty-Five a narrative of the Jacobite rising of 1745 extracted from his "History of England." A new edition of this work was published in London by John Murray, Albemarle St., in 1869, which includes some letters of Prince Charles Edward Stuart.
The two histories and the Life of William Pitt were considered of great importance on account of Stanhope's unique access to manuscript authorities on Pitt the Elder's life. His records of the Duke of Wellington's remarks during his frequent visits were also considered of great use to the historian as a substitute for Wellington's never-written memoirs. They were secretly transcribed because of Wellington's famous antagonism to the "truth" of recollected history. He also edited the letters that his distant cousin, Philip Stanhope, 4th Earl of Chesterfield, had written to his natural son, Philip. They were published between 1845 and 1853.
Stanhope's position as an historian was already established when he succeeded to the earldom in 1855, and in 1872 he was made an honorary associate of the Institute of France.
Family
Lord Stanhope married Emily Harriet Kerrison, daughter of General Sir Edward Kerrison, 1st Baronet, in 1834. She died in December 1873. They had four sons and one daughter:
Arthur Stanhope, 6th Earl Stanhope (1838–1905)
Hon. Edward Stanhope (1840–1893), a well-known Conservative politician
Lady Mary Catharine Stanhope (3 February 1844 – 30 June 1876), married Frederick Lygon, 6th Earl Beauchamp, and had issue
Hon. Henry Augustus Stanhope (4 December 1845 – 17 June 1933), married Hon. Mildred Vernon (died 1915) and had issue
Philip Stanhope, 1st Baron Weardale (1847–1923)
Stanhope survived her by two years and died at Merivale, Bournemouth, Hampshire, in December 1875, aged 70. He was succeeded in the earldom by his eldest son, Arthur.
References
Burke, Bernard (1869), A Genealogical and Heraldic Dictionary of the Peerage and Baronetage of the British Empire, London: Harrison, p. 636
Lundy, Darryl (13 July 2011), Philip James Stanhope, 1st Baron and last Weardale of Stanhope, The Peerage, p. 22434 § 224331
Lundy, Darryl (19 June 2015), Philip Henry Stanhope, 5th Earl Stanhope, The Peerage, p. 1407 § 14069
Pine, L. G. (1972), The New Extinct Peerage 1884–1971: Containing Extinct, Abeyant, Dormant and Suspended Peerages With Genealogies and Arms, London: Heraldry Today, p. 67
Stanhope, Philip Henry (1829), The life of Belisarius, London: John Murray
Stanhope, Philip Henry (1836), History of the War of the Succession in Spain, London: John Murray
Stanhope, Philip Henry (1853), History of England from the Peace of Utrecht to the Peace of Versailles, 1713–1783, vol. 1 (7 volumes ed.), London: John Murray
Stanhope, Philip Henry (1861), Life of the Right Honourable William Pitt, vol. 4 (4 volumes ed.), London: John Murray
Stanhope, Philip Henry (1908), The reign of Queen Anne until the peace of Utrecht (1701–1713) (5th edition reprint ed.), London: John Murray
Stanhope, Philip Henry (2011), Notes of Conversations with the Duke of Wellington 1831–1851, Pickle Partners Publishing, ISBN 978-1-908692-35-1
Notes
Attribution
This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911), "Stanhope, Earls", Encyclopædia Britannica, vol. 25 (11th ed.), Cambridge University Press, pp. 773–775
External links
Pollard, Albert Frederick (1898). "Stanhope, Philip Henry" . In Lee, Sidney (ed.). Dictionary of National Biography. Vol. 54. London: Smith, Elder & Co. pp. 37–40.
"Stanhope, Philip Henry, 5th Earl Stanhope", A Short Biographical Dictionary of English Literature, 1910 – via Wikisource
Hansard 1803–2005: contributions in Parliament by Philip Stanhope, Viscount Mahon
|
Henryk Grossman
|
Henryk Grossman (Polish: [ˈɡrɔsman]; born Chaskel Grossman; 14 April 1881 – 24 November 1950) was a Polish-German Marxist economist, historian, and political activist. Born in Kraków to an assimilated Jewish family, he became a leading figure in the Jewish socialist movement in Galicia before World War I, leading the Jewish Social Democratic Party (JSDP). After the war, he became a member of the Communist Party of Poland.
Forced into exile in the mid-1920s due to political persecution, Grossman joined the Institute for Social Research (the Frankfurt School) in Germany. There he published his most famous work, The Law of Accumulation and Breakdown of the Capitalist System (1929), a treatise that revived Karl Marx's theory of economic crisis. In this book, Grossman argued that capitalism has an inherent tendency towards breakdown, stemming from the rising organic composition of capital and the consequent fall in the rate of profit.
After fleeing Nazi Germany in 1933, Grossman lived in exile in Paris, London, and New York, continuing his association with the Frankfurt School until a falling out in the 1940s. He remained a committed, though not always orthodox, supporter of the Soviet Union. In 1949, he accepted a professorship at the University of Leipzig in East Germany, where he spent the final year of his life. His work, largely rejected by both social democratic and communist orthodoxy during his lifetime, was rediscovered in the late 1960s and has since become a central text in Marxist crisis theory. His analysis of capitalism's "final breakdown" has been seen by some modern scholars as "stunningly prescient".
Early life and education (1881–1905)
Henryk Grossman was born on 14 April 1881 in Kraków, then part of the Austro-Hungarian province of Galicia, to a prosperous, assimilated Polish-Jewish family. His father, Herz, was a successful small industrialist and mine owner. The family was increasingly assimilated into Polish high culture; at home they spoke Polish, and young Chaskel, as he was named at birth, became known by the Polish "Henryk", a name change that epitomised his parents' assimilation into polite Polish society.
Grossman attended the St. James academic high school (gimnazjum), where the language of instruction was Polish. He received a liberal education and excelled in French. His father died in 1896, when Grossman was fifteen. Around this time, on May Day 1896, he became a socialist after witnessing a demonstration of workers in Kraków. He recalled being outraged by the presence of Habsburg soldiers and seeing about 500 unarmed workmen, whose arguments for socialism impressed and moved him. He was angered by the fear and injustice shown by the authorities and his own social class, who had brought in troops and stockpiled supplies in fear of the workers. He began to read socialist literature and, by his own account, "rapidly mastered all the Marxist literature".
After graduating from the gimnazjum in 1900, Grossman enrolled in the law and philosophy faculties of Kraków's Jagiellonian University. He became involved in radical student politics, joining the socialist student organization Ruch (Movement). He identified with the internationalist Marxism of the Social Democracy of the Kingdom of Poland and Lithuania (SDKPiL), led by Rosa Luxemburg, rather than the more nationalist Polish Socialist Party (PPS). Through Ruch, he participated in workers' education, gave talks on topics such as anti-Semitism, and helped organize a successful conference for graduating high school students in 1901. His activism brought him into contact with key figures in Polish socialism, and by the end of the decade, he had developed a reputation as a theorist within the Galician social democratic movement.
Political activism in Galicia (1902–1908)
The socialist movement in Galicia was dominated by the Polish Social Democratic Party of Galicia (PPSD), which was formally Marxist but increasingly influenced by Polish nationalism. While initially a member, Grossman became a critic of the party leadership's assimilationist attitude towards the Yiddish-speaking Jewish working class.
Starting around 1902, Grossman focused his political work on organizing Jewish workers in Kraków. He learned Yiddish so he could agitate in the working-class Jewish quarter of Kazimierz, where he went to cafés to talk to workers and "weaned [them] away to Socialism". On 20 December 1902, he was a key figure in the establishment of the Jewish workers' association Postęp (Progress), serving as its secretary. The association provided a forum for political and educational discussions and became a base for organizing branches of social democratic trade unions.
Tensions between Grossman's group and the PPSD leadership came to a head in late 1904. Grossman, aligned with the left-wing of the party, opposed the leadership's decision to form a fraternal alliance with the nationalist PPS. When Grossman became the editor of a new internationalist student journal, Zjednoczenie (Unification), the PPSD newspaper Naprzód attacked him as a "swindler". After a series of heated exchanges and meetings, the party executive formally expelled Grossman on 26 February 1905. However, Grossman had built a significant base of support among Jewish workers in Kraków, and at a mass meeting of 300 party members on 4 March, the PPSD leader Ignacy Daszyński was forced to broker a compromise. Grossman was readmitted to the party after agreeing to resign from Zjednoczenie.
The "Grossman affair" demonstrated both the strength of his support among Jewish workers—he was now "known to every conscious Jewish proletarian in Krakow"—and the irreconcilable differences with the PPSD leadership. On 1 May 1905, Grossman led a split from the PPSD, proclaiming the formation of the Jewish Social Democratic Party of Galicia (JSDP). Jakob Bros, a close collaborator, announced the new party's formation at a rally of over 2,000 Jewish workers in Kraków. The JSDP was founded as a party "arising not against the Polish or Ruthenian parties, but alongside them".
Grossman became the leader, secretary, and chief theorist of the JSDP. He authored its founding manifesto, "What do we want?", which declared that the party would not just tolerate other nationalities but actively support their right to self-determination. In January 1905, he had published a pamphlet, The Proletariat and the Jewish Question, which set out the party's theoretical justification. The JSDP grew rapidly, from around 2,000 members at its founding to 2,800 by May 1906. The party was active in the mass struggles for universal suffrage across the Austrian empire in 1905–1906. While committed to the campaign, Grossman maintained a revolutionary perspective, stating: "We regard barricades and voting slips as good in the same way. They are only means to our goal... The mass strike, the last step on the legal path is the first step of the revolution!" In 1907, he published his most substantial work of this period, Bundism in Galicia, which analyzed the history of the Jewish workers' movement and defended the JSDP's existence. In it, he argued that socialism and national liberation were about the mutual transformation of the working class and its circumstances through class struggle, an early recovery of Marx's concept of working-class self-emancipation.
Academic career and World War I (1908–1918)
In late 1908, Grossman left Kraków for Vienna, stepping back from full-time political activism to pursue an academic career. On 1 December 1908, he married Janina Reicher, the daughter of a wealthy Polish-Jewish businessman. Grossman began studying at the University of Vienna under the socialist legal historian Carl Grünberg, who became his academic patron and close friend. He also started a legal apprenticeship to provide a fall-back profession, but his main focus was on economic history.
His major research project, undertaken as part of Grünberg's long-term study of Austrian reform, was an examination of the trade and industrial policy of the Habsburg monarchy in Galicia between 1772 and 1790. This work culminated in the publication of Austria's Trade Policy with Regard to Galicia during the Reform Period of 1772–1790 in 1914. In the book, Grossman challenged Polish nationalist historiography, arguing that Galicia's economic backwardness was a legacy of the Polish feudal system, not Austrian rule. He contended that the Habsburg reforms had been beneficial for the majority of the population and that their main flaw had been discrimination against the Jews, who were a dynamic economic element in the province. Although written in the language of the historical school of economics, the book's analysis was framed by historical materialism.
During this period, Grossman lived in Paris with his wife and their first son, Jean, from 1910. He remained a member of the JSDP executive and maintained contact with the party, but was no longer its central leader. When World War I broke out, Grossman was conscripted into the Austro-Hungarian army in February 1915. After a short period of combat on the Eastern Front in 1916, his skills as a statistician and economist were put to use. He was appointed to the Scientific Committee for the War Economy and served as its representative to the General Government in Lublin. In 1917, he was recalled to Vienna to work as a consultant on the economic aspects of the peace negotiations with Soviet Russia at Brest-Litovsk. During the war, his mother destroyed many of his political documents for fear of police visits.
Communist academic in Poland (1919–1925)
Following the collapse of Austria-Hungary and the re-establishment of an independent Poland, Grossman was blocked from a planned career in the Austrian civil service due to nationalist purges that designated him a "Pole". He returned to Poland in 1919 and took up a senior position at the newly founded Polish Central Statistical Office (GUS) in Warsaw, where he was put in charge of preparations for the country's first population census.
The revolutionary wave that ended the war profoundly influenced Grossman. In 1920, he joined the clandestine Communist Workers' Party of Poland (KPRP), where he was regarded as one of the party's "three wise men". In June 1921, he resigned from GUS because, as his mentor Grünberg later stated, "he was not prepared to accept the fudging of the census results in favor of the Polish majority and against the interests of the minorities."
In 1922, Grossman was appointed professor of economic policy at the Free University of Poland (WWP) in Warsaw. He also became the chairman of the communist-led People's University (PU), a major institution for workers' education. Throughout this period, he was active as a Communist academic, teaching courses on Marxist theory, translating Marx's writings into Polish, and writing articles for the party's legal press, including a critique of reformism which explained the failure of the Second International as a result of the influence of a privileged "labour aristocracy". This activity brought him under the scrutiny of the political police. Between 1922 and 1925, he was arrested and imprisoned five times for "hostility to the state". During these imprisonments, he was suspended from his university post without pay. Following a raid on a Communist Party secretariat being held in an apartment rented in his name in August 1924, and after prominent scholars intervened on his behalf, Grossman was released on bail and made an unofficial deal with the authorities for a form of qualified exile.
Frankfurt School and major work (1925–1933)
In November 1925, Grossman left Warsaw for Frankfurt am Main, Germany, to join the Institute for Social Research (IfS), later known as the Frankfurt School, at the invitation of its director, Carl Grünberg. The well-funded institute provided a favorable environment for scholarly Marxist research, and Grossman became one of its most prominent members.
His main work at the institute was the completion of a major study on Marxist economic theory he had begun in the early 1920s. This was published in 1929 as The Law of Accumulation and Breakdown of the Capitalist System, the first volume in the institute's monograph series. The book was a detailed reconstruction and defense of Karl Marx's theory of economic crisis, based on what Grossman termed Marx's method of "successive approximation". Grossman argued against both social democratic "neo-harmonists" like Rudolf Hilferding and Otto Bauer, who believed capitalism could achieve a stable equilibrium, and against other breakdown theorists like Rosa Luxemburg, whose theory he found flawed.
Grossman's central thesis was that capitalism possesses an inherent and unavoidable tendency toward breakdown. He based this argument on Marx's analysis of the tendency of the rate of profit to fall. Using a reproduction scheme developed from Otto Bauer's work, Grossman demonstrated that as capital accumulates, the organic composition of capital (the ratio of constant capital to variable capital) rises. This causes the rate of profit to fall. Beyond a certain point, the mass of profit, while still growing, becomes insufficient to sustain the required rate of accumulation. Capitalists are then forced to reduce workers' wages or their own consumption to continue investment. This dynamic leads to a situation of "absolute overaccumulation" where there is not enough surplus value to continue the accumulation process, resulting in economic breakdown. Grossman stressed that this was not an automatic, mechanical process but an objective tendency that created the conditions for revolution. The outcome, he argued, would be decided by the class struggle between workers and capitalists.
The book appeared months before the Wall Street Crash of 1929 and attracted widespread attention and controversy in the German-speaking world, with reviews appearing in mainstream, social democratic, and communist publications. Most were hostile, often misrepresenting his theory as a fatalistic prediction of automatic collapse.
Exile (1933–1949)
When the Nazis came to power in January 1933, Grossman, as a prominent Marxist of Jewish origin, was in immediate danger. He left Germany for Paris on 4 March 1933. The institute's Frankfurt office was searched and sealed by the police soon after, and Grossman's license to teach was formally withdrawn in December 1933 on the grounds that he was not an Aryan. Two chests of his manuscripts and a large part of his library were confiscated by the German police and only partly recovered after a year and a half of effort.
Grossman lived in Paris, working with the institute's branch office there, until moving to London in January 1936. In October 1937, he moved to New York, where the IfS had re-established itself at Columbia University. During his exile, Grossman's political views shifted. After the defeat of the German workers' movement, he became deeply critical of the Communist Party of Germany (KPD) and the Comintern, writing to Paul Mattick in March 1933 that the KPD leadership were "mere puppets" installed by Moscow. He was initially sympathetic to Leon Trotsky's calls for a new International. However, between late 1935 and 1936, influenced by the rise of fascism and the events of the Spanish Civil War, he became an uncritical supporter of the Soviet Union and its Popular Front strategy, a position he explained to Mattick by arguing that "a defeat of the Soviet Union would throw the workers’ movement back 50 years."
His relationship with the new director of the IfS, Max Horkheimer, and his inner circle was initially cordial but became strained. There were growing intellectual differences, as Horkheimer's "Critical Theory" moved away from historical materialism and Marxist economics. Financial difficulties at the institute and Grossman's staunchly pro-Soviet stance after the Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact exacerbated tensions. In April 1941, Grossman had a confrontation with Friedrich Pollock over a pay cut and his marginalization within the institute's projects. He withdrew from most collaboration but did not resign. In March 1944, Horkheimer formally severed the institute's relationship with him, though Grossman continued to receive a "voluntary fellowship".
Despite his isolation from the institute, Grossman remained intellectually productive. He developed his critique of mainstream economics in "The Evolutionist Revolt against Classical Economics" (1943) and continued his research. During this time, he formed a close friendship with the Australian novelist Christina Stead and her husband, the writer and Marxist economist William J. Blake.
Final years in East Germany (1949–1950)
As the Cold War intensified in the United States, Grossman, who was being monitored by the FBI, decided to return to Europe. In 1949, he accepted a professorship in political economy at the Leipzig University in the newly founded German Democratic Republic (East Germany). He saw this as an opportunity to contribute to the "construction of a new better Germany". He arrived in Leipzig in February 1949 and was warmly received, being regarded by the authorities in Saxony as a major intellectual figure.
Grossman's health, however, was already failing. He was suffering from Parkinson's disease, and a stroke he had suffered in New York had affected the right side of his face. Although he threw himself into his new role, his lectures were difficult for students to understand because his voice was very soft and he trembled. In March 1950, after an operation, his health deteriorated further. His doctors gave him less than a year to live. Henryk Grossman died on 24 November 1950, at the age of 69.
Legacy
During his lifetime, Grossman's work was largely marginalized. His crisis theory was attacked by social democratic theorists for its revolutionary conclusions, and by the emerging Stalinist orthodoxy for its deviation from approved dogma. After his death, his work was ignored in East Germany, where no stone marked his grave and none of his books were published.
Grossman's legacy is his "recovery of Marxism". His major contribution was the restoration of Marx's theory of capitalist crisis to a central place in Marxist thought. He insisted on the methodological importance of abstraction and the dialectical relationship between value and use-value in Marx's economic theory. He demonstrated that capitalism's tendency to breakdown was not an automatic process but an objective trend that created the necessity for revolutionary class struggle. His work was rediscovered in the late 1960s, first by activists in the West German New Left. An abridged English translation of The Law of Accumulation appeared in 1992, making his ideas accessible to a wider audience. According to his biographer Rick Kuhn, he successfully "restored fundamental elements of Marx's economic theory and developed them". For Ted Reese, Grossman's contribution makes him "as important to today’s burgeoning revolutionary movement as Lenin, Mao, Luxemburg, Lukacs and other revolutionaries".
References
Works cited
Kuhn, Rick (2006). Henryk Grossman and the Recovery of Marxism. Urbana and Chicago: University of Illinois Press. ISBN 978-0-252-07352-6.
Reese, Ted (2022). The End of Capitalism: The Thought of Henryk Grossman (eBook ed.). Zero Books. ISBN 978-1-78904-773-8.
Further reading
Kuhn, Rick (ed.) Henryk Grossman Works, Volume 4: Writings on Economic and Social History Brill, 2023
Kuhn, Rick (ed.) Henryk Grossman Works, Volume 3: The Law of Accumulation and Breakdown of the Capitalist System, Being also a Theory of Crises Brill, 2021
Kuhn, Rick (ed.) Henryk Grossman Works, Volume 2: Political Writings Brill, 2020
Kuhn, Rick (ed.) Henryk Grossman Works, Volume 1: Essays and Letters on Economic Theory Brill, 2018
Freudenthal, Gideon and Mclaughlin, Peter (editors) The Social and Economic Roots of the Scientific Revolution: Texts by Boris Hessen and Henryk Grossmann Springer 2009 ISBN 978-1-4020-9603-7
Grossman, Henryk The Law of Accumulation and Breakdown of the Capitalist System Pluto 1992 ISBN 0-7453-0459-1
Grossman, Henryk [2017] Capitalism’s Contradictions: Studies in Economic Theory before and after Marx Ed. Rick Kuhn, Trans. Birchall, Kuhn, O’Callaghan. Haymarket, Chicago. ISBN 978-1-60846-779-2
Scheele, Juergen Zwischen Zusammenbruchsprognose und Positivismusverdikt. Studien zur politischen und intellektuellen Biographie Henryk Grossmanns (1881–1950) Frankfurt a.M., Berlin, Bern, Bruxelles, New York, Wien: Peter Lang, 1999. ISBN 3-631-35153-4.
External links
Grossman, Henryk, The Henryk Grossman Internet Archive. A collection of Grossman's writings.
Grossman, Henryk Fifty years of struggle over Marxism 1883‐1932
Harman, Chris, "Forgotten treasure: a new biography of Grossman", International Socialism, No. 114, Spring 2007. A review of Kuhn's Grossman biography.
Heartfield, James, "Why Grossman still matters", Spiked Review of Books, No. 3, July 2007. Another review of Kuhn's Grossman biography.
Kuhn, Rick, "Capital development", Socialist Review, No. 245, October 2000. A short biography of Henryk Grossman.
Kuhn, Rick, "Economic crisis and socialist revolution: Henryk Grossman's Law of accumulation, its first critics and his responses", preprint version of an essay in Paul Zarembka and Susanne Soederberg (eds) Neoliberalism in crisis, accumulation and Rosa Luxemburg's Legacy: Research in Political Economy 21 Elsevier, Amsterdam 2004 pp. 181–22. A discussion of aspects of Grossman's contribution to the Marxist theory of economic crisis.
Kuhn, Rick, "Henryk Grossman and the recovery of Marxism" Archived 2011-04-02 at the Wayback Machine, preprint version of an article in Historical Materialism 13 (3), 2005. On Grossman's contributions to and place in the history of Marxism.
Kuhn, Rick, "Henryk Grossman – Capitalist Expansion and Imperialism" Archived 2017-11-06 at the Wayback Machine, International Socialist Review, No. 56, November 2007. On the relevance of Grossman's analysis for understanding globalisation and the current crisis.
"On Henryk Grossman, A Revolutionary Marxist: An Interview with Rick Kuhn", Radical Notes, 9 April 2007
Mattick, Paul, "Economic Crisis and Crisis Theories", 1974. (The book places Grossman's work in the context of other theories of economic crisis.)
|
Henryk Grossman (Polish: [ˈɡrɔsman]; born Chaskel Grossman; 14 April 1881 – 24 November 1950) was a Polish-German Marxist economist, historian, and political activist. Born in Kraków to an assimilated Jewish family, he became a leading figure in the Jewish socialist movement in Galicia before World War I, leading the Jewish Social Democratic Party (JSDP). After the war, he became a member of the Communist Party of Poland.
Forced into exile in the mid-1920s due to political persecution, Grossman joined the Institute for Social Research (the Frankfurt School) in Germany. There he published his most famous work, The Law of Accumulation and Breakdown of the Capitalist System (1929), a treatise that revived Karl Marx's theory of economic crisis. In this book, Grossman argued that capitalism has an inherent tendency towards breakdown, stemming from the rising organic composition of capital and the consequent fall in the rate of profit.
After fleeing Nazi Germany in 1933, Grossman lived in exile in Paris, London, and New York, continuing his association with the Frankfurt School until a falling out in the 1940s. He remained a committed, though not always orthodox, supporter of the Soviet Union. In 1949, he accepted a professorship at the University of Leipzig in East Germany, where he spent the final year of his life. His work, largely rejected by both social democratic and communist orthodoxy during his lifetime, was rediscovered in the late 1960s and has since become a central text in Marxist crisis theory. His analysis of capitalism's "final breakdown" has been seen by some modern scholars as "stunningly prescient".
Early life and education (1881–1905)
Henryk Grossman was born on 14 April 1881 in Kraków, then part of the Austro-Hungarian province of Galicia, to a prosperous, assimilated Polish-Jewish family. His father, Herz, was a successful small industrialist and mine owner. The family was increasingly assimilated into Polish high culture; at home they spoke Polish, and young Chaskel, as he was named at birth, became known by the Polish "Henryk", a name change that epitomised his parents' assimilation into polite Polish society.
Grossman attended the St. James academic high school (gimnazjum), where the language of instruction was Polish. He received a liberal education and excelled in French. His father died in 1896, when Grossman was fifteen. Around this time, on May Day 1896, he became a socialist after witnessing a demonstration of workers in Kraków. He recalled being outraged by the presence of Habsburg soldiers and seeing about 500 unarmed workmen, whose arguments for socialism impressed and moved him. He was angered by the fear and injustice shown by the authorities and his own social class, who had brought in troops and stockpiled supplies in fear of the workers. He began to read socialist literature and, by his own account, "rapidly mastered all the Marxist literature".
After graduating from the gimnazjum in 1900, Grossman enrolled in the law and philosophy faculties of Kraków's Jagiellonian University. He became involved in radical student politics, joining the socialist student organization Ruch (Movement). He identified with the internationalist Marxism of the Social Democracy of the Kingdom of Poland and Lithuania (SDKPiL), led by Rosa Luxemburg, rather than the more nationalist Polish Socialist Party (PPS). Through Ruch, he participated in workers' education, gave talks on topics such as anti-Semitism, and helped organize a successful conference for graduating high school students in 1901. His activism brought him into contact with key figures in Polish socialism, and by the end of the decade, he had developed a reputation as a theorist within the Galician social democratic movement.
Political activism in Galicia (1902–1908)
The socialist movement in Galicia was dominated by the Polish Social Democratic Party of Galicia (PPSD), which was formally Marxist but increasingly influenced by Polish nationalism. While initially a member, Grossman became a critic of the party leadership's assimilationist attitude towards the Yiddish-speaking Jewish working class.
Starting around 1902, Grossman focused his political work on organizing Jewish workers in Kraków. He learned Yiddish so he could agitate in the working-class Jewish quarter of Kazimierz, where he went to cafés to talk to workers and "weaned [them] away to Socialism". On 20 December 1902, he was a key figure in the establishment of the Jewish workers' association Postęp (Progress), serving as its secretary. The association provided a forum for political and educational discussions and became a base for organizing branches of social democratic trade unions.
Tensions between Grossman's group and the PPSD leadership came to a head in late 1904. Grossman, aligned with the left-wing of the party, opposed the leadership's decision to form a fraternal alliance with the nationalist PPS. When Grossman became the editor of a new internationalist student journal, Zjednoczenie (Unification), the PPSD newspaper Naprzód attacked him as a "swindler". After a series of heated exchanges and meetings, the party executive formally expelled Grossman on 26 February 1905. However, Grossman had built a significant base of support among Jewish workers in Kraków, and at a mass meeting of 300 party members on 4 March, the PPSD leader Ignacy Daszyński was forced to broker a compromise. Grossman was readmitted to the party after agreeing to resign from Zjednoczenie.
The "Grossman affair" demonstrated both the strength of his support among Jewish workers—he was now "known to every conscious Jewish proletarian in Krakow"—and the irreconcilable differences with the PPSD leadership. On 1 May 1905, Grossman led a split from the PPSD, proclaiming the formation of the Jewish Social Democratic Party of Galicia (JSDP). Jakob Bros, a close collaborator, announced the new party's formation at a rally of over 2,000 Jewish workers in Kraków. The JSDP was founded as a party "arising not against the Polish or Ruthenian parties, but alongside them".
Grossman became the leader, secretary, and chief theorist of the JSDP. He authored its founding manifesto, "What do we want?", which declared that the party would not just tolerate other nationalities but actively support their right to self-determination. In January 1905, he had published a pamphlet, The Proletariat and the Jewish Question, which set out the party's theoretical justification. The JSDP grew rapidly, from around 2,000 members at its founding to 2,800 by May 1906. The party was active in the mass struggles for universal suffrage across the Austrian empire in 1905–1906. While committed to the campaign, Grossman maintained a revolutionary perspective, stating: "We regard barricades and voting slips as good in the same way. They are only means to our goal... The mass strike, the last step on the legal path is the first step of the revolution!" In 1907, he published his most substantial work of this period, Bundism in Galicia, which analyzed the history of the Jewish workers' movement and defended the JSDP's existence. In it, he argued that socialism and national liberation were about the mutual transformation of the working class and its circumstances through class struggle, an early recovery of Marx's concept of working-class self-emancipation.
Academic career and World War I (1908–1918)
In late 1908, Grossman left Kraków for Vienna, stepping back from full-time political activism to pursue an academic career. On 1 December 1908, he married Janina Reicher, the daughter of a wealthy Polish-Jewish businessman. Grossman began studying at the University of Vienna under the socialist legal historian Carl Grünberg, who became his academic patron and close friend. He also started a legal apprenticeship to provide a fall-back profession, but his main focus was on economic history.
His major research project, undertaken as part of Grünberg's long-term study of Austrian reform, was an examination of the trade and industrial policy of the Habsburg monarchy in Galicia between 1772 and 1790. This work culminated in the publication of Austria's Trade Policy with Regard to Galicia during the Reform Period of 1772–1790 in 1914. In the book, Grossman challenged Polish nationalist historiography, arguing that Galicia's economic backwardness was a legacy of the Polish feudal system, not Austrian rule. He contended that the Habsburg reforms had been beneficial for the majority of the population and that their main flaw had been discrimination against the Jews, who were a dynamic economic element in the province. Although written in the language of the historical school of economics, the book's analysis was framed by historical materialism.
During this period, Grossman lived in Paris with his wife and their first son, Jean, from 1910. He remained a member of the JSDP executive and maintained contact with the party, but was no longer its central leader. When World War I broke out, Grossman was conscripted into the Austro-Hungarian army in February 1915. After a short period of combat on the Eastern Front in 1916, his skills as a statistician and economist were put to use. He was appointed to the Scientific Committee for the War Economy and served as its representative to the General Government in Lublin. In 1917, he was recalled to Vienna to work as a consultant on the economic aspects of the peace negotiations with Soviet Russia at Brest-Litovsk. During the war, his mother destroyed many of his political documents for fear of police visits.
Communist academic in Poland (1919–1925)
Following the collapse of Austria-Hungary and the re-establishment of an independent Poland, Grossman was blocked from a planned career in the Austrian civil service due to nationalist purges that designated him a "Pole". He returned to Poland in 1919 and took up a senior position at the newly founded Polish Central Statistical Office (GUS) in Warsaw, where he was put in charge of preparations for the country's first population census.
The revolutionary wave that ended the war profoundly influenced Grossman. In 1920, he joined the clandestine Communist Workers' Party of Poland (KPRP), where he was regarded as one of the party's "three wise men". In June 1921, he resigned from GUS because, as his mentor Grünberg later stated, "he was not prepared to accept the fudging of the census results in favor of the Polish majority and against the interests of the minorities."
In 1922, Grossman was appointed professor of economic policy at the Free University of Poland (WWP) in Warsaw. He also became the chairman of the communist-led People's University (PU), a major institution for workers' education. Throughout this period, he was active as a Communist academic, teaching courses on Marxist theory, translating Marx's writings into Polish, and writing articles for the party's legal press, including a critique of reformism which explained the failure of the Second International as a result of the influence of a privileged "labour aristocracy". This activity brought him under the scrutiny of the political police. Between 1922 and 1925, he was arrested and imprisoned five times for "hostility to the state". During these imprisonments, he was suspended from his university post without pay. Following a raid on a Communist Party secretariat being held in an apartment rented in his name in August 1924, and after prominent scholars intervened on his behalf, Grossman was released on bail and made an unofficial deal with the authorities for a form of qualified exile.
Frankfurt School and major work (1925–1933)
In November 1925, Grossman left Warsaw for Frankfurt am Main, Germany, to join the Institute for Social Research (IfS), later known as the Frankfurt School, at the invitation of its director, Carl Grünberg. The well-funded institute provided a favorable environment for scholarly Marxist research, and Grossman became one of its most prominent members.
His main work at the institute was the completion of a major study on Marxist economic theory he had begun in the early 1920s. This was published in 1929 as The Law of Accumulation and Breakdown of the Capitalist System, the first volume in the institute's monograph series. The book was a detailed reconstruction and defense of Karl Marx's theory of economic crisis, based on what Grossman termed Marx's method of "successive approximation". Grossman argued against both social democratic "neo-harmonists" like Rudolf Hilferding and Otto Bauer, who believed capitalism could achieve a stable equilibrium, and against other breakdown theorists like Rosa Luxemburg, whose theory he found flawed.
Grossman's central thesis was that capitalism possesses an inherent and unavoidable tendency toward breakdown. He based this argument on Marx's analysis of the tendency of the rate of profit to fall. Using a reproduction scheme developed from Otto Bauer's work, Grossman demonstrated that as capital accumulates, the organic composition of capital (the ratio of constant capital to variable capital) rises. This causes the rate of profit to fall. Beyond a certain point, the mass of profit, while still growing, becomes insufficient to sustain the required rate of accumulation. Capitalists are then forced to reduce workers' wages or their own consumption to continue investment. This dynamic leads to a situation of "absolute overaccumulation" where there is not enough surplus value to continue the accumulation process, resulting in economic breakdown. Grossman stressed that this was not an automatic, mechanical process but an objective tendency that created the conditions for revolution. The outcome, he argued, would be decided by the class struggle between workers and capitalists.
The book appeared months before the Wall Street Crash of 1929 and attracted widespread attention and controversy in the German-speaking world, with reviews appearing in mainstream, social democratic, and communist publications. Most were hostile, often misrepresenting his theory as a fatalistic prediction of automatic collapse.
Exile (1933–1949)
When the Nazis came to power in January 1933, Grossman, as a prominent Marxist of Jewish origin, was in immediate danger. He left Germany for Paris on 4 March 1933. The institute's Frankfurt office was searched and sealed by the police soon after, and Grossman's license to teach was formally withdrawn in December 1933 on the grounds that he was not an Aryan. Two chests of his manuscripts and a large part of his library were confiscated by the German police and only partly recovered after a year and a half of effort.
Grossman lived in Paris, working with the institute's branch office there, until moving to London in January 1936. In October 1937, he moved to New York, where the IfS had re-established itself at Columbia University. During his exile, Grossman's political views shifted. After the defeat of the German workers' movement, he became deeply critical of the Communist Party of Germany (KPD) and the Comintern, writing to Paul Mattick in March 1933 that the KPD leadership were "mere puppets" installed by Moscow. He was initially sympathetic to Leon Trotsky's calls for a new International. However, between late 1935 and 1936, influenced by the rise of fascism and the events of the Spanish Civil War, he became an uncritical supporter of the Soviet Union and its Popular Front strategy, a position he explained to Mattick by arguing that "a defeat of the Soviet Union would throw the workers’ movement back 50 years."
His relationship with the new director of the IfS, Max Horkheimer, and his inner circle was initially cordial but became strained. There were growing intellectual differences, as Horkheimer's "Critical Theory" moved away from historical materialism and Marxist economics. Financial difficulties at the institute and Grossman's staunchly pro-Soviet stance after the Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact exacerbated tensions. In April 1941, Grossman had a confrontation with Friedrich Pollock over a pay cut and his marginalization within the institute's projects. He withdrew from most collaboration but did not resign. In March 1944, Horkheimer formally severed the institute's relationship with him, though Grossman continued to receive a "voluntary fellowship".
Despite his isolation from the institute, Grossman remained intellectually productive. He developed his critique of mainstream economics in "The Evolutionist Revolt against Classical Economics" (1943) and continued his research. During this time, he formed a close friendship with the Australian novelist Christina Stead and her husband, the writer and Marxist economist William J. Blake.
Final years in East Germany (1949–1950)
As the Cold War intensified in the United States, Grossman, who was being monitored by the FBI, decided to return to Europe. In 1949, he accepted a professorship in political economy at the Leipzig University in the newly founded German Democratic Republic (East Germany). He saw this as an opportunity to contribute to the "construction of a new better Germany". He arrived in Leipzig in February 1949 and was warmly received, being regarded by the authorities in Saxony as a major intellectual figure.
Grossman's health, however, was already failing. He was suffering from Parkinson's disease, and a stroke he had suffered in New York had affected the right side of his face. Although he threw himself into his new role, his lectures were difficult for students to understand because his voice was very soft and he trembled. In March 1950, after an operation, his health deteriorated further. His doctors gave him less than a year to live. Henryk Grossman died on 24 November 1950, at the age of 69.
Legacy
During his lifetime, Grossman's work was largely marginalized. His crisis theory was attacked by social democratic theorists for its revolutionary conclusions, and by the emerging Stalinist orthodoxy for its deviation from approved dogma. After his death, his work was ignored in East Germany, where no stone marked his grave and none of his books were published.
Grossman's legacy is his "recovery of Marxism". His major contribution was the restoration of Marx's theory of capitalist crisis to a central place in Marxist thought. He insisted on the methodological importance of abstraction and the dialectical relationship between value and use-value in Marx's economic theory. He demonstrated that capitalism's tendency to breakdown was not an automatic process but an objective trend that created the necessity for revolutionary class struggle. His work was rediscovered in the late 1960s, first by activists in the West German New Left. An abridged English translation of The Law of Accumulation appeared in 1992, making his ideas accessible to a wider audience. According to his biographer Rick Kuhn, he successfully "restored fundamental elements of Marx's economic theory and developed them". For Ted Reese, Grossman's contribution makes him "as important to today’s burgeoning revolutionary movement as Lenin, Mao, Luxemburg, Lukacs and other revolutionaries".
References
Works cited
Kuhn, Rick (2006). Henryk Grossman and the Recovery of Marxism. Urbana and Chicago: University of Illinois Press. ISBN 978-0-252-07352-6.
Reese, Ted (2022). The End of Capitalism: The Thought of Henryk Grossman (eBook ed.). Zero Books. ISBN 978-1-78904-773-8.
Further reading
Kuhn, Rick (ed.) Henryk Grossman Works, Volume 4: Writings on Economic and Social History Brill, 2023
Kuhn, Rick (ed.) Henryk Grossman Works, Volume 3: The Law of Accumulation and Breakdown of the Capitalist System, Being also a Theory of Crises Brill, 2021
Kuhn, Rick (ed.) Henryk Grossman Works, Volume 2: Political Writings Brill, 2020
Kuhn, Rick (ed.) Henryk Grossman Works, Volume 1: Essays and Letters on Economic Theory Brill, 2018
Freudenthal, Gideon and Mclaughlin, Peter (editors) The Social and Economic Roots of the Scientific Revolution: Texts by Boris Hessen and Henryk Grossmann Springer 2009 ISBN 978-1-4020-9603-7
Grossman, Henryk The Law of Accumulation and Breakdown of the Capitalist System Pluto 1992 ISBN 0-7453-0459-1
Grossman, Henryk [2017] Capitalism’s Contradictions: Studies in Economic Theory before and after Marx Ed. Rick Kuhn, Trans. Birchall, Kuhn, O’Callaghan. Haymarket, Chicago. ISBN 978-1-60846-779-2
Scheele, Juergen Zwischen Zusammenbruchsprognose und Positivismusverdikt. Studien zur politischen und intellektuellen Biographie Henryk Grossmanns (1881–1950) Frankfurt a.M., Berlin, Bern, Bruxelles, New York, Wien: Peter Lang, 1999. ISBN 3-631-35153-4.
External links
Grossman, Henryk, The Henryk Grossman Internet Archive. A collection of Grossman's writings.
Grossman, Henryk Fifty years of struggle over Marxism 1883‐1932
Harman, Chris, "Forgotten treasure: a new biography of Grossman", International Socialism, No. 114, Spring 2007. A review of Kuhn's Grossman biography.
Heartfield, James, "Why Grossman still matters", Spiked Review of Books, No. 3, July 2007. Another review of Kuhn's Grossman biography.
Kuhn, Rick, "Capital development", Socialist Review, No. 245, October 2000. A short biography of Henryk Grossman.
Kuhn, Rick, "Economic crisis and socialist revolution: Henryk Grossman's Law of accumulation, its first critics and his responses", preprint version of an essay in Paul Zarembka and Susanne Soederberg (eds) Neoliberalism in crisis, accumulation and Rosa Luxemburg's Legacy: Research in Political Economy 21 Elsevier, Amsterdam 2004 pp. 181–22. A discussion of aspects of Grossman's contribution to the Marxist theory of economic crisis.
Kuhn, Rick, "Henryk Grossman and the recovery of Marxism" Archived 2011-04-02 at the Wayback Machine, preprint version of an article in Historical Materialism 13 (3), 2005. On Grossman's contributions to and place in the history of Marxism.
Kuhn, Rick, "Henryk Grossman – Capitalist Expansion and Imperialism" Archived 2017-11-06 at the Wayback Machine, International Socialist Review, No. 56, November 2007. On the relevance of Grossman's analysis for understanding globalisation and the current crisis.
"On Henryk Grossman, A Revolutionary Marxist: An Interview with Rick Kuhn", Radical Notes, 9 April 2007
Mattick, Paul, "Economic Crisis and Crisis Theories", 1974. (The book places Grossman's work in the context of other theories of economic crisis.)
|
Edward Adelbert Doisy
|
Edward Adelbert Doisy (November 13, 1893 – October 23, 1986) was an American biochemist. He received the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1943 with Henrik Dam for their discovery of vitamin K (K from "Koagulations-Vitamin" in German) and its chemical structure.
Doisy was born in Hume, Illinois, on November 13, 1893. He completed his A.B. degree in 1914 and his M.S. degree in 1916 from the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign. He completed his Ph.D. in 1920 from Harvard University.
In 1919 he accepted a faculty appointment in the Department of Biochemistry at Washington University School of Medicine, where he rose in rank to associate professor. In 1923, he moved to Saint Louis University as professor and chairman of the new Department of Biochemistry. He served as professor and chairman of that department until he retired in 1965. Saint Louis University renamed the department the E.A. Doisy Department of Biochemistry, in his honor. More recently, the department has again been renamed. It is now known as the E.A. Doisy Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology.
In 1940, he was a lecturer in medicine at the University of Chicago School of Medicine.
He also competed with Adolf Butenandt in the discovery of estrone in 1930. They discovered the substance independently, but only Butenandt was awarded the Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 1939.
Doisy was elected to the United States National Academy of Sciences in 1938, the American Philosophical Society in 1942, and the American Academy of Arts and Sciences in 1948.
Following his death in 1986, his family endowed the Edward A. and Margaret Doisy College of Health Sciences. The Edward A. Doisy Research Center was built and named in his honor in 2007, following a $30,000,000 gift from the Doisy family.
References
Zetterström, Rolf (June 2006). "H. C. P. Dam (1895–1976) and E. A. Doisy (1893–1986): the discovery of antihaemorrhagic vitamin and its impact on neonatal health". Acta Paediatr. 95 (6). Norway: 642–4. doi:10.1080/08035250600719739 (inactive 12 August 2025). ISSN 0803-5253. PMID 16754542.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of August 2025 (link)
Fitch, C D (May 1988). "In memoriam: Edward A. Doisy, Ph. D". J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 66 (5). UNITED STATES: 1094–5. ISSN 0021-972X. PMID 3283162.
External links
Edward Adelbert Doisy on Nobelprize.org
St. Louis University Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Archived 2011-07-20 at the Wayback Machine
|
Edward Adelbert Doisy (November 13, 1893 – October 23, 1986) was an American biochemist. He received the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1943 with Henrik Dam for their discovery of vitamin K (K from "Koagulations-Vitamin" in German) and its chemical structure.
Doisy was born in Hume, Illinois, on November 13, 1893. He completed his A.B. degree in 1914 and his M.S. degree in 1916 from the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign. He completed his Ph.D. in 1920 from Harvard University.
In 1919 he accepted a faculty appointment in the Department of Biochemistry at Washington University School of Medicine, where he rose in rank to associate professor. In 1923, he moved to Saint Louis University as professor and chairman of the new Department of Biochemistry. He served as professor and chairman of that department until he retired in 1965. Saint Louis University renamed the department the E.A. Doisy Department of Biochemistry, in his honor. More recently, the department has again been renamed. It is now known as the E.A. Doisy Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology.
In 1940, he was a lecturer in medicine at the University of Chicago School of Medicine.
He also competed with Adolf Butenandt in the discovery of estrone in 1930. They discovered the substance independently, but only Butenandt was awarded the Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 1939.
Doisy was elected to the United States National Academy of Sciences in 1938, the American Philosophical Society in 1942, and the American Academy of Arts and Sciences in 1948.
Following his death in 1986, his family endowed the Edward A. and Margaret Doisy College of Health Sciences. The Edward A. Doisy Research Center was built and named in his honor in 2007, following a $30,000,000 gift from the Doisy family.
References
Zetterström, Rolf (June 2006). "H. C. P. Dam (1895–1976) and E. A. Doisy (1893–1986): the discovery of antihaemorrhagic vitamin and its impact on neonatal health". Acta Paediatr. 95 (6). Norway: 642–4. doi:10.1080/08035250600719739 (inactive 12 August 2025). ISSN 0803-5253. PMID 16754542.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of August 2025 (link)
Fitch, C D (May 1988). "In memoriam: Edward A. Doisy, Ph. D". J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 66 (5). UNITED STATES: 1094–5. ISSN 0021-972X. PMID 3283162.
External links
Edward Adelbert Doisy on Nobelprize.org
St. Louis University Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Archived 2011-07-20 at the Wayback Machine
|
Chico O'Farrill
|
Arturo "Chico" O'Farrill (October 28, 1921 – June 27, 2001) was a Cuban composer, arranger, and conductor, best known for his work in the Latin idiom, specifically Afro-Cuban jazz or "Cubop", although he also composed traditional jazz pieces and even symphonic works.
Born to an aristocratic Cuban family, he played the trumpet early in his career. He composed works for Machito (Afro-Cuban suite with Charlie Parker, 1950) and Benny Goodman's Bebop Orchestra ("Undercurrent Blues"), and arranged for Dizzy Gillespie and Stan Kenton, among others.
In the 1990s, O'Farrill led a big band that took up residence at New York's Birdland nightclub. Chico's son, pianist Arturo O'Farrill, eventually took over the band.
Biography
O'Farrill was born in Havana, Cuba. He was raised to follow family tradition and enter into law practice, though before he could, he became enamored with jazz music and pursued that instead. He discovered big band jazz when he attended military boarding school in Florida, where he first learned to play the trumpet, and after returning to Havana began studying classical music under Felix Guerrero at the Havana Conservatory and playing in local nightclubs alongside figures like Isidro Perez and Armando Romeu. In 1948, he relocated to New York City, where he continued his classical music studies under Stefan Wolpe, Bernard Wagenaar, and others at the Juilliard School, and began to pursue the jazz scene in his free time.
Soon after moving to New York City, he began working as an arranger for Benny Goodman, and wrote "Undercurrent Blues". It was at this point his nickname was born: Goodman had trouble pronouncing his name, and began referring to him as "Chico" instead. During this period, he also worked as an arranger with Stan Kenton (Cuban Episode), Count Basie, Art Farmer, and Machito (the Afro-Cuban Jazz Suite feat. Charlie Parker, recorded on December 21, 1950), and contributed to several Afro-Cuban jazz works by Charlie Parker and Dizzy Gillespie (Manteca Theme, recorded on May 24, 1954). He also started his own band, the Afro-Cuban Jazz Orchestra, during this time, which toured the country, recorded, and played weekly gigs at the Birdland jazz club. In 1957, he moved to Mexico and lived with his wife, singer Lupe Valero, until 1965; while there he wrote a suite for Art Farmer in 1959 and performed concerts in Mexico City.
In 1965, he returned to New York City, where he worked as an arranger and music director for CBS on their TV program "The CBS Festival of Lively Arts for Young People." He also wrote arrangements of pop songs for Count Basie in 1965 and 1966, and recorded Spanish Rice, an album of his Afro-Cuban jazz compositions, with Clark Terry in 1966.
From the 1970s through the mid-1990s, O'Farrill was largely absent from the jazz scene: he was technically active during this period, but the work he released diminished further and further. He wrote scores for Stan Kenton and Art Barbieri during the early part of this inactive period, as well as some for Machito and Dizzy Gillespie's jazz orchestra.
O'Farrill did, however, make a comeback as a band leader in the jazz world with the 1995 release of the Grammy-nominated album Pure Emotion, which marked the first time he'd recorded as a leader in nearly 30 years—though he did lead a 17-piece Afro-Cuban orchestra at the Blue Note Jazz Club in New York City a year before, and arranged several songs for David Bowie's jazz-inspired 1993 album Black Tie White Noise, predicting his return. He was also commissioned to write a trumpet concerto for Wynton Marsalis at this time. From 1995 though his retirement in March 2001, shortly before his death from complications from pneumonia, his band, which included his son Arturo O'Farrill as pianist and, later, de facto leader, recorded two more albums (The Heart of a Legend in 1999 and Carambola in 2000) for Milestone Records, and returned to playing weekly at Birdland. After his retirement, his son continued to lead the band, releasing albums such as Noche Involvidable in 2005 and Song for Chico in 2008.
Musical style
While O'Farrill is primarily known as a prominent figure in the creation and propagation of Afro-Cuban jazz, he was much more preoccupied with jazz than the actual melodic content of Cuban music. As quoted by Bob Blumenthal in the liner notes to Pure Emotion: "It was never my primary interest to preserve the authenticity of Cuban melody and harmonies just for the sake of preservation. When I started my career in the Forties, a lot of Cuban music was very simplistic. I was always more interested in jazz; and when I got to New York, I naturally gravitated to Dizzy and other bebop artists, that fusion of Cuban music with the jazz techniques of harmonic richness and orchestration. Of course, I have been determined to preserve Cuban rhythms, and I always have the rhythm section in mind when I write. You have to write horn parts that don't collide with the rhythmic concept." This is indicative of O'Farrill's general compositional style: he is heavily associated with the Latin idiom in jazz, but his works are typically closer to more mainstream American big band jazz in melody and harmony, and mostly incorporate Cuban music in the rhythms. In fact, it is Chico O'Farrill who is credited with first introducing the clave to jazz band rhythm sections.
Owing to his strict conservatory education, first at the Havana Conservatory and then the Juilliard School, O'Farrill composed in a highly strict, tightly-organized fashion. His pieces are constructed down to minute details, and while improvisation is a hallmark of many jazz styles, his works use a minimum of it; Ben Ratliff, writing for The New York Times, describes his work as "cinematic", saying that the music is "complicated and leaves little to chance."
O'Farrill's style is best described as a fusion of the Cuban music he heard growing up, the jazz music that he became enamored with in school, and the European classical music he studied in conservatories, and it is best summarized in his Afro-Cuban Jazz Suite. Even just the title alludes to the inclusion of these three elements, and several movements are inspired by music of a Latin idiom (Canción, Mambo, Rhumba Abierta), while others are more jazz-inspired (6/8, Jazz), and all are brought together under the orderly form of a European suite. O'Farrill states about this piece, "I was never an expert on Cuban music. What I did, for example, in that suite was purely instinctive [...] They asked me, 'write a suite, Chico,' [so] I just wrote according to my best understanding, letting my jazz sensibility to [sic] guide me most of the time."
Critical reception
Todd Barkan, O'Farrill's manager and record producer from his 90s comeback on, notes in his obituary that O'Farrill "felt a good measure of appreciation for his contributions. The interest that surrounded his work when he returned to recording in the '90s exceeded everything that he had experienced up until that point." Two of the three albums released after his 1990s return were nominated for Grammy awards, and he was featured in the Latin jazz film Calle 54. In a review of Pure Emotion, Paul Verna writes for Billboard, "The return of veteran composer/arranger Chico O'Farrill should earn an enthusiastic welcome for devotees of swinging, straight-ahead Latin jazz."
Few glowing records exist of O'Farrill's works from before the 1990s, but Peter Watrous, writing a review of a 1998 Afro-Cuban jazz concert featuring O'Farrill's older work (specifically, the Manteca Suite composed for Dizzy Gillespie and the Afro-Cuban Jazz Suite) for The New York Times, calls O'Farrill "a gifted musician who stands as one of jazz's great cultural translators", lauding the concert as "[making] the case for [his] brilliance."
Discography
Jazz (Clef, 1953)
Afro-Cuban (Clef, 1953)
2nd Afro Cuban Suite (Norgran, 1954)
Mambo Dance Session (Norgran, 1954)
Latino Dance Session (Norgran, 1954)
Chico's Cha Cha Cha (Panart, 1956)
Music from South America (Verve, 1956)
Mambo Latino Dances (Verve, 1958)
Nine Flags (Impulse!, 1966)
Spanish Rice with Clark Terry (Impulse!, 1966)
Married Well (Verve, 1967)
Cuban Jazz King (Eco 1973)
Latin Roots (Philips, 1976)
Super Chops (Versatile, 1977)
Guaguasi (Kim, 1984)
Pure Emotion (Milestone, 1995)
Heart of a Legend (Milestone, 1999)
Carambola (Milestone, 2000)
The Complete Norman Granz Recordings (Malanga Music, 2016)
Chico O'Farrill (Calle Mayor, 2017)
References
External links
Official site
Article about Chico O'Farrill
Chico O'Farrill at the Institute of Jazz Studies, Rutgers University
|
Arturo "Chico" O'Farrill (October 28, 1921 – June 27, 2001) was a Cuban composer, arranger, and conductor, best known for his work in the Latin idiom, specifically Afro-Cuban jazz or "Cubop", although he also composed traditional jazz pieces and even symphonic works.
Born to an aristocratic Cuban family, he played the trumpet early in his career. He composed works for Machito (Afro-Cuban suite with Charlie Parker, 1950) and Benny Goodman's Bebop Orchestra ("Undercurrent Blues"), and arranged for Dizzy Gillespie and Stan Kenton, among others.
In the 1990s, O'Farrill led a big band that took up residence at New York's Birdland nightclub. Chico's son, pianist Arturo O'Farrill, eventually took over the band.
Biography
O'Farrill was born in Havana, Cuba. He was raised to follow family tradition and enter into law practice, though before he could, he became enamored with jazz music and pursued that instead. He discovered big band jazz when he attended military boarding school in Florida, where he first learned to play the trumpet, and after returning to Havana began studying classical music under Felix Guerrero at the Havana Conservatory and playing in local nightclubs alongside figures like Isidro Perez and Armando Romeu. In 1948, he relocated to New York City, where he continued his classical music studies under Stefan Wolpe, Bernard Wagenaar, and others at the Juilliard School, and began to pursue the jazz scene in his free time.
Soon after moving to New York City, he began working as an arranger for Benny Goodman, and wrote "Undercurrent Blues". It was at this point his nickname was born: Goodman had trouble pronouncing his name, and began referring to him as "Chico" instead. During this period, he also worked as an arranger with Stan Kenton (Cuban Episode), Count Basie, Art Farmer, and Machito (the Afro-Cuban Jazz Suite feat. Charlie Parker, recorded on December 21, 1950), and contributed to several Afro-Cuban jazz works by Charlie Parker and Dizzy Gillespie (Manteca Theme, recorded on May 24, 1954). He also started his own band, the Afro-Cuban Jazz Orchestra, during this time, which toured the country, recorded, and played weekly gigs at the Birdland jazz club. In 1957, he moved to Mexico and lived with his wife, singer Lupe Valero, until 1965; while there he wrote a suite for Art Farmer in 1959 and performed concerts in Mexico City.
In 1965, he returned to New York City, where he worked as an arranger and music director for CBS on their TV program "The CBS Festival of Lively Arts for Young People." He also wrote arrangements of pop songs for Count Basie in 1965 and 1966, and recorded Spanish Rice, an album of his Afro-Cuban jazz compositions, with Clark Terry in 1966.
From the 1970s through the mid-1990s, O'Farrill was largely absent from the jazz scene: he was technically active during this period, but the work he released diminished further and further. He wrote scores for Stan Kenton and Art Barbieri during the early part of this inactive period, as well as some for Machito and Dizzy Gillespie's jazz orchestra.
O'Farrill did, however, make a comeback as a band leader in the jazz world with the 1995 release of the Grammy-nominated album Pure Emotion, which marked the first time he'd recorded as a leader in nearly 30 years—though he did lead a 17-piece Afro-Cuban orchestra at the Blue Note Jazz Club in New York City a year before, and arranged several songs for David Bowie's jazz-inspired 1993 album Black Tie White Noise, predicting his return. He was also commissioned to write a trumpet concerto for Wynton Marsalis at this time. From 1995 though his retirement in March 2001, shortly before his death from complications from pneumonia, his band, which included his son Arturo O'Farrill as pianist and, later, de facto leader, recorded two more albums (The Heart of a Legend in 1999 and Carambola in 2000) for Milestone Records, and returned to playing weekly at Birdland. After his retirement, his son continued to lead the band, releasing albums such as Noche Involvidable in 2005 and Song for Chico in 2008.
Musical style
While O'Farrill is primarily known as a prominent figure in the creation and propagation of Afro-Cuban jazz, he was much more preoccupied with jazz than the actual melodic content of Cuban music. As quoted by Bob Blumenthal in the liner notes to Pure Emotion: "It was never my primary interest to preserve the authenticity of Cuban melody and harmonies just for the sake of preservation. When I started my career in the Forties, a lot of Cuban music was very simplistic. I was always more interested in jazz; and when I got to New York, I naturally gravitated to Dizzy and other bebop artists, that fusion of Cuban music with the jazz techniques of harmonic richness and orchestration. Of course, I have been determined to preserve Cuban rhythms, and I always have the rhythm section in mind when I write. You have to write horn parts that don't collide with the rhythmic concept." This is indicative of O'Farrill's general compositional style: he is heavily associated with the Latin idiom in jazz, but his works are typically closer to more mainstream American big band jazz in melody and harmony, and mostly incorporate Cuban music in the rhythms. In fact, it is Chico O'Farrill who is credited with first introducing the clave to jazz band rhythm sections.
Owing to his strict conservatory education, first at the Havana Conservatory and then the Juilliard School, O'Farrill composed in a highly strict, tightly-organized fashion. His pieces are constructed down to minute details, and while improvisation is a hallmark of many jazz styles, his works use a minimum of it; Ben Ratliff, writing for The New York Times, describes his work as "cinematic", saying that the music is "complicated and leaves little to chance."
O'Farrill's style is best described as a fusion of the Cuban music he heard growing up, the jazz music that he became enamored with in school, and the European classical music he studied in conservatories, and it is best summarized in his Afro-Cuban Jazz Suite. Even just the title alludes to the inclusion of these three elements, and several movements are inspired by music of a Latin idiom (Canción, Mambo, Rhumba Abierta), while others are more jazz-inspired (6/8, Jazz), and all are brought together under the orderly form of a European suite. O'Farrill states about this piece, "I was never an expert on Cuban music. What I did, for example, in that suite was purely instinctive [...] They asked me, 'write a suite, Chico,' [so] I just wrote according to my best understanding, letting my jazz sensibility to [sic] guide me most of the time."
Critical reception
Todd Barkan, O'Farrill's manager and record producer from his 90s comeback on, notes in his obituary that O'Farrill "felt a good measure of appreciation for his contributions. The interest that surrounded his work when he returned to recording in the '90s exceeded everything that he had experienced up until that point." Two of the three albums released after his 1990s return were nominated for Grammy awards, and he was featured in the Latin jazz film Calle 54. In a review of Pure Emotion, Paul Verna writes for Billboard, "The return of veteran composer/arranger Chico O'Farrill should earn an enthusiastic welcome for devotees of swinging, straight-ahead Latin jazz."
Few glowing records exist of O'Farrill's works from before the 1990s, but Peter Watrous, writing a review of a 1998 Afro-Cuban jazz concert featuring O'Farrill's older work (specifically, the Manteca Suite composed for Dizzy Gillespie and the Afro-Cuban Jazz Suite) for The New York Times, calls O'Farrill "a gifted musician who stands as one of jazz's great cultural translators", lauding the concert as "[making] the case for [his] brilliance."
Discography
Jazz (Clef, 1953)
Afro-Cuban (Clef, 1953)
2nd Afro Cuban Suite (Norgran, 1954)
Mambo Dance Session (Norgran, 1954)
Latino Dance Session (Norgran, 1954)
Chico's Cha Cha Cha (Panart, 1956)
Music from South America (Verve, 1956)
Mambo Latino Dances (Verve, 1958)
Nine Flags (Impulse!, 1966)
Spanish Rice with Clark Terry (Impulse!, 1966)
Married Well (Verve, 1967)
Cuban Jazz King (Eco 1973)
Latin Roots (Philips, 1976)
Super Chops (Versatile, 1977)
Guaguasi (Kim, 1984)
Pure Emotion (Milestone, 1995)
Heart of a Legend (Milestone, 1999)
Carambola (Milestone, 2000)
The Complete Norman Granz Recordings (Malanga Music, 2016)
Chico O'Farrill (Calle Mayor, 2017)
References
External links
Official site
Article about Chico O'Farrill
Chico O'Farrill at the Institute of Jazz Studies, Rutgers University
|
Jonas Kazlauskas
|
Jonas Kazlauskas (born 21 November 1954) is a Lithuanian professional basketball coach and former player. He was most recently the head coach of the Guangdong Southern Tigers in the Chinese Basketball Association (CBA).
Playing career
Kazlauskas played for Statyba Vilnius from 1973 to 1985. He won a bronze medal in the former USSR Supreme League in 1979.
Coaching career
Clubs
Kazlauskas is considered to be one of the best coaches from Europe. In the past, he has coached Lithuania's top two pro club basketball teams, Žalgiris Kaunas (1994–2000) and Lietuvos rytas Vilnius (2001–2004). In October 2004, he became the head coach of Olympiacos Piraeus, and later moved to CSKA Moscow during the 2010–11 season.
Kazlauskas took a position with the Guangdong Southern Tigers for the latter stage of the 2012–13 Chinese Basketball Association season, serving as "executive coach" to fill the role of experienced mentor for newly appointed head coach Du Feng, and helping guide the team to their record-tying eighth title in the 2013 CBA Finals. He retained his role with Guangdong for the 2013–14 CBA season but the squad lost in the semi-finals of the 2014 CBA Playoffs.
Kazlauskas returned to the Southern Tigers as head coach for the 2017–18 CBA season, while Du was serving as head coach with the "China Blue" version of the country's national team, and led a rebuilding side to third place with 28 wins in 38 regular season games before the youthful squad were eliminated in the semi-finals of the 2018 CBA Playoffs. He handed the head coaching job back to Du after the season.
National teams
In 1997, Kazlauskas became the head coach of the Lithuanian national team with whom he won bronze medals at 2000 Summer Olympics and held that position until the end of EuroBasket 2001. In 2004, he joined the China national team as the assistant coach to Del Harris, and then served as the head coach from 2005 to 2008, winning the 2005 Asian championship.
From 2009 to 2010, Kazlauskas served as the head coach of the Greek national team and guided them to bronze medals at EuroBasket 2009. In 2012, he returned to Lithuanian national team and guided them to consecutive silver medals at 2013 and 2015 EuroBasket tournaments. In 2016, Kazlauskas left the team for the second time after his 4-year contract expired after the 2016 Summer Olympics.
Coaching awards and achievements
Club
6× LKL champion: 1995–1999, 2002
Baltic Cup winner: 1998
FIBA EuroCup champion: 1998
Euroleague champion: 1999
2× NEBL champion: 1999, 2002
2× PBL champion: 2011, 2012
CBA champion: 2013
2× LKL Coach of the Year: 2002, 2013
PBL Coach of the Year: 2012
National team
Lithuanian national team:
Summer Olympic Games Bronze: 2000
2× EuroBasket Silver: 2013, 2015
China national team:
FIBA Asia Cup Gold: 2005
Asian Games Gold: 2006
Greek national team:
EuroBasket Bronze: 2009
Personal life
Kazlauskas and his wife have two daughters. He likes tennis, crosswords and computer games.
Coaching record
Note: The EuroLeague is not the only competition in which the team played during the season. He also coached in domestic competition, and regional competition if applicable.
EuroLeague
See also
List of EuroLeague-winning head coaches
References
External links
Euroleague.net Coach Profile
Euroleague.net Interview
FIBA 2006 World Championship Profile
2010 FIBA World Championship Profile
|
Jonas Kazlauskas (born 21 November 1954) is a Lithuanian professional basketball coach and former player. He was most recently the head coach of the Guangdong Southern Tigers in the Chinese Basketball Association (CBA).
Playing career
Kazlauskas played for Statyba Vilnius from 1973 to 1985. He won a bronze medal in the former USSR Supreme League in 1979.
Coaching career
Clubs
Kazlauskas is considered to be one of the best coaches from Europe. In the past, he has coached Lithuania's top two pro club basketball teams, Žalgiris Kaunas (1994–2000) and Lietuvos rytas Vilnius (2001–2004). In October 2004, he became the head coach of Olympiacos Piraeus, and later moved to CSKA Moscow during the 2010–11 season.
Kazlauskas took a position with the Guangdong Southern Tigers for the latter stage of the 2012–13 Chinese Basketball Association season, serving as "executive coach" to fill the role of experienced mentor for newly appointed head coach Du Feng, and helping guide the team to their record-tying eighth title in the 2013 CBA Finals. He retained his role with Guangdong for the 2013–14 CBA season but the squad lost in the semi-finals of the 2014 CBA Playoffs.
Kazlauskas returned to the Southern Tigers as head coach for the 2017–18 CBA season, while Du was serving as head coach with the "China Blue" version of the country's national team, and led a rebuilding side to third place with 28 wins in 38 regular season games before the youthful squad were eliminated in the semi-finals of the 2018 CBA Playoffs. He handed the head coaching job back to Du after the season.
National teams
In 1997, Kazlauskas became the head coach of the Lithuanian national team with whom he won bronze medals at 2000 Summer Olympics and held that position until the end of EuroBasket 2001. In 2004, he joined the China national team as the assistant coach to Del Harris, and then served as the head coach from 2005 to 2008, winning the 2005 Asian championship.
From 2009 to 2010, Kazlauskas served as the head coach of the Greek national team and guided them to bronze medals at EuroBasket 2009. In 2012, he returned to Lithuanian national team and guided them to consecutive silver medals at 2013 and 2015 EuroBasket tournaments. In 2016, Kazlauskas left the team for the second time after his 4-year contract expired after the 2016 Summer Olympics.
Coaching awards and achievements
Club
6× LKL champion: 1995–1999, 2002
Baltic Cup winner: 1998
FIBA EuroCup champion: 1998
Euroleague champion: 1999
2× NEBL champion: 1999, 2002
2× PBL champion: 2011, 2012
CBA champion: 2013
2× LKL Coach of the Year: 2002, 2013
PBL Coach of the Year: 2012
National team
Lithuanian national team:
Summer Olympic Games Bronze: 2000
2× EuroBasket Silver: 2013, 2015
China national team:
FIBA Asia Cup Gold: 2005
Asian Games Gold: 2006
Greek national team:
EuroBasket Bronze: 2009
Personal life
Kazlauskas and his wife have two daughters. He likes tennis, crosswords and computer games.
Coaching record
Note: The EuroLeague is not the only competition in which the team played during the season. He also coached in domestic competition, and regional competition if applicable.
EuroLeague
See also
List of EuroLeague-winning head coaches
References
External links
Euroleague.net Coach Profile
Euroleague.net Interview
FIBA 2006 World Championship Profile
2010 FIBA World Championship Profile
|
José Batlle y Ordóñez
|
José Pablo Torcuato Batlle y Ordóñez ([ˈbaʒe] or [ˈbaʃe]; 23 May 1856 – 20 October 1929), nicknamed Don Pepe, was a prominent Uruguayan politician who served two terms as President of Uruguay for the Colorado Party. The son of a former president, he introduced his political system, Batllism, to South America and modernized Uruguay through his creation of extensive welfare state reforms.
In 1898, Batile served as interim president for a few weeks. He was later elected to the presidency for two terms: from 1903 to 1907 and from 1911 to 1915. He remains one of the most popular Uruguayan presidents, mainly due to his role as a social reformer. Influenced by Krausist liberalism, he is known for influencing the introduction of universal suffrage and the eight-hour workday, as well as free high school education. He was one of the main promoters of Uruguayan secularization, which led to the separation of the state and the Catholic Church. Education started a process of great expansion from the mid-to-late 19th century onward. It became the key to success for the middle class community. The state established free high school education and created more high schools through the country. The University of the Republic was also opened to women, and educational enrollment increased throughout the country. Batlle also "revitalized the Colorado party and strengthened its liberal tradition, giving way to ideas of general and universal interest, and favoring the right of the working class to organize and put forward just demands."
Government intervention in the economy increased during Batlle's tenure. Batlle nationalized Montevideo's electric power plant, and BROU (a savings and loan institution that monopolized the printing of money). He established industrial institutes for geology and drilling (coal and hydrocarbon explorations), industrial chemistry, and fisheries. In 1914, the administration purchased the North Tramway and Railway Company, which later became the State Railways Administration of Uruguay. He implemented protectionist policies for industry. Indigenous companies also emerged, although foreign capital (especially from Britain and the United States), as noted by one study, "also took advantage of the legislation and came to control the meat industry. The growth of the frigorífico meat-processing industry also stimulated the interbreeding of livestock, Uruguay's main source of wealth." Batlle believed in government intervention in the economy, and criticized economic inequality.
Early life and background
Batlle was born in Montevideo on 23 May 1856 to Lorenzo Batlle y Grau and Amalia Ordoñez. Batlle's grandfather, José Batlle y Carreó, had arrived in Montevideo on his own ship with Batlle's grandmother from Sitges, a town near Barcelona, and built a flour mill which won a contract to provision the Royal Spanish Navy in Montevideo. Batlle's grandfather was loyal to the Spanish crown through both the British invasions of the River Plate and the first and second attempts to secure Uruguayan independence from Spain led by José Gervasio Artigas, and subsequently returned to Spain in 1814, and the rest of the Batlle family followed in 1818. Batlle's grandmother died in Sitges in 1823, and his grandfather subsequently returned to Montevideo in 1833 to reopen the flour mill. Batlle's father Lorenzo had been born in Uruguay in 1810, and returned the Montevideo three years before the rest of the family in 1830, after an extensive education in France and Spain. Batlle's father quickly joined and became prominent within the Colorados, and was involved in the Uruguayan Civil War, notably personally escorting Fructuoso Rivera to exile in Brazil in 1847. Lorenzo Batlle married Batlle's mother, the daughter of another Colorado guerrilla, during the Uruguayan Civil War.
The Batlle family were prohombres (prominent figures) within the Colorado Party, with five of Batlle's relatives serving as president. Batlle's father Lorenzo had served as Minister of War during the Great Siege of Montevideo, and was elected President of Uruguay in 1868 when Batlle was 12 years old. Batlle's children César, Rafael and Lorenzo were actively engaged in politics, with César and Lorenzo serving in. He was also the uncle of another Uruguayan president, Luis Batlle Berres, and the great-uncle of President Jorge Batlle, and his uncle-in-law Duncan Stewart served as acting president for three weeks in 1894.
After attending an English school in Montevideo, Batlle began studying at the University of the Republic. At university, he became involved in the discussions and debates between the 'idealists' and 'positivists'. Led by Prudencio Váquez y Vega, Batlle was a prominent member of the idealists. Batlle's political ideology was influenced by the work of philosopher Heinrich Ahrens, whose work was introduced to Batlle by Váquez y Vega. Ahrens 'Course of Natural Law,' as one study noted, "exalted the human personality and made proposals for the reform of society based on the innate dignity of man." Batlle acknowledged a great debt later in life to Váquez y Vega, writing in 1913 on the title page of a gift copy of Ahrens "in this great work I formed my criterion of the law and it has served me as a guide in my public life." Batlle left university in 1879 without completing his law degree, and the following year a 24-year-old Batlle convinced his father to let him study for a year in Paris, where he took a course in English and sat in on philosophy lectures at the Sorbonne and Collège de France before returning home when money ran out.
Batlle also became a prominent journalist. In 1878 Batlle and a friend founded a raionalistic journal, 'El Espíritu Nuevo,' whose mission was "the total emancipation of the American spirit from the tutelage of the Old World." Batlle contributed scientific articles and poetry to the review, and later that year started contributing articles to a Montevideo newspaper. His first article, published 3 days before he turned 23, was an attack on the dictatorship of Colonel Lorenzo Latorre. In 1881 Batlle assumed the editorship of La Razon to oppose the government of General Santos. Batlle was exposed to all kinds of threats until one night his house was assaulted and an attempt made against the life of his father at whom shots were fired but which fortunately missed their mark.
In 1885, Batlle returned to the journalistic field in company with the famous journalist Dr. Teofilo D. Gil. He and Gil devoted themselves to preparing the public sentiment for a revolutionary outbreak. As noted by one study, however, "Hardly had the opportunity arrived when Batlle, who had started with Rufino T. Dominguez the organization of the first battalion of volunteers, abandoned the pen of the journalist, emigrated to Buenos Aires, and devoted himself exclusively to the work of a soldier, until the unfortunate issue of the struggle at Quebracho."
In 1886, Batlle founded the newspaper El Día, which he used as a political platform for criticizing his opponents and promoting his reformist agenda. That same year Batlle undertook a campaign in El Día on behalf of the children in an orphan asylum and of pauper maniacs in an insane asylum. This campaign, one study noted, "had the excellent result of depriving the City Council of Montevideo of the control of public charity and entrusting it to a commission of distinguished citizens." When a new revolutionary movement started at Buenos Aires, Batlle removed there to act as secretary to Colonel Galeano. However, the movement died in its inception, and returning to Montevideo Batlle again assumed the editorship of El Día. By March 1887 however, as noted by one study, "Batlle was ready to launch upon a new aspect of his life's work, that of reorganizing and revivifying the Colorado Party." Batlle's time in the journalistic battle had convinced him that the Colorado Party still had a "powerful vitality" but had been seriously discredited and comprised by several dictatorships carrying the Colorado label. As noted by one study, "Batlle was convinced that the Colorado Party "must recover its prestige" so that the country could enter an era that he characterized as "institutional truth, fruitful freedom, order and solid and enlightened progress." Faced with the lack of structure of the Colorado Party in 1903, the elected President of the Republic became its natural guide, since his influence was decisive for the appointments of candidates and Political Leaders; and Batlle used that power to promote numerous changes in the party organization."
Political career
Batlle's political career began in 1887, when he was appointed as the jefe político of department of Minas. His appointment was short-lived, for he resigned after six months to seek election to the Chamber of Deputies as a candidate on the Colorado ticket. After a disagreement with then-president Máximo Tajes, however, Batlle lost his spot on the ticket. Following his departure to Minas, El Día stopped publishing, but Batlle reopened the paper in 1889 to support the campaign of Julio Herrera y Obes for the presidency, whose financial support helped Batlle reopen the paper. The new El Día sold at 2 cents a copy on the streets. As noted by one study, it was "the first street sale of newspapers in Uruguay, the first newspaper whose aim was mass readership." The presidency of Herrera y Obes disappointed Batlle however, with one study noting that
"Batlle had been working to reorganize the Colorado Party so that it could win real elections and name presidents. Herrera y Obes saw the party's role differently it should be the instrument of the president, not his superior; the power of the government, not the broad base of the party, would win the elections. When Herrera y Obes proceeded to name the Colorado candidates for the legislature, Batlle broke with the President. And when Idiarte Borda continued Herrera y Obes' political tactics and combined them with overt corruption, Batlle erupted in Colorado party meetings and in the press. The young grocery clerk who assassinated Borda in '97, during Saravia's revolution, had been inspired, he said, by the bitter articles against the President in opposition newspapers, but evil tongues insisted that Batlle's connection with the assassination was more direct than merely writing blistering press editorials."
Batlle turned his support to Juan Lindolfo Cuestas, whom Batlle saw as an opportunity to have free elections and remake the Colorado Party along the lines Batlle had long preached. Batlle would become President of the National executive Committee of the Colorado Party, or at least the pro-Cuestas faction of the party. He was eventually elected in 1891 as a deputy for the department of Salto, and quickly rose to further prominence within the Colorado party. Batlle started organizing Colorado party clubs based on "grass-roots" democratic assemblies, and towards the end of 1895 circumstances led to Batlle adopting a pro-labor attitude that he would hold for the rest of his life. Montevideo workers who sought to improve their wages and reduce their working hours (which were 15–19 hours daily) organized and went on strike. The government, made up of Batlle's own Colorado party, denounced the strikers as "rebellious workers" and brought all of its force to bear to break the strike The strikers were strongly supported by Batlle and El Día, where Batlle wrote "if this working day ought to be considered suicide for the workers, it is, on the part of the employer, an assassination." El Día started a permanent department called "The Working Man's Movement" as a forum for the employed classes. Batlle continued his ruminations through his years as a Colorado politician. On one occasion, while confiding some of his ruminations with Julio Herrera y Obes (while Batlle was still on good terms with him) the latter replied, astounded "Why, man, you're a socialist!" Similarly, Cuestas, who didn't trust Batlle entirely, described him as such "This citizen is a young man of 45, well educated, the son of the late President Batlle, a newspaperman by profession, a revolutionary political agitator, a very tall man with the muscles of a Roman gladiator. He is popular with the politically active elements of the younger generation. He is not accepted by conservative opinion."
Despite this, Cuestas did not veto Batlle's candidacy for the presidency as his government still needed the Colorado political support Batlle contributed. However, Cuestas had no intention of allowing Batlle to succeed him, instead wanting a successor who would continue his cardinal principles, strict economy and conciliation of the Nationalists. Cuestas had in mind his Minister of Government, Eduardo MacEachen, who was a substantial landowner and prominent member of the conservative classes. In the end, Batlle would go on to succeed Cuestas as president to put in place policies that tackled the numerous social issues facing Uruguay.
Senate
Batlle was elected as a senator for Montevideo Department in November 1898, and rapidly became President of the Senate of Uruguay. As the President of the Senate was (at the time) the first in line to the presidency, Batlle briefly served as the acting President of Uruguay while Juan Lindolfo Cuestas stepped aside to legitimate his de facto presidency in 1899. While President of the Senate Batlle was, according to one study, "second-ranking elective official in the country, until a coalition of conservative Colorados and Blancos expelled him from the post in 1900. He continued his organizational and ideological efforts within the party, with much success. In the 1903 election, he became the President of the Republic. The country's highest post allowed him nearly full control of public policy and the opportunity to forward his broad program of social and economic reform."
At elections in 1900, however, the Colorados performed poorly, and dissident Colorado senators elected Juan Carlos Blanco Fernández as President of the Senate by one vote. Batlle would later briefly regain the position of President of the Senate in February 1903 before becoming President of the Republic.
First presidency (1903–07)
Revolution of 1904
In 1904 Batlle's government forces successfully ended the intermittent Uruguayan Civil War which had persisted for many years, when the opposing National Party leader Aparicio Saravia was killed at the battle of Masoller. Without their leader, Saravia's followers abandoned their fight, starting a period of relative peace.
After victory over the Blancos, Batlle introduced widespread political, social, and economic reforms, such as a welfare program, government participation in many facets of the economy, and a new constitution. Between 1904 and 1916, according one study, "the triumphant sector of the Colorado Party, Batllism, emphasized social programs and what the philosopher Carlos Vaz Ferreira (1915) denominated pobrismo (focus on poverty), constructing a state that was intended to be the "shield of the weak" (Perelli 1985)." According to one historian, Batlle ratified his war victory "with the electoral victory of 1905, which led his supporters to form a majority in the legislature and dominate the Colorado Party organization throughout the country. Once his position was secured, he was ready for reforms."
Social reforms
During Batlle y Ordóñez's term in office, secularization became a major political issue. Uruguay banned crucifixes in hospitals by 1906, and eliminated references to God and the Gospel in public oaths. Divorce laws were also established during this time. A number of other projects were approved during Batlle's first presidency, such as an increase in resources allocated to teaching, the contracting of a loan of for the construction and improvement of roads, free distribution of seeds and clothing to poor farmers, the permanent sale of seeds on behalf of the State, the creation of the Faculties of Veterinary Medicine and Agronomy, and the creation of colonies on expropriated estates in Paysandú. According to one study, the modifications introduced to the initial proposal made the expropriation impossible. In 1904 an Education Pension Fund established in 1896 was extended to include the administrative employees of the school system. That same year, a Civil Service Pension Fund was set up that was aimed at regularizing the civil-service pension system "while expanding both coverage and benefits." The Assembly modified the retirement and civil pension system in this way:
"Public employees who have more than 10 years of service and are unable to continue due to illness, disability or advanced age; employees who, after having served the same number of years, cease due to termination of employment or exoneration, not due to omission or crime; and those with more than 30 years of service and 60 years of age. The mother, the widow and the minor and unmarried children of public employees are entitled to a pension. The Fund is integrated with the help of a monthly fee of 6,000 pesos paid by the State, (doubled later), the monthly discount of one day's salary for employees (5% later) and other lesser taxes. The funds will be invested in public debt securities. Retirement will be as many thirty-thirds of the average salary that the employee has enjoyed in the last five years, as long as the years of service rendered. The pension in favor of the relatives of the employee, will be half of the retirement, Retirements and pensions can not be seized or disposed of."
In 1903, the executive branch had to "actively attend to the seed supply service in various agricultural regions of the country", which had punished by drought and the subsequent loss of crops. Stimulated by the first successes of the distribution, it authorized the Department of Livestock and Agriculture to establish a Seed Station on the fiscal lands of Toledo. A later year, the Assembly enacted a law "authorising the Executive Branch to allow the free importation of seeds for three years". The subsequent losses of agriculture gave rise "to the Public Powers intensifying their stimulating action" with a 1906 law authorizing the government to help abandoned farmers with food and seeds. A supplementary credit of 50,000 pesos was allocated for this purpose. In 1904, the Executive Power appointed a commission in charge of drawing up a protection plan for morally and materially destitute minors. In July 1903, a resolution was sent by Defense Minister Jose Serrato to the General directorate of Public Instruction, creating night courses for adults. In 1906, departmental high schools were created.
Batlle's time in office also saw the improvement of roads, the construction of bridges and ports, the navigation of some important interior rivers, the creation of the Veterinary and Agronomy Schools, the construction of school buildings worth $1,000, 000, the improvement of many services, the start of construction of the Pereira-Rossell Children's Hospital and the inauguration of the Military Hospital. In 1905, Batlle negotiated and obtained from the Assembly the abolition of 10% and 5% reductions on salaries of less than $360 a year. A decree established the Central Board of Aid, "under whose supervision the National Charity Commission acted, in the relief and hospitalization of the wounded and sick of the civil war of 1904." A law that authorized the introduction of electric traction in the trams of La Comercial had been vetoed by the Government of Battle's predecessor Cuestas in 1902 on the grounds that the traction systems were in their infancy and that the term of 75 years was excessively long. One of the first measures of Batlle's administration consisted in the withdrawal of that veto, and thanks to this the work began immediately. The Executive Power justified this decision by arguing that the change of traction was a progress that Montevideo demanded and that it would have "effective repercussions in the improvement of the housing of the working class, due to the ease with which he will be able to transpose daily the distances that separate the habitual center of occupations from the localities where land ownership can still be obtained relatively cheaply."
Sanitation works were also carried out, while yielding to the exhortation of the Executive Power, the Charity Commission granted the "Uruguayan League against Tuberculosis" a monthly subsidy of $2,000 which the same Executive Power obtained after it was raised to $3,000, invoking the importance of the work undertaken by the League. The Conversion and Public Works Loan Law passed in 1906 earmarked $1,000,000 for school construction. That amount was reinforced with $200,000 and later with $300,000 during Battle's second administration. The university curriculum was expanded, foreign professors and technicians were brought in, and scholarships for study in Europe and the United States were set up. University expansion also took place. A decree authorized a long-needed house-to-house property reassessment of Montevideo; "the decree required land to be evaluated separately from improvements." For the first time, army and police uniforms were required to be made from Uruguayan cloth, while the government also stipulated the piece rate paid the seamstresses who sewed the uniforms. Under a law of the 27th September 1906 the name of an enterprise was changed to Usina Eléctrica de Montevideo, "with exclusive privilege of selling electric light and power in Montevideo for twenty years." The Executive was given power to fix rates, while profits "after setting aside 15 per cent for reserves, were to go to the Junta Económico-Administrativa de Montevideo. The Act's original purpose had been to enable the Usina to meet power requirements, but the law was passed on the promise of lower lighting rates and better service on the insistence of the Cámara de Representantes."
Various developments in Public Assistance also took place during Batlle's first presidency. As noted by a 1905 presidential message
"In the past year, the National Charity Commission has had to attend, apart from the ordinary services entrusted to it by law, the numerous wounded and sick from the armed forces, and provide the mobilized corps and the organized expeditions with by the Central Aid Board, the healing elements and the necessary medicines. This extraordinary attention has not prevented, however, the continuation of the expansion and improvement plan begun in previous years, among them worthy of mention the completion and fitting out of the new women's department in the Asylum for Beggars and Chronic People; the expansion of the infirmary of the Asylum for Foundlings and Orphans; the inauguration of electric lighting in the Hospital; several sanitation works in the Isolation House and other works, although of less importance, all tending to improve the hygienic conditions of the Nursing Homes and Hospices. The National Commission has also cooperated with its revenues to support the Dispensaries of the Anti-Tuberculosis League and some departmental hospitals, and has contributed, by dispensing prescriptions free of charge, to the action of Home Public Assistance and various philanthropic societies."
In a 1906 presidential message, other developments in public charity, hygiene and health were noted:
"After having fulfilled the primary duty of rendering solicitous care to the sick wounded of the last conflict, the Government has devoted its attention to the improvement of this important branch, and hopes to obtain satisfactory results. During this period, the National Council of Hygiene sponsored the project of one of its members on the creation of establishments called 'Gota de Leche,' so beneficial to the health of children and to the education of mothers because it provides them with resources and knowledge to raise their children properly. This mission was entrusted to the National Commission of Charity and efforts will be made to complete it through a law that protects newborns and prevents their mothers from abandoning them when exercising the profession of wet nurses. By continuing to apply the current international sanitary agreement, said Council planned to establish a disinfection center in the port, and by accepting said project, the Government offered to provide a credit of $32,000 to be repaid. In addition, said Council was authorized to acquire a steamer equipped with the necessary apparatus for the maritime health service. It was proposed to create the post of terrestrial health inspector whose mission will be to travel to any point in the Republic where an epidemic develops in order to adopt the appropriate measures with due authority and competence. At present, a project to reform the organic law of the Council, the formation of the 'Codex medicamentarius' and several regulations that have to complete the health service are being studied. For the rest, the sanitary state of the Republic is excellent and the municipal authorities cooperate with the National Council of Hygiene to improve all this service and ensure that the ordinances are strictly applied and that a true zeal is shown in combating contagious diseases."
Proposals for labor reform
A progressive supporter of labor rights, Batlle also presided over a number of pro-labor policies. Batlle had identified his Colorado Party with labor, stating in April 1887, regarding a demonstration that was organized in Montevideo "It is true : in the Colorado Party, the element of the people predominates, the working classes." In a speech he made during his first presidency, Batlle described his Colorado Party as one that was concerned with peoples' well-being, stating that "I cannot accompany you in supporting the motto that you carry "Down with peace", because my duty as President of the Republic is to guarantee peace and harmony, because peace means advancement, progress, the well-being of the people, which is the true motto of the Colorado Party. I declare that if I had been brought to this position to provoke the war, I would not have accepted it; but I can guarantee that in this conflict, in which the Nation has been so unjustly involved, I will preserve by all legal means the Colorado Party's stay in power, which currently means the stability of the constitutional order, making an effort at the same time to avoid bloodshed, the ruin of national wealth and all the horrors that civil content brings, as an obligatory procession. It is not enough for the Party to have power, it is necessary to govern to do good, it is necessary to govern with honor for the same." One 1913 study reflected this view, stating that (in relation to the late Nineteenth Century) "In the proximity of the '73 elections, and as always, his first act was to formulate a concise exposition of ideas that honors our party annals. This was the obsessive concern of our party, to root more and more in the field of law, freedom and social justice."
During Batlle's first presidency regulations on police procedure during strikes were promulgated for the first time. Police had to remain neutral, protecting both the right to strike and the right to work. Also for the first time during Batlle's first presidency on May Day labor demonstrators were granted police permits to parade through the center of Montevideo. According to one study "They sang the Internationale and heard fiery speeches. One speaker exulted that Uruguay now led South America in modern ideas because of its President's liberalism." On another occasion during his first presidency, Batlle helped resolve a rail strike. This occurred after a union formed by railroad workers made a list of demands that the railroad rejected, including dismissal payments to men over 50 who were discharged, 2 days off with pay every month, wages of 80 pesos a month for locomotive engineers and 1 peso and 20 cents a day for manual laborers, and an 8-hour day 6 months a year and a 10-hour day the other 6 months. Claudio Williman, the railroad's former attorney, was sent by Batlle to offer himself as mediator. As noted by one study, the railroad "knew Batlle's pro-labor sympathies, verified by Williman's presence, and accepted most of the striker's demands, It drew a line at recognizing the union, but promised to take back the strike leaders in due time – a remarkable concession. The jubilant strikers returned to work."
Batlle also prepared a labor reform project aimed at improving working conditions, although legislative realities delayed the time in which he submitted this to the legislature for consideration. According to one study, "One reason why Chamber debate on divorce and kindred bills had been allowed to drag was the certainty that the Senate, as presently constituted, would not be disposed to their passage." Following senate elections in 1906, the Executive sent Batlle's labor project to the legislature. Explaining in a post-election interview why he had held the bill back for so long, Batlle stated that
"I have worked to prepare a plan of social reforms, all designed to look after and to liberate the working classes. But you must realize that up to now we have had a Senate composed of good patriots, but conservatives. The new Senate, on the other hand, will be entirely liberal and will not put obstacles in the way of the reforms. The workers already know that they will find protection in the government. I believe – in effect – that in countries like ours, where the problem of liberty is already resolved, it is necessary to begin to resolve social problems."
The project provided for an eight-hour limit "in the strenuous and intensive occupations and ten hours in the less exacting commercial occupations" while a one-year transition period was provided "during which an additional hour per day was permitted." It also provided for regulation of the labour of women and children, a weekly rest day, and prohibition of the labour of women for four weeks after child-birth "during which period the State would provide suitable financial support." The bill's main objective was the eight-hour day but despite having a workable majority in Congress "he was unable to persuade his party to accept this radical innovation." On 26 June 1911 a new labor bill was sent to Congress by Batlle which provided for an eight-hour day "without the intermediate period of one year established in his earlier bill and with broadened coverage," repeated provisions as to weekly rest and child labour, and increased the compulsory period of rest after child-birth to forty-five days. On 31 May 1913 the Chamber approved in general Batlle's project modified by its Labor Commission, with provisions on child labor and women's work left aside to include them in a separate project, as well as the day of rest. A Chamber Committee had left out these provisions to simplify passage and Batlle, according to one study, "to close off accusations of Godless crackpotism, acknowledged that the one-day-in-six provision was "an aspiration for the future," and agreed to the committee's procedures. The chamber leadership knew what Batlle wanted, and the Chamber voted down requests for delay for additional documentation." The Chamber voted 44 in favor and 8 against. As discussions in the House developed, several conservative Colorado legislators tried to reactivate a proposal to increase the working day by 3 hours through a contract, but that initiative was rejected. By voice vote, with the result being sufficiently close for Gregorio L. Rodríguez (the deputy who put forward the 3 hour overtime provision as an amendment) to call for a second vote, overtime was defeated. In the Senate, however, approval was hindered until the chambers were renewed on 17 November 1915, when the project was finally voted affirmatively.
New Colorado platforms
Various Colorado Party platforms were also drafted and/or adopted during Batlle's first presidency. In September 1905 the Colorado Executive Committee and the Colorado legislators entrusted Pedro Manini Rios (the leader of the young Colorados) to draft a pre-electoral manifesto that would serve as a party program. Manini summed up Colorado accomplishments in 40 years of power and outlined a 5-point program. This included constitutional reform, concern for labor, economic self-sufficiency, increase of rural population, and reduction of taxes on consumption. As noted by one study however, "None of the points proposed anything specific. For example, the labor plank invoked the standard consoling fiction "It is an exaggeration to present these problems in our society in the almost dreadful terms in which they are agitated ... in some European societies." In 1907 Jose Espalter was tasked with drawing up a party program that would include constitutional refor, separation of Church and State, municipal autonomy, and labor legislation. The program favored reduction of consumption taxes and the enacting of progressive taxation, not of the magnitude that would despoil private fortunes but rather "a limited and moderate progression, whose rate oscillates between certain limits." In addition, the State had a right to intervene in labor questions, but "It is a matter of elevated inspiration and exquisite tact." At the end of the Batlle's first government in February 1907, the National Convention of the Colorado Party met and formulated a declaration of principles. These were "Reform of the Constitution; universal suffrage, that is, authorization to vote in favor of all citizens; election of the President of the Republic directly by the people; proportional representation of the parties; autonomous municipalities; the rights of assembly and association are not expressly enshrined in the Constitution and that gap must be filled; separation: of Church and State; easy naturalization of foreigners; decrease in consumption taxes, establishing instead a progressive tax; solution of problems related to capital and labor, within the limits of justice, law and freedom."
Activities following the first presidency
Following the end of his first presidency, Batlle went on an extended tour of Europe and other foreign parts. One of Batlle's main purposes was to study Europe's political and economic problems. He also headed the Uruguayan delegation to the Second Hague Conference, where he proposed a plan for a society of nations to maintain peace. After the conference adjourned Batlle visited Switzerland; becoming familiar with the contributions that country made to the science of government. By December 1909, agitation was begun by the Colorado Party to make him their candidate in 1911. A small conservative anti-Batlle sentiment within the Colorado Party "was lost in a growing tide of enthusiasm for a renomination." On July the 3rd 1910 Batlle's candidacy was unanimously proclaimed by the party's national committee. Batlle stated in a letter to the party's committee while he was in Europe the kind of platform he could stand for. Apart from his reiterated advocacy of an eight-hour day, Batlle "took a stand for popular instead of legislative election of the national president; for proportional representation of parties in the congress; for assurance of such workers' rights as those to life, health, and culture; for full protection of children, women, the ill, and the aged; for free and assisted immigration; for free public instruction in all its levels and obligatory education at the elementary level; for assistance to stock raising and agriculture and the stimulation of national industry; for the organization by the state of all services social interest." According to one study, "Truly it was a broad platform, hewn to a political design far in advance of its time."
Second presidency (1911–15)
In 1913, influenced by visiting and studying French and Swiss politics between his first and second terms, Batlle proposed a reorganization of the government which would replace the presidency with a nine-member National Council of Administration, similar to the Swiss Federal Council. Batlle's proposal for a collective leadership body was defeated in 1916 referendum, but he managed to establish a model in which executive powers were split between the presidency and the National Council of Administration when a variant of his proposal was implemented with the Constitution of 1918.
Further reforms were carried out during Batlle's second presidency. As noted by one study, following the swearing in of Batlle's ministers, "that "rain" of projects which so disturbed conservative opinion during Batlle's first administration again began to fall." A few days after Batlle assumed the presidency, Ramón V. Benzano (the newly appointed Mayor of Montevideo) "ordered the Department of Public Health to inspect all the tenements, most of which, according to a 1906 survey, lacked light and air and space, and close those that were not improved within a year." A special labor division of the Montevideo police set up under Claudio Williman was abolished, and Batlle announced that he would reintroduce his bill providing for an 8-hour day. In order to prepare materials for the study of the labor problems, the Executive Power resolved in 1913 that the Labor Office would include a number of topics in its program such as Cost of living in relation to wages, Offer and job demand, Labor census, Situation of the worker element, Labor legislation, and Organization of employers and workers. On 17 May 1912 a law was approved providing for the creation of the Women's Section of Secondary Education. Expansion and dissemination of physical education also took place, with a National Commission of Physical Education set up and sports places in Montevideo and in the interior established. Industrial education was expanded while free secondary and university education was introduced and departmental high schools created in the interior while a female section of secondary education was established, which managed to get many girls to go to high school.
Under a law of 21 July 1914 industrial employers, including those in state and municipal establishments, "were required to install safety devices to prevent accidents in the use of machinery." The law required that "dangerous machinery should be inspected, if necessary; that steam engines, wheels, and turbines be accessible only to their operators; that women and children should not be employed in the cleaning or repair of machinery in motion; that gears be shielded; that masons and painters working at a height of more than 3 metres be protected by a rail 90 centimetres on each side, etc." A 1914 law on severance pay, which referred to commercial employees, introduced two months' notice before dismissal together with compensation proportional to the years of work that the worker had in his job.
Foreign professors were hired to establish new university schools such as agronomy and veterinary medicine, agricultural and home economics courses were established for rural youth, and study missions were sent abroad. In regards to salary discounts, The Executive Branch addressed the Assembly requesting that the discount suffered by Passive Classes in general be reduced to 10%. The measure came to favor 3,739 people. The Assembly also completely abolished the 19% tax on assignments and salaries that did not exceed $660 per year and reduced that of the largest to 10%. Another law more effectively protected retirees and school pensioners. A network of popular libraries was set up, and the capital of the Bank of the Republic, which issued currency and directly loaned money to the public, was substantially increased, while a series of economic-development institutes in fishing, geological drilling, industrial chemistry, agriculture and ranching were set up. A bill that was converted into law and put into execution authorized an issue of Public Debt for the amount of $500,000 "for the purchase or expropriation of land that would be divided into farms and resold on the basis of combinations with the Mortgage Bank of Uruguay." These colonization centers would be set up "in the most appropriate places due to the unnatural nature of the land, its proximity to the roads of communication and transportation facilities to the centers of consumption, for which 'the necessary facilities of the railways would be opportunely managed, and around the Agronomic Stations, as a means of taking advantage of the progressive impulse of the high agricultural education and the suggestive example of the experimental farms." Under an Act of January the 19th 1912 a rural credit section was established within the Bank of the Republic and the formation of local rural credit banks was authorized. By the law of 11 January 1912 the effects of a provision of 1906 that authorized the Executive to import cereal seeds for resale at cost price, free of customs duties, were extended. The Bank of the Republic was also nationalized, with previous laws paving the way for this. As noted by one study "The laws of July 1907 and 17 November 1908 – sanctioned by Batllist chambers – prepared the nationalization of the Bank." Under the law of 17 July 1907, as noted by one study, "$1,000,000 was transferred from the national treasury surplus to increase the capital of the Bank and by the law of 17 November 1908 it was provided that whenever the public revenues exceeded expenditures the dividends on the Bank shares held by the government were to be utilized automatically to acquire the second series of shares originally destined for public distribution." Batlle also expropriated private lands adjacent to a beachfront called the Parque Urbano for a "great maritime promenade" that the poor could access easily, and received legislative approval for a substantial outlay of 3,000,000 pesos together with approval for expansion of Montevideo's traditional promenade, the Prado.
In 1912 the government purchased control of the National Mortgage Bank "and proceeded to liberalize the bank's loan policies. More attention was given to small loans and loans on rural property." Ownership of small farms was encouraged, with the bank purchasing large tracts of land and selling them to settlers in parcels usually 60 acres or less, and purchasers of such parcels were granted a tax exemption of 10 years. According to a 1956 study, since the time the Mortgage Bank was converted from a private to a government-owned and –operated status, "it has been active, though by no means monopolistic, in mortgage financing both in urban and rural areas." A State Insurance Bank was opened in 1912 which assumed a prominent role in the fields of fire and workmen's compensation. As noted by one study, Batlle sought to centralize insurance services "through a state monopoly to lower rates and increase public confidence." Under the State Insurance Bank, insurance was provided for risks such as death, labor accidents, fires, and hail. One defender of the state insurance bill, José Serrato, sought to educate public opinion (which Serrato described as "generally conservative in this country") by refuting ideas that this project marked the start of "communism or collectivism:"
"If by socialism one means the improvement of the working class, the raising of their culture, their means of existence and their human dignity, if one also means a more rational distribution of wealth, if by socialism one means the defense and well being of that great economic factor called man – without which there can be no progress – then this project is clearly socialist; but if by socialism, or immediate socialist goals, one means the disappearance of private property, if by socialism one means the appropriation of all the means of production, I say that this bill is not based on the ideas of that school."
The State Insurance Bank was established on 11 January 1912, and started operations in Fire insurance on 1 March, in workmen's compensation 15 March, and in hail, human life, pedigreed-animal life, marine, glass, and automobile civic responsibility insurance later that year. In 1914 it initiated a campaign to promote old age provision among the poorer classes. As noted by one study, this type of insurance, known as Seguro popular, "was offered without medical examination and without rigid requirements for payment of premium. The poor man was enabled 'to substitute an insurance policy for a savings bank account.' With an ordinary policy he might lose by being unable to continue paying premiums due to loss of his job, but with seguro popular he could deposit money whenever he wished; in the event of becoming incapacitated he withdrew the full amount of his contributions plus 6 percent interest; if he died before the date of policy payment his savings would go to his heirs; if he lived to old age he had a permanent income." A law of 10 November 1916 "provided that capital payments up to $5,000 and income up to $1,200 annually derived from seguro popular could not be attached." However, "Seguro popular (really a deferred annuity with special clauses) failed to gain favour with the public and in 1936 there were less than 200 policies of that type outstanding."
Commenting on the approval of the State Insurance Bank, one historian has noted that the "Senate, like the Chamber, was all-Colorado and a cozy Batllista club. In a single session the State Insurance Bank was approved in both readings."
Other highlights of Batlle's reform program in 1912 included the division of the country into new military zones, creation of an institute of industrial chemistry, the promulgation of a law making the supply of electric light and power a country-wide state monopoly, a bill for suppressing bullfights, decreeing of a law of literary and artistic copyright, approval of an urbanization plan for the city of Montevideo, and the issuance of regulations for a school of nursing. Under a law of 21 October 1912, the State was given, through the Usinas Eléctricas del Estado, "a monopoly of the supply of electric light and power throughout the country." Labour benefited from this decision, with the first budget of Usinas Eléctricas providing for a general increase in wages "which was intended to bring the wage scale up to that of other public utilities and to offset the rising cost of living."
A law of January 1913 authorized the issuance of a loan of 500,000 pesos destined for the purchase and division of land. With the promulgation of the law of 22 January 1913, the State began its direct action "which acquires or expropriates lands to sell them based on the mortgage credit to the settlers. In doing so, it seeks, undoubtedly, to eliminate by competition the colonizing companies that had little or no regard for the interests of the colonists, and that for the same reason — and especially due to the peremptory terms for repayment of the loan — led to failure to most colonizing attempts." The aforementioned law authorized the P.E. to issue a colonization loan worth 500,000 pesos, for "purchase and subdivision of land for agricultural colonization." (art.2) The lots "will be sold in cash or for a term of up to thirty years with a mortgage guarantee, which the P.E. can transfer to the Mortgage Bank by issuing bonds (art.3)." The same Power is also authorized to expropriate the necessary lands "for which purpose it is already declared of public utility" (art. 4), and said lands "shall be free from the payment of Real Estate Tax for a term of ten years and from executions and embargoes originating from debts contracted by the settlers before and during the first five years, except for mortgages." Also, to avoid the concentration of land, it is indicated that "no settler may buy more than one farm". On 6 February 1915, by decree of the P.E., "it was a matter of promoting colonization in a certain specialized sense; In effect, the Colonization Advisory Commission is authorized to buy land for forestry, granting properties with payment facilities to whoever commits to carry out forest plantations in a third of its surface."
Various improvements were carried out to a number of hospitals during Batlle's second presidency while a Permanent Assistance medical service was inaugurated on March the 1st 1913, with (as noted in a presidential message by Batlle) "its true importance could be appreciated, proving its undeniable usefulness, to the point that there has already been a need to expand the elements it has, in order to respond, if not in a complete way, at least very effective, to the needs of the population. The number of emergency assistance, 11,600, in just ten months of operation, is the most eloquent demonstration of the usefulness that the new service provides." A presidential message from 1914 also mentioned various agricultural developments. For instance, the Agricultural Inspectors "have carried out a constant work of extensive teaching, through conferences, consultations, practical lessons, contests, demonstrations, etc., in order to bring the latest agricultural advances to the same rural producer. This is a complementary task of the Agronomic Schools, whose productions can be easily appreciated, since instructing the farmer or rancher on the ground implies the immediate application of the education received for the benefit of increasing and improving rural production." Also, "With the help of the publications, it has also been possible to bring new teachings to the campaign, using, instead of long-read magazines, bulletins of a few pages, with simple instructions and practices written in a style completely within the reach of our rural inhabitants. Seven of these bulletins have been published in the year, five of which have appeared after the month of September, which reveals the effort made, bringing teachings on fruit horticulture; utility, planting and care of trees; land preparation, seed selection and crop rotation; wheat pairing; orange tree cultivation, etc. These publications have circulated profusely and free of charge throughout the campaign, since the editions carried out so far exceed one hundred thousand copies. In addition, the technical personnel of the Inspection have collaborated assiduously in the Magazine of the Ministry of Industries, as evidenced by the fact that more than twenty works have appeared in that publication, and the Zone Agronomic Inspectors publish teaching articles at least every fortnight." In addition, "The Seed Section is well advanced in its work to establish control over the seeds that are sold in commerce, so that farmers acquire good quality grains,—and just as the Chemistry Section has established minimum rates for that farmers and landowners can have land, seeds and rural products in general analyzed, with the benefits that can be imagined."
In 1913, in an attempt to prevent future Presidential dictatorships, Batlle proposed a collective Presidency (colegiado) based on the Swiss Federal Council model. This was offered as a way to prevent presidential dictatorship (in a nation where every person older than 13 had lived under a dictator) while also, as Batlle believed, as one study noted, assuring continuing reform "because the Colorado Party, with its ongoing action program, would control the Colegiado for some years, unlike the present arrangement in which every incoming president was free to reverse or ignore his predecessor's policies." The Colegiado proposal, however, was not welcomed by several politicians. Cabinet ministers resigned, and the majority of the Senate (despite consisting of men personally chosen by Batlle) announced that it would not bring up for debate the legislation that would enable a Constitutional Convention. An unforeseen gold crisis also struck Uruguay. As one study summed up this depressing situation: "Financing businesses became difficult; financing new government projects became impossible. The Bank of the Republic's gold holdings dropped below its charter requirements, and it stopped granting credit. Business was depressed, international trade decreased, government revenues dropped, and the budget surplus became a budget deficit. Workers' wages kept falling, and unemployment rose. Only ranchers, whose meat, wool, and hide exports were bringing first good, and then astronomical, prices were prospering, but they were holding on to their money in these troubled times." Nevertheless, Batlle resisted economic retrenchment and quickly responded to the political crisis. He chose a new cabinet from the young and obscure members of the Colorado Party, men who were committed Colegialists. In an election held on 30 November 1914, the mainstream of the Colorados, the Colegialists, gained 60% of the votes cast, and would have 68 seats in the Chamber of Deputies as opposed to the Nationalists' 21, while the Anticolegialists did not win a single seat.
However, the colegiado proposal was defeated in a 1916 referendum, but Batlle then managed to get support from the Blancos and the Second Constitution was approved by referendum on 25 November 1917. Under the new Constitution, a split executive was created, but the President continued to control the ministries of Foreign Affairs, Interior and Defence. The new nine-man National Council of Administration, which consisted of six Colorados and three Blancos, controlled the ministries of Education, Finances, Economy and Health. Claudio Williman, who served between Batlle's two terms, was his supporter and continued all his reforms, as did the next President Baltasar Brum (1919–23).
Batlle kept a handwritten list of how the Senators stood on the linked issues of the eight-hour day and the Colegiado . On the eight – hour day there were "12 in favour, one doubtful and nothing beside the other five." Support for the Colegiado was less certain, with "7 in favour, 5 against, 6 blank."
According to one study Batlle's fight for the collegiate executive "had overshadowed all else during the closing years of his greatest activity, but Batlle still found time to direct the negotiation of a number of arbitration treaties, to initiate a state-owned railway system, to sponsor a law providing equality of rights between legitimate and natural children, and to prepare a bill establishing pensions for the aged." In regards to the pensions proposal, El Día was confident of its passage, noting in an article dated 31 January 1916
"The discussion of the old-age pensions project, recommended by the P.E., will continue tomorrow in the Chamber of Deputies. The colorado majority is willing to sanction it as soon as possible, without admitting delays that would hurt too much those who have begun to base hopes for a better situation on the sanction of that project."
The same article also noted that
"The observation of the same nationalist representative that they do not have the necessary data to sanction the project lacks solid foundation. It's true, the last census is from 1908. But that's enough. What you need to know is not precisely the number of elderly people and taxpayers in the country. It is the numerical relationship in which they are each other. And this relationship is given as well by the 1908 census as a new one could. On the other hand, if it were necessary to wait for another census to be taken to decree pensions, it can be assured that the project would be postponed for many years.
No! The colorado majorities of the House and Senate allow these beneficent ideas to be carried out and there is no need to stop. All the men in the situation have made them, with beautiful unanimity, their program of principles, which they will not fail to carry out."
Batlle's constitutional reform proposals spilt the Colorado Party; a dissident wing called the riverista Colorados (named after party founder Fructuoso Rivera), according one study, "went off the range on the issue of the collegiate or plural executive." They were led by Pedro Manini Rios, a Colorado who used to be close to Batlle; even drafting a law message of 8 hours and weekly rest in 1911, but broke with him. Manini asked rhetorically in 1913
"Are we socialists or are we Colorados? And let's give ourselves the clear, categorical and definitive answer. The Colorado Party in its capacity as liberal, advanced and evolutionary shares several points of the minimum socialist program, from all the secular solutions to almost all the postulates of legal improvement for the working class; but in its capacity as a party of government, order and institutional defense, it cannot share, it does not share, the purposes of social revolution that animate all socialists."
Manini even voted against the 8-hour law, despite the fact that the initial project for this measure bore his signature. However, although a more conservatively inclined group, the Riveristas called for a number of progressive policies similar to those proposed by Batlle. These included "political rights and civil equality for women; the status of the public official; the Labor Code, with regulations on the work of women and minors; workers' insurance for disability; hygiene and safety in workshops; work accident insurance; measures for forced unemployment; conciliation and arbitration, as a solution to the strike; economical and hygienic rooms for urban and rural workers; improvement and development of assistance; vocational technical schools; construction of urban and rural schools, improvement of salaries and guarantees in the appointments and promotions of teaching personnel; compulsory physical education, free vocational education courses, popular libraries; reform of the tax system, deducting essential items; promotion of industries derived from the use of the country's raw material, promotion of public works and improvement of means of transportation." On one occasion, as documented by one observer, Batlle himself said (according to La Mañana (Uruguay)) that "the Riverist Party had become imbibed with the spirit of Batllism, and stressed that Riverists and Batllists had the same party traditions, and that the Riverist Party was by no means as conservative as the traditional antagonists of the Colorados, the Nationalists."
Other Colorado factions emerged in later years, such as Vierismo and Sosismo, both of which presented themselves as politically progressive. Sosismo identified itself with the defense of workers' rights while "emphasizing the need for a Colorado agreement to overcome internal divisions and thus avoid the triumph of the Blancos." Vierismo characterized the National Party "as a conservative, retrograde, anti-democratic, anti-liberal group, and opposed to foreigners, to social-labour rights, to workers and to the humble classes." As a manifesto of Vierismo dated the 31 December 1919 declared, "No seromos conservadores, sino liberales, porque somos colorados, pero no somos tampoco socialistas (We will not be conservatives, but liberals, because we are colorados, but we are not socialists)."
First presidency of the National Council of Administration (1921–1923)
At the 1920 Uruguayan general election, Batlle was elected to his first term on the National Council of Administration. He subsequently served as its president for a two-year term from 1 March 1921 to 1 March 1923 alongside president Baltasar Brum.
During the presidency of Baltasar Brum, a project was presented by Batlle to the Batllista caucus and by it to the Legislative Body, which established that two-thirds of the profits of the State industrial companies, whose services were mainly provided by workers, would be used to raise the salaries and wages of workers and employees "up to double at least the average of private services." Although it triumphed in the Chamber of Deputies, it was rejected by the Senate.
Second presidency of the National Council of Administration (1927–1928)
At the 1926 Uruguayan general election, Batlle was elected to a new term on the National Council of Administration. He served again as its president from 1 March 1927 for just under one year, alongside new president Juan Campisteguy, until he was succeeded by Luis C. Caviglia on 16 February 1928.
Economic developments
The economy did well for much of Batlle's tenure. The peace following the end of the 1904 war, as noted by one study, "encouraged ranchers, who formed the base of the country's economy, to buy breeding stock to make up for their war losses and to buy or rent more land to pasture their livestock." The nation's businesses started to invest in foreign companies to build miles of new railroad lines and to electrify the trolley lines in Montevideo. In his last annual message Batlle argued that:
"It can be stated without hyperbole that our country has never enjoyed a prosperity superior to the present one or more complete civil and political liberty, from the time it was organized constitutionally. The national energies have been developing with increasing vigor in all economic fields, and for its part the Government has put all its zeal for the public interest into intelligently aiding the progress of the nation. Public works have received a considerable impulse; higher education is moving toward new and fruitful orientations which will widen our general culture and make our principle industries, ranching and agriculture, more scientific. Government income has increased in unprecedented fashion, permitting us to end the financial period with a budget surplus which by itself says more in honor of the Administration than any propaganda could."
Government intervention in the economy also increased during Batlle's time in office. Montevideo's electric power plant was nationalized, a move Batlle justified in the context of his "interest in the widest diffusion and distribution of all classes of services that are presently considered necessary for the general welfare, comfort, and hygiene." As one study noted, Batlle intended the power plant "to be only the first of a set of state enterprises that would provide low-cost services, simultaneously saving the public money and keeping Uruguayan capital from being shipped abroad as profits by foreign companies operating in the country." In 1911, the administration nationalized BROU, a savings and loan institution that monopolized the printing of money, while also establishing industrial institutes for geology and drilling (coal and hydrocarbon explorations), industrial chemistry, and fisheries. In 1914, the administration purchased the North Tramway and Railway Company, which later became the State Railways Administration of Uruguay. In agriculture, a number of government institutes were established "dedicated to technological research and development in the fields of livestock raising, dairying, horticulture, forestation, seeds, and fodder". A protectionist policy for industry was also pursued, with the government imposing, as noted by one study, "tariffs on foreign products, favoring machinery and raw materials imports, and granting exclusive licensing privileges to those who started a new industry". Indigenous companies also emerged, although foreign capital (especially from Britain and the United States), as noted by one study, "also took advantage of the legislation and came to control the meat industry. The growth of the frigorífico meat-processing industry also stimulated the interbreeding of livestock, Uruguay's main source of wealth."
These measures reflected Batlle's belief that the state had a part to play in economic affairs, as he noted in a 1911 when urging the legislature to create government monopolies: "Modern conditions have increased the number of industries that fall under the heading of public services ... competition has ceased to mean something invariably beneficial, monopoly is not necessarily condemnable ... The modern state unhesitatingly accepts its status as an economic organization. It will enter industry when competition is not practicable, when control by private interests vests in them authority inconsistent with the welfare of the State, when a fiscal monopoly may serve as a great source of income to meet urgent tax problems, when the continued export of national wealth is considered undesirable."
Electoral developments
Both the Batllista wing of the Colorado Party and the Colorado Party performed well during Batlle's presidencies, a trend that would continue in subsequent years. In the legislative election that Batlle called for in January 1905, his hand-picked candidates won the majority of seats. According to one study, "It was the first election in thirty years in which the outcome was not predetermined." In the 1905 elections for the House of Diputados, Batlle's sector the Batllistas won 57.7% of the vote. In subsequent elections for the House of Diputados and the Constituency Assembly the Batllistas continued to perform well, winning 64.2% of the vote in 1907, 79.9% of the vote in 1910, 60% of the vote in 1913, 45.2% of the vote in 1916, 49.3% of the vote in 1917, 29.5% of the vote in 1919, and 52.2% of the vote in 1920. Also, in the elections of 1905, 1907 and 1913, in nineteen departments Batllismo won in seventeen. According to one observer "Batllismo, from 1911 to 1915, was all-powerful, dominated absolutely in the Chamber of Deputies, it had some reservations in the Senate. There was not a single nationalist representative in the Senate at that time." As noted by one study, "Until 1917, Batllismo dominated the successive elections and obtained its best result in 1910 with 79.9% of the votes." As noted by another study, "The institutional difficulty resulting from the complex reading of the results was apparently not immediately perceived by contemporaries, but it came to the forefront when in January 1917 the legislative elections held according to the traditional rule of public vote gave Batlle back control of both chambers." One study has noted that 1917 "Batllismo had the majority in the chambers that it lacked in the Constituent Assembly."
Later life
In early 1920 Batlle killed Washington Beltrán Barbat, a National Party deputy, in a formal duel that stemmed from vitriolic editorials published in Batlle's El Día newspaper and Beltrán's El País. His son Washington Beltrán would become President of Uruguay. He also served twice as Chairman of the National Council of Administration (1921–1923, 1927–1928).
After suffering abdominal pain for some time, Battle admitted himself to the Italian Hospital of Montevideo on 18 September 1929 for the first of two planned operations. While Batlle had made somewhat of a recovery a month later (with the second operation planned for another two or three months later), he had suffered some setbacks. Around midday on 20 October, Battle suffered the first of two thromboembolisms, with the second one later that afternoon proving fatal in Uruguay.
Legacy
Probably in no other country in the world in the past two centuries has any one man so deeply left his imprint upon the life and character of a country as has José Batlle y Ordóñez upon Uruguay.
Batlle is commonly explained as being "ahead of his times." He was more than ahead of his times. Batlle created his times. His success reminds us that a man's ideals can lead other men.
The first implementation of the colegiado system which Batlle had championed, the National Council of Administration, was overthrown in a coup by president Gabriel Terra in 1933 and abolished by the third Constitution of Uruguay in 1934, a little over four years after Batlle's death. The idea of the colegiado system remained influential, however, and was reintroduced with the 1952 Constitution of Uruguay in the form of the National Council of Government. The National Council of Government fully abolished the presidency, making it closer to Batlle's desired system, but was itself abolished for a second time and the presidency re-established by the 1967 constitution.
In addition to his reforms, Batlle also succeeded in moving his Colorado Party in a more progressive direction, with one study arguing that
"The revitalization of the Colorado party was one of the early accomplishments of the great Batlle y Ordóñez. Sterility, a creeping cynicism, the incubus of the military dictatorships of recent years, all combined to put the Colorado party in almost as unenviable a position as that occupied by the Blancos. Batlle sold his party on its need for idealism and a program of reform, on the importance of intra-party democracy, discipline, and cohesiveness. The Colorado program, as Batlle thus evolved it, might have been a Latin archetype for the pattern of the New Deal in the United States a generation later."
According to one study,
"During the first quarter of the twentieth century mass democracy did not exist in Uruguay. The rise of José Batille y Ordoñez to the presidency in 1903 and 1911 was due largely to palace intrigue-similar to the political form Gino Germani typified as restricted democracy of notables. The parliament was made up of the old aristocracy, while during the first part of Batlle's second presidency, when the bulk of the interventionist social assistance state appeared, it was dominated by his friends."
According to one source, Batlle was responsible "for directing the liberal, democratic-independence institutional reform of the Eastern Republic of Uruguay, which placed her at the head of progressive and justice achievements; and gave him great fame in the American concert."
The reforms introduced under Batlle, and continued by several of his followers, would help make Uruguay a fairer society. Throughout his life, Batlle expressed his opposition to social injustices in society. On one occasion, he declared: "There is great injustice in the enormous gap between the rich and the poor." In 1917, he argued: "Our population may be divided into those who have received more than they deserve and those who have received less ... But this does not mean that a man is either exploited or an exploiter. The inequality is not deliberate on the part of the most fortunate." That same year, he argued: "The gap must be narrowed-and it is the duty of the State to attempt that task." Batlle believed in the power of the state to reduce inequalities, stating on another occasion: "Modern industry must not be allowed to destroy human beings. The State must regulate it to make more happy the life of the masses."
A public park and a neighborhood in Montevideo are named after him.
There is also a town in Lavalleja Department named after him.
See also
List of political families
Notes
References
Bibliography
External links
"Batllism".
"Batlle y Ordoñez and the Modern State". 1990.
Gerardo Caetano (15 April 2021). "Batlle Y Ordóñez, José (1856–1929)". Encyclopedia.com. Retrieved 10 May 2021.
Includes various editions of "El Batllismo," a Batlle-oriented periodical
Batllismo y Sociedad. La Cuestión Obrera En El Uruguay
Batlle y los problemas sociales en el Uruguay
José Batlle y Ordóñez Documentos Serie VIII 1919–1929 / Convencion Nacional del Partido Colorado 1920–1929 / La Investigación y corrección de pruebas estuvo a cargo de las Sras. Blanca Franzini y Nancy Ferrari de Pucurull. Cuidado de la edición a cargo de Abelardo M. García Viera
Batlle y el Batllismo by Roberto B. Giudici and Efraín González Conzi
In the Shadow of Batille: Workers, State Officials, and the Creation of the Welfare State in Uruguay, 1900–1916 by Lars Edward Peterson, University of Pittsburgh 2014
El Día 1888–1981. 95 años al servicio de la Libertad, 1981
|
José Pablo Torcuato Batlle y Ordóñez ([ˈbaʒe] or [ˈbaʃe]; 23 May 1856 – 20 October 1929), nicknamed Don Pepe, was a prominent Uruguayan politician who served two terms as President of Uruguay for the Colorado Party. The son of a former president, he introduced his political system, Batllism, to South America and modernized Uruguay through his creation of extensive welfare state reforms.
In 1898, Batile served as interim president for a few weeks. He was later elected to the presidency for two terms: from 1903 to 1907 and from 1911 to 1915. He remains one of the most popular Uruguayan presidents, mainly due to his role as a social reformer. Influenced by Krausist liberalism, he is known for influencing the introduction of universal suffrage and the eight-hour workday, as well as free high school education. He was one of the main promoters of Uruguayan secularization, which led to the separation of the state and the Catholic Church. Education started a process of great expansion from the mid-to-late 19th century onward. It became the key to success for the middle class community. The state established free high school education and created more high schools through the country. The University of the Republic was also opened to women, and educational enrollment increased throughout the country. Batlle also "revitalized the Colorado party and strengthened its liberal tradition, giving way to ideas of general and universal interest, and favoring the right of the working class to organize and put forward just demands."
Government intervention in the economy increased during Batlle's tenure. Batlle nationalized Montevideo's electric power plant, and BROU (a savings and loan institution that monopolized the printing of money). He established industrial institutes for geology and drilling (coal and hydrocarbon explorations), industrial chemistry, and fisheries. In 1914, the administration purchased the North Tramway and Railway Company, which later became the State Railways Administration of Uruguay. He implemented protectionist policies for industry. Indigenous companies also emerged, although foreign capital (especially from Britain and the United States), as noted by one study, "also took advantage of the legislation and came to control the meat industry. The growth of the frigorífico meat-processing industry also stimulated the interbreeding of livestock, Uruguay's main source of wealth." Batlle believed in government intervention in the economy, and criticized economic inequality.
Early life and background
Batlle was born in Montevideo on 23 May 1856 to Lorenzo Batlle y Grau and Amalia Ordoñez. Batlle's grandfather, José Batlle y Carreó, had arrived in Montevideo on his own ship with Batlle's grandmother from Sitges, a town near Barcelona, and built a flour mill which won a contract to provision the Royal Spanish Navy in Montevideo. Batlle's grandfather was loyal to the Spanish crown through both the British invasions of the River Plate and the first and second attempts to secure Uruguayan independence from Spain led by José Gervasio Artigas, and subsequently returned to Spain in 1814, and the rest of the Batlle family followed in 1818. Batlle's grandmother died in Sitges in 1823, and his grandfather subsequently returned to Montevideo in 1833 to reopen the flour mill. Batlle's father Lorenzo had been born in Uruguay in 1810, and returned the Montevideo three years before the rest of the family in 1830, after an extensive education in France and Spain. Batlle's father quickly joined and became prominent within the Colorados, and was involved in the Uruguayan Civil War, notably personally escorting Fructuoso Rivera to exile in Brazil in 1847. Lorenzo Batlle married Batlle's mother, the daughter of another Colorado guerrilla, during the Uruguayan Civil War.
The Batlle family were prohombres (prominent figures) within the Colorado Party, with five of Batlle's relatives serving as president. Batlle's father Lorenzo had served as Minister of War during the Great Siege of Montevideo, and was elected President of Uruguay in 1868 when Batlle was 12 years old. Batlle's children César, Rafael and Lorenzo were actively engaged in politics, with César and Lorenzo serving in. He was also the uncle of another Uruguayan president, Luis Batlle Berres, and the great-uncle of President Jorge Batlle, and his uncle-in-law Duncan Stewart served as acting president for three weeks in 1894.
After attending an English school in Montevideo, Batlle began studying at the University of the Republic. At university, he became involved in the discussions and debates between the 'idealists' and 'positivists'. Led by Prudencio Váquez y Vega, Batlle was a prominent member of the idealists. Batlle's political ideology was influenced by the work of philosopher Heinrich Ahrens, whose work was introduced to Batlle by Váquez y Vega. Ahrens 'Course of Natural Law,' as one study noted, "exalted the human personality and made proposals for the reform of society based on the innate dignity of man." Batlle acknowledged a great debt later in life to Váquez y Vega, writing in 1913 on the title page of a gift copy of Ahrens "in this great work I formed my criterion of the law and it has served me as a guide in my public life." Batlle left university in 1879 without completing his law degree, and the following year a 24-year-old Batlle convinced his father to let him study for a year in Paris, where he took a course in English and sat in on philosophy lectures at the Sorbonne and Collège de France before returning home when money ran out.
Batlle also became a prominent journalist. In 1878 Batlle and a friend founded a raionalistic journal, 'El Espíritu Nuevo,' whose mission was "the total emancipation of the American spirit from the tutelage of the Old World." Batlle contributed scientific articles and poetry to the review, and later that year started contributing articles to a Montevideo newspaper. His first article, published 3 days before he turned 23, was an attack on the dictatorship of Colonel Lorenzo Latorre. In 1881 Batlle assumed the editorship of La Razon to oppose the government of General Santos. Batlle was exposed to all kinds of threats until one night his house was assaulted and an attempt made against the life of his father at whom shots were fired but which fortunately missed their mark.
In 1885, Batlle returned to the journalistic field in company with the famous journalist Dr. Teofilo D. Gil. He and Gil devoted themselves to preparing the public sentiment for a revolutionary outbreak. As noted by one study, however, "Hardly had the opportunity arrived when Batlle, who had started with Rufino T. Dominguez the organization of the first battalion of volunteers, abandoned the pen of the journalist, emigrated to Buenos Aires, and devoted himself exclusively to the work of a soldier, until the unfortunate issue of the struggle at Quebracho."
In 1886, Batlle founded the newspaper El Día, which he used as a political platform for criticizing his opponents and promoting his reformist agenda. That same year Batlle undertook a campaign in El Día on behalf of the children in an orphan asylum and of pauper maniacs in an insane asylum. This campaign, one study noted, "had the excellent result of depriving the City Council of Montevideo of the control of public charity and entrusting it to a commission of distinguished citizens." When a new revolutionary movement started at Buenos Aires, Batlle removed there to act as secretary to Colonel Galeano. However, the movement died in its inception, and returning to Montevideo Batlle again assumed the editorship of El Día. By March 1887 however, as noted by one study, "Batlle was ready to launch upon a new aspect of his life's work, that of reorganizing and revivifying the Colorado Party." Batlle's time in the journalistic battle had convinced him that the Colorado Party still had a "powerful vitality" but had been seriously discredited and comprised by several dictatorships carrying the Colorado label. As noted by one study, "Batlle was convinced that the Colorado Party "must recover its prestige" so that the country could enter an era that he characterized as "institutional truth, fruitful freedom, order and solid and enlightened progress." Faced with the lack of structure of the Colorado Party in 1903, the elected President of the Republic became its natural guide, since his influence was decisive for the appointments of candidates and Political Leaders; and Batlle used that power to promote numerous changes in the party organization."
Political career
Batlle's political career began in 1887, when he was appointed as the jefe político of department of Minas. His appointment was short-lived, for he resigned after six months to seek election to the Chamber of Deputies as a candidate on the Colorado ticket. After a disagreement with then-president Máximo Tajes, however, Batlle lost his spot on the ticket. Following his departure to Minas, El Día stopped publishing, but Batlle reopened the paper in 1889 to support the campaign of Julio Herrera y Obes for the presidency, whose financial support helped Batlle reopen the paper. The new El Día sold at 2 cents a copy on the streets. As noted by one study, it was "the first street sale of newspapers in Uruguay, the first newspaper whose aim was mass readership." The presidency of Herrera y Obes disappointed Batlle however, with one study noting that
"Batlle had been working to reorganize the Colorado Party so that it could win real elections and name presidents. Herrera y Obes saw the party's role differently it should be the instrument of the president, not his superior; the power of the government, not the broad base of the party, would win the elections. When Herrera y Obes proceeded to name the Colorado candidates for the legislature, Batlle broke with the President. And when Idiarte Borda continued Herrera y Obes' political tactics and combined them with overt corruption, Batlle erupted in Colorado party meetings and in the press. The young grocery clerk who assassinated Borda in '97, during Saravia's revolution, had been inspired, he said, by the bitter articles against the President in opposition newspapers, but evil tongues insisted that Batlle's connection with the assassination was more direct than merely writing blistering press editorials."
Batlle turned his support to Juan Lindolfo Cuestas, whom Batlle saw as an opportunity to have free elections and remake the Colorado Party along the lines Batlle had long preached. Batlle would become President of the National executive Committee of the Colorado Party, or at least the pro-Cuestas faction of the party. He was eventually elected in 1891 as a deputy for the department of Salto, and quickly rose to further prominence within the Colorado party. Batlle started organizing Colorado party clubs based on "grass-roots" democratic assemblies, and towards the end of 1895 circumstances led to Batlle adopting a pro-labor attitude that he would hold for the rest of his life. Montevideo workers who sought to improve their wages and reduce their working hours (which were 15–19 hours daily) organized and went on strike. The government, made up of Batlle's own Colorado party, denounced the strikers as "rebellious workers" and brought all of its force to bear to break the strike The strikers were strongly supported by Batlle and El Día, where Batlle wrote "if this working day ought to be considered suicide for the workers, it is, on the part of the employer, an assassination." El Día started a permanent department called "The Working Man's Movement" as a forum for the employed classes. Batlle continued his ruminations through his years as a Colorado politician. On one occasion, while confiding some of his ruminations with Julio Herrera y Obes (while Batlle was still on good terms with him) the latter replied, astounded "Why, man, you're a socialist!" Similarly, Cuestas, who didn't trust Batlle entirely, described him as such "This citizen is a young man of 45, well educated, the son of the late President Batlle, a newspaperman by profession, a revolutionary political agitator, a very tall man with the muscles of a Roman gladiator. He is popular with the politically active elements of the younger generation. He is not accepted by conservative opinion."
Despite this, Cuestas did not veto Batlle's candidacy for the presidency as his government still needed the Colorado political support Batlle contributed. However, Cuestas had no intention of allowing Batlle to succeed him, instead wanting a successor who would continue his cardinal principles, strict economy and conciliation of the Nationalists. Cuestas had in mind his Minister of Government, Eduardo MacEachen, who was a substantial landowner and prominent member of the conservative classes. In the end, Batlle would go on to succeed Cuestas as president to put in place policies that tackled the numerous social issues facing Uruguay.
Senate
Batlle was elected as a senator for Montevideo Department in November 1898, and rapidly became President of the Senate of Uruguay. As the President of the Senate was (at the time) the first in line to the presidency, Batlle briefly served as the acting President of Uruguay while Juan Lindolfo Cuestas stepped aside to legitimate his de facto presidency in 1899. While President of the Senate Batlle was, according to one study, "second-ranking elective official in the country, until a coalition of conservative Colorados and Blancos expelled him from the post in 1900. He continued his organizational and ideological efforts within the party, with much success. In the 1903 election, he became the President of the Republic. The country's highest post allowed him nearly full control of public policy and the opportunity to forward his broad program of social and economic reform."
At elections in 1900, however, the Colorados performed poorly, and dissident Colorado senators elected Juan Carlos Blanco Fernández as President of the Senate by one vote. Batlle would later briefly regain the position of President of the Senate in February 1903 before becoming President of the Republic.
First presidency (1903–07)
Revolution of 1904
In 1904 Batlle's government forces successfully ended the intermittent Uruguayan Civil War which had persisted for many years, when the opposing National Party leader Aparicio Saravia was killed at the battle of Masoller. Without their leader, Saravia's followers abandoned their fight, starting a period of relative peace.
After victory over the Blancos, Batlle introduced widespread political, social, and economic reforms, such as a welfare program, government participation in many facets of the economy, and a new constitution. Between 1904 and 1916, according one study, "the triumphant sector of the Colorado Party, Batllism, emphasized social programs and what the philosopher Carlos Vaz Ferreira (1915) denominated pobrismo (focus on poverty), constructing a state that was intended to be the "shield of the weak" (Perelli 1985)." According to one historian, Batlle ratified his war victory "with the electoral victory of 1905, which led his supporters to form a majority in the legislature and dominate the Colorado Party organization throughout the country. Once his position was secured, he was ready for reforms."
Social reforms
During Batlle y Ordóñez's term in office, secularization became a major political issue. Uruguay banned crucifixes in hospitals by 1906, and eliminated references to God and the Gospel in public oaths. Divorce laws were also established during this time. A number of other projects were approved during Batlle's first presidency, such as an increase in resources allocated to teaching, the contracting of a loan of for the construction and improvement of roads, free distribution of seeds and clothing to poor farmers, the permanent sale of seeds on behalf of the State, the creation of the Faculties of Veterinary Medicine and Agronomy, and the creation of colonies on expropriated estates in Paysandú. According to one study, the modifications introduced to the initial proposal made the expropriation impossible. In 1904 an Education Pension Fund established in 1896 was extended to include the administrative employees of the school system. That same year, a Civil Service Pension Fund was set up that was aimed at regularizing the civil-service pension system "while expanding both coverage and benefits." The Assembly modified the retirement and civil pension system in this way:
"Public employees who have more than 10 years of service and are unable to continue due to illness, disability or advanced age; employees who, after having served the same number of years, cease due to termination of employment or exoneration, not due to omission or crime; and those with more than 30 years of service and 60 years of age. The mother, the widow and the minor and unmarried children of public employees are entitled to a pension. The Fund is integrated with the help of a monthly fee of 6,000 pesos paid by the State, (doubled later), the monthly discount of one day's salary for employees (5% later) and other lesser taxes. The funds will be invested in public debt securities. Retirement will be as many thirty-thirds of the average salary that the employee has enjoyed in the last five years, as long as the years of service rendered. The pension in favor of the relatives of the employee, will be half of the retirement, Retirements and pensions can not be seized or disposed of."
In 1903, the executive branch had to "actively attend to the seed supply service in various agricultural regions of the country", which had punished by drought and the subsequent loss of crops. Stimulated by the first successes of the distribution, it authorized the Department of Livestock and Agriculture to establish a Seed Station on the fiscal lands of Toledo. A later year, the Assembly enacted a law "authorising the Executive Branch to allow the free importation of seeds for three years". The subsequent losses of agriculture gave rise "to the Public Powers intensifying their stimulating action" with a 1906 law authorizing the government to help abandoned farmers with food and seeds. A supplementary credit of 50,000 pesos was allocated for this purpose. In 1904, the Executive Power appointed a commission in charge of drawing up a protection plan for morally and materially destitute minors. In July 1903, a resolution was sent by Defense Minister Jose Serrato to the General directorate of Public Instruction, creating night courses for adults. In 1906, departmental high schools were created.
Batlle's time in office also saw the improvement of roads, the construction of bridges and ports, the navigation of some important interior rivers, the creation of the Veterinary and Agronomy Schools, the construction of school buildings worth $1,000, 000, the improvement of many services, the start of construction of the Pereira-Rossell Children's Hospital and the inauguration of the Military Hospital. In 1905, Batlle negotiated and obtained from the Assembly the abolition of 10% and 5% reductions on salaries of less than $360 a year. A decree established the Central Board of Aid, "under whose supervision the National Charity Commission acted, in the relief and hospitalization of the wounded and sick of the civil war of 1904." A law that authorized the introduction of electric traction in the trams of La Comercial had been vetoed by the Government of Battle's predecessor Cuestas in 1902 on the grounds that the traction systems were in their infancy and that the term of 75 years was excessively long. One of the first measures of Batlle's administration consisted in the withdrawal of that veto, and thanks to this the work began immediately. The Executive Power justified this decision by arguing that the change of traction was a progress that Montevideo demanded and that it would have "effective repercussions in the improvement of the housing of the working class, due to the ease with which he will be able to transpose daily the distances that separate the habitual center of occupations from the localities where land ownership can still be obtained relatively cheaply."
Sanitation works were also carried out, while yielding to the exhortation of the Executive Power, the Charity Commission granted the "Uruguayan League against Tuberculosis" a monthly subsidy of $2,000 which the same Executive Power obtained after it was raised to $3,000, invoking the importance of the work undertaken by the League. The Conversion and Public Works Loan Law passed in 1906 earmarked $1,000,000 for school construction. That amount was reinforced with $200,000 and later with $300,000 during Battle's second administration. The university curriculum was expanded, foreign professors and technicians were brought in, and scholarships for study in Europe and the United States were set up. University expansion also took place. A decree authorized a long-needed house-to-house property reassessment of Montevideo; "the decree required land to be evaluated separately from improvements." For the first time, army and police uniforms were required to be made from Uruguayan cloth, while the government also stipulated the piece rate paid the seamstresses who sewed the uniforms. Under a law of the 27th September 1906 the name of an enterprise was changed to Usina Eléctrica de Montevideo, "with exclusive privilege of selling electric light and power in Montevideo for twenty years." The Executive was given power to fix rates, while profits "after setting aside 15 per cent for reserves, were to go to the Junta Económico-Administrativa de Montevideo. The Act's original purpose had been to enable the Usina to meet power requirements, but the law was passed on the promise of lower lighting rates and better service on the insistence of the Cámara de Representantes."
Various developments in Public Assistance also took place during Batlle's first presidency. As noted by a 1905 presidential message
"In the past year, the National Charity Commission has had to attend, apart from the ordinary services entrusted to it by law, the numerous wounded and sick from the armed forces, and provide the mobilized corps and the organized expeditions with by the Central Aid Board, the healing elements and the necessary medicines. This extraordinary attention has not prevented, however, the continuation of the expansion and improvement plan begun in previous years, among them worthy of mention the completion and fitting out of the new women's department in the Asylum for Beggars and Chronic People; the expansion of the infirmary of the Asylum for Foundlings and Orphans; the inauguration of electric lighting in the Hospital; several sanitation works in the Isolation House and other works, although of less importance, all tending to improve the hygienic conditions of the Nursing Homes and Hospices. The National Commission has also cooperated with its revenues to support the Dispensaries of the Anti-Tuberculosis League and some departmental hospitals, and has contributed, by dispensing prescriptions free of charge, to the action of Home Public Assistance and various philanthropic societies."
In a 1906 presidential message, other developments in public charity, hygiene and health were noted:
"After having fulfilled the primary duty of rendering solicitous care to the sick wounded of the last conflict, the Government has devoted its attention to the improvement of this important branch, and hopes to obtain satisfactory results. During this period, the National Council of Hygiene sponsored the project of one of its members on the creation of establishments called 'Gota de Leche,' so beneficial to the health of children and to the education of mothers because it provides them with resources and knowledge to raise their children properly. This mission was entrusted to the National Commission of Charity and efforts will be made to complete it through a law that protects newborns and prevents their mothers from abandoning them when exercising the profession of wet nurses. By continuing to apply the current international sanitary agreement, said Council planned to establish a disinfection center in the port, and by accepting said project, the Government offered to provide a credit of $32,000 to be repaid. In addition, said Council was authorized to acquire a steamer equipped with the necessary apparatus for the maritime health service. It was proposed to create the post of terrestrial health inspector whose mission will be to travel to any point in the Republic where an epidemic develops in order to adopt the appropriate measures with due authority and competence. At present, a project to reform the organic law of the Council, the formation of the 'Codex medicamentarius' and several regulations that have to complete the health service are being studied. For the rest, the sanitary state of the Republic is excellent and the municipal authorities cooperate with the National Council of Hygiene to improve all this service and ensure that the ordinances are strictly applied and that a true zeal is shown in combating contagious diseases."
Proposals for labor reform
A progressive supporter of labor rights, Batlle also presided over a number of pro-labor policies. Batlle had identified his Colorado Party with labor, stating in April 1887, regarding a demonstration that was organized in Montevideo "It is true : in the Colorado Party, the element of the people predominates, the working classes." In a speech he made during his first presidency, Batlle described his Colorado Party as one that was concerned with peoples' well-being, stating that "I cannot accompany you in supporting the motto that you carry "Down with peace", because my duty as President of the Republic is to guarantee peace and harmony, because peace means advancement, progress, the well-being of the people, which is the true motto of the Colorado Party. I declare that if I had been brought to this position to provoke the war, I would not have accepted it; but I can guarantee that in this conflict, in which the Nation has been so unjustly involved, I will preserve by all legal means the Colorado Party's stay in power, which currently means the stability of the constitutional order, making an effort at the same time to avoid bloodshed, the ruin of national wealth and all the horrors that civil content brings, as an obligatory procession. It is not enough for the Party to have power, it is necessary to govern to do good, it is necessary to govern with honor for the same." One 1913 study reflected this view, stating that (in relation to the late Nineteenth Century) "In the proximity of the '73 elections, and as always, his first act was to formulate a concise exposition of ideas that honors our party annals. This was the obsessive concern of our party, to root more and more in the field of law, freedom and social justice."
During Batlle's first presidency regulations on police procedure during strikes were promulgated for the first time. Police had to remain neutral, protecting both the right to strike and the right to work. Also for the first time during Batlle's first presidency on May Day labor demonstrators were granted police permits to parade through the center of Montevideo. According to one study "They sang the Internationale and heard fiery speeches. One speaker exulted that Uruguay now led South America in modern ideas because of its President's liberalism." On another occasion during his first presidency, Batlle helped resolve a rail strike. This occurred after a union formed by railroad workers made a list of demands that the railroad rejected, including dismissal payments to men over 50 who were discharged, 2 days off with pay every month, wages of 80 pesos a month for locomotive engineers and 1 peso and 20 cents a day for manual laborers, and an 8-hour day 6 months a year and a 10-hour day the other 6 months. Claudio Williman, the railroad's former attorney, was sent by Batlle to offer himself as mediator. As noted by one study, the railroad "knew Batlle's pro-labor sympathies, verified by Williman's presence, and accepted most of the striker's demands, It drew a line at recognizing the union, but promised to take back the strike leaders in due time – a remarkable concession. The jubilant strikers returned to work."
Batlle also prepared a labor reform project aimed at improving working conditions, although legislative realities delayed the time in which he submitted this to the legislature for consideration. According to one study, "One reason why Chamber debate on divorce and kindred bills had been allowed to drag was the certainty that the Senate, as presently constituted, would not be disposed to their passage." Following senate elections in 1906, the Executive sent Batlle's labor project to the legislature. Explaining in a post-election interview why he had held the bill back for so long, Batlle stated that
"I have worked to prepare a plan of social reforms, all designed to look after and to liberate the working classes. But you must realize that up to now we have had a Senate composed of good patriots, but conservatives. The new Senate, on the other hand, will be entirely liberal and will not put obstacles in the way of the reforms. The workers already know that they will find protection in the government. I believe – in effect – that in countries like ours, where the problem of liberty is already resolved, it is necessary to begin to resolve social problems."
The project provided for an eight-hour limit "in the strenuous and intensive occupations and ten hours in the less exacting commercial occupations" while a one-year transition period was provided "during which an additional hour per day was permitted." It also provided for regulation of the labour of women and children, a weekly rest day, and prohibition of the labour of women for four weeks after child-birth "during which period the State would provide suitable financial support." The bill's main objective was the eight-hour day but despite having a workable majority in Congress "he was unable to persuade his party to accept this radical innovation." On 26 June 1911 a new labor bill was sent to Congress by Batlle which provided for an eight-hour day "without the intermediate period of one year established in his earlier bill and with broadened coverage," repeated provisions as to weekly rest and child labour, and increased the compulsory period of rest after child-birth to forty-five days. On 31 May 1913 the Chamber approved in general Batlle's project modified by its Labor Commission, with provisions on child labor and women's work left aside to include them in a separate project, as well as the day of rest. A Chamber Committee had left out these provisions to simplify passage and Batlle, according to one study, "to close off accusations of Godless crackpotism, acknowledged that the one-day-in-six provision was "an aspiration for the future," and agreed to the committee's procedures. The chamber leadership knew what Batlle wanted, and the Chamber voted down requests for delay for additional documentation." The Chamber voted 44 in favor and 8 against. As discussions in the House developed, several conservative Colorado legislators tried to reactivate a proposal to increase the working day by 3 hours through a contract, but that initiative was rejected. By voice vote, with the result being sufficiently close for Gregorio L. Rodríguez (the deputy who put forward the 3 hour overtime provision as an amendment) to call for a second vote, overtime was defeated. In the Senate, however, approval was hindered until the chambers were renewed on 17 November 1915, when the project was finally voted affirmatively.
New Colorado platforms
Various Colorado Party platforms were also drafted and/or adopted during Batlle's first presidency. In September 1905 the Colorado Executive Committee and the Colorado legislators entrusted Pedro Manini Rios (the leader of the young Colorados) to draft a pre-electoral manifesto that would serve as a party program. Manini summed up Colorado accomplishments in 40 years of power and outlined a 5-point program. This included constitutional reform, concern for labor, economic self-sufficiency, increase of rural population, and reduction of taxes on consumption. As noted by one study however, "None of the points proposed anything specific. For example, the labor plank invoked the standard consoling fiction "It is an exaggeration to present these problems in our society in the almost dreadful terms in which they are agitated ... in some European societies." In 1907 Jose Espalter was tasked with drawing up a party program that would include constitutional refor, separation of Church and State, municipal autonomy, and labor legislation. The program favored reduction of consumption taxes and the enacting of progressive taxation, not of the magnitude that would despoil private fortunes but rather "a limited and moderate progression, whose rate oscillates between certain limits." In addition, the State had a right to intervene in labor questions, but "It is a matter of elevated inspiration and exquisite tact." At the end of the Batlle's first government in February 1907, the National Convention of the Colorado Party met and formulated a declaration of principles. These were "Reform of the Constitution; universal suffrage, that is, authorization to vote in favor of all citizens; election of the President of the Republic directly by the people; proportional representation of the parties; autonomous municipalities; the rights of assembly and association are not expressly enshrined in the Constitution and that gap must be filled; separation: of Church and State; easy naturalization of foreigners; decrease in consumption taxes, establishing instead a progressive tax; solution of problems related to capital and labor, within the limits of justice, law and freedom."
Activities following the first presidency
Following the end of his first presidency, Batlle went on an extended tour of Europe and other foreign parts. One of Batlle's main purposes was to study Europe's political and economic problems. He also headed the Uruguayan delegation to the Second Hague Conference, where he proposed a plan for a society of nations to maintain peace. After the conference adjourned Batlle visited Switzerland; becoming familiar with the contributions that country made to the science of government. By December 1909, agitation was begun by the Colorado Party to make him their candidate in 1911. A small conservative anti-Batlle sentiment within the Colorado Party "was lost in a growing tide of enthusiasm for a renomination." On July the 3rd 1910 Batlle's candidacy was unanimously proclaimed by the party's national committee. Batlle stated in a letter to the party's committee while he was in Europe the kind of platform he could stand for. Apart from his reiterated advocacy of an eight-hour day, Batlle "took a stand for popular instead of legislative election of the national president; for proportional representation of parties in the congress; for assurance of such workers' rights as those to life, health, and culture; for full protection of children, women, the ill, and the aged; for free and assisted immigration; for free public instruction in all its levels and obligatory education at the elementary level; for assistance to stock raising and agriculture and the stimulation of national industry; for the organization by the state of all services social interest." According to one study, "Truly it was a broad platform, hewn to a political design far in advance of its time."
Second presidency (1911–15)
In 1913, influenced by visiting and studying French and Swiss politics between his first and second terms, Batlle proposed a reorganization of the government which would replace the presidency with a nine-member National Council of Administration, similar to the Swiss Federal Council. Batlle's proposal for a collective leadership body was defeated in 1916 referendum, but he managed to establish a model in which executive powers were split between the presidency and the National Council of Administration when a variant of his proposal was implemented with the Constitution of 1918.
Further reforms were carried out during Batlle's second presidency. As noted by one study, following the swearing in of Batlle's ministers, "that "rain" of projects which so disturbed conservative opinion during Batlle's first administration again began to fall." A few days after Batlle assumed the presidency, Ramón V. Benzano (the newly appointed Mayor of Montevideo) "ordered the Department of Public Health to inspect all the tenements, most of which, according to a 1906 survey, lacked light and air and space, and close those that were not improved within a year." A special labor division of the Montevideo police set up under Claudio Williman was abolished, and Batlle announced that he would reintroduce his bill providing for an 8-hour day. In order to prepare materials for the study of the labor problems, the Executive Power resolved in 1913 that the Labor Office would include a number of topics in its program such as Cost of living in relation to wages, Offer and job demand, Labor census, Situation of the worker element, Labor legislation, and Organization of employers and workers. On 17 May 1912 a law was approved providing for the creation of the Women's Section of Secondary Education. Expansion and dissemination of physical education also took place, with a National Commission of Physical Education set up and sports places in Montevideo and in the interior established. Industrial education was expanded while free secondary and university education was introduced and departmental high schools created in the interior while a female section of secondary education was established, which managed to get many girls to go to high school.
Under a law of 21 July 1914 industrial employers, including those in state and municipal establishments, "were required to install safety devices to prevent accidents in the use of machinery." The law required that "dangerous machinery should be inspected, if necessary; that steam engines, wheels, and turbines be accessible only to their operators; that women and children should not be employed in the cleaning or repair of machinery in motion; that gears be shielded; that masons and painters working at a height of more than 3 metres be protected by a rail 90 centimetres on each side, etc." A 1914 law on severance pay, which referred to commercial employees, introduced two months' notice before dismissal together with compensation proportional to the years of work that the worker had in his job.
Foreign professors were hired to establish new university schools such as agronomy and veterinary medicine, agricultural and home economics courses were established for rural youth, and study missions were sent abroad. In regards to salary discounts, The Executive Branch addressed the Assembly requesting that the discount suffered by Passive Classes in general be reduced to 10%. The measure came to favor 3,739 people. The Assembly also completely abolished the 19% tax on assignments and salaries that did not exceed $660 per year and reduced that of the largest to 10%. Another law more effectively protected retirees and school pensioners. A network of popular libraries was set up, and the capital of the Bank of the Republic, which issued currency and directly loaned money to the public, was substantially increased, while a series of economic-development institutes in fishing, geological drilling, industrial chemistry, agriculture and ranching were set up. A bill that was converted into law and put into execution authorized an issue of Public Debt for the amount of $500,000 "for the purchase or expropriation of land that would be divided into farms and resold on the basis of combinations with the Mortgage Bank of Uruguay." These colonization centers would be set up "in the most appropriate places due to the unnatural nature of the land, its proximity to the roads of communication and transportation facilities to the centers of consumption, for which 'the necessary facilities of the railways would be opportunely managed, and around the Agronomic Stations, as a means of taking advantage of the progressive impulse of the high agricultural education and the suggestive example of the experimental farms." Under an Act of January the 19th 1912 a rural credit section was established within the Bank of the Republic and the formation of local rural credit banks was authorized. By the law of 11 January 1912 the effects of a provision of 1906 that authorized the Executive to import cereal seeds for resale at cost price, free of customs duties, were extended. The Bank of the Republic was also nationalized, with previous laws paving the way for this. As noted by one study "The laws of July 1907 and 17 November 1908 – sanctioned by Batllist chambers – prepared the nationalization of the Bank." Under the law of 17 July 1907, as noted by one study, "$1,000,000 was transferred from the national treasury surplus to increase the capital of the Bank and by the law of 17 November 1908 it was provided that whenever the public revenues exceeded expenditures the dividends on the Bank shares held by the government were to be utilized automatically to acquire the second series of shares originally destined for public distribution." Batlle also expropriated private lands adjacent to a beachfront called the Parque Urbano for a "great maritime promenade" that the poor could access easily, and received legislative approval for a substantial outlay of 3,000,000 pesos together with approval for expansion of Montevideo's traditional promenade, the Prado.
In 1912 the government purchased control of the National Mortgage Bank "and proceeded to liberalize the bank's loan policies. More attention was given to small loans and loans on rural property." Ownership of small farms was encouraged, with the bank purchasing large tracts of land and selling them to settlers in parcels usually 60 acres or less, and purchasers of such parcels were granted a tax exemption of 10 years. According to a 1956 study, since the time the Mortgage Bank was converted from a private to a government-owned and –operated status, "it has been active, though by no means monopolistic, in mortgage financing both in urban and rural areas." A State Insurance Bank was opened in 1912 which assumed a prominent role in the fields of fire and workmen's compensation. As noted by one study, Batlle sought to centralize insurance services "through a state monopoly to lower rates and increase public confidence." Under the State Insurance Bank, insurance was provided for risks such as death, labor accidents, fires, and hail. One defender of the state insurance bill, José Serrato, sought to educate public opinion (which Serrato described as "generally conservative in this country") by refuting ideas that this project marked the start of "communism or collectivism:"
"If by socialism one means the improvement of the working class, the raising of their culture, their means of existence and their human dignity, if one also means a more rational distribution of wealth, if by socialism one means the defense and well being of that great economic factor called man – without which there can be no progress – then this project is clearly socialist; but if by socialism, or immediate socialist goals, one means the disappearance of private property, if by socialism one means the appropriation of all the means of production, I say that this bill is not based on the ideas of that school."
The State Insurance Bank was established on 11 January 1912, and started operations in Fire insurance on 1 March, in workmen's compensation 15 March, and in hail, human life, pedigreed-animal life, marine, glass, and automobile civic responsibility insurance later that year. In 1914 it initiated a campaign to promote old age provision among the poorer classes. As noted by one study, this type of insurance, known as Seguro popular, "was offered without medical examination and without rigid requirements for payment of premium. The poor man was enabled 'to substitute an insurance policy for a savings bank account.' With an ordinary policy he might lose by being unable to continue paying premiums due to loss of his job, but with seguro popular he could deposit money whenever he wished; in the event of becoming incapacitated he withdrew the full amount of his contributions plus 6 percent interest; if he died before the date of policy payment his savings would go to his heirs; if he lived to old age he had a permanent income." A law of 10 November 1916 "provided that capital payments up to $5,000 and income up to $1,200 annually derived from seguro popular could not be attached." However, "Seguro popular (really a deferred annuity with special clauses) failed to gain favour with the public and in 1936 there were less than 200 policies of that type outstanding."
Commenting on the approval of the State Insurance Bank, one historian has noted that the "Senate, like the Chamber, was all-Colorado and a cozy Batllista club. In a single session the State Insurance Bank was approved in both readings."
Other highlights of Batlle's reform program in 1912 included the division of the country into new military zones, creation of an institute of industrial chemistry, the promulgation of a law making the supply of electric light and power a country-wide state monopoly, a bill for suppressing bullfights, decreeing of a law of literary and artistic copyright, approval of an urbanization plan for the city of Montevideo, and the issuance of regulations for a school of nursing. Under a law of 21 October 1912, the State was given, through the Usinas Eléctricas del Estado, "a monopoly of the supply of electric light and power throughout the country." Labour benefited from this decision, with the first budget of Usinas Eléctricas providing for a general increase in wages "which was intended to bring the wage scale up to that of other public utilities and to offset the rising cost of living."
A law of January 1913 authorized the issuance of a loan of 500,000 pesos destined for the purchase and division of land. With the promulgation of the law of 22 January 1913, the State began its direct action "which acquires or expropriates lands to sell them based on the mortgage credit to the settlers. In doing so, it seeks, undoubtedly, to eliminate by competition the colonizing companies that had little or no regard for the interests of the colonists, and that for the same reason — and especially due to the peremptory terms for repayment of the loan — led to failure to most colonizing attempts." The aforementioned law authorized the P.E. to issue a colonization loan worth 500,000 pesos, for "purchase and subdivision of land for agricultural colonization." (art.2) The lots "will be sold in cash or for a term of up to thirty years with a mortgage guarantee, which the P.E. can transfer to the Mortgage Bank by issuing bonds (art.3)." The same Power is also authorized to expropriate the necessary lands "for which purpose it is already declared of public utility" (art. 4), and said lands "shall be free from the payment of Real Estate Tax for a term of ten years and from executions and embargoes originating from debts contracted by the settlers before and during the first five years, except for mortgages." Also, to avoid the concentration of land, it is indicated that "no settler may buy more than one farm". On 6 February 1915, by decree of the P.E., "it was a matter of promoting colonization in a certain specialized sense; In effect, the Colonization Advisory Commission is authorized to buy land for forestry, granting properties with payment facilities to whoever commits to carry out forest plantations in a third of its surface."
Various improvements were carried out to a number of hospitals during Batlle's second presidency while a Permanent Assistance medical service was inaugurated on March the 1st 1913, with (as noted in a presidential message by Batlle) "its true importance could be appreciated, proving its undeniable usefulness, to the point that there has already been a need to expand the elements it has, in order to respond, if not in a complete way, at least very effective, to the needs of the population. The number of emergency assistance, 11,600, in just ten months of operation, is the most eloquent demonstration of the usefulness that the new service provides." A presidential message from 1914 also mentioned various agricultural developments. For instance, the Agricultural Inspectors "have carried out a constant work of extensive teaching, through conferences, consultations, practical lessons, contests, demonstrations, etc., in order to bring the latest agricultural advances to the same rural producer. This is a complementary task of the Agronomic Schools, whose productions can be easily appreciated, since instructing the farmer or rancher on the ground implies the immediate application of the education received for the benefit of increasing and improving rural production." Also, "With the help of the publications, it has also been possible to bring new teachings to the campaign, using, instead of long-read magazines, bulletins of a few pages, with simple instructions and practices written in a style completely within the reach of our rural inhabitants. Seven of these bulletins have been published in the year, five of which have appeared after the month of September, which reveals the effort made, bringing teachings on fruit horticulture; utility, planting and care of trees; land preparation, seed selection and crop rotation; wheat pairing; orange tree cultivation, etc. These publications have circulated profusely and free of charge throughout the campaign, since the editions carried out so far exceed one hundred thousand copies. In addition, the technical personnel of the Inspection have collaborated assiduously in the Magazine of the Ministry of Industries, as evidenced by the fact that more than twenty works have appeared in that publication, and the Zone Agronomic Inspectors publish teaching articles at least every fortnight." In addition, "The Seed Section is well advanced in its work to establish control over the seeds that are sold in commerce, so that farmers acquire good quality grains,—and just as the Chemistry Section has established minimum rates for that farmers and landowners can have land, seeds and rural products in general analyzed, with the benefits that can be imagined."
In 1913, in an attempt to prevent future Presidential dictatorships, Batlle proposed a collective Presidency (colegiado) based on the Swiss Federal Council model. This was offered as a way to prevent presidential dictatorship (in a nation where every person older than 13 had lived under a dictator) while also, as Batlle believed, as one study noted, assuring continuing reform "because the Colorado Party, with its ongoing action program, would control the Colegiado for some years, unlike the present arrangement in which every incoming president was free to reverse or ignore his predecessor's policies." The Colegiado proposal, however, was not welcomed by several politicians. Cabinet ministers resigned, and the majority of the Senate (despite consisting of men personally chosen by Batlle) announced that it would not bring up for debate the legislation that would enable a Constitutional Convention. An unforeseen gold crisis also struck Uruguay. As one study summed up this depressing situation: "Financing businesses became difficult; financing new government projects became impossible. The Bank of the Republic's gold holdings dropped below its charter requirements, and it stopped granting credit. Business was depressed, international trade decreased, government revenues dropped, and the budget surplus became a budget deficit. Workers' wages kept falling, and unemployment rose. Only ranchers, whose meat, wool, and hide exports were bringing first good, and then astronomical, prices were prospering, but they were holding on to their money in these troubled times." Nevertheless, Batlle resisted economic retrenchment and quickly responded to the political crisis. He chose a new cabinet from the young and obscure members of the Colorado Party, men who were committed Colegialists. In an election held on 30 November 1914, the mainstream of the Colorados, the Colegialists, gained 60% of the votes cast, and would have 68 seats in the Chamber of Deputies as opposed to the Nationalists' 21, while the Anticolegialists did not win a single seat.
However, the colegiado proposal was defeated in a 1916 referendum, but Batlle then managed to get support from the Blancos and the Second Constitution was approved by referendum on 25 November 1917. Under the new Constitution, a split executive was created, but the President continued to control the ministries of Foreign Affairs, Interior and Defence. The new nine-man National Council of Administration, which consisted of six Colorados and three Blancos, controlled the ministries of Education, Finances, Economy and Health. Claudio Williman, who served between Batlle's two terms, was his supporter and continued all his reforms, as did the next President Baltasar Brum (1919–23).
Batlle kept a handwritten list of how the Senators stood on the linked issues of the eight-hour day and the Colegiado . On the eight – hour day there were "12 in favour, one doubtful and nothing beside the other five." Support for the Colegiado was less certain, with "7 in favour, 5 against, 6 blank."
According to one study Batlle's fight for the collegiate executive "had overshadowed all else during the closing years of his greatest activity, but Batlle still found time to direct the negotiation of a number of arbitration treaties, to initiate a state-owned railway system, to sponsor a law providing equality of rights between legitimate and natural children, and to prepare a bill establishing pensions for the aged." In regards to the pensions proposal, El Día was confident of its passage, noting in an article dated 31 January 1916
"The discussion of the old-age pensions project, recommended by the P.E., will continue tomorrow in the Chamber of Deputies. The colorado majority is willing to sanction it as soon as possible, without admitting delays that would hurt too much those who have begun to base hopes for a better situation on the sanction of that project."
The same article also noted that
"The observation of the same nationalist representative that they do not have the necessary data to sanction the project lacks solid foundation. It's true, the last census is from 1908. But that's enough. What you need to know is not precisely the number of elderly people and taxpayers in the country. It is the numerical relationship in which they are each other. And this relationship is given as well by the 1908 census as a new one could. On the other hand, if it were necessary to wait for another census to be taken to decree pensions, it can be assured that the project would be postponed for many years.
No! The colorado majorities of the House and Senate allow these beneficent ideas to be carried out and there is no need to stop. All the men in the situation have made them, with beautiful unanimity, their program of principles, which they will not fail to carry out."
Batlle's constitutional reform proposals spilt the Colorado Party; a dissident wing called the riverista Colorados (named after party founder Fructuoso Rivera), according one study, "went off the range on the issue of the collegiate or plural executive." They were led by Pedro Manini Rios, a Colorado who used to be close to Batlle; even drafting a law message of 8 hours and weekly rest in 1911, but broke with him. Manini asked rhetorically in 1913
"Are we socialists or are we Colorados? And let's give ourselves the clear, categorical and definitive answer. The Colorado Party in its capacity as liberal, advanced and evolutionary shares several points of the minimum socialist program, from all the secular solutions to almost all the postulates of legal improvement for the working class; but in its capacity as a party of government, order and institutional defense, it cannot share, it does not share, the purposes of social revolution that animate all socialists."
Manini even voted against the 8-hour law, despite the fact that the initial project for this measure bore his signature. However, although a more conservatively inclined group, the Riveristas called for a number of progressive policies similar to those proposed by Batlle. These included "political rights and civil equality for women; the status of the public official; the Labor Code, with regulations on the work of women and minors; workers' insurance for disability; hygiene and safety in workshops; work accident insurance; measures for forced unemployment; conciliation and arbitration, as a solution to the strike; economical and hygienic rooms for urban and rural workers; improvement and development of assistance; vocational technical schools; construction of urban and rural schools, improvement of salaries and guarantees in the appointments and promotions of teaching personnel; compulsory physical education, free vocational education courses, popular libraries; reform of the tax system, deducting essential items; promotion of industries derived from the use of the country's raw material, promotion of public works and improvement of means of transportation." On one occasion, as documented by one observer, Batlle himself said (according to La Mañana (Uruguay)) that "the Riverist Party had become imbibed with the spirit of Batllism, and stressed that Riverists and Batllists had the same party traditions, and that the Riverist Party was by no means as conservative as the traditional antagonists of the Colorados, the Nationalists."
Other Colorado factions emerged in later years, such as Vierismo and Sosismo, both of which presented themselves as politically progressive. Sosismo identified itself with the defense of workers' rights while "emphasizing the need for a Colorado agreement to overcome internal divisions and thus avoid the triumph of the Blancos." Vierismo characterized the National Party "as a conservative, retrograde, anti-democratic, anti-liberal group, and opposed to foreigners, to social-labour rights, to workers and to the humble classes." As a manifesto of Vierismo dated the 31 December 1919 declared, "No seromos conservadores, sino liberales, porque somos colorados, pero no somos tampoco socialistas (We will not be conservatives, but liberals, because we are colorados, but we are not socialists)."
First presidency of the National Council of Administration (1921–1923)
At the 1920 Uruguayan general election, Batlle was elected to his first term on the National Council of Administration. He subsequently served as its president for a two-year term from 1 March 1921 to 1 March 1923 alongside president Baltasar Brum.
During the presidency of Baltasar Brum, a project was presented by Batlle to the Batllista caucus and by it to the Legislative Body, which established that two-thirds of the profits of the State industrial companies, whose services were mainly provided by workers, would be used to raise the salaries and wages of workers and employees "up to double at least the average of private services." Although it triumphed in the Chamber of Deputies, it was rejected by the Senate.
Second presidency of the National Council of Administration (1927–1928)
At the 1926 Uruguayan general election, Batlle was elected to a new term on the National Council of Administration. He served again as its president from 1 March 1927 for just under one year, alongside new president Juan Campisteguy, until he was succeeded by Luis C. Caviglia on 16 February 1928.
Economic developments
The economy did well for much of Batlle's tenure. The peace following the end of the 1904 war, as noted by one study, "encouraged ranchers, who formed the base of the country's economy, to buy breeding stock to make up for their war losses and to buy or rent more land to pasture their livestock." The nation's businesses started to invest in foreign companies to build miles of new railroad lines and to electrify the trolley lines in Montevideo. In his last annual message Batlle argued that:
"It can be stated without hyperbole that our country has never enjoyed a prosperity superior to the present one or more complete civil and political liberty, from the time it was organized constitutionally. The national energies have been developing with increasing vigor in all economic fields, and for its part the Government has put all its zeal for the public interest into intelligently aiding the progress of the nation. Public works have received a considerable impulse; higher education is moving toward new and fruitful orientations which will widen our general culture and make our principle industries, ranching and agriculture, more scientific. Government income has increased in unprecedented fashion, permitting us to end the financial period with a budget surplus which by itself says more in honor of the Administration than any propaganda could."
Government intervention in the economy also increased during Batlle's time in office. Montevideo's electric power plant was nationalized, a move Batlle justified in the context of his "interest in the widest diffusion and distribution of all classes of services that are presently considered necessary for the general welfare, comfort, and hygiene." As one study noted, Batlle intended the power plant "to be only the first of a set of state enterprises that would provide low-cost services, simultaneously saving the public money and keeping Uruguayan capital from being shipped abroad as profits by foreign companies operating in the country." In 1911, the administration nationalized BROU, a savings and loan institution that monopolized the printing of money, while also establishing industrial institutes for geology and drilling (coal and hydrocarbon explorations), industrial chemistry, and fisheries. In 1914, the administration purchased the North Tramway and Railway Company, which later became the State Railways Administration of Uruguay. In agriculture, a number of government institutes were established "dedicated to technological research and development in the fields of livestock raising, dairying, horticulture, forestation, seeds, and fodder". A protectionist policy for industry was also pursued, with the government imposing, as noted by one study, "tariffs on foreign products, favoring machinery and raw materials imports, and granting exclusive licensing privileges to those who started a new industry". Indigenous companies also emerged, although foreign capital (especially from Britain and the United States), as noted by one study, "also took advantage of the legislation and came to control the meat industry. The growth of the frigorífico meat-processing industry also stimulated the interbreeding of livestock, Uruguay's main source of wealth."
These measures reflected Batlle's belief that the state had a part to play in economic affairs, as he noted in a 1911 when urging the legislature to create government monopolies: "Modern conditions have increased the number of industries that fall under the heading of public services ... competition has ceased to mean something invariably beneficial, monopoly is not necessarily condemnable ... The modern state unhesitatingly accepts its status as an economic organization. It will enter industry when competition is not practicable, when control by private interests vests in them authority inconsistent with the welfare of the State, when a fiscal monopoly may serve as a great source of income to meet urgent tax problems, when the continued export of national wealth is considered undesirable."
Electoral developments
Both the Batllista wing of the Colorado Party and the Colorado Party performed well during Batlle's presidencies, a trend that would continue in subsequent years. In the legislative election that Batlle called for in January 1905, his hand-picked candidates won the majority of seats. According to one study, "It was the first election in thirty years in which the outcome was not predetermined." In the 1905 elections for the House of Diputados, Batlle's sector the Batllistas won 57.7% of the vote. In subsequent elections for the House of Diputados and the Constituency Assembly the Batllistas continued to perform well, winning 64.2% of the vote in 1907, 79.9% of the vote in 1910, 60% of the vote in 1913, 45.2% of the vote in 1916, 49.3% of the vote in 1917, 29.5% of the vote in 1919, and 52.2% of the vote in 1920. Also, in the elections of 1905, 1907 and 1913, in nineteen departments Batllismo won in seventeen. According to one observer "Batllismo, from 1911 to 1915, was all-powerful, dominated absolutely in the Chamber of Deputies, it had some reservations in the Senate. There was not a single nationalist representative in the Senate at that time." As noted by one study, "Until 1917, Batllismo dominated the successive elections and obtained its best result in 1910 with 79.9% of the votes." As noted by another study, "The institutional difficulty resulting from the complex reading of the results was apparently not immediately perceived by contemporaries, but it came to the forefront when in January 1917 the legislative elections held according to the traditional rule of public vote gave Batlle back control of both chambers." One study has noted that 1917 "Batllismo had the majority in the chambers that it lacked in the Constituent Assembly."
Later life
In early 1920 Batlle killed Washington Beltrán Barbat, a National Party deputy, in a formal duel that stemmed from vitriolic editorials published in Batlle's El Día newspaper and Beltrán's El País. His son Washington Beltrán would become President of Uruguay. He also served twice as Chairman of the National Council of Administration (1921–1923, 1927–1928).
After suffering abdominal pain for some time, Battle admitted himself to the Italian Hospital of Montevideo on 18 September 1929 for the first of two planned operations. While Batlle had made somewhat of a recovery a month later (with the second operation planned for another two or three months later), he had suffered some setbacks. Around midday on 20 October, Battle suffered the first of two thromboembolisms, with the second one later that afternoon proving fatal in Uruguay.
Legacy
Probably in no other country in the world in the past two centuries has any one man so deeply left his imprint upon the life and character of a country as has José Batlle y Ordóñez upon Uruguay.
Batlle is commonly explained as being "ahead of his times." He was more than ahead of his times. Batlle created his times. His success reminds us that a man's ideals can lead other men.
The first implementation of the colegiado system which Batlle had championed, the National Council of Administration, was overthrown in a coup by president Gabriel Terra in 1933 and abolished by the third Constitution of Uruguay in 1934, a little over four years after Batlle's death. The idea of the colegiado system remained influential, however, and was reintroduced with the 1952 Constitution of Uruguay in the form of the National Council of Government. The National Council of Government fully abolished the presidency, making it closer to Batlle's desired system, but was itself abolished for a second time and the presidency re-established by the 1967 constitution.
In addition to his reforms, Batlle also succeeded in moving his Colorado Party in a more progressive direction, with one study arguing that
"The revitalization of the Colorado party was one of the early accomplishments of the great Batlle y Ordóñez. Sterility, a creeping cynicism, the incubus of the military dictatorships of recent years, all combined to put the Colorado party in almost as unenviable a position as that occupied by the Blancos. Batlle sold his party on its need for idealism and a program of reform, on the importance of intra-party democracy, discipline, and cohesiveness. The Colorado program, as Batlle thus evolved it, might have been a Latin archetype for the pattern of the New Deal in the United States a generation later."
According to one study,
"During the first quarter of the twentieth century mass democracy did not exist in Uruguay. The rise of José Batille y Ordoñez to the presidency in 1903 and 1911 was due largely to palace intrigue-similar to the political form Gino Germani typified as restricted democracy of notables. The parliament was made up of the old aristocracy, while during the first part of Batlle's second presidency, when the bulk of the interventionist social assistance state appeared, it was dominated by his friends."
According to one source, Batlle was responsible "for directing the liberal, democratic-independence institutional reform of the Eastern Republic of Uruguay, which placed her at the head of progressive and justice achievements; and gave him great fame in the American concert."
The reforms introduced under Batlle, and continued by several of his followers, would help make Uruguay a fairer society. Throughout his life, Batlle expressed his opposition to social injustices in society. On one occasion, he declared: "There is great injustice in the enormous gap between the rich and the poor." In 1917, he argued: "Our population may be divided into those who have received more than they deserve and those who have received less ... But this does not mean that a man is either exploited or an exploiter. The inequality is not deliberate on the part of the most fortunate." That same year, he argued: "The gap must be narrowed-and it is the duty of the State to attempt that task." Batlle believed in the power of the state to reduce inequalities, stating on another occasion: "Modern industry must not be allowed to destroy human beings. The State must regulate it to make more happy the life of the masses."
A public park and a neighborhood in Montevideo are named after him.
There is also a town in Lavalleja Department named after him.
See also
List of political families
Notes
References
Bibliography
External links
"Batllism".
"Batlle y Ordoñez and the Modern State". 1990.
Gerardo Caetano (15 April 2021). "Batlle Y Ordóñez, José (1856–1929)". Encyclopedia.com. Retrieved 10 May 2021.
Includes various editions of "El Batllismo," a Batlle-oriented periodical
Batllismo y Sociedad. La Cuestión Obrera En El Uruguay
Batlle y los problemas sociales en el Uruguay
José Batlle y Ordóñez Documentos Serie VIII 1919–1929 / Convencion Nacional del Partido Colorado 1920–1929 / La Investigación y corrección de pruebas estuvo a cargo de las Sras. Blanca Franzini y Nancy Ferrari de Pucurull. Cuidado de la edición a cargo de Abelardo M. García Viera
Batlle y el Batllismo by Roberto B. Giudici and Efraín González Conzi
In the Shadow of Batille: Workers, State Officials, and the Creation of the Welfare State in Uruguay, 1900–1916 by Lars Edward Peterson, University of Pittsburgh 2014
El Día 1888–1981. 95 años al servicio de la Libertad, 1981
|
František Chvostek
|
František Chvostek (German: Franz Chvostek; ; 21 May 1835 – 16 November 1884) was a Czech-Austrian military physician and lecturer in internal medicine. He published articles on a wide variety of medical disorders but is most notable for having described Chvostek's sign which he described in 1876.
Biography
Chvostek was born in Místek, Moravia, to a leather tanner. He joined the army as a military surgeon and studied at the Josephinian Military Academy of Surgery in Vienna, receiving his doctorate in 1863 and becoming a regimental physician and surgeon at Vienna's Garrison Hospital. From 1863 to 1867 he was the assistant of Adalbert Duchek (1824–1882) and from 1868 to 1871 he lectured on electrotherapy at the Josephinian Academy. In 1871 he took over Duchek's medical clinic, which he led until the academy's closure in 1874. He then returned to the Garrison Hospital's department of internal medicine, where he remained until his death in 1884.
Contributions to medicine
Chvostek published at least 163 journal articles before his death at age 49, focusing on a broad range of topics including neuronal excitability, electrotherapy, Grave's disease, syphilis, and tuberculosis. He published a paper in the Vienna Medical Press in 1876 describing what would become to be known as Chvostek's sign: muscular spasm in the face when the facial nerve is tapped in people with latent tetany. Chvostek's only son, Franz Chvostek, wrote numerous papers about the sign and was among the first to associate it with hypoparathyroidism in an article published in 1907.
== References ==
|
František Chvostek (German: Franz Chvostek; ; 21 May 1835 – 16 November 1884) was a Czech-Austrian military physician and lecturer in internal medicine. He published articles on a wide variety of medical disorders but is most notable for having described Chvostek's sign which he described in 1876.
Biography
Chvostek was born in Místek, Moravia, to a leather tanner. He joined the army as a military surgeon and studied at the Josephinian Military Academy of Surgery in Vienna, receiving his doctorate in 1863 and becoming a regimental physician and surgeon at Vienna's Garrison Hospital. From 1863 to 1867 he was the assistant of Adalbert Duchek (1824–1882) and from 1868 to 1871 he lectured on electrotherapy at the Josephinian Academy. In 1871 he took over Duchek's medical clinic, which he led until the academy's closure in 1874. He then returned to the Garrison Hospital's department of internal medicine, where he remained until his death in 1884.
Contributions to medicine
Chvostek published at least 163 journal articles before his death at age 49, focusing on a broad range of topics including neuronal excitability, electrotherapy, Grave's disease, syphilis, and tuberculosis. He published a paper in the Vienna Medical Press in 1876 describing what would become to be known as Chvostek's sign: muscular spasm in the face when the facial nerve is tapped in people with latent tetany. Chvostek's only son, Franz Chvostek, wrote numerous papers about the sign and was among the first to associate it with hypoparathyroidism in an article published in 1907.
== References ==
|
Marianne Brandt
|
Marianne Brandt (1 October 1893 – 18 June 1983) was a German painter, sculptor, photographer, metalsmith, and designer who studied at the Bauhaus art school in Weimar and later became head of the Bauhaus Metall-Werkstatt (Metal Workshop) in Dessau in 1928. Today, Brandt's designs for household objects such as lamps and ashtrays are considered timeless examples of modern industrial design. Although she pursued painting early in life and attended a private art school and the Grand Ducal College of Art in Weimar from 1911–1917, where she produced many works in the Expressionists style and also studied sculpture, the artist is best known for her sleek and elegant industrial designs.Brandt also worked with photography at the Bauhaus, taking photographs that featured unusual angles—in particular, self-portraits—and disorienting and distorting reflections in glass and metal surfaces.She worked as head of the design department of the company Ruppelwerk Metallwarenfabrik GmbH in Gotha until 1932. In 1949, she worked at the University of Applied Arts (now the Berlin Weißensee School of Art) until 1954. In the year, 1954 she also supervised the exhibition The German applied art of the GDR in Beijing and Shanghai in 1953–54. She also created photomontages.
Biography
Brandt was born into a prominent family in Chemnitz as Marianne Liebe.
Brandt studied painting and sculpture at the Weimar Saxon Grand Ducal Art School from 1911 to 1917. In 1919 she married the Norwegian painter Erik Brandt. From 1919–1920 she and her husband lived abroad, first for a year in Norway, before embarking on a one-year study tour to Paris and the south of France. She studied and taught at the Bauhaus in Weimar and Dessau from 1923 to 1929. Between her studies at these two schools, Brandt worked as a freelance artist. She studied painting with the artists Fritz Mackensen and Robert Weise before studying sculpture with Robert Engelmann.
Although the Bauhaus claimed to welcome “any person of good repute, without regard to age or sex”, there was still a strong gender bias. László Moholy-Nagy was impressed by Brandt’s commitment and work, and so he offered her a spot in the Bauhaus metal workshop. She ultimately became the only woman to attain her degree in the metal workshop. Her fellow students later admitted to Brandt that they had believed that there was no place in the metal workshop for women and so gave her dull, dreary work to do; later they got along well. When Moholy-Nagy departed from his Bauhaus teaching post in 1928, Brandt replaced him as acting director of the workshop. She is thus credited by some as a pioneer for gender equity in the arts.
She trained as a painter before joining the Weimar Bauhaus in January of 1924, where she attended classes with Josef Albers, Wassily Kandinsky, and Paul Klee, among others, before joining the metal workshop in summer of the same year. There she became a student of Hungarian modernist theorist and designer László Moholy-Nagy. She quickly rose to the position of workshop assistant; when Moholy-Nagy left the Bauhaus in 1928, she became the workshop's acting director, serving in the post for one year and negotiating some of the most important Bauhaus contracts for collaborations with industry. These contracts for the production of lights and other metal workshop designs were a rare example of one of the workshops helping to fund the school. One of her lasting contributions are the lamp fittings that she and Max Krajewski designed for the Bauhaus building in Dessau.
After leaving the Bauhaus for Berlin in 1929, Brandt worked for Walter Gropius in his Berlin studio. From late 1929 through 1932, Brandt was head of design at the Ruppel Metal Goods factory in Gotha, Germany, until she lost her job due to the ongoing Great Depression.
Brandt’s interest in photography began in 1923 with a self-portrait, Selbstportät mit Lilien (Self-Portrait with Lilies). 1929 was a particularly productive year for her photography and she became active with the Bauhaus magazine.
Early in 1933, at the beginning of the Nazi period in Germany, Brandt first attempted to find work outside of the country, but family responsibilities called her back to Chemnitz. She was unable to find steady employment throughout the Nazi period. In 1939 she became a member of the "Reichskulturkammer," the Nazi regime's official artists' organisation, in order to obtain art supplies, which would otherwise have been forbidden to her. However, Brandt was never a member of the Nazi Party. After many years of living apart, she and Erik Brandt officially divorced in 1935.
After World War II, Brandt remained in Chemnitz to help rebuild her family's home, which had been severely damaged in the bombings. She lived out her days in East Germany, and died in Kirchberg, Saxony, at the age of 89. At the invitation of Mart Stam, from 1949 to 1951 Brandt was a lecturer at the Dresden Academy of Fine Arts. She taught at the Academy of Applied Art in Berlin from 1951 to 1954.
Work
Brandt's designs for metal ashtrays, tea and coffee services, lamps, and other household objects are now recognized as among the best of the Weimar and Dessau Bauhaus. Further, they were among the few Bauhaus designs to be mass-produced during the interwar period, and several of them are currently available as reproductions. In an auction in December 2007, one of her teapots —the Model No. MT49 tea infuser—was sold for a record-breaking $361,000.
Beginning in 1926, Brandt also produced a body of photomontage work, though all but a few were not publicly known until the 1970s after she had abandoned the Bauhaus style and was living in Communist East Germany. Some of the photomontages came to public attention after Bauhaus historian Eckhard Neumann solicited the early experiments, stimulated by resurgent interest in modernist experiment in the West. These photomontages often focus on the complex situation of women in the interwar period, a time when they enjoyed new freedoms in work, fashion and sexuality, yet frequently experienced traditional prejudices.
In 1926, Brandt moved with the Bauhaus to Dessau and a year later took charge of lighting design with the metal workshop, before becoming its director from 1928 to 1929. Much of Brandt’s energy was directed into her lighting designs, including collaborations with small number of Bauhaus colleagues and students. One of her early projects was the ME78B hanging lamp (1926). This elegant pendant light made of aluminum featured a simple saucer shade combined with an innovative pulley system and counter-weight, which allowed the height of the lamp to be adjusted with ease; the pendant was used in multiple locations in the Dessau campus, including the metal, weaving and architecture department, as well as the dining room of Gropius’s own house.
During the 1930s and 1940s, Brandt lived in near isolation, despite having many opportunities available to her after her time at Bauhaus. She had just finished showing five photographs at the famed "FiFo" (Film and Photography) exhibition put on by Werkbund. The section her work was shown in was curated by her former mentor Moholy-Nagy. After traveling from job to job and project to project, Brandt lived in her hometown of Chemnitz for sixteen years and did not have any official position. She still produced work, but it was not for a specific purpose or commission. Having picked up painting again during the Nazi period, she continued to paint during the GDR, in both watercolour and tempera. These materials were cheaper and the pieces could be completed more quickly. The paintings are sometimes melancholy and depressing, but this is not surprising considering their timing during her unemployment and the Nazi period.
Brandt is also remembered as a pioneering photographer. She created experimental still-life compositions, but it is her series of self-portraits which are particularly striking. These often represent her as a strong and independent New Woman of the Bauhaus; other examples show her face and body distorted across the curved and mirrored surfaces of metal balls, creating a blended image of herself and her primary medium at the Bauhaus. Brandt was one of few women at Bauhaus who distanced herself from the fields considered more feminine at the time such as weaving or pottery.
Brandt refuses the trope of picturing the female body in a state of dressing or undressing. Nor does she express an intention to contemplate the ideal feminine form. Participating in such compositional choices likely would have detracted from her body as a productive force of material objects, including the photograph itself. By the 20th century there was precedence of images of working women situated in industrial environments, but Brandt opts to capture her craft in the metal that provides her reflection. To this end, the metallic surface that reflects Brandt’s portrait resists a “soft” or “sentimental” effect, instead emanating a quiet coolness.
Tea sets
Brandt's tea sets use geometric forms and incorporated ideas from movements such as Constructivism and De Stijl. There is little ornamentation. The sets used material such as silver plate and brass; and ebony for the handles. The tea sets were almost entirely handmade but it led to mass production of similar products. The reproduction rights to Brandt's original 1924 tea set were granted to Alessi, an Italian metalware design company, in 1985. Along with the rights to the tea set, the company also has rights to produce her 1926 ashtray design with removable lid.
Brandt's tea set designs are characteristic of the early phases of modernism. Form predominates over ornament and there is a clear sense of at least symbolic compatibility with modern mass-production technology.
Quotes
In 1970, Brandt said in the Letter to the Younger Generation, “At first, I was not accepted with pleasure—there was no place for a woman in a metal workshop, they felt. They admitted this to me later on and meanwhile expressed their displeasure by giving me all sorts of dull, dreary work. How many little hemispheres did I most patiently hammer out of brittle new silver, thinking that was the way it had to be and all beginnings are hard. Later things settled down, and we got along well together.”
Exhibitions
Tempo, Tempo! The Bauhaus Photomontages of Marianne Brandt, Elizabeth Otto, a traveling exhibition which was displayed at the Bauhaus Archive, Berlin; Busch-Reisinger Museum at Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts, and the International Center of Photography in New York from 2005 to 2006.
See also
Women of the Bauhaus
Bibliography
(in German) Brockhage, Hans and Reinhold Lindner. (2001) Marianne Brandt. Chemnitz: Chemnitzer Verlag
(in English) Otto, Elizabeth. Tempo, Tempo! The Bauhaus Photomontages of Marianne Brandt. (2005) Berlin: Jovis Verlag
(in German and English) Otto, Elizabeth (2019) Marianne Brandt in Schierz, Kai Uwe (ed.), et al. 4 "Bauhausmädels": Gertrud Arndt, Marianne Brandt, Margarete Heymann, Margaretha Reichardt, pp. 86–119. Dresden: Sandstein Kommunikation ISBN 978-3954984596
(in German) Wynhoff, Elisabeth. (2003) Marianne Brandt: Fotografieren am Bauhaus. Hatje Cantz Verlag
References
Further reading
Fiell, Charlotte; Fiell, Peter (2005). Design of the 20th Century (25th anniversary ed.). Köln: Taschen. pp. 126–127. ISBN 9783822840788. OCLC 809539744.
External links
The Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York
(in German) Life and work of Marianne Brandt
(in German) International Marianne Brandt Contest
(in English) "Down Tempo" by Ben Davis, Artnet Magazine
|
Marianne Brandt (1 October 1893 – 18 June 1983) was a German painter, sculptor, photographer, metalsmith, and designer who studied at the Bauhaus art school in Weimar and later became head of the Bauhaus Metall-Werkstatt (Metal Workshop) in Dessau in 1928. Today, Brandt's designs for household objects such as lamps and ashtrays are considered timeless examples of modern industrial design. Although she pursued painting early in life and attended a private art school and the Grand Ducal College of Art in Weimar from 1911–1917, where she produced many works in the Expressionists style and also studied sculpture, the artist is best known for her sleek and elegant industrial designs.Brandt also worked with photography at the Bauhaus, taking photographs that featured unusual angles—in particular, self-portraits—and disorienting and distorting reflections in glass and metal surfaces.She worked as head of the design department of the company Ruppelwerk Metallwarenfabrik GmbH in Gotha until 1932. In 1949, she worked at the University of Applied Arts (now the Berlin Weißensee School of Art) until 1954. In the year, 1954 she also supervised the exhibition The German applied art of the GDR in Beijing and Shanghai in 1953–54. She also created photomontages.
Biography
Brandt was born into a prominent family in Chemnitz as Marianne Liebe.
Brandt studied painting and sculpture at the Weimar Saxon Grand Ducal Art School from 1911 to 1917. In 1919 she married the Norwegian painter Erik Brandt. From 1919–1920 she and her husband lived abroad, first for a year in Norway, before embarking on a one-year study tour to Paris and the south of France. She studied and taught at the Bauhaus in Weimar and Dessau from 1923 to 1929. Between her studies at these two schools, Brandt worked as a freelance artist. She studied painting with the artists Fritz Mackensen and Robert Weise before studying sculpture with Robert Engelmann.
Although the Bauhaus claimed to welcome “any person of good repute, without regard to age or sex”, there was still a strong gender bias. László Moholy-Nagy was impressed by Brandt’s commitment and work, and so he offered her a spot in the Bauhaus metal workshop. She ultimately became the only woman to attain her degree in the metal workshop. Her fellow students later admitted to Brandt that they had believed that there was no place in the metal workshop for women and so gave her dull, dreary work to do; later they got along well. When Moholy-Nagy departed from his Bauhaus teaching post in 1928, Brandt replaced him as acting director of the workshop. She is thus credited by some as a pioneer for gender equity in the arts.
She trained as a painter before joining the Weimar Bauhaus in January of 1924, where she attended classes with Josef Albers, Wassily Kandinsky, and Paul Klee, among others, before joining the metal workshop in summer of the same year. There she became a student of Hungarian modernist theorist and designer László Moholy-Nagy. She quickly rose to the position of workshop assistant; when Moholy-Nagy left the Bauhaus in 1928, she became the workshop's acting director, serving in the post for one year and negotiating some of the most important Bauhaus contracts for collaborations with industry. These contracts for the production of lights and other metal workshop designs were a rare example of one of the workshops helping to fund the school. One of her lasting contributions are the lamp fittings that she and Max Krajewski designed for the Bauhaus building in Dessau.
After leaving the Bauhaus for Berlin in 1929, Brandt worked for Walter Gropius in his Berlin studio. From late 1929 through 1932, Brandt was head of design at the Ruppel Metal Goods factory in Gotha, Germany, until she lost her job due to the ongoing Great Depression.
Brandt’s interest in photography began in 1923 with a self-portrait, Selbstportät mit Lilien (Self-Portrait with Lilies). 1929 was a particularly productive year for her photography and she became active with the Bauhaus magazine.
Early in 1933, at the beginning of the Nazi period in Germany, Brandt first attempted to find work outside of the country, but family responsibilities called her back to Chemnitz. She was unable to find steady employment throughout the Nazi period. In 1939 she became a member of the "Reichskulturkammer," the Nazi regime's official artists' organisation, in order to obtain art supplies, which would otherwise have been forbidden to her. However, Brandt was never a member of the Nazi Party. After many years of living apart, she and Erik Brandt officially divorced in 1935.
After World War II, Brandt remained in Chemnitz to help rebuild her family's home, which had been severely damaged in the bombings. She lived out her days in East Germany, and died in Kirchberg, Saxony, at the age of 89. At the invitation of Mart Stam, from 1949 to 1951 Brandt was a lecturer at the Dresden Academy of Fine Arts. She taught at the Academy of Applied Art in Berlin from 1951 to 1954.
Work
Brandt's designs for metal ashtrays, tea and coffee services, lamps, and other household objects are now recognized as among the best of the Weimar and Dessau Bauhaus. Further, they were among the few Bauhaus designs to be mass-produced during the interwar period, and several of them are currently available as reproductions. In an auction in December 2007, one of her teapots —the Model No. MT49 tea infuser—was sold for a record-breaking $361,000.
Beginning in 1926, Brandt also produced a body of photomontage work, though all but a few were not publicly known until the 1970s after she had abandoned the Bauhaus style and was living in Communist East Germany. Some of the photomontages came to public attention after Bauhaus historian Eckhard Neumann solicited the early experiments, stimulated by resurgent interest in modernist experiment in the West. These photomontages often focus on the complex situation of women in the interwar period, a time when they enjoyed new freedoms in work, fashion and sexuality, yet frequently experienced traditional prejudices.
In 1926, Brandt moved with the Bauhaus to Dessau and a year later took charge of lighting design with the metal workshop, before becoming its director from 1928 to 1929. Much of Brandt’s energy was directed into her lighting designs, including collaborations with small number of Bauhaus colleagues and students. One of her early projects was the ME78B hanging lamp (1926). This elegant pendant light made of aluminum featured a simple saucer shade combined with an innovative pulley system and counter-weight, which allowed the height of the lamp to be adjusted with ease; the pendant was used in multiple locations in the Dessau campus, including the metal, weaving and architecture department, as well as the dining room of Gropius’s own house.
During the 1930s and 1940s, Brandt lived in near isolation, despite having many opportunities available to her after her time at Bauhaus. She had just finished showing five photographs at the famed "FiFo" (Film and Photography) exhibition put on by Werkbund. The section her work was shown in was curated by her former mentor Moholy-Nagy. After traveling from job to job and project to project, Brandt lived in her hometown of Chemnitz for sixteen years and did not have any official position. She still produced work, but it was not for a specific purpose or commission. Having picked up painting again during the Nazi period, she continued to paint during the GDR, in both watercolour and tempera. These materials were cheaper and the pieces could be completed more quickly. The paintings are sometimes melancholy and depressing, but this is not surprising considering their timing during her unemployment and the Nazi period.
Brandt is also remembered as a pioneering photographer. She created experimental still-life compositions, but it is her series of self-portraits which are particularly striking. These often represent her as a strong and independent New Woman of the Bauhaus; other examples show her face and body distorted across the curved and mirrored surfaces of metal balls, creating a blended image of herself and her primary medium at the Bauhaus. Brandt was one of few women at Bauhaus who distanced herself from the fields considered more feminine at the time such as weaving or pottery.
Brandt refuses the trope of picturing the female body in a state of dressing or undressing. Nor does she express an intention to contemplate the ideal feminine form. Participating in such compositional choices likely would have detracted from her body as a productive force of material objects, including the photograph itself. By the 20th century there was precedence of images of working women situated in industrial environments, but Brandt opts to capture her craft in the metal that provides her reflection. To this end, the metallic surface that reflects Brandt’s portrait resists a “soft” or “sentimental” effect, instead emanating a quiet coolness.
Tea sets
Brandt's tea sets use geometric forms and incorporated ideas from movements such as Constructivism and De Stijl. There is little ornamentation. The sets used material such as silver plate and brass; and ebony for the handles. The tea sets were almost entirely handmade but it led to mass production of similar products. The reproduction rights to Brandt's original 1924 tea set were granted to Alessi, an Italian metalware design company, in 1985. Along with the rights to the tea set, the company also has rights to produce her 1926 ashtray design with removable lid.
Brandt's tea set designs are characteristic of the early phases of modernism. Form predominates over ornament and there is a clear sense of at least symbolic compatibility with modern mass-production technology.
Quotes
In 1970, Brandt said in the Letter to the Younger Generation, “At first, I was not accepted with pleasure—there was no place for a woman in a metal workshop, they felt. They admitted this to me later on and meanwhile expressed their displeasure by giving me all sorts of dull, dreary work. How many little hemispheres did I most patiently hammer out of brittle new silver, thinking that was the way it had to be and all beginnings are hard. Later things settled down, and we got along well together.”
Exhibitions
Tempo, Tempo! The Bauhaus Photomontages of Marianne Brandt, Elizabeth Otto, a traveling exhibition which was displayed at the Bauhaus Archive, Berlin; Busch-Reisinger Museum at Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts, and the International Center of Photography in New York from 2005 to 2006.
See also
Women of the Bauhaus
Bibliography
(in German) Brockhage, Hans and Reinhold Lindner. (2001) Marianne Brandt. Chemnitz: Chemnitzer Verlag
(in English) Otto, Elizabeth. Tempo, Tempo! The Bauhaus Photomontages of Marianne Brandt. (2005) Berlin: Jovis Verlag
(in German and English) Otto, Elizabeth (2019) Marianne Brandt in Schierz, Kai Uwe (ed.), et al. 4 "Bauhausmädels": Gertrud Arndt, Marianne Brandt, Margarete Heymann, Margaretha Reichardt, pp. 86–119. Dresden: Sandstein Kommunikation ISBN 978-3954984596
(in German) Wynhoff, Elisabeth. (2003) Marianne Brandt: Fotografieren am Bauhaus. Hatje Cantz Verlag
References
Further reading
Fiell, Charlotte; Fiell, Peter (2005). Design of the 20th Century (25th anniversary ed.). Köln: Taschen. pp. 126–127. ISBN 9783822840788. OCLC 809539744.
External links
The Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York
(in German) Life and work of Marianne Brandt
(in German) International Marianne Brandt Contest
(in English) "Down Tempo" by Ben Davis, Artnet Magazine
|
Michael Tiemann
|
Michael Tiemann is an American software developer and executive, who served as CTO at Red Hat and later vice-president of open source affairs beginning in 2004. He is also a former President of the Open Source Initiative.
Biography
He earned a bachelor's degree from the Moore School of Electrical Engineering in 1986 at the University of Pennsylvania.
He co-founded Cygnus Solutions in 1989 and sold it to Red Hat for $697 million in 1999. His programming contributions to free software include authorship of the GNU C++ compiler and work on the GNU C compiler and the GNU Debugger. Tiemann is featured in the 2001 documentary Revolution OS. Opensource.com profiled him in 2014, calling him one of "open source's great explainers."
He was the chief technical officer of Red Hat. He served on a number of boards, including the Embedded Linux Consortium, the GNOME Foundation advisory board, and the board of directors of ActiveState Tool Corp.
References
External links
Michael Tiemann's Home Page Archived 2002-01-03 at the Wayback Machine
|
Michael Tiemann is an American software developer and executive, who served as CTO at Red Hat and later vice-president of open source affairs beginning in 2004. He is also a former President of the Open Source Initiative.
Biography
He earned a bachelor's degree from the Moore School of Electrical Engineering in 1986 at the University of Pennsylvania.
He co-founded Cygnus Solutions in 1989 and sold it to Red Hat for $697 million in 1999. His programming contributions to free software include authorship of the GNU C++ compiler and work on the GNU C compiler and the GNU Debugger. Tiemann is featured in the 2001 documentary Revolution OS. Opensource.com profiled him in 2014, calling him one of "open source's great explainers."
He was the chief technical officer of Red Hat. He served on a number of boards, including the Embedded Linux Consortium, the GNOME Foundation advisory board, and the board of directors of ActiveState Tool Corp.
References
External links
Michael Tiemann's Home Page Archived 2002-01-03 at the Wayback Machine
|
Norbert Reithofer
|
Norbert Reithofer (born 29 May 1956 in Penzberg, West Germany) is a German businessman and former chairman of the board of management (CEO) of BMW. He served as chairman of the supervisory board from 2015 to 2025.
Early life and education
After finishing his Fachabitur, Reithofer graduated in mechanical engineering at the Munich University of Applied Sciences in Munich. He then moved on to the Technical University Munich to study Engineering and Business Administration. After graduation, he became research assistant at the university at the Institute for Machine Tools and Business Administration of Joachim Milberg, under whom he gained his doctorate.
Career
In 1987, Reithofer joined BMW as head of maintenance planning. From 1991 to 1994 he was director of the Body in White Production Division. From 1994 to 1997 Reithofer then became Technical Director of BMW South Africa. From 1997 to 2000, Reithofer was president BMW Manufacturing Corporation (USA), based in Spartanburg, South Carolina.
In March 2000, Reithofer returned to Munich to join the BMW Board of Management, responsible for production. In 2002, Reithofer and Development Chief Burkhard Goeschel halved the standard BMW time it took to reach full production of the new generation E90 3 Series, from six months to three.
On 1 September 2006 Reithofer succeeded Helmut Panke as chairman of the board and CEO of BMW. During his time leading the company, he oversaw a push into lower price categories for BMW and the introduction of a line of electric cars. He also foresaw the effect that the 2008 financial crisis would have on sales and cut back production in time largely to avoid the losses suffered by competitors including Mercedes-Benz. Importantly, he led BMW to record profits, mainly by selling expensive SUVs and luxury cars in China.
Reithofer stepped down early in May 2015 and was replaced by Harald Krüger; instead, he moved to the non-executive role of chairman of the supervisory board in which he served from 2015 to 2025. At the time of his appointment, critics held the move would go against general corporate governance practice as there was no cooling-off period between the two roles.
In 2023, Reithofer was reportedly the highest-paid member of any German company's supervisory board, with a total annual compensation of 610,000 euros.
Other activities
Corporate boards
Henkel, Member of the Shareholders‘ Committee (since 2011)
Allianz, Member of Joint Advisory Council (since 2007)
Siemens, Member of the supervisory board (2015–2023)
Non-profit organizations
Eberhard von Kuenheim Foundation, Member of the Board of Trustees
Max Planck Society, Member of the Senate
Awards and honours
2005: Grand Decoration of Honour in Gold (Grosses Goldenes Ehrenzeichen) for Services to the Republic of Austria (2005)
2010: Bayerischen Verdienstorden
2012 Chevaliers of the Légion d'honneur
References
External links
Interview with Autoweek on gaining CEO's position
|
Norbert Reithofer (born 29 May 1956 in Penzberg, West Germany) is a German businessman and former chairman of the board of management (CEO) of BMW. He served as chairman of the supervisory board from 2015 to 2025.
Early life and education
After finishing his Fachabitur, Reithofer graduated in mechanical engineering at the Munich University of Applied Sciences in Munich. He then moved on to the Technical University Munich to study Engineering and Business Administration. After graduation, he became research assistant at the university at the Institute for Machine Tools and Business Administration of Joachim Milberg, under whom he gained his doctorate.
Career
In 1987, Reithofer joined BMW as head of maintenance planning. From 1991 to 1994 he was director of the Body in White Production Division. From 1994 to 1997 Reithofer then became Technical Director of BMW South Africa. From 1997 to 2000, Reithofer was president BMW Manufacturing Corporation (USA), based in Spartanburg, South Carolina.
In March 2000, Reithofer returned to Munich to join the BMW Board of Management, responsible for production. In 2002, Reithofer and Development Chief Burkhard Goeschel halved the standard BMW time it took to reach full production of the new generation E90 3 Series, from six months to three.
On 1 September 2006 Reithofer succeeded Helmut Panke as chairman of the board and CEO of BMW. During his time leading the company, he oversaw a push into lower price categories for BMW and the introduction of a line of electric cars. He also foresaw the effect that the 2008 financial crisis would have on sales and cut back production in time largely to avoid the losses suffered by competitors including Mercedes-Benz. Importantly, he led BMW to record profits, mainly by selling expensive SUVs and luxury cars in China.
Reithofer stepped down early in May 2015 and was replaced by Harald Krüger; instead, he moved to the non-executive role of chairman of the supervisory board in which he served from 2015 to 2025. At the time of his appointment, critics held the move would go against general corporate governance practice as there was no cooling-off period between the two roles.
In 2023, Reithofer was reportedly the highest-paid member of any German company's supervisory board, with a total annual compensation of 610,000 euros.
Other activities
Corporate boards
Henkel, Member of the Shareholders‘ Committee (since 2011)
Allianz, Member of Joint Advisory Council (since 2007)
Siemens, Member of the supervisory board (2015–2023)
Non-profit organizations
Eberhard von Kuenheim Foundation, Member of the Board of Trustees
Max Planck Society, Member of the Senate
Awards and honours
2005: Grand Decoration of Honour in Gold (Grosses Goldenes Ehrenzeichen) for Services to the Republic of Austria (2005)
2010: Bayerischen Verdienstorden
2012 Chevaliers of the Légion d'honneur
References
External links
Interview with Autoweek on gaining CEO's position
|
Helen Greiner
|
Helen Greiner (born December 6, 1967) is a co-founder of iRobot and former CEO of CyPhy Work, Inc., a start-up company specializing in small multi-rotor drones for the consumer, commercial and military markets, and of Tertill Corporation.
Greiner was elected a member of the National Academy of Engineering in 2013 for leadership in the design, development, and application of practical robots.
Early life and education
Greiner was born in London on December 6, 1967. Her father came to England as a refugee from Hungary, and met his wife, Helen's mother, while he was attending Imperial College London. When Helen was five, her family moved to Southampton, New York, US.
At the age of ten, Greiner went to see the popular film Star Wars. She has said she was inspired to work with robots by R2-D2 in the film.
Greiner graduated from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology with a Bachelor's degree in mechanical engineering, and earned her Master's in computer science. She also holds an honorary doctor of engineering degree from Worcester Polytechnic Institute (WPI). Greiner has also received an honorary degree from Clarkson University. Her long term goal is to understand the nature of intelligence.
Career
In 1990, along with Rodney Brooks and Colin Angle, Greiner co-founded iRobot, a robotics company headquartered in Bedford, Massachusetts, which delivers robots into the consumer market. She co-designed the first version of the iRobot Roomba.
Greiner served as President of iRobot (NASDAQ: IRBT) until 2004 and Chairman until 2008. During her tenure, iRobot released the Roomba, the PackBot and SUGV military robots. She built a culture of practical innovation and delivery that led to the deployment of 6,000 PackBots with the United States armed forces. In addition, Greiner headed up iRobot's financing projects, raising $35M in venture capital for a $75M initial public offering.
She has worked at NASA's Jet Propulsion Laboratory and the MIT Artificial Intelligence Laboratory.
In 2008, Greiner founded CyPhy Works, creator of the Persistent Aerial Reconnaissance and Communications (PARC) and Pocket Flyer multi-rotor drones. She also served on the board of the Open Source Robotics Foundation (OSRF). She left the company in late 2017, and subsequently resigned from her position on the board of directors to support a broader mission within the US Army.
In 2012, Grenier purchased the noted Shingle Style Loring House by architect William Ralph Emerson on Massachusetts' North Shore. After spending many years attempting to restore Loring House with local preservation organizations refusing to negotiate, she demolished the home in 2014 and built a home in which to live.
As of 2018, she works as an advisor to the United States Army, within the Office of the Assistant Secretary of the Army for Acquisition, Logistics and Technology, (OASA(ALT)). She was sworn in on June 4, 2018 as a Highly Qualified Expert (HQE) for Robotics, Autonomous Systems & AI for the Army (ASA(ALT)).
In September 2020, Greiner was appointed as CEO and Chairman of robotic gardening startup, Tertill.
Awards and recognition
Greiner was listed as one of the Global Leader of Tomorrow by the World Economic Forum in 2000.
In 2003, Greiner and iRobot co-founder Colin Angle were named Ernst and Young New England Entrepreneurs of the Year. That same year, Greiner was named one of the “Top Ten Innovators” by Fortune Magazine.
Good Housekeeping named her "Entrepreneur of the Year" by and she was named by the Kennedy School at Harvard in conjunction with the U.S. News & World Report as one of "America's Best Leaders."
Greiner received the Pioneer Award from the Association for Unmanned Vehicle Systems International(AUVSI) in 2006.
In 2007, Greiner was inducted into the Women in Technology International Hall of Fame.
She received the 2008 Anita Borg Institute Women of Vision Award for Innovation for her work at iRobot. She has also been honored as one of Technology Review Magazine's TR100 "Innovators for the Next Century."
Greiner spoke at TEDxBoston in 2013, discussing how robots can save lives, performing work that is either too monotonous or dangerous for humans.
She received the DEMO God Award at the DEMO Conference in 2014. Following this achievement, she was named a Presidential Ambassador for Global Leadership (PAGE) by US President, Barack Obama and US Secretary of Commerce, Penny Pritzker.
In 2018, she was named "woman of the year" at Wentworth Institute of Technology.
Greiner will be one of several speakers at GoFly's 2020 Final Fly Off. Notably, she will be the only female speaker attendee. This competition, in Mountain View, California, will feature teams from around the world to compete for almost $2 Million in prizes.
== References ==
|
Helen Greiner (born December 6, 1967) is a co-founder of iRobot and former CEO of CyPhy Work, Inc., a start-up company specializing in small multi-rotor drones for the consumer, commercial and military markets, and of Tertill Corporation.
Greiner was elected a member of the National Academy of Engineering in 2013 for leadership in the design, development, and application of practical robots.
Early life and education
Greiner was born in London on December 6, 1967. Her father came to England as a refugee from Hungary, and met his wife, Helen's mother, while he was attending Imperial College London. When Helen was five, her family moved to Southampton, New York, US.
At the age of ten, Greiner went to see the popular film Star Wars. She has said she was inspired to work with robots by R2-D2 in the film.
Greiner graduated from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology with a Bachelor's degree in mechanical engineering, and earned her Master's in computer science. She also holds an honorary doctor of engineering degree from Worcester Polytechnic Institute (WPI). Greiner has also received an honorary degree from Clarkson University. Her long term goal is to understand the nature of intelligence.
Career
In 1990, along with Rodney Brooks and Colin Angle, Greiner co-founded iRobot, a robotics company headquartered in Bedford, Massachusetts, which delivers robots into the consumer market. She co-designed the first version of the iRobot Roomba.
Greiner served as President of iRobot (NASDAQ: IRBT) until 2004 and Chairman until 2008. During her tenure, iRobot released the Roomba, the PackBot and SUGV military robots. She built a culture of practical innovation and delivery that led to the deployment of 6,000 PackBots with the United States armed forces. In addition, Greiner headed up iRobot's financing projects, raising $35M in venture capital for a $75M initial public offering.
She has worked at NASA's Jet Propulsion Laboratory and the MIT Artificial Intelligence Laboratory.
In 2008, Greiner founded CyPhy Works, creator of the Persistent Aerial Reconnaissance and Communications (PARC) and Pocket Flyer multi-rotor drones. She also served on the board of the Open Source Robotics Foundation (OSRF). She left the company in late 2017, and subsequently resigned from her position on the board of directors to support a broader mission within the US Army.
In 2012, Grenier purchased the noted Shingle Style Loring House by architect William Ralph Emerson on Massachusetts' North Shore. After spending many years attempting to restore Loring House with local preservation organizations refusing to negotiate, she demolished the home in 2014 and built a home in which to live.
As of 2018, she works as an advisor to the United States Army, within the Office of the Assistant Secretary of the Army for Acquisition, Logistics and Technology, (OASA(ALT)). She was sworn in on June 4, 2018 as a Highly Qualified Expert (HQE) for Robotics, Autonomous Systems & AI for the Army (ASA(ALT)).
In September 2020, Greiner was appointed as CEO and Chairman of robotic gardening startup, Tertill.
Awards and recognition
Greiner was listed as one of the Global Leader of Tomorrow by the World Economic Forum in 2000.
In 2003, Greiner and iRobot co-founder Colin Angle were named Ernst and Young New England Entrepreneurs of the Year. That same year, Greiner was named one of the “Top Ten Innovators” by Fortune Magazine.
Good Housekeeping named her "Entrepreneur of the Year" by and she was named by the Kennedy School at Harvard in conjunction with the U.S. News & World Report as one of "America's Best Leaders."
Greiner received the Pioneer Award from the Association for Unmanned Vehicle Systems International(AUVSI) in 2006.
In 2007, Greiner was inducted into the Women in Technology International Hall of Fame.
She received the 2008 Anita Borg Institute Women of Vision Award for Innovation for her work at iRobot. She has also been honored as one of Technology Review Magazine's TR100 "Innovators for the Next Century."
Greiner spoke at TEDxBoston in 2013, discussing how robots can save lives, performing work that is either too monotonous or dangerous for humans.
She received the DEMO God Award at the DEMO Conference in 2014. Following this achievement, she was named a Presidential Ambassador for Global Leadership (PAGE) by US President, Barack Obama and US Secretary of Commerce, Penny Pritzker.
In 2018, she was named "woman of the year" at Wentworth Institute of Technology.
Greiner will be one of several speakers at GoFly's 2020 Final Fly Off. Notably, she will be the only female speaker attendee. This competition, in Mountain View, California, will feature teams from around the world to compete for almost $2 Million in prizes.
== References ==
|
Nikolaus Friedreich
|
Nikolaus Friedreich (1 July 1825 in Würzburg – 6 July 1882 in Heidelberg) was a German pathologist and neurologist, and a third generation physician in the Friedreich family. His father was psychiatrist Johann Baptist Friedreich (1796–1862), and his grandfather was pathologist Nicolaus Anton Friedreich (1761–1836), who is remembered for his early description of idiopathic facial paralysis, which would later be known as Bell's palsy.
Biography
In the early part of his career he studied and practiced medicine at the University of Würzburg under the tutelage of noted men such as physiologist Albert von Kölliker and pathologist Rudolf Virchow. He later became a professor of pathological anatomy at Würzburg, then in 1858 was appointed a professor of pathology and therapy at the University of Heidelberg, where he remained for the rest of his career. Some of his better known students and assistants included Adolf Kussmaul, Wilhelm Heinrich Erb and Friedrich Schultze.
Friedreich was involved in the establishment of pathological correlations, notably in research of muscular dystrophy, spinal ataxia and brain tumors. He is remembered today for "Friedreich's ataxia", which he identified in 1863. It is a degenerative disease with sclerosis of the spinal cord that affects a person's speech, balance and coordination.
Associated eponyms
"Friedreich's ataxia": a genetic neurodegenerative disorder characterized by an unusual gait pattern
"Friedreich's disease" or Friedreich's syndrome (paramyoclonus multiplex): an hereditary disease characterized by brief, sudden muscular contractions in the proximal muscles of the extremities.
"Friedreich's foot" or pes cavus: abnormally high arches in the feet.
"Friedreich's sign": collapse of cervical veins that were previously distended during diastole (heart relaxation), and is caused by an adherent pericardium.
"Friedreich's sound change": term for difference in tension (pitch of percussion note) in the cavum wall during expiration and inspiration.
"Friedreich-Auerbach disease": hypertrophy of the tongue, ears and facial features. Named with anatomist Leopold Auerbach.
"Friedreich-Erb-Arnold syndrome": An osteodermopathic syndrome characterized by a corrugated overgrowth of the scalp (bull-dog scalp or cutis verticis gyrata), facial hypertrophy, clubbed digits due to soft tissue hyperplasia, enlarged hands and feet and elephantiasis. Named with Wilhelm Erb and Julius Arnold (1835-1915).
Selected publications
Beiträge zur Lehre von den Geschwülsten innerhalb der Schädelhöhle. Habilitation thesis, 1853.
Ein neuer Fall von Leukämie. In Virchow's Archiv für pathologische Anatomie und Physiologie und für klinische Medicin, Berlin, 1857, 12: 37-58. (First description of acute leukaemia).
Die Krankheiten der Nase, des Kehlkopfes, der Trachea, der Schild- und Thymusdrüse. In Virchow’s Handbuch der speciellen Pathologie und Therapie. 1858. (Diseases of the nose, larynx, trachea, the thyroid and thymus).
Ein Beitrag zur Pathologie der Trichinenkrankheit beim Menschen. In Virchow's Archiv für pathologische Anatomie und Physiologie und für klinische Medicin, Berlin, 1862, 25: 399-413. (A contribution to the pathology of trichinosis in humans).
Die Krankheiten des Herzens. In Virchow’s Handbuch der speciellen Pathologie und Therapie. Erlangen, 1854, 5, 1 Abt, 385-530. 2nd edition, Erlangen, F. Enke, 1867. (Diseases of the heart).
Ueber degenerative Atrophie der spinalen Hinterstränge In Virchow's Archiv für pathologische Anatomie und Physiologie und für klinische Medicin, Berlin, (A) 26: 391, 433; 1863. (On degenerative atrophy of the spinal dorsal columns).
Ueber Ataxie mit besonderer berücksichtigung der hereditären Formen. In Virchow's Archiv für pathologische Anatomie und Physiologie und für klinische Medicin, Berlin, 1863. (On ataxia with special reference to hereditary forms).
Die Heidelberger Baracken für Krigesepidemien während des Feldzuges 1870 und 1871, Heidelberg, 1871.
Ueber progressive Muskelatrophie, über wahre und falsche Muskelatrophie, Berlin, 1873.
Der acute Milztumor und seine Beziehungen zu den acuten Infektionskrankheiten. In Volkmann’s Sammlung klinischer Vorträge, Leipzig, 1874.
Paramyoklonus multiplex. In Virchow's Archiv für pathologische Anatomie und Physiologie, und für klinische Medicin, Berlin, 1881, 86: 421-430. (First description of paramyoclonus multiplex, Friedreich’s disease).
See also
German inventors and discoverers
References
Nikolaus Friedreich @ Who Named It
External links
Media related to Nikolaus Friedreich at Wikimedia Commons
|
Nikolaus Friedreich (1 July 1825 in Würzburg – 6 July 1882 in Heidelberg) was a German pathologist and neurologist, and a third generation physician in the Friedreich family. His father was psychiatrist Johann Baptist Friedreich (1796–1862), and his grandfather was pathologist Nicolaus Anton Friedreich (1761–1836), who is remembered for his early description of idiopathic facial paralysis, which would later be known as Bell's palsy.
Biography
In the early part of his career he studied and practiced medicine at the University of Würzburg under the tutelage of noted men such as physiologist Albert von Kölliker and pathologist Rudolf Virchow. He later became a professor of pathological anatomy at Würzburg, then in 1858 was appointed a professor of pathology and therapy at the University of Heidelberg, where he remained for the rest of his career. Some of his better known students and assistants included Adolf Kussmaul, Wilhelm Heinrich Erb and Friedrich Schultze.
Friedreich was involved in the establishment of pathological correlations, notably in research of muscular dystrophy, spinal ataxia and brain tumors. He is remembered today for "Friedreich's ataxia", which he identified in 1863. It is a degenerative disease with sclerosis of the spinal cord that affects a person's speech, balance and coordination.
Associated eponyms
"Friedreich's ataxia": a genetic neurodegenerative disorder characterized by an unusual gait pattern
"Friedreich's disease" or Friedreich's syndrome (paramyoclonus multiplex): an hereditary disease characterized by brief, sudden muscular contractions in the proximal muscles of the extremities.
"Friedreich's foot" or pes cavus: abnormally high arches in the feet.
"Friedreich's sign": collapse of cervical veins that were previously distended during diastole (heart relaxation), and is caused by an adherent pericardium.
"Friedreich's sound change": term for difference in tension (pitch of percussion note) in the cavum wall during expiration and inspiration.
"Friedreich-Auerbach disease": hypertrophy of the tongue, ears and facial features. Named with anatomist Leopold Auerbach.
"Friedreich-Erb-Arnold syndrome": An osteodermopathic syndrome characterized by a corrugated overgrowth of the scalp (bull-dog scalp or cutis verticis gyrata), facial hypertrophy, clubbed digits due to soft tissue hyperplasia, enlarged hands and feet and elephantiasis. Named with Wilhelm Erb and Julius Arnold (1835-1915).
Selected publications
Beiträge zur Lehre von den Geschwülsten innerhalb der Schädelhöhle. Habilitation thesis, 1853.
Ein neuer Fall von Leukämie. In Virchow's Archiv für pathologische Anatomie und Physiologie und für klinische Medicin, Berlin, 1857, 12: 37-58. (First description of acute leukaemia).
Die Krankheiten der Nase, des Kehlkopfes, der Trachea, der Schild- und Thymusdrüse. In Virchow’s Handbuch der speciellen Pathologie und Therapie. 1858. (Diseases of the nose, larynx, trachea, the thyroid and thymus).
Ein Beitrag zur Pathologie der Trichinenkrankheit beim Menschen. In Virchow's Archiv für pathologische Anatomie und Physiologie und für klinische Medicin, Berlin, 1862, 25: 399-413. (A contribution to the pathology of trichinosis in humans).
Die Krankheiten des Herzens. In Virchow’s Handbuch der speciellen Pathologie und Therapie. Erlangen, 1854, 5, 1 Abt, 385-530. 2nd edition, Erlangen, F. Enke, 1867. (Diseases of the heart).
Ueber degenerative Atrophie der spinalen Hinterstränge In Virchow's Archiv für pathologische Anatomie und Physiologie und für klinische Medicin, Berlin, (A) 26: 391, 433; 1863. (On degenerative atrophy of the spinal dorsal columns).
Ueber Ataxie mit besonderer berücksichtigung der hereditären Formen. In Virchow's Archiv für pathologische Anatomie und Physiologie und für klinische Medicin, Berlin, 1863. (On ataxia with special reference to hereditary forms).
Die Heidelberger Baracken für Krigesepidemien während des Feldzuges 1870 und 1871, Heidelberg, 1871.
Ueber progressive Muskelatrophie, über wahre und falsche Muskelatrophie, Berlin, 1873.
Der acute Milztumor und seine Beziehungen zu den acuten Infektionskrankheiten. In Volkmann’s Sammlung klinischer Vorträge, Leipzig, 1874.
Paramyoklonus multiplex. In Virchow's Archiv für pathologische Anatomie und Physiologie, und für klinische Medicin, Berlin, 1881, 86: 421-430. (First description of paramyoclonus multiplex, Friedreich’s disease).
See also
German inventors and discoverers
References
Nikolaus Friedreich @ Who Named It
External links
Media related to Nikolaus Friedreich at Wikimedia Commons
|
Louis Néel
|
Louis Eugène Félix Néel (French: [neɛl]; 22 November 1904 – 17 November 2000) was a French physicist born in Lyon who received the Nobel Prize for Physics in 1970 for his studies of the magnetic properties of solids.
Biography
Néel studied at the Lycée du Parc in Lyon and was accepted at the École Normale Supérieure in Paris. He obtained the degree of Doctor of Science at the University of Strasbourg. He was corecipient (with the Swedish astrophysicist Hannes Alfvén) of the Nobel Prize for Physics in 1970 for his pioneering studies of the magnetic properties of solids. His contributions to solid state physics have found numerous useful applications, particularly in the development of improved computer memory units. About 1930 he suggested that a new form of magnetic behavior might exist; called antiferromagnetism, as opposed to ferromagnetism. Above a certain temperature (the Néel temperature) this behaviour stops. Néel pointed out (1948) that materials could also exist showing ferrimagnetism. Néel has also given an explanation of the weak magnetism of certain rocks, making possible the study of the history of Earth's magnetic field.
He is the instigator of the Polygone Scientifique in Grenoble.
The Louis Néel Medal, awarded annually by the European Geophysical Society, is named in Néel's honour.
Néel died at Brive-la-Gaillarde on 17 November 2000 at the age 95, just 5 days short of his 96th birthday.
Awards and honours
Néel received numerous awards and honours for his work including:
Awards
Hughes Prize of the Académie des sciences (1935)
Félix Robin Prize of the Société française de physique (1938)
André Blondel Medal (1948)
Grand prix du conseil de l’association « Au service de la pensée française » (1949)
Holweck Prize (1952)
Elected Foreign Member of the Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences (1959)
Three Physicists Prize (1963)
Gold Medal of CNRS (1965)
Elected Foreign Member of the Royal Society (ForMemRS) in 1966
Nobel Prize in Physics (1970)
Great Gold Medal of l’Électronique (1971)
Great Gold Medal of the Société d’encouragement pour la recherche et l’invention (1973)
Founding member of the World Cultural Council (1981).
Distinctions
Owing to his involvement in national defense, particularly through research in the protection of warships by demagnetization against magnetic mines, he received numerous distinctions:
Legion of Honour:
Knight (for exceptional military services) (1940)
Officer (1951)
Commander (1958)
Grand Officer (1966)
Grand Cross (1974)
Croix de Guerre with Palm (1940)
Commander of the Ordre des Palmes Académiques (1957)
Knight of the Order of Social Merit (1963)
Grand Cross of the National Order of Merit (1972)
Honorary Admiral (French Navy)
See also
Rayleigh law
Single domain (magnetic)
References
External links
Louis Néel on Nobelprize.org including the Nobel Lecture, 11 December 1970 Magnetism and the Local Molecular Field
|
Louis Eugène Félix Néel (French: [neɛl]; 22 November 1904 – 17 November 2000) was a French physicist born in Lyon who received the Nobel Prize for Physics in 1970 for his studies of the magnetic properties of solids.
Biography
Néel studied at the Lycée du Parc in Lyon and was accepted at the École Normale Supérieure in Paris. He obtained the degree of Doctor of Science at the University of Strasbourg. He was corecipient (with the Swedish astrophysicist Hannes Alfvén) of the Nobel Prize for Physics in 1970 for his pioneering studies of the magnetic properties of solids. His contributions to solid state physics have found numerous useful applications, particularly in the development of improved computer memory units. About 1930 he suggested that a new form of magnetic behavior might exist; called antiferromagnetism, as opposed to ferromagnetism. Above a certain temperature (the Néel temperature) this behaviour stops. Néel pointed out (1948) that materials could also exist showing ferrimagnetism. Néel has also given an explanation of the weak magnetism of certain rocks, making possible the study of the history of Earth's magnetic field.
He is the instigator of the Polygone Scientifique in Grenoble.
The Louis Néel Medal, awarded annually by the European Geophysical Society, is named in Néel's honour.
Néel died at Brive-la-Gaillarde on 17 November 2000 at the age 95, just 5 days short of his 96th birthday.
Awards and honours
Néel received numerous awards and honours for his work including:
Awards
Hughes Prize of the Académie des sciences (1935)
Félix Robin Prize of the Société française de physique (1938)
André Blondel Medal (1948)
Grand prix du conseil de l’association « Au service de la pensée française » (1949)
Holweck Prize (1952)
Elected Foreign Member of the Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences (1959)
Three Physicists Prize (1963)
Gold Medal of CNRS (1965)
Elected Foreign Member of the Royal Society (ForMemRS) in 1966
Nobel Prize in Physics (1970)
Great Gold Medal of l’Électronique (1971)
Great Gold Medal of the Société d’encouragement pour la recherche et l’invention (1973)
Founding member of the World Cultural Council (1981).
Distinctions
Owing to his involvement in national defense, particularly through research in the protection of warships by demagnetization against magnetic mines, he received numerous distinctions:
Legion of Honour:
Knight (for exceptional military services) (1940)
Officer (1951)
Commander (1958)
Grand Officer (1966)
Grand Cross (1974)
Croix de Guerre with Palm (1940)
Commander of the Ordre des Palmes Académiques (1957)
Knight of the Order of Social Merit (1963)
Grand Cross of the National Order of Merit (1972)
Honorary Admiral (French Navy)
See also
Rayleigh law
Single domain (magnetic)
References
External links
Louis Néel on Nobelprize.org including the Nobel Lecture, 11 December 1970 Magnetism and the Local Molecular Field
|
Lee Lawrie
|
Lee Oscar Lawrie (October 16, 1877 – January 23, 1963) was an American architectural sculptor and an important figure in the American sculpture scene preceding World War II. Over his long career of more than 300 commissions Lawrie's style evolved through Modern Gothic, to Beaux-Arts, Classicism, and, finally, into Moderne or Art Deco.
He created a frieze on the Nebraska State Capitol building in Lincoln, Nebraska, including a portrayal of the announcement of the Emancipation Proclamation. He also created some of the architectural sculpture and his most prominent work, the free-standing bronze Atlas (installed 1937) at New York City's Rockefeller Center.
Lawrie's work is associated with some of the United States' most noted buildings of the first half of the twentieth century. His stylistic approach evolved with building styles that ranged from Beaux-Arts to neo-Gothic to Art Deco. Many of his architectural sculptures were completed for buildings by Bertram Goodhue of Cram & Goodhue, including the chapel at West Point; the National Academy of Sciences in Washington, D.C.; the Nebraska State Capitol; the Los Angeles Public Library; St. Bartholomew's Episcopal Church in New York; Cornell Law School in Ithaca, New York; and Rockefeller Chapel at the University of Chicago. He completed numerous pieces in Washington, D.C., including the bronze doors of the John Adams Building of the Library of Congress, the Basilica of the National Shrine of the Immaculate Conception south entrance portal, and the interior sculpture of George Washington at the National Cathedral.
Early work
Lee Lawrie was born in Rixdorf, Germany, in 1877 and immigrated to the United States in 1882 as a young child with his family; they settled in Chicago. It was there, at the age of 14, that he began working for the sculptor Richard Henry Park.
At the age of 15, in 1892 Lawrie worked as an assistant to many of the sculptors in Chicago, for their part in constructing the "White City" for the World's Columbian Exposition of 1893. Following the completion of that work, Lawrie went East, where he became an assistant to William Ordway Partridge. During the next decade, he worked with other established sculptors: Augustus Saint-Gaudens, Philip Martiny, Alexander Phimister Proctor, John William Kitson and others. His work at the Louisiana Purchase Exposition, St Louis, 1904, under Karl Bitter, the foremost architectural sculptor of the time, allowed Lawrie to develop both his skills and his reputation as an architectural sculptor.
Lawrie received a bachelor's degree in fine arts from Yale University in 1910. He was an instructor in Yale's School of Fine Arts from 1908 to 1919 and taught in the architecture program at Harvard University from 1910 to 1912.
Collaborations with Cram and Goodhue
Lawrie's collaborations with Ralph Adams Cram and Bertram Goodhue brought him to the forefront of architectural sculptors in the United States. After the breakup of the Cram, Goodhue firm in 1914, Lawrie continued to work with Goodhue until the architect died in 1924. He next worked with Goodhue's successors.
Lawrie sculpted numerous bas reliefs for El Fureidis, an estate in Montecito, California designed by Goodhue. The bas reliefs depict the Arthurian Legends and remain intact at the estate today.
The Nebraska State Capitol and the Los Angeles Public Library both feature extensive sculptural programs integrated with the surface, massing, spatial grammar, and social function of the building. Lawrie's collaborations with Goodhue are arguably the most highly developed example of architectural sculpture in American architectural history.
Lawrie served as a consultant to the 1933-34 Century of Progress International Exposition in Chicago. He was a member of the National Institute of Arts and Letters, the American Academy of Arts and Letters, the National Academy of Design, and the Architectural League of New York. Among his many awards was the AIA Gold Medal of the American Institute of Architects in 1921 and 1927, a medal of honor from the Architectural League of New York in 1931, and an honorary degree from Yale University. He served on the U.S. Commission of Fine Arts in Washington, DC from 1933 to 1937 and again from 1945 to 1950; it oversees federal public works and artwork in the city.
A bust of Lawrie was sculpted Joseph Kiselewski. The Academy Art Museum in Easton, Maryland likely commissioned Kiselewski to do the bust. Lawrie was a co-founder of the museum. Kiselewski worked with Lawrie in the early years of his career prior to going to France to study.
Commissions related to Goodhue
Marble reliefs above the windows of the Deborah Cook Sayles Public Library, Pawtucket, Rhode Island, 1902 (Cram, Goodhue & Ferguson)
Chapel at West Point, West Point, New York (Cram and Goodhue)
Church of St. Vincent Ferrer, New York City (Cram and Goodhue)
Pulpit and Lectern and Apse carvings at St. Bartholomew's Episcopal Church, (Cram and Goodhue)
Reredos at Saint Thomas Church on Fifth Avenue in New York City (Cram and Goodhue)
Reredos at St. John's Episcopal Church (West Hartford, Connecticut) (Goodhue)
Reredos panel at St. Mary's-in-Tuxedo Episcopal Church, Tuxedo Park, New York (Goodhue)
Nebraska State Capitol, Lincoln, Nebraska (Goodhue)
Los Angeles Public Library, Los Angeles, California (Goodhue)
Trinity English Lutheran Church, Fort Wayne, Indiana (Goodhue)
National Academy of Sciences Building in Washington, D.C. (Goodhue)
Rockefeller Chapel, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois (Goodhue)
Christ Church Cranbrook, in Bloomfield Hills, Michigan (Goodhue)
Church of the Heavenly Rest, New York City (Mayers Murray & Phillip)
Commissions after Goodhue's death
Rockefeller Center
After Goodhue's death, Lawrie produced important and highly visible work under Raymond Hood at Rockefeller Center in New York City, which included the Atlas in collaboration with Rene Paul Chambellan. By November 1931 Hood said, "There has been entirely too much talk about the collaboration of architect, painter and sculptor." He relegated Lawrie to the role of a decorator.
Lawrie's most noted work is not architectural: it is the freestanding statue of Atlas, on Fifth Avenue at Rockefeller Center, standing a total 45 feet tall, with a 15-foot human figure supporting an armillary sphere. At its unveiling, some critics were reminded of Benito Mussolini, while James Montgomery Flagg suggested that it looked as Mussolini thought he looked. The international character of Streamline Moderne, embraced by Fascism as well as corporate democracy, lost favor during the Second World War.
Featured above the entrance to 30 Rockefeller Plaza and axially behind the golden Prometheus, Lawrie's Wisdom is one of the most visible works of art in the complex. An Art Deco piece, it echoes the statements of power shown in Atlas and Paul Manship's Prometheus.
Other commissions
Allegorical relief panels called Courage, Patriotism and Wisdom over the entry doors to United States Senate chamber (done as part of the 1950 Federal-period remodeling of the Senate), Washington, D.C.
Education Building (a.k.a. Forum Building) in Harrisburg, Pennsylvania
Louisiana State Capitol in Baton Rouge, Louisiana
Peace Memorial at Gettysburg, Pennsylvania
Sculptural elements of the Fidelity Mutual Life Building in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania (now Perelman Building of the Philadelphia Museum of Art, including the owl of wisdom, the dog of fidelity, the pelican of charity, the possum of protection, and the squirrel of frugality), architects Zantzinger, Borie and Medary
Statue of George Washington, National Cathedral, Washington, D.C.
Friezes for the Ramsey County Courthouse in Saint Paul, Minnesota
Whatsoever a Man Soweth, fifth issue of the long running Society of Medalists.
Two Egyptian bas-reliefs for the 1924 Hale Solar Laboratory in Pasadena, California
National Shrine of the Immaculate Conception and the bronze doors of the John Adams Building at the Library of Congress Annex, both in Washington, D.C.
Harkness Memorial Tower at Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut
Sterling Memorial Library at Yale University
Beaumont Tower at Michigan State University in East Lansing, Michigan
Kirk in the Hills Presbyterian in Bloomfield Hills, Michigan
Bok Singing Tower in Mountain Lake, Florida, architects Zantzinger, Borie and Medary
Designed sculptures for the Brittany American Cemetery and Memorial in Brittany, France, executed by Jean Juge of Paris and the French sculptor, Augustine Beggi.
Hubbard Bell Grossman Pillot Memorial gravestone.
World War I Memorial Flagstaff, Pasadena, California
Soldiers and Sailors Memorial Bridge, Harrisburg, Pennsylvania, 1930
In popular culture
His Atlas was featured on the cover of The New Yorker magazine for December 20 and 27, 2010.
Gallery
See also
Edward Ardolino, collaborating sculptor
List of Saltus Award winners
Notes and references
Notes
References
Bok, Edward W., America's Taj Mahal: The Singing Tower of Florida, The Georgia Marble Company, Tate, Georgia c. 1929.
Brown, Elinor L., Architectural Wonder of the World, State of Nebraska, Building Division, Lincoln, Nebraska 1978.
Fowler, Charles F., Building a Landmark: The Capitol of Nebraska, Nebraska State Building Division, 1981.
Garvey, Timothy Joseph, Lee Lawrie: Classicism and American Culture, 1919 - 1954, PhD. Thesis University of Minnesota 1980.
Gebhard, David, The National Trust Guide to Art Deco in America, John Wiley & Sons, New York, New York 1996.
Kvaran & Lockley, Guide to Architectural Sculpture of America, unpublished manuscript.
Lawrie; Lee, Sculpture - 48 Plates With a Foreword by the Sculptor, J.H. Hanson Cleveland, Ohio 1936.
Luebke, Frederick C. Editor, A Harmony of the Arts: The Nebraska State Capitol, University of Nebraska Press, Lincoln, Nebraska 1990.
Masters, Magaret Dale, Hartley Burr Alexander—Writer-In-Stone, Margaret Dale Masters 1992 .
Nelson, Paul D., Courthouse Sculptor: Lee Lawrie, Ramsey County History Quarterly V43 #4, *Ramsey County Historical Society, St Paul, MN, 2009.
Oliver, Richard, Bertram Grosvenor Goodhue, The Architectural History Foundation, New York & The MIT Press, Cambridge, Massachusetts 1985.
Whitaker, Charles Harris, Editor, Text by Lee Lawrie et al. Bertram Grosvenor Goodhue, Architect-and Master of Many Arts, Press of the American Institute of Architects, Inc., NYC 1925.
Whitaker, Charles Harris and Hartley Burr Alexander, The Architectural Sculpture of the State Capitol at Lincoln Nebraska, Press of the American Institute of Architects, New York 1926.
External links
LeeLawrie.com - Additional Website of Gregory Paul Harm. Features additional Lawrie works recently added by Harm to the Smithsonian Institution's Art Inventory Catalog.
Lee Lawrie - Stalking Lawrie: America's Machine Age Michelangelo.
Lee Lawrie page on philart.net - pictures of artistic details on the Perelman building
Article on Greg Harm's research and discoveries about Lawrie and his work on the Nebraska State Capitol
Lawrie collection in process. Held by the Department of Drawings & Archives, Avery Architectural & Fine Arts Library, Columbia University.
|
Lee Oscar Lawrie (October 16, 1877 – January 23, 1963) was an American architectural sculptor and an important figure in the American sculpture scene preceding World War II. Over his long career of more than 300 commissions Lawrie's style evolved through Modern Gothic, to Beaux-Arts, Classicism, and, finally, into Moderne or Art Deco.
He created a frieze on the Nebraska State Capitol building in Lincoln, Nebraska, including a portrayal of the announcement of the Emancipation Proclamation. He also created some of the architectural sculpture and his most prominent work, the free-standing bronze Atlas (installed 1937) at New York City's Rockefeller Center.
Lawrie's work is associated with some of the United States' most noted buildings of the first half of the twentieth century. His stylistic approach evolved with building styles that ranged from Beaux-Arts to neo-Gothic to Art Deco. Many of his architectural sculptures were completed for buildings by Bertram Goodhue of Cram & Goodhue, including the chapel at West Point; the National Academy of Sciences in Washington, D.C.; the Nebraska State Capitol; the Los Angeles Public Library; St. Bartholomew's Episcopal Church in New York; Cornell Law School in Ithaca, New York; and Rockefeller Chapel at the University of Chicago. He completed numerous pieces in Washington, D.C., including the bronze doors of the John Adams Building of the Library of Congress, the Basilica of the National Shrine of the Immaculate Conception south entrance portal, and the interior sculpture of George Washington at the National Cathedral.
Early work
Lee Lawrie was born in Rixdorf, Germany, in 1877 and immigrated to the United States in 1882 as a young child with his family; they settled in Chicago. It was there, at the age of 14, that he began working for the sculptor Richard Henry Park.
At the age of 15, in 1892 Lawrie worked as an assistant to many of the sculptors in Chicago, for their part in constructing the "White City" for the World's Columbian Exposition of 1893. Following the completion of that work, Lawrie went East, where he became an assistant to William Ordway Partridge. During the next decade, he worked with other established sculptors: Augustus Saint-Gaudens, Philip Martiny, Alexander Phimister Proctor, John William Kitson and others. His work at the Louisiana Purchase Exposition, St Louis, 1904, under Karl Bitter, the foremost architectural sculptor of the time, allowed Lawrie to develop both his skills and his reputation as an architectural sculptor.
Lawrie received a bachelor's degree in fine arts from Yale University in 1910. He was an instructor in Yale's School of Fine Arts from 1908 to 1919 and taught in the architecture program at Harvard University from 1910 to 1912.
Collaborations with Cram and Goodhue
Lawrie's collaborations with Ralph Adams Cram and Bertram Goodhue brought him to the forefront of architectural sculptors in the United States. After the breakup of the Cram, Goodhue firm in 1914, Lawrie continued to work with Goodhue until the architect died in 1924. He next worked with Goodhue's successors.
Lawrie sculpted numerous bas reliefs for El Fureidis, an estate in Montecito, California designed by Goodhue. The bas reliefs depict the Arthurian Legends and remain intact at the estate today.
The Nebraska State Capitol and the Los Angeles Public Library both feature extensive sculptural programs integrated with the surface, massing, spatial grammar, and social function of the building. Lawrie's collaborations with Goodhue are arguably the most highly developed example of architectural sculpture in American architectural history.
Lawrie served as a consultant to the 1933-34 Century of Progress International Exposition in Chicago. He was a member of the National Institute of Arts and Letters, the American Academy of Arts and Letters, the National Academy of Design, and the Architectural League of New York. Among his many awards was the AIA Gold Medal of the American Institute of Architects in 1921 and 1927, a medal of honor from the Architectural League of New York in 1931, and an honorary degree from Yale University. He served on the U.S. Commission of Fine Arts in Washington, DC from 1933 to 1937 and again from 1945 to 1950; it oversees federal public works and artwork in the city.
A bust of Lawrie was sculpted Joseph Kiselewski. The Academy Art Museum in Easton, Maryland likely commissioned Kiselewski to do the bust. Lawrie was a co-founder of the museum. Kiselewski worked with Lawrie in the early years of his career prior to going to France to study.
Commissions related to Goodhue
Marble reliefs above the windows of the Deborah Cook Sayles Public Library, Pawtucket, Rhode Island, 1902 (Cram, Goodhue & Ferguson)
Chapel at West Point, West Point, New York (Cram and Goodhue)
Church of St. Vincent Ferrer, New York City (Cram and Goodhue)
Pulpit and Lectern and Apse carvings at St. Bartholomew's Episcopal Church, (Cram and Goodhue)
Reredos at Saint Thomas Church on Fifth Avenue in New York City (Cram and Goodhue)
Reredos at St. John's Episcopal Church (West Hartford, Connecticut) (Goodhue)
Reredos panel at St. Mary's-in-Tuxedo Episcopal Church, Tuxedo Park, New York (Goodhue)
Nebraska State Capitol, Lincoln, Nebraska (Goodhue)
Los Angeles Public Library, Los Angeles, California (Goodhue)
Trinity English Lutheran Church, Fort Wayne, Indiana (Goodhue)
National Academy of Sciences Building in Washington, D.C. (Goodhue)
Rockefeller Chapel, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois (Goodhue)
Christ Church Cranbrook, in Bloomfield Hills, Michigan (Goodhue)
Church of the Heavenly Rest, New York City (Mayers Murray & Phillip)
Commissions after Goodhue's death
Rockefeller Center
After Goodhue's death, Lawrie produced important and highly visible work under Raymond Hood at Rockefeller Center in New York City, which included the Atlas in collaboration with Rene Paul Chambellan. By November 1931 Hood said, "There has been entirely too much talk about the collaboration of architect, painter and sculptor." He relegated Lawrie to the role of a decorator.
Lawrie's most noted work is not architectural: it is the freestanding statue of Atlas, on Fifth Avenue at Rockefeller Center, standing a total 45 feet tall, with a 15-foot human figure supporting an armillary sphere. At its unveiling, some critics were reminded of Benito Mussolini, while James Montgomery Flagg suggested that it looked as Mussolini thought he looked. The international character of Streamline Moderne, embraced by Fascism as well as corporate democracy, lost favor during the Second World War.
Featured above the entrance to 30 Rockefeller Plaza and axially behind the golden Prometheus, Lawrie's Wisdom is one of the most visible works of art in the complex. An Art Deco piece, it echoes the statements of power shown in Atlas and Paul Manship's Prometheus.
Other commissions
Allegorical relief panels called Courage, Patriotism and Wisdom over the entry doors to United States Senate chamber (done as part of the 1950 Federal-period remodeling of the Senate), Washington, D.C.
Education Building (a.k.a. Forum Building) in Harrisburg, Pennsylvania
Louisiana State Capitol in Baton Rouge, Louisiana
Peace Memorial at Gettysburg, Pennsylvania
Sculptural elements of the Fidelity Mutual Life Building in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania (now Perelman Building of the Philadelphia Museum of Art, including the owl of wisdom, the dog of fidelity, the pelican of charity, the possum of protection, and the squirrel of frugality), architects Zantzinger, Borie and Medary
Statue of George Washington, National Cathedral, Washington, D.C.
Friezes for the Ramsey County Courthouse in Saint Paul, Minnesota
Whatsoever a Man Soweth, fifth issue of the long running Society of Medalists.
Two Egyptian bas-reliefs for the 1924 Hale Solar Laboratory in Pasadena, California
National Shrine of the Immaculate Conception and the bronze doors of the John Adams Building at the Library of Congress Annex, both in Washington, D.C.
Harkness Memorial Tower at Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut
Sterling Memorial Library at Yale University
Beaumont Tower at Michigan State University in East Lansing, Michigan
Kirk in the Hills Presbyterian in Bloomfield Hills, Michigan
Bok Singing Tower in Mountain Lake, Florida, architects Zantzinger, Borie and Medary
Designed sculptures for the Brittany American Cemetery and Memorial in Brittany, France, executed by Jean Juge of Paris and the French sculptor, Augustine Beggi.
Hubbard Bell Grossman Pillot Memorial gravestone.
World War I Memorial Flagstaff, Pasadena, California
Soldiers and Sailors Memorial Bridge, Harrisburg, Pennsylvania, 1930
In popular culture
His Atlas was featured on the cover of The New Yorker magazine for December 20 and 27, 2010.
Gallery
See also
Edward Ardolino, collaborating sculptor
List of Saltus Award winners
Notes and references
Notes
References
Bok, Edward W., America's Taj Mahal: The Singing Tower of Florida, The Georgia Marble Company, Tate, Georgia c. 1929.
Brown, Elinor L., Architectural Wonder of the World, State of Nebraska, Building Division, Lincoln, Nebraska 1978.
Fowler, Charles F., Building a Landmark: The Capitol of Nebraska, Nebraska State Building Division, 1981.
Garvey, Timothy Joseph, Lee Lawrie: Classicism and American Culture, 1919 - 1954, PhD. Thesis University of Minnesota 1980.
Gebhard, David, The National Trust Guide to Art Deco in America, John Wiley & Sons, New York, New York 1996.
Kvaran & Lockley, Guide to Architectural Sculpture of America, unpublished manuscript.
Lawrie; Lee, Sculpture - 48 Plates With a Foreword by the Sculptor, J.H. Hanson Cleveland, Ohio 1936.
Luebke, Frederick C. Editor, A Harmony of the Arts: The Nebraska State Capitol, University of Nebraska Press, Lincoln, Nebraska 1990.
Masters, Magaret Dale, Hartley Burr Alexander—Writer-In-Stone, Margaret Dale Masters 1992 .
Nelson, Paul D., Courthouse Sculptor: Lee Lawrie, Ramsey County History Quarterly V43 #4, *Ramsey County Historical Society, St Paul, MN, 2009.
Oliver, Richard, Bertram Grosvenor Goodhue, The Architectural History Foundation, New York & The MIT Press, Cambridge, Massachusetts 1985.
Whitaker, Charles Harris, Editor, Text by Lee Lawrie et al. Bertram Grosvenor Goodhue, Architect-and Master of Many Arts, Press of the American Institute of Architects, Inc., NYC 1925.
Whitaker, Charles Harris and Hartley Burr Alexander, The Architectural Sculpture of the State Capitol at Lincoln Nebraska, Press of the American Institute of Architects, New York 1926.
External links
LeeLawrie.com - Additional Website of Gregory Paul Harm. Features additional Lawrie works recently added by Harm to the Smithsonian Institution's Art Inventory Catalog.
Lee Lawrie - Stalking Lawrie: America's Machine Age Michelangelo.
Lee Lawrie page on philart.net - pictures of artistic details on the Perelman building
Article on Greg Harm's research and discoveries about Lawrie and his work on the Nebraska State Capitol
Lawrie collection in process. Held by the Department of Drawings & Archives, Avery Architectural & Fine Arts Library, Columbia University.
|
Dany Robin
|
Dany Robin (French pronunciation: [dani ʁɔbɛ̃]; 14 April 1927 – 25 May 1995) was a French actress of the 1950s and the 1960s. Nicknamed ‘la petite fiancée de la France’ (France's little fiancée) in the post-war years, she became one of the leading female stars of the 1950s, moving from the role of ‘ingénue’ to that of saucy Parisienne. She played the leading lady in Topaz (1969), and is regarded as the last ‘Hitchcock blonde’.
Career
Robin was born Danielle Robin in Clamart. She performed with Peter Sellers in The Waltz of the Toreadors, and co-starred opposite Kirk Douglas in the 1953 romantic drama Act of Love. Robin co-starred with Connie Francis, Paula Prentiss, and Janis Paige in Follow the Boys (1963). Her last leading role was the agent's wife Nicole Devereaux in Alfred Hitchcock's Topaz (1969).
Personal life and death
Robin was married to fellow actor Georges Marchal. On 25 May 1995, she and her second husband, Michael Sullivan, died in a fire in their apartment in Paris.
Selected filmography
References
External links
Dany Robin at IMDb
Dany Robin at Find a Grave
|
Dany Robin (French pronunciation: [dani ʁɔbɛ̃]; 14 April 1927 – 25 May 1995) was a French actress of the 1950s and the 1960s. Nicknamed ‘la petite fiancée de la France’ (France's little fiancée) in the post-war years, she became one of the leading female stars of the 1950s, moving from the role of ‘ingénue’ to that of saucy Parisienne. She played the leading lady in Topaz (1969), and is regarded as the last ‘Hitchcock blonde’.
Career
Robin was born Danielle Robin in Clamart. She performed with Peter Sellers in The Waltz of the Toreadors, and co-starred opposite Kirk Douglas in the 1953 romantic drama Act of Love. Robin co-starred with Connie Francis, Paula Prentiss, and Janis Paige in Follow the Boys (1963). Her last leading role was the agent's wife Nicole Devereaux in Alfred Hitchcock's Topaz (1969).
Personal life and death
Robin was married to fellow actor Georges Marchal. On 25 May 1995, she and her second husband, Michael Sullivan, died in a fire in their apartment in Paris.
Selected filmography
References
External links
Dany Robin at IMDb
Dany Robin at Find a Grave
|
Curt Backeberg
|
Curt Backeberg (2 August 1894 in Lüneburg, Germany – 14 January 1966) was a German horticulturist especially known for the collection and classification of cacti.
Biography
He travelled extensively through Central and South America, and published a number of books on cacti, including the six-volume, 4,000-page Die Cactaceae, 1958–1962, and the Kakteenlexikon, first appearing in 1966 and updated posthumously.
Although he collected and described many new species and defined a number of new genera, much of his work was based on faulty assumptions about the evolution of cacti and was too focused on geographic distribution; many of his genera have since been reorganized or abandoned. The botanist David Hunt is quoted as saying that he "left a trail of nomenclatural chaos that will probably vex cactus taxonomists for centuries." Nevertheless, his observations regarding the subtle variations among cacti have proven useful for hobbyists, who continue to use many cactus names proposed or upheld in his works.
In 1954, the Mexican botanist Helia Bravo Hollis described a new genus, and named it Backebergia in honor of Curt Backeberg.
Curt Backeberg was struck by a heart attack and died on 14 January 1966.
See also
Cacti
Backebergia
== References ==
|
Curt Backeberg (2 August 1894 in Lüneburg, Germany – 14 January 1966) was a German horticulturist especially known for the collection and classification of cacti.
Biography
He travelled extensively through Central and South America, and published a number of books on cacti, including the six-volume, 4,000-page Die Cactaceae, 1958–1962, and the Kakteenlexikon, first appearing in 1966 and updated posthumously.
Although he collected and described many new species and defined a number of new genera, much of his work was based on faulty assumptions about the evolution of cacti and was too focused on geographic distribution; many of his genera have since been reorganized or abandoned. The botanist David Hunt is quoted as saying that he "left a trail of nomenclatural chaos that will probably vex cactus taxonomists for centuries." Nevertheless, his observations regarding the subtle variations among cacti have proven useful for hobbyists, who continue to use many cactus names proposed or upheld in his works.
In 1954, the Mexican botanist Helia Bravo Hollis described a new genus, and named it Backebergia in honor of Curt Backeberg.
Curt Backeberg was struck by a heart attack and died on 14 January 1966.
See also
Cacti
Backebergia
== References ==
|
Ida Rolf
|
Ida Pauline Rolf (May 19, 1896 – March 19, 1979) was a biochemist and the creator of the pseudoscientific practice of Structural Integration, later termed Rolfing, a type of manual therapy that claims to aligning the human body's so-called "energy field" and Earth's gravity.
Early life
Rolf was born in New York City in the Bronx on May 19, 1896. She was an only child. Her father, Bernard Rolf, was a civil engineer who built docks and piers on the east coast.
Rolf graduated from Barnard College in 1916 with a bachelor's degree in chemistry. She was in the Mathematics Club, German Club, Vice President of the class of 1916, a member of the Young Women's Christian Assn., was the alternate for the Graduate Fellowship while working at the Rockefeller Foundation, Business Manager of The Barnard Bulletin, and a member of Phi Beta Kappa. She received Departmental Honours in Chemistry at graduation. In 1917 she began her doctoral studies at Columbia University and, concurrently, Rolf also began work at the Rockefeller Institute as a chemical researcher.
In 1920, Rolf earned her PhD in biological chemistry under the supervision of Phoebus Aaron Theodore Levene, of the Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons. Her dissertation was entitled "Three Contributions to the Chemistry of the Unsaturated Phosphatides", originally printed in three separate issues of the Journal of Biological Chemistry. It was printed in its entirety as a bound book called "Phosphatides" in late 1922. She studied yoga with Pierre Bernard which influenced her development of Rolfing.
Career
After graduating, Rolf continued to work with Levene at the Rockefeller Institute for Medical Research in New York City. In 1918, she was promoted to assistant in the chemistry lab. In 1922, two years after having received her PhD from Columbia, Rolf was raised to associate, then the highest non-tenured position for a scientist at Rockefeller. From 1919 to 1927, she published 16 scholarly journal papers, mostly in the Journal of Biological Chemistry. Her research was primarily laboratory studies on biochemical compounds lecithin and cephalin. With the exception of her doctoral dissertation, all of her published work was co-authored with Levene. In 1926, Rolf left her academic work in New York to study mathematics and atomic physics at the Swiss Federal Institute of Technology in Zurich and also biochemistry at the Pasteur Institute in Paris, France.
Rolf later developed Structural Integration. In addition to her 16 academic papers published from 1919 to 1927, she would later publish two papers in scholarly journals on Structural Integration. In the mid-1960s, she began teaching her Structural Integration method at Esalen Institute. Esalen was the epicenter of the Human Potential Movement. Rolf exchanged ideas with countercultural figures including Fritz Perls.
In 1971, Rolf's teaching activities were consolidated under the Rolf Institute of Structural Integration. As of 2010, it had graduated 1536 practitioners, including some trained in Germany, Brazil, Japan, and Australia, in addition to the main program in Boulder, Colorado. In 1990, a group of senior faculty split off to found the Guild of Structural Integration, which had 628 graduates as of 2010. About two dozen schools were teaching Structural Integration in 2011. Standards for the field of Structural Integration are maintained by a professional membership organization, the International Association of Structural Integration.
Structural Integration
Structural Integration, later known as Rolfing, is a type of manual therapy that claims to improve human biomechanical functioning. Rolf began developing her system in the 1940s. Her main goal was to organize the human bodily structure in relation to gravity. Rolf called her method "Structural Integration", now also commonly known by the trademark "Rolfing". Structural integration is a pseudoscience and its claimed benefits are not substantiated by medical evidence.
Her publications about the therapy include:
1978 VERTICAL - Experiential Side to Human Potential, Journal of Humanistic Psychology
1973 Structural Integration - Contribution to understanding of stress, Confinia Psychiatrica
1979 Rolfing: Reestablishing the Natural Alignment and Structural Integration of the Human Body for Vitality and Well-Being, Healing Arts Press
Notes
References
Feitis, Rosemary. 1985. Rolfing and Physical Reality. Healing Arts Press
External links
Biography and photo gallery from the Rolf Research Foundation Archived 2014-03-01 at the Wayback Machine
|
Ida Pauline Rolf (May 19, 1896 – March 19, 1979) was a biochemist and the creator of the pseudoscientific practice of Structural Integration, later termed Rolfing, a type of manual therapy that claims to aligning the human body's so-called "energy field" and Earth's gravity.
Early life
Rolf was born in New York City in the Bronx on May 19, 1896. She was an only child. Her father, Bernard Rolf, was a civil engineer who built docks and piers on the east coast.
Rolf graduated from Barnard College in 1916 with a bachelor's degree in chemistry. She was in the Mathematics Club, German Club, Vice President of the class of 1916, a member of the Young Women's Christian Assn., was the alternate for the Graduate Fellowship while working at the Rockefeller Foundation, Business Manager of The Barnard Bulletin, and a member of Phi Beta Kappa. She received Departmental Honours in Chemistry at graduation. In 1917 she began her doctoral studies at Columbia University and, concurrently, Rolf also began work at the Rockefeller Institute as a chemical researcher.
In 1920, Rolf earned her PhD in biological chemistry under the supervision of Phoebus Aaron Theodore Levene, of the Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons. Her dissertation was entitled "Three Contributions to the Chemistry of the Unsaturated Phosphatides", originally printed in three separate issues of the Journal of Biological Chemistry. It was printed in its entirety as a bound book called "Phosphatides" in late 1922. She studied yoga with Pierre Bernard which influenced her development of Rolfing.
Career
After graduating, Rolf continued to work with Levene at the Rockefeller Institute for Medical Research in New York City. In 1918, she was promoted to assistant in the chemistry lab. In 1922, two years after having received her PhD from Columbia, Rolf was raised to associate, then the highest non-tenured position for a scientist at Rockefeller. From 1919 to 1927, she published 16 scholarly journal papers, mostly in the Journal of Biological Chemistry. Her research was primarily laboratory studies on biochemical compounds lecithin and cephalin. With the exception of her doctoral dissertation, all of her published work was co-authored with Levene. In 1926, Rolf left her academic work in New York to study mathematics and atomic physics at the Swiss Federal Institute of Technology in Zurich and also biochemistry at the Pasteur Institute in Paris, France.
Rolf later developed Structural Integration. In addition to her 16 academic papers published from 1919 to 1927, she would later publish two papers in scholarly journals on Structural Integration. In the mid-1960s, she began teaching her Structural Integration method at Esalen Institute. Esalen was the epicenter of the Human Potential Movement. Rolf exchanged ideas with countercultural figures including Fritz Perls.
In 1971, Rolf's teaching activities were consolidated under the Rolf Institute of Structural Integration. As of 2010, it had graduated 1536 practitioners, including some trained in Germany, Brazil, Japan, and Australia, in addition to the main program in Boulder, Colorado. In 1990, a group of senior faculty split off to found the Guild of Structural Integration, which had 628 graduates as of 2010. About two dozen schools were teaching Structural Integration in 2011. Standards for the field of Structural Integration are maintained by a professional membership organization, the International Association of Structural Integration.
Structural Integration
Structural Integration, later known as Rolfing, is a type of manual therapy that claims to improve human biomechanical functioning. Rolf began developing her system in the 1940s. Her main goal was to organize the human bodily structure in relation to gravity. Rolf called her method "Structural Integration", now also commonly known by the trademark "Rolfing". Structural integration is a pseudoscience and its claimed benefits are not substantiated by medical evidence.
Her publications about the therapy include:
1978 VERTICAL - Experiential Side to Human Potential, Journal of Humanistic Psychology
1973 Structural Integration - Contribution to understanding of stress, Confinia Psychiatrica
1979 Rolfing: Reestablishing the Natural Alignment and Structural Integration of the Human Body for Vitality and Well-Being, Healing Arts Press
Notes
References
Feitis, Rosemary. 1985. Rolfing and Physical Reality. Healing Arts Press
External links
Biography and photo gallery from the Rolf Research Foundation Archived 2014-03-01 at the Wayback Machine
|
Alexandre Mouton
|
Alexandre Mouton (November 19, 1804 – February 12, 1885) was a United States senator and the 11th Governor of Louisiana.
Early life
He was born in Attakapas district (now Lafayette Parish) into a wealthy plantation-owning Acadian family. He pursued classical studies and graduated from Georgetown College. He studied law, was admitted to the bar in 1825, and commenced practice in Lafayette Parish. He married Zelia Rousseau, the granddaughter of Governor Jacques Dupré, in 1826; they had 5 children before her death in 1837, one of whom died in infancy. In 1842, he married Emma Kitchell Gardner; this marriage produced eight children, six of whom survived to adulthood.
Political career
From 1827 to 1832 was a member of the Louisiana House of Representatives, serving as speaker in 1831 - 1832. He was a presidential elector on the Democratic ticket in 1828, 1832, and 1836, and was an unsuccessful candidate for election in 1830 to the Twenty-second Congress. In 1836 he was again a member of the State house of representatives.
Mouton was elected as a Democrat to the U.S. Senate to fill the vacancy caused by the resignation of Alexander Porter, was reelected to the full term, and served from January 12, 1837, until his resignation on March 1, 1842. While in the Senate he was chairman of the Committee on Agriculture (Twenty-sixth Congress).
From 1843 to 1846, Mouton was governor of Louisiana. As governor, Mouton reduced expenditures and liquidated state assets to balance the budget and meet bond obligations without raising taxes. He sold state-owned steamboats, equipment and slaves used to remove the Red River Raft in 1834 under Governor Roman. As governor, he opposed all expenditures for internal improvements. He leased out state penitentiary labor and equipment. He supported the call for a constitutional convention, removal of property qualifications for suffrage and office holding, and the election of all local officials and most judges.
Civil War
He was president of the State secession convention in 1861 and an unsuccessful candidate to the Confederate Senate. Actively involved in railroads, he was president of the Southwestern Railroad Convention.
He was an active supporter of the Confederacy, devoting a large amount of his wealth to the cause. His son Alfred Mouton became a general and died at the Battle of Mansfield. His daughter married Confederate Major General Franklin Gardner, whose older sister became his own second wife.
Death
He died near Vermillionville (now Lafayette) in 1885. He is buried in the cemetery at St. John's Cathedral.
References
United States Congress. "Alexandre Mouton (id: M001050)". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress.
Congressional Bioguide's Guide to Research Collections for Alexander Mouton
National Governors Association Archived 2007-09-30 at the Wayback Machine
External links
Painting of Governor Mouton's home
State of Louisiana - Biography
Cemetery Memorial by La-Cemeteries
|
Alexandre Mouton (November 19, 1804 – February 12, 1885) was a United States senator and the 11th Governor of Louisiana.
Early life
He was born in Attakapas district (now Lafayette Parish) into a wealthy plantation-owning Acadian family. He pursued classical studies and graduated from Georgetown College. He studied law, was admitted to the bar in 1825, and commenced practice in Lafayette Parish. He married Zelia Rousseau, the granddaughter of Governor Jacques Dupré, in 1826; they had 5 children before her death in 1837, one of whom died in infancy. In 1842, he married Emma Kitchell Gardner; this marriage produced eight children, six of whom survived to adulthood.
Political career
From 1827 to 1832 was a member of the Louisiana House of Representatives, serving as speaker in 1831 - 1832. He was a presidential elector on the Democratic ticket in 1828, 1832, and 1836, and was an unsuccessful candidate for election in 1830 to the Twenty-second Congress. In 1836 he was again a member of the State house of representatives.
Mouton was elected as a Democrat to the U.S. Senate to fill the vacancy caused by the resignation of Alexander Porter, was reelected to the full term, and served from January 12, 1837, until his resignation on March 1, 1842. While in the Senate he was chairman of the Committee on Agriculture (Twenty-sixth Congress).
From 1843 to 1846, Mouton was governor of Louisiana. As governor, Mouton reduced expenditures and liquidated state assets to balance the budget and meet bond obligations without raising taxes. He sold state-owned steamboats, equipment and slaves used to remove the Red River Raft in 1834 under Governor Roman. As governor, he opposed all expenditures for internal improvements. He leased out state penitentiary labor and equipment. He supported the call for a constitutional convention, removal of property qualifications for suffrage and office holding, and the election of all local officials and most judges.
Civil War
He was president of the State secession convention in 1861 and an unsuccessful candidate to the Confederate Senate. Actively involved in railroads, he was president of the Southwestern Railroad Convention.
He was an active supporter of the Confederacy, devoting a large amount of his wealth to the cause. His son Alfred Mouton became a general and died at the Battle of Mansfield. His daughter married Confederate Major General Franklin Gardner, whose older sister became his own second wife.
Death
He died near Vermillionville (now Lafayette) in 1885. He is buried in the cemetery at St. John's Cathedral.
References
United States Congress. "Alexandre Mouton (id: M001050)". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress.
Congressional Bioguide's Guide to Research Collections for Alexander Mouton
National Governors Association Archived 2007-09-30 at the Wayback Machine
External links
Painting of Governor Mouton's home
State of Louisiana - Biography
Cemetery Memorial by La-Cemeteries
|
Ernest Ansermet
|
Ernest Alexandre Ansermet (French: [ɛʁnɛst alɛksɑ̃dʁ ɑ̃sɛʁmɛ]; 11 November 1883 – 20 February 1969) was a Swiss conductor.
Biography
Ansermet was born in Vevey, Switzerland. Originally he was a mathematics professor, teaching at the University of Lausanne. He began conducting at the Casino in Montreux in 1912, and from 1915 to 1923 was the conductor for Diaghilev's Ballets Russes. Travelling in France for this, he met both Claude Debussy and Maurice Ravel, and consulted them on the performance of their works. During World War I, he met Igor Stravinsky, who was exiled in Switzerland, and from this meeting began the conductor's lifelong association with Russian music.
In 1918 Ansermet founded his own orchestra, the Orchestre de la Suisse Romande (OSR). He toured widely in Europe and America and became famous for accurate performances of difficult modern music, making first recordings of works such as Stravinsky's Capriccio with the composer as soloist. Ansermet was one of the first in the field of classical music to take jazz seriously, and in 1919 he wrote an article praising Sidney Bechet.
After World War II, Ansermet and his orchestra rose to international prominence through a long-term contract with Decca Records. From that time until his death, he recorded most of his repertoire, often two or three times. His interpretations were widely regarded as admirably clear and authoritative, though the orchestral playing did not always reach the highest international standards, and they differed notably from those of other famous 20th-century specialists, notably Pierre Monteux and Stravinsky himself. Ansermet disapproved of Stravinsky's practice of revising his works, and always played the original versions. Although famous for performing much modern music by other composers such as Arthur Honegger and Frank Martin, he avoided altogether the music of Arnold Schoenberg and his associates, even criticizing Stravinsky when he began to use twelve-tone techniques in his compositions. In Ansermet's book, Les fondements de la musique dans la conscience humaine (1961), he sought to prove, using Husserlian phenomenology and partly his own mathematical studies, that Schoenberg's idiom was false and irrational. He labeled it a "Jewish idea" and went on to say that "the Jew is a me who speaks as though he were an I," that the Jew "suffers from thoughts doubly misformed", thus making him "suitable for the handling of money", and sums up with the statement that "historic creation of Western music" would have developed just as well "without the Jew". Ansermet's reputation suffered after the war because of his collaboration with the Nazis and he was boycotted in the new state of Israel.
In May 1954 Decca recorded Ansermet and the orchestra in Europe's first commercial stereophonic recordings. They went on to record the first stereo performance of the complete The Nutcracker by Tchaikovsky on LP (Artur Rodziński had already recorded a stereo performance on magnetic tape, but this had been released on LP only in mono). Ansermet also conducted early stereo recordings of Debussy's Nocturnes and the Prélude à l'après-midi d'un faune. Part of his recording of The Rite of Spring, augmented by a rehearsal recording unobtainable elsewhere, was used by Decca on the company's 1957 stereo demonstration LP, A Journey into Stereo Sound. The conductor's clear and methodical counting of beats is a distinct feature of this rehearsal sequence. In his last years he and his ensemble recorded works by Haydn, Beethoven and Brahms. In 1962, Ansermet made the first complete recording of Joseph Haydn's Paris symphonies with the OSR on Decca.
His last recording, of Stravinsky's The Firebird, was made in London with the New Philharmonia Orchestra in 1968, which included a recording of the rehearsal sessions issued as a memorial to him. Another late recording for Decca, also issued as a memorial album, was with L'Orchestre de la Suisse Romande, and was devoted to Albéric Magnard's Symphony No. 3 and Édouard Lalo's Scherzo for Orchestra.
Ansermet composed some piano pieces and compositions for orchestra, among them a symphonic poem entitled Feuilles de Printemps (Leaves of Spring). He also orchestrated Debussy's Six épigraphes antiques in 1939.
He died on 20 February 1969 in Geneva at the age of 85.
Notable premieres
In concert
Stravinsky, Histoire du soldat, Lausanne, 28 September 1918
Stravinsky, Capriccio for Piano and Orchestra, composer as soloist, 6 December 1929
Stravinsky, Mass, 27 October 1948
On stage
Manuel de Falla, The Three-Cornered Hat, Ballets Russes, Paris, 1919, a ballet for which Léonide Massine created the choreography and Pablo Picasso designed the sets and costumes. (Ansermet later recorded this in stereo.)
Stravinsky, Pulcinella, Ballets Russes, Paris, 15 May 1920
Prokofiev, Chout, Ballets Russes, Paris, 1921
Stravinsky, Renard, Ballets Russes, Paris, 18 May 1922
Stravinsky, Les noces, Ballets Russes, Paris, 13 June 1923
Benjamin Britten, The Rape of Lucretia, Glyndebourne, 12 July 1946
On record
Stravinsky, Capriccio for Piano and Orchestra, composer as soloist, May 1930
Writings
Ansermet, Ernest. 1961. Les fondements de la musique dans la conscience humaine. 2 v. Neuchâtel: La Baconnière. New edition, edited by J.-Claude Piguet, Rose-Marie Faller-Fauconnet, et al. Neuchâtel: La Baconnière, 1987. ISBN 2-8252-0211-8
Ansermet, Ernest. 1973. "L'apport de Paul Hindemith à la musique du XXe siècle." In Hommage à Paul Hindemith: 1895–1963 : l'homme et l'œuvre. Yverdon: Éditions de la Revue musicale de suisse romande.
Ansermet, Ernest. 1983. Ecrits sur la musique. Edited by Jean-Claude Piguet. New rev. ed. Neuchâtel: La Baconnière. ISBN 2-8252-0207-X
Correspondence
Piguet, Jean-Claude (ed.) 1976. Ernest Ansermet, Frank Martin: Correspondance, 1934–1968. Edited by Jean-Claude Piguet, with notes by Jacques Burdet. Neuchâtel: La Baconnière.
Tappolet, Claude (ed.). 2006. Ernest Ansermet, correspondances avec des compositeurs américains (1926–1966): d'Aaron Copland à Virgil Thomson, les grands maîtres du nouveau monde. Geneva: Georg.
Tappolet, Claude (ed.). 1999. Ernest Ansermet: Correspondances avec des chefs d'orchestre célèbres (1913–1969): précédées d'un Souvenir d'Arturo Toscanini par Ernest Ansermet (1967). Geneva: Georg. ISBN 2-8257-0662-0
Tappolet, Claude (ed.). 1998. Correspondance E. Ansermet - J.-Claude Piguet (1948–1969). Preface by Philippe Dinkel, postface by Jean-Jacques Langendorf. Geneva: Georg Editeur.
Tappolet, Claude (ed.). 1990–91. Correspondance Ansermet-Strawinsky (1914–1967). Geneva, Switzerland: Georg.
Tappolet, Claude (ed.). 1989a. Correspondance Ansermet-Ramuz, 1906–1941. Preface by Maurice Zermatten. Geneva: Georg; Paris: Eshel. ISBN 2-8257-0183-1
Tappolet, Claude (ed.). 1989b. Lettres de compositeurs suisses à Ernest Ansermet, 1906–1963 Avant-propos by Conrad Beck; postface by Julien-François Zbinden. Geneva: Georg. ISBN 2-8257-0169-6
Tappolet, Claude (ed.). 1983. Correspondance Ernest Ansermet, R.-Aloys Mooser: 1915–1969. Précédée d'un Voyage à Munich (1924) et suivie d'un Hommage à Ernest Ansermet by R.-Aloys Mooser (1969). Preface by René Dovaz. Geneva: Georg. ISBN 2-8257-0092-4
References
External links
Ernest Ansermet at AllMusic
Ernest Ansermet biography at the Bach Cantatas Website
Ernest Ansermet discography
|
Ernest Alexandre Ansermet (French: [ɛʁnɛst alɛksɑ̃dʁ ɑ̃sɛʁmɛ]; 11 November 1883 – 20 February 1969) was a Swiss conductor.
Biography
Ansermet was born in Vevey, Switzerland. Originally he was a mathematics professor, teaching at the University of Lausanne. He began conducting at the Casino in Montreux in 1912, and from 1915 to 1923 was the conductor for Diaghilev's Ballets Russes. Travelling in France for this, he met both Claude Debussy and Maurice Ravel, and consulted them on the performance of their works. During World War I, he met Igor Stravinsky, who was exiled in Switzerland, and from this meeting began the conductor's lifelong association with Russian music.
In 1918 Ansermet founded his own orchestra, the Orchestre de la Suisse Romande (OSR). He toured widely in Europe and America and became famous for accurate performances of difficult modern music, making first recordings of works such as Stravinsky's Capriccio with the composer as soloist. Ansermet was one of the first in the field of classical music to take jazz seriously, and in 1919 he wrote an article praising Sidney Bechet.
After World War II, Ansermet and his orchestra rose to international prominence through a long-term contract with Decca Records. From that time until his death, he recorded most of his repertoire, often two or three times. His interpretations were widely regarded as admirably clear and authoritative, though the orchestral playing did not always reach the highest international standards, and they differed notably from those of other famous 20th-century specialists, notably Pierre Monteux and Stravinsky himself. Ansermet disapproved of Stravinsky's practice of revising his works, and always played the original versions. Although famous for performing much modern music by other composers such as Arthur Honegger and Frank Martin, he avoided altogether the music of Arnold Schoenberg and his associates, even criticizing Stravinsky when he began to use twelve-tone techniques in his compositions. In Ansermet's book, Les fondements de la musique dans la conscience humaine (1961), he sought to prove, using Husserlian phenomenology and partly his own mathematical studies, that Schoenberg's idiom was false and irrational. He labeled it a "Jewish idea" and went on to say that "the Jew is a me who speaks as though he were an I," that the Jew "suffers from thoughts doubly misformed", thus making him "suitable for the handling of money", and sums up with the statement that "historic creation of Western music" would have developed just as well "without the Jew". Ansermet's reputation suffered after the war because of his collaboration with the Nazis and he was boycotted in the new state of Israel.
In May 1954 Decca recorded Ansermet and the orchestra in Europe's first commercial stereophonic recordings. They went on to record the first stereo performance of the complete The Nutcracker by Tchaikovsky on LP (Artur Rodziński had already recorded a stereo performance on magnetic tape, but this had been released on LP only in mono). Ansermet also conducted early stereo recordings of Debussy's Nocturnes and the Prélude à l'après-midi d'un faune. Part of his recording of The Rite of Spring, augmented by a rehearsal recording unobtainable elsewhere, was used by Decca on the company's 1957 stereo demonstration LP, A Journey into Stereo Sound. The conductor's clear and methodical counting of beats is a distinct feature of this rehearsal sequence. In his last years he and his ensemble recorded works by Haydn, Beethoven and Brahms. In 1962, Ansermet made the first complete recording of Joseph Haydn's Paris symphonies with the OSR on Decca.
His last recording, of Stravinsky's The Firebird, was made in London with the New Philharmonia Orchestra in 1968, which included a recording of the rehearsal sessions issued as a memorial to him. Another late recording for Decca, also issued as a memorial album, was with L'Orchestre de la Suisse Romande, and was devoted to Albéric Magnard's Symphony No. 3 and Édouard Lalo's Scherzo for Orchestra.
Ansermet composed some piano pieces and compositions for orchestra, among them a symphonic poem entitled Feuilles de Printemps (Leaves of Spring). He also orchestrated Debussy's Six épigraphes antiques in 1939.
He died on 20 February 1969 in Geneva at the age of 85.
Notable premieres
In concert
Stravinsky, Histoire du soldat, Lausanne, 28 September 1918
Stravinsky, Capriccio for Piano and Orchestra, composer as soloist, 6 December 1929
Stravinsky, Mass, 27 October 1948
On stage
Manuel de Falla, The Three-Cornered Hat, Ballets Russes, Paris, 1919, a ballet for which Léonide Massine created the choreography and Pablo Picasso designed the sets and costumes. (Ansermet later recorded this in stereo.)
Stravinsky, Pulcinella, Ballets Russes, Paris, 15 May 1920
Prokofiev, Chout, Ballets Russes, Paris, 1921
Stravinsky, Renard, Ballets Russes, Paris, 18 May 1922
Stravinsky, Les noces, Ballets Russes, Paris, 13 June 1923
Benjamin Britten, The Rape of Lucretia, Glyndebourne, 12 July 1946
On record
Stravinsky, Capriccio for Piano and Orchestra, composer as soloist, May 1930
Writings
Ansermet, Ernest. 1961. Les fondements de la musique dans la conscience humaine. 2 v. Neuchâtel: La Baconnière. New edition, edited by J.-Claude Piguet, Rose-Marie Faller-Fauconnet, et al. Neuchâtel: La Baconnière, 1987. ISBN 2-8252-0211-8
Ansermet, Ernest. 1973. "L'apport de Paul Hindemith à la musique du XXe siècle." In Hommage à Paul Hindemith: 1895–1963 : l'homme et l'œuvre. Yverdon: Éditions de la Revue musicale de suisse romande.
Ansermet, Ernest. 1983. Ecrits sur la musique. Edited by Jean-Claude Piguet. New rev. ed. Neuchâtel: La Baconnière. ISBN 2-8252-0207-X
Correspondence
Piguet, Jean-Claude (ed.) 1976. Ernest Ansermet, Frank Martin: Correspondance, 1934–1968. Edited by Jean-Claude Piguet, with notes by Jacques Burdet. Neuchâtel: La Baconnière.
Tappolet, Claude (ed.). 2006. Ernest Ansermet, correspondances avec des compositeurs américains (1926–1966): d'Aaron Copland à Virgil Thomson, les grands maîtres du nouveau monde. Geneva: Georg.
Tappolet, Claude (ed.). 1999. Ernest Ansermet: Correspondances avec des chefs d'orchestre célèbres (1913–1969): précédées d'un Souvenir d'Arturo Toscanini par Ernest Ansermet (1967). Geneva: Georg. ISBN 2-8257-0662-0
Tappolet, Claude (ed.). 1998. Correspondance E. Ansermet - J.-Claude Piguet (1948–1969). Preface by Philippe Dinkel, postface by Jean-Jacques Langendorf. Geneva: Georg Editeur.
Tappolet, Claude (ed.). 1990–91. Correspondance Ansermet-Strawinsky (1914–1967). Geneva, Switzerland: Georg.
Tappolet, Claude (ed.). 1989a. Correspondance Ansermet-Ramuz, 1906–1941. Preface by Maurice Zermatten. Geneva: Georg; Paris: Eshel. ISBN 2-8257-0183-1
Tappolet, Claude (ed.). 1989b. Lettres de compositeurs suisses à Ernest Ansermet, 1906–1963 Avant-propos by Conrad Beck; postface by Julien-François Zbinden. Geneva: Georg. ISBN 2-8257-0169-6
Tappolet, Claude (ed.). 1983. Correspondance Ernest Ansermet, R.-Aloys Mooser: 1915–1969. Précédée d'un Voyage à Munich (1924) et suivie d'un Hommage à Ernest Ansermet by R.-Aloys Mooser (1969). Preface by René Dovaz. Geneva: Georg. ISBN 2-8257-0092-4
References
External links
Ernest Ansermet at AllMusic
Ernest Ansermet biography at the Bach Cantatas Website
Ernest Ansermet discography
|
P. A. Yeomans
|
Percival Alfred Yeomans (1905 - November 1984) was an Australian inventor known for the Keyline system for the development of land and increasing the fertility of that land. As a mining engineer and gold assayer, Yeomans had developed a keen sense of hydrology and equipment design. Upon his brother-in-law's death in a grass fire, P.A. Yeomans assumed management of a large tract of land he later named Nevallan in New South Wales. There he developed improved methods and equipment for cultivation. His designs won him The Prince Philip Design Award Australia in 1974.
His Keyline principles or concepts (Keyline Design) have been adopted by farm owners in almost every country in the world. Yeomans' Keyline concepts are now part of the curriculum of many sustainable agriculture courses in colleges and universities across the world. His ideas have also been a key factor in the development of permaculture design. P.A. Yeomans wrote four books: The Keyline Plan, The Challenge of Landscape, Water For Every Farm and The City Forest.
See also
Keyline design
Permaculture
Allan Yeomans
External links
Yeomans Plow Co
Keyline.com.au
== References ==
|
Percival Alfred Yeomans (1905 - November 1984) was an Australian inventor known for the Keyline system for the development of land and increasing the fertility of that land. As a mining engineer and gold assayer, Yeomans had developed a keen sense of hydrology and equipment design. Upon his brother-in-law's death in a grass fire, P.A. Yeomans assumed management of a large tract of land he later named Nevallan in New South Wales. There he developed improved methods and equipment for cultivation. His designs won him The Prince Philip Design Award Australia in 1974.
His Keyline principles or concepts (Keyline Design) have been adopted by farm owners in almost every country in the world. Yeomans' Keyline concepts are now part of the curriculum of many sustainable agriculture courses in colleges and universities across the world. His ideas have also been a key factor in the development of permaculture design. P.A. Yeomans wrote four books: The Keyline Plan, The Challenge of Landscape, Water For Every Farm and The City Forest.
See also
Keyline design
Permaculture
Allan Yeomans
External links
Yeomans Plow Co
Keyline.com.au
== References ==
|
Karl Hartl
|
Karl Hartl (10 May 1899 – 29 August 1978) was an Austrian film director.
Life
Born in Vienna, Hartl began his film career at the Austrian Sascha-Film company of Alexander Kolowrat and from 1919 was assistant to the Hungarian director Alexander Korda. As a production manager, he in the 1920s accompanied Korda to Berlin, until in 1926 he returned to Vienna to work for his former class-mate director Gustav Ucicky.
From 1930 he worked for Universum Film AG (UFA) and debuted as director of Ein Burschenlied aus Heidelberg ("A Fraternity Song from Heidelberg") starring Hans Brausewetter and Willi Forst, with young Billy Wilder as a screenwriter. Together with Luis Trenker he directed the Gebirgsjäger drama Berge in Flammen ("Mountains in Flames") in 1931. He then experimented with other genres, for example the comedy Die Gräfin von Monte Cristo ("The Countess of Monte Cristo") (1932) with Brigitte Helm and Gustaf Gründgens, and in the same year achieved his final breakthrough with the flying drama film F.P.1 antwortet nicht written by Curt Siodmak and produced by Erich Pommer, with Conrad Veidt, Leslie Fenton and Jill Esmond. His lavish science fiction film Gold, released in 1934, is listed today as one of the most successful German films of the genre. In 1937, he directed the popular criminal comedy Der Mann, der Sherlock Holmes war ("The Man Who Was Sherlock Holmes") starring Hans Albers and Heinz Rühmann.
After most of the talented directors, technicians, actors had been forced to leave in the course of the 1938 Anschluss annexation of Austria by Nazi Germany, Hartl became head of production for Wien-Film, the newly created body through which the UFA, and beyond it, Joseph Goebbels, controlled the Austrian film industry. In this role, which he retained until the end of the war, Hartl seldom undertook work on individual films himself but was nevertheless involved at a senior level with some of the most significant entertainment films of the Nazi period. He was a member of the Advisory Council (Präsidialrat) of the Reichsfilmkammer. Despite Hartls professional ties to the regime, Wien-Film made largely propaganda-free entertainment films under Hartls leadership. Research has pointed to Hartls sophisticated use of local dialects and references to the Viennese court to subvert fascist expectations.
After 1945 he resumed film-making. On 3 July 1947 he set up in Salzburg, with the support of the Creditanstalt, the film production company Neue Wiener Filmproduktionsgesellschaft. One of his most acclaimed films of this period was Der Engel mit der Posaune ("The Angel with the Trombone") in 1949, which brought together many compatriot Austrian stars: Paula Wessely, Attila and Paul Hörbiger, Oskar Werner and Maria Schell. His later films included Weg in die Vergangenheit ("Way into the Past") from 1954 and Mozart, which entered the 1956 Cannes Film Festival.
Karl Hartl was married to the actress Marte Harell. He was buried in a grave of honor in the Hietzing cemetery, Vienna.
Selected filmography
The Prince and the Pauper (1920, editor)
Masters of the Sea (1922, editor)
A Vanished World (1922, editor)
The Unknown Tomorrow (1923, editor)
Tragedy in the House of Habsburg (1924, editor)
The Convict from Istanbul (1929)
Hocuspocus (1930)
The Immortal Vagabond (1930)
A Student's Song of Heidelberg (1930)
Mountains on Fire (1931)
Der Prinz von Arkadien (1932)
The Countess of Monte Cristo (1932)
F.P.1 antwortet nicht (1932)
Her Highness the Saleswoman (1933)
The Princess's Whim (1934)
Gold (1934)
So Ended a Great Love (1934)
The Gypsy Baron (1935)
The Emperor's Candlesticks (1936)
Ride to Freedom (1937)
The Man Who Was Sherlock Holmes (1937)
Woman in the River (1939)
A Mother's Love (1939)
My Daughter Lives in Vienna (1940)
Operetta (1940)
Judgement Day (1940)
Whom the Gods Love (1942)
Late Love (1943)
The Angel with the Trumpet (1948)
The Wonder Kid (1951)
Der schweigende Mund (1951)
House of Life (1952)
A Musical War of Love (1953)
Everything for Father (1953)
Walking Back into the Past (1954)
Mozart (1955)
Rot ist die Liebe (1956)
Flying Clipper (1962)
Notes
External links
Media related to Karl Hartl at Wikimedia Commons
Karl Hartl at IMDb
(in German) Filmportal.de Karl Hartl
|
Karl Hartl (10 May 1899 – 29 August 1978) was an Austrian film director.
Life
Born in Vienna, Hartl began his film career at the Austrian Sascha-Film company of Alexander Kolowrat and from 1919 was assistant to the Hungarian director Alexander Korda. As a production manager, he in the 1920s accompanied Korda to Berlin, until in 1926 he returned to Vienna to work for his former class-mate director Gustav Ucicky.
From 1930 he worked for Universum Film AG (UFA) and debuted as director of Ein Burschenlied aus Heidelberg ("A Fraternity Song from Heidelberg") starring Hans Brausewetter and Willi Forst, with young Billy Wilder as a screenwriter. Together with Luis Trenker he directed the Gebirgsjäger drama Berge in Flammen ("Mountains in Flames") in 1931. He then experimented with other genres, for example the comedy Die Gräfin von Monte Cristo ("The Countess of Monte Cristo") (1932) with Brigitte Helm and Gustaf Gründgens, and in the same year achieved his final breakthrough with the flying drama film F.P.1 antwortet nicht written by Curt Siodmak and produced by Erich Pommer, with Conrad Veidt, Leslie Fenton and Jill Esmond. His lavish science fiction film Gold, released in 1934, is listed today as one of the most successful German films of the genre. In 1937, he directed the popular criminal comedy Der Mann, der Sherlock Holmes war ("The Man Who Was Sherlock Holmes") starring Hans Albers and Heinz Rühmann.
After most of the talented directors, technicians, actors had been forced to leave in the course of the 1938 Anschluss annexation of Austria by Nazi Germany, Hartl became head of production for Wien-Film, the newly created body through which the UFA, and beyond it, Joseph Goebbels, controlled the Austrian film industry. In this role, which he retained until the end of the war, Hartl seldom undertook work on individual films himself but was nevertheless involved at a senior level with some of the most significant entertainment films of the Nazi period. He was a member of the Advisory Council (Präsidialrat) of the Reichsfilmkammer. Despite Hartls professional ties to the regime, Wien-Film made largely propaganda-free entertainment films under Hartls leadership. Research has pointed to Hartls sophisticated use of local dialects and references to the Viennese court to subvert fascist expectations.
After 1945 he resumed film-making. On 3 July 1947 he set up in Salzburg, with the support of the Creditanstalt, the film production company Neue Wiener Filmproduktionsgesellschaft. One of his most acclaimed films of this period was Der Engel mit der Posaune ("The Angel with the Trombone") in 1949, which brought together many compatriot Austrian stars: Paula Wessely, Attila and Paul Hörbiger, Oskar Werner and Maria Schell. His later films included Weg in die Vergangenheit ("Way into the Past") from 1954 and Mozart, which entered the 1956 Cannes Film Festival.
Karl Hartl was married to the actress Marte Harell. He was buried in a grave of honor in the Hietzing cemetery, Vienna.
Selected filmography
The Prince and the Pauper (1920, editor)
Masters of the Sea (1922, editor)
A Vanished World (1922, editor)
The Unknown Tomorrow (1923, editor)
Tragedy in the House of Habsburg (1924, editor)
The Convict from Istanbul (1929)
Hocuspocus (1930)
The Immortal Vagabond (1930)
A Student's Song of Heidelberg (1930)
Mountains on Fire (1931)
Der Prinz von Arkadien (1932)
The Countess of Monte Cristo (1932)
F.P.1 antwortet nicht (1932)
Her Highness the Saleswoman (1933)
The Princess's Whim (1934)
Gold (1934)
So Ended a Great Love (1934)
The Gypsy Baron (1935)
The Emperor's Candlesticks (1936)
Ride to Freedom (1937)
The Man Who Was Sherlock Holmes (1937)
Woman in the River (1939)
A Mother's Love (1939)
My Daughter Lives in Vienna (1940)
Operetta (1940)
Judgement Day (1940)
Whom the Gods Love (1942)
Late Love (1943)
The Angel with the Trumpet (1948)
The Wonder Kid (1951)
Der schweigende Mund (1951)
House of Life (1952)
A Musical War of Love (1953)
Everything for Father (1953)
Walking Back into the Past (1954)
Mozart (1955)
Rot ist die Liebe (1956)
Flying Clipper (1962)
Notes
External links
Media related to Karl Hartl at Wikimedia Commons
Karl Hartl at IMDb
(in German) Filmportal.de Karl Hartl
|
Alicia de Larrocha
|
Alicia de Larrocha y de la Calle (23 May 1923 – 25 September 2009) was a Spanish pianist and composer. She was considered one of the great piano legends of the 20th century. Reuters called her "the greatest Spanish pianist in history", Time "one of the world's most outstanding pianists", and The Guardian "the leading Spanish pianist of her time".
She won four Grammy Awards, out of fourteen nominations, and a Prince of Asturias Award for the Arts. She is credited with bringing greater popularity to the compositions of Isaac Albéniz and Enrique Granados. In 1995, she became the first Spanish artist to win the UNESCO Prize.
Life and career
Alicia de Larrocha was born in Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain. She began studying piano with Frank Marshall at the age of three, and later in life served as Director of his school, the Marshall Academy. Both her parents were pianists and she was the niece of pianists. She gave her first public performance at the age of five at the International Exposition in Barcelona. She performed her first concert at the age of six at the World's Fair in Seville in 1929, and had her orchestral debut at the age of eleven. By 1943, her performances were selling out in Spain. She began touring internationally in 1947, and in 1954 toured North America with the Los Angeles Philharmonic. In 1966, she engaged in a first tour of Southern Africa which proved so wildly popular that three further tours were completed In 1969, de Larrocha performed in Boston for the Peabody Mason Concert series.
De Larrocha, writes Jed Distler, "started composing at age seven and continued on and off until her 30th year, with a prolific spurt in her late teens," and while she never performed her works in public, she gave her family the choice of making them available after her death, which they have done.
De Larrocha made numerous recordings of the solo piano repertoire and in particular the works of composers of her native Spain. She is best known for her recordings of the music of Manuel de Falla, Enrique Granados, Federico Mompou, and Isaac Albéniz, as well as her 1967 recordings of Antonio Soler's keyboard sonatas. She recorded for Hispavox, CBS/Columbia/Epic, BMG/RCA and London/Decca, winning her first Grammy Award in 1975 and her last one in 1992, at the age of almost seventy. She received the Prince of Asturias Award for the Arts in 1994.
De Larrocha spoke in a 1978 interview with Contemporary Keyboard,
I don't believe there is a 'best' of anything in this life. I would say, though, that Granados was one of the great Spanish composers, and that, in my opinion, he was the only one that captured the real Romantic flavor. His style was aristocratic, elegant and poetic – completely different from Falla and Albéniz. To me, each of them is a different world. Falla was the one who really captured the spirit of the Gypsy music. And Albéniz, I think was more international than the others. Even though his music is Spanish in flavor, his style is completely Impressionistic.
Less than five feet tall and with small hands for a pianist, spanning an interval of barely a tenth on the keyboard, in her younger years she was nonetheless able to tackle all the big concertos (all five by Beethoven, Liszt's No. 1, Brahms's No. 2, Rachmaninoff's Nos. 2 and 3, both of Ravel's, and those of Prokofiev, Bartók, Bliss and Khachaturian, and many more), as well as the wide spans demanded by the music of Granados, Albéniz, and de Falla. She had a "long fifth finger" and a "wide stretch between thumb and index finger" which enhanced her technical ability.
"She made her first recordings, of Chopin, at age nine, her feet not yet able to reach the pedals" and was considered a great interpreter of Chopin.
As she grew older she began to play a different style of music; more Mozart and Beethoven were featured in her recitals and she became a regular guest at the "Mostly Mozart Festival" of the Lincoln Center for the Performing Arts in New York. In 2001, she was named Honorary Member of the Foundation for Iberian Music at The City University of New York. De Larrocha retired from public performance in October 2003, aged 80, following a 76-year career.
Alicia de Larrocha died on 25 September 2009 in Quiron Hospital, Barcelona, aged 86. She had been in declining health since breaking her hip five years previously. Her husband, the pianist Juan Torra, with whom she had two children, had died in 1982.
List of awards and nominations
De Larrocha won several individual awards throughout her lifetime. Her extended discography has been recognized with fourteen Grammy nominations (1967, 1971, 1974, 1975 (x2), 1977 (x2), 1982 (x2), 1984, 1988, 1990, 1991, 1992), of which she won four. She received honorary degrees from universities in Michigan, Middlebury College, Vermont, and Carnegie Mellon.
A crater on the planet Mercury has been named in her honor.
References
External links
Interview from The New York Times
iclassics
Barnes and Noble
Alicia de Larrocha, The Daily Telegraph obituary
Renowned pianist de Larrocha dies – BBC News obituary
Alicia de Larrocha (1923–2009) – BBC Music Magazine
Alicia de Larrocha: pianist – The Times (UK)
Alicia de Larrocha, Shy Virtuoso – The Wall Street Journal
Some photos, programs and introductions on her four highly successful Southern Africa tours, 1965-75
Collection of unpublished magnetic tapes of her live performances
Library of Catalonia
The Alicia de Larrocha Archives
|
Alicia de Larrocha y de la Calle (23 May 1923 – 25 September 2009) was a Spanish pianist and composer. She was considered one of the great piano legends of the 20th century. Reuters called her "the greatest Spanish pianist in history", Time "one of the world's most outstanding pianists", and The Guardian "the leading Spanish pianist of her time".
She won four Grammy Awards, out of fourteen nominations, and a Prince of Asturias Award for the Arts. She is credited with bringing greater popularity to the compositions of Isaac Albéniz and Enrique Granados. In 1995, she became the first Spanish artist to win the UNESCO Prize.
Life and career
Alicia de Larrocha was born in Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain. She began studying piano with Frank Marshall at the age of three, and later in life served as Director of his school, the Marshall Academy. Both her parents were pianists and she was the niece of pianists. She gave her first public performance at the age of five at the International Exposition in Barcelona. She performed her first concert at the age of six at the World's Fair in Seville in 1929, and had her orchestral debut at the age of eleven. By 1943, her performances were selling out in Spain. She began touring internationally in 1947, and in 1954 toured North America with the Los Angeles Philharmonic. In 1966, she engaged in a first tour of Southern Africa which proved so wildly popular that three further tours were completed In 1969, de Larrocha performed in Boston for the Peabody Mason Concert series.
De Larrocha, writes Jed Distler, "started composing at age seven and continued on and off until her 30th year, with a prolific spurt in her late teens," and while she never performed her works in public, she gave her family the choice of making them available after her death, which they have done.
De Larrocha made numerous recordings of the solo piano repertoire and in particular the works of composers of her native Spain. She is best known for her recordings of the music of Manuel de Falla, Enrique Granados, Federico Mompou, and Isaac Albéniz, as well as her 1967 recordings of Antonio Soler's keyboard sonatas. She recorded for Hispavox, CBS/Columbia/Epic, BMG/RCA and London/Decca, winning her first Grammy Award in 1975 and her last one in 1992, at the age of almost seventy. She received the Prince of Asturias Award for the Arts in 1994.
De Larrocha spoke in a 1978 interview with Contemporary Keyboard,
I don't believe there is a 'best' of anything in this life. I would say, though, that Granados was one of the great Spanish composers, and that, in my opinion, he was the only one that captured the real Romantic flavor. His style was aristocratic, elegant and poetic – completely different from Falla and Albéniz. To me, each of them is a different world. Falla was the one who really captured the spirit of the Gypsy music. And Albéniz, I think was more international than the others. Even though his music is Spanish in flavor, his style is completely Impressionistic.
Less than five feet tall and with small hands for a pianist, spanning an interval of barely a tenth on the keyboard, in her younger years she was nonetheless able to tackle all the big concertos (all five by Beethoven, Liszt's No. 1, Brahms's No. 2, Rachmaninoff's Nos. 2 and 3, both of Ravel's, and those of Prokofiev, Bartók, Bliss and Khachaturian, and many more), as well as the wide spans demanded by the music of Granados, Albéniz, and de Falla. She had a "long fifth finger" and a "wide stretch between thumb and index finger" which enhanced her technical ability.
"She made her first recordings, of Chopin, at age nine, her feet not yet able to reach the pedals" and was considered a great interpreter of Chopin.
As she grew older she began to play a different style of music; more Mozart and Beethoven were featured in her recitals and she became a regular guest at the "Mostly Mozart Festival" of the Lincoln Center for the Performing Arts in New York. In 2001, she was named Honorary Member of the Foundation for Iberian Music at The City University of New York. De Larrocha retired from public performance in October 2003, aged 80, following a 76-year career.
Alicia de Larrocha died on 25 September 2009 in Quiron Hospital, Barcelona, aged 86. She had been in declining health since breaking her hip five years previously. Her husband, the pianist Juan Torra, with whom she had two children, had died in 1982.
List of awards and nominations
De Larrocha won several individual awards throughout her lifetime. Her extended discography has been recognized with fourteen Grammy nominations (1967, 1971, 1974, 1975 (x2), 1977 (x2), 1982 (x2), 1984, 1988, 1990, 1991, 1992), of which she won four. She received honorary degrees from universities in Michigan, Middlebury College, Vermont, and Carnegie Mellon.
A crater on the planet Mercury has been named in her honor.
References
External links
Interview from The New York Times
iclassics
Barnes and Noble
Alicia de Larrocha, The Daily Telegraph obituary
Renowned pianist de Larrocha dies – BBC News obituary
Alicia de Larrocha (1923–2009) – BBC Music Magazine
Alicia de Larrocha: pianist – The Times (UK)
Alicia de Larrocha, Shy Virtuoso – The Wall Street Journal
Some photos, programs and introductions on her four highly successful Southern Africa tours, 1965-75
Collection of unpublished magnetic tapes of her live performances
Library of Catalonia
The Alicia de Larrocha Archives
|
Abbott Lawrence
|
Abbott Lawrence (December 16, 1792, Groton, Massachusetts – August 18, 1855) was an American businessman, politician, and philanthropist. He was among the group of industrialists that founded a settlement on the Merrimack River that would later be named for him, Lawrence, Massachusetts.
Early life and education
Lawrence was born on December 16, 1792, in Groton, Massachusetts, the son of American Revolutionary War officer Samuel Lawrence. He attended Groton Academy, now known as the Lawrence Academy, in Groton.
Career
Upon his graduation in 1808, Lawrence became an apprentice to his brother, Amos, as chief clerk in his brother's firm. On the conclusion of his apprenticeship, in 1814, the Lawrences formed a partnership, specializing in imports from Britain and China, and later expanded their interests to textile manufacturing. Initially called A. & A. Lawrence, the firm later was named A. & A. Lawrence and Co. It continued until Amos's death, and became the greatest wholesale mercantile house in the United States. It was successful even in the hard times of 1812–1815. In 1818, A. &. A Lawrence purchased 50 shares of the Suffolk Bank, a clearinghouse bank on State Street in Boston.
The firm did much for the establishment of the cotton textile industry in New England. In 1830, it came to the aid of financially distressed mills of Lowell, Massachusetts. In that year, the Suffolk, Tremont and Lawrence companies were established in Lowell, and Luther Lawrence, the eldest brother, represented the firm's interests there. When Amos retired from the business in 1831 due to ill health, Abbott became head of the firm. In 1845–1847, the firm established and built up Lawrence, Massachusetts, named in honour of Abbott, who was a director of the Essex Company, which controlled the water power of Lawrence, and later was president of the Atlantic Cotton Mills and Pacific Mill] there. The Lawrence brothers were among the founders of New England's influential textile industry.
In 1819, Abbott Lawrence married Katherine Bigelow, the daughter of Timothy Bigelow and sister of John P. Bigelow. Their daughter, Katherine Bigelow Lawrence, married Augustus Lowell on June 1, 1854.
In the 1820s, Lawrence became a prominent public figure, including as a vocal supporter of railroad construction for economic benefit. He was an ardent protectionist, and represented Massachusetts at the Harrisburg protectionist convention in 1827. Lawrence was highly influential among Massachusetts Whigs. In 1834, he was elected US Representative as a Whig, serving in the 24th Congress. He did not seek re-election in 1836, but was elected again in 1838, serving in the 26th Congress. In 1840, he took an active part in the successful presidential campaign of William Henry Harrison. In 1842, he was appointed commissioner to settle the Northeastern Boundary Dispute between Canada and the United States. In 1844, he supported the campaign of Henry Clay and was a presidential elector. Lawrence was elected a member of the American Antiquarian Society in 1846, and subsequently was also elected a Fellow of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences in 1847.
In 1848, Lawrence was an unsuccessful candidate for party nomination as vice president on the Whig ticket, headed by Zachary Taylor. After Taylor's presidential victory, he offered Lawrence a choice of positions in the administration. Lawrence rejected a cabinet appointment, and chose the post of minister to Great Britain. He was involved in the negotiations of the Clayton–Bulwer Treaty, and resigned in October 1852. He returned to the United States to join the 1852 presidential campaign of Gen. Winfield Scott. However, he grew dissatisfied with the Whig stand on slavery, and abandoned the party.
Lawrence was active in Boston's Unitarian Church and donated money to various causes. He supported Lawrence Academy, affordable housing in Boston, and the Boston Public Library. He also provided $50,000 to establish the Lawrence Scientific School at Harvard College, and provided a similar sum in his will for the School. He died in Boston on August 18, 1855, aged 62, and was interred in Mount Auburn Cemetery, Cambridge, Massachusetts.
His differenced coat of arms, Argent, a cross raguly gules, on a chief gules a leopard or, became well-known though its 1887 publication as the second of three frontispiece illustrations in American Heraldica, with explication of the original family coat of arms, Argent, a cross raguly gules, on a chief gules three leopard heads or, within the tome on page 33.
Notes
References
United States Congress. "Abbott Lawrence (id: L000130)". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. Retrieved on 2008-02-15
Beach, Chandler B., ed. (1914). "Lawrence, Abbott" . The New Student's Reference Work . Chicago: F. E. Compton and Co.
Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Lawrence, Amos" . Encyclopædia Britannica (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press.
Hunt, Freeman (1858). "Abbot Lawrence". Lives of American Merchants. Vol. 2. pp. 331–364.
Wilson, J. G.; Fiske, J., eds. (1892). "Lawrence, Amos" . Appletons' Cyclopædia of American Biography. New York: D. Appleton.
Gilman, D. C.; Peck, H. T.; Colby, F. M., eds. (1905). "Lawrence, Abbott" . New International Encyclopedia (1st ed.). New York: Dodd, Mead.
Rines, George Edwin, ed. (1920). "Lawrence, Abbott" . Encyclopedia Americana.
Luthin, Richard H. (December 1941). "Abraham Lincoln and the Massachusetts Whigs in 1848". The New England Quarterly. 14 (4): 619–632. doi:10.2307/360598. JSTOR 360598.
== External links ==
|
Abbott Lawrence (December 16, 1792, Groton, Massachusetts – August 18, 1855) was an American businessman, politician, and philanthropist. He was among the group of industrialists that founded a settlement on the Merrimack River that would later be named for him, Lawrence, Massachusetts.
Early life and education
Lawrence was born on December 16, 1792, in Groton, Massachusetts, the son of American Revolutionary War officer Samuel Lawrence. He attended Groton Academy, now known as the Lawrence Academy, in Groton.
Career
Upon his graduation in 1808, Lawrence became an apprentice to his brother, Amos, as chief clerk in his brother's firm. On the conclusion of his apprenticeship, in 1814, the Lawrences formed a partnership, specializing in imports from Britain and China, and later expanded their interests to textile manufacturing. Initially called A. & A. Lawrence, the firm later was named A. & A. Lawrence and Co. It continued until Amos's death, and became the greatest wholesale mercantile house in the United States. It was successful even in the hard times of 1812–1815. In 1818, A. &. A Lawrence purchased 50 shares of the Suffolk Bank, a clearinghouse bank on State Street in Boston.
The firm did much for the establishment of the cotton textile industry in New England. In 1830, it came to the aid of financially distressed mills of Lowell, Massachusetts. In that year, the Suffolk, Tremont and Lawrence companies were established in Lowell, and Luther Lawrence, the eldest brother, represented the firm's interests there. When Amos retired from the business in 1831 due to ill health, Abbott became head of the firm. In 1845–1847, the firm established and built up Lawrence, Massachusetts, named in honour of Abbott, who was a director of the Essex Company, which controlled the water power of Lawrence, and later was president of the Atlantic Cotton Mills and Pacific Mill] there. The Lawrence brothers were among the founders of New England's influential textile industry.
In 1819, Abbott Lawrence married Katherine Bigelow, the daughter of Timothy Bigelow and sister of John P. Bigelow. Their daughter, Katherine Bigelow Lawrence, married Augustus Lowell on June 1, 1854.
In the 1820s, Lawrence became a prominent public figure, including as a vocal supporter of railroad construction for economic benefit. He was an ardent protectionist, and represented Massachusetts at the Harrisburg protectionist convention in 1827. Lawrence was highly influential among Massachusetts Whigs. In 1834, he was elected US Representative as a Whig, serving in the 24th Congress. He did not seek re-election in 1836, but was elected again in 1838, serving in the 26th Congress. In 1840, he took an active part in the successful presidential campaign of William Henry Harrison. In 1842, he was appointed commissioner to settle the Northeastern Boundary Dispute between Canada and the United States. In 1844, he supported the campaign of Henry Clay and was a presidential elector. Lawrence was elected a member of the American Antiquarian Society in 1846, and subsequently was also elected a Fellow of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences in 1847.
In 1848, Lawrence was an unsuccessful candidate for party nomination as vice president on the Whig ticket, headed by Zachary Taylor. After Taylor's presidential victory, he offered Lawrence a choice of positions in the administration. Lawrence rejected a cabinet appointment, and chose the post of minister to Great Britain. He was involved in the negotiations of the Clayton–Bulwer Treaty, and resigned in October 1852. He returned to the United States to join the 1852 presidential campaign of Gen. Winfield Scott. However, he grew dissatisfied with the Whig stand on slavery, and abandoned the party.
Lawrence was active in Boston's Unitarian Church and donated money to various causes. He supported Lawrence Academy, affordable housing in Boston, and the Boston Public Library. He also provided $50,000 to establish the Lawrence Scientific School at Harvard College, and provided a similar sum in his will for the School. He died in Boston on August 18, 1855, aged 62, and was interred in Mount Auburn Cemetery, Cambridge, Massachusetts.
His differenced coat of arms, Argent, a cross raguly gules, on a chief gules a leopard or, became well-known though its 1887 publication as the second of three frontispiece illustrations in American Heraldica, with explication of the original family coat of arms, Argent, a cross raguly gules, on a chief gules three leopard heads or, within the tome on page 33.
Notes
References
United States Congress. "Abbott Lawrence (id: L000130)". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. Retrieved on 2008-02-15
Beach, Chandler B., ed. (1914). "Lawrence, Abbott" . The New Student's Reference Work . Chicago: F. E. Compton and Co.
Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Lawrence, Amos" . Encyclopædia Britannica (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press.
Hunt, Freeman (1858). "Abbot Lawrence". Lives of American Merchants. Vol. 2. pp. 331–364.
Wilson, J. G.; Fiske, J., eds. (1892). "Lawrence, Amos" . Appletons' Cyclopædia of American Biography. New York: D. Appleton.
Gilman, D. C.; Peck, H. T.; Colby, F. M., eds. (1905). "Lawrence, Abbott" . New International Encyclopedia (1st ed.). New York: Dodd, Mead.
Rines, George Edwin, ed. (1920). "Lawrence, Abbott" . Encyclopedia Americana.
Luthin, Richard H. (December 1941). "Abraham Lincoln and the Massachusetts Whigs in 1848". The New England Quarterly. 14 (4): 619–632. doi:10.2307/360598. JSTOR 360598.
== External links ==
|
Jürgen Ehlers
|
Jürgen Ehlers (German: [ˈjʏʁɡn̩ ˈʔeːlɐs]; 29 December 1929 – 20 May 2008) was a German physicist who contributed to the understanding of Albert Einstein's theory of general relativity. From graduate and postgraduate work in Pascual Jordan's relativity research group at Hamburg University, he held various posts as a lecturer and, later, as a professor before joining the Max Planck Institute for Astrophysics in Munich as a director. In 1995, he became the founding director of the newly created Max Planck Institute for Gravitational Physics in Potsdam, Germany.
Ehlers' research focused on the foundations of general relativity as well as on the theory's applications to astrophysics. He formulated a suitable classification of exact solutions to Einstein's field equations and proved the Ehlers–Geren–Sachs theorem that justifies the application of simple, general-relativistic model universes to modern cosmology. He created a spacetime-oriented description of gravitational lensing and clarified the relationship between models formulated within the framework of general relativity and those of Newtonian gravity. In addition, Ehlers had a keen interest in both the history and philosophy of physics and was an ardent populariser of science.
Biography
Early life
Jürgen Ehlers was born in Hamburg on 29 December 1929. He attended public schools from 1936 to 1949, and then went on to study physics, mathematics and philosophy at Hamburg University from 1949 to 1955. In the winter term of 1955–56, he passed the high school teacher's examination (Staatsexamen), but instead of becoming a teacher undertook graduate research with Pascual Jordan, who acted as his thesis advisor. Ehlers' doctoral work was on the construction and characterization of solutions of the Einstein field equations. He earned his doctorate in physics from Hamburg University in 1958.
Prior to Ehlers' arrival, the main research of Jordan's group had been dedicated to a scalar-tensor modification of general relativity that later became known as Jordan–Brans–Dicke theory. This theory differs from general relativity in that the gravitational constant is replaced by a variable field. Ehlers was instrumental in changing the group's focus to the structure and interpretation of Einstein's original theory. Other members of the group included Wolfgang Kundt, Rainer K. Sachs and Manfred Trümper.
The group had a close working relationship with Otto Heckmann and his student Engelbert Schücking at Hamburger Sternwarte, the city's observatory. Guests at the group's colloquium included Wolfgang Pauli, Joshua Goldberg and Peter Bergmann.
In 1961, as Jordan's assistant, Ehlers earned his habilitation, qualifying him for a German professorship. He then held teaching and research positions in Germany and in the US, namely at the University of Kiel, Syracuse University and Hamburg University. From 1964 to 1965, he was at the Graduate Research Center of the Southwest in Dallas. From 1965 to 1971, he held various positions in Alfred Schild's group at the University of Texas at Austin, starting as an associate professor and, in 1967, obtaining a position as full professor. During that time, he held visiting professorships at the universities of Würzburg and Bonn.
Munich
In 1970, Ehlers received an offer to join the Max Planck Institute for Physics and Astrophysics in Munich as the director of its gravitational theory department. Ehlers had been suggested by Ludwig Biermann, the institute's director at the time. When Ehlers joined the institute in 1971, he also became an adjunct professor at Munich's Ludwig Maximilian University. In March 1991, the institute split into the Max Planck Institute for Physics and the Max Planck Institute for Astrophysics, where Ehlers' department found a home. Over the 24 years of his tenure, his research group was home to, among others, Gary Gibbons, John Stewart and Bernd Schmidt, as well as visiting scientists including Abhay Ashtekar, Demetrios Christodoulou and Brandon Carter.
One of Ehlers' postdoctoral students in Munich was Reinhard Breuer, who later became editor-in-chief of Spektrum der Wissenschaft, the German edition of the popular-science journal Scientific American.
Potsdam
When German science institutions reorganized after German reunification in 1990, Ehlers lobbied for the establishment of an institute of the Max Planck Society dedicated to research on gravitational theory. On 9 June 1994, the Society decided to open the Max Planck Institute for Gravitational Physics in Potsdam. The institute started operations on 1 April 1995, with Ehlers as its founding director and as the leader of its department for the foundations and mathematics of general relativity. Ehlers then oversaw the founding of a second institute department devoted to gravitational wave research and headed by Bernard F. Schutz. On 31 December 1998, Ehlers retired to become founding director emeritus.
Ehlers continued to work at the institute until his death on 20 May 2008. He left behind his wife Anita Ehlers, his four children, Martin, Kathrin, David, and Max, as well as five grandchildren.
Research
Ehlers' research was in the field of general relativity. In particular, he made contributions to cosmology, the theory of gravitational lenses and gravitational waves. His principal concern was to clarify general relativity's mathematical structure and its consequences, separating rigorous proofs from heuristic conjectures.
Exact solutions
For his doctoral thesis, Ehlers turned to a question that was to shape his lifetime research. He sought exact solutions of Einstein's equations: model universes consistent with the laws of general relativity that are simple enough to allow for an explicit description in terms of basic mathematical expressions. These exact solutions play a key role when it comes to building general-relativistic models of physical situations. However, general relativity is a fully covariant theory – its laws are the same, independent of which coordinates are chosen to describe a given situation. One direct consequence is that two apparently different exact solutions could correspond to the same model universe, and differ only in their coordinates. Ehlers began to look for serviceable ways of characterizing exact solutions invariantly, that is, in ways that do not depend on coordinate choice. In order to do so, he examined ways of describing the intrinsic geometric properties of the known exact solutions.
During the 1960s, following up on his doctoral thesis, Ehlers published a series of papers, all but one in collaboration with colleagues from the Hamburg group, which later became known as the "Hamburg Bible".
The first paper, written with Jordan and Kundt, is a treatise on how to characterize exact solutions to Einstein's field equations in a systematic way. The analysis presented there uses tools from differential geometry such as the Petrov classification of Weyl tensors (that is, those parts of the Riemann tensor describing the curvature of space-time that are not constrained by Einstein's equations), isometry groups and conformal transformations. This work also includes the first definition and classification of pp-waves, a class of simple gravitational waves.
The following papers in the series were treatises on gravitational radiation (one with Sachs, one with Trümper). The work with Sachs studies, among other things, vacuum solutions with special algebraic properties, using the 2-component spinor formalism. It also gives a systematic exposition of the geometric properties of bundles (in mathematical terms: congruences) of light beams. Spacetime geometry can influence the propagation of light, making them converge on or diverge from each other, or deforming the bundle's cross section without changing its area. The paper formalizes these possible changes in the bundle in terms of the bundle's expansion (convergence/divergence), and twist and shear (cross-section area-conserving deformation), linking those properties to spacetime geometry. One result is the Ehlers-Sachs theorem describing the properties of the shadow produced by a narrow beam of light encountering an opaque object. The tools developed in that work would prove essential for the discovery by Roy Kerr of his Kerr solution, describing a rotating black hole – one of the most important exact solutions.
The last of these seminal papers addressed the general-relativistic treatment of the mechanics of continuous media. However useful the notion of a point mass may be in classical physics; in general relativity, such an idealized mass concentration into a single point of space is not even well-defined. That is why relativistic hydrodynamics, that is, the study of continuous media, is an essential part of model-building in general relativity. The paper systematically describes the basic concepts and models in what the editor of the journal General Relativity and Gravitation, on the occasion of publishing an English translation 32 years after the original publication date, called "one of the best reviews in this area".
Another part of Ehlers' exploration of exact solutions in his thesis led to a result that proved important later. At the time he started his research on his doctoral thesis, the Golden age of general relativity had not yet begun and the basic properties and concepts of black holes were not yet understood. In the work that led to his doctoral thesis, Ehlers proved important properties of the surface around a black hole that would later be identified as its horizon, in particular that the gravitational field inside cannot be static, but must change over time. The simplest example of this is the "Einstein-Rosen bridge", or Schwarzschild wormhole that is part of the Schwarzschild solution describing an idealized, spherically symmetric black hole: the interior of the horizon houses a bridge-like connection that changes over time, collapsing sufficiently quickly to keep any space-traveler from traveling through the wormhole.
Ehlers group
In physics, duality means that two equivalent descriptions of a particular physical situation exist, using different physical concepts. This is a special case of a physical symmetry, that is, a change that preserves key features of a physical system. A simple example for a duality is that between the electric field E and the magnetic field B electrodynamics: In the complete absence of electrical charges, the replacement E
→
{\displaystyle \to }
–B, B
→
{\displaystyle \to }
E leaves Maxwell's equations invariant. Whenever a particular pair of expressions for B and E conform to the laws of electrodynamics, switching the two expressions around and adding a minus sign to the new B is also valid.
In his doctoral thesis, Ehlers pointed out a duality symmetry between different components of the metric of a stationary vacuum spacetime, which maps solutions of Einstein's field equations to other solutions. This symmetry between the tt-component of the metric, which describes time as measured by clocks whose spatial coordinates do not change, and a term known as the twist potential is analogous to the aforementioned duality between E and B.
The duality discovered by Ehlers was later expanded to a larger symmetry corresponding to the special linear group
S
L
(
2
)
{\displaystyle SL(2)}
. This larger symmetry group has since become known as the Ehlers group. Its discovery led to further generalizations, notably the infinite-dimensional Geroch group (the Geroch group is generated by two non-commuting subgroups, one of which is the Ehlers group). These so-called hidden symmetries play an important role in the Kaluza–Klein reduction of both general relativity and its generalizations, such as eleven-dimensional supergravity. Other applications include their use as a tool in the discovery of previously unknown solutions and their role in a proof that solutions in the stationary axi-symmetric case form an integrable system.
Cosmology: Ehlers–Geren–Sachs theorem
The Ehlers–Geren–Sachs theorem, published in 1968, shows that in a given universe, if all freely falling observers measure the cosmic background radiation to have exactly the same properties in all directions (that is, they measure the background radiation to be isotropic), then that universe is an isotropic and homogeneous Friedmann–Lemaître spacetime. Cosmic isotropy and homogeneity are important as they are the basis of the modern standard model of cosmology.
Fundamental concepts in general relativity
In the 1960s, Ehlers collaborated with Felix Pirani and Alfred Schild on a constructive-axiomatic approach to general relativity: a way of deriving the theory from a minimal set of elementary objects and a set of axioms specifying these objects' properties. The basic ingredients of their approach are primitive concepts such as event, light ray, particle and freely falling particle. At the outset, spacetime is a mere set of events, without any further structure. They postulated the basic properties of light and freely falling particles as axioms, and with their help constructed the differential topology, conformal structure and, finally, the metric structure of spacetime, that is: the notion of when two events are close to each other, the role of light rays in linking up events, and a notion of distance between events. Key steps of the construction correspond to idealized measurements, such the standard range finding used in radar. The final step derived Einstein's equations from the weakest possible set of additional axioms. The result is a formulation that clearly identifies the assumptions underlying general relativity.
In the 1970s, in collaboration with Ekkart Rudolph, Ehlers addressed the problem of rigid bodies in general relativity. Rigid bodies are a fundamental concept in classical physics. However, the fact that by definition their different parts move simultaneously is incompatible with the relativistic concept of the speed of light as a limiting speed for the propagation of signals and other influences. While, as early as 1909, Max Born had given a definition of rigidity that was compatible with relativistic physics, his definition depends on assumptions that are not satisfied in a general space-time, and are thus overly restrictive. Ehlers and Rudolph generalized Born's definition to a more readily applicable definition they called "pseudo-rigidity", which represents a more satisfactory approximation to the rigidity of classical physics.
Gravitational lensing
With Peter Schneider, Ehlers embarked on an in-depth study of the foundations of gravitational lensing. One result of this work was a 1992 monograph co-authored with Schneider and Emilio Falco. It was the first systematic exposition of the topic that included both the theoretical foundations and the observational results. From the viewpoint of astronomy, gravitational lensing is often described using a quasi-Newtonian approximation—assuming the gravitational field to be small and the deflection angles to be minute—which is perfectly sufficient for most situations of astrophysical relevance. In contrast, the monograph developed a thorough and complete description of gravitational lensing from a fully relativistic space-time perspective. This feature of the book played a major part in its long-term positive reception. In the following years, Ehlers continued his research on the propagation of bundles of light in arbitrary spacetimes.
Frame theory and Newtonian gravity
A basic derivation of the Newtonian limit of general relativity is as old as the theory itself. Einstein used it to derive predictions such as the anomalous perihelion precession of the planet Mercury. Later work by Élie Cartan, Kurt Friedrichs and others showed more concretely how a geometrical generalization of Newton's theory of gravity known as Newton–Cartan theory could be understood as a (degenerate) limit of general relativity. This required letting a specific parameter
λ
{\displaystyle \lambda }
go to zero. Ehlers extended this work by developing a frame theory that allowed for constructing the Newton–Cartan limit, and in a mathematically precise way, not only for the physical laws, but for any spacetime obeying those laws (that is, solutions of Einstein's equations). This allowed physicists to explore what the Newtonian limit meant in specific physical situations. For example, the frame theory can be used to show that the Newtonian limit of a Schwarzschild black hole is a simple point particle. Also, it allows Newtonian versions of exact solutions such as the Friedmann–Lemaître models or the Gödel universe to be constructed. Since its inception, ideas Ehlers introduced in the context of his frame theory have found important applications in the study of both the Newtonian limit of general relativity and of the Post-Newtonian expansion, where Newtonian gravity is complemented by terms of ever higher order in
1
/
c
2
{\displaystyle 1/c^{2}}
in order to accommodate relativistic effects.
General relativity is non-linear: the gravitational influence of two masses is not simply the sum of those masses' individual gravitational influences, as had been the case in Newtonian gravity. Ehlers participated in the discussion of how the back-reaction from gravitational radiation onto a radiating system could be systematically described in a non-linear theory such as general relativity, pointing out that the standard quadrupole formula for the energy flux for systems like the binary pulsar had not (yet) been rigorously derived: a priori, a derivation demanded the inclusion of higher-order terms than was commonly assumed, higher than were computed until then.
His work on the Newtonian limit, particularly in relation to cosmological solutions, led Ehlers, together with his former doctoral student Thomas Buchert, to a systematic study of perturbations and inhomogeneities in a Newtonian cosmos. This laid the groundwork for Buchert's later generalization of this treatment of inhomogeneities. This generalization was the basis of his attempt to explain what is currently seen as the cosmic effects of a cosmological constant or, in modern parlance, dark energy, as a non-linear consequence of inhomogeneities in general-relativistic cosmology.
History and philosophy of physics
Complementing his interest in the foundations of general relativity and, more generally, of physics, Ehlers researched the history of physics. Up until his death, he collaborated in a project on the history of quantum theory at the Max Planck Institute for the History of Science in Berlin. In particular, he explored Pascual Jordan's seminal contributions to the development of quantum field theory between 1925 and 1928. Throughout his career, Ehlers had an interest in the philosophical foundations and implications of physics and contributed to research on this topic by addressing questions such as the basic status of scientific knowledge in physics.
Science popularization
Ehlers showed a keen interest in reaching a general audience. He was a frequent public lecturer, at universities as well as at venues such as the Urania in Berlin. He authored popular-science articles, including contributions to general-audience journals such as Bild der Wissenschaft. He edited a compilation of articles on gravity for the German edition of Scientific American.
Ehlers directly addressed physics teachers, in talks and journal articles on the teaching of relativity and related basic ideas, such as mathematics as the language of physics.
Honours and awards
Ehlers became a member of the Berlin-Brandenburg Academy of Sciences and Humanities (1993), the Akademie der Wissenschaften und der Literatur, Mainz (1972), the Leopoldina in Halle (1975) and the Bavarian Academy of Sciences and Humanities in Munich (1979). From 1995 to 1998, he served as president of the International Society on General Relativity and Gravitation. He also received the 2002 Max Planck Medal of the German Physical Society, the Volta Gold Medal of Pavia University (2005) and the medal of the Faculty of Natural Sciences of Charles University, Prague (2007).
In 2008, the International Society on General Relativity and Gravitation instituted the "Jürgen Ehlers Thesis Prize" in commemoration of Ehlers. It is sponsored by the scientific publishing house Springer and is awarded triennially, at the society's international conference, to the best doctoral thesis in the areas of mathematical and numerical general relativity. Issue 9 of volume 41 of the journal General Relativity and Gravitation was dedicated to Ehlers, in memoriam.
Selected publications
Börner, G.; Ehlers, J., eds. (1996), Gravitation, Spektrum Akademischer Verlag, ISBN 3-86025-362-X
Ehlers, Jürgen (1973), "Survey of general relativity theory", in Israel, Werner (ed.), Relativity, Astrophysics and Cosmology, D. Reidel, pp. 1–125, ISBN 90-277-0369-8
Schneider, P.; Ehlers, J.; Falco, E. E. (1992), Gravitational lenses, Springer, ISBN 3-540-66506-4
Notes
References
External links
Jürgen Ehlers at the Mathematics Genealogy Project
Jürgen Ehlers in the German National Library catalogue
Pages In Memoriam Jürgen Ehlers at the Albert Einstein Institute
|
Jürgen Ehlers (German: [ˈjʏʁɡn̩ ˈʔeːlɐs]; 29 December 1929 – 20 May 2008) was a German physicist who contributed to the understanding of Albert Einstein's theory of general relativity. From graduate and postgraduate work in Pascual Jordan's relativity research group at Hamburg University, he held various posts as a lecturer and, later, as a professor before joining the Max Planck Institute for Astrophysics in Munich as a director. In 1995, he became the founding director of the newly created Max Planck Institute for Gravitational Physics in Potsdam, Germany.
Ehlers' research focused on the foundations of general relativity as well as on the theory's applications to astrophysics. He formulated a suitable classification of exact solutions to Einstein's field equations and proved the Ehlers–Geren–Sachs theorem that justifies the application of simple, general-relativistic model universes to modern cosmology. He created a spacetime-oriented description of gravitational lensing and clarified the relationship between models formulated within the framework of general relativity and those of Newtonian gravity. In addition, Ehlers had a keen interest in both the history and philosophy of physics and was an ardent populariser of science.
Biography
Early life
Jürgen Ehlers was born in Hamburg on 29 December 1929. He attended public schools from 1936 to 1949, and then went on to study physics, mathematics and philosophy at Hamburg University from 1949 to 1955. In the winter term of 1955–56, he passed the high school teacher's examination (Staatsexamen), but instead of becoming a teacher undertook graduate research with Pascual Jordan, who acted as his thesis advisor. Ehlers' doctoral work was on the construction and characterization of solutions of the Einstein field equations. He earned his doctorate in physics from Hamburg University in 1958.
Prior to Ehlers' arrival, the main research of Jordan's group had been dedicated to a scalar-tensor modification of general relativity that later became known as Jordan–Brans–Dicke theory. This theory differs from general relativity in that the gravitational constant is replaced by a variable field. Ehlers was instrumental in changing the group's focus to the structure and interpretation of Einstein's original theory. Other members of the group included Wolfgang Kundt, Rainer K. Sachs and Manfred Trümper.
The group had a close working relationship with Otto Heckmann and his student Engelbert Schücking at Hamburger Sternwarte, the city's observatory. Guests at the group's colloquium included Wolfgang Pauli, Joshua Goldberg and Peter Bergmann.
In 1961, as Jordan's assistant, Ehlers earned his habilitation, qualifying him for a German professorship. He then held teaching and research positions in Germany and in the US, namely at the University of Kiel, Syracuse University and Hamburg University. From 1964 to 1965, he was at the Graduate Research Center of the Southwest in Dallas. From 1965 to 1971, he held various positions in Alfred Schild's group at the University of Texas at Austin, starting as an associate professor and, in 1967, obtaining a position as full professor. During that time, he held visiting professorships at the universities of Würzburg and Bonn.
Munich
In 1970, Ehlers received an offer to join the Max Planck Institute for Physics and Astrophysics in Munich as the director of its gravitational theory department. Ehlers had been suggested by Ludwig Biermann, the institute's director at the time. When Ehlers joined the institute in 1971, he also became an adjunct professor at Munich's Ludwig Maximilian University. In March 1991, the institute split into the Max Planck Institute for Physics and the Max Planck Institute for Astrophysics, where Ehlers' department found a home. Over the 24 years of his tenure, his research group was home to, among others, Gary Gibbons, John Stewart and Bernd Schmidt, as well as visiting scientists including Abhay Ashtekar, Demetrios Christodoulou and Brandon Carter.
One of Ehlers' postdoctoral students in Munich was Reinhard Breuer, who later became editor-in-chief of Spektrum der Wissenschaft, the German edition of the popular-science journal Scientific American.
Potsdam
When German science institutions reorganized after German reunification in 1990, Ehlers lobbied for the establishment of an institute of the Max Planck Society dedicated to research on gravitational theory. On 9 June 1994, the Society decided to open the Max Planck Institute for Gravitational Physics in Potsdam. The institute started operations on 1 April 1995, with Ehlers as its founding director and as the leader of its department for the foundations and mathematics of general relativity. Ehlers then oversaw the founding of a second institute department devoted to gravitational wave research and headed by Bernard F. Schutz. On 31 December 1998, Ehlers retired to become founding director emeritus.
Ehlers continued to work at the institute until his death on 20 May 2008. He left behind his wife Anita Ehlers, his four children, Martin, Kathrin, David, and Max, as well as five grandchildren.
Research
Ehlers' research was in the field of general relativity. In particular, he made contributions to cosmology, the theory of gravitational lenses and gravitational waves. His principal concern was to clarify general relativity's mathematical structure and its consequences, separating rigorous proofs from heuristic conjectures.
Exact solutions
For his doctoral thesis, Ehlers turned to a question that was to shape his lifetime research. He sought exact solutions of Einstein's equations: model universes consistent with the laws of general relativity that are simple enough to allow for an explicit description in terms of basic mathematical expressions. These exact solutions play a key role when it comes to building general-relativistic models of physical situations. However, general relativity is a fully covariant theory – its laws are the same, independent of which coordinates are chosen to describe a given situation. One direct consequence is that two apparently different exact solutions could correspond to the same model universe, and differ only in their coordinates. Ehlers began to look for serviceable ways of characterizing exact solutions invariantly, that is, in ways that do not depend on coordinate choice. In order to do so, he examined ways of describing the intrinsic geometric properties of the known exact solutions.
During the 1960s, following up on his doctoral thesis, Ehlers published a series of papers, all but one in collaboration with colleagues from the Hamburg group, which later became known as the "Hamburg Bible".
The first paper, written with Jordan and Kundt, is a treatise on how to characterize exact solutions to Einstein's field equations in a systematic way. The analysis presented there uses tools from differential geometry such as the Petrov classification of Weyl tensors (that is, those parts of the Riemann tensor describing the curvature of space-time that are not constrained by Einstein's equations), isometry groups and conformal transformations. This work also includes the first definition and classification of pp-waves, a class of simple gravitational waves.
The following papers in the series were treatises on gravitational radiation (one with Sachs, one with Trümper). The work with Sachs studies, among other things, vacuum solutions with special algebraic properties, using the 2-component spinor formalism. It also gives a systematic exposition of the geometric properties of bundles (in mathematical terms: congruences) of light beams. Spacetime geometry can influence the propagation of light, making them converge on or diverge from each other, or deforming the bundle's cross section without changing its area. The paper formalizes these possible changes in the bundle in terms of the bundle's expansion (convergence/divergence), and twist and shear (cross-section area-conserving deformation), linking those properties to spacetime geometry. One result is the Ehlers-Sachs theorem describing the properties of the shadow produced by a narrow beam of light encountering an opaque object. The tools developed in that work would prove essential for the discovery by Roy Kerr of his Kerr solution, describing a rotating black hole – one of the most important exact solutions.
The last of these seminal papers addressed the general-relativistic treatment of the mechanics of continuous media. However useful the notion of a point mass may be in classical physics; in general relativity, such an idealized mass concentration into a single point of space is not even well-defined. That is why relativistic hydrodynamics, that is, the study of continuous media, is an essential part of model-building in general relativity. The paper systematically describes the basic concepts and models in what the editor of the journal General Relativity and Gravitation, on the occasion of publishing an English translation 32 years after the original publication date, called "one of the best reviews in this area".
Another part of Ehlers' exploration of exact solutions in his thesis led to a result that proved important later. At the time he started his research on his doctoral thesis, the Golden age of general relativity had not yet begun and the basic properties and concepts of black holes were not yet understood. In the work that led to his doctoral thesis, Ehlers proved important properties of the surface around a black hole that would later be identified as its horizon, in particular that the gravitational field inside cannot be static, but must change over time. The simplest example of this is the "Einstein-Rosen bridge", or Schwarzschild wormhole that is part of the Schwarzschild solution describing an idealized, spherically symmetric black hole: the interior of the horizon houses a bridge-like connection that changes over time, collapsing sufficiently quickly to keep any space-traveler from traveling through the wormhole.
Ehlers group
In physics, duality means that two equivalent descriptions of a particular physical situation exist, using different physical concepts. This is a special case of a physical symmetry, that is, a change that preserves key features of a physical system. A simple example for a duality is that between the electric field E and the magnetic field B electrodynamics: In the complete absence of electrical charges, the replacement E
→
{\displaystyle \to }
–B, B
→
{\displaystyle \to }
E leaves Maxwell's equations invariant. Whenever a particular pair of expressions for B and E conform to the laws of electrodynamics, switching the two expressions around and adding a minus sign to the new B is also valid.
In his doctoral thesis, Ehlers pointed out a duality symmetry between different components of the metric of a stationary vacuum spacetime, which maps solutions of Einstein's field equations to other solutions. This symmetry between the tt-component of the metric, which describes time as measured by clocks whose spatial coordinates do not change, and a term known as the twist potential is analogous to the aforementioned duality between E and B.
The duality discovered by Ehlers was later expanded to a larger symmetry corresponding to the special linear group
S
L
(
2
)
{\displaystyle SL(2)}
. This larger symmetry group has since become known as the Ehlers group. Its discovery led to further generalizations, notably the infinite-dimensional Geroch group (the Geroch group is generated by two non-commuting subgroups, one of which is the Ehlers group). These so-called hidden symmetries play an important role in the Kaluza–Klein reduction of both general relativity and its generalizations, such as eleven-dimensional supergravity. Other applications include their use as a tool in the discovery of previously unknown solutions and their role in a proof that solutions in the stationary axi-symmetric case form an integrable system.
Cosmology: Ehlers–Geren–Sachs theorem
The Ehlers–Geren–Sachs theorem, published in 1968, shows that in a given universe, if all freely falling observers measure the cosmic background radiation to have exactly the same properties in all directions (that is, they measure the background radiation to be isotropic), then that universe is an isotropic and homogeneous Friedmann–Lemaître spacetime. Cosmic isotropy and homogeneity are important as they are the basis of the modern standard model of cosmology.
Fundamental concepts in general relativity
In the 1960s, Ehlers collaborated with Felix Pirani and Alfred Schild on a constructive-axiomatic approach to general relativity: a way of deriving the theory from a minimal set of elementary objects and a set of axioms specifying these objects' properties. The basic ingredients of their approach are primitive concepts such as event, light ray, particle and freely falling particle. At the outset, spacetime is a mere set of events, without any further structure. They postulated the basic properties of light and freely falling particles as axioms, and with their help constructed the differential topology, conformal structure and, finally, the metric structure of spacetime, that is: the notion of when two events are close to each other, the role of light rays in linking up events, and a notion of distance between events. Key steps of the construction correspond to idealized measurements, such the standard range finding used in radar. The final step derived Einstein's equations from the weakest possible set of additional axioms. The result is a formulation that clearly identifies the assumptions underlying general relativity.
In the 1970s, in collaboration with Ekkart Rudolph, Ehlers addressed the problem of rigid bodies in general relativity. Rigid bodies are a fundamental concept in classical physics. However, the fact that by definition their different parts move simultaneously is incompatible with the relativistic concept of the speed of light as a limiting speed for the propagation of signals and other influences. While, as early as 1909, Max Born had given a definition of rigidity that was compatible with relativistic physics, his definition depends on assumptions that are not satisfied in a general space-time, and are thus overly restrictive. Ehlers and Rudolph generalized Born's definition to a more readily applicable definition they called "pseudo-rigidity", which represents a more satisfactory approximation to the rigidity of classical physics.
Gravitational lensing
With Peter Schneider, Ehlers embarked on an in-depth study of the foundations of gravitational lensing. One result of this work was a 1992 monograph co-authored with Schneider and Emilio Falco. It was the first systematic exposition of the topic that included both the theoretical foundations and the observational results. From the viewpoint of astronomy, gravitational lensing is often described using a quasi-Newtonian approximation—assuming the gravitational field to be small and the deflection angles to be minute—which is perfectly sufficient for most situations of astrophysical relevance. In contrast, the monograph developed a thorough and complete description of gravitational lensing from a fully relativistic space-time perspective. This feature of the book played a major part in its long-term positive reception. In the following years, Ehlers continued his research on the propagation of bundles of light in arbitrary spacetimes.
Frame theory and Newtonian gravity
A basic derivation of the Newtonian limit of general relativity is as old as the theory itself. Einstein used it to derive predictions such as the anomalous perihelion precession of the planet Mercury. Later work by Élie Cartan, Kurt Friedrichs and others showed more concretely how a geometrical generalization of Newton's theory of gravity known as Newton–Cartan theory could be understood as a (degenerate) limit of general relativity. This required letting a specific parameter
λ
{\displaystyle \lambda }
go to zero. Ehlers extended this work by developing a frame theory that allowed for constructing the Newton–Cartan limit, and in a mathematically precise way, not only for the physical laws, but for any spacetime obeying those laws (that is, solutions of Einstein's equations). This allowed physicists to explore what the Newtonian limit meant in specific physical situations. For example, the frame theory can be used to show that the Newtonian limit of a Schwarzschild black hole is a simple point particle. Also, it allows Newtonian versions of exact solutions such as the Friedmann–Lemaître models or the Gödel universe to be constructed. Since its inception, ideas Ehlers introduced in the context of his frame theory have found important applications in the study of both the Newtonian limit of general relativity and of the Post-Newtonian expansion, where Newtonian gravity is complemented by terms of ever higher order in
1
/
c
2
{\displaystyle 1/c^{2}}
in order to accommodate relativistic effects.
General relativity is non-linear: the gravitational influence of two masses is not simply the sum of those masses' individual gravitational influences, as had been the case in Newtonian gravity. Ehlers participated in the discussion of how the back-reaction from gravitational radiation onto a radiating system could be systematically described in a non-linear theory such as general relativity, pointing out that the standard quadrupole formula for the energy flux for systems like the binary pulsar had not (yet) been rigorously derived: a priori, a derivation demanded the inclusion of higher-order terms than was commonly assumed, higher than were computed until then.
His work on the Newtonian limit, particularly in relation to cosmological solutions, led Ehlers, together with his former doctoral student Thomas Buchert, to a systematic study of perturbations and inhomogeneities in a Newtonian cosmos. This laid the groundwork for Buchert's later generalization of this treatment of inhomogeneities. This generalization was the basis of his attempt to explain what is currently seen as the cosmic effects of a cosmological constant or, in modern parlance, dark energy, as a non-linear consequence of inhomogeneities in general-relativistic cosmology.
History and philosophy of physics
Complementing his interest in the foundations of general relativity and, more generally, of physics, Ehlers researched the history of physics. Up until his death, he collaborated in a project on the history of quantum theory at the Max Planck Institute for the History of Science in Berlin. In particular, he explored Pascual Jordan's seminal contributions to the development of quantum field theory between 1925 and 1928. Throughout his career, Ehlers had an interest in the philosophical foundations and implications of physics and contributed to research on this topic by addressing questions such as the basic status of scientific knowledge in physics.
Science popularization
Ehlers showed a keen interest in reaching a general audience. He was a frequent public lecturer, at universities as well as at venues such as the Urania in Berlin. He authored popular-science articles, including contributions to general-audience journals such as Bild der Wissenschaft. He edited a compilation of articles on gravity for the German edition of Scientific American.
Ehlers directly addressed physics teachers, in talks and journal articles on the teaching of relativity and related basic ideas, such as mathematics as the language of physics.
Honours and awards
Ehlers became a member of the Berlin-Brandenburg Academy of Sciences and Humanities (1993), the Akademie der Wissenschaften und der Literatur, Mainz (1972), the Leopoldina in Halle (1975) and the Bavarian Academy of Sciences and Humanities in Munich (1979). From 1995 to 1998, he served as president of the International Society on General Relativity and Gravitation. He also received the 2002 Max Planck Medal of the German Physical Society, the Volta Gold Medal of Pavia University (2005) and the medal of the Faculty of Natural Sciences of Charles University, Prague (2007).
In 2008, the International Society on General Relativity and Gravitation instituted the "Jürgen Ehlers Thesis Prize" in commemoration of Ehlers. It is sponsored by the scientific publishing house Springer and is awarded triennially, at the society's international conference, to the best doctoral thesis in the areas of mathematical and numerical general relativity. Issue 9 of volume 41 of the journal General Relativity and Gravitation was dedicated to Ehlers, in memoriam.
Selected publications
Börner, G.; Ehlers, J., eds. (1996), Gravitation, Spektrum Akademischer Verlag, ISBN 3-86025-362-X
Ehlers, Jürgen (1973), "Survey of general relativity theory", in Israel, Werner (ed.), Relativity, Astrophysics and Cosmology, D. Reidel, pp. 1–125, ISBN 90-277-0369-8
Schneider, P.; Ehlers, J.; Falco, E. E. (1992), Gravitational lenses, Springer, ISBN 3-540-66506-4
Notes
References
External links
Jürgen Ehlers at the Mathematics Genealogy Project
Jürgen Ehlers in the German National Library catalogue
Pages In Memoriam Jürgen Ehlers at the Albert Einstein Institute
|
Gabrielle Bossis
|
Gabrielle Bossis (French: [ɡabʁijɛl bɔsi]; 1874–1950) was a French Catholic laywoman, nurse, playwright, actress and mystic, best known for her mystical work Lui et Moi, published in a very abridged English translation as He and I.
Life
Gabrielle Bossis was born 26 February 1874 in her parents' town house Nantes, the youngest of four children of a wealthy bourgeois family. Her father owned property and ran a business selling boat repair parts. She attended a convent school in Nantes. Her father died in 1898, her mother would bring the family to spend winters in Nice. Her mother died in 1908, and her sister Clémence in 1912. Her inheritance allowed her to set up a business making church ornaments for the Missions.
She obtained a nursing degree. During World War I, she was a nurse for four years, first in a hospital and then at the front near Verdun.
In 1923, at the request of the parish priest of Le Fresne-sur-Loire, she wrote a play called Czar, which was a great success. From 1923 to 1936, Bossis wrote thirteen three act comedies. She not only wrote plays, but also directed and played leading roles in them. She wrote many other works, in which witty and cheerful content is combined with a moral and religious underpinning. She soon became famous and toured with her plays not only France, but also other countries in Europe, North Africa, North America and Canada.
She always dressed in white, with wide-brimmed hats and old-fashioned dresses. Even when traveling, she never missed daily Mass if at all possible. With the German occupation in 1940, Bossis found refuge in Curzon. Her house in Nantes was bombed in 1943.
In August 1949, Bossis underwent surgery for breast cancer; by March 1950, the cancer had spread to her lungs. She died June 9, 1950.
Lui et moi
At the age of 62, in August 1936, on the ship Ile de France, on her way to Canada, she heard for the first time a mysterious inner voice, which from then on accompanied her until her death. The words, which she accepts as coming from Jesus Christ, she jotted down and wrote 10 notebooks in 13 years. In 1944 her notes were presented to Bishop Villepelet and four years later in 1948 she published anonymously the first volume with a selection of her notes, which received an enthusiastic reception In France, where 50 editions of Lui et moi were published by 1967. They were published with a preface by Villepelet.
Some sample thoughts of the book are:
1. Keep me company more and more. You can never know what it means to me to be treated as an intimate friend. It is so rare. I delight in this as a human being.
2. Do not fail to give Me your sufferings. They help sinners.
3. I asked you to wake up in the arms of the Father because each one of your mornings is a new creation.
4. I asked you to fall asleep in the Holy Spirit because your last conscious breath should be in love.
5. Try to understand My yearning for you, for all My children.
6. You see that you can do nothing by yourself. Throw yourself into My arms every morning and ask Me for strength to pay attention to the little details. Life is made up of little things, you know. Don't count on yourself any more. Count on me.
7. For some I am unknown. For others, a stranger, a severe master, or an accuser. Few people come to me as to one of a loved family. And yet my love is there, waiting for them. So tell them to come, to enter in, to give themselves up to love just as they are... I'll restore. I'll transform them. And they will know a joy they have never known before. I alone can give that joy.”
== References ==
|
Gabrielle Bossis (French: [ɡabʁijɛl bɔsi]; 1874–1950) was a French Catholic laywoman, nurse, playwright, actress and mystic, best known for her mystical work Lui et Moi, published in a very abridged English translation as He and I.
Life
Gabrielle Bossis was born 26 February 1874 in her parents' town house Nantes, the youngest of four children of a wealthy bourgeois family. Her father owned property and ran a business selling boat repair parts. She attended a convent school in Nantes. Her father died in 1898, her mother would bring the family to spend winters in Nice. Her mother died in 1908, and her sister Clémence in 1912. Her inheritance allowed her to set up a business making church ornaments for the Missions.
She obtained a nursing degree. During World War I, she was a nurse for four years, first in a hospital and then at the front near Verdun.
In 1923, at the request of the parish priest of Le Fresne-sur-Loire, she wrote a play called Czar, which was a great success. From 1923 to 1936, Bossis wrote thirteen three act comedies. She not only wrote plays, but also directed and played leading roles in them. She wrote many other works, in which witty and cheerful content is combined with a moral and religious underpinning. She soon became famous and toured with her plays not only France, but also other countries in Europe, North Africa, North America and Canada.
She always dressed in white, with wide-brimmed hats and old-fashioned dresses. Even when traveling, she never missed daily Mass if at all possible. With the German occupation in 1940, Bossis found refuge in Curzon. Her house in Nantes was bombed in 1943.
In August 1949, Bossis underwent surgery for breast cancer; by March 1950, the cancer had spread to her lungs. She died June 9, 1950.
Lui et moi
At the age of 62, in August 1936, on the ship Ile de France, on her way to Canada, she heard for the first time a mysterious inner voice, which from then on accompanied her until her death. The words, which she accepts as coming from Jesus Christ, she jotted down and wrote 10 notebooks in 13 years. In 1944 her notes were presented to Bishop Villepelet and four years later in 1948 she published anonymously the first volume with a selection of her notes, which received an enthusiastic reception In France, where 50 editions of Lui et moi were published by 1967. They were published with a preface by Villepelet.
Some sample thoughts of the book are:
1. Keep me company more and more. You can never know what it means to me to be treated as an intimate friend. It is so rare. I delight in this as a human being.
2. Do not fail to give Me your sufferings. They help sinners.
3. I asked you to wake up in the arms of the Father because each one of your mornings is a new creation.
4. I asked you to fall asleep in the Holy Spirit because your last conscious breath should be in love.
5. Try to understand My yearning for you, for all My children.
6. You see that you can do nothing by yourself. Throw yourself into My arms every morning and ask Me for strength to pay attention to the little details. Life is made up of little things, you know. Don't count on yourself any more. Count on me.
7. For some I am unknown. For others, a stranger, a severe master, or an accuser. Few people come to me as to one of a loved family. And yet my love is there, waiting for them. So tell them to come, to enter in, to give themselves up to love just as they are... I'll restore. I'll transform them. And they will know a joy they have never known before. I alone can give that joy.”
== References ==
|
Franz Welser-Möst
|
Franz Leopold Maria Möst (born 16 August 1960), known professionally as Franz Welser-Möst, is an Austrian conductor. He is currently music director of the Cleveland Orchestra.
Biography
Franz Leopold Maria Möst was born in Linz, Austria, and later studied under the composer Balduin Sulzer. As a youth in Linz, he studied the violin and had developed an interest in conducting. After suffering injuries in a car crash that led to nerve damage, he stopped his violin studies and shifted full-time to conducting studies.
In 1985, Möst assumed the stage name Welser-Möst at the suggestion of his mentor, Baron Andreas von Bennigsen of Liechtenstein, in an homage to the city of Wels where he grew up. In 1986, he was adopted by Bennigsen. In 1992, Welser-Möst married Bennigsen's former wife, Angelika. His first major debuts were at the Salzburg Festival in 1985, followed by the London Philharmonic Orchestra in 1986 and the Orchester Musikkollegium Winterthur in 1988.
Between 1986 and 1991, Welser-Möst served as the principal conductor of the Norrköping Symphony Orchestra, Sweden, and in 1990 he became principal conductor of the London Philharmonic Orchestra (LPO). His LPO tenure was controversial, with the orchestral players in the London Philharmonic giving him the nickname "Frankly Worse than Most". He concluded his LPO tenure in 1996.
From 1995 to 2000, he was music director with the Zürich Opera House. He became general music director of the Zürich Opera in September 2005, with an original commitment to the Opera through 2011. However, he stood down from the Zürich post in July 2008, after having agreed to serve in the same capacity at the Vienna State Opera. Welser-Möst first conducted at the Vienna State Opera in 1987, as a substitute for Claudio Abbado in a production of Gioachino Rossini's L'italiana in Algeri. On 6 June 2007, the Austrian government announced the appointment of Welser-Möst as Generalmusikdirektor of the Vienna State Opera, effective September 2010, alongside Dominique Meyer as director (Staatsoperndirektor). In September 2014, he announced his resignation from the Vienna State Opera, effective immediately. Welser-Möst is an honorary member of the Wiener Singverein. He conducted the Vienna Philharmonic Orchestra in its Vienna New Year's Concert in 2011, 2013 and 2023.
Welser-Möst made his United States conducting debut with the St. Louis Symphony in 1989. He guest-conducted the Cleveland Orchestra for the first time in February 1993. With the 2002–03 season, Welser-Möst became the seventh music director of the Cleveland Orchestra. His most recent contract extension is through the 2026–27 season. During his tenure, Welser-Möst has led the orchestra's ongoing residency at the Musikverein in Vienna, which began with Welser-Möst's first European tour in 2003. In addition, under Welser-Möst, the orchestra initiated an annual residency at Miami's Carnival Center for the Performing Arts (later renamed the Adrienne Arsht Center for the Performing Arts) in 2007.
Under Welser-Möst, the orchestra began presenting regularly staged operas in 2009, reviving a practice by his predecessor Christoph von Dohnányi. These concert opera presentations have included a three-year cycle of the Mozart/Da Ponte operas, Le nozze di Figaro, Don Giovanni, and Così fan tutte, Richard Strauss's Salome (2011–2012), Janáček's The Cunning Little Vixen (2013–2014 and 2017–2018), Strauss' Daphne (2014–2015) and Ariadne auf Naxos (2018–2019), Bartók's The Miraculous Mandarin and Bluebeard's Castle in the 2015–16 season (a collaboration with the Joffrey Ballet), and Debussy's Pelléas et Mélisande (2016–17).
Welser-Möst published his autobiography, Als ich die Stille fand: Ein Plädoyer gegen den Lärm der Welt, in 2020; it was published in English in May 2021 under the title From Silence: Finding Calm in a Dissonant World. In October 2023, Welser-Möst had a cancerous tumor removed and canceled his conducting performances from late October through the end of 2023. In January 2024, The Cleveland Orchestra announced that Welser-Möst is to conclude his tenure as its music director at the close of the 2026-2027 season.
Recordings
During his tenure with the LPO, Welser-Möst had established an exclusive recording contract with EMI. His 1996 recording of Franz Schmidt's Symphony No. 4 received the Gramophone Award for Best Orchestral Recording. The CDs of Anton Bruckner's Mass No. 3 and Te Deum and works of Erich Wolfgang Korngold both received Grammy Award nominations for "Best Classical Album." EMI struck a similar deal with Welser-Möst to record performances at the Zürich Opera and has released a number of DVDs of his Zürich opera productions. In 2008, EMI reissued many of Welser-Möst's earlier recordings in an eight CD set. In October 2007, Deutsche Grammophon released the first commercial recording featuring Welser-Möst with the Cleveland Orchestra, Beethoven's Symphony No. 9. This recording was soon followed by a disc of Richard Wagner Lieder performed by the orchestra and soloist Measha Brueggergosman. Several DVDs have been issued as well, including Bruckner's 7th and 8th symphonies, at Severance Hall, and the 5th and 4th at the St. Florian Monastery. In 2020, Welser-Möst and The Cleveland Orchestra released a three-disc recording featuring works from the past three centuries, The Cleveland Orchestra: A New Century, the first recording on the orchestra's own in-house label.
References
Further reading
Rosenberg, Donald (2000). The Cleveland Orchestra Story. Cleveland: Gray & Company. ISBN 1-886228-24-8.
External links
Franz Welser-Möst biography at the Cleveland Orchestra
Interview with Franz Welser-Möst, 19 May 1998
|
Franz Leopold Maria Möst (born 16 August 1960), known professionally as Franz Welser-Möst, is an Austrian conductor. He is currently music director of the Cleveland Orchestra.
Biography
Franz Leopold Maria Möst was born in Linz, Austria, and later studied under the composer Balduin Sulzer. As a youth in Linz, he studied the violin and had developed an interest in conducting. After suffering injuries in a car crash that led to nerve damage, he stopped his violin studies and shifted full-time to conducting studies.
In 1985, Möst assumed the stage name Welser-Möst at the suggestion of his mentor, Baron Andreas von Bennigsen of Liechtenstein, in an homage to the city of Wels where he grew up. In 1986, he was adopted by Bennigsen. In 1992, Welser-Möst married Bennigsen's former wife, Angelika. His first major debuts were at the Salzburg Festival in 1985, followed by the London Philharmonic Orchestra in 1986 and the Orchester Musikkollegium Winterthur in 1988.
Between 1986 and 1991, Welser-Möst served as the principal conductor of the Norrköping Symphony Orchestra, Sweden, and in 1990 he became principal conductor of the London Philharmonic Orchestra (LPO). His LPO tenure was controversial, with the orchestral players in the London Philharmonic giving him the nickname "Frankly Worse than Most". He concluded his LPO tenure in 1996.
From 1995 to 2000, he was music director with the Zürich Opera House. He became general music director of the Zürich Opera in September 2005, with an original commitment to the Opera through 2011. However, he stood down from the Zürich post in July 2008, after having agreed to serve in the same capacity at the Vienna State Opera. Welser-Möst first conducted at the Vienna State Opera in 1987, as a substitute for Claudio Abbado in a production of Gioachino Rossini's L'italiana in Algeri. On 6 June 2007, the Austrian government announced the appointment of Welser-Möst as Generalmusikdirektor of the Vienna State Opera, effective September 2010, alongside Dominique Meyer as director (Staatsoperndirektor). In September 2014, he announced his resignation from the Vienna State Opera, effective immediately. Welser-Möst is an honorary member of the Wiener Singverein. He conducted the Vienna Philharmonic Orchestra in its Vienna New Year's Concert in 2011, 2013 and 2023.
Welser-Möst made his United States conducting debut with the St. Louis Symphony in 1989. He guest-conducted the Cleveland Orchestra for the first time in February 1993. With the 2002–03 season, Welser-Möst became the seventh music director of the Cleveland Orchestra. His most recent contract extension is through the 2026–27 season. During his tenure, Welser-Möst has led the orchestra's ongoing residency at the Musikverein in Vienna, which began with Welser-Möst's first European tour in 2003. In addition, under Welser-Möst, the orchestra initiated an annual residency at Miami's Carnival Center for the Performing Arts (later renamed the Adrienne Arsht Center for the Performing Arts) in 2007.
Under Welser-Möst, the orchestra began presenting regularly staged operas in 2009, reviving a practice by his predecessor Christoph von Dohnányi. These concert opera presentations have included a three-year cycle of the Mozart/Da Ponte operas, Le nozze di Figaro, Don Giovanni, and Così fan tutte, Richard Strauss's Salome (2011–2012), Janáček's The Cunning Little Vixen (2013–2014 and 2017–2018), Strauss' Daphne (2014–2015) and Ariadne auf Naxos (2018–2019), Bartók's The Miraculous Mandarin and Bluebeard's Castle in the 2015–16 season (a collaboration with the Joffrey Ballet), and Debussy's Pelléas et Mélisande (2016–17).
Welser-Möst published his autobiography, Als ich die Stille fand: Ein Plädoyer gegen den Lärm der Welt, in 2020; it was published in English in May 2021 under the title From Silence: Finding Calm in a Dissonant World. In October 2023, Welser-Möst had a cancerous tumor removed and canceled his conducting performances from late October through the end of 2023. In January 2024, The Cleveland Orchestra announced that Welser-Möst is to conclude his tenure as its music director at the close of the 2026-2027 season.
Recordings
During his tenure with the LPO, Welser-Möst had established an exclusive recording contract with EMI. His 1996 recording of Franz Schmidt's Symphony No. 4 received the Gramophone Award for Best Orchestral Recording. The CDs of Anton Bruckner's Mass No. 3 and Te Deum and works of Erich Wolfgang Korngold both received Grammy Award nominations for "Best Classical Album." EMI struck a similar deal with Welser-Möst to record performances at the Zürich Opera and has released a number of DVDs of his Zürich opera productions. In 2008, EMI reissued many of Welser-Möst's earlier recordings in an eight CD set. In October 2007, Deutsche Grammophon released the first commercial recording featuring Welser-Möst with the Cleveland Orchestra, Beethoven's Symphony No. 9. This recording was soon followed by a disc of Richard Wagner Lieder performed by the orchestra and soloist Measha Brueggergosman. Several DVDs have been issued as well, including Bruckner's 7th and 8th symphonies, at Severance Hall, and the 5th and 4th at the St. Florian Monastery. In 2020, Welser-Möst and The Cleveland Orchestra released a three-disc recording featuring works from the past three centuries, The Cleveland Orchestra: A New Century, the first recording on the orchestra's own in-house label.
References
Further reading
Rosenberg, Donald (2000). The Cleveland Orchestra Story. Cleveland: Gray & Company. ISBN 1-886228-24-8.
External links
Franz Welser-Möst biography at the Cleveland Orchestra
Interview with Franz Welser-Möst, 19 May 1998
|
Red Badgro
|
Morris Hiram "Red" Badgro (December 1, 1902 – July 13, 1998) was an American professional football and baseball player. He played as an end in the National Football League (NFL). He was inducted into the Pro Football Hall of Fame in 1981.
A native of Orillia, Washington, he attended the University of Southern California (USC) where he played baseball, basketball, and football. He then played nine seasons of professional football for the New York Yankees (1927–1928), New York Giants (1930–1935), and Brooklyn Dodgers (1936). He was selected as a first-team All-Pro in 1931, 1933, and 1934. He scored the first touchdown in the first NFL Championship Game and was a member of the 1934 New York Giants team that won the second NFL Championship Game.
Badgro also played professional baseball as an outfielder for six years from 1928 to 1933, including two seasons in Major League Baseball for the St. Louis Browns (1929–1930). After his career as an athlete was over, Badgro served as a football coach for 14 years, including stints as the ends coach for Columbia (1939–1942) and Washington (1946–1953).
Early years
Badgro was born in 1902 in Orillia, Washington. His father, Walter Badgro (1865–1940), was a farmer in Orillia. He attended Kent High School where he was twice named captain of the basketball and baseball teams. Badgro later recalled that his focus was on baseball and basketball in high school, noting that he only played "maybe three games of football in four years" of high school.
University of Southern California
Badgro enrolled at the University of Southern California (USC) on a basketball scholarship. At USC, was a multi-sport star in baseball, basketball, and football. Playing at the end position for the USC football team, he was selected by the United Press as a first-team player on the 1926 All-Pacific Coast football team. He was a forward for the USC basketball team and was named to the All-Pacific Coast Conference basketball team in 1927. During the 1927 baseball season, he led USC with a .352 batting average, scored 25 runs in 21 games, and was named to the All-California baseball team.
Professional athlete
Football
Badgro played 10 seasons of professional football. During the 1927 season, he appeared in 12 games for the New York Yankees. The Yankees folded after the 1928 season, and Badgro opted to focus on professional baseball. He did not play professional football in 1929.
After playing Major League Baseball in 1929 and 1930, Badgro qualified as a free agent in professional football and signed with the New York Giants for $150 a game. He gained his greatest acclaim as the starting left end for the Giants from 1930 to 1935. He was regarded as a sure-tackling defender and an effective blocker and talented receiver on offense. Giants coach Steve Owen said of Badgro: "He could block, tackle, and catch passes equally well. And he could do each with the best of them." Highlights from Badgro's prime years include the following:
In 1930, he appeared in 17 games at left end, 14 as a starter, and was selected by the Green Bay Press-Gazette as a second-team end on the 1930 All-Pro Team.
In 1931, he appeared in 13 games, 11 as a starter, and was selected by the NFL as a first-team end on the official 1931 All-Pro Team.
In 1932, he appeared in 12 games, 11 as a starter.
In 1933, he appeared in 12 games, 10 as a starter, and was selected by the Chicago Daily News as a second-team end on the 1933 All-Pro Team. He helped lead the Giants to the 1933 NFL Championship Game where he scored the first touchdown in the first NFL Championship Game, a 29-yard touchdown on a pass from Harry Newman.
In 1934, he appeared in 13 games, all as a starter, for the Giants team that won the 1934 NFL Championship Game. He was selected by the NFL and the Chicago Daily News as a first-team end on the 1934 All-Pro Team. He also led the NFL with 16 receptions.
Playing against the Boston Redskins in 1935, Badgro blocked a punt, and teammate Les Corzine returned it for a go-ahead touchdown.
Badgro concluded his playing career with the Brooklyn Dodgers in 1936.
Baseball
Badgro also played professional baseball. He played minor league ball in 1928 for the Tulsa Oilers in the Western League and the Muskogee Chiefs in the Western Association, compiling a .351 batting average in 513 at bats. He also played for the Milwaukee Brewers of the American Association in 1929.
In June 1929, Badgro made his major league debut with the St. Louis Browns. Over the 1929 and 1930 season, he appeared in 143 games, 80 of them as a right fielder and 13 as a center fielder. He compiled a .257 batting average in 382 major league at-bats and appeared in his final major league game on September 18, 1930.
Badgro continued to play in the minor leagues for several years, including stints with the Wichita Falls Spudders of the Texas League (1931–1932) and Seattle Indians of the Pacific Coast League (1933).
NFL career statistics
Regular season
Postseason
Coaching career
In 1937, Badgro returned to USC to finish the credits he needed to graduate. At the same time, he was a member of Howard Jones' football coaching staff at USC, responsible for working with USC's frosh players.
In June 1938, Badgro was hired as the football coach at Ventura High School in Ventura, California. He also coached football, baseball, and basketball for Ventura Junior College.
In June 1939, he was hired as an assistant coach (responsible for ends) under Lou Little at Columbia. He remained at Columbia through the 1942 season.
In 1944, Badgro was employed in a Seattle war plant.
In February 1946, Badgro was hired as an assistant football coach at the University of Washington. When Howard Odell took over as Washington's head coach, he retained Badgro as his ends coach. Badgro was again retained when John Cherberg took over as head coach in 1953. He resigned his coaching post at Washington in January 1954 in order to pursue private business in Kent, Washington.
Family, later years, and honors
Badgro was married to Dorothea Taylor. After retiring from football, Badgro worked for the Department of Agriculture in the State of Washington.
In 1967, Badgro was inducted into the Washington State Sports Hall of Fame. Badgro was inducted into the Pro Football Hall of Fame in 1981 at age 78. At that time, he was the oldest person to be inducted into the Hall of Fame. Badgro's Hall of Fame Induction Party was held on August 15th, 1981, at 5 PM in Lake Oswego, Oregon.
Badgro died in July 1998 at age 95 in Kent, Washington. He had been hospitalized after a fall.
References
External links
Pro Football Hall of Fame profile
Red Badgro at Find a Grave
Career statistics from Pro Football Reference
Career statistics from Baseball Reference · Retrosheet · Baseball Almanac
|
Morris Hiram "Red" Badgro (December 1, 1902 – July 13, 1998) was an American professional football and baseball player. He played as an end in the National Football League (NFL). He was inducted into the Pro Football Hall of Fame in 1981.
A native of Orillia, Washington, he attended the University of Southern California (USC) where he played baseball, basketball, and football. He then played nine seasons of professional football for the New York Yankees (1927–1928), New York Giants (1930–1935), and Brooklyn Dodgers (1936). He was selected as a first-team All-Pro in 1931, 1933, and 1934. He scored the first touchdown in the first NFL Championship Game and was a member of the 1934 New York Giants team that won the second NFL Championship Game.
Badgro also played professional baseball as an outfielder for six years from 1928 to 1933, including two seasons in Major League Baseball for the St. Louis Browns (1929–1930). After his career as an athlete was over, Badgro served as a football coach for 14 years, including stints as the ends coach for Columbia (1939–1942) and Washington (1946–1953).
Early years
Badgro was born in 1902 in Orillia, Washington. His father, Walter Badgro (1865–1940), was a farmer in Orillia. He attended Kent High School where he was twice named captain of the basketball and baseball teams. Badgro later recalled that his focus was on baseball and basketball in high school, noting that he only played "maybe three games of football in four years" of high school.
University of Southern California
Badgro enrolled at the University of Southern California (USC) on a basketball scholarship. At USC, was a multi-sport star in baseball, basketball, and football. Playing at the end position for the USC football team, he was selected by the United Press as a first-team player on the 1926 All-Pacific Coast football team. He was a forward for the USC basketball team and was named to the All-Pacific Coast Conference basketball team in 1927. During the 1927 baseball season, he led USC with a .352 batting average, scored 25 runs in 21 games, and was named to the All-California baseball team.
Professional athlete
Football
Badgro played 10 seasons of professional football. During the 1927 season, he appeared in 12 games for the New York Yankees. The Yankees folded after the 1928 season, and Badgro opted to focus on professional baseball. He did not play professional football in 1929.
After playing Major League Baseball in 1929 and 1930, Badgro qualified as a free agent in professional football and signed with the New York Giants for $150 a game. He gained his greatest acclaim as the starting left end for the Giants from 1930 to 1935. He was regarded as a sure-tackling defender and an effective blocker and talented receiver on offense. Giants coach Steve Owen said of Badgro: "He could block, tackle, and catch passes equally well. And he could do each with the best of them." Highlights from Badgro's prime years include the following:
In 1930, he appeared in 17 games at left end, 14 as a starter, and was selected by the Green Bay Press-Gazette as a second-team end on the 1930 All-Pro Team.
In 1931, he appeared in 13 games, 11 as a starter, and was selected by the NFL as a first-team end on the official 1931 All-Pro Team.
In 1932, he appeared in 12 games, 11 as a starter.
In 1933, he appeared in 12 games, 10 as a starter, and was selected by the Chicago Daily News as a second-team end on the 1933 All-Pro Team. He helped lead the Giants to the 1933 NFL Championship Game where he scored the first touchdown in the first NFL Championship Game, a 29-yard touchdown on a pass from Harry Newman.
In 1934, he appeared in 13 games, all as a starter, for the Giants team that won the 1934 NFL Championship Game. He was selected by the NFL and the Chicago Daily News as a first-team end on the 1934 All-Pro Team. He also led the NFL with 16 receptions.
Playing against the Boston Redskins in 1935, Badgro blocked a punt, and teammate Les Corzine returned it for a go-ahead touchdown.
Badgro concluded his playing career with the Brooklyn Dodgers in 1936.
Baseball
Badgro also played professional baseball. He played minor league ball in 1928 for the Tulsa Oilers in the Western League and the Muskogee Chiefs in the Western Association, compiling a .351 batting average in 513 at bats. He also played for the Milwaukee Brewers of the American Association in 1929.
In June 1929, Badgro made his major league debut with the St. Louis Browns. Over the 1929 and 1930 season, he appeared in 143 games, 80 of them as a right fielder and 13 as a center fielder. He compiled a .257 batting average in 382 major league at-bats and appeared in his final major league game on September 18, 1930.
Badgro continued to play in the minor leagues for several years, including stints with the Wichita Falls Spudders of the Texas League (1931–1932) and Seattle Indians of the Pacific Coast League (1933).
NFL career statistics
Regular season
Postseason
Coaching career
In 1937, Badgro returned to USC to finish the credits he needed to graduate. At the same time, he was a member of Howard Jones' football coaching staff at USC, responsible for working with USC's frosh players.
In June 1938, Badgro was hired as the football coach at Ventura High School in Ventura, California. He also coached football, baseball, and basketball for Ventura Junior College.
In June 1939, he was hired as an assistant coach (responsible for ends) under Lou Little at Columbia. He remained at Columbia through the 1942 season.
In 1944, Badgro was employed in a Seattle war plant.
In February 1946, Badgro was hired as an assistant football coach at the University of Washington. When Howard Odell took over as Washington's head coach, he retained Badgro as his ends coach. Badgro was again retained when John Cherberg took over as head coach in 1953. He resigned his coaching post at Washington in January 1954 in order to pursue private business in Kent, Washington.
Family, later years, and honors
Badgro was married to Dorothea Taylor. After retiring from football, Badgro worked for the Department of Agriculture in the State of Washington.
In 1967, Badgro was inducted into the Washington State Sports Hall of Fame. Badgro was inducted into the Pro Football Hall of Fame in 1981 at age 78. At that time, he was the oldest person to be inducted into the Hall of Fame. Badgro's Hall of Fame Induction Party was held on August 15th, 1981, at 5 PM in Lake Oswego, Oregon.
Badgro died in July 1998 at age 95 in Kent, Washington. He had been hospitalized after a fall.
References
External links
Pro Football Hall of Fame profile
Red Badgro at Find a Grave
Career statistics from Pro Football Reference
Career statistics from Baseball Reference · Retrosheet · Baseball Almanac
|
Karl-Otto Apel
|
Karl-Otto Apel (; German: [ˈaːpl̩]; 15 March 1922 – 15 May 2017) was a German philosopher and Professor Emeritus at the University of Frankfurt am Main. He specialized on the philosophy of language and was thus considered a communication theorist. He developed a distinctive philosophical approach which he coined transcendental pragmatics.
Life
Apel grew up during the political crises of the Weimar Republic. In 1940, he was a war volunteer with his entire graduating class. After the Second World War, Apel studied from 1945 to 1950 at the University of Bonn, first history and intellectual history, before he committed himself as a student of Erich Rothacker on philosophy. In 1950, he received his doctorate from Bonn with a thesis on Martin Heidegger.
Academic positions
Apel was appointed lecturer at the University of Mainz in 1961. He was a full professor of philosophy at the University of Kiel from 1962 to 1969, at the University of Saarbrücken from 1969 to 1972, and at the University of Frankfurt am Main from 1972 to 1990. In 1990, he transferred to emeritus status. He has held a number of visiting and guest professorships at universities around the world.
He was made a Member of the Academia Europaea in 1989 and a Full Member of the Academia Scientiarum et Artium Europaea in 1993. In 2001, he was awarded the Order of Merit of the Federal Republic of Germany.
Philosophical work
Apel worked in ethics, the philosophy of language and human sciences. He wrote extensively in these fields, publishing mostly in German. Apel's work brings together the analytical and Continental philosophical traditions, especially pragmatism and the critical theory of the Frankfurt School. He developed a distinctive philosophical approach which he called transcendental pragmatics (Transzendentalpragmatik).
In Understanding and Explanation: A Transcendental-Pragmatic Perspective, Apel reformulated the difference between understanding (Verstehen) and explanation (Erklärung), which originated in the hermeneutics of Wilhelm Dilthey and interpretive sociology of Max Weber, on the basis of a Peircean-inspired transcendental-pragmatic account of language. This account of the "lifeworld" would become an element of the theory of communicative action and discourse ethics, which Apel co-developed with Jürgen Habermas. Strategic rationality both claim to stand in need of communicative rationality that is seen as, in several regards, more fundamental. While sympathetic to Habermas's Theory of Communicative Action, Apel has been critical of aspects of Habermas's approach. Apel has proposed that a theory of communication should be grounded in the transcendental-pragmatic conditions of communication. After taking his point of departure from Apel, Habermas has moved towards a "weak transcendentalism" that is more closely tied to empirical social inquiry.
Apel also wrote works on Charles Sanders Peirce and is a past president of the C. S. Peirce Society.
An early German-speaking adversary of so-called critical rationalism, Apel published a critique of the philosophy of Karl Popper: In Transformation der Philosophie (1973), Apel charged Popper with being guilty of, amongst other things, a pragmatic contradiction.
From the 1970s to the 1990s, Apel influenced other philosophers writing in Europe, the Americas, and Asia. Apel died on 15 May 2017 at the age of 95.
List of works
Analytic Philosophy of Language and the Geisteswissenschaften (1967)
Hermeneutik und Ideologiekritik (1971)
Sprache, Brücke und Hindernis (1972)
Dialog als Methode (1972)
Transformation der philosophie: Sprachanalytik, Semiotik, Hermeneutik (1973)
Transformation der philosophie: Das Apriori der Kommunikationsgemeinschaft (1976)
Sprachpragmatik und philosophie (1976)
Neue Versuche über Erklären und Verstehen (1978)
Die Erklären/Verstehen-Kontroverse in Transzendentalpragmatischer Sicht (1979)
Towards a Transformation of Philosophy (1980 & 1998)
Charles S. Peirce: From Pragmatism to Pragmaticism (1981)
Understanding and Explanation: A Transcendental-Pragmatic Perspective (1984)
La comunicazione umana (1985)
Diskurs und Verantwortung: Das Problem des Übergangs zur Postkonventionellen Moral (1988)
Towards a Transcendental Semiotics: Selected Essays (1994)
Ethics and the Theory of Rationality: Selected Essays (1996)
Filosofia analitica e filosofia continentale (1997)
From a Transcendental-Semiotic Point of View (1998)
Mercier Lectures: "The Response of Discourse Ethics to the Moral Challenge of the Human Situation As Such, Especially Today" (2001)
Fünf Vorlesungen über Transzendentale Semiotik als Erste Philosophie und Diskursethik (2002)
Diskursethik und Diskursanthropologie (2002)
Paradigmen der Ersten Philosophie: Zur reflexiven – transzendentalpragmatischen – Rekonstruktion der Philosophiegeschichte (2011)
Transzendentale Reflexion und Geschichte (2017)
References
Further reading
Borrelli, Michele; Caputo, Francesca; Hesse, Reinhard, eds. (2020). Karl-Otto Apel, Vita e Pensiero, Leben und Denken. Cosenza. ISBN 978-88-6822-916-0.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
External links
Personal website
|
Karl-Otto Apel (; German: [ˈaːpl̩]; 15 March 1922 – 15 May 2017) was a German philosopher and Professor Emeritus at the University of Frankfurt am Main. He specialized on the philosophy of language and was thus considered a communication theorist. He developed a distinctive philosophical approach which he coined transcendental pragmatics.
Life
Apel grew up during the political crises of the Weimar Republic. In 1940, he was a war volunteer with his entire graduating class. After the Second World War, Apel studied from 1945 to 1950 at the University of Bonn, first history and intellectual history, before he committed himself as a student of Erich Rothacker on philosophy. In 1950, he received his doctorate from Bonn with a thesis on Martin Heidegger.
Academic positions
Apel was appointed lecturer at the University of Mainz in 1961. He was a full professor of philosophy at the University of Kiel from 1962 to 1969, at the University of Saarbrücken from 1969 to 1972, and at the University of Frankfurt am Main from 1972 to 1990. In 1990, he transferred to emeritus status. He has held a number of visiting and guest professorships at universities around the world.
He was made a Member of the Academia Europaea in 1989 and a Full Member of the Academia Scientiarum et Artium Europaea in 1993. In 2001, he was awarded the Order of Merit of the Federal Republic of Germany.
Philosophical work
Apel worked in ethics, the philosophy of language and human sciences. He wrote extensively in these fields, publishing mostly in German. Apel's work brings together the analytical and Continental philosophical traditions, especially pragmatism and the critical theory of the Frankfurt School. He developed a distinctive philosophical approach which he called transcendental pragmatics (Transzendentalpragmatik).
In Understanding and Explanation: A Transcendental-Pragmatic Perspective, Apel reformulated the difference between understanding (Verstehen) and explanation (Erklärung), which originated in the hermeneutics of Wilhelm Dilthey and interpretive sociology of Max Weber, on the basis of a Peircean-inspired transcendental-pragmatic account of language. This account of the "lifeworld" would become an element of the theory of communicative action and discourse ethics, which Apel co-developed with Jürgen Habermas. Strategic rationality both claim to stand in need of communicative rationality that is seen as, in several regards, more fundamental. While sympathetic to Habermas's Theory of Communicative Action, Apel has been critical of aspects of Habermas's approach. Apel has proposed that a theory of communication should be grounded in the transcendental-pragmatic conditions of communication. After taking his point of departure from Apel, Habermas has moved towards a "weak transcendentalism" that is more closely tied to empirical social inquiry.
Apel also wrote works on Charles Sanders Peirce and is a past president of the C. S. Peirce Society.
An early German-speaking adversary of so-called critical rationalism, Apel published a critique of the philosophy of Karl Popper: In Transformation der Philosophie (1973), Apel charged Popper with being guilty of, amongst other things, a pragmatic contradiction.
From the 1970s to the 1990s, Apel influenced other philosophers writing in Europe, the Americas, and Asia. Apel died on 15 May 2017 at the age of 95.
List of works
Analytic Philosophy of Language and the Geisteswissenschaften (1967)
Hermeneutik und Ideologiekritik (1971)
Sprache, Brücke und Hindernis (1972)
Dialog als Methode (1972)
Transformation der philosophie: Sprachanalytik, Semiotik, Hermeneutik (1973)
Transformation der philosophie: Das Apriori der Kommunikationsgemeinschaft (1976)
Sprachpragmatik und philosophie (1976)
Neue Versuche über Erklären und Verstehen (1978)
Die Erklären/Verstehen-Kontroverse in Transzendentalpragmatischer Sicht (1979)
Towards a Transformation of Philosophy (1980 & 1998)
Charles S. Peirce: From Pragmatism to Pragmaticism (1981)
Understanding and Explanation: A Transcendental-Pragmatic Perspective (1984)
La comunicazione umana (1985)
Diskurs und Verantwortung: Das Problem des Übergangs zur Postkonventionellen Moral (1988)
Towards a Transcendental Semiotics: Selected Essays (1994)
Ethics and the Theory of Rationality: Selected Essays (1996)
Filosofia analitica e filosofia continentale (1997)
From a Transcendental-Semiotic Point of View (1998)
Mercier Lectures: "The Response of Discourse Ethics to the Moral Challenge of the Human Situation As Such, Especially Today" (2001)
Fünf Vorlesungen über Transzendentale Semiotik als Erste Philosophie und Diskursethik (2002)
Diskursethik und Diskursanthropologie (2002)
Paradigmen der Ersten Philosophie: Zur reflexiven – transzendentalpragmatischen – Rekonstruktion der Philosophiegeschichte (2011)
Transzendentale Reflexion und Geschichte (2017)
References
Further reading
Borrelli, Michele; Caputo, Francesca; Hesse, Reinhard, eds. (2020). Karl-Otto Apel, Vita e Pensiero, Leben und Denken. Cosenza. ISBN 978-88-6822-916-0.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
External links
Personal website
|
Bruce Graham
|
Bruce John Graham (December 1, 1925 – March 6, 2010) was a Colombian-born Peruvian-American architect. A longtime employee of the architecture firm Skidmore, Owings and Merrill, Graham designed buildings all over the world and was deeply involved with evolving the Burnham Plan of Chicago. Among his most notable buildings are the Inland Steel Building, the Willis Tower (formerly the Sears Tower), and the John Hancock Center. He was also responsible for planning the Broadgate and Canary Wharf developments in London.
Architectural historian Franz Schulze called him "the Burnham of his generation." He was a 1993 Pew Fellow.
Life
Born on December 1, 1925, in La Cumbre, Valle del Cauca, Colombia, Graham was the son of a Canadian-born father who was an international banker, and a Peruvian mother. His first language was Spanish.
He attended Colegio San Jose de Rio Piedras, Puerto Rico, and graduated in 1944. He studied at the University of Dayton, Ohio, and Structural Engineering at the Case School of Applied Sciences in Cleveland, Ohio. He graduated from the University of Pennsylvania in 1948 with a degree in Architecture. When he first came to Chicago, he worked for Holabird and Root and joined the Chicago office of Skidmore, Owings and Merrill, the largest architectural firm in the United States, in 1951.
Career
During his 40-year tenure at SOM, Bruce Graham designed notable buildings all over the world from his home in Chicago, to Guatemala, Hong Kong, London, Cairo, and many other cities. He designed the Willis Tower, tallest building in the world for nearly 36 years, the 100 story tall John Hancock Center, One Shell Plaza etc.
He was extremely involved with the University of Pennsylvania, especially the School of Fine Arts. He believed that teachers of architecture should be currently involved in its practice. He was committed to the study of architectural theory and started the SOM Foundation. He also taught an architectural studio at Harvard. Graham was a great collector of art. He befriended Alexander Calder, Joan Miró, Chryssa and Chillida, among others. He invited these artists to create public works of art for the city of Chicago. He believed that to create great work an architect should be informed by philosophy, history, music and literature.
Design philosophy
Graham had studied structural engineering at Case Western and brought that knowledge and respect of the structure of an edifice to all his buildings. The Hancock building in particular, uses structural design for esthetic expression. Graham later expressed this in Hotel Arts in Barcelona and many other buildings including his buildings in London at Broadgate. Bruce Graham firmly believed that architecture like dance and music were a combination of structure and beauty. He believed that these forms of art represented the highest achievements of culture. Like other forms of Art, Graham believed that architecture was a result and a reflection of the morals of the culture in which it was built.
England projects
Graham left a major influence on London, where he was responsible for designing the master plans for the massive Broadgate and Canary Wharf developments. He also designed nine buildings in London.
Graham said, "We design our buildings for the inhabitants and for those who see them from the street. We try to design buildings that are a part of London, not in an imitation of period styles but an invention."
Major works
1958 - Inland Steel Building, Chicago, Illinois, USA
1970 - John Hancock Center, Chicago, Illinois, USA
1973 - Sears Tower (renamed Willis Tower), Wacker Drive, Chicago, USA
1973 - First Wisconsin Plaza, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, USA
1982 - Broadgate, London, England
1988 - Canary Wharf, London, England
1992 - Hotel Arts, Barcelona, Spain
Death
Graham died March 6, 2010, at the age of 84 in Hobe Sound, Florida. The cause was complications of Alzheimer’s disease, said his son, George. Graham was buried at Graceland Cemetery next to Fazlur Rahman Khan.
On October 14, 2010, Chicago Alderman Brendan Reilly, 42nd Ward, dedicated the streets to the south and east sides of the John Hancock Center – one of Graham’s most iconic achievements – as Honorary Bruce J. Graham Way. It runs along Chestnut Street between Mies van der Rohe Street and Michigan Avenue and along Mies van der Rohe Street – named after famed architect, Ludwig Mies van der Rohe - between Chestnut and Delaware Streets.
See also
BMA Tower in Kansas City, Missouri
Srinivasa 'Hal' Iyengar
References
External links
Architect of Willis Tower and John Hancock Center dies
Memorial Tribute to Fazlur Rahman Khan by Bruce Graham in the South Asian American Digital Archive (SAADA)
|
Bruce John Graham (December 1, 1925 – March 6, 2010) was a Colombian-born Peruvian-American architect. A longtime employee of the architecture firm Skidmore, Owings and Merrill, Graham designed buildings all over the world and was deeply involved with evolving the Burnham Plan of Chicago. Among his most notable buildings are the Inland Steel Building, the Willis Tower (formerly the Sears Tower), and the John Hancock Center. He was also responsible for planning the Broadgate and Canary Wharf developments in London.
Architectural historian Franz Schulze called him "the Burnham of his generation." He was a 1993 Pew Fellow.
Life
Born on December 1, 1925, in La Cumbre, Valle del Cauca, Colombia, Graham was the son of a Canadian-born father who was an international banker, and a Peruvian mother. His first language was Spanish.
He attended Colegio San Jose de Rio Piedras, Puerto Rico, and graduated in 1944. He studied at the University of Dayton, Ohio, and Structural Engineering at the Case School of Applied Sciences in Cleveland, Ohio. He graduated from the University of Pennsylvania in 1948 with a degree in Architecture. When he first came to Chicago, he worked for Holabird and Root and joined the Chicago office of Skidmore, Owings and Merrill, the largest architectural firm in the United States, in 1951.
Career
During his 40-year tenure at SOM, Bruce Graham designed notable buildings all over the world from his home in Chicago, to Guatemala, Hong Kong, London, Cairo, and many other cities. He designed the Willis Tower, tallest building in the world for nearly 36 years, the 100 story tall John Hancock Center, One Shell Plaza etc.
He was extremely involved with the University of Pennsylvania, especially the School of Fine Arts. He believed that teachers of architecture should be currently involved in its practice. He was committed to the study of architectural theory and started the SOM Foundation. He also taught an architectural studio at Harvard. Graham was a great collector of art. He befriended Alexander Calder, Joan Miró, Chryssa and Chillida, among others. He invited these artists to create public works of art for the city of Chicago. He believed that to create great work an architect should be informed by philosophy, history, music and literature.
Design philosophy
Graham had studied structural engineering at Case Western and brought that knowledge and respect of the structure of an edifice to all his buildings. The Hancock building in particular, uses structural design for esthetic expression. Graham later expressed this in Hotel Arts in Barcelona and many other buildings including his buildings in London at Broadgate. Bruce Graham firmly believed that architecture like dance and music were a combination of structure and beauty. He believed that these forms of art represented the highest achievements of culture. Like other forms of Art, Graham believed that architecture was a result and a reflection of the morals of the culture in which it was built.
England projects
Graham left a major influence on London, where he was responsible for designing the master plans for the massive Broadgate and Canary Wharf developments. He also designed nine buildings in London.
Graham said, "We design our buildings for the inhabitants and for those who see them from the street. We try to design buildings that are a part of London, not in an imitation of period styles but an invention."
Major works
1958 - Inland Steel Building, Chicago, Illinois, USA
1970 - John Hancock Center, Chicago, Illinois, USA
1973 - Sears Tower (renamed Willis Tower), Wacker Drive, Chicago, USA
1973 - First Wisconsin Plaza, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, USA
1982 - Broadgate, London, England
1988 - Canary Wharf, London, England
1992 - Hotel Arts, Barcelona, Spain
Death
Graham died March 6, 2010, at the age of 84 in Hobe Sound, Florida. The cause was complications of Alzheimer’s disease, said his son, George. Graham was buried at Graceland Cemetery next to Fazlur Rahman Khan.
On October 14, 2010, Chicago Alderman Brendan Reilly, 42nd Ward, dedicated the streets to the south and east sides of the John Hancock Center – one of Graham’s most iconic achievements – as Honorary Bruce J. Graham Way. It runs along Chestnut Street between Mies van der Rohe Street and Michigan Avenue and along Mies van der Rohe Street – named after famed architect, Ludwig Mies van der Rohe - between Chestnut and Delaware Streets.
See also
BMA Tower in Kansas City, Missouri
Srinivasa 'Hal' Iyengar
References
External links
Architect of Willis Tower and John Hancock Center dies
Memorial Tribute to Fazlur Rahman Khan by Bruce Graham in the South Asian American Digital Archive (SAADA)
|
Erwin Baur
|
Erwin Baur (16 April 1875, in Ichenheim, Grand Duchy of Baden – 2 December 1933) was a German geneticist and botanist. Baur worked primarily on plant genetics. He was director of the Kaiser Wilhelm Institute for Breeding Research (then in Müncheberg, now in Cologne, and since 1938 the Erwin Baur-Institute). Baur is considered to be the father of plant virology. He discovered the inheritance of plastids.
In 1908 Baur demonstrated a lethal gene in the Antirrhinum plant. In 1909 working on the chloroplast genes in Pelargonium (geraniums) he showed that they violated four of Mendel's five laws.
Baur stated that
plastids are carriers of hereditary factors which are able to mutate.
in variegated plants, random sorting out of plastids is taking place.
the genetic results indicate a biparental inheritance of plastids by egg cells and sperm cells in pelargonium.
Since the 1930s and the work of Otto Renner, plastid inheritance became a widely accepted genetic theory.
In 1921 and 1932, together with Fritz Lenz and Eugen Fischer, Baur coauthored two volumes that became the book Menschliche Erblichkeitslehre (Human Heredity), which was a major influence on the racial theories of Adolf Hitler. The work served a chief inspiration for biological support in Hitler's Mein Kampf.
References
External links
Short Biography, bibliography, and links on digitized sources in the Virtual Laboratory of the Max Planck Institute for the History of Science
|
Erwin Baur (16 April 1875, in Ichenheim, Grand Duchy of Baden – 2 December 1933) was a German geneticist and botanist. Baur worked primarily on plant genetics. He was director of the Kaiser Wilhelm Institute for Breeding Research (then in Müncheberg, now in Cologne, and since 1938 the Erwin Baur-Institute). Baur is considered to be the father of plant virology. He discovered the inheritance of plastids.
In 1908 Baur demonstrated a lethal gene in the Antirrhinum plant. In 1909 working on the chloroplast genes in Pelargonium (geraniums) he showed that they violated four of Mendel's five laws.
Baur stated that
plastids are carriers of hereditary factors which are able to mutate.
in variegated plants, random sorting out of plastids is taking place.
the genetic results indicate a biparental inheritance of plastids by egg cells and sperm cells in pelargonium.
Since the 1930s and the work of Otto Renner, plastid inheritance became a widely accepted genetic theory.
In 1921 and 1932, together with Fritz Lenz and Eugen Fischer, Baur coauthored two volumes that became the book Menschliche Erblichkeitslehre (Human Heredity), which was a major influence on the racial theories of Adolf Hitler. The work served a chief inspiration for biological support in Hitler's Mein Kampf.
References
External links
Short Biography, bibliography, and links on digitized sources in the Virtual Laboratory of the Max Planck Institute for the History of Science
|
Jean Ziegler
|
Jean Ziegler (French: [ziglɛʁ]; born Hans Ziegler, 19 April 1934) is a Swiss former professor of sociology at the University of Geneva and the Sorbonne, Paris, and former vice-president of the Advisory Committee to the United Nations Human Rights Council. He was previously Member of the Swiss Parliament for the Social Democrats from 1981 to 1999. He has also held several positions with the United Nations, especially as Special Rapporteur on the Right to Food from 2000 to 2008, and as a member of the Advisory Committee of the UN Human Rights Council from 2008 to 2012. Ziegler has authored numerous works, is a lecturer, and is well known for this sentence: "A child who dies from hunger is a murdered child."
Early life and teaching career
Jean Ziegler was born on 19 April 1934 in Thun, Switzerland. His father was the president of the town's court and a reserve artillery colonel.
Ziegler married and had one son.
Ziegler originally was a member of a conservative swiss student group.
He studied at the universities of Bern and Geneva. He also earned his barrister brevet at the bar association of Geneva. He then moved to Paris to study Sociology at the Sorbonne. He has doctorates in Law and Sociology.
While in Paris he met Jean-Paul Sartre and Simone de Beauvoir, "who turned him on to Marxism", and reported on the Algerian War for their magazine Les Temps Modernes. Simone the Beauvoir suggested he change his name from Hans to Jean, for its "more dignified byline". He joined the French Communist Party which expelled him for actively supporting the Algerian independence.
In 1952, he met Abbé Pierre in Paris, and became the first director of the Emmaus charitable community of Geneva.
In 1961 he joined a British civil servant as a translator on a trip to the newly independent Democratic Republic of the Congo whose democratically elected Patrice Lumumba was deposed with assistance of Belgium and the United States of America to be replaced by the military officer and dictator Mobutu Sese Seko. He witnessed local children starving and being mistreated by the presidents guards while Mobutu was siphoning the countries wealth to his private bank accounts in Switzerland which led him to strive for the equal distribution of wealth between rich and poor countries in his further life.
In 1964, Ziegler met Che Guevara on his visit to Geneva, and befriended the Cuban revolutionary driving him around Switzerland. Ziegler revealed to Atossa Abrahamian that when he asked Che Guevara whether he could follow him to Cuba the latter said: "Here is where you were born, and here lives the monster's brain. It is here that you must fight."
Ziegler became professor at the University of Grenoble and until 2002 at the University of Geneva and at the Graduate Institute of Development Studies, where he taught sociology. He also held the position of associate professor at the Sorbonne in Paris.
Election and appointment to public offices
In 1963, Jean Ziegler was elected at the municipal council of Geneva as a social democrat. From 1967 to 1983 and from 1987 to 1999, he held a seat at the Swiss National Council. While there, he was the president of the "Swiss-Third World" parliamentary group. He joined the commissions for foreign affairs, science and international trade.
Nominated by Switzerland, he was the United Nations Special Rapporteur on the Right to Food from 2000 to 2008. Following Ziegler's election, the Swiss government stated that it "attaches great importance to human rights and is pleased that a Swiss candidate will be able to contribute his expertise to the committee." As one of the 18 initial members of the Advisory Committee to the United Nations Human Rights Council who were elected on 26 March 2008, Jean Ziegler served a one-year term receiving forty of forty-seven votes in 2008 to finish first in a field of seven candidates. He concluded his second term 30 September 2012, but was reelected on 26 September 2013 with a term lasting until 30 September 2016. He is also a member of the advisory board of the non-profit organization Business Crime Control which targets white-collar crime.
Honors
Jean Ziegler was made knight (chevalier) of the French Ordre des Arts et des Lettres in 1994. He has an honorary degree from the University of Mons in Belgium. He was awarded the Medal of the Presidency of the Italian Republic. The Republic of Cape Verde awarded him the National Order of Amílcar Cabral, first degree. He received the Gaddafi Human Rights Prize in 2002.
On 17 January 2009, he received an honorary degree from the University of Paris VIII. He is a member of the Advisory Board of the left-wing South East European magazine Novi Plamen In Austria, Ziegler was awarded with the "Federal State Salzburg prize for future research" by Federal State Salzburg Governor Gabi Burgstaller on 20 November 2008.
He was honored with ethecon's 2012 "Blue Planet Award" for his "outstanding efforts towards humanitarian ethics".
Issues during diplomatic career
As a United Nations official, Ziegler has dealt with both general worldwide issues such as the use of biofuels, as well as country-specific issues. Regarding the former, Ziegler has criticised the uptake of biofuels because their production can come at the expense of growing food. On 26 October 2007, Ziegler told a news conference at the UN that "it's a crime against humanity to convert agricultural productive soil into oil ... which will be burned into biofuel... What has to be stopped is ... the growing catastrophe of the massacre (by) hunger in the world."
Swiss banks
In 1997, Ziegler alleged that Swiss banking officials were lying to protect the assets of Mobutu Sese Seko, former President of Zaire (now the Democratic Republic of the Congo). Ziegler said: "This is grotesque... This is a financial empire and it is here in Switzerland." In 1994, he had already proposed to the Swiss parliament to confiscate the finances of Mobutu and give it back to the country after the end of Mobutu's dictatorship, but his proposal was declined.
Ziegler also criticized the Swiss banks in connection with the dormant accounts scandal. In 1998, he testified before Senator Alfonse D'Amato's hearing on the assets of Holocaust victims by the US Senate Banking Committee, against the Swiss banks and in support of the claims of the World Jewish Congress. His book The Swiss, the Gold and the Dead: How Swiss Bankers Helped Finance the Nazi War Machine was published in America in 1998.
For his accusations against the Swiss banking system, Ziegler faced nine defamation trials, and was sentenced to pay 6.6 million Swiss francs (£5.8m), which practically forced him to declare bankruptcy, "at least on paper".
Gaddafi Prize and Roger Garaudy
A prize foundation fund in the name of Libyan leader Muammar al-Gaddafi was established in Geneva in 1989, and Nelson Mandela was selected the first recipient of the fund's Gaddafi International Human Rights Prize. Some newspaper accounts have identified Ziegler as one of the panel members who administered the fund in 1989. He has denied launching the award, however, and has said that he was merely "consulted." Although Libya funded the award, its winners were to be chosen by the Swiss foundation, and Ziegler said that "ironclad guarantees" had been established to ensure that "Tripoli's influence would not be felt."
Gaddafi Prize officials announced thirteen disparate winners in 2002, including Ziegler and the French philosopher and convicted Holocaust denier Roger Garaudy. Agence France-Press noted the irony of Ziegler, who had worked for Holocaust reparations in Switzerland, sharing the award with Garaudy. Ziegler turned down the prize, saying that he "could not accept an award or distinction from any country because of my responsibilities at the United Nations."
Ziegler's alleged associations with the Gaddafi Prize has been the subject of criticism. Alan Johnson, writing for The Guardian online in 2008, criticized Ziegler for "launching" the prize four months after the bombing of Pan Am Flight 103 (which many believe to have been the work of Libyan agents). Joshua Muravchik from the American Enterprise Institute also criticized his involvement with the award in a 2006 article for the Weekly Standard.
On 25 March 2011, the Swiss television channel Schweizer Fernsehen ran a report on Ziegler's alleged associations with Gaddafi. The piece included criticism of Ziegler from Pierre Weiss, a sociologist and member of the Swiss Liberal Party. Ziegler, for his part, said that he was never a friend of Gaddafi and repeated his claim that he never oversaw the Human Rights Prize.
The following month, the Salzburg Music Festival withdrew an invitation to Ziegler to speak at the event's opening, citing his alleged links to Gaddafi. In the same period, Ziegler said that he now regarded Gaddafi as "completely mad" and as a psychopath and murderer.
In 1996, Ziegler signed a letter of support for Roger Garaudy. He later clarified that he intended to express "his respect for Garaudy's battle against all fundamentalisms — and Muslim fundamentalism, in particular," and that he "most firmly condemned all revisionist activity or ideas whose purpose is to deny or to minimize the genocide of the Jewish people by the Nazis."
Ethiopia, Zimbabwe and South Africa
During the Ethiopian famine of the mid-1980s, Ziegler described the world as an "immense extermination camp", wherein 40,000 people died of hunger every day. He blamed this on an economic system that allowed the rich to become richer, and the poor to become poorer.
Some of Ziegler's critics have accused him of working as an adviser to Ethiopian dictator Mengistu Haile Mariam in the drafting of Ethiopia's 1986 constitution, which established the country as a one-party state.
Ziegler defended the principle of Zimbabwean President Robert Mugabe's land reforms in 2002, saying that Mugabe had "history and morality on his side". He described agrarian reforms as "an absolute necessity" in Zimbabwe and South Africa, and was quoted as saying:
South Africa is threatened by a social disaster because it has not touched white lands. The whites are the colonisers... they are not people who came after independence and bought their land. They are on despoiled land."
He added that Mugabe's land reforms were being undertaken "in a despicable context", however, and said that agrarian reform under democratic conditions would bring "equitable distribution of the property titles to rural communities". He also clarified that he was speaking in a personal context, and not as a representative of the United Nations.
Iraq and its wars with the United States
During the buildup to the 1990 Gulf War, Iraqi President Saddam Hussein took several Swiss nationals in Iraq as hostages. Ziegler was involved in efforts to release them, initially working with former Algerian President Ahmed Ben Bella and later traveling to Baghdad himself as part of an independent delegation that managed to secure the release of some hostages. The Swiss government did not endorse this effort, and Ziegler argued that his delegation could have freed all of the hostages had the government agreed to allow the export to Iraq of medicines and powdered milk for children.
Prior to the 2003 invasion of Iraq, Ziegler proposed that Saddam Hussein be granted a Swiss exile to prevent war from breaking out. The Swiss government did not take up this proposal. After the invasion, Ziegler accused Coalition forces of using water and food as weapons of war in Iraqi cities under attack by insurgents, to encourage civilians to flee.
Cuba and its relations with the United States
Ziegler has praised Cuba, stating in November 2007 that it is a world model for how it provides its people with food and praised it for cooperating with the United Nations and agreeing to allow him to report on the country's respect for the "right to food." Regarding a visit he made to Cuba, Ziegler stated: "We cannot say that the right to food is totally respected in Cuba, but we have not seen a single malnourished person." Ziegler's trip to Cuba was the first in several years by a U.N. rights rapporteur, and his invitation to Havana followed a decision by the U.N. Human Rights Council to stop scrutinizing Cuban human rights abuses.
According to The Weekly Standard, Ziegler believes that the United States is an "'imperialist dictatorship' that is guilty, among other atrocities, of 'genocide' against the people of Cuba by means of its trade embargo."
Comments about Israel
Ziegler criticized Israel's conduct in the 2006 Lebanon War, stating that the International Criminal Court should investigate whether Israel is guilty of war crimes for a bombing campaign in Lebanon that blocked access to food and water. Specifically, Ziegler stated that "The government of Israel should be held responsible under international law for the violations of the right to food of the Lebanese civilian population."
Itzhak Levanon, Israel's ambassador to the UN responded that "In all of his reports, Mr. Ziegler always transgresses the limits of his mandate. The latest report – which touches upon several external issues – is no exception." Israel said that Ziegler's report "focused only on the impact of Israeli bombing in Lebanon and did not cover the effects of Hezbollah rocket fire on northern Israel."
Ziegler, according to a pro-Palestinian website, stated on television that "the Israeli occupation is a colonial regime and an illegal military occupation from the UN's point of view, it continues to annex more Palestinian lands; and thus the Israeli occupation is the worst in the history of colonialism."
In 2005, Ziegler likened Gaza to "an immense concentration camp", adding that he was glad the "guards" were about to leave (this was a reference to Israel's unilateral disengagement plan under Ariel Sharon's government). Ziegler later rejected as "absurd and patently false" the suggestion that he had compared Israelis to Nazis, saying that he was actually quoting an Israeli scholar when he made the remark.
Interactions with North Korea
Ziegler had several interactions with the government of North Korea while serving as the United Nations Special Rapporteur on the Right to Food. In 2001, he reported that some of the one million tonnes of aid provided by the World Food Programme had been taken by the army, the secret services and the government. In April 2004, a writer in the Asian Wall Street Journal called on North Korea to accept Ziegler's repeated requests for a visit, and to help establish an accountable network for food aid. Later in the same year, Ziegler said that five of his requests to visit North Korea had been turned down by officials in Pyongyang.
Criticisms
Ziegler's appointment as U.N. Special Rapporteur on the Right to Food was criticized by The Weekly Standard, on the grounds that Ziegler is a sociologist by training and had no particular expertise on food or agriculture.
Ziegler's appointment was also criticized by an independent group of political figures including Irwin Cotler and Per Ahlmark. This group criticized Ziegler for his associations with figures such as Mengistu Haile Mariam and Robert Mugabe, his involvement with the Gaddafi Prize, and his support for Roger Garaudy. Their letter opposing Ziegler was issued by the group UN Watch.
In March 2008, Ileana Ros-Lehtinen, a Cuban-American and the ranking Republican on the U.S. House of Representatives Foreign Affairs Committee, sharply criticized Ziegler's appointment as an advisor to the UN Human Rights Council. Ros-Lehtinen's stated:
Mr. Ziegler has drawn criticism for his unyielding support of many of the world's most vicious dictators. He expressed "total support for the Cuban revolution" and its leader, Fidel Castro, whose repressive regime has left hundreds of political dissidents to languish in jail.
Ros-Lehtinen also accused Ziegler of ignoring various famine emergencies and using "his platform to consistently attack America and Israel".
The American Jewish Committee (AJC) opposed Ziegler's bid for re-election to the UN Human Rights Office in 2009. The AJC cited his past support for Roger Garaudy and his criticisms of Israel.
He was also criticized for defending Venezuelan dictator Maduro in 2017.
Authored works
Sociologie de la nouvelle Afrique ("Sociology of the New Africa"), Gallimard, 1964. ISBN 978-2-07-035059-9
Sociologie et Contestation, essai sur la société mythique ("Sociology and Contestation"), Gallimard, 1969. ISBN 978-2-07-035192-3
Le pouvoir africain ("The African Power"), Éditions du Seuil, 1973, new edition 1979. ISBN 978-2-02-005183-5
Les vivants et la mort ("The Living and the Dead"), Éditions du Seuil, 1973. New edition 1978. ISBN 978-2-02-004796-8
Une Suisse au-dessus de tout soupçon, 1976. ISBN 978-2-02-004683-1. English-language edition, Switzerland Exposed (translated by R. S. Middleton), Allison & Busby, 1978, ISBN 978-0850312478.
Main basse sur l'Afrique ("Pillage on Africa"), 1978. New edition 1980. ISBN 978-2-02-005629-8
Retournez les fusils ! Manuel de sociologie d'opposition ("Turn the Guns Around"), Seuil, 1980. New edition 1991 and again in 2014. ISBN 978-2-02-013102-5
Vive le pouvoir! Ou les délices de la raison d'état, Éditions du Seuil, 1985. ISBN 978-2-02-008984-5
La victoire des vaincus, oppression et résistance culturelle ("The Victory of the Defeated"), Éditions du Seuil, 1988. ISBN 978-2-02-013098-1
La Suisse lave plus blanc ("Swiss Whitewash"), 1990. ISBN 978-2-02-011597-1
Le bonheur d'être Suisse ("The fortune of being Swiss"), 1994. ISBN 978-2-02-022779-7
L'Or du Maniema ("The Gold of Maniema"), Éditions du Seuil, 1996. ISBN 978-2-02-028325-0
Les rebelles, contre l'ordre du monde ("The Rebels, Against World Order"), 1997. ISBN 978-2-02-008614-1
La Suisse, l'or et les morts ("The Swiss, the Gold, and the Dead"), 1997. ISBN 978-0-14-027858-3
Les seigneurs du crime : les nouvelles mafias contre la démocratie ("The Crime Lords: the New Mafias against Democracy"), Éditions du Seuil, 1998. ISBN 978-2-02-091429-1
Le Livre noir du capitalisme ("The Black Book of Capitalism"), co-authored, Temps des Cerises Edition, 1998.
La faim dans le monde expliquée à mon fils ("World Hunger Explained to my Son"), 1999. ISBN 978-2-02-036753-0
"UN: Still Hungry to Bed", 2001.
Les nouveaux maîtres du monde et ceux qui leur résistent ("The new rulers of the world and those who resist them"), 2002. ISBN 978-2-213-61348-2
Le droit à l'alimentation ("The Right to Adequate food"), Fayard, 2003. ISBN 2-84205-696-5
L'empire de la honte ("The Empire of Shame"), 2005. ISBN 978-2-253-12115-2
La haine de l'Occident ("Hate For the West"), 2008. ISBN 978-2-226-18693-5
Der Aufstand des Gewissens: Die nicht-gehaltene Festspielrede ("The insurrection of the conscience: The non-delivered festival speech"), Salzburg 2011. ISBN 978-3-7110-0016-3
Destruction massive : Géopolitique de la faim, Éditions du Seuil, 2011. ISBN 978-2-02-106056-0.
Chemins d'espérance: Ces combats gagnés, parfois perdus mais que nous, Seuil, 2016. ISBN 978-2-02-128878-0[1]
Le capitalisme expliqué à ma petite-fille (en espérant qu'elle en verra la fin), Seuil, 2018. ISBN 978-2-02-139722-2
Lesbos, la honte de l'Europe, Éditions du Seuil, 2020. ISBN 978-2-02-145199-3
References
External links
Atossa Araxia Abrahamian: ‘Here lives the monster’s brain’: the man who exposed Switzerland’s dirty secrets, The Audio Long Read – podcast, The Guardian, 25 February 2025
Jean Ziegler live im Audimax: Part 1 – German speech on the occasion of starting worldwide student protests in Audimax University Vienna, 24. November 2009
Special Rapporteur on the right to food, Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights.
"Rapporteur Watch: Jean Ziegler's Abuse of Mandate", UN Watch.
Al Jazeera 2008, 'UN rapporteur talks about the global food crisis' on YouTube, Al Jazeera English (video via youtube.com), 28 April 2008. Retrieved on 29 April 2008.
"Entretien avec Jean Ziegler". L'Humanité (in French). 14 November 2008. Archived from the original on 25 April 2009. (English translation accessible on www.humaniteinenglish.com)
|
Jean Ziegler (French: [ziglɛʁ]; born Hans Ziegler, 19 April 1934) is a Swiss former professor of sociology at the University of Geneva and the Sorbonne, Paris, and former vice-president of the Advisory Committee to the United Nations Human Rights Council. He was previously Member of the Swiss Parliament for the Social Democrats from 1981 to 1999. He has also held several positions with the United Nations, especially as Special Rapporteur on the Right to Food from 2000 to 2008, and as a member of the Advisory Committee of the UN Human Rights Council from 2008 to 2012. Ziegler has authored numerous works, is a lecturer, and is well known for this sentence: "A child who dies from hunger is a murdered child."
Early life and teaching career
Jean Ziegler was born on 19 April 1934 in Thun, Switzerland. His father was the president of the town's court and a reserve artillery colonel.
Ziegler married and had one son.
Ziegler originally was a member of a conservative swiss student group.
He studied at the universities of Bern and Geneva. He also earned his barrister brevet at the bar association of Geneva. He then moved to Paris to study Sociology at the Sorbonne. He has doctorates in Law and Sociology.
While in Paris he met Jean-Paul Sartre and Simone de Beauvoir, "who turned him on to Marxism", and reported on the Algerian War for their magazine Les Temps Modernes. Simone the Beauvoir suggested he change his name from Hans to Jean, for its "more dignified byline". He joined the French Communist Party which expelled him for actively supporting the Algerian independence.
In 1952, he met Abbé Pierre in Paris, and became the first director of the Emmaus charitable community of Geneva.
In 1961 he joined a British civil servant as a translator on a trip to the newly independent Democratic Republic of the Congo whose democratically elected Patrice Lumumba was deposed with assistance of Belgium and the United States of America to be replaced by the military officer and dictator Mobutu Sese Seko. He witnessed local children starving and being mistreated by the presidents guards while Mobutu was siphoning the countries wealth to his private bank accounts in Switzerland which led him to strive for the equal distribution of wealth between rich and poor countries in his further life.
In 1964, Ziegler met Che Guevara on his visit to Geneva, and befriended the Cuban revolutionary driving him around Switzerland. Ziegler revealed to Atossa Abrahamian that when he asked Che Guevara whether he could follow him to Cuba the latter said: "Here is where you were born, and here lives the monster's brain. It is here that you must fight."
Ziegler became professor at the University of Grenoble and until 2002 at the University of Geneva and at the Graduate Institute of Development Studies, where he taught sociology. He also held the position of associate professor at the Sorbonne in Paris.
Election and appointment to public offices
In 1963, Jean Ziegler was elected at the municipal council of Geneva as a social democrat. From 1967 to 1983 and from 1987 to 1999, he held a seat at the Swiss National Council. While there, he was the president of the "Swiss-Third World" parliamentary group. He joined the commissions for foreign affairs, science and international trade.
Nominated by Switzerland, he was the United Nations Special Rapporteur on the Right to Food from 2000 to 2008. Following Ziegler's election, the Swiss government stated that it "attaches great importance to human rights and is pleased that a Swiss candidate will be able to contribute his expertise to the committee." As one of the 18 initial members of the Advisory Committee to the United Nations Human Rights Council who were elected on 26 March 2008, Jean Ziegler served a one-year term receiving forty of forty-seven votes in 2008 to finish first in a field of seven candidates. He concluded his second term 30 September 2012, but was reelected on 26 September 2013 with a term lasting until 30 September 2016. He is also a member of the advisory board of the non-profit organization Business Crime Control which targets white-collar crime.
Honors
Jean Ziegler was made knight (chevalier) of the French Ordre des Arts et des Lettres in 1994. He has an honorary degree from the University of Mons in Belgium. He was awarded the Medal of the Presidency of the Italian Republic. The Republic of Cape Verde awarded him the National Order of Amílcar Cabral, first degree. He received the Gaddafi Human Rights Prize in 2002.
On 17 January 2009, he received an honorary degree from the University of Paris VIII. He is a member of the Advisory Board of the left-wing South East European magazine Novi Plamen In Austria, Ziegler was awarded with the "Federal State Salzburg prize for future research" by Federal State Salzburg Governor Gabi Burgstaller on 20 November 2008.
He was honored with ethecon's 2012 "Blue Planet Award" for his "outstanding efforts towards humanitarian ethics".
Issues during diplomatic career
As a United Nations official, Ziegler has dealt with both general worldwide issues such as the use of biofuels, as well as country-specific issues. Regarding the former, Ziegler has criticised the uptake of biofuels because their production can come at the expense of growing food. On 26 October 2007, Ziegler told a news conference at the UN that "it's a crime against humanity to convert agricultural productive soil into oil ... which will be burned into biofuel... What has to be stopped is ... the growing catastrophe of the massacre (by) hunger in the world."
Swiss banks
In 1997, Ziegler alleged that Swiss banking officials were lying to protect the assets of Mobutu Sese Seko, former President of Zaire (now the Democratic Republic of the Congo). Ziegler said: "This is grotesque... This is a financial empire and it is here in Switzerland." In 1994, he had already proposed to the Swiss parliament to confiscate the finances of Mobutu and give it back to the country after the end of Mobutu's dictatorship, but his proposal was declined.
Ziegler also criticized the Swiss banks in connection with the dormant accounts scandal. In 1998, he testified before Senator Alfonse D'Amato's hearing on the assets of Holocaust victims by the US Senate Banking Committee, against the Swiss banks and in support of the claims of the World Jewish Congress. His book The Swiss, the Gold and the Dead: How Swiss Bankers Helped Finance the Nazi War Machine was published in America in 1998.
For his accusations against the Swiss banking system, Ziegler faced nine defamation trials, and was sentenced to pay 6.6 million Swiss francs (£5.8m), which practically forced him to declare bankruptcy, "at least on paper".
Gaddafi Prize and Roger Garaudy
A prize foundation fund in the name of Libyan leader Muammar al-Gaddafi was established in Geneva in 1989, and Nelson Mandela was selected the first recipient of the fund's Gaddafi International Human Rights Prize. Some newspaper accounts have identified Ziegler as one of the panel members who administered the fund in 1989. He has denied launching the award, however, and has said that he was merely "consulted." Although Libya funded the award, its winners were to be chosen by the Swiss foundation, and Ziegler said that "ironclad guarantees" had been established to ensure that "Tripoli's influence would not be felt."
Gaddafi Prize officials announced thirteen disparate winners in 2002, including Ziegler and the French philosopher and convicted Holocaust denier Roger Garaudy. Agence France-Press noted the irony of Ziegler, who had worked for Holocaust reparations in Switzerland, sharing the award with Garaudy. Ziegler turned down the prize, saying that he "could not accept an award or distinction from any country because of my responsibilities at the United Nations."
Ziegler's alleged associations with the Gaddafi Prize has been the subject of criticism. Alan Johnson, writing for The Guardian online in 2008, criticized Ziegler for "launching" the prize four months after the bombing of Pan Am Flight 103 (which many believe to have been the work of Libyan agents). Joshua Muravchik from the American Enterprise Institute also criticized his involvement with the award in a 2006 article for the Weekly Standard.
On 25 March 2011, the Swiss television channel Schweizer Fernsehen ran a report on Ziegler's alleged associations with Gaddafi. The piece included criticism of Ziegler from Pierre Weiss, a sociologist and member of the Swiss Liberal Party. Ziegler, for his part, said that he was never a friend of Gaddafi and repeated his claim that he never oversaw the Human Rights Prize.
The following month, the Salzburg Music Festival withdrew an invitation to Ziegler to speak at the event's opening, citing his alleged links to Gaddafi. In the same period, Ziegler said that he now regarded Gaddafi as "completely mad" and as a psychopath and murderer.
In 1996, Ziegler signed a letter of support for Roger Garaudy. He later clarified that he intended to express "his respect for Garaudy's battle against all fundamentalisms — and Muslim fundamentalism, in particular," and that he "most firmly condemned all revisionist activity or ideas whose purpose is to deny or to minimize the genocide of the Jewish people by the Nazis."
Ethiopia, Zimbabwe and South Africa
During the Ethiopian famine of the mid-1980s, Ziegler described the world as an "immense extermination camp", wherein 40,000 people died of hunger every day. He blamed this on an economic system that allowed the rich to become richer, and the poor to become poorer.
Some of Ziegler's critics have accused him of working as an adviser to Ethiopian dictator Mengistu Haile Mariam in the drafting of Ethiopia's 1986 constitution, which established the country as a one-party state.
Ziegler defended the principle of Zimbabwean President Robert Mugabe's land reforms in 2002, saying that Mugabe had "history and morality on his side". He described agrarian reforms as "an absolute necessity" in Zimbabwe and South Africa, and was quoted as saying:
South Africa is threatened by a social disaster because it has not touched white lands. The whites are the colonisers... they are not people who came after independence and bought their land. They are on despoiled land."
He added that Mugabe's land reforms were being undertaken "in a despicable context", however, and said that agrarian reform under democratic conditions would bring "equitable distribution of the property titles to rural communities". He also clarified that he was speaking in a personal context, and not as a representative of the United Nations.
Iraq and its wars with the United States
During the buildup to the 1990 Gulf War, Iraqi President Saddam Hussein took several Swiss nationals in Iraq as hostages. Ziegler was involved in efforts to release them, initially working with former Algerian President Ahmed Ben Bella and later traveling to Baghdad himself as part of an independent delegation that managed to secure the release of some hostages. The Swiss government did not endorse this effort, and Ziegler argued that his delegation could have freed all of the hostages had the government agreed to allow the export to Iraq of medicines and powdered milk for children.
Prior to the 2003 invasion of Iraq, Ziegler proposed that Saddam Hussein be granted a Swiss exile to prevent war from breaking out. The Swiss government did not take up this proposal. After the invasion, Ziegler accused Coalition forces of using water and food as weapons of war in Iraqi cities under attack by insurgents, to encourage civilians to flee.
Cuba and its relations with the United States
Ziegler has praised Cuba, stating in November 2007 that it is a world model for how it provides its people with food and praised it for cooperating with the United Nations and agreeing to allow him to report on the country's respect for the "right to food." Regarding a visit he made to Cuba, Ziegler stated: "We cannot say that the right to food is totally respected in Cuba, but we have not seen a single malnourished person." Ziegler's trip to Cuba was the first in several years by a U.N. rights rapporteur, and his invitation to Havana followed a decision by the U.N. Human Rights Council to stop scrutinizing Cuban human rights abuses.
According to The Weekly Standard, Ziegler believes that the United States is an "'imperialist dictatorship' that is guilty, among other atrocities, of 'genocide' against the people of Cuba by means of its trade embargo."
Comments about Israel
Ziegler criticized Israel's conduct in the 2006 Lebanon War, stating that the International Criminal Court should investigate whether Israel is guilty of war crimes for a bombing campaign in Lebanon that blocked access to food and water. Specifically, Ziegler stated that "The government of Israel should be held responsible under international law for the violations of the right to food of the Lebanese civilian population."
Itzhak Levanon, Israel's ambassador to the UN responded that "In all of his reports, Mr. Ziegler always transgresses the limits of his mandate. The latest report – which touches upon several external issues – is no exception." Israel said that Ziegler's report "focused only on the impact of Israeli bombing in Lebanon and did not cover the effects of Hezbollah rocket fire on northern Israel."
Ziegler, according to a pro-Palestinian website, stated on television that "the Israeli occupation is a colonial regime and an illegal military occupation from the UN's point of view, it continues to annex more Palestinian lands; and thus the Israeli occupation is the worst in the history of colonialism."
In 2005, Ziegler likened Gaza to "an immense concentration camp", adding that he was glad the "guards" were about to leave (this was a reference to Israel's unilateral disengagement plan under Ariel Sharon's government). Ziegler later rejected as "absurd and patently false" the suggestion that he had compared Israelis to Nazis, saying that he was actually quoting an Israeli scholar when he made the remark.
Interactions with North Korea
Ziegler had several interactions with the government of North Korea while serving as the United Nations Special Rapporteur on the Right to Food. In 2001, he reported that some of the one million tonnes of aid provided by the World Food Programme had been taken by the army, the secret services and the government. In April 2004, a writer in the Asian Wall Street Journal called on North Korea to accept Ziegler's repeated requests for a visit, and to help establish an accountable network for food aid. Later in the same year, Ziegler said that five of his requests to visit North Korea had been turned down by officials in Pyongyang.
Criticisms
Ziegler's appointment as U.N. Special Rapporteur on the Right to Food was criticized by The Weekly Standard, on the grounds that Ziegler is a sociologist by training and had no particular expertise on food or agriculture.
Ziegler's appointment was also criticized by an independent group of political figures including Irwin Cotler and Per Ahlmark. This group criticized Ziegler for his associations with figures such as Mengistu Haile Mariam and Robert Mugabe, his involvement with the Gaddafi Prize, and his support for Roger Garaudy. Their letter opposing Ziegler was issued by the group UN Watch.
In March 2008, Ileana Ros-Lehtinen, a Cuban-American and the ranking Republican on the U.S. House of Representatives Foreign Affairs Committee, sharply criticized Ziegler's appointment as an advisor to the UN Human Rights Council. Ros-Lehtinen's stated:
Mr. Ziegler has drawn criticism for his unyielding support of many of the world's most vicious dictators. He expressed "total support for the Cuban revolution" and its leader, Fidel Castro, whose repressive regime has left hundreds of political dissidents to languish in jail.
Ros-Lehtinen also accused Ziegler of ignoring various famine emergencies and using "his platform to consistently attack America and Israel".
The American Jewish Committee (AJC) opposed Ziegler's bid for re-election to the UN Human Rights Office in 2009. The AJC cited his past support for Roger Garaudy and his criticisms of Israel.
He was also criticized for defending Venezuelan dictator Maduro in 2017.
Authored works
Sociologie de la nouvelle Afrique ("Sociology of the New Africa"), Gallimard, 1964. ISBN 978-2-07-035059-9
Sociologie et Contestation, essai sur la société mythique ("Sociology and Contestation"), Gallimard, 1969. ISBN 978-2-07-035192-3
Le pouvoir africain ("The African Power"), Éditions du Seuil, 1973, new edition 1979. ISBN 978-2-02-005183-5
Les vivants et la mort ("The Living and the Dead"), Éditions du Seuil, 1973. New edition 1978. ISBN 978-2-02-004796-8
Une Suisse au-dessus de tout soupçon, 1976. ISBN 978-2-02-004683-1. English-language edition, Switzerland Exposed (translated by R. S. Middleton), Allison & Busby, 1978, ISBN 978-0850312478.
Main basse sur l'Afrique ("Pillage on Africa"), 1978. New edition 1980. ISBN 978-2-02-005629-8
Retournez les fusils ! Manuel de sociologie d'opposition ("Turn the Guns Around"), Seuil, 1980. New edition 1991 and again in 2014. ISBN 978-2-02-013102-5
Vive le pouvoir! Ou les délices de la raison d'état, Éditions du Seuil, 1985. ISBN 978-2-02-008984-5
La victoire des vaincus, oppression et résistance culturelle ("The Victory of the Defeated"), Éditions du Seuil, 1988. ISBN 978-2-02-013098-1
La Suisse lave plus blanc ("Swiss Whitewash"), 1990. ISBN 978-2-02-011597-1
Le bonheur d'être Suisse ("The fortune of being Swiss"), 1994. ISBN 978-2-02-022779-7
L'Or du Maniema ("The Gold of Maniema"), Éditions du Seuil, 1996. ISBN 978-2-02-028325-0
Les rebelles, contre l'ordre du monde ("The Rebels, Against World Order"), 1997. ISBN 978-2-02-008614-1
La Suisse, l'or et les morts ("The Swiss, the Gold, and the Dead"), 1997. ISBN 978-0-14-027858-3
Les seigneurs du crime : les nouvelles mafias contre la démocratie ("The Crime Lords: the New Mafias against Democracy"), Éditions du Seuil, 1998. ISBN 978-2-02-091429-1
Le Livre noir du capitalisme ("The Black Book of Capitalism"), co-authored, Temps des Cerises Edition, 1998.
La faim dans le monde expliquée à mon fils ("World Hunger Explained to my Son"), 1999. ISBN 978-2-02-036753-0
"UN: Still Hungry to Bed", 2001.
Les nouveaux maîtres du monde et ceux qui leur résistent ("The new rulers of the world and those who resist them"), 2002. ISBN 978-2-213-61348-2
Le droit à l'alimentation ("The Right to Adequate food"), Fayard, 2003. ISBN 2-84205-696-5
L'empire de la honte ("The Empire of Shame"), 2005. ISBN 978-2-253-12115-2
La haine de l'Occident ("Hate For the West"), 2008. ISBN 978-2-226-18693-5
Der Aufstand des Gewissens: Die nicht-gehaltene Festspielrede ("The insurrection of the conscience: The non-delivered festival speech"), Salzburg 2011. ISBN 978-3-7110-0016-3
Destruction massive : Géopolitique de la faim, Éditions du Seuil, 2011. ISBN 978-2-02-106056-0.
Chemins d'espérance: Ces combats gagnés, parfois perdus mais que nous, Seuil, 2016. ISBN 978-2-02-128878-0[1]
Le capitalisme expliqué à ma petite-fille (en espérant qu'elle en verra la fin), Seuil, 2018. ISBN 978-2-02-139722-2
Lesbos, la honte de l'Europe, Éditions du Seuil, 2020. ISBN 978-2-02-145199-3
References
External links
Atossa Araxia Abrahamian: ‘Here lives the monster’s brain’: the man who exposed Switzerland’s dirty secrets, The Audio Long Read – podcast, The Guardian, 25 February 2025
Jean Ziegler live im Audimax: Part 1 – German speech on the occasion of starting worldwide student protests in Audimax University Vienna, 24. November 2009
Special Rapporteur on the right to food, Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights.
"Rapporteur Watch: Jean Ziegler's Abuse of Mandate", UN Watch.
Al Jazeera 2008, 'UN rapporteur talks about the global food crisis' on YouTube, Al Jazeera English (video via youtube.com), 28 April 2008. Retrieved on 29 April 2008.
"Entretien avec Jean Ziegler". L'Humanité (in French). 14 November 2008. Archived from the original on 25 April 2009. (English translation accessible on www.humaniteinenglish.com)
|
Russell Alan Hulse
|
Russell Alan Hulse (born November 28, 1950) is an American physicist and winner of the Nobel Prize in Physics, shared with his thesis advisor Joseph Hooton Taylor Jr., "for the discovery of a new type of pulsar, a discovery that has opened up new possibilities for the study of gravitation".
Biography
Hulse was born in New York City and graduated from the Bronx High School of Science and the Cooper Union. He received his PhD in physics from the University of Massachusetts Amherst in 1975.
While working on his PhD dissertation, he was a scholar in 1974 at the Arecibo Observatory in Puerto Rico of Cornell University. There he worked with Taylor on a large-scale survey for pulsars. It was this work that led to the discovery of the first binary pulsar.
In 1974, Hulse and Taylor discovered binary pulsar PSR B1913, which is made up of a pulsar and black companion star. Neutron star rotation emits pulses that are extremely regular and stable in the radio wave region and is nearby condensed material body gravitation (non-detectable in the visible field). Hulse, Taylor, and other colleagues have used this first binary pulsar to make high-precision tests of general relativity, demonstrating the existence of gravitational radiation. An approximation of this radiant energy is described by the formula of the quadrupolar radiation of Albert Einstein (1918).
In 1979, researchers announced measurements of small acceleration effects of the orbital movements of a pulsar. This was initial proof that the system of these two moving masses emits gravitational waves.
In 1993, Hulse and Taylor shared the Nobel Prize in Physics for the discovery of the first binary pulsar.
Later years
After receiving his PhD, Hulse did postdoctoral work at the National Radio Astronomy Observatory in Green Bank, West Virginia. He moved to Princeton, where he has worked for many years at the Princeton Plasma Physics Laboratory. He has also worked on science education, and in 2003 joined the University of Texas at Dallas as a visiting professor of physics and of mathematics and science education.
Hulse was elected a Fellow of the American Association for the Advancement of Science in 2003, and is cited in the American Men and Women of Science.
In 2004, Hulse joined University of Texas at Dallas and became the Founding Director of UT Dallas Science and Engineering Education Center (SEEC).
In July 2007 Hulse joined the Aurora Imaging Technology advisory board.
References
External links
Russell Alan Hulse on Nobelprize.org including the Nobel Lecture, December 8, 1993 The Discovery of the Binary Pulsar
|
Russell Alan Hulse (born November 28, 1950) is an American physicist and winner of the Nobel Prize in Physics, shared with his thesis advisor Joseph Hooton Taylor Jr., "for the discovery of a new type of pulsar, a discovery that has opened up new possibilities for the study of gravitation".
Biography
Hulse was born in New York City and graduated from the Bronx High School of Science and the Cooper Union. He received his PhD in physics from the University of Massachusetts Amherst in 1975.
While working on his PhD dissertation, he was a scholar in 1974 at the Arecibo Observatory in Puerto Rico of Cornell University. There he worked with Taylor on a large-scale survey for pulsars. It was this work that led to the discovery of the first binary pulsar.
In 1974, Hulse and Taylor discovered binary pulsar PSR B1913, which is made up of a pulsar and black companion star. Neutron star rotation emits pulses that are extremely regular and stable in the radio wave region and is nearby condensed material body gravitation (non-detectable in the visible field). Hulse, Taylor, and other colleagues have used this first binary pulsar to make high-precision tests of general relativity, demonstrating the existence of gravitational radiation. An approximation of this radiant energy is described by the formula of the quadrupolar radiation of Albert Einstein (1918).
In 1979, researchers announced measurements of small acceleration effects of the orbital movements of a pulsar. This was initial proof that the system of these two moving masses emits gravitational waves.
In 1993, Hulse and Taylor shared the Nobel Prize in Physics for the discovery of the first binary pulsar.
Later years
After receiving his PhD, Hulse did postdoctoral work at the National Radio Astronomy Observatory in Green Bank, West Virginia. He moved to Princeton, where he has worked for many years at the Princeton Plasma Physics Laboratory. He has also worked on science education, and in 2003 joined the University of Texas at Dallas as a visiting professor of physics and of mathematics and science education.
Hulse was elected a Fellow of the American Association for the Advancement of Science in 2003, and is cited in the American Men and Women of Science.
In 2004, Hulse joined University of Texas at Dallas and became the Founding Director of UT Dallas Science and Engineering Education Center (SEEC).
In July 2007 Hulse joined the Aurora Imaging Technology advisory board.
References
External links
Russell Alan Hulse on Nobelprize.org including the Nobel Lecture, December 8, 1993 The Discovery of the Binary Pulsar
|
Tonino Cervi
|
Antonio "Tonino" Cervi (4 June 1929 – 1 April 2002) was an Italian film director, screenwriter and producer.
Life and career
Born in Rome, Cervi was the son of actor Gino Cervi and father of Antonia Cervi, Antonio Levesi Cervi, Stefano Cervi and actress Valentina Cervi. He made his debut as a film producer in 1952, with La peccatrice dell'isola by Sergio Corbucci; among others, he produced works of Michelangelo Antonioni, Federico Fellini, Bernardo Bertolucci, Mauro Bolognini, Francesco Rosi, Mario Monicelli.
Cervi made his directional debut with the spaghetti Western Today We Kill... Tomorrow We Die! starring Bud Spencer; among his films two box office hits both starring Alberto Sordi, The Miser and Hypochondriac.
Cervi died in Rome of a heart attack on 1 April 2002, at the age of 72.
Selected filmography
As director
Today We Kill... Tomorrow We Die! (1968)
Queens of Evil (1970)
La nottata (1975)
Nest of Vipers (1978)
Hypochondriac (1979)
Il turno (1981)
Sole nudo (1984)
The Miser (1990)
Household Accounts (2003)
References
External links
Tonino Cervi at IMDb
|
Antonio "Tonino" Cervi (4 June 1929 – 1 April 2002) was an Italian film director, screenwriter and producer.
Life and career
Born in Rome, Cervi was the son of actor Gino Cervi and father of Antonia Cervi, Antonio Levesi Cervi, Stefano Cervi and actress Valentina Cervi. He made his debut as a film producer in 1952, with La peccatrice dell'isola by Sergio Corbucci; among others, he produced works of Michelangelo Antonioni, Federico Fellini, Bernardo Bertolucci, Mauro Bolognini, Francesco Rosi, Mario Monicelli.
Cervi made his directional debut with the spaghetti Western Today We Kill... Tomorrow We Die! starring Bud Spencer; among his films two box office hits both starring Alberto Sordi, The Miser and Hypochondriac.
Cervi died in Rome of a heart attack on 1 April 2002, at the age of 72.
Selected filmography
As director
Today We Kill... Tomorrow We Die! (1968)
Queens of Evil (1970)
La nottata (1975)
Nest of Vipers (1978)
Hypochondriac (1979)
Il turno (1981)
Sole nudo (1984)
The Miser (1990)
Household Accounts (2003)
References
External links
Tonino Cervi at IMDb
|
Christian Krohg
|
Christian Krohg (13 August 1852 – 16 October 1925) was a Norwegian naturalist painter, illustrator, author and journalist. Krohg was inspired by the realism art movement and often chose motifs from everyday life. He was the director and served as the first professor at the Norwegian Academy of Arts from 1909 to 1925.
Biography
Christian Krohg was born at Vestre Aker (now Oslo), Norway. He was one of five children born to Georg Anton Krohg (1817–1873) and Sophie Amalia Holst (1822–1861). He was a grandson of Christian Krohg (1777–1828) who had served as a government minister. His father was a civil servant, journalist and author. His mother died when he was only 8 years old, and his father's sister took over responsibility for the household and the upbringing of the children. From 1861, he attended Hartvig Nissen School.
His father had asked him to pursue a legal career. Krohg studied law at the University of Oslo (then Christiania) graduating cand.jur. in 1873, the same year in which his father died. During 1869–70, he had also studied at the art school of Johan Fredrik Eckersberg at Lille Grensen in Christiania. He was additionally educated in Germany, first at the Baden School of Art in Karlsruhe under Hans Gude in 1874. He also trained under Karl Gussow from 1875. He followed with study at the Königliche Akademie in Berlin from 1875 to 1878.
He was awarded the Schäffer's legacy (1876–77) and received a government travel allowance during 1877–78 and in 1881. In 1879, on the encouragement of artist Frits Thaulow, he visited the Skagen artists colony. He returned to Skagen in 1882–1884 and 1888. Through his periodic future residence at Skagen, he would influence other artists including Anna and Michael Ancher and provided early support to Edvard Munch.
Krohg worked in Paris from 1881 to 1882. Inspired by the ideas of the realists he chose motifs primarily from everyday life – often its darker or socially inferior sides. Prostitution is the subject of his painting Albertine i politilægens venteværelse, and Krohg also wrote a novel about the depicted scene. The novel, Albertine, caused a scandal when first published, and it was confiscated by the police.
Krohg's style made him a leading figure in the transition from romanticism to naturalism.
Krohg was the founding and editor-in-chief of the Kristiania Bohemian journal, Impressionisten from 1886 until 1890. He then became a journalist for the Oslo newspaper Verdens Gang from 1890 to 1910. Christian Krohg was also associated with Politiken 1893–1894.
He taught at Académie Colarossi in Paris from 1902 until 1909. Later he became a professor-director at the Norwegian Academy of Arts (Statens Kunstakademi) from 1909 until 1925.
There are notable collections of art by Christian Krohg in the National Museum of Art, Architecture and Design in Oslo and at Skagens Museum in Denmark.
Awards and honors
Christian Krohg received numerous national and international awards during his career. In 1889, he was made a Knight in the French Legion of Honour and entered in the Belgian Order of Leopold in 1894.
He served as Norwegian Commissioner at the Exposition Internationale d'Anvers at Antwerp in 1894 and held membership in the Societe Nouvelle de Peintres et de Sculpteurs from 1900. Krohg was made a Knight 1st Class in the Order of St. Olav in 1900 and received the Command Cross in 1910.
Personal life
He was married to artist Oda Lasson (1860–1935). In 1885, their daughter Nana (1885–1974) was born and in 1889 their son muralist Per Lasson Krohg (1889–1965). In 1888, Oda obtained a divorce from her first husband Jørgen Engelhardt; they were married in that same year. In 1897, his wife took their son Per and moved to Paris with dramatist Gunnar Heiberg. They were later reconciled. In 1914, Christian Krohg established residence near Frogner Park where he died in 1925. Oda Krohg died in 1935. Both were buried at Vår Frelsers gravlund in Oslo.
A bronze statue of Krohg by sculptors Per Hurum and Asbjørg Borgfelt was erected at the crossing of Lille Grensen-Karl Johans gate in Oslo in 1960.
Gallery
Portraits
Social realism
References
Other sources
Thue, Oscar (1997) Christian Krohg (Oaslo: Aschehoug) ISBN 978-8203221033
Thue, Oscar (1971) Christian Krohgs portretter (Oslo: Gyldendal) ISBN 978-8205002401
Bryne, Arvid (2009) Christian Krohg. Journalisten (Oslo: Unipub Forlag)ISBN 978-8274774452
External links
Christian Krohg at the National Museum (Oslo)
Christian Krohg at Skagens Museum
Digitized books by Christian Krohg at National Library of Norway
Works by Christian Krogh at Project Gutenberg
Works by or about Christian Krohg at the Internet Archive
MyNDIR (My Norse Digital Image Repository) Illustrations by Christian Krohg from manuscripts and early print books.
|
Christian Krohg (13 August 1852 – 16 October 1925) was a Norwegian naturalist painter, illustrator, author and journalist. Krohg was inspired by the realism art movement and often chose motifs from everyday life. He was the director and served as the first professor at the Norwegian Academy of Arts from 1909 to 1925.
Biography
Christian Krohg was born at Vestre Aker (now Oslo), Norway. He was one of five children born to Georg Anton Krohg (1817–1873) and Sophie Amalia Holst (1822–1861). He was a grandson of Christian Krohg (1777–1828) who had served as a government minister. His father was a civil servant, journalist and author. His mother died when he was only 8 years old, and his father's sister took over responsibility for the household and the upbringing of the children. From 1861, he attended Hartvig Nissen School.
His father had asked him to pursue a legal career. Krohg studied law at the University of Oslo (then Christiania) graduating cand.jur. in 1873, the same year in which his father died. During 1869–70, he had also studied at the art school of Johan Fredrik Eckersberg at Lille Grensen in Christiania. He was additionally educated in Germany, first at the Baden School of Art in Karlsruhe under Hans Gude in 1874. He also trained under Karl Gussow from 1875. He followed with study at the Königliche Akademie in Berlin from 1875 to 1878.
He was awarded the Schäffer's legacy (1876–77) and received a government travel allowance during 1877–78 and in 1881. In 1879, on the encouragement of artist Frits Thaulow, he visited the Skagen artists colony. He returned to Skagen in 1882–1884 and 1888. Through his periodic future residence at Skagen, he would influence other artists including Anna and Michael Ancher and provided early support to Edvard Munch.
Krohg worked in Paris from 1881 to 1882. Inspired by the ideas of the realists he chose motifs primarily from everyday life – often its darker or socially inferior sides. Prostitution is the subject of his painting Albertine i politilægens venteværelse, and Krohg also wrote a novel about the depicted scene. The novel, Albertine, caused a scandal when first published, and it was confiscated by the police.
Krohg's style made him a leading figure in the transition from romanticism to naturalism.
Krohg was the founding and editor-in-chief of the Kristiania Bohemian journal, Impressionisten from 1886 until 1890. He then became a journalist for the Oslo newspaper Verdens Gang from 1890 to 1910. Christian Krohg was also associated with Politiken 1893–1894.
He taught at Académie Colarossi in Paris from 1902 until 1909. Later he became a professor-director at the Norwegian Academy of Arts (Statens Kunstakademi) from 1909 until 1925.
There are notable collections of art by Christian Krohg in the National Museum of Art, Architecture and Design in Oslo and at Skagens Museum in Denmark.
Awards and honors
Christian Krohg received numerous national and international awards during his career. In 1889, he was made a Knight in the French Legion of Honour and entered in the Belgian Order of Leopold in 1894.
He served as Norwegian Commissioner at the Exposition Internationale d'Anvers at Antwerp in 1894 and held membership in the Societe Nouvelle de Peintres et de Sculpteurs from 1900. Krohg was made a Knight 1st Class in the Order of St. Olav in 1900 and received the Command Cross in 1910.
Personal life
He was married to artist Oda Lasson (1860–1935). In 1885, their daughter Nana (1885–1974) was born and in 1889 their son muralist Per Lasson Krohg (1889–1965). In 1888, Oda obtained a divorce from her first husband Jørgen Engelhardt; they were married in that same year. In 1897, his wife took their son Per and moved to Paris with dramatist Gunnar Heiberg. They were later reconciled. In 1914, Christian Krohg established residence near Frogner Park where he died in 1925. Oda Krohg died in 1935. Both were buried at Vår Frelsers gravlund in Oslo.
A bronze statue of Krohg by sculptors Per Hurum and Asbjørg Borgfelt was erected at the crossing of Lille Grensen-Karl Johans gate in Oslo in 1960.
Gallery
Portraits
Social realism
References
Other sources
Thue, Oscar (1997) Christian Krohg (Oaslo: Aschehoug) ISBN 978-8203221033
Thue, Oscar (1971) Christian Krohgs portretter (Oslo: Gyldendal) ISBN 978-8205002401
Bryne, Arvid (2009) Christian Krohg. Journalisten (Oslo: Unipub Forlag)ISBN 978-8274774452
External links
Christian Krohg at the National Museum (Oslo)
Christian Krohg at Skagens Museum
Digitized books by Christian Krohg at National Library of Norway
Works by Christian Krogh at Project Gutenberg
Works by or about Christian Krohg at the Internet Archive
MyNDIR (My Norse Digital Image Repository) Illustrations by Christian Krohg from manuscripts and early print books.
|
Werner Janensch
|
Werner Ernst Martin Janensch (11 November 1878 – 20 October 1969) was a German paleontologist and geologist.
Biography
Janensch was born at Herzberg (Elster).
In addition to Friedrich von Huene, Janensch was probably Germany's most important dinosaur specialist from the early and middle twentieth century. His most famous and significant contributions stemmed from the expedition undertaken to the Tendaguru Beds in what is now Tanzania. As leader of an expedition (together with Edwin Hennig) set up by the Museum für Naturkunde in Berlin, where he worked as a curator, Janensch helped uncover an enormous quantity of fossils of late Jurassic period dinosaurs, including several complete Brachiosaurus skeletons, then the largest animal ever known. During his long subsequent career (he worked in Berlin from 1914 to 1961), Janensch named several new dinosaur taxa including Dicraeosaurus (1914) and Elaphrosaurus (1920). Janensch's Brachiosaurus were later determined to belong to a distinct, related genus, Giraffatitan.
His work at Tendaguru earned him several awards. The Prussian Academy of Sciences honored him with the silver Leibniz Medal in 1911. A year later, he was appointed Professor in geology and paleontology at the Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität in Berlin. In 1913, he became a member, and in 1958 an honorary member, of the Paläontologische Gesellschaft.
In 1920 he married Paula Henneberg, daughter of the mathematician Ernst Lebrecht Henneberg; they had no children.
He died in 1969 at Berlin and was buried in Waldfriedhof Dahlem in that city.
Publications
Die Jurensisschichten des Elsass (1902)
References
Sources
Giant Leap for Paleontology Guardian Unlimited.
Paleontologists - AllAboutDinosaurs.com
Maier, G. African dinosaurs unearthed : the Tendaguru expeditions. Bloomington, Indiana : Indiana University Press, 2003. (Life of the Past Series).
|
Werner Ernst Martin Janensch (11 November 1878 – 20 October 1969) was a German paleontologist and geologist.
Biography
Janensch was born at Herzberg (Elster).
In addition to Friedrich von Huene, Janensch was probably Germany's most important dinosaur specialist from the early and middle twentieth century. His most famous and significant contributions stemmed from the expedition undertaken to the Tendaguru Beds in what is now Tanzania. As leader of an expedition (together with Edwin Hennig) set up by the Museum für Naturkunde in Berlin, where he worked as a curator, Janensch helped uncover an enormous quantity of fossils of late Jurassic period dinosaurs, including several complete Brachiosaurus skeletons, then the largest animal ever known. During his long subsequent career (he worked in Berlin from 1914 to 1961), Janensch named several new dinosaur taxa including Dicraeosaurus (1914) and Elaphrosaurus (1920). Janensch's Brachiosaurus were later determined to belong to a distinct, related genus, Giraffatitan.
His work at Tendaguru earned him several awards. The Prussian Academy of Sciences honored him with the silver Leibniz Medal in 1911. A year later, he was appointed Professor in geology and paleontology at the Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität in Berlin. In 1913, he became a member, and in 1958 an honorary member, of the Paläontologische Gesellschaft.
In 1920 he married Paula Henneberg, daughter of the mathematician Ernst Lebrecht Henneberg; they had no children.
He died in 1969 at Berlin and was buried in Waldfriedhof Dahlem in that city.
Publications
Die Jurensisschichten des Elsass (1902)
References
Sources
Giant Leap for Paleontology Guardian Unlimited.
Paleontologists - AllAboutDinosaurs.com
Maier, G. African dinosaurs unearthed : the Tendaguru expeditions. Bloomington, Indiana : Indiana University Press, 2003. (Life of the Past Series).
|
Johann Rudolf Wyss
|
Johann Rudolf Wyss (German pronunciation: [ˈjoːhan ˈruːdɔlf ˈviːs]; 4 March 1782 – 21 March 1830) was a Swiss author, writer, and folklorist who wrote the words to the former Swiss national anthem Rufst Du, mein Vaterland in 1811, and also edited the novel The Swiss Family Robinson, written by his father Johann David Wyss, published in 1812.
Biography
In 1805, Wyss became the professor of philosophy at Bern's academy. He later became the chief librarian of Bern's city library. Together with Gottlieb Jakob Kuhn, he edited the periodical Alpenrosen. He died in Bern.
Works
Vorlesungen über das höchste Gut ("Lectures on the highest good", 2 vols., Tübingen, 1811)
Idyllen, Volkssagen, Legend und Erzählungen aus der Schweiz ("Idylls, folk tales, legends, and stories from Switzerland", 3 vols., 1815–22; partly translated into French in Mme. de Montolieu's Châteaux suisses, 1816)
Reise im Berner Oberland ("Travels in the Bern highlands", 1808; French translation, Voyage dans l'Oberland bernois, 2 vols., Bern, 1817)
Notes
References
Rines, George Edwin, ed. (1920). "Wyss, Johann Rudolf" . Encyclopedia Americana.
Ripley, George; Dana, Charles A., eds. (1879). "Wyss, Johann Rudolf" . The American Cyclopædia.
External links
Works by Johann Rudolf Wyss at Project Gutenberg
Works by or about Johann Rudolf Wyss at the Internet Archive
Works by Johann Rudolf Wyss at LibriVox (public domain audiobooks)
Pictures and texts of Voyage dans l'Oberland bernois by Johann Rudolf Wyss can be found in the database VIATIMAGES.
|
Johann Rudolf Wyss (German pronunciation: [ˈjoːhan ˈruːdɔlf ˈviːs]; 4 March 1782 – 21 March 1830) was a Swiss author, writer, and folklorist who wrote the words to the former Swiss national anthem Rufst Du, mein Vaterland in 1811, and also edited the novel The Swiss Family Robinson, written by his father Johann David Wyss, published in 1812.
Biography
In 1805, Wyss became the professor of philosophy at Bern's academy. He later became the chief librarian of Bern's city library. Together with Gottlieb Jakob Kuhn, he edited the periodical Alpenrosen. He died in Bern.
Works
Vorlesungen über das höchste Gut ("Lectures on the highest good", 2 vols., Tübingen, 1811)
Idyllen, Volkssagen, Legend und Erzählungen aus der Schweiz ("Idylls, folk tales, legends, and stories from Switzerland", 3 vols., 1815–22; partly translated into French in Mme. de Montolieu's Châteaux suisses, 1816)
Reise im Berner Oberland ("Travels in the Bern highlands", 1808; French translation, Voyage dans l'Oberland bernois, 2 vols., Bern, 1817)
Notes
References
Rines, George Edwin, ed. (1920). "Wyss, Johann Rudolf" . Encyclopedia Americana.
Ripley, George; Dana, Charles A., eds. (1879). "Wyss, Johann Rudolf" . The American Cyclopædia.
External links
Works by Johann Rudolf Wyss at Project Gutenberg
Works by or about Johann Rudolf Wyss at the Internet Archive
Works by Johann Rudolf Wyss at LibriVox (public domain audiobooks)
Pictures and texts of Voyage dans l'Oberland bernois by Johann Rudolf Wyss can be found in the database VIATIMAGES.
|
Gottfried Heinrich Graf zu Pappenheim
|
Gottfried Heinrich Graf zu Pappenheim (29 May 1594 – 17 November 1632) was a German field marshal of the Holy Roman Empire in the Thirty Years' War. A supporter of the Catholic League, he was mortally wounded during the Battle of Lützen fighting the Protestant forces under Swedish king Gustavus Adolphus.
Biography
Pappenheim was born in the little town of Treuchtlingen, a secondary seat of his family, the ruling Lords of Pappenheim on the Altmühl in Bavaria, a free lordship of the empire (see: Pappenheim (state)), from which the ancient family to which he belonged derived its name. He was the second son of Veit zu Pappenheim, Lord of Treuchtlingen and Schwindegg, and his second wife Maria Salome von Preysing-Kopfsburg. He was educated at Altdorf and Tübingen, and subsequently traveled in southern and central Europe, mastering the various languages, and seeking knightly adventures. His stay in these countries led him eventually to adopt the Roman Catholic faith in 1614, to which he devoted the rest of his life. At the outbreak of the great war, he abandoned the legal and diplomatic career on which he had embarked, and in his zeal for the faith took service in Poland. The experience gained serving in the Polish army (especially in the way of fighting cavalry) was to his advantage in fighting on the side of the Catholic League.
He soon became a lieutenant-colonel, and displayed great courage and ability at the battle of the White Mountain near Prague (8 November 1620), where he was left for dead on the field. In the following year, he fought against Ernst, Graf von Mansfeld in western Germany, and, in 1622, became colonel of a regiment of cuirassiers. In 1623, as an ardent friend of Spain, the ally of his sovereign and the champion of his faith, he raised troops for the Italian war and served with the Spaniards in Lombardy and the Grisons. It was his long and heroic defence of the post of Riva on the Lake Mezzola that first brought him conspicuously to the front. In 1626, Maximilian I of Bavaria, the head of the League, recalled him to Germany and entrusted him with the suppression of a peasant rebellion, which had broken out in Upper Austria. Pappenheim swiftly carried out his task, encountering a most desperate resistance, but always successful; and in a few weeks he had crushed the rebellion with ruthless severity (i.e. Gmunden, Vöcklabruck and Wolfsegg, 15–30 November 1626).
After this, he served with Tilly against Christian IV of Denmark, and besieged and took Wolfenbüttel. His hopes of obtaining the sovereignty and possessions of the evicted prince of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel were, after a long intrigue, definitively disappointed. In 1628, he was made a count of the empire. The siege and storm of Magdeburg followed, and Pappenheim, like Tilly, has been accused of the most savage cruelty in this massacre. So much could not be said of his tactics at the battle of Breitenfeld, the loss of which was not a little due to the impetuous cavalry general, who was never so happy as when leading a great charge of horse. However, he covered the retreat of the imperialists from the lost field with care and skill, and subsequently won great glory by his operations on the lower Rhine and the Weser in the rear of the victorious army of Gustavus Adolphus. Much-needed reinforcements for the king of Sweden were constantly detained by Pappenheim's small and newly raised force in the northwest.
His operations were far-ranging and his restless activity dominated the country from Stade to Kassel, and from Hildesheim to Maastricht. Being now a field marshal in the imperial service, he was recalled to join Wallenstein, and assisted the generalissimo in Saxony against the Swedes; but, was again despatched towards Cologne and the lower Rhine. In his absence, a great battle became imminent, and Pappenheim was hurriedly recalled. He appeared with his horsemen in the midst of the battle of Lützen (16 November 1632, 6 November 1632 on Swedish reckoning). His furious attack was for the moment successful. As Rupert at Marston Moor sought Cromwell as his worthiest opponent, so now Pappenheim sought Gustavus. At about the same time as the king was killed, Pappenheim received a mortal wound in another part of the field. He died later the same day or early the next morning en route to Leipzig, where his body was embalmed at the Pleissenburg fortress.
Legacy
The form of rapier called the Pappenheimer, is reportedly named after him.
In Polish military terminology, "pappenheimer" refers to a type of helmet worn by heavy cavalry during the Thirty Years' War.
In German the phrase "I know my Pappenheimer" (Ich kenne meine Pappenheimer) referring to a person acting as expected in a negative sense. Originating from Schillers Wallenstein plays, though there meant in positive way. In Dutch the expression retains its positive meaning, though it can also be used ironically.
A drinking song honouring "General Pappenheimer" is sung by student associations around Europe.
Gallery
Notes
Regarding personal names: Until 1919, Graf was a title, translated as 'Count', not a first or middle name. The female form is Gräfin. In Germany, it has formed part of family names since 1919.
References
Sources
Kriegsschriften von baierischen Officieren I. II. V. (Munich, 1820);
Hess, Gottfried Heinrich Graf zu Pappenheim (Leipzig, 1855);
Ersch and Grüber, Allgem. Encyklopädie, III. II (Leipzig, 1838);
Wittich, in Allgem. deutsche Biographie, Band 25 (Leipzig, 1887), and works there quoted.
This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Pappenheim, Gottfried Heinrich, Count of". Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 20 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 739–740.
|
Gottfried Heinrich Graf zu Pappenheim (29 May 1594 – 17 November 1632) was a German field marshal of the Holy Roman Empire in the Thirty Years' War. A supporter of the Catholic League, he was mortally wounded during the Battle of Lützen fighting the Protestant forces under Swedish king Gustavus Adolphus.
Biography
Pappenheim was born in the little town of Treuchtlingen, a secondary seat of his family, the ruling Lords of Pappenheim on the Altmühl in Bavaria, a free lordship of the empire (see: Pappenheim (state)), from which the ancient family to which he belonged derived its name. He was the second son of Veit zu Pappenheim, Lord of Treuchtlingen and Schwindegg, and his second wife Maria Salome von Preysing-Kopfsburg. He was educated at Altdorf and Tübingen, and subsequently traveled in southern and central Europe, mastering the various languages, and seeking knightly adventures. His stay in these countries led him eventually to adopt the Roman Catholic faith in 1614, to which he devoted the rest of his life. At the outbreak of the great war, he abandoned the legal and diplomatic career on which he had embarked, and in his zeal for the faith took service in Poland. The experience gained serving in the Polish army (especially in the way of fighting cavalry) was to his advantage in fighting on the side of the Catholic League.
He soon became a lieutenant-colonel, and displayed great courage and ability at the battle of the White Mountain near Prague (8 November 1620), where he was left for dead on the field. In the following year, he fought against Ernst, Graf von Mansfeld in western Germany, and, in 1622, became colonel of a regiment of cuirassiers. In 1623, as an ardent friend of Spain, the ally of his sovereign and the champion of his faith, he raised troops for the Italian war and served with the Spaniards in Lombardy and the Grisons. It was his long and heroic defence of the post of Riva on the Lake Mezzola that first brought him conspicuously to the front. In 1626, Maximilian I of Bavaria, the head of the League, recalled him to Germany and entrusted him with the suppression of a peasant rebellion, which had broken out in Upper Austria. Pappenheim swiftly carried out his task, encountering a most desperate resistance, but always successful; and in a few weeks he had crushed the rebellion with ruthless severity (i.e. Gmunden, Vöcklabruck and Wolfsegg, 15–30 November 1626).
After this, he served with Tilly against Christian IV of Denmark, and besieged and took Wolfenbüttel. His hopes of obtaining the sovereignty and possessions of the evicted prince of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel were, after a long intrigue, definitively disappointed. In 1628, he was made a count of the empire. The siege and storm of Magdeburg followed, and Pappenheim, like Tilly, has been accused of the most savage cruelty in this massacre. So much could not be said of his tactics at the battle of Breitenfeld, the loss of which was not a little due to the impetuous cavalry general, who was never so happy as when leading a great charge of horse. However, he covered the retreat of the imperialists from the lost field with care and skill, and subsequently won great glory by his operations on the lower Rhine and the Weser in the rear of the victorious army of Gustavus Adolphus. Much-needed reinforcements for the king of Sweden were constantly detained by Pappenheim's small and newly raised force in the northwest.
His operations were far-ranging and his restless activity dominated the country from Stade to Kassel, and from Hildesheim to Maastricht. Being now a field marshal in the imperial service, he was recalled to join Wallenstein, and assisted the generalissimo in Saxony against the Swedes; but, was again despatched towards Cologne and the lower Rhine. In his absence, a great battle became imminent, and Pappenheim was hurriedly recalled. He appeared with his horsemen in the midst of the battle of Lützen (16 November 1632, 6 November 1632 on Swedish reckoning). His furious attack was for the moment successful. As Rupert at Marston Moor sought Cromwell as his worthiest opponent, so now Pappenheim sought Gustavus. At about the same time as the king was killed, Pappenheim received a mortal wound in another part of the field. He died later the same day or early the next morning en route to Leipzig, where his body was embalmed at the Pleissenburg fortress.
Legacy
The form of rapier called the Pappenheimer, is reportedly named after him.
In Polish military terminology, "pappenheimer" refers to a type of helmet worn by heavy cavalry during the Thirty Years' War.
In German the phrase "I know my Pappenheimer" (Ich kenne meine Pappenheimer) referring to a person acting as expected in a negative sense. Originating from Schillers Wallenstein plays, though there meant in positive way. In Dutch the expression retains its positive meaning, though it can also be used ironically.
A drinking song honouring "General Pappenheimer" is sung by student associations around Europe.
Gallery
Notes
Regarding personal names: Until 1919, Graf was a title, translated as 'Count', not a first or middle name. The female form is Gräfin. In Germany, it has formed part of family names since 1919.
References
Sources
Kriegsschriften von baierischen Officieren I. II. V. (Munich, 1820);
Hess, Gottfried Heinrich Graf zu Pappenheim (Leipzig, 1855);
Ersch and Grüber, Allgem. Encyklopädie, III. II (Leipzig, 1838);
Wittich, in Allgem. deutsche Biographie, Band 25 (Leipzig, 1887), and works there quoted.
This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Pappenheim, Gottfried Heinrich, Count of". Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 20 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 739–740.
|
Rudolf Mössbauer
|
Rudolf Ludwig Mössbauer (German: [ˈʁuːdɔlf ˈmœsˌbaʊ̯ɐ] ; 31 January 1929 – 14 September 2011) was a German physicist who shared the 1961 Nobel Prize in Physics with Robert Hofstadter for his discovery of the Mössbauer effect, which is the basis for Mössbauer spectroscopy.
Career
Mössbauer was born in Munich, where he also studied physics at the Technical University of Munich. He prepared his Diplom thesis in the Laboratory of Applied Physics of Heinz Maier-Leibnitz and graduated in 1955. He then went to the Max Planck Institute for Medical Research in Heidelberg. Since this institute, not part of a university, had no right to award a doctorate, Mössbauer remained under the auspices of Maier-Leibnitz, his official thesis advisor, when he passed his PhD exam in Munich in 1958.
In his PhD, he discovered the recoilless nuclear fluorescence of gamma rays in 191 iridium, the Mössbauer effect. His fame grew immensely in 1960 when Robert Pound and Glen Rebka used this effect to prove the red shift of gamma radiation in the gravitational field of the Earth; this Pound–Rebka experiment was one of the first experimental precision tests of Albert Einstein's general theory of relativity. However, the long-term importance of the Mössbauer effect is its use in Mössbauer spectroscopy. Along with Robert Hofstadter, Rudolf Mössbauer was awarded the 1961 Nobel Prize in Physics.
On the suggestion of Richard Feynman, Mössbauer was invited in 1960 to Caltech in the USA, where he advanced rapidly from research fellow to senior research fellow; he was appointed a full professor of physics in early 1962. In 1964, his alma mater, the Technical University of Munich (TUM), convinced him to go back as a full professor. He retained this position until he became professor emeritus in 1997. As a condition for his return, the faculty of physics introduced a "department" system. This system, strongly influenced by Mössbauer's American experience, was in radical contrast to the traditional, hierarchical "faculty" system of German universities, and it gave the TUM an eminent position in German physics.
In 1972, Rudolf Mössbauer went to Grenoble to succeed Heinz Maier-Leibnitz as the director of the Institut Laue-Langevin just when its newly built high-flux research reactor went into operation. After serving a five-year term, Mössbauer returned to Munich, where he found his institutional reforms reversed by overarching legislation. Until the end of his career, he often expressed bitterness over this "destruction of the department." Meanwhile, his research interests shifted to neutrino physics.
Mössbauer was regarded as an excellent teacher. He gave highly specialized lectures on numerous courses, including Neutrino Physics, Neutrino Oscillations, The Unification of the Electromagnetic and Weak Interactions and The Interaction of Photons and Neutrons With Matter. In 1984, he gave undergraduate lectures to 350 people taking the physics course. He told his students: “Explain it! The most important thing is that you can explain it! You will have exams, there you have to explain it. Eventually, you pass them, you get your diploma and you think, that's it! – No, the whole life is an exam, you'll have to write applications, you'll have to discuss with peers... So learn to explain it! You can train this by explaining to another student, a colleague. If they are not available, explain it to your mother – or to your cat!”
Personal life
Mössbauer married Elizabeth Pritz in 1957. They had a son, Peter and two daughters Regine and Susi. They divorced in 1983, and he married his second wife Christel Braun in 1985.
Mössbauer died at Grünwald, Germany on 14 September 2011 at 82.
References
External links
Literature by and about Rudolf Mössbauer in the German National Library catalogue
Rudolf Mössbauer on Nobelprize.org , a major source for this article
Nobelprize.org. Nobel Media AB 2014. Web. 3 Jan 2015. Interview with Rudolf Mössbauer (18 minutes)
|
Rudolf Ludwig Mössbauer (German: [ˈʁuːdɔlf ˈmœsˌbaʊ̯ɐ] ; 31 January 1929 – 14 September 2011) was a German physicist who shared the 1961 Nobel Prize in Physics with Robert Hofstadter for his discovery of the Mössbauer effect, which is the basis for Mössbauer spectroscopy.
Career
Mössbauer was born in Munich, where he also studied physics at the Technical University of Munich. He prepared his Diplom thesis in the Laboratory of Applied Physics of Heinz Maier-Leibnitz and graduated in 1955. He then went to the Max Planck Institute for Medical Research in Heidelberg. Since this institute, not part of a university, had no right to award a doctorate, Mössbauer remained under the auspices of Maier-Leibnitz, his official thesis advisor, when he passed his PhD exam in Munich in 1958.
In his PhD, he discovered the recoilless nuclear fluorescence of gamma rays in 191 iridium, the Mössbauer effect. His fame grew immensely in 1960 when Robert Pound and Glen Rebka used this effect to prove the red shift of gamma radiation in the gravitational field of the Earth; this Pound–Rebka experiment was one of the first experimental precision tests of Albert Einstein's general theory of relativity. However, the long-term importance of the Mössbauer effect is its use in Mössbauer spectroscopy. Along with Robert Hofstadter, Rudolf Mössbauer was awarded the 1961 Nobel Prize in Physics.
On the suggestion of Richard Feynman, Mössbauer was invited in 1960 to Caltech in the USA, where he advanced rapidly from research fellow to senior research fellow; he was appointed a full professor of physics in early 1962. In 1964, his alma mater, the Technical University of Munich (TUM), convinced him to go back as a full professor. He retained this position until he became professor emeritus in 1997. As a condition for his return, the faculty of physics introduced a "department" system. This system, strongly influenced by Mössbauer's American experience, was in radical contrast to the traditional, hierarchical "faculty" system of German universities, and it gave the TUM an eminent position in German physics.
In 1972, Rudolf Mössbauer went to Grenoble to succeed Heinz Maier-Leibnitz as the director of the Institut Laue-Langevin just when its newly built high-flux research reactor went into operation. After serving a five-year term, Mössbauer returned to Munich, where he found his institutional reforms reversed by overarching legislation. Until the end of his career, he often expressed bitterness over this "destruction of the department." Meanwhile, his research interests shifted to neutrino physics.
Mössbauer was regarded as an excellent teacher. He gave highly specialized lectures on numerous courses, including Neutrino Physics, Neutrino Oscillations, The Unification of the Electromagnetic and Weak Interactions and The Interaction of Photons and Neutrons With Matter. In 1984, he gave undergraduate lectures to 350 people taking the physics course. He told his students: “Explain it! The most important thing is that you can explain it! You will have exams, there you have to explain it. Eventually, you pass them, you get your diploma and you think, that's it! – No, the whole life is an exam, you'll have to write applications, you'll have to discuss with peers... So learn to explain it! You can train this by explaining to another student, a colleague. If they are not available, explain it to your mother – or to your cat!”
Personal life
Mössbauer married Elizabeth Pritz in 1957. They had a son, Peter and two daughters Regine and Susi. They divorced in 1983, and he married his second wife Christel Braun in 1985.
Mössbauer died at Grünwald, Germany on 14 September 2011 at 82.
References
External links
Literature by and about Rudolf Mössbauer in the German National Library catalogue
Rudolf Mössbauer on Nobelprize.org , a major source for this article
Nobelprize.org. Nobel Media AB 2014. Web. 3 Jan 2015. Interview with Rudolf Mössbauer (18 minutes)
|
A. B. Guthrie Jr.
|
Alfred Bertram "Bud" Guthrie Jr. (January 13, 1901 – April 26, 1991) was an American novelist, screenwriter, historian, and literary historian known for writing western stories. His novel The Way West won the 1950 Pulitzer Prize for Fiction, and his screenplay for Shane (1953) was nominated for an Academy Award.
Biography
Guthrie was born in 1901 in Bedford, Indiana. When he was six months old he relocated with his parents to Montana, where his father became the first principal of the Teton County Free High School in Choteau. His father was a graduate of Indiana University, his mother from Earlham College at Richmond, Indiana.
A constant reader, Guthrie tried to write while in high school, "fiction pretty much, some essays, but I majored in journalism. My father had been a newspaper man for four years in this little town in Kentucky, and I guess he thought it was the way to become a writer".:3
In 1919, Guthrie studied at the University of Washington for a year, then transferred to the University of Montana, where he was a member of Phi Sigma Kappa fraternity and graduated with a degree in journalism with honors in 1923. He worked odd jobs for the next few years.
In 1926, Guthrie took out a $300 bank loan and moved to Lexington, Kentucky, where he took a job at the Lexington Leader newspaper. For the next 21 years he worked as a reporter, the city editor, and an editorial writer for the Leader. Guthrie published his first novel Murders at Moon Dance in 1943.
In 1944, while still at the Leader, Guthrie won the Nieman Fellowship from Harvard, and spent the year at the university studying writing. While at Harvard he made friends with English professor Theodore Morrison, "who knew so much about writing, probably more than I ever will.":3 Morrison mentored Guthrie and helped him transition from journalism to fiction.
During his year at Harvard Guthrie began his novel The Big Sky, which was published in 1947. Guthrie later wrote, "It wasn't until I went to Harvard that I got in gear. Then I went back and worked for the newspaper for another year or so.":4
At the Lexington Leader Guthrie's boss was very understanding and as long as Guthrie performed his news duties satisfactorily he was allowed to take his afternoons off to write fiction.:18 After publication of The Big Sky Guthrie left the paper and supported himself by teaching creative writing at University of Kentucky. During this time he published The Way West which won the 1950 Pulitzer Prize for Fiction. He quit teaching in 1952 to devote his full-time to writing, and moved back to Choteau, Montana, because he said it was his "point of outlook on the universe". He split his residence between Choteau and Great Falls, Montana, an hour away from Choteau.
Guthrie continued to write predominantly western subjects. He worked for a time in Hollywood, writing the screenplays for Shane (1953, for which he was nominated for an Academy Award) and The Kentuckian (1955).
His other books included These Thousand Hills (1956), The Blue Hen's Chick (1965), Arfive (1970), The Last Valley (1975), Fair Land, Fair Land (1982), Murder in the Cotswolds (1989), and A Field Guide to Writing Fiction (1991). His first collection of short stories, The Big It and Other Stories, was published in 1960.
Guthrie died in 1991, at age 90, at his ranch near Choteau.
Mr. Guthrie was married to Harriet Larson in 1931 and by her he had two children, Alfred B. 3d, of Choteau, and Helen Miller of Butte, Mont., who survive him. Harriet Guthrie died in the early 1960s, and he married Carol B. Luthin in 1969. She survives him, as do two stepchildren, Herbert Luthin, of Clarion, Pa., and Amy Sakariassen, of Bismarck, N.D.
Bibliography
Western Novels
The Big Sky (1947)
The Way West (1949)
These Thousand Hills (1956)
Arfive (1971)
The Last Valley (1975)
Fair Land, Fair Land (1982)
Western Mystery Novellas
Murders at Moon Dance (1943)
Wild Pitch (1974), featuring Sheriff Chick Charleston
The Genuine Article (1977), featuring Sheriff Chick Charleston
No Second Wind (1980), featuring Sheriff Chick Charleston
Playing Catch-up (1985), featuring Sheriff Chick Charleston
Murder in the Cotswolds (1989), featuring Sheriff Chick Charleston
Short-story collections
The Big It, and Other Stories (1960), "Bargain" (originally titled "Bargain at Moon Dance")
Non-fiction
The Blue Hen's Chick (1965)
Big Sky, Fair Land: The Environmental Essays of A. B. Guthrie Jr., edited by David Peterson (1988)
A Field Guide to Writing Fiction (1991)
Children's books
The Big Sky: An Edition For Young Readers (1950)
Once Upon a Pond (1973)
Poetry
Four Miles from Ear Mountain (1987)
Screenplays
Shane (1953)
The Kentuckian (1955)
Spoken word
A. B. Guthrie Jr., reads from THE BIG SKY (Caedmon, 1974)
References
External links
Western American Literature Journal: A.B. Guthrie
U. Eastern Kentucky site
Literary History of the American West page on Guthrie
A. B. Guthrie Jr. Papers. Yale Collection of American Literature, Beinecke Rare Book and Manuscript Library.
|
Alfred Bertram "Bud" Guthrie Jr. (January 13, 1901 – April 26, 1991) was an American novelist, screenwriter, historian, and literary historian known for writing western stories. His novel The Way West won the 1950 Pulitzer Prize for Fiction, and his screenplay for Shane (1953) was nominated for an Academy Award.
Biography
Guthrie was born in 1901 in Bedford, Indiana. When he was six months old he relocated with his parents to Montana, where his father became the first principal of the Teton County Free High School in Choteau. His father was a graduate of Indiana University, his mother from Earlham College at Richmond, Indiana.
A constant reader, Guthrie tried to write while in high school, "fiction pretty much, some essays, but I majored in journalism. My father had been a newspaper man for four years in this little town in Kentucky, and I guess he thought it was the way to become a writer".:3
In 1919, Guthrie studied at the University of Washington for a year, then transferred to the University of Montana, where he was a member of Phi Sigma Kappa fraternity and graduated with a degree in journalism with honors in 1923. He worked odd jobs for the next few years.
In 1926, Guthrie took out a $300 bank loan and moved to Lexington, Kentucky, where he took a job at the Lexington Leader newspaper. For the next 21 years he worked as a reporter, the city editor, and an editorial writer for the Leader. Guthrie published his first novel Murders at Moon Dance in 1943.
In 1944, while still at the Leader, Guthrie won the Nieman Fellowship from Harvard, and spent the year at the university studying writing. While at Harvard he made friends with English professor Theodore Morrison, "who knew so much about writing, probably more than I ever will.":3 Morrison mentored Guthrie and helped him transition from journalism to fiction.
During his year at Harvard Guthrie began his novel The Big Sky, which was published in 1947. Guthrie later wrote, "It wasn't until I went to Harvard that I got in gear. Then I went back and worked for the newspaper for another year or so.":4
At the Lexington Leader Guthrie's boss was very understanding and as long as Guthrie performed his news duties satisfactorily he was allowed to take his afternoons off to write fiction.:18 After publication of The Big Sky Guthrie left the paper and supported himself by teaching creative writing at University of Kentucky. During this time he published The Way West which won the 1950 Pulitzer Prize for Fiction. He quit teaching in 1952 to devote his full-time to writing, and moved back to Choteau, Montana, because he said it was his "point of outlook on the universe". He split his residence between Choteau and Great Falls, Montana, an hour away from Choteau.
Guthrie continued to write predominantly western subjects. He worked for a time in Hollywood, writing the screenplays for Shane (1953, for which he was nominated for an Academy Award) and The Kentuckian (1955).
His other books included These Thousand Hills (1956), The Blue Hen's Chick (1965), Arfive (1970), The Last Valley (1975), Fair Land, Fair Land (1982), Murder in the Cotswolds (1989), and A Field Guide to Writing Fiction (1991). His first collection of short stories, The Big It and Other Stories, was published in 1960.
Guthrie died in 1991, at age 90, at his ranch near Choteau.
Mr. Guthrie was married to Harriet Larson in 1931 and by her he had two children, Alfred B. 3d, of Choteau, and Helen Miller of Butte, Mont., who survive him. Harriet Guthrie died in the early 1960s, and he married Carol B. Luthin in 1969. She survives him, as do two stepchildren, Herbert Luthin, of Clarion, Pa., and Amy Sakariassen, of Bismarck, N.D.
Bibliography
Western Novels
The Big Sky (1947)
The Way West (1949)
These Thousand Hills (1956)
Arfive (1971)
The Last Valley (1975)
Fair Land, Fair Land (1982)
Western Mystery Novellas
Murders at Moon Dance (1943)
Wild Pitch (1974), featuring Sheriff Chick Charleston
The Genuine Article (1977), featuring Sheriff Chick Charleston
No Second Wind (1980), featuring Sheriff Chick Charleston
Playing Catch-up (1985), featuring Sheriff Chick Charleston
Murder in the Cotswolds (1989), featuring Sheriff Chick Charleston
Short-story collections
The Big It, and Other Stories (1960), "Bargain" (originally titled "Bargain at Moon Dance")
Non-fiction
The Blue Hen's Chick (1965)
Big Sky, Fair Land: The Environmental Essays of A. B. Guthrie Jr., edited by David Peterson (1988)
A Field Guide to Writing Fiction (1991)
Children's books
The Big Sky: An Edition For Young Readers (1950)
Once Upon a Pond (1973)
Poetry
Four Miles from Ear Mountain (1987)
Screenplays
Shane (1953)
The Kentuckian (1955)
Spoken word
A. B. Guthrie Jr., reads from THE BIG SKY (Caedmon, 1974)
References
External links
Western American Literature Journal: A.B. Guthrie
U. Eastern Kentucky site
Literary History of the American West page on Guthrie
A. B. Guthrie Jr. Papers. Yale Collection of American Literature, Beinecke Rare Book and Manuscript Library.
|
Eberhard Jüngel
|
Eberhard Jüngel (5 December 1934 – 28 September 2021) was a German Lutheran theologian. He was Emeritus Professor of Systematic Theology and the Philosophy of Religion at the Faculty of Protestant Theology of the University of Tübingen.
Life and work
Jüngel was born in Magdeburg on 5 December 1934 as the son of the electrician Kurt Jüngel and his wife Margarete née Rothemann, into a non-religious home. After World War II, Magdeburg was located in the German Democratic Republic (GDR). He remembered that his decision to pursue a career in theology was met with "the concerned astonishment" of his mother and "the resolute refusal" of his father.' However, it was precisely the communist milieu of his youth which led him to Christian theology: "That was the discovery of the church as the one place within a Stalinist society where one could speak the truth without being penalized."
Jüngel studied undergraduate theology at the Theologisches Konvikt Berlin (Theological Seminary of East Berlin). During this time he was particularly interested in the works of Ernst Fuchs and Heinrich Vogel, who influenced his work throughout his life. He concluded his undergraduate theological studies in Switzerland in 1957 and 1958, working with Gerhard Ebeling at the University of Zürich, and with Karl Barth at the University of Basel. In 1961, he completed his doctorate supervised by Fuchs on Paulus und Jesus. Eine Untersuchung zur Präzisierung der Frage nach dem Ursprung der Christologie (Paulus and Jesus. An investigation to clarify the question of the origin of Christology). He completed his habilitation in systematic theology in 1962 at the Kirchliche Hochschule Berlin-Ost.
In 1962, as a direct result of the erection of the Berlin Wall, Jüngel was appointed to the position of Dozent für Neues Testament (Lecturer in New Testament) in the Hochschule, a position he retained until 1966. At the end of his tenure at the Hochschule, Jüngel was appointed Ordinarius für Systematische Theologie und Dogmengeschichte (Professor of systematic theology and history of dogmatics) at the University of Zürich, where he taught until 1969. Moving to West Germany in 1969, Jüngel accepted a position of Ordinarius für Systematische Theologie und Religionsphilosophie (Professor of Systematic Theology and Philosophy of Religion) at the University of Tübingen, where he also assumed the role of director of the Institute for Hermeneutics. Despite a plethora of offers for positions at other universities, Jüngel remained at Tübingen until his retirement in 2003. His successor was the systematic theologian Christoph Schwöbel.
Jüngel held a number of additional positions throughout his academic career:
Between 1987 and 2005, he was Ephorus (Director) of Evangelisches Stift Tübingen, a Protestant house of studies and teaching founded in 1536 in a former Augustinian monastery. He was succeeded in 2005 by the Theologian and Church Historian Volker Henning Drecoll.
From 2003 to 2006, he was the director of the Forschungsstätte der Evangelischen Studiengemeinschaft (Research Centre for Protestant Studies) in Heidelberg.
In 2007, he was appointed the Gadamer-Stiftungsprofessor (Hans-Georg Gadamer Chair in Theology) at the University of Heidelberg.
He was a member of the Norwegian Academy of Science and Letters, also Chancellor of the Order Pour le Mérite for Sciences and Arts, and a member of the Synod of the Protestant Church in Germany. In 1994, he received the Knight Commander's Cross of the Order of Merit of the Federal Republic of Germany and in 2000 the Medal of Merit of the State of Baden-Württemberg. Jüngel received honorary doctorates from the University of Greifswald and from the University of Basel.
Jüngel died in Tübingen on 28 September 2021.
Theology
Main features of Jüngel's theology (Evolution and inner consistency):
Paul and Jesus – Jüngel's thesis deals with the issues arising from the interpretation of the New Testament
God's being is in becoming – His first book in the area of dogmatic theology
Christology: exegesis and dogmatics – Understanding of the relationship between the historical and the dogmatic in Christology
God the mystery of the world: speaking about God, thinking about God, the human god
Atheism and the theology of death – His response to atheism, and his theology of death
Anthropology and justification – Relation between God and man
Anthropology and analogy – The man who expresses God
Towards a theology of the natural – Confrontation of the Christian faith with the contemporary experience of reality
Bibliography
German works
Gott als Geheimnis der Welt: Zur Begründung der Theologie des Gekreuzigten im Streit zwischen Theismus und Atheismus, Mohr Siebeck, 1982. ISBN 978-3-16-150389-4
Translation into English
Christ, Justice and Peace: Toward a Theology of the State in Dialogue with the Barmen Declaration (ET 1992, translated by Alan Torrance and D. Bruce Hamill). ISBN 978-0-567-65978-1
Death: The Riddle and the Mystery (ET 1975). OCLC 718335245
The Freedom of a Christian: Luther's Significance for Contemporary Theology (ET 1988). ISBN 978-0-8066-2393-1
God as the Mystery of the World: On the Foundation of the Theology of the Crucified One in the Dispute between Theism and Atheism (ET 1983). ISBN 978-0-567-65983-5
God's Being Is in Becoming: The Trinitarian Being of God in the Theology of Karl Barth – A Paraphrase (ET 2001); ISBN 978-0-567-07994-7 previously translated as The Doctrine of the Trinity (ET 1976). ISBN 978-0-7073-0115-0
"The Gospel and the Protestant Churches of Europe: Christian Responsibility for Europe from a Protestant Perspective," in Religion, State and Society 21:2 (1993), pp. 137–149. OCLC 4637184266
Justification: The Heart of the Christian Faith (ET 2001). ISBN 978-0-567-08775-1
Karl Barth: A Theological Legacy (ET 1986). OCLC 1239790389
"On the Doctrine of Justification" in the International Journal of Systematic Theology 1:1 (1999), pp. 24–52. OCLC 5155533887
"Sermon on Matthew 25:1–12" in Toronto Journal of Theology 18:1 (Spring 2002), pp. 13–19. OCLC 4960240225
Theological Essays I (ET 1989). ISBN 978-0-567-69092-0
Theological Essays II (ET 1994). ISBN 978-0-567-65987-3
"Theses on the Relation of the Existence, Essence and Attributes of God" in Toronto Journal of Theology 17 (2001), pp. 55–74. OCLC 5133209842
"To tell the world about God: The task for the mission of the church on the threshold of the third millennium" in International Review of Mission (30 April 2000). OCLC 5153912553
References
External links
Eberhard Jüngel Reading Room Archived 3 March 2013 at the Wayback Machine (links to on-line primary and secondary sources) Tyndale Seminary
|
Eberhard Jüngel (5 December 1934 – 28 September 2021) was a German Lutheran theologian. He was Emeritus Professor of Systematic Theology and the Philosophy of Religion at the Faculty of Protestant Theology of the University of Tübingen.
Life and work
Jüngel was born in Magdeburg on 5 December 1934 as the son of the electrician Kurt Jüngel and his wife Margarete née Rothemann, into a non-religious home. After World War II, Magdeburg was located in the German Democratic Republic (GDR). He remembered that his decision to pursue a career in theology was met with "the concerned astonishment" of his mother and "the resolute refusal" of his father.' However, it was precisely the communist milieu of his youth which led him to Christian theology: "That was the discovery of the church as the one place within a Stalinist society where one could speak the truth without being penalized."
Jüngel studied undergraduate theology at the Theologisches Konvikt Berlin (Theological Seminary of East Berlin). During this time he was particularly interested in the works of Ernst Fuchs and Heinrich Vogel, who influenced his work throughout his life. He concluded his undergraduate theological studies in Switzerland in 1957 and 1958, working with Gerhard Ebeling at the University of Zürich, and with Karl Barth at the University of Basel. In 1961, he completed his doctorate supervised by Fuchs on Paulus und Jesus. Eine Untersuchung zur Präzisierung der Frage nach dem Ursprung der Christologie (Paulus and Jesus. An investigation to clarify the question of the origin of Christology). He completed his habilitation in systematic theology in 1962 at the Kirchliche Hochschule Berlin-Ost.
In 1962, as a direct result of the erection of the Berlin Wall, Jüngel was appointed to the position of Dozent für Neues Testament (Lecturer in New Testament) in the Hochschule, a position he retained until 1966. At the end of his tenure at the Hochschule, Jüngel was appointed Ordinarius für Systematische Theologie und Dogmengeschichte (Professor of systematic theology and history of dogmatics) at the University of Zürich, where he taught until 1969. Moving to West Germany in 1969, Jüngel accepted a position of Ordinarius für Systematische Theologie und Religionsphilosophie (Professor of Systematic Theology and Philosophy of Religion) at the University of Tübingen, where he also assumed the role of director of the Institute for Hermeneutics. Despite a plethora of offers for positions at other universities, Jüngel remained at Tübingen until his retirement in 2003. His successor was the systematic theologian Christoph Schwöbel.
Jüngel held a number of additional positions throughout his academic career:
Between 1987 and 2005, he was Ephorus (Director) of Evangelisches Stift Tübingen, a Protestant house of studies and teaching founded in 1536 in a former Augustinian monastery. He was succeeded in 2005 by the Theologian and Church Historian Volker Henning Drecoll.
From 2003 to 2006, he was the director of the Forschungsstätte der Evangelischen Studiengemeinschaft (Research Centre for Protestant Studies) in Heidelberg.
In 2007, he was appointed the Gadamer-Stiftungsprofessor (Hans-Georg Gadamer Chair in Theology) at the University of Heidelberg.
He was a member of the Norwegian Academy of Science and Letters, also Chancellor of the Order Pour le Mérite for Sciences and Arts, and a member of the Synod of the Protestant Church in Germany. In 1994, he received the Knight Commander's Cross of the Order of Merit of the Federal Republic of Germany and in 2000 the Medal of Merit of the State of Baden-Württemberg. Jüngel received honorary doctorates from the University of Greifswald and from the University of Basel.
Jüngel died in Tübingen on 28 September 2021.
Theology
Main features of Jüngel's theology (Evolution and inner consistency):
Paul and Jesus – Jüngel's thesis deals with the issues arising from the interpretation of the New Testament
God's being is in becoming – His first book in the area of dogmatic theology
Christology: exegesis and dogmatics – Understanding of the relationship between the historical and the dogmatic in Christology
God the mystery of the world: speaking about God, thinking about God, the human god
Atheism and the theology of death – His response to atheism, and his theology of death
Anthropology and justification – Relation between God and man
Anthropology and analogy – The man who expresses God
Towards a theology of the natural – Confrontation of the Christian faith with the contemporary experience of reality
Bibliography
German works
Gott als Geheimnis der Welt: Zur Begründung der Theologie des Gekreuzigten im Streit zwischen Theismus und Atheismus, Mohr Siebeck, 1982. ISBN 978-3-16-150389-4
Translation into English
Christ, Justice and Peace: Toward a Theology of the State in Dialogue with the Barmen Declaration (ET 1992, translated by Alan Torrance and D. Bruce Hamill). ISBN 978-0-567-65978-1
Death: The Riddle and the Mystery (ET 1975). OCLC 718335245
The Freedom of a Christian: Luther's Significance for Contemporary Theology (ET 1988). ISBN 978-0-8066-2393-1
God as the Mystery of the World: On the Foundation of the Theology of the Crucified One in the Dispute between Theism and Atheism (ET 1983). ISBN 978-0-567-65983-5
God's Being Is in Becoming: The Trinitarian Being of God in the Theology of Karl Barth – A Paraphrase (ET 2001); ISBN 978-0-567-07994-7 previously translated as The Doctrine of the Trinity (ET 1976). ISBN 978-0-7073-0115-0
"The Gospel and the Protestant Churches of Europe: Christian Responsibility for Europe from a Protestant Perspective," in Religion, State and Society 21:2 (1993), pp. 137–149. OCLC 4637184266
Justification: The Heart of the Christian Faith (ET 2001). ISBN 978-0-567-08775-1
Karl Barth: A Theological Legacy (ET 1986). OCLC 1239790389
"On the Doctrine of Justification" in the International Journal of Systematic Theology 1:1 (1999), pp. 24–52. OCLC 5155533887
"Sermon on Matthew 25:1–12" in Toronto Journal of Theology 18:1 (Spring 2002), pp. 13–19. OCLC 4960240225
Theological Essays I (ET 1989). ISBN 978-0-567-69092-0
Theological Essays II (ET 1994). ISBN 978-0-567-65987-3
"Theses on the Relation of the Existence, Essence and Attributes of God" in Toronto Journal of Theology 17 (2001), pp. 55–74. OCLC 5133209842
"To tell the world about God: The task for the mission of the church on the threshold of the third millennium" in International Review of Mission (30 April 2000). OCLC 5153912553
References
External links
Eberhard Jüngel Reading Room Archived 3 March 2013 at the Wayback Machine (links to on-line primary and secondary sources) Tyndale Seminary
|
Wolfgang, Count Palatine of Zweibrücken
|
Count Palatine Wolfgang of Zweibrücken (German: Pfalzgraf Wolfgang von Zweibrücken; 26 September 1526 – 11 June 1569) was member of the Wittelsbach family of the Counts Palatine and Duke of Zweibrücken from 1532. With the support of his regent, his uncle Rupert (later made the Count of Veldenz), Wolfgang introduced the Reformation to Zweibrücken in 1537.
Biography
He was the only son of Louis II, Count Palatine of Zweibrücken and his wife Elisabeth of Hesse, daughter of William I, Landgrave of Hesse. His father died in 1532, so the regency of Palatinate-Zweibrücken passed to Louis' younger brother Rupert until 1543. In 1557 Wolfgang received the territory of Palatinate-Neuburg in accordance with the Contract of Heidelberg. In 1548 the Holy Roman Emperor Charles V occupied his Protestant territories and reintroduced Catholic practices. Wolfgang regained his territories in 1552. Despite the Peace of Augsburg of 1555 several ecclesiastical states in Germany were secularised in 1557, a few of which Wolfgang obtained. In 1566 he served as a cavalry officer in the Turkish Wars.
In 1569 he came to the aid of French Huguenots with 14,000 mercenaries during the Third of the French Wars of Religion (his intervention was financed in part by Queen Elizabeth I of England). He invaded Burgundy, but was killed in the conflict.
He was buried in Meisenheim.
Succession
When the young Wolfgang's father died, his uncle Rupert had served as the child's regent. In 1543, when Wolfgang reached majority and took on the responsibility of office, he enacted the Marburg Contract, giving Rupert the County of Veldenz.
After his death, Wolfgang's remaining land was split among his five sons who then created three branches:
Philip Louis (House of Palatinate-Neuburg), John (House of Palatinate-Zweibrücken) and Charles (House of Palatinate-Birkenfeld). Otto Henry and Frederick had no surviving sons.
The House of Palatinate-Neuburg inherited the Electorate of the Palatinate in 1685 and by its cadet branch Palatinate-Sulzbach also Bavaria in 1777.
The House of Palatinate-Birkenfeld then inherited the Electorate of the Palatinate and Bavaria in 1799.
The House of Palatinate-Zweibrücken contributed to the monarchy in Sweden from 1654 onwards through its cadet branch Palatinate-Zweibrücken-Kleeburg.
Family and children
He was married in 1545 to Anna of Hesse, daughter of Philip I, Landgrave of Hesse. They had the following children:
Countess Palatine Christine (1546 – 1619).
Philipp Ludwig of Pfalz-Neuburg (1547–1614), married Anna of Cleves (1552–1632), daughter of William, Duke of Jülich-Cleves-Berg. Their grandson was Philip William, Elector Palatine.
John I, Count Palatine of Zweibrücken (1550–1604), married his sister-in-law Magdalene (1553–1633), daughter of William, Duke of Jülich-Cleves-Berg. Their grandson was Charles X Gustav of Sweden.
Countess Palatine Dorothea Agnes (1551–1552).
Countess Palatine Elisabeth (1553–1554).
Countess Palatine Anna (1554–1576).
Countess Palatine Elisabeth (1555–1625).
Otto Henry, Count Palatine of Sulzbach (1556–1604), married Dorothea Maria of Württemberg.
Frederick, Count Palatine of Zweibrücken-Vohenstrauss-Parkstein (1557–1597), married Katharina Sophie of Legnica.
Countess Palatine Barbara (1559 – 1618), married on 7 November 1591 Gottfried, Count of Oettingen-Oettingen.
Charles I, Count Palatine of Zweibrücken-Birkenfeld (1560–1600), married Dorothea of Brunswick-Lüneburg and became ancestor to the line of Palatinate-Zweibrücken-Birkenfeld and the Dukes in Bavaria and later Kings of Bavaria.
Countess Palatine Maria Elisabeth (1561–1629), married in 1585 Emich XII, Count of Leiningen-Dagsburg-Hardenburg.
Countess Palatine Susanna (1564–1565).
Ancestors
References
Grosses vollständiges Universal-Lexicon
External links
Die Genealogie der Wittelsbacher
|
Count Palatine Wolfgang of Zweibrücken (German: Pfalzgraf Wolfgang von Zweibrücken; 26 September 1526 – 11 June 1569) was member of the Wittelsbach family of the Counts Palatine and Duke of Zweibrücken from 1532. With the support of his regent, his uncle Rupert (later made the Count of Veldenz), Wolfgang introduced the Reformation to Zweibrücken in 1537.
Biography
He was the only son of Louis II, Count Palatine of Zweibrücken and his wife Elisabeth of Hesse, daughter of William I, Landgrave of Hesse. His father died in 1532, so the regency of Palatinate-Zweibrücken passed to Louis' younger brother Rupert until 1543. In 1557 Wolfgang received the territory of Palatinate-Neuburg in accordance with the Contract of Heidelberg. In 1548 the Holy Roman Emperor Charles V occupied his Protestant territories and reintroduced Catholic practices. Wolfgang regained his territories in 1552. Despite the Peace of Augsburg of 1555 several ecclesiastical states in Germany were secularised in 1557, a few of which Wolfgang obtained. In 1566 he served as a cavalry officer in the Turkish Wars.
In 1569 he came to the aid of French Huguenots with 14,000 mercenaries during the Third of the French Wars of Religion (his intervention was financed in part by Queen Elizabeth I of England). He invaded Burgundy, but was killed in the conflict.
He was buried in Meisenheim.
Succession
When the young Wolfgang's father died, his uncle Rupert had served as the child's regent. In 1543, when Wolfgang reached majority and took on the responsibility of office, he enacted the Marburg Contract, giving Rupert the County of Veldenz.
After his death, Wolfgang's remaining land was split among his five sons who then created three branches:
Philip Louis (House of Palatinate-Neuburg), John (House of Palatinate-Zweibrücken) and Charles (House of Palatinate-Birkenfeld). Otto Henry and Frederick had no surviving sons.
The House of Palatinate-Neuburg inherited the Electorate of the Palatinate in 1685 and by its cadet branch Palatinate-Sulzbach also Bavaria in 1777.
The House of Palatinate-Birkenfeld then inherited the Electorate of the Palatinate and Bavaria in 1799.
The House of Palatinate-Zweibrücken contributed to the monarchy in Sweden from 1654 onwards through its cadet branch Palatinate-Zweibrücken-Kleeburg.
Family and children
He was married in 1545 to Anna of Hesse, daughter of Philip I, Landgrave of Hesse. They had the following children:
Countess Palatine Christine (1546 – 1619).
Philipp Ludwig of Pfalz-Neuburg (1547–1614), married Anna of Cleves (1552–1632), daughter of William, Duke of Jülich-Cleves-Berg. Their grandson was Philip William, Elector Palatine.
John I, Count Palatine of Zweibrücken (1550–1604), married his sister-in-law Magdalene (1553–1633), daughter of William, Duke of Jülich-Cleves-Berg. Their grandson was Charles X Gustav of Sweden.
Countess Palatine Dorothea Agnes (1551–1552).
Countess Palatine Elisabeth (1553–1554).
Countess Palatine Anna (1554–1576).
Countess Palatine Elisabeth (1555–1625).
Otto Henry, Count Palatine of Sulzbach (1556–1604), married Dorothea Maria of Württemberg.
Frederick, Count Palatine of Zweibrücken-Vohenstrauss-Parkstein (1557–1597), married Katharina Sophie of Legnica.
Countess Palatine Barbara (1559 – 1618), married on 7 November 1591 Gottfried, Count of Oettingen-Oettingen.
Charles I, Count Palatine of Zweibrücken-Birkenfeld (1560–1600), married Dorothea of Brunswick-Lüneburg and became ancestor to the line of Palatinate-Zweibrücken-Birkenfeld and the Dukes in Bavaria and later Kings of Bavaria.
Countess Palatine Maria Elisabeth (1561–1629), married in 1585 Emich XII, Count of Leiningen-Dagsburg-Hardenburg.
Countess Palatine Susanna (1564–1565).
Ancestors
References
Grosses vollständiges Universal-Lexicon
External links
Die Genealogie der Wittelsbacher
|
Emil Wiechert
|
Emil Johann Wiechert (26 December 1861 – 19 March 1928) was a German physicist and geophysicist who made many contributions to both fields, including presenting the first verifiable model of a layered structure of the Earth and being among the first to discover the electron. He went on to become the world's first Professor of Geophysics at the University of Göttingen.
Early years
Wiechert was born in Tilsit, Province of Prussia, the son of Johann and Emilie Wiechert. After his father died, his mother, Emilie, moved to Königsberg so that Emil could study at the University of Königsberg. Owing to financial difficulties, he took longer than normal to complete his education and was finally awarded a Ph.D. on 1 February 1889. In October 1890 he received his Habilitation in Physics and by 1896, he had achieved the title of Professor. In 1898, he was appointed to the world's first Chair of Geophysics at the University of Göttingen.
Career
Whilst at Königsberg, Wiechert was investigating the nature of X-rays and became one of the first to discover that cathode rays are made up of particle streams. He correctly measured the Mass-to-charge ratio of these particles but failed to take the final step and explain that these particles were a new type of elementary particle - the electron. Wiechert was also interested in fields outside of fundamental physics and in 1896, he published the first verifiable model of the Earth's interior as a series of shells. Here he concluded that the difference between the density of the Earth's surface rocks and the mean density of the Earth meant that the Earth must have a heavy iron core. These were the foundations that one of Wiechert's students, Beno Gutenberg, used to discover the three-layered Earth in 1914.
As part of Felix Klein's efforts to re-establish the University of Göttingen as a world leading research centre, Wiechert's tutor, Woldemar Voigt, was lured away from Königsberg and took Wiechert with him. He had initially hoped to become a Professor of theoretical physics but was eventually invited by Klein to found the world's first Institute of Geophysics, becoming the world's first Professor of Geophysics in 1898. He would remain there for the rest of his career, mentoring many students who became world-leading geophysicists and seismologists, including Karl Bernhard Zoeppritz and Beno Gutenberg.
Contributions and influence
During his career he made many other important contributions, writing a number of scientific papers, including a pioneering work on how seismic waves propagate through the Earth. He also devised an improved seismograph and created the field of geological prospecting using small, artificially-created earthquakes. Wiechert was also interested in theoretical physics, such as the theory by Albert Einstein. He discussed the role of the ether and related questions with Hendrik Antoon Lorentz and others.
He married Helene Ziebarth, a lawyer's daughter, in 1908, but the couple did not have children.
Awards and honors
Corresponding member of the Berlin Academy of Science, 1912.
The crater Wiechert on the Moon is named after him.
See also
List of geophysicists
References
Angenheister, G.H., (1928). Emil Wiechert. Nachrichten von der Gesellschaft der Wissenschaften zu Göttingen, Geschäftliche Mitteilungen, 53–62.
External links
Media related to Emil Wiechert at Wikimedia Commons
Works by or about Emil Wiechert at the Internet Archive
Emil Wiechert (1861–1928): Esteemed seismologist, forgotten physicist
Emil Wiechert with his seismograph
Photographs of the Wiechert Seismograph used in the Lick Observatory from the Lick Observatory Records Digital Archive, UC Santa Cruz Library's Digital Collections Archived 4 March 2016 at the Wayback Machine
Scott, Tom; Wolfgang Brunk (12 February 2018). "Making Artificial Earthquakes with a Four-Tonne Steel Ball" (video). YouTube. Tom Scott. Archived from the original on 14 December 2021. Retrieved 12 February 2018.
|
Emil Johann Wiechert (26 December 1861 – 19 March 1928) was a German physicist and geophysicist who made many contributions to both fields, including presenting the first verifiable model of a layered structure of the Earth and being among the first to discover the electron. He went on to become the world's first Professor of Geophysics at the University of Göttingen.
Early years
Wiechert was born in Tilsit, Province of Prussia, the son of Johann and Emilie Wiechert. After his father died, his mother, Emilie, moved to Königsberg so that Emil could study at the University of Königsberg. Owing to financial difficulties, he took longer than normal to complete his education and was finally awarded a Ph.D. on 1 February 1889. In October 1890 he received his Habilitation in Physics and by 1896, he had achieved the title of Professor. In 1898, he was appointed to the world's first Chair of Geophysics at the University of Göttingen.
Career
Whilst at Königsberg, Wiechert was investigating the nature of X-rays and became one of the first to discover that cathode rays are made up of particle streams. He correctly measured the Mass-to-charge ratio of these particles but failed to take the final step and explain that these particles were a new type of elementary particle - the electron. Wiechert was also interested in fields outside of fundamental physics and in 1896, he published the first verifiable model of the Earth's interior as a series of shells. Here he concluded that the difference between the density of the Earth's surface rocks and the mean density of the Earth meant that the Earth must have a heavy iron core. These were the foundations that one of Wiechert's students, Beno Gutenberg, used to discover the three-layered Earth in 1914.
As part of Felix Klein's efforts to re-establish the University of Göttingen as a world leading research centre, Wiechert's tutor, Woldemar Voigt, was lured away from Königsberg and took Wiechert with him. He had initially hoped to become a Professor of theoretical physics but was eventually invited by Klein to found the world's first Institute of Geophysics, becoming the world's first Professor of Geophysics in 1898. He would remain there for the rest of his career, mentoring many students who became world-leading geophysicists and seismologists, including Karl Bernhard Zoeppritz and Beno Gutenberg.
Contributions and influence
During his career he made many other important contributions, writing a number of scientific papers, including a pioneering work on how seismic waves propagate through the Earth. He also devised an improved seismograph and created the field of geological prospecting using small, artificially-created earthquakes. Wiechert was also interested in theoretical physics, such as the theory by Albert Einstein. He discussed the role of the ether and related questions with Hendrik Antoon Lorentz and others.
He married Helene Ziebarth, a lawyer's daughter, in 1908, but the couple did not have children.
Awards and honors
Corresponding member of the Berlin Academy of Science, 1912.
The crater Wiechert on the Moon is named after him.
See also
List of geophysicists
References
Angenheister, G.H., (1928). Emil Wiechert. Nachrichten von der Gesellschaft der Wissenschaften zu Göttingen, Geschäftliche Mitteilungen, 53–62.
External links
Media related to Emil Wiechert at Wikimedia Commons
Works by or about Emil Wiechert at the Internet Archive
Emil Wiechert (1861–1928): Esteemed seismologist, forgotten physicist
Emil Wiechert with his seismograph
Photographs of the Wiechert Seismograph used in the Lick Observatory from the Lick Observatory Records Digital Archive, UC Santa Cruz Library's Digital Collections Archived 4 March 2016 at the Wayback Machine
Scott, Tom; Wolfgang Brunk (12 February 2018). "Making Artificial Earthquakes with a Four-Tonne Steel Ball" (video). YouTube. Tom Scott. Archived from the original on 14 December 2021. Retrieved 12 February 2018.
|
Thomas Klestil
|
Thomas Klestil (German pronunciation: [ˈtoːmas ˈklɛstɪl] ; 4 November 1932 – 6 July 2004) was an Austrian diplomat and politician who served as the president of Austria from 1992 until his death in 2004. He was elected in 1992 and re-elected in 1998.
Early life and career
Born in Vienna to a working class family — his father was a tramway employee — Klestil went to school in Landstraße where he made friends with Joe Zawinul. He studied at the Vienna University of Economics and Business Administration and received his doctorate in 1957. After entering the civil service he worked in Austria as well as abroad, e.g. for OECD. In 1969, he established the Austrian consulate-general in Los Angeles, where he befriended Arnold Schwarzenegger. Fluent in English, Klestil served as the Permanent Representative of Austria to the United Nations (1978–1982) and Ambassador to the United States (1982–1987) prior to his election as president.
Presidency
After being nominated by the conservative Austrian People's Party to run for president, he succeeded Kurt Waldheim on 8 July 1992. However, in the course of his two terms of office, Klestil's alienation from his own party became increasingly obvious, so much so that there was open antagonism between Federal Chancellor Wolfgang Schüssel and Klestil when, in 2000, the latter had to swear in the newly formed coalition government with Jörg Haider's Austrian Freedom Party. Klestil, who during his election campaign had vowed to be an "active" president, repeatedly criticized the Austrian government and, in an interview with a Swiss daily given in 2003, stated that, theoretically speaking, it was in his power to dismiss the government any time he found it necessary to do so. As a matter of fact, the Austrian constitution gives far-reaching powers to the president, but these had never been exercised by any of Klestil's predecessors.
Support of Kiryat Mattersdorf
Klestil gave his support to the development of Kiryat Mattersdorf, a Haredi Jewish neighborhood in northern Jerusalem founded by the Mattersdorfer Rav, Rabbi Shmuel Ehrenfeld, in 1959 in memory of the Siebengemeinden (Seven Communities) of Burgenland that were destroyed in the Holocaust, Mattersdorf being one of them. Ehrenfeld's son, Rabbi Akiva Ehrenfeld, who served as president of the neighborhood, established close ties with the Austrian government to obtain funding for several institutions, including a kindergarten and the Neveh Simcha nursing home. Following Klestil's official state visit to Israel in 1994, which included a side tour of Kiryat Mattersdorf, Klestil hosted Ehrenfeld at an official reception at the Hofburg Palace in Vienna on 24 January 1995.
Personal life
Klestil met his future wife Edith Wielander (1932–2011) at the age of 17 in 1949. The marriage took place in 1957 and until the election as Austrian president in 1992, the couple had three children together. The couple separated in 1994, when Klestil made public that he had a love affair with diplomat Margot Löffler. The couple divorced in September 1998, and Klestil married Löffler three months later. When Klestil died in 2004, Wielander attended the funeral service.
Klestil suffered from health issues related to his lungs, including a serious illness in 1996.
Death and burial
On 5 July 2004, three days before he was to leave office, he suffered a heart attack or heart failure, probably caused by his long-term lung problems, and was left in critical condition. He died on 6 July at 23:33 local time at the Vienna General Hospital from multiple organ failure.
On 10 July 2004, his state funeral service was held in St. Stephen's Cathedral in Vienna, and he was interred in the presidential crypt at Vienna's Central Cemetery (Zentralfriedhof). Among the notable dignitaries who attended his funeral were Russian president Vladimir Putin, former Austrian president and UN secretary-general Kurt Waldheim, and Austrian-born Governor of California Arnold Schwarzenegger. Klestil was the fifth president of Austria to die in office since 1950.
Honours and awards
Austria : Great Star of Honour for Services to the Republic of Austria (20 December 1992)
Italy : Grand Cross with Collar of the Order of Merit of the Italian Republic (27 January 1993)
Netherlands : Grand Cross of the Order of the Netherlands Lion (22 February 1994)
Argentina : Grand Collar of the Order of the Liberator General San Martín (1995)
United Kingdom : Knight Grand Cross of the Order of St. Michael and St. George
Peru : Grand Cross of the Order of the Sun of Peru (1996)
Norway : Grand Cross of the Order of St. Olav (8 April 1996)
Sweden : Knight of the Royal Order of the Seraphim (5 February 1997)
Spain : Knight of the Collar of the Order of Isabella the Catholic (8 July 1997)
France : Grand Cross of the Legion of Honour (21 August 1998)
Poland : Order of the White Eagle (23 September 1998)
Ukraine : Grand Collar of the Order of Prince Yaroslav the Wise (13 October 1998)
Slovakia : Grand Cross (or 1st Class) of the Order of the White Double Cross (1 November 1998)
Romania : Collar of the Order of the Star of Romania (22 January 1999)
Croatia : Knight Grand Cross of the Grand Order of King Tomislav ("For outstanding contribution to the promotion of friendship and development co-operation between the Republic of Croatia and the Republic of Austria." – 2 March 2001)
Thailand : Knight Grand Cordon (Special Class) of the Order of the White Elephant (MPCh) (2002)
Grand Gold Medal with Star for services to the city of Vienna (3 October 2002)
Algeria : Order of the Athir (13 March 2003)
Portugal : Collar of the Order of Prince Henry
References
External links
Official homepage of the Austrian president
Biography, time table & speeches in German
|
Thomas Klestil (German pronunciation: [ˈtoːmas ˈklɛstɪl] ; 4 November 1932 – 6 July 2004) was an Austrian diplomat and politician who served as the president of Austria from 1992 until his death in 2004. He was elected in 1992 and re-elected in 1998.
Early life and career
Born in Vienna to a working class family — his father was a tramway employee — Klestil went to school in Landstraße where he made friends with Joe Zawinul. He studied at the Vienna University of Economics and Business Administration and received his doctorate in 1957. After entering the civil service he worked in Austria as well as abroad, e.g. for OECD. In 1969, he established the Austrian consulate-general in Los Angeles, where he befriended Arnold Schwarzenegger. Fluent in English, Klestil served as the Permanent Representative of Austria to the United Nations (1978–1982) and Ambassador to the United States (1982–1987) prior to his election as president.
Presidency
After being nominated by the conservative Austrian People's Party to run for president, he succeeded Kurt Waldheim on 8 July 1992. However, in the course of his two terms of office, Klestil's alienation from his own party became increasingly obvious, so much so that there was open antagonism between Federal Chancellor Wolfgang Schüssel and Klestil when, in 2000, the latter had to swear in the newly formed coalition government with Jörg Haider's Austrian Freedom Party. Klestil, who during his election campaign had vowed to be an "active" president, repeatedly criticized the Austrian government and, in an interview with a Swiss daily given in 2003, stated that, theoretically speaking, it was in his power to dismiss the government any time he found it necessary to do so. As a matter of fact, the Austrian constitution gives far-reaching powers to the president, but these had never been exercised by any of Klestil's predecessors.
Support of Kiryat Mattersdorf
Klestil gave his support to the development of Kiryat Mattersdorf, a Haredi Jewish neighborhood in northern Jerusalem founded by the Mattersdorfer Rav, Rabbi Shmuel Ehrenfeld, in 1959 in memory of the Siebengemeinden (Seven Communities) of Burgenland that were destroyed in the Holocaust, Mattersdorf being one of them. Ehrenfeld's son, Rabbi Akiva Ehrenfeld, who served as president of the neighborhood, established close ties with the Austrian government to obtain funding for several institutions, including a kindergarten and the Neveh Simcha nursing home. Following Klestil's official state visit to Israel in 1994, which included a side tour of Kiryat Mattersdorf, Klestil hosted Ehrenfeld at an official reception at the Hofburg Palace in Vienna on 24 January 1995.
Personal life
Klestil met his future wife Edith Wielander (1932–2011) at the age of 17 in 1949. The marriage took place in 1957 and until the election as Austrian president in 1992, the couple had three children together. The couple separated in 1994, when Klestil made public that he had a love affair with diplomat Margot Löffler. The couple divorced in September 1998, and Klestil married Löffler three months later. When Klestil died in 2004, Wielander attended the funeral service.
Klestil suffered from health issues related to his lungs, including a serious illness in 1996.
Death and burial
On 5 July 2004, three days before he was to leave office, he suffered a heart attack or heart failure, probably caused by his long-term lung problems, and was left in critical condition. He died on 6 July at 23:33 local time at the Vienna General Hospital from multiple organ failure.
On 10 July 2004, his state funeral service was held in St. Stephen's Cathedral in Vienna, and he was interred in the presidential crypt at Vienna's Central Cemetery (Zentralfriedhof). Among the notable dignitaries who attended his funeral were Russian president Vladimir Putin, former Austrian president and UN secretary-general Kurt Waldheim, and Austrian-born Governor of California Arnold Schwarzenegger. Klestil was the fifth president of Austria to die in office since 1950.
Honours and awards
Austria : Great Star of Honour for Services to the Republic of Austria (20 December 1992)
Italy : Grand Cross with Collar of the Order of Merit of the Italian Republic (27 January 1993)
Netherlands : Grand Cross of the Order of the Netherlands Lion (22 February 1994)
Argentina : Grand Collar of the Order of the Liberator General San Martín (1995)
United Kingdom : Knight Grand Cross of the Order of St. Michael and St. George
Peru : Grand Cross of the Order of the Sun of Peru (1996)
Norway : Grand Cross of the Order of St. Olav (8 April 1996)
Sweden : Knight of the Royal Order of the Seraphim (5 February 1997)
Spain : Knight of the Collar of the Order of Isabella the Catholic (8 July 1997)
France : Grand Cross of the Legion of Honour (21 August 1998)
Poland : Order of the White Eagle (23 September 1998)
Ukraine : Grand Collar of the Order of Prince Yaroslav the Wise (13 October 1998)
Slovakia : Grand Cross (or 1st Class) of the Order of the White Double Cross (1 November 1998)
Romania : Collar of the Order of the Star of Romania (22 January 1999)
Croatia : Knight Grand Cross of the Grand Order of King Tomislav ("For outstanding contribution to the promotion of friendship and development co-operation between the Republic of Croatia and the Republic of Austria." – 2 March 2001)
Thailand : Knight Grand Cordon (Special Class) of the Order of the White Elephant (MPCh) (2002)
Grand Gold Medal with Star for services to the city of Vienna (3 October 2002)
Algeria : Order of the Athir (13 March 2003)
Portugal : Collar of the Order of Prince Henry
References
External links
Official homepage of the Austrian president
Biography, time table & speeches in German
|
Michaela Dorfmeister
|
Michaela Dorfmeister (born 25 March 1973) is an Austrian former alpine ski racer who competed in the Olympic Games and World Cup. Her specialities were both the downhill and the super-G disciplines, although she skied in and had success in giant slalom.
Biography
Born in Vienna, Dorfmeister is the only daughter of a butcher by trade, and lived in Vienna until she was age six. She later studied at the Schladming ski academy, which has produced many of Austria's skiing greats.
Dorfmeister raced her first international season in 1983 and entered her first World Cup race in 1991 at Serre Chevalier coming 26. Her first podium place was in 1995 at the St. Anton downhill which she won. This was followed by a total of 25 victories (7 in downhill, 10 in super-G and 8 in giant slalom)
In 2000, she won the giant slalom World Cup, and in 2002 the overall World Cup. She won two more speciality World Cups, in 2003 (downhill) and 2005 (super-G). At the 2006 Winter Olympics, she won the gold medal in the downhill and super-G races.
Dorfmeister's win in the Hafjell super-G on 3 March 2006 made her the oldest woman to win a World Cup race.
World Cup results
Season titles
Season standings
Race victories
25 wins (7 DH, 10 SG, 8 GS)
64 podiums
World Championship results
Olympic results
References
External links
Michaela Dorfmeister at the International Ski and Snowboard Federation
Michaela Dorfmeister World Cup standings at the International Ski Federation
Michaela Dorfmeister at Ski-DB Alpine Ski Database
Michaela Dorfmeister at Olympedia
Michaela Dorfmeister at Olympics.com
Michaela Dorfmeister at Team Austria (in German)
Official website
|
Michaela Dorfmeister (born 25 March 1973) is an Austrian former alpine ski racer who competed in the Olympic Games and World Cup. Her specialities were both the downhill and the super-G disciplines, although she skied in and had success in giant slalom.
Biography
Born in Vienna, Dorfmeister is the only daughter of a butcher by trade, and lived in Vienna until she was age six. She later studied at the Schladming ski academy, which has produced many of Austria's skiing greats.
Dorfmeister raced her first international season in 1983 and entered her first World Cup race in 1991 at Serre Chevalier coming 26. Her first podium place was in 1995 at the St. Anton downhill which she won. This was followed by a total of 25 victories (7 in downhill, 10 in super-G and 8 in giant slalom)
In 2000, she won the giant slalom World Cup, and in 2002 the overall World Cup. She won two more speciality World Cups, in 2003 (downhill) and 2005 (super-G). At the 2006 Winter Olympics, she won the gold medal in the downhill and super-G races.
Dorfmeister's win in the Hafjell super-G on 3 March 2006 made her the oldest woman to win a World Cup race.
World Cup results
Season titles
Season standings
Race victories
25 wins (7 DH, 10 SG, 8 GS)
64 podiums
World Championship results
Olympic results
References
External links
Michaela Dorfmeister at the International Ski and Snowboard Federation
Michaela Dorfmeister World Cup standings at the International Ski Federation
Michaela Dorfmeister at Ski-DB Alpine Ski Database
Michaela Dorfmeister at Olympedia
Michaela Dorfmeister at Olympics.com
Michaela Dorfmeister at Team Austria (in German)
Official website
|
Frank R. Paul
|
Frank Rudolph Paul (German: [paʊl]; born Rudolph Franz Paul; April 18, 1884 – June 29, 1963) was an American illustrator of pulp magazines in the science fiction field.
A discovery of editor Hugo Gernsback, Paul was influential in defining the look of both cover art and interior illustrations in the nascent science fiction pulps of the 1920s.
The Science Fiction Hall of Fame inducted him in 2009.
Biography
Paul was born on April 18, 1884, in Radkersburg, Austria-Hungary. His father was from Hungary and his mother from Czechoslovakia. He emigrated to the United States in 1906. He married Rudolpha Costa Rigelsen, a Belgian immigrant, in 1913, and they had four children, Robert S. Paul (born 1915), Francis L. Paul (born 1919), Joan C. Paul (born 1921), and Patricia Ann Paul (born 1929). He studied art in Vienna, Paris, and New York City. He went to work for the Jersey Journal performing graphic design. Publisher Hugo Gernsback hired him in 1914 to illustrate The Electrical Experimenter, a science magazine.
He died on June 29, 1963, aged 79, at his home in Teaneck, New Jersey.
Work
Paul's work is characterized by dramatic compositions (often involving enormous machines, robots or spaceships), bright or even garish colors, and a limited ability to depict human faces, especially the female ones. His early architectural training is also evident in his work.
Paul illustrated the cover of Gernsback's own novel, Ralph 124C 41+: A Romance of the Year 2660 (The Stratford Company, 1925), originally a 1911–1912 serial. He painted 38 covers for Amazing Stories from April 1926 to June 1929 and seven for the Amazing Stories Annual and Quarterly; with several dozen additional issues featuring his art on the back cover (May 1939 to July 1946), and several issues from April 1961 to September 1968 featuring new or reproduced art. After Gernsback lost control of Amazing Stories in 1929, Paul followed him to the Wonder Stories magazines and associated quarterlies, which published 103 of his color covers from June 1929 to April 1936. Paul also painted covers for Planet Stories, Superworld Comics, Science Fiction magazine, and the first issue (October–November 1939) of Marvel Comics. The latter featured the debuts of Human Torch and Sub-Mariner, and good copies sell at auction for twenty to thirty thousand dollars. All told, his magazine covers exceed 220.
His most famous Amazing Stories cover is probably that for August 1927 (see image), illustrating The War of the Worlds by H. G. Wells, whose serial reprint began in that number.
Paul created hundreds of interior illustrations from no later than 1920.
From The Pen of Paul: The Fantastic Images of Frank R. Paul, edited and an introduction by Stephen Korshak with a preface by Sir Arthur C. Clarke, is a giant compendium and very first collection ever published showcasing many of Paul's full-color science-fiction artwork; Korshak Collection.
Influence on the genre
In many ways, Frank R. Paul's achievements and influence on the field through the ages cannot be overestimated. His work appeared on the cover of the first issue (April 1926) of Amazing Stories magazine, the first magazine dedicated to science fiction. He would paint all the covers for over three years. These visions of robots, spaceships, and aliens were presented to an America wherein most people did not even have a telephone. Indeed, they were the first science fiction images seen by Ray Bradbury, Arthur C. Clarke, Forrest J Ackerman, and others who would go on to great prominence in the field. Arthur C. Clarke wrote that the first science fiction magazine he encountered was the November 1928 edition of Amazing Stories, with a cover by Paul. He cites this as a crucial early incident that shifted his interest to science fiction. Clarke also comments on Paul's accurate depiction of Jupiter on that 1928 cover:
"But the giant planet is painted with such stunning accuracy that one could use this cover to make a very good case for precognition; Paul has shown turbulent cloud formations, cyclonic patterns and enigmatic white structures like earth-sized amoebae which were not revealed until the Voyager missions over fifty years later. How did he know?"
Paul's emphasis on concept, action and milieu over human figures was to continue to be a defining genre signal of SF art even when executed by successors with greater technical skill and more depth of artistic vision. The visual language of the majority of SF art centers, even today, are more sophisticated versions of Paul's central tropes.
The Frank R. Paul Award, named in his honor, was awarded by the Nashville Science Fiction Association from 1976 to 1996 to such distinguished artists as Frank Kelly Freas, Alex Schomburg and Victoria Poyser.
Firsts
Frank R. Paul can be credited with the first color painting of a space station (August 1929, Science Wonder Stories) published in the U.S. His cover for the November 1929 Science Wonder Stories was an early, if not the earliest, depiction of a flying saucer. This painting appeared almost two decades before the sightings of mysterious flying objects by Kenneth Arnold. So large was his stature that he was the only guest of honor at the first World Science Fiction Convention in 1939. He has been described as the first person to make a living drawing spaceships; this is a slight exaggeration, as much of his income was also derived from technical drawing. He was also the cover artist of Marvel Comics #1 (Oct. 1939), the first ever Marvel Comic and became well known for his work.
He was very innovative in the depiction of spaceships. Several of his illustrations were disc shaped and it has been speculated that he may have, accidentally, created the UFO craze when the first sighting of lights in the sky were described as disc shaped; this would have been the result of the psychological phenomenon known as mental set.
References
External links
Works by Frank R. Paul at Project Gutenberg
Frank R. Paul at the Internet Speculative Fiction Database
"Frank R. Paul biography". Science Fiction and Fantasy Hall of Fame.
Frank R. Paul Gallery
Sci-fi Scanner
Collections of Frank R. Paul
|
Frank Rudolph Paul (German: [paʊl]; born Rudolph Franz Paul; April 18, 1884 – June 29, 1963) was an American illustrator of pulp magazines in the science fiction field.
A discovery of editor Hugo Gernsback, Paul was influential in defining the look of both cover art and interior illustrations in the nascent science fiction pulps of the 1920s.
The Science Fiction Hall of Fame inducted him in 2009.
Biography
Paul was born on April 18, 1884, in Radkersburg, Austria-Hungary. His father was from Hungary and his mother from Czechoslovakia. He emigrated to the United States in 1906. He married Rudolpha Costa Rigelsen, a Belgian immigrant, in 1913, and they had four children, Robert S. Paul (born 1915), Francis L. Paul (born 1919), Joan C. Paul (born 1921), and Patricia Ann Paul (born 1929). He studied art in Vienna, Paris, and New York City. He went to work for the Jersey Journal performing graphic design. Publisher Hugo Gernsback hired him in 1914 to illustrate The Electrical Experimenter, a science magazine.
He died on June 29, 1963, aged 79, at his home in Teaneck, New Jersey.
Work
Paul's work is characterized by dramatic compositions (often involving enormous machines, robots or spaceships), bright or even garish colors, and a limited ability to depict human faces, especially the female ones. His early architectural training is also evident in his work.
Paul illustrated the cover of Gernsback's own novel, Ralph 124C 41+: A Romance of the Year 2660 (The Stratford Company, 1925), originally a 1911–1912 serial. He painted 38 covers for Amazing Stories from April 1926 to June 1929 and seven for the Amazing Stories Annual and Quarterly; with several dozen additional issues featuring his art on the back cover (May 1939 to July 1946), and several issues from April 1961 to September 1968 featuring new or reproduced art. After Gernsback lost control of Amazing Stories in 1929, Paul followed him to the Wonder Stories magazines and associated quarterlies, which published 103 of his color covers from June 1929 to April 1936. Paul also painted covers for Planet Stories, Superworld Comics, Science Fiction magazine, and the first issue (October–November 1939) of Marvel Comics. The latter featured the debuts of Human Torch and Sub-Mariner, and good copies sell at auction for twenty to thirty thousand dollars. All told, his magazine covers exceed 220.
His most famous Amazing Stories cover is probably that for August 1927 (see image), illustrating The War of the Worlds by H. G. Wells, whose serial reprint began in that number.
Paul created hundreds of interior illustrations from no later than 1920.
From The Pen of Paul: The Fantastic Images of Frank R. Paul, edited and an introduction by Stephen Korshak with a preface by Sir Arthur C. Clarke, is a giant compendium and very first collection ever published showcasing many of Paul's full-color science-fiction artwork; Korshak Collection.
Influence on the genre
In many ways, Frank R. Paul's achievements and influence on the field through the ages cannot be overestimated. His work appeared on the cover of the first issue (April 1926) of Amazing Stories magazine, the first magazine dedicated to science fiction. He would paint all the covers for over three years. These visions of robots, spaceships, and aliens were presented to an America wherein most people did not even have a telephone. Indeed, they were the first science fiction images seen by Ray Bradbury, Arthur C. Clarke, Forrest J Ackerman, and others who would go on to great prominence in the field. Arthur C. Clarke wrote that the first science fiction magazine he encountered was the November 1928 edition of Amazing Stories, with a cover by Paul. He cites this as a crucial early incident that shifted his interest to science fiction. Clarke also comments on Paul's accurate depiction of Jupiter on that 1928 cover:
"But the giant planet is painted with such stunning accuracy that one could use this cover to make a very good case for precognition; Paul has shown turbulent cloud formations, cyclonic patterns and enigmatic white structures like earth-sized amoebae which were not revealed until the Voyager missions over fifty years later. How did he know?"
Paul's emphasis on concept, action and milieu over human figures was to continue to be a defining genre signal of SF art even when executed by successors with greater technical skill and more depth of artistic vision. The visual language of the majority of SF art centers, even today, are more sophisticated versions of Paul's central tropes.
The Frank R. Paul Award, named in his honor, was awarded by the Nashville Science Fiction Association from 1976 to 1996 to such distinguished artists as Frank Kelly Freas, Alex Schomburg and Victoria Poyser.
Firsts
Frank R. Paul can be credited with the first color painting of a space station (August 1929, Science Wonder Stories) published in the U.S. His cover for the November 1929 Science Wonder Stories was an early, if not the earliest, depiction of a flying saucer. This painting appeared almost two decades before the sightings of mysterious flying objects by Kenneth Arnold. So large was his stature that he was the only guest of honor at the first World Science Fiction Convention in 1939. He has been described as the first person to make a living drawing spaceships; this is a slight exaggeration, as much of his income was also derived from technical drawing. He was also the cover artist of Marvel Comics #1 (Oct. 1939), the first ever Marvel Comic and became well known for his work.
He was very innovative in the depiction of spaceships. Several of his illustrations were disc shaped and it has been speculated that he may have, accidentally, created the UFO craze when the first sighting of lights in the sky were described as disc shaped; this would have been the result of the psychological phenomenon known as mental set.
References
External links
Works by Frank R. Paul at Project Gutenberg
Frank R. Paul at the Internet Speculative Fiction Database
"Frank R. Paul biography". Science Fiction and Fantasy Hall of Fame.
Frank R. Paul Gallery
Sci-fi Scanner
Collections of Frank R. Paul
|
Martin Gutzwiller
|
Martin Charles Gutzwiller (12 October 1925 – 3 March 2014) was a Swiss-American physicist, known for his work on field theory, quantum chaos, and complex systems. He spent most of his career at IBM Research, and was also an adjunct professor of physics at Yale University.
Biography
Gutzwiller was born on October 12, 1925, in the Swiss city of Basel. He completed a Diploma degree from ETH Zurich, where he studied quantum physics under Wolfgang Pauli. He then went to the University of Kansas and completed a Ph.D under Max Dresden. After graduation, he worked on microwave engineering for Brown, Boveri & Cie, on geophysics for Shell Oil, and eventually for IBM Research in Switzerland, New York City, and Yorktown Heights, until his retirement in 1993. He also held temporary teaching appointments at Columbia University, ETH Zurich, Paris-Orsay, and Stockholm. He was Vice Chair for the Committee on Mathematical Physics, of the International Union of Pure and Applied Physics, from 1987 to 1993. He joined Yale University as adjunct professor in 1993, retaining the position until his retirement.
Scientific work
Gutzwiller formulated the Gutzwiller approximation for describing electrons with strong local interactions in terms of the Gutzwiller wave function, composed of a simple many-electron wave function acted on by a correlation operator ("Gutzwiller projection"). He was also the first to investigate the relationship between classical and quantum mechanics in chaotic systems. In that context, he developed the Gutzwiller trace formula, the main result of periodic orbit theory, which gives a recipe for computing spectra from periodic orbits of a system. He is the author of the classic monograph on the subject, Chaos in Classical and Quantum Mechanics (1990).
Gutzwiller is also known for finding novel solutions to mathematical problems in field theory, wave propagation, crystal physics, and celestial mechanics. In appreciation of his contributions to theoretical physics, the Max Planck Institute for the Physics of Complex Systems (MPIPKS) annually awards the Martin Gutzwiller Fellowship to acknowledge and promote exceptional research in this field.
Book collecting
Gutzwiller had an avid interest in the history of science. He eventually acquired a valuable collection of rare books on astronomy and mechanics. Shortly after his death, his collection was auctioned at Swann Galleries, in New York City. The auction took place on April 3, 2014, and raised a total of US$341,788.
Honors
Fellow of National Academies of Science in 1992
Fellow of American Academy of Arts and Sciences in 1993
Fellow of American Physical Society
Dannie Heineman Prize for Mathematical Physics in 1993
Max Planck medal in 2003
References
External links
Chaos in classical and quantum mechanics by Martin C. Gutzwiller 1990
Baeriswyl, Dionys; Berry, Michael; Vollhardt, Dieter (2014). "Martin Charles Gutzwiller" (PDF). Physics Today. 67 (6): 60. Bibcode:2014PhT....67f..60B. doi:10.1063/PT.3.2426.
M. V. Berry and D. Baeriswyl, "Martin C. Gutzwiller", Biographical Memoirs of the National Academy of Sciences (2016)
|
Martin Charles Gutzwiller (12 October 1925 – 3 March 2014) was a Swiss-American physicist, known for his work on field theory, quantum chaos, and complex systems. He spent most of his career at IBM Research, and was also an adjunct professor of physics at Yale University.
Biography
Gutzwiller was born on October 12, 1925, in the Swiss city of Basel. He completed a Diploma degree from ETH Zurich, where he studied quantum physics under Wolfgang Pauli. He then went to the University of Kansas and completed a Ph.D under Max Dresden. After graduation, he worked on microwave engineering for Brown, Boveri & Cie, on geophysics for Shell Oil, and eventually for IBM Research in Switzerland, New York City, and Yorktown Heights, until his retirement in 1993. He also held temporary teaching appointments at Columbia University, ETH Zurich, Paris-Orsay, and Stockholm. He was Vice Chair for the Committee on Mathematical Physics, of the International Union of Pure and Applied Physics, from 1987 to 1993. He joined Yale University as adjunct professor in 1993, retaining the position until his retirement.
Scientific work
Gutzwiller formulated the Gutzwiller approximation for describing electrons with strong local interactions in terms of the Gutzwiller wave function, composed of a simple many-electron wave function acted on by a correlation operator ("Gutzwiller projection"). He was also the first to investigate the relationship between classical and quantum mechanics in chaotic systems. In that context, he developed the Gutzwiller trace formula, the main result of periodic orbit theory, which gives a recipe for computing spectra from periodic orbits of a system. He is the author of the classic monograph on the subject, Chaos in Classical and Quantum Mechanics (1990).
Gutzwiller is also known for finding novel solutions to mathematical problems in field theory, wave propagation, crystal physics, and celestial mechanics. In appreciation of his contributions to theoretical physics, the Max Planck Institute for the Physics of Complex Systems (MPIPKS) annually awards the Martin Gutzwiller Fellowship to acknowledge and promote exceptional research in this field.
Book collecting
Gutzwiller had an avid interest in the history of science. He eventually acquired a valuable collection of rare books on astronomy and mechanics. Shortly after his death, his collection was auctioned at Swann Galleries, in New York City. The auction took place on April 3, 2014, and raised a total of US$341,788.
Honors
Fellow of National Academies of Science in 1992
Fellow of American Academy of Arts and Sciences in 1993
Fellow of American Physical Society
Dannie Heineman Prize for Mathematical Physics in 1993
Max Planck medal in 2003
References
External links
Chaos in classical and quantum mechanics by Martin C. Gutzwiller 1990
Baeriswyl, Dionys; Berry, Michael; Vollhardt, Dieter (2014). "Martin Charles Gutzwiller" (PDF). Physics Today. 67 (6): 60. Bibcode:2014PhT....67f..60B. doi:10.1063/PT.3.2426.
M. V. Berry and D. Baeriswyl, "Martin C. Gutzwiller", Biographical Memoirs of the National Academy of Sciences (2016)
|
Iwan Wirth
|
Iwan Wirth (born 1970) is a Swiss art dealer and the president and co-founder of Hauser & Wirth, a contemporary art gallery.
Life and career
Iwan Wirth was born in 1970 and spent his early life in St. Gallen, Switzerland, where his father was an architect and his mother was a schoolteacher. Wirth opened a commercial gallery in 1986 at the age of sixteen, and began working as a private dealer in Zurich in 1990.
Hauser & Wirth
In 1992, Wirth opened the Hauser & Wirth gallery together with his wife Manuela and her mother Ursula, heirs to the Fust retail fortune.
Other activities
In addition to his commercial activities, Wirth holds a variety of advisory positions, including:
California Institute of the Arts (CalArts), member of the board of trustees (since 2016)
Swiss Institute Contemporary Art New York, member of the board of trustees (since 2016)
Maria Lassnig Foundation, member of the board of trustees (since 2015)
Royal Academy of Arts, member of the board of trustees (since 2014)
Serpentine Gallery, member of the council
Tate, member of the South Asian Acquisitions Committee
From 1998 until 2009, Wirth and David Zwirner operated Zwirner & Wirth, which focused on private sales, in New York.
In 2014, Wirth opened an arts complex in Bruton, Somerset, which includes the Roth Bar & Grill restaurant and a guesthouse hotel in the Durslade Farmhouse. The public garden is designed by Piet Oudolf. He later purchased a hotel in Braemar, in Aberdeenshire in Scotland. He is also part-owner of 'Manuela', a restaurant at the Hauser Wirth & Schimmel arts complex in Los Angeles.
Recognition
In 2015, Iwan Wirth and Manuela Hauser were ranked number one on ArtReview's list of 'most powerful and influential figures in the art world'. In 2012, Wirth and his wife endowed a senior lecturer position in modern and contemporary Asian art for the Courtauld Institute of Art in London. In 2015, both were awarded honorary doctorates by Bath Spa University.
Iwan and Manuela Wirth were named one of the 'Top 50 Philanthropists of 2019' by Town & Country, after founding Hauser & Wirth Institute and donating $1 million to Cal State LA through a partnership with Hauser & Wirth.
Personal life
Iwan Wirth married Manuela Hauser, a former teacher, in 1996. They have four children.
They lived in Zurich until 2005, when the family moved to London's Holland Park. In 2007, the family made Somerset their primary residence. They maintain apartments in London and New York and a holiday home on Menorca's Isla del Rey, designed by Luis Laplace.
== References ==
|
Iwan Wirth (born 1970) is a Swiss art dealer and the president and co-founder of Hauser & Wirth, a contemporary art gallery.
Life and career
Iwan Wirth was born in 1970 and spent his early life in St. Gallen, Switzerland, where his father was an architect and his mother was a schoolteacher. Wirth opened a commercial gallery in 1986 at the age of sixteen, and began working as a private dealer in Zurich in 1990.
Hauser & Wirth
In 1992, Wirth opened the Hauser & Wirth gallery together with his wife Manuela and her mother Ursula, heirs to the Fust retail fortune.
Other activities
In addition to his commercial activities, Wirth holds a variety of advisory positions, including:
California Institute of the Arts (CalArts), member of the board of trustees (since 2016)
Swiss Institute Contemporary Art New York, member of the board of trustees (since 2016)
Maria Lassnig Foundation, member of the board of trustees (since 2015)
Royal Academy of Arts, member of the board of trustees (since 2014)
Serpentine Gallery, member of the council
Tate, member of the South Asian Acquisitions Committee
From 1998 until 2009, Wirth and David Zwirner operated Zwirner & Wirth, which focused on private sales, in New York.
In 2014, Wirth opened an arts complex in Bruton, Somerset, which includes the Roth Bar & Grill restaurant and a guesthouse hotel in the Durslade Farmhouse. The public garden is designed by Piet Oudolf. He later purchased a hotel in Braemar, in Aberdeenshire in Scotland. He is also part-owner of 'Manuela', a restaurant at the Hauser Wirth & Schimmel arts complex in Los Angeles.
Recognition
In 2015, Iwan Wirth and Manuela Hauser were ranked number one on ArtReview's list of 'most powerful and influential figures in the art world'. In 2012, Wirth and his wife endowed a senior lecturer position in modern and contemporary Asian art for the Courtauld Institute of Art in London. In 2015, both were awarded honorary doctorates by Bath Spa University.
Iwan and Manuela Wirth were named one of the 'Top 50 Philanthropists of 2019' by Town & Country, after founding Hauser & Wirth Institute and donating $1 million to Cal State LA through a partnership with Hauser & Wirth.
Personal life
Iwan Wirth married Manuela Hauser, a former teacher, in 1996. They have four children.
They lived in Zurich until 2005, when the family moved to London's Holland Park. In 2007, the family made Somerset their primary residence. They maintain apartments in London and New York and a holiday home on Menorca's Isla del Rey, designed by Luis Laplace.
== References ==
|
Elizabeth Manley
|
Elizabeth Ann Manley, CM (born August 7, 1965) is a Canadian former competitive figure skater. She is the 1988 Olympic silver medallist, the 1988 World silver medalist and a three-time Canadian national champion.
Early life and training
Manley was born in 1965 in Belleville, Ontario, and raised in Trenton. She is the fourth child and only daughter in her family. Her father's military career necessitated occasionally moving, and when Manley was eight years old, her family moved from Trenton to Ottawa. After her parents' divorce in the 1970s, she was raised by her mother, Joan.
Competitive career
Manley began skating at an early age. Her mother invested time and money in her daughter's figure skating career.
Manley won the bronze medal at the 1982 World Junior Championships in Oberstdorf, Germany. Later that season, she competed at her first senior World Championships and finished 13th in Copenhagen, Denmark.
In the 1982–83 season, Manley relocated from Ottawa to Lake Placid, New York, to receive more intensive training but became depressed and homesick, which resulted in her hair falling out and weight gain. She finished off the podium at the Canadian Championships and briefly dropped out of the sport, but resumed her skating career after Peter Dunfield and Sonya Dunfield agreed to coach her in Ontario. They worked with her at the Gloucester Skating Club in Orleans, Ontario.
Manley competed at the 1984 Winter Olympics, placing 13th, and the World Championships between 1984 and 1987. At the 1987 Worlds, she was in a position to vie for the world title after compulsory figures and the short program, but a poor result in the long program left her in fourth place overall in the competition.
Entering the 1988 Winter Olympics, few skating know-hows and media analysts considered Manley to be a contender for an Olympic medal. Battling illness, she nevertheless did well in compulsory figures and the short program. Heading into the long program, she was in third place behind the East German skater Katarina Witt and the American skater Debi Thomas. Witt and Thomas were both favourites for the gold medal, and the media had dubbed their rivalry as the "Battle of the Carmens", as both women chose to skate to music from the opera Carmen. Witt skated her long program cleanly but conservatively, and Thomas fell apart in her long program. Elizabeth Manley, however, gave the performance of her career, one so widely recognized as a very special performance that announcer Jim McKay said, "Wouldn't it be great if every human being could have a moment like this once in their lives?" Manley won the long program and came within a fraction of a point of beating Witt for the Olympic title. Figure skating writer and historian Ellyn Kestnbaum calls Manley's Olympic free skating program "athletic", with a triple loop, a triple lutz, a Salchow jump, and a toe loop jump. Kestnbaum also states that Manley skated with "a cheerful and outgoing style that...[was] pleasing to the audience". Her come-from-behind placement made her a national celebrity in Canada.
After winning the silver medal at the 1988 World Championships, Manley retired from amateur skating.
Later career
Manley performed in ice shows and television specials, and competed in professional events, for a number of years afterwards, being notable for her unusually imaginative programs. She now works as a figure skating coach and occasional media commentator. In 1988, she was made a Member of the Order of Canada.
In 1990, Manley published an autobiography: Thumbs Up!; a second volume of autobiography, As I Am: My Life After the Olympics, followed in 1999.
In September 1990, radio personality The Real Darren Stevens launched a radio stunt, admitting that he suffered from a rare affliction: he was a Canadian who couldn't skate. While on the air, he openly "stalked" fellow Ottawa native Manley and begged her to teach him how to skate. Finally, after several months, Manley replied in January 1991, put skates on Stevens, and taught him how to skate.
Manley starred as Red Riding Hood in CBC's 1992 television film The Trial of Red Riding Hood which premiered on the Disney Channel two years later.
In 2014, she was inducted into the Canada's Sports Hall of Fame.
Personal life
Manley married television producer David N. Rosen in June 2019.[1]
.
Manley is a spokesperson for mental health issues due to her own battle with depression, which began before the 1984 Olympics. As of 2009, she is also an official spokesperson for Ovarian Cancer Canada's Winners Walk of Hope. Her mother died from ovarian cancer in July 2008 and her father died of Alzheimer's disease in 2010.
She is also spokesperson for Herbal Magic weight loss.
Results
See also
Petra Burka
Karen Magnussen
Kaetlyn Osmond
Joannie Rochette
Barbara Ann Scott
== References ==
|
Elizabeth Ann Manley, CM (born August 7, 1965) is a Canadian former competitive figure skater. She is the 1988 Olympic silver medallist, the 1988 World silver medalist and a three-time Canadian national champion.
Early life and training
Manley was born in 1965 in Belleville, Ontario, and raised in Trenton. She is the fourth child and only daughter in her family. Her father's military career necessitated occasionally moving, and when Manley was eight years old, her family moved from Trenton to Ottawa. After her parents' divorce in the 1970s, she was raised by her mother, Joan.
Competitive career
Manley began skating at an early age. Her mother invested time and money in her daughter's figure skating career.
Manley won the bronze medal at the 1982 World Junior Championships in Oberstdorf, Germany. Later that season, she competed at her first senior World Championships and finished 13th in Copenhagen, Denmark.
In the 1982–83 season, Manley relocated from Ottawa to Lake Placid, New York, to receive more intensive training but became depressed and homesick, which resulted in her hair falling out and weight gain. She finished off the podium at the Canadian Championships and briefly dropped out of the sport, but resumed her skating career after Peter Dunfield and Sonya Dunfield agreed to coach her in Ontario. They worked with her at the Gloucester Skating Club in Orleans, Ontario.
Manley competed at the 1984 Winter Olympics, placing 13th, and the World Championships between 1984 and 1987. At the 1987 Worlds, she was in a position to vie for the world title after compulsory figures and the short program, but a poor result in the long program left her in fourth place overall in the competition.
Entering the 1988 Winter Olympics, few skating know-hows and media analysts considered Manley to be a contender for an Olympic medal. Battling illness, she nevertheless did well in compulsory figures and the short program. Heading into the long program, she was in third place behind the East German skater Katarina Witt and the American skater Debi Thomas. Witt and Thomas were both favourites for the gold medal, and the media had dubbed their rivalry as the "Battle of the Carmens", as both women chose to skate to music from the opera Carmen. Witt skated her long program cleanly but conservatively, and Thomas fell apart in her long program. Elizabeth Manley, however, gave the performance of her career, one so widely recognized as a very special performance that announcer Jim McKay said, "Wouldn't it be great if every human being could have a moment like this once in their lives?" Manley won the long program and came within a fraction of a point of beating Witt for the Olympic title. Figure skating writer and historian Ellyn Kestnbaum calls Manley's Olympic free skating program "athletic", with a triple loop, a triple lutz, a Salchow jump, and a toe loop jump. Kestnbaum also states that Manley skated with "a cheerful and outgoing style that...[was] pleasing to the audience". Her come-from-behind placement made her a national celebrity in Canada.
After winning the silver medal at the 1988 World Championships, Manley retired from amateur skating.
Later career
Manley performed in ice shows and television specials, and competed in professional events, for a number of years afterwards, being notable for her unusually imaginative programs. She now works as a figure skating coach and occasional media commentator. In 1988, she was made a Member of the Order of Canada.
In 1990, Manley published an autobiography: Thumbs Up!; a second volume of autobiography, As I Am: My Life After the Olympics, followed in 1999.
In September 1990, radio personality The Real Darren Stevens launched a radio stunt, admitting that he suffered from a rare affliction: he was a Canadian who couldn't skate. While on the air, he openly "stalked" fellow Ottawa native Manley and begged her to teach him how to skate. Finally, after several months, Manley replied in January 1991, put skates on Stevens, and taught him how to skate.
Manley starred as Red Riding Hood in CBC's 1992 television film The Trial of Red Riding Hood which premiered on the Disney Channel two years later.
In 2014, she was inducted into the Canada's Sports Hall of Fame.
Personal life
Manley married television producer David N. Rosen in June 2019.[1]
.
Manley is a spokesperson for mental health issues due to her own battle with depression, which began before the 1984 Olympics. As of 2009, she is also an official spokesperson for Ovarian Cancer Canada's Winners Walk of Hope. Her mother died from ovarian cancer in July 2008 and her father died of Alzheimer's disease in 2010.
She is also spokesperson for Herbal Magic weight loss.
Results
See also
Petra Burka
Karen Magnussen
Kaetlyn Osmond
Joannie Rochette
Barbara Ann Scott
== References ==
|
Thomas Baines
|
(John) Thomas Baines (27 November 1820 – 8 May 1875) was an English artist and explorer of British colonial southern Africa and Australia.
Life and work
Born in King's Lynn, Norfolk, on 27 November 1820, Baines was apprenticed to a coach painter at the age of 16. When he was 22 he left England for South Africa aboard the "Olivia" (captained by a family friend William Roome) and worked for a while in Cape Town as a scenic and portrait artist, and as official war artist during the so-called Eighth Frontier War for the British Army.
In 1855 Baines joined Augustus Gregory's 1855–1857 Royal Geographical Society sponsored expedition across northern Australia as official artist and storekeeper. The expedition's purpose was to explore the Victoria River district in the north-west and to evaluate the entire northern area of Australia in terms of its suitability for colonial settlement. His association with the North Australian Expedition was the highpoint of his career, and he was warmly commended for his contribution to it, to the extent that Mount Baines and the Baines River were named in his honour.
In 1858 Baines accompanied David Livingstone along the Zambezi, and was one of the first white men to view Victoria Falls. In 1869 Baines led one of the first gold prospecting expeditions to Mashonaland in what later became Rhodesia.
From 1861 to 1862 Baines and James Chapman undertook an expedition to South West Africa. Chapman's Travels in the Interior of South Africa (1868) and Baines' Explorations in South-West Africa (1864), provide a rare account of different perspectives on the same trip. This was the first expedition during which extensive use was made of both photography and painting, and in addition both men kept journals in which, amongst other things, they commented on their own and each other's practice.
Baines made some of the drawings for the engravings illustrating Alfred Russel Wallace's 1869 book The Malay Archipelago.
In 1870 Baines was granted a concession to explore for gold between the Gweru and Hunyani rivers by Lobengula, leader of the Matabele nation.
Thomas Baines died in Durban on 8 May 1875 and is buried in West Street Cemetery.
Legacy and Honors
Baines is today best known for his detailed paintings and sketches which give a unique insight into colonial life in southern Africa and Australia. Most of his work is held in London. Many of his pictures are held by the National Library of Australia, National Archives of Zimbabwe, National Maritime Museum, Brenthurst Library and the Royal Geographical Society. There are also numerous paintings at the Castle of Good Hope in Cape Town. The Thomas Baines Nature Reserve in the Eastern Cape of South Africa was also named after him.
Baines is also commemorated in the Aloe bainesii T.-Dyer, Albuca bainesii Baker, Iboza bainesii N.E.Br and many others.
Publications
Thomas Baines, Explorations in South-West Africa: being an account of a journey in the years 1861 and 1862 from Walvisch Bay, on the Western Coast to Lake Ngami and the Victoria Falls (London: Longman, Green, Longman, Roberts, & Green, 1864).
Thomas Baines, The gold regions of south eastern Africa (London: Edward Stanford, 1877).
J.P.R. Wallis (ed.), The northern goldfields diaries of Thomas Baines (London: Chatto & Windus, 1946).
Fay Jaff, They came to South Africa (Cape Town: Timmins, 1963).
J.P.R. Wallis, Thomas Baines, his life and explorations in South Africa, Rhodesia and Australia, 1820–1875 (Cape Town: A.A. Balkema, 1976).
Russell Braddon, Thomas Baines and the North Australian Expedition (Sydney: Collins in association with the Royal Geographical Society, 1986).
Jane Carruthers and Marion Arnold, The life and work of Thomas Baines (Vlaeberg, South Africa: Fernwood Press, 1995).
Historic Houses Trust, Cape Town, halfway to Sydney 1788–1870: treasures from The Brenthurst Library Johannesburg (Sydney: Historic Houses Trust, 2005).
William Barry Lord lavishly illustrated by Thomas Baines Shifts and Expedients of Camp Life, Travel and Exploration (1876)
"Thomas Baines of King's Lynn, Artist and Traveller". by Henry J. Hillen. serialised in "The King's Lynn News and Norfolk County Press" published between 12 March and 10 September 1898. Transcribed copies are in the King's Lynn Library, and Museum.
References
External links
Baines' works in the National Library of Australia, Canberra
Baines' works in the National Maritime Museum, Greenwich
Jane Carruthers, 'Thomas Baines: Artist-Explorer of Australia and Southern Africa', NLA News, October 2005, Volume XVI, Number 1 (archived 18 September 2006)
Biography and bibliography for Thomas Baines
Thomas Baines: From the cradle to the grave
Works by Thomas Baines at Project Gutenberg
Works by or about Thomas Baines at the Internet Archive
Baine's work in the Cory Library for Historical Research collection
Jan-Bart Gewald: To Grahamstown and back. Towards a socio-cultural history of Southern Africa. Inaugural lecture, Leiden University, 2014
|
(John) Thomas Baines (27 November 1820 – 8 May 1875) was an English artist and explorer of British colonial southern Africa and Australia.
Life and work
Born in King's Lynn, Norfolk, on 27 November 1820, Baines was apprenticed to a coach painter at the age of 16. When he was 22 he left England for South Africa aboard the "Olivia" (captained by a family friend William Roome) and worked for a while in Cape Town as a scenic and portrait artist, and as official war artist during the so-called Eighth Frontier War for the British Army.
In 1855 Baines joined Augustus Gregory's 1855–1857 Royal Geographical Society sponsored expedition across northern Australia as official artist and storekeeper. The expedition's purpose was to explore the Victoria River district in the north-west and to evaluate the entire northern area of Australia in terms of its suitability for colonial settlement. His association with the North Australian Expedition was the highpoint of his career, and he was warmly commended for his contribution to it, to the extent that Mount Baines and the Baines River were named in his honour.
In 1858 Baines accompanied David Livingstone along the Zambezi, and was one of the first white men to view Victoria Falls. In 1869 Baines led one of the first gold prospecting expeditions to Mashonaland in what later became Rhodesia.
From 1861 to 1862 Baines and James Chapman undertook an expedition to South West Africa. Chapman's Travels in the Interior of South Africa (1868) and Baines' Explorations in South-West Africa (1864), provide a rare account of different perspectives on the same trip. This was the first expedition during which extensive use was made of both photography and painting, and in addition both men kept journals in which, amongst other things, they commented on their own and each other's practice.
Baines made some of the drawings for the engravings illustrating Alfred Russel Wallace's 1869 book The Malay Archipelago.
In 1870 Baines was granted a concession to explore for gold between the Gweru and Hunyani rivers by Lobengula, leader of the Matabele nation.
Thomas Baines died in Durban on 8 May 1875 and is buried in West Street Cemetery.
Legacy and Honors
Baines is today best known for his detailed paintings and sketches which give a unique insight into colonial life in southern Africa and Australia. Most of his work is held in London. Many of his pictures are held by the National Library of Australia, National Archives of Zimbabwe, National Maritime Museum, Brenthurst Library and the Royal Geographical Society. There are also numerous paintings at the Castle of Good Hope in Cape Town. The Thomas Baines Nature Reserve in the Eastern Cape of South Africa was also named after him.
Baines is also commemorated in the Aloe bainesii T.-Dyer, Albuca bainesii Baker, Iboza bainesii N.E.Br and many others.
Publications
Thomas Baines, Explorations in South-West Africa: being an account of a journey in the years 1861 and 1862 from Walvisch Bay, on the Western Coast to Lake Ngami and the Victoria Falls (London: Longman, Green, Longman, Roberts, & Green, 1864).
Thomas Baines, The gold regions of south eastern Africa (London: Edward Stanford, 1877).
J.P.R. Wallis (ed.), The northern goldfields diaries of Thomas Baines (London: Chatto & Windus, 1946).
Fay Jaff, They came to South Africa (Cape Town: Timmins, 1963).
J.P.R. Wallis, Thomas Baines, his life and explorations in South Africa, Rhodesia and Australia, 1820–1875 (Cape Town: A.A. Balkema, 1976).
Russell Braddon, Thomas Baines and the North Australian Expedition (Sydney: Collins in association with the Royal Geographical Society, 1986).
Jane Carruthers and Marion Arnold, The life and work of Thomas Baines (Vlaeberg, South Africa: Fernwood Press, 1995).
Historic Houses Trust, Cape Town, halfway to Sydney 1788–1870: treasures from The Brenthurst Library Johannesburg (Sydney: Historic Houses Trust, 2005).
William Barry Lord lavishly illustrated by Thomas Baines Shifts and Expedients of Camp Life, Travel and Exploration (1876)
"Thomas Baines of King's Lynn, Artist and Traveller". by Henry J. Hillen. serialised in "The King's Lynn News and Norfolk County Press" published between 12 March and 10 September 1898. Transcribed copies are in the King's Lynn Library, and Museum.
References
External links
Baines' works in the National Library of Australia, Canberra
Baines' works in the National Maritime Museum, Greenwich
Jane Carruthers, 'Thomas Baines: Artist-Explorer of Australia and Southern Africa', NLA News, October 2005, Volume XVI, Number 1 (archived 18 September 2006)
Biography and bibliography for Thomas Baines
Thomas Baines: From the cradle to the grave
Works by Thomas Baines at Project Gutenberg
Works by or about Thomas Baines at the Internet Archive
Baine's work in the Cory Library for Historical Research collection
Jan-Bart Gewald: To Grahamstown and back. Towards a socio-cultural history of Southern Africa. Inaugural lecture, Leiden University, 2014
|
Fatmir Sejdiu
|
Fatmir Sejdiu (; born 23 October 1951) is a Kosovar politician. He was the leader of the Democratic League of Kosovo (LDK) and was the 1st President of Republic of Kosovo.
Early life and education
Fatmir Sejdiu was born on 23 October 1951, in the small village of Pakashticë, Podujevo, FPR Yugoslavia. He was the first child of Nexhmi Sejdiu and Miradije Shala-Sejdiu.
He finished the primary school and high school in Podujevë.
He graduated from the Faculty of Law, the University of Pristina, in 1974, where he also completed his postgraduate studies and earned his PhD degree.
He attended studies in France (University of Paris II Panthéon-Assas, 1984, the Section of History of the Institutions of Economics, Philosophy and Sociology of Law and History of Political Theories), then in the United States (the Arizona State University), and has had short study visits at other universities.
He has published a number of works in the field of the legal, historical, and legal-constitutional studies and other areas.
Sejdiu has been a professor at the Faculty of Law since 1975, and as of lately at the Faculty of Political Sciences at the University of Prishtina as well.
He speaks Albanian, English, French, Serbian and Macedonian.
Political career
Before the war, Sejdiu was an early protester against Yugoslav authoritarian rule and engaged in parallel institutions of the movement for liberation. During this time, he was member of Central Commission for the Referendum for Independence of Kosovo (organised in September 1991). During the period 1992-98 and 1998–2001, he was elected as member of Parliament of the Republic of Kosovo, serving as Secretary General of Parliament and Chairman of the Constitutional Commission. Sejdiu had for many years in his academic office a portrait depicting himself and fellow political party leader Veton Surroi locking arms before the riot police. He has always been widely admired for being honest and fair in all his political dealings.
Due to persisting conflicts between the Kosovo Liberation Army (KLA) and the security forces of Yugoslavia, the Kosovo War broke out in 1998. Accusations of widespread abuse by government forces towards ethnic Albanians in 1999 ignited the second part of the war in which NATO forces unleashed a bombing campaign against the government. The war ended in mid-1999, and Kosovo was placed under a UN Protectorate of autonomy where Ibrahim Rugova became the president of the territory. President Sejdiu succeeded Rugova and became the first president of Kosovo when it declared independence from Serbia on 17 February 2008.
As one of the founders of Democratic League of Kosovo (LDK), Sejdiu served in each of the Presidencies of the LDK, including two mandates as Secretary General of the Party.
As well as serving on the Presidency of the Assembly of Kosovo and was one of the authors of the Constitutional Framework of Kosovo in 2001. He was an influential parliamentarian in the LDK, the party of former Kosovo President Ibrahim Rugova. On 10 February 2006, Fatmir Sejdiu was elected President of the Republic of Kosova with two-thirds of the votes of the Kosova Assembly members, after Rugova died from lung cancer in early 2006. Sejdiu has won praise from world leaders for prioritising implementation of the UN-endorsed standards of good governance and multi-ethnicity.
In the capacity of the country's president, Sejdiu as Head of the Kosovo Negotiation Team, led successfully the Kosovar Delegation (the Unity Team) in the internationally facilitated negotiations for resolving the final status of the Kosova in Vienna. Also Sejdiu led Kosovo delegation on extra 120 days of talks with Serbian delegation, mediated by envoys from the US, EU and Russia (Frank Wisner, Wolfgang Ischinger and Alexandar Botsan-Kharchenko). After this process of negotiations, Kosovo declared independence. Sejdiu participated in final drafting of text of Declaration of Independence of Kosovo, and also is the first to sign the Declaration of Independence.
On 9 January 2008, Sejdiu resigned from his position as President of Kosovo to run again in the following elections held the same day. This would allow him to start a completely new term with the inauguration of the new legislature, given that there are no term limits established by the Constitution Framework. He received 68 votes out of 81 needed for his election after a third round of parliamentary vote, when a simple majority of 61 votes is required for the election of the president and regained the position. His opponent, Naim Maloku of the Alliance for the Future of Kosovo (AAK), running with the support of three minor parties, obtained 37 votes in the first round. Sejdiu received one vote less in the second round, while 37 deputies chose Maloku. Sejdiu was elected in the third round of voting later on the same day.
On 27 September 2010, he stepped down from the post of president of the Republic of Kosovo following constitutional concerns. Prior to his resignation, the Constitutional Court of Kosovo stated that Fatmir Sejdiu was violating the Constitution of Kosovo, because he was both president of the Republic of Kosovo and also leader of Democratic League of Kosovo (LDK).
In November 2010, he lost the LDK leadership election to Isa Mustafa
Honours and decorations
Skanderbeg's Order honored by the President of the Republic of Albania.
Doctor Honoris Causa degree from the University of Tirana.
"Distinguished Global Leadership" award by the Arizona State University.
Doctor Honoris Causa by the Sakarya University in Turkey.
"Honorary Citizen" title of Shkodër, Shëngjin, Bajram Curri (town) and Margegaj Tropojë in Albania.
References
External links
Official website of the President of Kosovo
|
Fatmir Sejdiu (; born 23 October 1951) is a Kosovar politician. He was the leader of the Democratic League of Kosovo (LDK) and was the 1st President of Republic of Kosovo.
Early life and education
Fatmir Sejdiu was born on 23 October 1951, in the small village of Pakashticë, Podujevo, FPR Yugoslavia. He was the first child of Nexhmi Sejdiu and Miradije Shala-Sejdiu.
He finished the primary school and high school in Podujevë.
He graduated from the Faculty of Law, the University of Pristina, in 1974, where he also completed his postgraduate studies and earned his PhD degree.
He attended studies in France (University of Paris II Panthéon-Assas, 1984, the Section of History of the Institutions of Economics, Philosophy and Sociology of Law and History of Political Theories), then in the United States (the Arizona State University), and has had short study visits at other universities.
He has published a number of works in the field of the legal, historical, and legal-constitutional studies and other areas.
Sejdiu has been a professor at the Faculty of Law since 1975, and as of lately at the Faculty of Political Sciences at the University of Prishtina as well.
He speaks Albanian, English, French, Serbian and Macedonian.
Political career
Before the war, Sejdiu was an early protester against Yugoslav authoritarian rule and engaged in parallel institutions of the movement for liberation. During this time, he was member of Central Commission for the Referendum for Independence of Kosovo (organised in September 1991). During the period 1992-98 and 1998–2001, he was elected as member of Parliament of the Republic of Kosovo, serving as Secretary General of Parliament and Chairman of the Constitutional Commission. Sejdiu had for many years in his academic office a portrait depicting himself and fellow political party leader Veton Surroi locking arms before the riot police. He has always been widely admired for being honest and fair in all his political dealings.
Due to persisting conflicts between the Kosovo Liberation Army (KLA) and the security forces of Yugoslavia, the Kosovo War broke out in 1998. Accusations of widespread abuse by government forces towards ethnic Albanians in 1999 ignited the second part of the war in which NATO forces unleashed a bombing campaign against the government. The war ended in mid-1999, and Kosovo was placed under a UN Protectorate of autonomy where Ibrahim Rugova became the president of the territory. President Sejdiu succeeded Rugova and became the first president of Kosovo when it declared independence from Serbia on 17 February 2008.
As one of the founders of Democratic League of Kosovo (LDK), Sejdiu served in each of the Presidencies of the LDK, including two mandates as Secretary General of the Party.
As well as serving on the Presidency of the Assembly of Kosovo and was one of the authors of the Constitutional Framework of Kosovo in 2001. He was an influential parliamentarian in the LDK, the party of former Kosovo President Ibrahim Rugova. On 10 February 2006, Fatmir Sejdiu was elected President of the Republic of Kosova with two-thirds of the votes of the Kosova Assembly members, after Rugova died from lung cancer in early 2006. Sejdiu has won praise from world leaders for prioritising implementation of the UN-endorsed standards of good governance and multi-ethnicity.
In the capacity of the country's president, Sejdiu as Head of the Kosovo Negotiation Team, led successfully the Kosovar Delegation (the Unity Team) in the internationally facilitated negotiations for resolving the final status of the Kosova in Vienna. Also Sejdiu led Kosovo delegation on extra 120 days of talks with Serbian delegation, mediated by envoys from the US, EU and Russia (Frank Wisner, Wolfgang Ischinger and Alexandar Botsan-Kharchenko). After this process of negotiations, Kosovo declared independence. Sejdiu participated in final drafting of text of Declaration of Independence of Kosovo, and also is the first to sign the Declaration of Independence.
On 9 January 2008, Sejdiu resigned from his position as President of Kosovo to run again in the following elections held the same day. This would allow him to start a completely new term with the inauguration of the new legislature, given that there are no term limits established by the Constitution Framework. He received 68 votes out of 81 needed for his election after a third round of parliamentary vote, when a simple majority of 61 votes is required for the election of the president and regained the position. His opponent, Naim Maloku of the Alliance for the Future of Kosovo (AAK), running with the support of three minor parties, obtained 37 votes in the first round. Sejdiu received one vote less in the second round, while 37 deputies chose Maloku. Sejdiu was elected in the third round of voting later on the same day.
On 27 September 2010, he stepped down from the post of president of the Republic of Kosovo following constitutional concerns. Prior to his resignation, the Constitutional Court of Kosovo stated that Fatmir Sejdiu was violating the Constitution of Kosovo, because he was both president of the Republic of Kosovo and also leader of Democratic League of Kosovo (LDK).
In November 2010, he lost the LDK leadership election to Isa Mustafa
Honours and decorations
Skanderbeg's Order honored by the President of the Republic of Albania.
Doctor Honoris Causa degree from the University of Tirana.
"Distinguished Global Leadership" award by the Arizona State University.
Doctor Honoris Causa by the Sakarya University in Turkey.
"Honorary Citizen" title of Shkodër, Shëngjin, Bajram Curri (town) and Margegaj Tropojë in Albania.
References
External links
Official website of the President of Kosovo
|
Andreas Wenzel
|
Andreas Wenzel (born 18 March 1958) is a former World Cup alpine ski racer from Liechtenstein, active from 1976 to 1988. Born in Planken, he was the overall World Cup champion in 1980, the same season in which his older sister Hanni won the women's overall title. He also won two season titles in the combined event, in 1984 and 1985.
Career
Wenzel competed in four Winter Olympics, and won two Olympic medals and four World Championship medals, including one gold (through 1980, the Olympics doubled as the World Championships). One of the top five-event racers of his era, he finished his World Cup career with 14 victories, 48 podiums, and 122 top ten finishes.
Up to the 2018 Winter Olympics, Liechtenstein has won ten medals in its history of competition in the Winter Olympics, with eight of these medals achieved by two sets of siblings – Andreas and his sister Hanni are responsible for six medals, while brothers Willi and Paul Frommelt are responsible for two more. His niece Tina Weirather won a bronze medal in Super-G for Liechtenstein at the 2018 Winter Olympics in PyeongChang.
World Cup results
Season standings
Season titles
3 titles – (1 overall, 2 combined)
Individual races
14 wins: 1 super-G, 3 giant slalom, 4 slalom, 6 combined
See also
List of Olympic medalist families
References
External links
Andreas Wenzel at FIS (alpine)
Andreas Wenzel at Olympics.com
Andreas Wenzel at Olympedia
Andreas Wenzel at Ski-DB Alpine Ski Database
|
Andreas Wenzel (born 18 March 1958) is a former World Cup alpine ski racer from Liechtenstein, active from 1976 to 1988. Born in Planken, he was the overall World Cup champion in 1980, the same season in which his older sister Hanni won the women's overall title. He also won two season titles in the combined event, in 1984 and 1985.
Career
Wenzel competed in four Winter Olympics, and won two Olympic medals and four World Championship medals, including one gold (through 1980, the Olympics doubled as the World Championships). One of the top five-event racers of his era, he finished his World Cup career with 14 victories, 48 podiums, and 122 top ten finishes.
Up to the 2018 Winter Olympics, Liechtenstein has won ten medals in its history of competition in the Winter Olympics, with eight of these medals achieved by two sets of siblings – Andreas and his sister Hanni are responsible for six medals, while brothers Willi and Paul Frommelt are responsible for two more. His niece Tina Weirather won a bronze medal in Super-G for Liechtenstein at the 2018 Winter Olympics in PyeongChang.
World Cup results
Season standings
Season titles
3 titles – (1 overall, 2 combined)
Individual races
14 wins: 1 super-G, 3 giant slalom, 4 slalom, 6 combined
See also
List of Olympic medalist families
References
External links
Andreas Wenzel at FIS (alpine)
Andreas Wenzel at Olympics.com
Andreas Wenzel at Olympedia
Andreas Wenzel at Ski-DB Alpine Ski Database
|
Claire Goll
|
Claire Goll (born Klara Liliane Aischmann) (29 October 1890 – 30 May 1977) was a German-French writer and journalist; she married the poet Yvan Goll in 1921.
Biography
Goll née Aischmann was born on 29 October 1890 in Nuremberg, Germany. She grew up in Munich.
In 1911, Goll married the publisher Heinrich Studer (1889–1961) and lived with him in Leipzig. In May 1912, she gave birth to their daughter Dorothea Elisabeth, her only child. In 1916, she emigrated in protest of World War I to Switzerland, where she studied at the University of Geneva, became involved in the peace movement, and began to work as a journalist. In 1917, she and Studer divorced, and she met the poet Yvan Goll, to whom she became engaged. At the end 1918, she had an affair with Rainer Maria Rilke and they remained friends until his death. In 1918, she debuted as a writer with the poetry collection Mitwelt and the novella collection Die Frauen erwachen. In 1919, she travelled with Goll to Paris, where they married in 1921. Her short stories, poems, and novels also appeared in French. She wrote her poetry collections Poèmes d'amour (1925), Poèmes de la jalousie (1926) and Poèmes de la vie et de la mort together with her husband as a "shared song of love" ("Wechselgesang der Liebe").
The pair, both of Jewish origin, fled from Europe to New York in 1939, but returned in 1947. Yvan died in 1950. From then on, Goll dedicated her work to her husband. Her autobiographical novels Der gestohlene Himmel (1962) and Traumtänzerin (1971) did not receive much attention. However, her battle with Paul Celan over copyright and plagiarism, known as the "Goll Affair", caused a significant stir.
Goll died on 30 May 1977 in Paris, France.
References
External links
Works by Claire Goll at Project Gutenberg
Works by or about Claire Goll at the Internet Archive
Claire Goll at perlentaucher.de – das Kulturmagazin (in German)
|
Claire Goll (born Klara Liliane Aischmann) (29 October 1890 – 30 May 1977) was a German-French writer and journalist; she married the poet Yvan Goll in 1921.
Biography
Goll née Aischmann was born on 29 October 1890 in Nuremberg, Germany. She grew up in Munich.
In 1911, Goll married the publisher Heinrich Studer (1889–1961) and lived with him in Leipzig. In May 1912, she gave birth to their daughter Dorothea Elisabeth, her only child. In 1916, she emigrated in protest of World War I to Switzerland, where she studied at the University of Geneva, became involved in the peace movement, and began to work as a journalist. In 1917, she and Studer divorced, and she met the poet Yvan Goll, to whom she became engaged. At the end 1918, she had an affair with Rainer Maria Rilke and they remained friends until his death. In 1918, she debuted as a writer with the poetry collection Mitwelt and the novella collection Die Frauen erwachen. In 1919, she travelled with Goll to Paris, where they married in 1921. Her short stories, poems, and novels also appeared in French. She wrote her poetry collections Poèmes d'amour (1925), Poèmes de la jalousie (1926) and Poèmes de la vie et de la mort together with her husband as a "shared song of love" ("Wechselgesang der Liebe").
The pair, both of Jewish origin, fled from Europe to New York in 1939, but returned in 1947. Yvan died in 1950. From then on, Goll dedicated her work to her husband. Her autobiographical novels Der gestohlene Himmel (1962) and Traumtänzerin (1971) did not receive much attention. However, her battle with Paul Celan over copyright and plagiarism, known as the "Goll Affair", caused a significant stir.
Goll died on 30 May 1977 in Paris, France.
References
External links
Works by Claire Goll at Project Gutenberg
Works by or about Claire Goll at the Internet Archive
Claire Goll at perlentaucher.de – das Kulturmagazin (in German)
|
Hans Georg Dehmelt
|
Hans Georg Dehmelt (German pronunciation: [ˈhans ˈɡeːɔʁk ˈdeːml̩t] ; 9 September 1922 – 7 March 2017) was a German and American physicist, who was awarded a Nobel Prize in Physics in 1989, for co-developing the ion trap technique (Penning trap) with Wolfgang Paul, for which they shared one-half of the prize (the other half of the Prize in that year was awarded to Norman Foster Ramsey). Their technique was used for high precision measurement of the electron magnetic moment.
Biography
At the age of ten Dehmelt enrolled in the Berlinisches Gymnasium zum Grauen Kloster, a Latin school in Berlin, where he was admitted on a scholarship. After graduating in 1940, he volunteered for service in the German Army, which ordered him to attend the University of Breslau to study physics in 1943. After a year of study he returned to army service and was captured during the Battle of the Bulge.
After his release from an American prisoner of war camp in 1946, Dehmelt returned to his study of physics at the University of Göttingen, where he supported himself by repairing and bartering old, pre-war radio sets. He completed his master's thesis in 1948 and received his PhD in 1950, both from the University of Göttingen. He was then invited to Duke University as a postdoctoral associate, emigrating in 1952. Dehmelt became an assistant professor at the University of Washington in Seattle, Washington in 1955, an associate professor in 1958, and a full professor in 1961.
In 1955 he built his first electron impact tube in George Volkoff's laboratory at the University of British Columbia and experimented on paramagnetic resonances in polarized atoms and free electrons. In the 1960s, Dehmelt and his students worked on spectroscopy of hydrogen and helium ions. The electron was finally isolated in 1973 with David Wineland, who continued work on trapped ions at NIST.
He created the first geonium atom in 1976, which he then used to measure precise magnetic moments of the electron and positron with R. S. Van Dyck into the 1980s, work that led to his Nobel prize. In 1979 Dehmelt led a team that took the first photo of a single atom. He continued work on ion traps at the University of Washington, until his retirement in October 2002.
In May 2010, he was honoured as one of Washington's Nobel laureates by Crown Princess Victoria of Sweden at a special event in Seattle.
He was married to Irmgard Lassow, now deceased, and the couple had a son, Gerd, also deceased. In 1989 Dehmelt married Diana Dundore, a physician.
Dehmelt died on March 7, 2017, in Seattle, Washington, aged 94.
Awards and honors
Davisson-Germer Prize in 1970.
Rumford Prize in 1985.
Nobel Prize in Physics in 1989.
Golden Plate Award of the American Academy of Achievement in 1990.
National Medal of Science in 1995.
References
Sources
"Moby Electron" article by David H. Freeman, Discover Magazine, February, 1991, pp. 51–56
External links
Hans G. Dehmelt on Nobelprize.org including the Nobel Lecture, December 8, 1989 Experiments with an Isolated Subatomic Particle at Rest
University of Washington home page Archived 2009-05-07 at the Wayback Machine
Seattle Times newspaper article
D. J. Wineland, "Hans G. Dehmelt", Biographical Memoirs of the National Academy of Sciences (2018)
|
Hans Georg Dehmelt (German pronunciation: [ˈhans ˈɡeːɔʁk ˈdeːml̩t] ; 9 September 1922 – 7 March 2017) was a German and American physicist, who was awarded a Nobel Prize in Physics in 1989, for co-developing the ion trap technique (Penning trap) with Wolfgang Paul, for which they shared one-half of the prize (the other half of the Prize in that year was awarded to Norman Foster Ramsey). Their technique was used for high precision measurement of the electron magnetic moment.
Biography
At the age of ten Dehmelt enrolled in the Berlinisches Gymnasium zum Grauen Kloster, a Latin school in Berlin, where he was admitted on a scholarship. After graduating in 1940, he volunteered for service in the German Army, which ordered him to attend the University of Breslau to study physics in 1943. After a year of study he returned to army service and was captured during the Battle of the Bulge.
After his release from an American prisoner of war camp in 1946, Dehmelt returned to his study of physics at the University of Göttingen, where he supported himself by repairing and bartering old, pre-war radio sets. He completed his master's thesis in 1948 and received his PhD in 1950, both from the University of Göttingen. He was then invited to Duke University as a postdoctoral associate, emigrating in 1952. Dehmelt became an assistant professor at the University of Washington in Seattle, Washington in 1955, an associate professor in 1958, and a full professor in 1961.
In 1955 he built his first electron impact tube in George Volkoff's laboratory at the University of British Columbia and experimented on paramagnetic resonances in polarized atoms and free electrons. In the 1960s, Dehmelt and his students worked on spectroscopy of hydrogen and helium ions. The electron was finally isolated in 1973 with David Wineland, who continued work on trapped ions at NIST.
He created the first geonium atom in 1976, which he then used to measure precise magnetic moments of the electron and positron with R. S. Van Dyck into the 1980s, work that led to his Nobel prize. In 1979 Dehmelt led a team that took the first photo of a single atom. He continued work on ion traps at the University of Washington, until his retirement in October 2002.
In May 2010, he was honoured as one of Washington's Nobel laureates by Crown Princess Victoria of Sweden at a special event in Seattle.
He was married to Irmgard Lassow, now deceased, and the couple had a son, Gerd, also deceased. In 1989 Dehmelt married Diana Dundore, a physician.
Dehmelt died on March 7, 2017, in Seattle, Washington, aged 94.
Awards and honors
Davisson-Germer Prize in 1970.
Rumford Prize in 1985.
Nobel Prize in Physics in 1989.
Golden Plate Award of the American Academy of Achievement in 1990.
National Medal of Science in 1995.
References
Sources
"Moby Electron" article by David H. Freeman, Discover Magazine, February, 1991, pp. 51–56
External links
Hans G. Dehmelt on Nobelprize.org including the Nobel Lecture, December 8, 1989 Experiments with an Isolated Subatomic Particle at Rest
University of Washington home page Archived 2009-05-07 at the Wayback Machine
Seattle Times newspaper article
D. J. Wineland, "Hans G. Dehmelt", Biographical Memoirs of the National Academy of Sciences (2018)
|
Simone Young
|
Simone Margaret Young AM (born 2 March 1961) is an Australian conductor and academic teacher. She is currently chief conductor of the Sydney Symphony Orchestra.
Biography and career
Young was born in Sydney, of Irish ancestry on her father's side and Croatian ancestry on her mother's. Young was educated at the Monte Sant'Angelo Mercy College in North Sydney. She studied composition, piano and conducting at the Sydney Conservatorium of Music.
Beginning in 1983, Young worked at Opera Australia as a répétiteur under various conductors, including Charles Mackerras, Richard Bonynge, Carlo Felice Cillario and Stuart Challender. Young started her operatic conducting career at the Sydney Opera House in 1985. In 1986 she was the first woman and youngest person to be appointed a resident conductor with Opera Australia. She received an Australia Council grant to study overseas, and was named Young Australian of the Year. In her early years, she was assistant to James Conlon, and Kapellmeister, at the Cologne Opera, and assistant to Daniel Barenboim at the Berlin State Opera and the Bayreuth Festival. From 1998 until 2002, Young was principal conductor of the Bergen Philharmonic Orchestra in Norway.
From 2001 to 2003, Young was chief conductor of Opera Australia in Sydney. Her contract was not renewed after 2003; one reason offered was the expense of her programming ideas.
Young made her first conducting appearance at the Hamburg State Opera in 1996. In May 2003, she was named both chief executive of the Hamburg State Opera and chief conductor of the Philharmoniker Hamburg, posts which she assumed in 2005. In 2006, she became Professor of Music and Theatre at the University of Hamburg. Critics of the magazine Opernwelt selected her in October 2006 as the Dirigentin des Jahres (Conductor of the Year). In December 2011, it was announced that Young would conclude her tenures with both the Hamburg State Opera and the Hamburg Philharmonic after the 2014/2015 season.
Young was the first female conductor at the Vienna State Opera in 1993. She conducted the Sydney Symphony Orchestra when they performed Elena Kats-Chernin's "Deep Sea Dreaming" at the 2000 Summer Olympics opening ceremony in Sydney. In November 2005, she was the first female conductor to conduct the Vienna Philharmonic. Her discography includes the complete symphonies of Anton Bruckner and the complete Ring Cycle of Richard Wagner, where she was the first female conductor to have recorded either of these cycles. She has also recorded the complete cycle of Brahms' symphonies.
In August 2008, Young appeared as part of the judging panel in the reality TV talent show-themed program Maestro on BBC Two. In December 2012, she was voted Limelight magazine's Music Personality of the Year. In 2022, Young was that magazine's critic's choice as Australian Artist of the Year.
In 2013, in commemoration of the bicentenaries for Richard Wagner and for Giuseppe Verdi, Young conducted the entire 'Bayreuth canon' of ten Wagner operas at a festival entitled Wagner-Wahn (Wagner Madness) in Hamburg, along with three rarely performed Verdi operas as a trilogy in September to November – La battaglia di Legnano, I due Foscari, I Lombardi alla prima crociata. In March 2016, Young was appointed a member of the board of the Europäische Musiktheater-Akademie (European Academy of Music Theatre).
Young had first guest-conducted the Sydney Symphony Orchestra (SSO) in 1996. In December 2019, the SSO announced the appointment of Young as its next chief conductor, effective in 2022, with an initial contract of 3 years. Young is the first female conductor to be named chief conductor of the SSO. In February 2024, the SSO announced the extension of Young's contract as its chief conductor through the end of 2026. In September 2025 her contract was extended to late 2029.
In 2024 Simone Young became the first woman to conduct Der Ring des Nibelungen at the Bayreuth Festival.
Personal life
Young is married to Greg Condon, and has two daughters. She made her first appearance at the Metropolitan Opera while she was five months pregnant and conducted at the Vienna State Opera one month prior to giving birth in 1997.
Media, honours and awards
Young is featured in the documentary film Knowing the Score directed by Australian documentarian Janine Hosking, a biopic that "is first and foremost a captivating story of a dazzling 30-year music career."
Young has received honorary doctorates from the universities of New South Wales, Sydney and Melbourne. She has been appointed an (AM) "for service to the arts as a conductor with major opera companies and orchestras in Australia and internationally".
In 2021 Young was named the Advance Awards Global Icon.
ARIA Music Awards
The ARIA Music Awards is an annual awards ceremony that recognises excellence, innovation, and achievement across all genres of Australian music. They commenced in 1987.
Bernard Heinze Memorial Award
The Sir Bernard Heinze Memorial Award is given to a person who has made an outstanding contribution to music in Australia.
Helpmann Awards
The Helpmann Awards is an awards show, celebrating live entertainment and performing arts in Australia, presented by industry group Live Performance Australia since 2001. Note: 2020 and 2021 were cancelled due to the COVID-19 pandemic.
Mo Awards
The Australian Entertainment Mo Awards (commonly known informally as the Mo Awards), were annual Australian entertainment industry awards. They recognise achievements in live entertainment in Australia from 1975 to 2016. Simone Young won one award in that time.
Victorian Honour Roll of Women
The Victorian Honour Roll of Women was established in 2001 to recognise the achievements of women from the Australian state of Victoria.
International Opera Awards
Selected discography
DVD
Simone Young: To Hamburg from Downunder, documentary, directed by Ralf Pleger, Ovation, (2008)
Poulenc: Dialogues of the Carmelites, Hamburg State Opera, Arthaus Musik (2008)
Pfitzner: Palestrina, Bavarian State Orchestra, EuroArts (2010)
Reimann: Lear, Staatsoper Hamburg, Arthaus Musik (2015)
CD
Halévy: La Juive, Vienna State Opera, RCA (2002)
Wagner: Tenor Arias, Johan Botha (tenor), Vienna Radio Symphony Orchestra, Oehms Classics (2004)
Bürger: Stille der Nacht, Berlin Radio Symphony Orchestra, Toccata Classics (2006)
Hindemith: Mathis der Maler, Philharmoniker Hamburg, Oehms Classics (2007)
Britten: Folksong Arrangements, Steve Davislim (tenor), Simone Young (piano), Melba (2007)
Bruckner: Symphony No. 2, Philharmoniker Hamburg, Oehms Classics (2007)
Verdi: Requiem, Australian Opera and Ballet Orchestra, ABC Classics, (2007)
Wagner, Strauss: Transcendent Love: The Passions of Wagner and Strauss, Lisa Gasteen (soprano), West Australian Symphony Orchestra, ABC Classics (2008)
Dean: Brett Dean, Composer and Performer, Brett Dean (viola), cellos of the Sydney Symphony Orchestra, Bis (2008)
Wagner: Das Rheingold, Philharmoniker Hamburg, Oehms Classics (2008)
Bruckner: Symphony No. 3, Philharmoniker Hamburg, Oehms Classics (2008)
Wagner, Verdi, Mozart: Knut Skram, Opera Arias, Knut Skram (baritone), Royal Philharmonic Orchestra, Simax (2008)
Wagner: Die Walküre, Philharmoniker Hamburg, Oehms Classics (2009)
Bruckner: Symphony No. 8, Philharmoniker Hamburg, Oehms Classics (2009)
Brahms: Symphony No. 1, Philharmoniker Hamburg, Oehms Classics (2010)
Bruckner: Symphony No. 4 – Romantic (1874 version), Philharmoniker Hamburg, Oehms Classics (2010)
Strauss: Seduction: Songs by Richard Strauss, Steve Davislim (tenor), Orchestra Victoria, Melba Recordings (2010)
Wagner: Siegfried, Philharmoniker Hamburg, Oehms Classics (2011)
Wagner: Götterdämmerung, Philharmoniker Hamburg, Oehms Classics (2011)
Mahler: Symphony No. 2, Philharmoniker Hamburg, Oehms Classics (2012)
Mahler: Symphony No. 6, Philharmoniker Hamburg, Oehms Classics (2012)
Brahms: Symphony No. 2, Philharmoniker Hamburg, Oehms Classics (2012)
Wagner: Der Ring des Nibelungen, box set, Philharmoniker Hamburg, Oehms Classics (2012)
Bruckner: Symphony No. 0, Philharmoniker Hamburg, Oehms Classics (2013)
Brahms: Symphony No. 3 & No. 4, Philharmoniker Hamburg, Oehms Classics (2013)
Bruckner: Study Symphony in F minor, Philharmoniker Hamburg, Oehms Classics (2014)
Bruckner: Symphony No. 5 in B-flat Major, Philharmoniker Hamburg, Oehms Classics (2015)
Bruckner: Symphony No. 6, Philharmoniker Hamburg, Oehms Classics (2015)
Bruckner: Symphony No. 7, Philharmoniker Hamburg, Oehms Classics (2015)
Bruckner: Symphony No. 9, Philharmoniker Hamburg, Oehms Classics (2015)
Schmidt: The Book with Seven Seals, Philharmoniker Hamburg, NDR Chor, Staatschor Latvija, Oehms Classics (2016)
Bruckner: Complete Symphonies, box set, Philharmoniker Hamburg, Oehms Classics (2016)
Brahms: Symphonies No. 1–4, 3-CD set, Philharmoniker Hamburg, Oehms Classics (2017)
Lang: ParZeFool, Klangforum Wien, Arnold Schoenberg Chor, Kairos (2019)
Bibliography
Pleger, Ralf (2006). Simone Young: die Dirigentin (in German). Hamburg: Europäische Verlagsanstalt. ISBN 978-3-434-50599-0.
References
External links
Media related to Simone Young at Wikimedia Commons
"Simone Young's discography, Naxos Records
Simone Young at IMDb
|
Simone Margaret Young AM (born 2 March 1961) is an Australian conductor and academic teacher. She is currently chief conductor of the Sydney Symphony Orchestra.
Biography and career
Young was born in Sydney, of Irish ancestry on her father's side and Croatian ancestry on her mother's. Young was educated at the Monte Sant'Angelo Mercy College in North Sydney. She studied composition, piano and conducting at the Sydney Conservatorium of Music.
Beginning in 1983, Young worked at Opera Australia as a répétiteur under various conductors, including Charles Mackerras, Richard Bonynge, Carlo Felice Cillario and Stuart Challender. Young started her operatic conducting career at the Sydney Opera House in 1985. In 1986 she was the first woman and youngest person to be appointed a resident conductor with Opera Australia. She received an Australia Council grant to study overseas, and was named Young Australian of the Year. In her early years, she was assistant to James Conlon, and Kapellmeister, at the Cologne Opera, and assistant to Daniel Barenboim at the Berlin State Opera and the Bayreuth Festival. From 1998 until 2002, Young was principal conductor of the Bergen Philharmonic Orchestra in Norway.
From 2001 to 2003, Young was chief conductor of Opera Australia in Sydney. Her contract was not renewed after 2003; one reason offered was the expense of her programming ideas.
Young made her first conducting appearance at the Hamburg State Opera in 1996. In May 2003, she was named both chief executive of the Hamburg State Opera and chief conductor of the Philharmoniker Hamburg, posts which she assumed in 2005. In 2006, she became Professor of Music and Theatre at the University of Hamburg. Critics of the magazine Opernwelt selected her in October 2006 as the Dirigentin des Jahres (Conductor of the Year). In December 2011, it was announced that Young would conclude her tenures with both the Hamburg State Opera and the Hamburg Philharmonic after the 2014/2015 season.
Young was the first female conductor at the Vienna State Opera in 1993. She conducted the Sydney Symphony Orchestra when they performed Elena Kats-Chernin's "Deep Sea Dreaming" at the 2000 Summer Olympics opening ceremony in Sydney. In November 2005, she was the first female conductor to conduct the Vienna Philharmonic. Her discography includes the complete symphonies of Anton Bruckner and the complete Ring Cycle of Richard Wagner, where she was the first female conductor to have recorded either of these cycles. She has also recorded the complete cycle of Brahms' symphonies.
In August 2008, Young appeared as part of the judging panel in the reality TV talent show-themed program Maestro on BBC Two. In December 2012, she was voted Limelight magazine's Music Personality of the Year. In 2022, Young was that magazine's critic's choice as Australian Artist of the Year.
In 2013, in commemoration of the bicentenaries for Richard Wagner and for Giuseppe Verdi, Young conducted the entire 'Bayreuth canon' of ten Wagner operas at a festival entitled Wagner-Wahn (Wagner Madness) in Hamburg, along with three rarely performed Verdi operas as a trilogy in September to November – La battaglia di Legnano, I due Foscari, I Lombardi alla prima crociata. In March 2016, Young was appointed a member of the board of the Europäische Musiktheater-Akademie (European Academy of Music Theatre).
Young had first guest-conducted the Sydney Symphony Orchestra (SSO) in 1996. In December 2019, the SSO announced the appointment of Young as its next chief conductor, effective in 2022, with an initial contract of 3 years. Young is the first female conductor to be named chief conductor of the SSO. In February 2024, the SSO announced the extension of Young's contract as its chief conductor through the end of 2026. In September 2025 her contract was extended to late 2029.
In 2024 Simone Young became the first woman to conduct Der Ring des Nibelungen at the Bayreuth Festival.
Personal life
Young is married to Greg Condon, and has two daughters. She made her first appearance at the Metropolitan Opera while she was five months pregnant and conducted at the Vienna State Opera one month prior to giving birth in 1997.
Media, honours and awards
Young is featured in the documentary film Knowing the Score directed by Australian documentarian Janine Hosking, a biopic that "is first and foremost a captivating story of a dazzling 30-year music career."
Young has received honorary doctorates from the universities of New South Wales, Sydney and Melbourne. She has been appointed an (AM) "for service to the arts as a conductor with major opera companies and orchestras in Australia and internationally".
In 2021 Young was named the Advance Awards Global Icon.
ARIA Music Awards
The ARIA Music Awards is an annual awards ceremony that recognises excellence, innovation, and achievement across all genres of Australian music. They commenced in 1987.
Bernard Heinze Memorial Award
The Sir Bernard Heinze Memorial Award is given to a person who has made an outstanding contribution to music in Australia.
Helpmann Awards
The Helpmann Awards is an awards show, celebrating live entertainment and performing arts in Australia, presented by industry group Live Performance Australia since 2001. Note: 2020 and 2021 were cancelled due to the COVID-19 pandemic.
Mo Awards
The Australian Entertainment Mo Awards (commonly known informally as the Mo Awards), were annual Australian entertainment industry awards. They recognise achievements in live entertainment in Australia from 1975 to 2016. Simone Young won one award in that time.
Victorian Honour Roll of Women
The Victorian Honour Roll of Women was established in 2001 to recognise the achievements of women from the Australian state of Victoria.
International Opera Awards
Selected discography
DVD
Simone Young: To Hamburg from Downunder, documentary, directed by Ralf Pleger, Ovation, (2008)
Poulenc: Dialogues of the Carmelites, Hamburg State Opera, Arthaus Musik (2008)
Pfitzner: Palestrina, Bavarian State Orchestra, EuroArts (2010)
Reimann: Lear, Staatsoper Hamburg, Arthaus Musik (2015)
CD
Halévy: La Juive, Vienna State Opera, RCA (2002)
Wagner: Tenor Arias, Johan Botha (tenor), Vienna Radio Symphony Orchestra, Oehms Classics (2004)
Bürger: Stille der Nacht, Berlin Radio Symphony Orchestra, Toccata Classics (2006)
Hindemith: Mathis der Maler, Philharmoniker Hamburg, Oehms Classics (2007)
Britten: Folksong Arrangements, Steve Davislim (tenor), Simone Young (piano), Melba (2007)
Bruckner: Symphony No. 2, Philharmoniker Hamburg, Oehms Classics (2007)
Verdi: Requiem, Australian Opera and Ballet Orchestra, ABC Classics, (2007)
Wagner, Strauss: Transcendent Love: The Passions of Wagner and Strauss, Lisa Gasteen (soprano), West Australian Symphony Orchestra, ABC Classics (2008)
Dean: Brett Dean, Composer and Performer, Brett Dean (viola), cellos of the Sydney Symphony Orchestra, Bis (2008)
Wagner: Das Rheingold, Philharmoniker Hamburg, Oehms Classics (2008)
Bruckner: Symphony No. 3, Philharmoniker Hamburg, Oehms Classics (2008)
Wagner, Verdi, Mozart: Knut Skram, Opera Arias, Knut Skram (baritone), Royal Philharmonic Orchestra, Simax (2008)
Wagner: Die Walküre, Philharmoniker Hamburg, Oehms Classics (2009)
Bruckner: Symphony No. 8, Philharmoniker Hamburg, Oehms Classics (2009)
Brahms: Symphony No. 1, Philharmoniker Hamburg, Oehms Classics (2010)
Bruckner: Symphony No. 4 – Romantic (1874 version), Philharmoniker Hamburg, Oehms Classics (2010)
Strauss: Seduction: Songs by Richard Strauss, Steve Davislim (tenor), Orchestra Victoria, Melba Recordings (2010)
Wagner: Siegfried, Philharmoniker Hamburg, Oehms Classics (2011)
Wagner: Götterdämmerung, Philharmoniker Hamburg, Oehms Classics (2011)
Mahler: Symphony No. 2, Philharmoniker Hamburg, Oehms Classics (2012)
Mahler: Symphony No. 6, Philharmoniker Hamburg, Oehms Classics (2012)
Brahms: Symphony No. 2, Philharmoniker Hamburg, Oehms Classics (2012)
Wagner: Der Ring des Nibelungen, box set, Philharmoniker Hamburg, Oehms Classics (2012)
Bruckner: Symphony No. 0, Philharmoniker Hamburg, Oehms Classics (2013)
Brahms: Symphony No. 3 & No. 4, Philharmoniker Hamburg, Oehms Classics (2013)
Bruckner: Study Symphony in F minor, Philharmoniker Hamburg, Oehms Classics (2014)
Bruckner: Symphony No. 5 in B-flat Major, Philharmoniker Hamburg, Oehms Classics (2015)
Bruckner: Symphony No. 6, Philharmoniker Hamburg, Oehms Classics (2015)
Bruckner: Symphony No. 7, Philharmoniker Hamburg, Oehms Classics (2015)
Bruckner: Symphony No. 9, Philharmoniker Hamburg, Oehms Classics (2015)
Schmidt: The Book with Seven Seals, Philharmoniker Hamburg, NDR Chor, Staatschor Latvija, Oehms Classics (2016)
Bruckner: Complete Symphonies, box set, Philharmoniker Hamburg, Oehms Classics (2016)
Brahms: Symphonies No. 1–4, 3-CD set, Philharmoniker Hamburg, Oehms Classics (2017)
Lang: ParZeFool, Klangforum Wien, Arnold Schoenberg Chor, Kairos (2019)
Bibliography
Pleger, Ralf (2006). Simone Young: die Dirigentin (in German). Hamburg: Europäische Verlagsanstalt. ISBN 978-3-434-50599-0.
References
External links
Media related to Simone Young at Wikimedia Commons
"Simone Young's discography, Naxos Records
Simone Young at IMDb
|
George Beadle
|
George Wells Beadle (October 22, 1903 – June 9, 1989) was an American geneticist. In 1958 he shared one-half of the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine with Edward Tatum for their discovery of the role of genes in regulating biochemical events within cells. He served as the 7th president of the University of Chicago from 1961 to 1968.
Beadle and Tatum's key experiments involved exposing the bread mold Neurospora crassa to x-rays, causing mutations. In a series of experiments, they showed that these mutations caused changes in specific enzymes involved in metabolic pathways. These experiments led them to propose a direct link between genes and enzymatic reactions, known as the One gene-one enzyme hypothesis.
Education and early life
George Wells Beadle was born in Wahoo, Nebraska. He was the son of Chauncey Elmer Beadle and Hattie Albro, who owned and operated a 40-acre (160,000 m2) farm nearby. George was educated at the Wahoo High School and might himself have become a farmer if one of his teachers at school had not directed his mind towards science and persuaded him to go to the College of Agriculture in Lincoln, Nebraska. In 1926 he earned his Bachelor of Science degree at the University of Nebraska and subsequently worked for a year with Professor F.D. Keim, who was studying hybrid wheat. In 1927 he earned his Master of Science degree, and Professor Keim secured for him a post as Teaching Assistant at Cornell University, where he worked, until 1931, with Professors R.A. Emerson and L.W. Sharp on Mendelian asynapsis in Zea mays. For this work he obtained, in 1931, his Doctor of Philosophy degree.
Career and research
In 1931 Fellowship at the California Institute of Technology at Pasadena, where he remained from 1931 until 1936. During this period he continued his work on Indian corn and began, in collaboration with Professors Theodosius Dobzhansky, S. Emerson, and Alfred Sturtevant, work on crossing-over in the fruit fly, Drosophila melanogaster.
In 1935 Beadle visited Paris for six months to work with Professor Boris Ephrussi at the Institut de Biologie physico-chimique. Together they began the study of the development of eye pigment in Drosophila which later led to the work on the biochemistry of the genetics of the fungus Neurospora for which Beadle and Edward Lawrie Tatum were together awarded the 1958 Nobel Prize for Physiology or Medicine.
In 1936 Beadle left the California Institute of Technology to become Assistant Professor of Genetics at Harvard University. A year later he was appointed Professor of Biology (Genetics) at Stanford University and there he remained for nine years, working for most of this period in collaboration with Tatum. This work of Beadle and Tatum led to an important generalization. This was that most mutants unable to grow on minimal medium, but able to grow on “complete” medium, each require addition of only one particular supplement for growth on minimal medium. If the synthesis of a particular nutrient (such as an amino acid or vitamin) was disrupted by mutation, that mutant strain could be grown by adding the necessary nutrient to the minimal medium. This finding suggested that most mutations affected only a single metabolic pathway. Further evidence obtained soon after the initial findings tended to show that generally only a single step in the pathway is blocked. Following their first report of three such auxotroph mutants in 1941, Beadle and Tatum used this method to create series of related mutants and determined the order in which amino acids and some other metabolites were synthesized in several metabolic pathways. The obvious inference from these experiments was that each gene mutation affects the activity of a single enzyme. This led directly to the one gene-one enzyme hypothesis, which, with certain qualifications and refinements, has remained essentially valid to the present day. As recalled by Horowitz, the work of Beadle and Tatum also demonstrated that genes have an essential role in biosynthesis. At the time of the experiments (1941), non-geneticists still generally believed that genes governed only trivial biological traits, such as eye color, and bristle arrangement in fruit flies, while basic biochemistry was determined in the cytoplasm by unknown processes. Also, many respected geneticists thought that gene action was far too complicated to be resolved by any simple experiment. Thus Beadle and Tatum brought about a fundamental revolution in our understanding of genetics.
In 1946 Beadle returned to the California Institute of Technology as Professor of Biology and Chairman of the Division of Biology. Here he remained until January 1961 when he was elected Chancellor of the University of Chicago and, in the autumn of the same year, President of this university.
After retiring, Beadle undertook a remarkable experiment in maize genetics. In several laboratories he grew a series of Teosinte/Maize crosses. Then he crossed these progeny with each other. He looked for the rate of appearance of parent phenotypes among this second generation. The vast majority of these plants were intermediate between maize and Teosinte in their features, but about 1 in 500 of the plants were identical to either the parent maize or the parent teosinte. Using the mathematics of Mendelian genetics, he calculated that this showed a difference between maize and teosinte of about 5 or 6 genetic loci. This demonstration was so compelling that most scientists now agree that Teosinte is the wild progenitor of maize.
During his career, Beadle has received many honors. These include the Honorary Doctor of Science of the following Universities: Yale (1947), Nebraska (1949), Northwestern University (1952), Rutgers University (1954), Kenyon College (1955), Wesleyan University (1956), the University of Birmingham and the University of Oxford, England (1959), Pomona College (1961), and Lake Forest College (1962). In 1962 he was also given the honorary degree of LL.D. by the University of California, Los Angeles. He was elected a Fellow of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences in 1946. He also received the Lasker Award of the American Public Health Association (1950), the Dyer Award (1951), the Emil Christian Hansen Prize of Denmark (1953), the Albert Einstein Commemorative Award in Science (1958), the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1958 with Edward Tatum and Joshua Lederberg, the National Award of the American Cancer Society (1959), and the Kimber Genetics Award of the National Academy of Sciences (1960).
Awards and honors
In addition to the Nobel Prize, Beadle received numerous other awards. Beadle was a member of several learned societies, he was a Member of the National Academy of Sciences (and Chairman of Committee on Genetic Effects of Atomic Radiation), the Genetics Society of America (President in 1946), the American Association for the Advancement of Science (President in 1955), the American Cancer Society (Chairman of Scientific Advisory Council), a Foreign Member of the Royal Society (ForMemRS) of London, the Danish Royal Academy of Science and the American Philosophical Society.
The George W. Beadle Award of the Genetics Society of America is named in his honor. George Beadle Middle School in Millard, Nebraska (Part of the Millard Public Schools district) was named after him. It opened in 2001. The Beadle Center, which houses the Department of Biochemistry at the University of Nebraska–Lincoln, is also named after George Beadle.
Personal life
Beadle was married twice. By his first wife he had a son, David, who now lives at The Hague, the Netherlands. His second wife, Muriel McClure (1915–1994), a well-known writer, was born in California. Beadle's chief hobbies were rockclimbing, skiing, and gardening. He is credited with the first ascent of Mount Doonerak in Alaska. He was a member of FarmHouse fraternity while at the University of Nebraska.
Beadle died on June 9, 1989 at a retirement community in Pomona, California from complications of Alzheimer's disease, aged 85. He was an atheist.
References
External links
Guide to the George Wells Beadle Papers 1908-1981 at the University of Chicago Special Collections Research Center
Guide to the University of Chicago Office of the President, Beadle Administration Records 1916-1968 at the University of Chicago Special Collections Research Center
George Beadle on Nobelprize.org
|
George Wells Beadle (October 22, 1903 – June 9, 1989) was an American geneticist. In 1958 he shared one-half of the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine with Edward Tatum for their discovery of the role of genes in regulating biochemical events within cells. He served as the 7th president of the University of Chicago from 1961 to 1968.
Beadle and Tatum's key experiments involved exposing the bread mold Neurospora crassa to x-rays, causing mutations. In a series of experiments, they showed that these mutations caused changes in specific enzymes involved in metabolic pathways. These experiments led them to propose a direct link between genes and enzymatic reactions, known as the One gene-one enzyme hypothesis.
Education and early life
George Wells Beadle was born in Wahoo, Nebraska. He was the son of Chauncey Elmer Beadle and Hattie Albro, who owned and operated a 40-acre (160,000 m2) farm nearby. George was educated at the Wahoo High School and might himself have become a farmer if one of his teachers at school had not directed his mind towards science and persuaded him to go to the College of Agriculture in Lincoln, Nebraska. In 1926 he earned his Bachelor of Science degree at the University of Nebraska and subsequently worked for a year with Professor F.D. Keim, who was studying hybrid wheat. In 1927 he earned his Master of Science degree, and Professor Keim secured for him a post as Teaching Assistant at Cornell University, where he worked, until 1931, with Professors R.A. Emerson and L.W. Sharp on Mendelian asynapsis in Zea mays. For this work he obtained, in 1931, his Doctor of Philosophy degree.
Career and research
In 1931 Fellowship at the California Institute of Technology at Pasadena, where he remained from 1931 until 1936. During this period he continued his work on Indian corn and began, in collaboration with Professors Theodosius Dobzhansky, S. Emerson, and Alfred Sturtevant, work on crossing-over in the fruit fly, Drosophila melanogaster.
In 1935 Beadle visited Paris for six months to work with Professor Boris Ephrussi at the Institut de Biologie physico-chimique. Together they began the study of the development of eye pigment in Drosophila which later led to the work on the biochemistry of the genetics of the fungus Neurospora for which Beadle and Edward Lawrie Tatum were together awarded the 1958 Nobel Prize for Physiology or Medicine.
In 1936 Beadle left the California Institute of Technology to become Assistant Professor of Genetics at Harvard University. A year later he was appointed Professor of Biology (Genetics) at Stanford University and there he remained for nine years, working for most of this period in collaboration with Tatum. This work of Beadle and Tatum led to an important generalization. This was that most mutants unable to grow on minimal medium, but able to grow on “complete” medium, each require addition of only one particular supplement for growth on minimal medium. If the synthesis of a particular nutrient (such as an amino acid or vitamin) was disrupted by mutation, that mutant strain could be grown by adding the necessary nutrient to the minimal medium. This finding suggested that most mutations affected only a single metabolic pathway. Further evidence obtained soon after the initial findings tended to show that generally only a single step in the pathway is blocked. Following their first report of three such auxotroph mutants in 1941, Beadle and Tatum used this method to create series of related mutants and determined the order in which amino acids and some other metabolites were synthesized in several metabolic pathways. The obvious inference from these experiments was that each gene mutation affects the activity of a single enzyme. This led directly to the one gene-one enzyme hypothesis, which, with certain qualifications and refinements, has remained essentially valid to the present day. As recalled by Horowitz, the work of Beadle and Tatum also demonstrated that genes have an essential role in biosynthesis. At the time of the experiments (1941), non-geneticists still generally believed that genes governed only trivial biological traits, such as eye color, and bristle arrangement in fruit flies, while basic biochemistry was determined in the cytoplasm by unknown processes. Also, many respected geneticists thought that gene action was far too complicated to be resolved by any simple experiment. Thus Beadle and Tatum brought about a fundamental revolution in our understanding of genetics.
In 1946 Beadle returned to the California Institute of Technology as Professor of Biology and Chairman of the Division of Biology. Here he remained until January 1961 when he was elected Chancellor of the University of Chicago and, in the autumn of the same year, President of this university.
After retiring, Beadle undertook a remarkable experiment in maize genetics. In several laboratories he grew a series of Teosinte/Maize crosses. Then he crossed these progeny with each other. He looked for the rate of appearance of parent phenotypes among this second generation. The vast majority of these plants were intermediate between maize and Teosinte in their features, but about 1 in 500 of the plants were identical to either the parent maize or the parent teosinte. Using the mathematics of Mendelian genetics, he calculated that this showed a difference between maize and teosinte of about 5 or 6 genetic loci. This demonstration was so compelling that most scientists now agree that Teosinte is the wild progenitor of maize.
During his career, Beadle has received many honors. These include the Honorary Doctor of Science of the following Universities: Yale (1947), Nebraska (1949), Northwestern University (1952), Rutgers University (1954), Kenyon College (1955), Wesleyan University (1956), the University of Birmingham and the University of Oxford, England (1959), Pomona College (1961), and Lake Forest College (1962). In 1962 he was also given the honorary degree of LL.D. by the University of California, Los Angeles. He was elected a Fellow of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences in 1946. He also received the Lasker Award of the American Public Health Association (1950), the Dyer Award (1951), the Emil Christian Hansen Prize of Denmark (1953), the Albert Einstein Commemorative Award in Science (1958), the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1958 with Edward Tatum and Joshua Lederberg, the National Award of the American Cancer Society (1959), and the Kimber Genetics Award of the National Academy of Sciences (1960).
Awards and honors
In addition to the Nobel Prize, Beadle received numerous other awards. Beadle was a member of several learned societies, he was a Member of the National Academy of Sciences (and Chairman of Committee on Genetic Effects of Atomic Radiation), the Genetics Society of America (President in 1946), the American Association for the Advancement of Science (President in 1955), the American Cancer Society (Chairman of Scientific Advisory Council), a Foreign Member of the Royal Society (ForMemRS) of London, the Danish Royal Academy of Science and the American Philosophical Society.
The George W. Beadle Award of the Genetics Society of America is named in his honor. George Beadle Middle School in Millard, Nebraska (Part of the Millard Public Schools district) was named after him. It opened in 2001. The Beadle Center, which houses the Department of Biochemistry at the University of Nebraska–Lincoln, is also named after George Beadle.
Personal life
Beadle was married twice. By his first wife he had a son, David, who now lives at The Hague, the Netherlands. His second wife, Muriel McClure (1915–1994), a well-known writer, was born in California. Beadle's chief hobbies were rockclimbing, skiing, and gardening. He is credited with the first ascent of Mount Doonerak in Alaska. He was a member of FarmHouse fraternity while at the University of Nebraska.
Beadle died on June 9, 1989 at a retirement community in Pomona, California from complications of Alzheimer's disease, aged 85. He was an atheist.
References
External links
Guide to the George Wells Beadle Papers 1908-1981 at the University of Chicago Special Collections Research Center
Guide to the University of Chicago Office of the President, Beadle Administration Records 1916-1968 at the University of Chicago Special Collections Research Center
George Beadle on Nobelprize.org
|
Paul Otlet
|
Paul Marie Ghislain Otlet (; French: [pɔl maʁi ɡilɛ̃ ɔtlɛ]; 23 August 1868 – 10 December 1944) was a Belgian author, lawyer and peace activist; who was a foundational figure in documentalism, a precursory discipline to information science.
Otlet created the Universal Decimal Classification, which would later become a faceted classification. Otlet was responsible for the development of an early information retrieval tool, the "Repertoire Bibliographique Universel" (RBU). RBU was used by the International Institute of Bibliography which later became the Mundaneum. Otlet wrote numerous essays on how to collect and organize and connect knowledge, culminating in two books, the Traité de Documentation (1934) and Monde: Essai d'universalisme (1935). His ideas for information collection, storage and retrieval have been compared to early incarnations of the internet and search engines.
In 1907, following a huge international conference, Otlet and Henri La Fontaine created the Central Office of International Associations, which was renamed to the Union of International Associations in 1910, and which is still located in Brussels. They also created a great international center called at first Palais Mondial (World Palace), later, the Mundaneum to house the collections and activities of their various organizations and institutes. Otlet witnessed an unprecedented proliferation of information, resulting in the creation of new kinds of international organization.
Otlet also endorsed the internationalist politics of the League of Nations and its International Institute of Intellectual Cooperation (the forerunner of UNESCO) along with fellow Mundaneum founder La Fontaine.
Early life and career
Otlet was born in Brussels, Belgium on 23 August 1868, the oldest child of Édouard Otlet (Brussels 13 June 1842-Blanquefort, France, 20 October 1907) and Maria (née Van Mons). His father, Édouard, was a wealthy businessman, selling and operating trams in the North of France. Through his mother, he was related to the Van Mons family, a prosperous family, and to the Verhaeren family, of which Emile Verhaeren was a notable Belgian poet. His mother died in 1871 at the age of 24, when Otlet was three. As a child Otlet had few friends, and only regularly played with his younger brother Maurice. He soon developed a love of reading and books.
His father kept him out of school, believing classrooms were a stifling environment. Eduoard opted to tutor the young Otlet at home during his primary schooling
At the age of six, financial hardships caused the family to move to Paris. Otlet went to school for the first time at 11. He started his formal schooling at a Jesuit school in Paris, where he stayed for the next three years. The family then returned to Brussels when Otlet was 14, and began to study at the prestigious Collège Saint-Michel in Brussels. In 1894, his father became a senator in the Belgian Senate for the Catholic Party. His father remarried to Valerie Linden, daughter of famed botanist Jean Jules Linden; the two eventually had five additional children. The family travelled often during this time, going on holidays and business trips to Italy, France and Russia.
Otlet was educated at the Catholic University of Leuven and at the Free University of Brussels. His interests at university consisted of theology, philosophy and sciences before settling on law. He earned a law degree on 15 July 1890. He married his step-cousin, Fernande Gloner, soon afterward, on 9 December 1890. He then clerked with famed lawyer Edmond Picard, a friend of his father's.
Otlet soon became dissatisfied with his legal career, and began to take an interest in bibliography. His first published work on the subject was the essay "Something about bibliography", written in 1892. In it he expressed the belief that books were an inadequate way to store information, because the arrangement of facts contained within them was an arbitrary decision on the part of the author, making individual facts difficult to locate. A better storage system, Otlet wrote in his essay, would be cards containing individual "chunks" of information, that would allow "all the manipulations of classification and continuous interfiling." In addition would be needed "a very detailed synoptic outline of knowledge" that could allow classification of all of these chunks of data.
In 1891, Otlet met Henri La Fontaine, a fellow lawyer with shared interests in bibliography and international relations, and the two became good friends. They were commissioned in 1892 by Belgium's Societé des Sciences sociales et politiques (Society of social and political sciences) to create bibliographies for various of the social sciences; they spent three years doing this. In 1895, they came across the Dewey Decimal Classification, a library classification system that had been invented in 1876 by Melvil Dewey. They decided to try to expand this system to cover the classification of facts that Otlet had previously developed. They wrote to the system's creator, asking for permission to modify his system in a way closer to Otlet's system; he agreed, so long as their system was not translated into English. They began work on this expansion soon afterwards and thus created the Universal Decimal Classification.
During this time, Otlet and his wife then had two sons, Marcel and Jean, in quick succession.
Otlet founded the Institut International de Bibliographie (IIB) in 1895 with La Fontaine after organizing the First International Conference on Bibliography together. later renamed as (in English) the International Federation for Information and Documentation (FID). The FID was later renamed after Otlet’s death to The International Federation for Information and Documentation (Fédération Internationale d'Information et de Documentation, FID) in 1988, before eventually closing in 2002.
In 1894, he had Art Nouveau architect Octave van Rysselberghe build his mansion in Brussels, the so-called Hotel Otlet.
The Universal Bibliographic Repertory
In 1895, Otlet and La Fontaine also began the creation of a collection of index cards, meant to catalog facts, that came to be known as the "Repertoire Bibliographique Universel" (RBU), or the "Universal Bibliographic Repertory". By the end of 1895 it had grown to 400,000 entries; later it would reach more than 15 million entries.
In 1896, Otlet set up a fee-based service to answer questions by mail, by sending the requesters copies of the relevant index cards for each query; scholar Charles van den Heuvel has referred to the service as an "analog search engine". By 1912, this service responded to over 1,500 queries a year. Users of this service were even warned if their query was likely to produce more than 50 results per search.
Otlet envisioned a copy of the RBU in each major city around the world, with Brussels holding the master copy. At various times between 1900 and 1914, attempts were made to send full copies of the RBU to cities such as Paris, Washington, D.C. and Rio de Janeiro; however, difficulties in copying and transportation meant that no city received more than a few hundred thousand cards.
The Universal Decimal Classification
In 1904, Otlet and La Fontaine began to publish their classification scheme, which they termed the Universal Decimal Classification. The UDC was originally based on Melvil Dewey's Decimal classification system. Otlet and La Fontaine contacted Melvil Dewey to inquire if they could modify the Dewey Decimal System to suit the parameters of their bibliographic project, namely, organizing information in the social and natural sciences. Dewey granted them permission as long as it substantially differed from his original version. They worked with numerous subject experts, for example with Herbert Haviland Field at the Concilium Bibliographicum for Zoology, and completed this initial publication in 1907. The system defines not only detailed subject classifications, but also an algebraic notation for referring to the intersection of several subjects; for example, the notation "31:[622+669](485)" refers to the statistics of mining and metallurgy in Sweden. The UDC is an example of an analytico-synthetic classification, i.e., it permits the linking of one concept to another. Although some have described it as faceted, it is not, though there are some faceted elements in it. A truly faceted classification consists solely of simple concepts; there are many compound concepts listed in the UDC. It is still used by many libraries and bibliographic services outside the English-speaking world, and in some non-traditional contexts such as the BBC Archives.
Personal difficulties and World War I
In 1906, with his father Édouard near death and his businesses falling apart, Paul and his brother and five step-siblings formed a company, Otlet Frères ("Otlet Brothers") to try to manage these businesses, which included mines and railways. Paul, though he was consumed with his bibliographic work, became president of the company. In 1907, Édouard died, and the family struggled to maintain all parts of the business. In April 1908, Paul Otlet and his wife began divorce proceedings. Otlet remarried in 1912, to Cato Van Nederhesselt.
In 1913, La Fontaine won the Nobel Peace Prize, and invested his winnings into Otlet and La Fontaine's bibliographic ventures, which were suffering from lack of funding. Otlet journeyed to the United States in early 1914 to try to get additional funding from the U.S. Government, but his efforts soon came to a halt due to the outbreak of World War I. Otlet returned to Belgium, but quickly fled after it became occupied by the Germans; he spent the majority of the war in Paris and various cities in Switzerland. Both his sons fought in the Belgian army, and one of them, Jean, died during the war in the Battle of the Yser.
Otlet spent much of the war trying to bring about peace, and the creation of multinational institutions that he felt could avert future wars. In 1914, he published a book, "La Fin de la Guerre" ("The End of War") that defined a "World Charter of Human Rights" as the basis for an international federation.
The Mundaneum
In 1910, Otlet and La Fontaine first envisioned a "city of knowledge", which Otlet originally named the "Palais Mondial" ("World Palace"), that would serve as a central repository for the world's information. In 1919, soon after the end of World War I, they convinced the government of Belgium to give them the space and funding for this project, arguing that it would help Belgium bolster its bid to house the League of Nations headquarters. They were given space in the left wing of the Palais du Cinquantenaire, a government building in Brussels. They then hired staff to help add to their Universal Bibliographic Repertory.
In 1921 Otlet wrote to W. E. B. Du Bois offering the use of the Palais Mondial for the 2nd Pan-African Congress. Although both Otlet and Fontaine offered a warm welcome to the Congress, these sentiments were not shared across all of Belgian society. The Brussels-based paper Neptune stated that the organisers – particularly the National Association for the Advancement of Coloured People were funded by the Bolsheviks – and raised concern that it might lead to difficulties in the Belgian Congo by drawing together "all the ne’er-do-wells of the various tribes of the Colony, aside from some hundreds of labourers".
The Palais Mondial was briefly shuttered in 1922, due to lack of support from the government of Prime Minister Georges Theunis, but was reopened after lobbying from Otlet and La Fontaine. Otlet renamed the Palais Mondial to the Mundaneum in 1924. The RBU steadily grew to 13 million index cards in 1927; by its final year, 1934, it had reached more than 15 million. Index cards were stored in custom-designed cabinets, and indexed according to the Universal Decimal Classification. The collection also grew to include files (including letters, reports, newspaper articles, etc.) and images, contained in separate rooms; the index cards were meant to catalog all of these as well. The Mundaneum eventually contained 100,000 files and millions of images.
In 1934, the Belgian government again cut off funding for the project, and the offices were closed. (Otlet protested by keeping vigil outside the locked offices, but to no avail.) The collection remained untouched within those offices, however, until 1940, when Germany invaded Belgium. Requisitioning the Mundaneum's quarters to hold a collection of Third Reich art and destroying substantial amounts of its collections in the process, the Germans forced Otlet and his colleagues to find a new home for the Mundaneum. In a large but decrepit building in Leopold Park they reconstituted the Mundaneum as best as they could, and there it remained until it was forced to move again in 1972, well after Otlet's death.
The World City
The World City or Cité Mondiale is a utopian vision by Paul Otlet of a city which like a universal exhibition brings together all the leading institutions of the world. The World City would radiate knowledge to the rest of the world and construct peace and universal cooperation. Otlet’s idea to design a utopian city dedicated to international institutions was largely inspired by the contemporary publication in 1913 by the Norwegian-American sculptor Hendrik Christian Andersen and the French architect Ernest Hébrard of an impressive series of Beaux-Arts plans for a World Centre of Communication (1913). For the design of his World City, Otlet collaborated with several architects. In this way a whole series of designs for the World City was developed. The most elaborated plans were: the design of a Mundaneum (1928) and a World City (1929) by Le Corbusier in Geneva next to the palace of the League of Nations, by Victor Bourgeois in Tervuren (1931) next to the Congo Museum, again by Le Corbusier (in collaboration with Huib Hoste) on the left bank in Antwerp (1933), by Maurice Heymans in Chesapeake Bay near Washington (1935), and by Stanislas Jassinski and Raphaël Delville on the left bank in Antwerp (1941). In these different designs the program of the World City stayed more or less fixed, containing a World Museum, a World University, a World Library and Documentation Centre, Offices for the International Associations, Offices or Embassies for the Nations, an Olympic Centre, a residential area, and a park.
Exploring new media
Otlet integrated new media, as they were invented, into his vision of the networked knowledge-base of the future. In the early 1900s, Otlet worked with engineer Robert Goldschmidt on storing bibliographic data on microfilm (then known as "micro-photography"). These experiments continued into the 1920s, and by the late 1920s he attempted along with colleagues to create an encyclopedia printed entirely on microfilm, known as the Encyclopaedia Microphotica Mundaneum, which was housed in the Mundaneum. In the 1920s and 1930s, he wrote about radio and television as other forms of conveying information, writing in the 1934 Traité de documentation that "one after another, marvellous inventions have immensely extended the possibilities of documentation." In the same book, he predicted that media that would convey feel, taste and smell would also eventually be invented, and that an ideal information-conveyance system should be able to handle all of what he called "sense-perception documents".
Political views and involvement
Otlet spent much of his life advocating for international cooperation and peace. The Union of International Associations, which he had founded in 1907 with Henri La Fontaine, later participated to the development of both the League of Nations and the International Committee on Intellectual Cooperation, which was later merged with UNESCO. Otlet’s organization provided support to the 1921 Pan-African Congress at the Palais Mondial (later: Mundaneum).
Contemporary critics have raised concerns with his endeavor to catalog and classify is an expression of the commitment to the Eurocentric project to structure knowledge according to universal categories and taxonomies, of which the Universal Decimal Classification is an example.
During his lifetime Otlet published statements starting with L'Afrique Aux Noirs (1888) where he argued that White people and "Westernized" Blacks were to be tasked with civilizing Africa. Similarly, in Monde (1935), near the end of his life, Otlet claimed the biological superiority of White people. His reasoning related to historic concepts of intellectual Enlightenment through Eugenics and the White Man's Burden.
In 1933, Otlet proposed building in Belgium near Antwerp a "gigantic neutral World City" to employ a massive number of workers, in order to alleviate the unemployment generated by the Great Depression.
Fade into obscurity
Otlet died in 1944, not long before the end of World War II, having seen his major project, the Mundaneum, shuttered, and having lost all his funding sources. According to Otlet scholar W. Boyd Rayward:
"The First World War marked the end of the intellectual as well as sociopolitical era in which Otlet had functioned hitherto with remarkable success. After the war, he and his schemes were never taken seriously except with the circle of his disciples. He quickly lost the support of the Belgian government. In the late 1920s he faced the defection of his followers in the International Institute of Documentation, as the International Institute of Bibliography "
And:
"Perhaps at one level, Otlet is best regarded as a fin de siècle figure whose work enjoyed a considerable measure of acceptance and support at home and abroad before World War I. But after the War, it rapidly lost favour. Once influential nationally and internationally, at least in a relatively specialised circle, Otlet came to be regarded as difficult and obstructive as he grew old. His ideas and the extraordinary institutional arrangements in which they had finally come to be expressed, the Palais Mondial or Mundaneum, seemed grandiose, unfocused and passé. In the early 1930s there was a quietly dramatic struggle to remove the International Institute of Bibliography, transformed eventually into the International Federation for Documentation, from this institutional complex and from under what was considered to be the dead hand of the past - effectively the hand of the still very much alive but ageing Otlet."
In the wake of World War II, the contributions of Otlet to the field of information science were lost sight of in the rising popularity of the ideas of American information scientists such as Vannevar Bush, Douglas Engelbart, Ted Nelson and by such theorists of information organization as Seymour Lubetzky.
Rediscovery
Beginning in the 1980s, and especially after the advent of the World Wide Web in the early 1990s, new interest arose in Otlet's speculations and theories about the organization of knowledge, the use of information technologies, and globalization. His 1934 masterpiece, the Traité de documentation, was reprinted in 1989 by the Centre de Lecture publique de la Communauté française in Belgium. (Neither the Traité nor its companion work, "Monde" (World) has been translated into English so far.) In 1990 Professor W. Boyd Rayward published an English translation of some of Otlet's writings. He also published a biography of Otlet (1975) that was translated into Russian (1976) and Spanish (1996, 1999, and 2005).
In 1985, Belgian academic André Canonne raised the possibility of recreating the Mundaneum as an archive and museum devoted to Otlet and others associated with them; his idea initially was to house it in the Belgian city of Liège. Cannone, with substantial help from others, eventually managed to open the new Mundaneum in Mons, Belgium in 1998. This museum is still in operation, and contains the personal papers of Otlet and La Fontaine and the archives of the various organizations they created along with other collections important to the modern history of Belgium.
Analysis of Otlet's theories
Otlet scholar W. Boyd Rayward has written that Otlet's thinking is a product of the 19th century and the philosophy of positivism, which holds that, through careful study and the scientific method, an objective view of the world can be gained. According to W. Boyd Rayward, his ideas placed him culturally and intellectually in the Belle Époque period of pre–World War I Europe, a period of great "cultural certitude".
Otlet's writings have sometimes been called prescient of the current World Wide Web. His vision of a great network of knowledge was centered on documents and included the notions of hyperlinks, search engines, remote access, and social networks—although these notions were described by different names. In 1934, Otlet laid out this vision of the computer and internet in what he called "Radiated Library" vision.
Grave
Paul Otlet's grave is located in the Etterbeek Cemetery, in Wezembeek-Oppem, Flemish Brabant, Belgium.
See also
References
Bibliography
Documentary films
Web pages
Other projects on Paul Otlet’s work
External links
Mundaneum
Union of International Associations
Universal Decimal Classification
Documentary about Paul Otlet (Internet Archive)
The Internet before the Internet, Perkowitz, Sidney, JSTOR Daily, 5 March 2016
Biographer Boyd Rayward's Paul Otlet page, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign
Ideographies of Knowledge, a symposium on Paul Otlet and his work from the perspective of today's knowledge archives; Mundaneum, 2015; incl. video documentation.
Spaces of Information, Intellect and Action, Analog Spaces
The lost promise of the Internet: Meet the man who almost invented cyberspace, Salon
The Secret History of Hypertext: the conventional history of computing leaves out some key thinkers, The Atlantic
|
Paul Marie Ghislain Otlet (; French: [pɔl maʁi ɡilɛ̃ ɔtlɛ]; 23 August 1868 – 10 December 1944) was a Belgian author, lawyer and peace activist; who was a foundational figure in documentalism, a precursory discipline to information science.
Otlet created the Universal Decimal Classification, which would later become a faceted classification. Otlet was responsible for the development of an early information retrieval tool, the "Repertoire Bibliographique Universel" (RBU). RBU was used by the International Institute of Bibliography which later became the Mundaneum. Otlet wrote numerous essays on how to collect and organize and connect knowledge, culminating in two books, the Traité de Documentation (1934) and Monde: Essai d'universalisme (1935). His ideas for information collection, storage and retrieval have been compared to early incarnations of the internet and search engines.
In 1907, following a huge international conference, Otlet and Henri La Fontaine created the Central Office of International Associations, which was renamed to the Union of International Associations in 1910, and which is still located in Brussels. They also created a great international center called at first Palais Mondial (World Palace), later, the Mundaneum to house the collections and activities of their various organizations and institutes. Otlet witnessed an unprecedented proliferation of information, resulting in the creation of new kinds of international organization.
Otlet also endorsed the internationalist politics of the League of Nations and its International Institute of Intellectual Cooperation (the forerunner of UNESCO) along with fellow Mundaneum founder La Fontaine.
Early life and career
Otlet was born in Brussels, Belgium on 23 August 1868, the oldest child of Édouard Otlet (Brussels 13 June 1842-Blanquefort, France, 20 October 1907) and Maria (née Van Mons). His father, Édouard, was a wealthy businessman, selling and operating trams in the North of France. Through his mother, he was related to the Van Mons family, a prosperous family, and to the Verhaeren family, of which Emile Verhaeren was a notable Belgian poet. His mother died in 1871 at the age of 24, when Otlet was three. As a child Otlet had few friends, and only regularly played with his younger brother Maurice. He soon developed a love of reading and books.
His father kept him out of school, believing classrooms were a stifling environment. Eduoard opted to tutor the young Otlet at home during his primary schooling
At the age of six, financial hardships caused the family to move to Paris. Otlet went to school for the first time at 11. He started his formal schooling at a Jesuit school in Paris, where he stayed for the next three years. The family then returned to Brussels when Otlet was 14, and began to study at the prestigious Collège Saint-Michel in Brussels. In 1894, his father became a senator in the Belgian Senate for the Catholic Party. His father remarried to Valerie Linden, daughter of famed botanist Jean Jules Linden; the two eventually had five additional children. The family travelled often during this time, going on holidays and business trips to Italy, France and Russia.
Otlet was educated at the Catholic University of Leuven and at the Free University of Brussels. His interests at university consisted of theology, philosophy and sciences before settling on law. He earned a law degree on 15 July 1890. He married his step-cousin, Fernande Gloner, soon afterward, on 9 December 1890. He then clerked with famed lawyer Edmond Picard, a friend of his father's.
Otlet soon became dissatisfied with his legal career, and began to take an interest in bibliography. His first published work on the subject was the essay "Something about bibliography", written in 1892. In it he expressed the belief that books were an inadequate way to store information, because the arrangement of facts contained within them was an arbitrary decision on the part of the author, making individual facts difficult to locate. A better storage system, Otlet wrote in his essay, would be cards containing individual "chunks" of information, that would allow "all the manipulations of classification and continuous interfiling." In addition would be needed "a very detailed synoptic outline of knowledge" that could allow classification of all of these chunks of data.
In 1891, Otlet met Henri La Fontaine, a fellow lawyer with shared interests in bibliography and international relations, and the two became good friends. They were commissioned in 1892 by Belgium's Societé des Sciences sociales et politiques (Society of social and political sciences) to create bibliographies for various of the social sciences; they spent three years doing this. In 1895, they came across the Dewey Decimal Classification, a library classification system that had been invented in 1876 by Melvil Dewey. They decided to try to expand this system to cover the classification of facts that Otlet had previously developed. They wrote to the system's creator, asking for permission to modify his system in a way closer to Otlet's system; he agreed, so long as their system was not translated into English. They began work on this expansion soon afterwards and thus created the Universal Decimal Classification.
During this time, Otlet and his wife then had two sons, Marcel and Jean, in quick succession.
Otlet founded the Institut International de Bibliographie (IIB) in 1895 with La Fontaine after organizing the First International Conference on Bibliography together. later renamed as (in English) the International Federation for Information and Documentation (FID). The FID was later renamed after Otlet’s death to The International Federation for Information and Documentation (Fédération Internationale d'Information et de Documentation, FID) in 1988, before eventually closing in 2002.
In 1894, he had Art Nouveau architect Octave van Rysselberghe build his mansion in Brussels, the so-called Hotel Otlet.
The Universal Bibliographic Repertory
In 1895, Otlet and La Fontaine also began the creation of a collection of index cards, meant to catalog facts, that came to be known as the "Repertoire Bibliographique Universel" (RBU), or the "Universal Bibliographic Repertory". By the end of 1895 it had grown to 400,000 entries; later it would reach more than 15 million entries.
In 1896, Otlet set up a fee-based service to answer questions by mail, by sending the requesters copies of the relevant index cards for each query; scholar Charles van den Heuvel has referred to the service as an "analog search engine". By 1912, this service responded to over 1,500 queries a year. Users of this service were even warned if their query was likely to produce more than 50 results per search.
Otlet envisioned a copy of the RBU in each major city around the world, with Brussels holding the master copy. At various times between 1900 and 1914, attempts were made to send full copies of the RBU to cities such as Paris, Washington, D.C. and Rio de Janeiro; however, difficulties in copying and transportation meant that no city received more than a few hundred thousand cards.
The Universal Decimal Classification
In 1904, Otlet and La Fontaine began to publish their classification scheme, which they termed the Universal Decimal Classification. The UDC was originally based on Melvil Dewey's Decimal classification system. Otlet and La Fontaine contacted Melvil Dewey to inquire if they could modify the Dewey Decimal System to suit the parameters of their bibliographic project, namely, organizing information in the social and natural sciences. Dewey granted them permission as long as it substantially differed from his original version. They worked with numerous subject experts, for example with Herbert Haviland Field at the Concilium Bibliographicum for Zoology, and completed this initial publication in 1907. The system defines not only detailed subject classifications, but also an algebraic notation for referring to the intersection of several subjects; for example, the notation "31:[622+669](485)" refers to the statistics of mining and metallurgy in Sweden. The UDC is an example of an analytico-synthetic classification, i.e., it permits the linking of one concept to another. Although some have described it as faceted, it is not, though there are some faceted elements in it. A truly faceted classification consists solely of simple concepts; there are many compound concepts listed in the UDC. It is still used by many libraries and bibliographic services outside the English-speaking world, and in some non-traditional contexts such as the BBC Archives.
Personal difficulties and World War I
In 1906, with his father Édouard near death and his businesses falling apart, Paul and his brother and five step-siblings formed a company, Otlet Frères ("Otlet Brothers") to try to manage these businesses, which included mines and railways. Paul, though he was consumed with his bibliographic work, became president of the company. In 1907, Édouard died, and the family struggled to maintain all parts of the business. In April 1908, Paul Otlet and his wife began divorce proceedings. Otlet remarried in 1912, to Cato Van Nederhesselt.
In 1913, La Fontaine won the Nobel Peace Prize, and invested his winnings into Otlet and La Fontaine's bibliographic ventures, which were suffering from lack of funding. Otlet journeyed to the United States in early 1914 to try to get additional funding from the U.S. Government, but his efforts soon came to a halt due to the outbreak of World War I. Otlet returned to Belgium, but quickly fled after it became occupied by the Germans; he spent the majority of the war in Paris and various cities in Switzerland. Both his sons fought in the Belgian army, and one of them, Jean, died during the war in the Battle of the Yser.
Otlet spent much of the war trying to bring about peace, and the creation of multinational institutions that he felt could avert future wars. In 1914, he published a book, "La Fin de la Guerre" ("The End of War") that defined a "World Charter of Human Rights" as the basis for an international federation.
The Mundaneum
In 1910, Otlet and La Fontaine first envisioned a "city of knowledge", which Otlet originally named the "Palais Mondial" ("World Palace"), that would serve as a central repository for the world's information. In 1919, soon after the end of World War I, they convinced the government of Belgium to give them the space and funding for this project, arguing that it would help Belgium bolster its bid to house the League of Nations headquarters. They were given space in the left wing of the Palais du Cinquantenaire, a government building in Brussels. They then hired staff to help add to their Universal Bibliographic Repertory.
In 1921 Otlet wrote to W. E. B. Du Bois offering the use of the Palais Mondial for the 2nd Pan-African Congress. Although both Otlet and Fontaine offered a warm welcome to the Congress, these sentiments were not shared across all of Belgian society. The Brussels-based paper Neptune stated that the organisers – particularly the National Association for the Advancement of Coloured People were funded by the Bolsheviks – and raised concern that it might lead to difficulties in the Belgian Congo by drawing together "all the ne’er-do-wells of the various tribes of the Colony, aside from some hundreds of labourers".
The Palais Mondial was briefly shuttered in 1922, due to lack of support from the government of Prime Minister Georges Theunis, but was reopened after lobbying from Otlet and La Fontaine. Otlet renamed the Palais Mondial to the Mundaneum in 1924. The RBU steadily grew to 13 million index cards in 1927; by its final year, 1934, it had reached more than 15 million. Index cards were stored in custom-designed cabinets, and indexed according to the Universal Decimal Classification. The collection also grew to include files (including letters, reports, newspaper articles, etc.) and images, contained in separate rooms; the index cards were meant to catalog all of these as well. The Mundaneum eventually contained 100,000 files and millions of images.
In 1934, the Belgian government again cut off funding for the project, and the offices were closed. (Otlet protested by keeping vigil outside the locked offices, but to no avail.) The collection remained untouched within those offices, however, until 1940, when Germany invaded Belgium. Requisitioning the Mundaneum's quarters to hold a collection of Third Reich art and destroying substantial amounts of its collections in the process, the Germans forced Otlet and his colleagues to find a new home for the Mundaneum. In a large but decrepit building in Leopold Park they reconstituted the Mundaneum as best as they could, and there it remained until it was forced to move again in 1972, well after Otlet's death.
The World City
The World City or Cité Mondiale is a utopian vision by Paul Otlet of a city which like a universal exhibition brings together all the leading institutions of the world. The World City would radiate knowledge to the rest of the world and construct peace and universal cooperation. Otlet’s idea to design a utopian city dedicated to international institutions was largely inspired by the contemporary publication in 1913 by the Norwegian-American sculptor Hendrik Christian Andersen and the French architect Ernest Hébrard of an impressive series of Beaux-Arts plans for a World Centre of Communication (1913). For the design of his World City, Otlet collaborated with several architects. In this way a whole series of designs for the World City was developed. The most elaborated plans were: the design of a Mundaneum (1928) and a World City (1929) by Le Corbusier in Geneva next to the palace of the League of Nations, by Victor Bourgeois in Tervuren (1931) next to the Congo Museum, again by Le Corbusier (in collaboration with Huib Hoste) on the left bank in Antwerp (1933), by Maurice Heymans in Chesapeake Bay near Washington (1935), and by Stanislas Jassinski and Raphaël Delville on the left bank in Antwerp (1941). In these different designs the program of the World City stayed more or less fixed, containing a World Museum, a World University, a World Library and Documentation Centre, Offices for the International Associations, Offices or Embassies for the Nations, an Olympic Centre, a residential area, and a park.
Exploring new media
Otlet integrated new media, as they were invented, into his vision of the networked knowledge-base of the future. In the early 1900s, Otlet worked with engineer Robert Goldschmidt on storing bibliographic data on microfilm (then known as "micro-photography"). These experiments continued into the 1920s, and by the late 1920s he attempted along with colleagues to create an encyclopedia printed entirely on microfilm, known as the Encyclopaedia Microphotica Mundaneum, which was housed in the Mundaneum. In the 1920s and 1930s, he wrote about radio and television as other forms of conveying information, writing in the 1934 Traité de documentation that "one after another, marvellous inventions have immensely extended the possibilities of documentation." In the same book, he predicted that media that would convey feel, taste and smell would also eventually be invented, and that an ideal information-conveyance system should be able to handle all of what he called "sense-perception documents".
Political views and involvement
Otlet spent much of his life advocating for international cooperation and peace. The Union of International Associations, which he had founded in 1907 with Henri La Fontaine, later participated to the development of both the League of Nations and the International Committee on Intellectual Cooperation, which was later merged with UNESCO. Otlet’s organization provided support to the 1921 Pan-African Congress at the Palais Mondial (later: Mundaneum).
Contemporary critics have raised concerns with his endeavor to catalog and classify is an expression of the commitment to the Eurocentric project to structure knowledge according to universal categories and taxonomies, of which the Universal Decimal Classification is an example.
During his lifetime Otlet published statements starting with L'Afrique Aux Noirs (1888) where he argued that White people and "Westernized" Blacks were to be tasked with civilizing Africa. Similarly, in Monde (1935), near the end of his life, Otlet claimed the biological superiority of White people. His reasoning related to historic concepts of intellectual Enlightenment through Eugenics and the White Man's Burden.
In 1933, Otlet proposed building in Belgium near Antwerp a "gigantic neutral World City" to employ a massive number of workers, in order to alleviate the unemployment generated by the Great Depression.
Fade into obscurity
Otlet died in 1944, not long before the end of World War II, having seen his major project, the Mundaneum, shuttered, and having lost all his funding sources. According to Otlet scholar W. Boyd Rayward:
"The First World War marked the end of the intellectual as well as sociopolitical era in which Otlet had functioned hitherto with remarkable success. After the war, he and his schemes were never taken seriously except with the circle of his disciples. He quickly lost the support of the Belgian government. In the late 1920s he faced the defection of his followers in the International Institute of Documentation, as the International Institute of Bibliography "
And:
"Perhaps at one level, Otlet is best regarded as a fin de siècle figure whose work enjoyed a considerable measure of acceptance and support at home and abroad before World War I. But after the War, it rapidly lost favour. Once influential nationally and internationally, at least in a relatively specialised circle, Otlet came to be regarded as difficult and obstructive as he grew old. His ideas and the extraordinary institutional arrangements in which they had finally come to be expressed, the Palais Mondial or Mundaneum, seemed grandiose, unfocused and passé. In the early 1930s there was a quietly dramatic struggle to remove the International Institute of Bibliography, transformed eventually into the International Federation for Documentation, from this institutional complex and from under what was considered to be the dead hand of the past - effectively the hand of the still very much alive but ageing Otlet."
In the wake of World War II, the contributions of Otlet to the field of information science were lost sight of in the rising popularity of the ideas of American information scientists such as Vannevar Bush, Douglas Engelbart, Ted Nelson and by such theorists of information organization as Seymour Lubetzky.
Rediscovery
Beginning in the 1980s, and especially after the advent of the World Wide Web in the early 1990s, new interest arose in Otlet's speculations and theories about the organization of knowledge, the use of information technologies, and globalization. His 1934 masterpiece, the Traité de documentation, was reprinted in 1989 by the Centre de Lecture publique de la Communauté française in Belgium. (Neither the Traité nor its companion work, "Monde" (World) has been translated into English so far.) In 1990 Professor W. Boyd Rayward published an English translation of some of Otlet's writings. He also published a biography of Otlet (1975) that was translated into Russian (1976) and Spanish (1996, 1999, and 2005).
In 1985, Belgian academic André Canonne raised the possibility of recreating the Mundaneum as an archive and museum devoted to Otlet and others associated with them; his idea initially was to house it in the Belgian city of Liège. Cannone, with substantial help from others, eventually managed to open the new Mundaneum in Mons, Belgium in 1998. This museum is still in operation, and contains the personal papers of Otlet and La Fontaine and the archives of the various organizations they created along with other collections important to the modern history of Belgium.
Analysis of Otlet's theories
Otlet scholar W. Boyd Rayward has written that Otlet's thinking is a product of the 19th century and the philosophy of positivism, which holds that, through careful study and the scientific method, an objective view of the world can be gained. According to W. Boyd Rayward, his ideas placed him culturally and intellectually in the Belle Époque period of pre–World War I Europe, a period of great "cultural certitude".
Otlet's writings have sometimes been called prescient of the current World Wide Web. His vision of a great network of knowledge was centered on documents and included the notions of hyperlinks, search engines, remote access, and social networks—although these notions were described by different names. In 1934, Otlet laid out this vision of the computer and internet in what he called "Radiated Library" vision.
Grave
Paul Otlet's grave is located in the Etterbeek Cemetery, in Wezembeek-Oppem, Flemish Brabant, Belgium.
See also
References
Bibliography
Documentary films
Web pages
Other projects on Paul Otlet’s work
External links
Mundaneum
Union of International Associations
Universal Decimal Classification
Documentary about Paul Otlet (Internet Archive)
The Internet before the Internet, Perkowitz, Sidney, JSTOR Daily, 5 March 2016
Biographer Boyd Rayward's Paul Otlet page, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign
Ideographies of Knowledge, a symposium on Paul Otlet and his work from the perspective of today's knowledge archives; Mundaneum, 2015; incl. video documentation.
Spaces of Information, Intellect and Action, Analog Spaces
The lost promise of the Internet: Meet the man who almost invented cyberspace, Salon
The Secret History of Hypertext: the conventional history of computing leaves out some key thinkers, The Atlantic
|
Alfred Büchi
|
Alfred Büchi (July 11, 1879 – October 27, 1959) was a Swiss engineer and inventor. He was best known as the inventor of turbocharging. Büchi was born July 11, 1879, in Winterthur, Switzerland, growing up there and in Ludwigshafen. He was the son of Johann Büchi, a chief executive at Swiss industrial engineering and manufacturing firm Sulzer.
He was well-positioned to pursue a similar field and would eventually achieve fame as a result of his inventions. In 1899 he enrolled as a machine engineering student at Federal Polytechnic Institute (ETH) in Zürich, receiving a degree in 1903. From there he practised engineering in Belgium and England before returning to Switzerland (Wetzikon) in 1908.
The turbocharger
During his early years outside Switzerland, Büchi became fascinated with the challenge of improving combustion engine efficiency relating to exhaust heat loss.
Büchi's patents
Büchi's patent, No. 204630 received from the Imperial Patent Office of the German Reich on November 6, 1905, describes a "highly supercharged compound engine" with a solution to capture such heat using an "axial compressor, radial piston engine and axial turbine on a common shaft".
The idea was simple, however the materials and fuels required for it to function were not yet available. While a later patent (1925) describing "pulse operation for low-pressure supercharging" is considered his landmark, due to Büchi's invention the year 1905 is thus acknowledged as the birth of the turbocharging era. Büchi's principles from 1905 remain the same for turbocharging today. Power and efficiency are improved "by forcing additional air into the cylinders, with the heat from the exhaust gas used to drive the turbine".
Sulzer and Brown Boveri
Joining Sulzer in 1909, Büchi researched diesel engines while continuing to investigate turbocharging innovations, focusing on large marine applications. In 1911 Sulzer opened an experimental turbocharger plant, and Büchi's first prototype for turbocharged diesel engine was produced in 1915. Intending to mitigate effects of thin air in high altitude for airplane engines, this version did not maintain consistent boost pressure and thus was not well received.
In 1915 Büchi began a dialog with Brown, Boveri & Cie (BBC) to set up cooperation, though it took them until 1923 to reach an agreement. Büchi went on to lead the Sulzer diesel department during 1918-19.
Marine applications
Nearly two decades later Büchi's invention achieved practical application. The first use of turbocharging technology was for large marine engines, when the German Ministry of Transport commissioned the construction of the passenger liners Preussen and Hansestadt Danzig in 1923. Both ships featured twin ten-cylinder diesel engines with output boosted from 1750 to 2500 horsepower by turbochargers designed by Büchi and built under his supervision by Brown Boveri (BBC) (now ABB).
Büchi Syndicate
Eventually near the end of his tenure at the firm, in 1925 Büchi for the first time succeeded in combining his technology with a diesel engine, increasing efficiency by over 40%, the same year filing Swiss patent number 122 664 under his own name ("Büchi-Duplex turbocharging system"). In 1926 he left Sulzer and established a new company known as the "Büchi Syndicate". Büchi headed engineering and customer relations, Swiss Locomotive and Machine Works (SLM) in Winterthur provided engines for testing, and BBC in Baden built turbochargers. The same year Büchi also became Director of SLM.
Two years later Büchi's new, larger turbocharger design yielded improved results, leading to an increase in licensing agreements with engine builders. The Büchi Syndicate stayed together until 1941 when BBC continued turbo-related operations under its own name.
Automotive applications
Racecar engines began to utilize turbocharging in the 1930s and the technology reached commercial automobiles toward the end of the decade. In 1938, Saurer in Switzerland produced the first truck engine to take advantage of turbocharging.
Death
Büchi died October 27, 1959, and was buried in Winterthur's Rosenberg cemetery.
Honours
In 1938 Büchi was awarded an honorary doctorate from ETH Zurich.
In summer 2012 the city of Winterthur celebrated the inventor and pioneer with the inauguration of the road "Alfred Büchi Way" in Neuwiesenquartier.
References
External links
Historisches Lexikon der Schweiz
Automotive Engineering Milestones
ABB Turbocharger history and milestones
Prova Magazin fuer Automobile Avantgarde Archived 2014-03-16 at the Wayback Machine
Gas Turbine Powerhouse: The Development of the Power Generation Gas Turbine at BBC - ABB - Alstom
Winterthur Glossary Archived 2017-02-04 at the Wayback Machine
Gizmag
Turbo Magazine Centenary Issue - A Century of Turbocharging (ABB Turbo Systems) Archived 2014-06-10 at the Wayback Machine
History of BBC / ABB, Baden and of Turbocharging Archived 2017-02-04 at the Wayback Machine
The Diesel engine and its development: A historical timeline Archived 2021-05-29 at the Wayback Machine
|
Alfred Büchi (July 11, 1879 – October 27, 1959) was a Swiss engineer and inventor. He was best known as the inventor of turbocharging. Büchi was born July 11, 1879, in Winterthur, Switzerland, growing up there and in Ludwigshafen. He was the son of Johann Büchi, a chief executive at Swiss industrial engineering and manufacturing firm Sulzer.
He was well-positioned to pursue a similar field and would eventually achieve fame as a result of his inventions. In 1899 he enrolled as a machine engineering student at Federal Polytechnic Institute (ETH) in Zürich, receiving a degree in 1903. From there he practised engineering in Belgium and England before returning to Switzerland (Wetzikon) in 1908.
The turbocharger
During his early years outside Switzerland, Büchi became fascinated with the challenge of improving combustion engine efficiency relating to exhaust heat loss.
Büchi's patents
Büchi's patent, No. 204630 received from the Imperial Patent Office of the German Reich on November 6, 1905, describes a "highly supercharged compound engine" with a solution to capture such heat using an "axial compressor, radial piston engine and axial turbine on a common shaft".
The idea was simple, however the materials and fuels required for it to function were not yet available. While a later patent (1925) describing "pulse operation for low-pressure supercharging" is considered his landmark, due to Büchi's invention the year 1905 is thus acknowledged as the birth of the turbocharging era. Büchi's principles from 1905 remain the same for turbocharging today. Power and efficiency are improved "by forcing additional air into the cylinders, with the heat from the exhaust gas used to drive the turbine".
Sulzer and Brown Boveri
Joining Sulzer in 1909, Büchi researched diesel engines while continuing to investigate turbocharging innovations, focusing on large marine applications. In 1911 Sulzer opened an experimental turbocharger plant, and Büchi's first prototype for turbocharged diesel engine was produced in 1915. Intending to mitigate effects of thin air in high altitude for airplane engines, this version did not maintain consistent boost pressure and thus was not well received.
In 1915 Büchi began a dialog with Brown, Boveri & Cie (BBC) to set up cooperation, though it took them until 1923 to reach an agreement. Büchi went on to lead the Sulzer diesel department during 1918-19.
Marine applications
Nearly two decades later Büchi's invention achieved practical application. The first use of turbocharging technology was for large marine engines, when the German Ministry of Transport commissioned the construction of the passenger liners Preussen and Hansestadt Danzig in 1923. Both ships featured twin ten-cylinder diesel engines with output boosted from 1750 to 2500 horsepower by turbochargers designed by Büchi and built under his supervision by Brown Boveri (BBC) (now ABB).
Büchi Syndicate
Eventually near the end of his tenure at the firm, in 1925 Büchi for the first time succeeded in combining his technology with a diesel engine, increasing efficiency by over 40%, the same year filing Swiss patent number 122 664 under his own name ("Büchi-Duplex turbocharging system"). In 1926 he left Sulzer and established a new company known as the "Büchi Syndicate". Büchi headed engineering and customer relations, Swiss Locomotive and Machine Works (SLM) in Winterthur provided engines for testing, and BBC in Baden built turbochargers. The same year Büchi also became Director of SLM.
Two years later Büchi's new, larger turbocharger design yielded improved results, leading to an increase in licensing agreements with engine builders. The Büchi Syndicate stayed together until 1941 when BBC continued turbo-related operations under its own name.
Automotive applications
Racecar engines began to utilize turbocharging in the 1930s and the technology reached commercial automobiles toward the end of the decade. In 1938, Saurer in Switzerland produced the first truck engine to take advantage of turbocharging.
Death
Büchi died October 27, 1959, and was buried in Winterthur's Rosenberg cemetery.
Honours
In 1938 Büchi was awarded an honorary doctorate from ETH Zurich.
In summer 2012 the city of Winterthur celebrated the inventor and pioneer with the inauguration of the road "Alfred Büchi Way" in Neuwiesenquartier.
References
External links
Historisches Lexikon der Schweiz
Automotive Engineering Milestones
ABB Turbocharger history and milestones
Prova Magazin fuer Automobile Avantgarde Archived 2014-03-16 at the Wayback Machine
Gas Turbine Powerhouse: The Development of the Power Generation Gas Turbine at BBC - ABB - Alstom
Winterthur Glossary Archived 2017-02-04 at the Wayback Machine
Gizmag
Turbo Magazine Centenary Issue - A Century of Turbocharging (ABB Turbo Systems) Archived 2014-06-10 at the Wayback Machine
History of BBC / ABB, Baden and of Turbocharging Archived 2017-02-04 at the Wayback Machine
The Diesel engine and its development: A historical timeline Archived 2021-05-29 at the Wayback Machine
|
Kati Outinen
|
Anna Katriina "Kati" Outinen (born 17 August 1961) is a Finnish actress who has often played leading female roles in Aki Kaurismäki's films. She is known for her minimalist acting style and her portrayal of resilient, working-class characters.
Early life and education
Outinen was born in Helsinki. She began her formal acting studies in 1980 at the Theatre Academy Helsinki, graduating in 1984. During her studies, she trained under the influential and controversial director Jouko Turkka, known for his intense, physical method of acting. Despite this training during Turkka's "reign" of drama studies, Outinen never became associated with the aggressive "turkkalaisuus" school of acting methodology, instead developing a distinctively subtle and restrained performance style.
Her breakthrough role was as a tough girl in the generational classic youth film Täältä tullaan elämä (1980) by Tapio Suominen.
Career
Theatre
After graduating in 1984, Outinen joined the ensemble of the KOM-teatteri in Helsinki, where she worked for ten years until 1994. At KOM-teatteri, she honed her skills in a variety of roles, ranging from contemporary drama to musical theatre, establishing a strong domestic reputation before her international film breakthrough.
Collaboration with Aki Kaurismäki
Director Aki Kaurismäki's films brought Outinen international attention and adulation, particularly in Germany and France. Her first work with Kaurismäki was Shadows in Paradise (1986), where she played a supermarket cashier. This role established the archetype she would often revisit: a quiet, stoic woman facing economic and emotional hardship with dignity.
Her collaboration with Kaurismäki continued through the "Proletariat Trilogy" and beyond. She starred in The Match Factory Girl (1990) and Drifting Clouds (1996). At the 2002 Cannes Film Festival, Outinen won the award for Best Actress for her role as Irma in The Man Without a Past.
The most recent time that Outinen and Kaurismäki worked together was in the film The Other Side of Hope (2017).
Other work
Outinen has contributed to the screenplay of the Finnish soap opera Salatut elämät. In 2016, she appeared alongside Jim Carrey in the thriller Dark Crimes. She also portrayed a Swedish bank manager in the Estonian series The Bank (2018).
In voice acting, she has appeared in the animation series Babar and voiced Ritva Tuomivaara in the video game Wolfenstein II: The New Colossus (2017).
From 2002 to 2013, Outinen worked as a professor of acting at the Theatre Academy Helsinki.
Acting style
Outinen is frequently noted for her "deadpan" delivery and minimalist expressions, which serve as a key element in the dry humor and emotional resonance of Kaurismäki's films. Critics have observed that her ability to convey deep emotion with the slightest changes in facial expression contrasts sharply with the melodramatic styles often seen in commercial cinema.
Accolades
Outinen is one of the most decorated actresses in Finnish cinema history. In addition to her success at Cannes, she has won three Jussi Awards (Finland's premier film industry event) for Best Leading Actress.
**1991:** Best Leading Actress for The Match Factory Girl
**1997:** Best Leading Actress for Drifting Clouds
**2002:** Best Actress (Cannes Film Festival) for The Man Without a Past
**2003:** Best Leading Actress for The Man Without a Past
In 2024, she was awarded the "Betoni-Jussi" (Concrete Jussi) for Lifetime Achievement, honoring her career spanning over 40 years.
Partial filmography
Shadows in Paradise (1986)
Hamlet Goes Business (1987)
The Match Factory Girl (1990)
Take Care of Your Scarf, Tatiana (1994)
Drifting Clouds (1996)
Freakin' Beautiful World (1997)
Trains'n'Roses (1998)
Juha (1999)
The Man Without a Past (2002)
Avida (2006)
Lights in the Dusk (2006)
Sauna (2008)
The House of Branching Love (2009)
Le Havre (2011)
August Fools (2013)
Dark Crimes (2016)
The Other Side of Hope (2017)
Everything Outside (2018)
The Hole in the Ground (2019)
Snot & Splash (2024)
Defiant (2024)
References
External links
Kati Outinen at IMDb
|
Anna Katriina "Kati" Outinen (born 17 August 1961) is a Finnish actress who has often played leading female roles in Aki Kaurismäki's films. She is known for her minimalist acting style and her portrayal of resilient, working-class characters.
Early life and education
Outinen was born in Helsinki. She began her formal acting studies in 1980 at the Theatre Academy Helsinki, graduating in 1984. During her studies, she trained under the influential and controversial director Jouko Turkka, known for his intense, physical method of acting. Despite this training during Turkka's "reign" of drama studies, Outinen never became associated with the aggressive "turkkalaisuus" school of acting methodology, instead developing a distinctively subtle and restrained performance style.
Her breakthrough role was as a tough girl in the generational classic youth film Täältä tullaan elämä (1980) by Tapio Suominen.
Career
Theatre
After graduating in 1984, Outinen joined the ensemble of the KOM-teatteri in Helsinki, where she worked for ten years until 1994. At KOM-teatteri, she honed her skills in a variety of roles, ranging from contemporary drama to musical theatre, establishing a strong domestic reputation before her international film breakthrough.
Collaboration with Aki Kaurismäki
Director Aki Kaurismäki's films brought Outinen international attention and adulation, particularly in Germany and France. Her first work with Kaurismäki was Shadows in Paradise (1986), where she played a supermarket cashier. This role established the archetype she would often revisit: a quiet, stoic woman facing economic and emotional hardship with dignity.
Her collaboration with Kaurismäki continued through the "Proletariat Trilogy" and beyond. She starred in The Match Factory Girl (1990) and Drifting Clouds (1996). At the 2002 Cannes Film Festival, Outinen won the award for Best Actress for her role as Irma in The Man Without a Past.
The most recent time that Outinen and Kaurismäki worked together was in the film The Other Side of Hope (2017).
Other work
Outinen has contributed to the screenplay of the Finnish soap opera Salatut elämät. In 2016, she appeared alongside Jim Carrey in the thriller Dark Crimes. She also portrayed a Swedish bank manager in the Estonian series The Bank (2018).
In voice acting, she has appeared in the animation series Babar and voiced Ritva Tuomivaara in the video game Wolfenstein II: The New Colossus (2017).
From 2002 to 2013, Outinen worked as a professor of acting at the Theatre Academy Helsinki.
Acting style
Outinen is frequently noted for her "deadpan" delivery and minimalist expressions, which serve as a key element in the dry humor and emotional resonance of Kaurismäki's films. Critics have observed that her ability to convey deep emotion with the slightest changes in facial expression contrasts sharply with the melodramatic styles often seen in commercial cinema.
Accolades
Outinen is one of the most decorated actresses in Finnish cinema history. In addition to her success at Cannes, she has won three Jussi Awards (Finland's premier film industry event) for Best Leading Actress.
**1991:** Best Leading Actress for The Match Factory Girl
**1997:** Best Leading Actress for Drifting Clouds
**2002:** Best Actress (Cannes Film Festival) for The Man Without a Past
**2003:** Best Leading Actress for The Man Without a Past
In 2024, she was awarded the "Betoni-Jussi" (Concrete Jussi) for Lifetime Achievement, honoring her career spanning over 40 years.
Partial filmography
Shadows in Paradise (1986)
Hamlet Goes Business (1987)
The Match Factory Girl (1990)
Take Care of Your Scarf, Tatiana (1994)
Drifting Clouds (1996)
Freakin' Beautiful World (1997)
Trains'n'Roses (1998)
Juha (1999)
The Man Without a Past (2002)
Avida (2006)
Lights in the Dusk (2006)
Sauna (2008)
The House of Branching Love (2009)
Le Havre (2011)
August Fools (2013)
Dark Crimes (2016)
The Other Side of Hope (2017)
Everything Outside (2018)
The Hole in the Ground (2019)
Snot & Splash (2024)
Defiant (2024)
References
External links
Kati Outinen at IMDb
|
Catherine of Bohemia
|
Catherine of Bohemia (Czech: Kateřina Lucemburská, German: Katharina von Böhmen; 19 August 1342 – 26 April 1395) also known as Catherine of Luxembourg was Electress of Brandenburg, the second daughter of Holy Roman Emperor Charles IV and Blanche of Valois.
Catherine was born on 19 August 1342, the third child and second surviving daughter of Charles IV, Holy Roman Emperor, and his first wife Blanche of Valois. On 13 July 1356, Catherine married Rudolf IV, Duke of Austria. The marriage was a political one arranged by her father to make peace with Austria. Rudolph died after nine years of childless marriage.
On 19 March 1366, Catherine married Otto V, Duke of Bavaria.
References
Sources
Geaman, Kristen L. (2022). Anne of Bohemia. Routledge.
Urban, William L. (1989). The Samogitian Crusade. Lithuanian Research and Studies Center.
== External links ==
|
Catherine of Bohemia (Czech: Kateřina Lucemburská, German: Katharina von Böhmen; 19 August 1342 – 26 April 1395) also known as Catherine of Luxembourg was Electress of Brandenburg, the second daughter of Holy Roman Emperor Charles IV and Blanche of Valois.
Catherine was born on 19 August 1342, the third child and second surviving daughter of Charles IV, Holy Roman Emperor, and his first wife Blanche of Valois. On 13 July 1356, Catherine married Rudolf IV, Duke of Austria. The marriage was a political one arranged by her father to make peace with Austria. Rudolph died after nine years of childless marriage.
On 19 March 1366, Catherine married Otto V, Duke of Bavaria.
References
Sources
Geaman, Kristen L. (2022). Anne of Bohemia. Routledge.
Urban, William L. (1989). The Samogitian Crusade. Lithuanian Research and Studies Center.
== External links ==
|
Géza Maróczy
|
Géza Maróczy (Hungarian pronunciation: [ˈmɒroːt͡si ˈɡeːzɒ]; 3 March 1870 – 29 May 1951) was a Hungarian chess player, one of the leading players in the world in his time. He was one of the inaugural recipients of the International Grandmaster title from FIDE in 1950.
Early career
Géza Maróczy was born in Szeged, Hungary on 3 March 1870. He won the "minor" tournament at Hastings 1895, and over the next ten years he won several first prizes in international events. Between 1902 and 1908, he took part in thirteen tournaments and won five first prizes and five second prizes. Today the Maróczy Bind (see below) and the Maróczy Gambit bear his name.
In 1906 he agreed to terms for a World Championship match with Emanuel Lasker, but the arrangements could not be finalised, and the match never took place.
Retirement and return
After 1908, Maróczy retired from international chess to devote more time to his profession as a clerk. He worked as an auditor and made a good career at the Center of Trade Unions and Social Insurance. When the Communists came briefly to power in 1919 after World War I (Hungarian Soviet Republic) he was a chief auditor at the Education Ministry. After the Communist government was overthrown he couldn't get another job. He made a brief return to chess, with some success. At the turn of the year 1927/8, he outclassed the 1924 champion of Hungary, Géza Nagy, in a match by +5−0=3. With him on Board 1, Hungary won the first Chess Olympiads in London (1927). He continued competing in tournaments throughout the 1930s.
In 1950, FIDE instituted the title of Grandmaster; Maróczy was one of several players who were awarded the title based on their past achievements.
Style
Maróczy's style, though sound, was very defensive in nature. His successful defences of the Danish Gambit against Jacques Mieses and Karl Helling, involving judicious return of the sacrificed material for advantage, were used as models of defensive play by Max Euwe and Kramer in their two-volume series on the middlegame. Aron Nimzowitsch, in My System, used Maróczy's win against Hugo Süchting (in Barmen 1905) as a model of restraining the opponent before breaking through. But he could also play spectacular chess on occasion, such as his famous victory over the noted attacking player David Janowski (Munich 1900).
His handling of queen endgames was also highly respected, such as against Frank Marshall, from Karlsbad 1907, showing superior queen activity.
The Maróczy Bind is a formation White may adopt against some variations of the Sicilian Defence. By placing pawns on e4 and c4, White slightly reduces his attacking prospects but also greatly inhibits Black's counterplay.
Assessment
Maróczy had respectable lifetime scores against most of the top players of his day, but he had negative scores against the world chess champions: Wilhelm Steinitz (+1−2=1), Emanuel Lasker (+0−4=2), José Raúl Capablanca (+0−3=5) and Alexander Alekhine (+0−6=5); except for Max Euwe, whom he beat (+4−3=15). But Maróczy's defensive style was often more than sufficient to beat the leading attacking players of his day such as Joseph Henry Blackburne (+5−0=3), Mikhail Chigorin (+6−4=7), Frank Marshall (+11−6=8), David Janowski (+10−5=5), Efim Bogoljubov (+7−4=4) and Frederick Yates (+8−0=1).
Capablanca held Maróczy in high esteem. In a lecture given in the early 1940s, Capablanca called Maróczy "very gentlemanly and correct" and "a kindly figure", praised the Maróczy Bind as an important contribution to opening theory, credited him as a "good teacher" who greatly helped Vera Menchik reach the top of women's chess, and "one of the greatest masters of his time." Capablanca wrote (as cited by Edward Winter's compendium on Capablanca):As a chessplayer he was a little lacking in imagination and aggressive spirit. His positional judgement, the greatest quality of the true master, was excellent. A very accurate player and an excellent endgame artist, he became famous as an expert on queen endings. In a tournament many years ago he won a knight endgame against the Viennese master Marco which has gone into history as one of the classic endings of this type. [Capablanca was referring to Marco–Maroczy, 1899.] Concerning the relative strength of Maróczy and the best young masters of today, my opinion is that, with the exception of Botvinnik and Keres, Maróczy in his time was superior to all the other players of today.
References
External links
Kmoch, Hans (2004). "Grandmasters I Have Known: Géza Maróczy (1870-1951)". Chesscafe.com.
Geza Maroczy player profile and games at Chessgames.com
|
Géza Maróczy (Hungarian pronunciation: [ˈmɒroːt͡si ˈɡeːzɒ]; 3 March 1870 – 29 May 1951) was a Hungarian chess player, one of the leading players in the world in his time. He was one of the inaugural recipients of the International Grandmaster title from FIDE in 1950.
Early career
Géza Maróczy was born in Szeged, Hungary on 3 March 1870. He won the "minor" tournament at Hastings 1895, and over the next ten years he won several first prizes in international events. Between 1902 and 1908, he took part in thirteen tournaments and won five first prizes and five second prizes. Today the Maróczy Bind (see below) and the Maróczy Gambit bear his name.
In 1906 he agreed to terms for a World Championship match with Emanuel Lasker, but the arrangements could not be finalised, and the match never took place.
Retirement and return
After 1908, Maróczy retired from international chess to devote more time to his profession as a clerk. He worked as an auditor and made a good career at the Center of Trade Unions and Social Insurance. When the Communists came briefly to power in 1919 after World War I (Hungarian Soviet Republic) he was a chief auditor at the Education Ministry. After the Communist government was overthrown he couldn't get another job. He made a brief return to chess, with some success. At the turn of the year 1927/8, he outclassed the 1924 champion of Hungary, Géza Nagy, in a match by +5−0=3. With him on Board 1, Hungary won the first Chess Olympiads in London (1927). He continued competing in tournaments throughout the 1930s.
In 1950, FIDE instituted the title of Grandmaster; Maróczy was one of several players who were awarded the title based on their past achievements.
Style
Maróczy's style, though sound, was very defensive in nature. His successful defences of the Danish Gambit against Jacques Mieses and Karl Helling, involving judicious return of the sacrificed material for advantage, were used as models of defensive play by Max Euwe and Kramer in their two-volume series on the middlegame. Aron Nimzowitsch, in My System, used Maróczy's win against Hugo Süchting (in Barmen 1905) as a model of restraining the opponent before breaking through. But he could also play spectacular chess on occasion, such as his famous victory over the noted attacking player David Janowski (Munich 1900).
His handling of queen endgames was also highly respected, such as against Frank Marshall, from Karlsbad 1907, showing superior queen activity.
The Maróczy Bind is a formation White may adopt against some variations of the Sicilian Defence. By placing pawns on e4 and c4, White slightly reduces his attacking prospects but also greatly inhibits Black's counterplay.
Assessment
Maróczy had respectable lifetime scores against most of the top players of his day, but he had negative scores against the world chess champions: Wilhelm Steinitz (+1−2=1), Emanuel Lasker (+0−4=2), José Raúl Capablanca (+0−3=5) and Alexander Alekhine (+0−6=5); except for Max Euwe, whom he beat (+4−3=15). But Maróczy's defensive style was often more than sufficient to beat the leading attacking players of his day such as Joseph Henry Blackburne (+5−0=3), Mikhail Chigorin (+6−4=7), Frank Marshall (+11−6=8), David Janowski (+10−5=5), Efim Bogoljubov (+7−4=4) and Frederick Yates (+8−0=1).
Capablanca held Maróczy in high esteem. In a lecture given in the early 1940s, Capablanca called Maróczy "very gentlemanly and correct" and "a kindly figure", praised the Maróczy Bind as an important contribution to opening theory, credited him as a "good teacher" who greatly helped Vera Menchik reach the top of women's chess, and "one of the greatest masters of his time." Capablanca wrote (as cited by Edward Winter's compendium on Capablanca):As a chessplayer he was a little lacking in imagination and aggressive spirit. His positional judgement, the greatest quality of the true master, was excellent. A very accurate player and an excellent endgame artist, he became famous as an expert on queen endings. In a tournament many years ago he won a knight endgame against the Viennese master Marco which has gone into history as one of the classic endings of this type. [Capablanca was referring to Marco–Maroczy, 1899.] Concerning the relative strength of Maróczy and the best young masters of today, my opinion is that, with the exception of Botvinnik and Keres, Maróczy in his time was superior to all the other players of today.
References
External links
Kmoch, Hans (2004). "Grandmasters I Have Known: Géza Maróczy (1870-1951)". Chesscafe.com.
Geza Maroczy player profile and games at Chessgames.com
|
Alfred H. Colquitt
|
Alfred Holt Colquitt (April 20, 1824 – March 26, 1894) was an American lawyer, preacher, soldier, and politician. Elected as the 49th governor of Georgia (1877–1882), he was one of numerous Democrats elected to office as white conservatives took back power in the state at the end of the Reconstruction era. He was elected by the Georgia state legislature to two terms as U.S. Senator, serving from 1883 to 1894 and dying in office. He had served as a United States officer in the Mexican-American War and in the Confederate States Army during the American Civil War, reaching the rank of major general.
Early life
Alfred Colquitt was born in Monroe, Georgia. His father, Walter T. Colquitt, became a United States Representative and Senator from Georgia. The younger Colquitt graduated from Princeton College in 1844, studied law and passed his bar examination in 1846. He began practicing law in Monroe.
During the Mexican–American War (1848-1849), Colquitt served as a paymaster in the United States Army at the rank of major. After the war, Colquitt was elected as a member of the United States House of Representatives, serving one term from 1853 to 1855. He next was elected to and served in the Georgia state legislature. Colquitt was a delegate to The Georgia Secession Convention of 1861: he voted in favor of secession and signed Georgia's Ordinance of Secession on January 19, 1861.
Colquitt was a presidential elector in 1860.
Civil War
At the beginning of the civil war, Colquitt was appointed captain in the 6th Georgia Infantry. Eventually rising to colonel, he led his regiment in the Peninsula Campaign. At Seven Pines, he assumed brigade command after Brig. Gen Gabriel Rains was wounded, and led it through the Seven Days Battles. He led his brigade under Stonewall Jackson in the Battle of South Mountain, Battle of Antietam, the Battle of Fredericksburg, and the Battle of Chancellorsville. Colquitt survived Antietam unscathed although nearly every other officer in the brigade was killed or wounded. After the battle, he was immediately promoted to brigadier general, to rank from September 1. By the end of the war, he had been promoted to major general.
After Chancellorsville, some questions arose about Colquitt's performance during that battle, and he was transferred to North Carolina in exchange for Brig. Gen Junius Daniel's brigade. His brigade was transferred again in the summer of 1863 to protect Charleston, South Carolina. In February 1864, Colquitt marched his brigade south to help defend against the Union invasion of Florida, and was victorious in the Battle of Olustee. After this battle, Colquitt's brigade rejoined Robert E. Lee's Army of Northern Virginia. Late in the war the brigade returned to defend North Carolina, where Colquitt surrendered in 1865.
Political life
After returning to political life and near the end of the Reconstruction era, Colquitt defeated Republican candidate Jonathan Norcross for governor of Georgia in 1876. He was one of a number of Democrats elected to office as white conservatives regained power in the state, in part by an overt effort by paramilitary insurgents to disrupt and suppress Republican voting, especially by freedmen. Around that time, several thousand "friends" asked for about 30 open government patronage jobs. Those who did not get one of the jobs tried to turn voters against Colquitt. There were rumors that Colquitt was involved in illegal dealings with the Northeastern Railroad. A legislative committee found the governor innocent. During this time he was a part of the Bourbon Triumvirate.
Colquitt was reelected in 1880 to serve two years under the new state constitution, which reduced the term of governor from four years to two. Under his term, debt was reduced.
In 1883, Colquitt was elected by the state legislature as a Democrat to the US Senate from Georgia (this was the practice before an amendment for popular election of senators was ratified in the 20th century). He was re-elected to a second term in 1888.
In 1892, Colquitt suffered a stroke and became partially paralyzed. He recovered enough to resume his duties as a senator, but in March 1894, he suffered another stroke that left him mostly incapacitated. He died two weeks later. His body was returned to Georgia, where he was buried in Rose Hill cemetery in Macon.
Family life
Colquitt's brother, Col. Peyton H. Colquitt, was killed at age 31 at the Battle of Chickamauga.
Colquitt was married twice: first to the former Dorothy Elizabeth Tarver (1829-1855), and after her death to her brother's widow, the former Sarah Bunn Tarver (1832-1898). He was the father of three children with his first wife and seven children with his second wife.
See also
List of signers of the Georgia Ordinance of Secession
Confederate States of America, causes of secession, "Died of states' rights"
List of American Civil War generals (Confederate)
List of members of the United States Congress who died in office (1790–1899)
References
United States Congress. "Alfred H. Colquitt (id: C000647)". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. Retrieved on 2008-02-13
Eicher, John H., and David J. Eicher, Civil War High Commands. Stanford: Stanford University Press, 2001. ISBN 978-0-8047-3641-1.
Sifakis, Stewart. Who Was Who in the Civil War. New York: Facts On File, 1988. ISBN 978-0-8160-1055-4.
Warner, Ezra J. Generals in Gray: Lives of the Confederate Commanders. Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1959. ISBN 978-0-8071-0823-9.
External links
General Alfred Colquitt at the Battle of Olustee
Holt, Alfred H. "Letter to Wiley B. Burnett, Aug. 20, 1890". America's Turning Point: Documenting the Civil War Experience in Georgia. E. Merton Coulter manuscript collection II. MS 2345. Hargrett Rare Book and Manuscript Library, University of Georgia Libraries. Digital Library of Georgia. Retrieved June 3, 2016.
"Alfred Holt Colquitt Residence". Atlanta History Photograph Collection, Atlanta History Center. Digital Library of Georgia. Archived from the original on June 17, 2016. Retrieved June 3, 2016.
"International Cotton Exposition". Atlanta History Photograph Collection, Atlanta History Center. Digital Library of Georgia. Archived from the original on June 17, 2016. Retrieved June 3, 2016.
"Memorial addresses on the life and character of Alfred Holt Colquitt : Delivered in the Senate and House of Representatives, fifty-third congress, third session". Digital Library of Georgia. Retrieved June 3, 2016.
"Newspaper clipping about Alfred H. Colquitt published March 29, 1894". Calhoun-Gordon County Library Obituary File, Calhoun-Gordon County Library, as presented in the Digital Library of Georgia. Retrieved June 3, 2016.
Alfred Holt Colquitt historical marker
Alfred H. Colquitt, New Georgia Encyclopedia
|
Alfred Holt Colquitt (April 20, 1824 – March 26, 1894) was an American lawyer, preacher, soldier, and politician. Elected as the 49th governor of Georgia (1877–1882), he was one of numerous Democrats elected to office as white conservatives took back power in the state at the end of the Reconstruction era. He was elected by the Georgia state legislature to two terms as U.S. Senator, serving from 1883 to 1894 and dying in office. He had served as a United States officer in the Mexican-American War and in the Confederate States Army during the American Civil War, reaching the rank of major general.
Early life
Alfred Colquitt was born in Monroe, Georgia. His father, Walter T. Colquitt, became a United States Representative and Senator from Georgia. The younger Colquitt graduated from Princeton College in 1844, studied law and passed his bar examination in 1846. He began practicing law in Monroe.
During the Mexican–American War (1848-1849), Colquitt served as a paymaster in the United States Army at the rank of major. After the war, Colquitt was elected as a member of the United States House of Representatives, serving one term from 1853 to 1855. He next was elected to and served in the Georgia state legislature. Colquitt was a delegate to The Georgia Secession Convention of 1861: he voted in favor of secession and signed Georgia's Ordinance of Secession on January 19, 1861.
Colquitt was a presidential elector in 1860.
Civil War
At the beginning of the civil war, Colquitt was appointed captain in the 6th Georgia Infantry. Eventually rising to colonel, he led his regiment in the Peninsula Campaign. At Seven Pines, he assumed brigade command after Brig. Gen Gabriel Rains was wounded, and led it through the Seven Days Battles. He led his brigade under Stonewall Jackson in the Battle of South Mountain, Battle of Antietam, the Battle of Fredericksburg, and the Battle of Chancellorsville. Colquitt survived Antietam unscathed although nearly every other officer in the brigade was killed or wounded. After the battle, he was immediately promoted to brigadier general, to rank from September 1. By the end of the war, he had been promoted to major general.
After Chancellorsville, some questions arose about Colquitt's performance during that battle, and he was transferred to North Carolina in exchange for Brig. Gen Junius Daniel's brigade. His brigade was transferred again in the summer of 1863 to protect Charleston, South Carolina. In February 1864, Colquitt marched his brigade south to help defend against the Union invasion of Florida, and was victorious in the Battle of Olustee. After this battle, Colquitt's brigade rejoined Robert E. Lee's Army of Northern Virginia. Late in the war the brigade returned to defend North Carolina, where Colquitt surrendered in 1865.
Political life
After returning to political life and near the end of the Reconstruction era, Colquitt defeated Republican candidate Jonathan Norcross for governor of Georgia in 1876. He was one of a number of Democrats elected to office as white conservatives regained power in the state, in part by an overt effort by paramilitary insurgents to disrupt and suppress Republican voting, especially by freedmen. Around that time, several thousand "friends" asked for about 30 open government patronage jobs. Those who did not get one of the jobs tried to turn voters against Colquitt. There were rumors that Colquitt was involved in illegal dealings with the Northeastern Railroad. A legislative committee found the governor innocent. During this time he was a part of the Bourbon Triumvirate.
Colquitt was reelected in 1880 to serve two years under the new state constitution, which reduced the term of governor from four years to two. Under his term, debt was reduced.
In 1883, Colquitt was elected by the state legislature as a Democrat to the US Senate from Georgia (this was the practice before an amendment for popular election of senators was ratified in the 20th century). He was re-elected to a second term in 1888.
In 1892, Colquitt suffered a stroke and became partially paralyzed. He recovered enough to resume his duties as a senator, but in March 1894, he suffered another stroke that left him mostly incapacitated. He died two weeks later. His body was returned to Georgia, where he was buried in Rose Hill cemetery in Macon.
Family life
Colquitt's brother, Col. Peyton H. Colquitt, was killed at age 31 at the Battle of Chickamauga.
Colquitt was married twice: first to the former Dorothy Elizabeth Tarver (1829-1855), and after her death to her brother's widow, the former Sarah Bunn Tarver (1832-1898). He was the father of three children with his first wife and seven children with his second wife.
See also
List of signers of the Georgia Ordinance of Secession
Confederate States of America, causes of secession, "Died of states' rights"
List of American Civil War generals (Confederate)
List of members of the United States Congress who died in office (1790–1899)
References
United States Congress. "Alfred H. Colquitt (id: C000647)". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. Retrieved on 2008-02-13
Eicher, John H., and David J. Eicher, Civil War High Commands. Stanford: Stanford University Press, 2001. ISBN 978-0-8047-3641-1.
Sifakis, Stewart. Who Was Who in the Civil War. New York: Facts On File, 1988. ISBN 978-0-8160-1055-4.
Warner, Ezra J. Generals in Gray: Lives of the Confederate Commanders. Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1959. ISBN 978-0-8071-0823-9.
External links
General Alfred Colquitt at the Battle of Olustee
Holt, Alfred H. "Letter to Wiley B. Burnett, Aug. 20, 1890". America's Turning Point: Documenting the Civil War Experience in Georgia. E. Merton Coulter manuscript collection II. MS 2345. Hargrett Rare Book and Manuscript Library, University of Georgia Libraries. Digital Library of Georgia. Retrieved June 3, 2016.
"Alfred Holt Colquitt Residence". Atlanta History Photograph Collection, Atlanta History Center. Digital Library of Georgia. Archived from the original on June 17, 2016. Retrieved June 3, 2016.
"International Cotton Exposition". Atlanta History Photograph Collection, Atlanta History Center. Digital Library of Georgia. Archived from the original on June 17, 2016. Retrieved June 3, 2016.
"Memorial addresses on the life and character of Alfred Holt Colquitt : Delivered in the Senate and House of Representatives, fifty-third congress, third session". Digital Library of Georgia. Retrieved June 3, 2016.
"Newspaper clipping about Alfred H. Colquitt published March 29, 1894". Calhoun-Gordon County Library Obituary File, Calhoun-Gordon County Library, as presented in the Digital Library of Georgia. Retrieved June 3, 2016.
Alfred Holt Colquitt historical marker
Alfred H. Colquitt, New Georgia Encyclopedia
|
Waleran III, Duke of Limburg
|
Waleran III (or Walram III) (c. 1165 – 2 July 1226) was initially Lord of Montjoie, then Count of Luxembourg and Count of Arlon from 1214. He became Duke of Limburg on his father's death in 1221. He was the son of Henry III of Limburg and Sophia of Saarbrücken.
Military campaigns
As a younger son, he did not expect to inherit. He carried on an adventurous youth and took part in the Third Crusade in 1192. In 1208, the imperial candidate Philip of Swabia died and Waleran, his erstwhile supporter, turned to his opponent, Otto of Brunswick. In 1212, he accompanied his first cousin Henry I, Duke of Brabant, to Liège, then in a war with Guelders. Waleran's first wife, Cunigunda, a daughter of Frederick I, Duke of Lorraine, died in 1214, and in May, he married Ermesinde of Luxembourg and became count jure uxoris there.
Reign
In 1221, he inherited Limburg. In 1223, he again tried to take Namur from the Margrave Philip II. He failed and signed a peace treaty on 13 February in Dinant. He then took part in various imperial diets and accompanied the Emperor Frederick II into Italy. Returning from there, he died in Rolduc.
Family and children
Waleran married as his first wife, Cunigunda of Lorraine, daughter of Frederick I, Duke of Lorraine. Later he married, Ermesinde of Luxembourg.
Children with Cunigunda of Lorraine:
Sophie (c. 1190 – 1226/27), married c. 1210 Frederick of Isenberg
Matilda (c. 1192 – aft. 1234), married c. 1210 William III, Count of Jülich, mother of William IV, Count of Jülich
Henry IV, Duke of Limburg, married Irmgard of Berg, heiress of the County of Berg, a daughter of the count Adolf VI
Waleran (c. 1200 – 1242), married Elisabeth of Bar, daughter of Ermesinde of Luxembourg and Theobald I, Count of Bar
Children with Ermesinde, Countess of Luxembourg:
Catherine of Limburg (c. 1215 – 1255), married Matthias II, Duke of Lorraine, nephew of Waleran's first wife
Henry V, Count of Luxembourg married Margaret of Bar
Gerhard, Count of Durbuy
References
Sources
Gade, John A. (1951). Luxemburg in the Middle Ages. E.J. Brill.
Hoensch, Jorg K. (2000). Die Luxemburger: Ein spatmittelalterliche Dynastie gesamteuropaischer Bedeutung, 1308-1437 (in German). Verlag W. Kohlhammer. ISBN 3-17-015159-2.
Loud, Graham A.; Schenk, Jochen, eds. (2017). The Origins of the German Principalities, 1100-1350: Essays by German Historians. Routledge.
Péporté, P. (2011). Historiography, Collective Memory and Nation-Building in Luxembourg. Brill.
|
Waleran III (or Walram III) (c. 1165 – 2 July 1226) was initially Lord of Montjoie, then Count of Luxembourg and Count of Arlon from 1214. He became Duke of Limburg on his father's death in 1221. He was the son of Henry III of Limburg and Sophia of Saarbrücken.
Military campaigns
As a younger son, he did not expect to inherit. He carried on an adventurous youth and took part in the Third Crusade in 1192. In 1208, the imperial candidate Philip of Swabia died and Waleran, his erstwhile supporter, turned to his opponent, Otto of Brunswick. In 1212, he accompanied his first cousin Henry I, Duke of Brabant, to Liège, then in a war with Guelders. Waleran's first wife, Cunigunda, a daughter of Frederick I, Duke of Lorraine, died in 1214, and in May, he married Ermesinde of Luxembourg and became count jure uxoris there.
Reign
In 1221, he inherited Limburg. In 1223, he again tried to take Namur from the Margrave Philip II. He failed and signed a peace treaty on 13 February in Dinant. He then took part in various imperial diets and accompanied the Emperor Frederick II into Italy. Returning from there, he died in Rolduc.
Family and children
Waleran married as his first wife, Cunigunda of Lorraine, daughter of Frederick I, Duke of Lorraine. Later he married, Ermesinde of Luxembourg.
Children with Cunigunda of Lorraine:
Sophie (c. 1190 – 1226/27), married c. 1210 Frederick of Isenberg
Matilda (c. 1192 – aft. 1234), married c. 1210 William III, Count of Jülich, mother of William IV, Count of Jülich
Henry IV, Duke of Limburg, married Irmgard of Berg, heiress of the County of Berg, a daughter of the count Adolf VI
Waleran (c. 1200 – 1242), married Elisabeth of Bar, daughter of Ermesinde of Luxembourg and Theobald I, Count of Bar
Children with Ermesinde, Countess of Luxembourg:
Catherine of Limburg (c. 1215 – 1255), married Matthias II, Duke of Lorraine, nephew of Waleran's first wife
Henry V, Count of Luxembourg married Margaret of Bar
Gerhard, Count of Durbuy
References
Sources
Gade, John A. (1951). Luxemburg in the Middle Ages. E.J. Brill.
Hoensch, Jorg K. (2000). Die Luxemburger: Ein spatmittelalterliche Dynastie gesamteuropaischer Bedeutung, 1308-1437 (in German). Verlag W. Kohlhammer. ISBN 3-17-015159-2.
Loud, Graham A.; Schenk, Jochen, eds. (2017). The Origins of the German Principalities, 1100-1350: Essays by German Historians. Routledge.
Péporté, P. (2011). Historiography, Collective Memory and Nation-Building in Luxembourg. Brill.
|
Frederick I, Duke of Lorraine
|
Frederick I (French: Ferry or Ferri) (c. 1143 – 7 April 1206) was the duke of Lorraine from 1205 to his death. He was the second son of Matthias I and Bertha (also called Judith), daughter of Frederick II, Duke of Swabia. He succeeded his brother, Simon II, who had already given him the county of Bitche in 1176 and had recognised him over the northern, germanophone half of Lorraine by the Treaty of Ribemont of 1179. Judith had wanted him to succeed to all their father's inheritance, but a three-year civil war only secured him Bitche and a half-portion.
Simon retired to a monastery in 1205, recognising Frederick's son Frederick as heir. Frederick inherited it all nevertheless, but died a year later and it went to his son by Wierzchoslawa Ludmilla (1150–1223), daughter of Mieszko III the Old, duke of Greater Poland and high duke of all Poland. Their children were:
Frederick, his successor in Lorraine
Thierry the Devil (le Diable), lord of Autigny, married Gertrude de Montmorency, daughter of Mathieu II le Grand, Constable of France.
Henry the Lombard, who built the castle of Bayon
Philip (died 1243), lord of Gerbéviller
Matthias (1170–1217), bishop of Toul
Agatha (died 1242), abbess of Remiremont
Judith, married Henry II, Count of Salm
Hediwge (died 1228), married Henry I, Count of Zweibrücken
Cunigunda (died 1214), married Waleran III of Limburg
References
Sources
Parisse, Michel (1982). Noblesse et chevalerie en Lorraine médiévale: les familles nobles du XIe au XIIIe siècle (in French). Publications de l'Université de Nancy II.
Pixton, Paul B. (1995). The German Episcopacy and the Implementation of the Decrees of the Fourth Lateran Council, 1216-1245. E.J. Brill. 142
|
Frederick I (French: Ferry or Ferri) (c. 1143 – 7 April 1206) was the duke of Lorraine from 1205 to his death. He was the second son of Matthias I and Bertha (also called Judith), daughter of Frederick II, Duke of Swabia. He succeeded his brother, Simon II, who had already given him the county of Bitche in 1176 and had recognised him over the northern, germanophone half of Lorraine by the Treaty of Ribemont of 1179. Judith had wanted him to succeed to all their father's inheritance, but a three-year civil war only secured him Bitche and a half-portion.
Simon retired to a monastery in 1205, recognising Frederick's son Frederick as heir. Frederick inherited it all nevertheless, but died a year later and it went to his son by Wierzchoslawa Ludmilla (1150–1223), daughter of Mieszko III the Old, duke of Greater Poland and high duke of all Poland. Their children were:
Frederick, his successor in Lorraine
Thierry the Devil (le Diable), lord of Autigny, married Gertrude de Montmorency, daughter of Mathieu II le Grand, Constable of France.
Henry the Lombard, who built the castle of Bayon
Philip (died 1243), lord of Gerbéviller
Matthias (1170–1217), bishop of Toul
Agatha (died 1242), abbess of Remiremont
Judith, married Henry II, Count of Salm
Hediwge (died 1228), married Henry I, Count of Zweibrücken
Cunigunda (died 1214), married Waleran III of Limburg
References
Sources
Parisse, Michel (1982). Noblesse et chevalerie en Lorraine médiévale: les familles nobles du XIe au XIIIe siècle (in French). Publications de l'Université de Nancy II.
Pixton, Paul B. (1995). The German Episcopacy and the Implementation of the Decrees of the Fourth Lateran Council, 1216-1245. E.J. Brill. 142
|
Émile Boirac
|
Émile Boirac (26 August 1851 – 20 September 1917) was a French philosopher, parapsychologist, promoter of Esperanto and writer.
Biography
Boirac was born in Guelma, Algeria. He became president of the University of Grenoble in 1898, and in 1902 president of Dijon University. A notable advocate for the universal language, Esperanto, he presided over its 1st Universal Congress (Boulogne-Sur-Mer, France, 7 August to 12 August 1905) and directed the Academy of Esperanto.
He was one of the first to use the term "déjà vu", where it appeared in a letter to the editor of Revue philosophique in 1876, and subsequently in Boirac's book L'Avenir des Sciences Psychiques, where he also proposed the term "metagnomy" ("knowledge of things situated beyond those we can normally know") as a more precise description for what was, then, commonly known as clairvoyance.
He was one of a group that conducted experiments on the Italian medium Eusapia Palladino. He also investigated animal magnetism, and various hypnotic phenomena such as the induction of sleep, "transposition of senses", "magnetic rapport", "exteriorisation of sensitiveness", "exteriorisation of motor nerve force" etc.
Boirac died in Dijon in 1917.
See also
Paul Joire
Albert de Rochas
Joseph Grasset
References
Bibliography
Books on parapsychology:
Our hidden forces ("La psychologie inconnue") An experimental study of the psychic sciences (New York, Frederick A. Stokes company, 1917).
The psychology of the future ("L'avenir des sciences psychiques") (London, Paul, 1918)
Books on Philosophy and education:
Oeuvres philosophiques de Leibniz Volume 1 Volume 2 (F. Alcan, 1900).
Boirac, Emile, & Magendie, A. Leçons de psychologie appliquée à l'éducation (Paris, F. Alcan, 1902).
Fouillée, Alfred & Boirac, E. Esquisse d'une interpretation du monde: d'après les manuscrits de l'auteur (Paris: F. Alcan, 1913).
Esperanto books:
Translation to esperanto of Leibniz's Monodalogy (1902)
Ŝlosileto kvarlingva (1903)
Perdita kaj retrovita (1905)
Qu'est-ce que l'espéranto? (1906)
Le Congrès espérantiste de Genève (1906)
Pri la homa radiado (1906)
Translation to esperanto of Molière's Don Juan (1909)
Translation to esperanto of Henry van Dyke's The Other Wise Man, de (1909)
Plena Vortaro E-E-a (1909)
Le problème de la langue internationale (1911)
Vortaro de la Oficialaj Radikoj (1911)
Fundamentaj principoj de la vortaro esperanta (1911)
External links
Works by or about Émile Boirac at the Internet Archive
|
Émile Boirac (26 August 1851 – 20 September 1917) was a French philosopher, parapsychologist, promoter of Esperanto and writer.
Biography
Boirac was born in Guelma, Algeria. He became president of the University of Grenoble in 1898, and in 1902 president of Dijon University. A notable advocate for the universal language, Esperanto, he presided over its 1st Universal Congress (Boulogne-Sur-Mer, France, 7 August to 12 August 1905) and directed the Academy of Esperanto.
He was one of the first to use the term "déjà vu", where it appeared in a letter to the editor of Revue philosophique in 1876, and subsequently in Boirac's book L'Avenir des Sciences Psychiques, where he also proposed the term "metagnomy" ("knowledge of things situated beyond those we can normally know") as a more precise description for what was, then, commonly known as clairvoyance.
He was one of a group that conducted experiments on the Italian medium Eusapia Palladino. He also investigated animal magnetism, and various hypnotic phenomena such as the induction of sleep, "transposition of senses", "magnetic rapport", "exteriorisation of sensitiveness", "exteriorisation of motor nerve force" etc.
Boirac died in Dijon in 1917.
See also
Paul Joire
Albert de Rochas
Joseph Grasset
References
Bibliography
Books on parapsychology:
Our hidden forces ("La psychologie inconnue") An experimental study of the psychic sciences (New York, Frederick A. Stokes company, 1917).
The psychology of the future ("L'avenir des sciences psychiques") (London, Paul, 1918)
Books on Philosophy and education:
Oeuvres philosophiques de Leibniz Volume 1 Volume 2 (F. Alcan, 1900).
Boirac, Emile, & Magendie, A. Leçons de psychologie appliquée à l'éducation (Paris, F. Alcan, 1902).
Fouillée, Alfred & Boirac, E. Esquisse d'une interpretation du monde: d'après les manuscrits de l'auteur (Paris: F. Alcan, 1913).
Esperanto books:
Translation to esperanto of Leibniz's Monodalogy (1902)
Ŝlosileto kvarlingva (1903)
Perdita kaj retrovita (1905)
Qu'est-ce que l'espéranto? (1906)
Le Congrès espérantiste de Genève (1906)
Pri la homa radiado (1906)
Translation to esperanto of Molière's Don Juan (1909)
Translation to esperanto of Henry van Dyke's The Other Wise Man, de (1909)
Plena Vortaro E-E-a (1909)
Le problème de la langue internationale (1911)
Vortaro de la Oficialaj Radikoj (1911)
Fundamentaj principoj de la vortaro esperanta (1911)
External links
Works by or about Émile Boirac at the Internet Archive
|
Maximus Planudes
|
Maximus Planudes (Ancient Greek: Μάξιμος Πλανούδης, Máximos Planoúdēs; c. 1260 – c. 1305) was a Byzantine Greek monk, scholar, anthologist, translator, mathematician, grammarian and theologian at Constantinople. Through his translations from Latin into Greek and from Greek into Latin, he brought the Greek East and the Latin West into closer contact with one another. He is now best known as a compiler of the Greek Anthology.
Biography
Maximus Planudes lived during the reigns of the Byzantine emperors Michael VIII and Andronikos II. He was born at Nicomedia in Bithynia in 1260, but the greater part of his life was spent in Constantinople, where as a monk he devoted himself to study and teaching. On entering the monastery he changed his original name Manuel to Maximus.
Planudes possessed a knowledge of Latin remarkable at a time when Rome and Italy were regarded with some hostility by the Greeks of the Byzantine Empire. To this accomplishment he probably owed his selection as one of the ambassadors sent by emperor Andronikos II in 1295–96 to remonstrate with the Venetians for their attack upon the Genoese settlement in Galata near Constantinople. A more important result was that Planudes, especially by his translations, paved the way for the revival of the study of Greek language and literature in western Europe.
He was the author of numerous works, including: a Greek grammar in the form of question and answer, like the Erotemata of Manuel Moschopulus, with an appendix on the so-called "Political verse"; a treatise on syntax; a biography of Aesop and a prose version of the fables; scholia on certain Greek authors; two hexameter poems, one a eulogy of Claudius Ptolemaeus— whose Geography was rediscovered by Planudes, who translated it into Latin— the other an account of the sudden change of an ox into a mouse; a treatise on the method of calculating in use amongst the Indians; and scholia to the first two books of the Arithmetic of Diophantus.
His numerous translations from the Latin included Cicero's Somnium Scipionis with the commentary of Macrobius; Ovid's Heroides and Metamorphoses; Boethius' De consolatione philosophiae; and Augustine's De trinitate. Traditionally, a translation of Julius Caesar's De Bello Gallico has been attributed to Planudes, but this is a much repeated mistake. These translations were not only useful to Greek speakers but were also widely used in western Europe as textbooks for the study of Greek.
It is, however, for his edition of the Greek Anthology that he is best known. This edition, the Anthology of Planudes or Planudean Anthology, is shorter than the Heidelberg text (the Palatine Anthology), and largely overlaps it, but contains 380 epigrams not present in it, normally published with the others, either as a sixteenth book or as an appendix.
J. W. Mackail in his book Select Epigrams from the Greek Anthology, has this to add of him:
Among his works were translations into Greek of Augustine's City of God and Caesar's Gallic War [sic]. The restored Greek Empire of the Palaeologi was then fast dropping to pieces. The Genoese colony of Pera usurped the trade of Constantinople and acted as an independent state; and it brings us very near the modern world to remember that Planudes was the contemporary of Petrarch.
He is recorded as one of the first people to use the word "million".
Geography (Ptolemy)
According to Berggren & Jones (2000) and Mittenhuber (2010) many of the extant manuscripts of Ptolemy's Geography can be connected with the activities of Planudes. Within the stemma, manuscript groups UKFN and RVWC both descend from a recension by Planudes; only manuscript X (Vat.gr.191) is independent.
Regarding Planudes' work in rediscovering the Geography, an hexameter poem survives titled: "ου σοφωτάτου κυρου Μαξίμου μονάχου του Πλανούδου στίχοι ηρωικοί εις τήν Γεωγραφίαν Πτολεμαίου χρόνοις πολ λοίς άφανισιΜσαν, είτα δέ παρ' αύτοΰ πόνοις πολλοίς εύρεύεΐσαν." which can be translated as "Heroic verses by the most wise monk Maximos Planudes on the Geography of Ptolemy, which had vanished for many years and then had been discovered by him through many toils." The summary of the poem by Berggen & Jones (2010) is as follows:"What a great wonder, the way that Ptolemy has brought the whole world into view, just like someone making a map showing just a little city. I never saw anything so skillful, colorful, and elegant as this lovely geographia. This work lay hidden for countless years and found no one to bring it to light. But the emperor Andronikos exhorted the bishop of Alexandria, who took great troubles that a certain free-spirited friend of the Byzantines should restore a likeness of the picture worthy of a king."
Notes
References
Sources
This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Planudes, Maximus". Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 21 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press.
Editions include: Fabricius, Bibliotheca graeca, ed. Harles, xi. 682; theological writings in Migne, Patrologia Graeca, cxlvii; correspondence, ed. M Treu (1890), with a valuable commentary
Douglas, A. & Cameron, E. (2009). "Anthology". In S. Hornblower & A. Spawforth (eds.). The Oxford Classical Dictionary. Oxford University Press. (Also Oxford Reference Online.)
Fisher, E. A. (1991). "Planoudes, Maximos". In A. P. Kazhdan (ed.). The Oxford Dictionary of Byzantium. Oxford University press. (Also Oxford Reference Online.)
P. L. M. Leone (ed.), Maximi Planudis epistolae, Amsterdam (1991).
K. Krumbacher, Geschichte der byzantinischen Litteratur (1897)
J. E. Sandys, History of Classical Scholarship (1906), vol. i
External links
Greek Wikisource has original text related to this article: Ἀνθολογία διαφόρων ἐπιγραμμάτων
Planudes from Charles Smith's Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology (1867), v. 3, pp. 384–390
Select Epigrams from the Greek Anthology by J. W. Mackail (Project Gutenberg)
The Greek Anthology, books 1–6, translated by W. R. Paton, with facing Greek text (Loeb Classical Library, 1916)
|
Maximus Planudes (Ancient Greek: Μάξιμος Πλανούδης, Máximos Planoúdēs; c. 1260 – c. 1305) was a Byzantine Greek monk, scholar, anthologist, translator, mathematician, grammarian and theologian at Constantinople. Through his translations from Latin into Greek and from Greek into Latin, he brought the Greek East and the Latin West into closer contact with one another. He is now best known as a compiler of the Greek Anthology.
Biography
Maximus Planudes lived during the reigns of the Byzantine emperors Michael VIII and Andronikos II. He was born at Nicomedia in Bithynia in 1260, but the greater part of his life was spent in Constantinople, where as a monk he devoted himself to study and teaching. On entering the monastery he changed his original name Manuel to Maximus.
Planudes possessed a knowledge of Latin remarkable at a time when Rome and Italy were regarded with some hostility by the Greeks of the Byzantine Empire. To this accomplishment he probably owed his selection as one of the ambassadors sent by emperor Andronikos II in 1295–96 to remonstrate with the Venetians for their attack upon the Genoese settlement in Galata near Constantinople. A more important result was that Planudes, especially by his translations, paved the way for the revival of the study of Greek language and literature in western Europe.
He was the author of numerous works, including: a Greek grammar in the form of question and answer, like the Erotemata of Manuel Moschopulus, with an appendix on the so-called "Political verse"; a treatise on syntax; a biography of Aesop and a prose version of the fables; scholia on certain Greek authors; two hexameter poems, one a eulogy of Claudius Ptolemaeus— whose Geography was rediscovered by Planudes, who translated it into Latin— the other an account of the sudden change of an ox into a mouse; a treatise on the method of calculating in use amongst the Indians; and scholia to the first two books of the Arithmetic of Diophantus.
His numerous translations from the Latin included Cicero's Somnium Scipionis with the commentary of Macrobius; Ovid's Heroides and Metamorphoses; Boethius' De consolatione philosophiae; and Augustine's De trinitate. Traditionally, a translation of Julius Caesar's De Bello Gallico has been attributed to Planudes, but this is a much repeated mistake. These translations were not only useful to Greek speakers but were also widely used in western Europe as textbooks for the study of Greek.
It is, however, for his edition of the Greek Anthology that he is best known. This edition, the Anthology of Planudes or Planudean Anthology, is shorter than the Heidelberg text (the Palatine Anthology), and largely overlaps it, but contains 380 epigrams not present in it, normally published with the others, either as a sixteenth book or as an appendix.
J. W. Mackail in his book Select Epigrams from the Greek Anthology, has this to add of him:
Among his works were translations into Greek of Augustine's City of God and Caesar's Gallic War [sic]. The restored Greek Empire of the Palaeologi was then fast dropping to pieces. The Genoese colony of Pera usurped the trade of Constantinople and acted as an independent state; and it brings us very near the modern world to remember that Planudes was the contemporary of Petrarch.
He is recorded as one of the first people to use the word "million".
Geography (Ptolemy)
According to Berggren & Jones (2000) and Mittenhuber (2010) many of the extant manuscripts of Ptolemy's Geography can be connected with the activities of Planudes. Within the stemma, manuscript groups UKFN and RVWC both descend from a recension by Planudes; only manuscript X (Vat.gr.191) is independent.
Regarding Planudes' work in rediscovering the Geography, an hexameter poem survives titled: "ου σοφωτάτου κυρου Μαξίμου μονάχου του Πλανούδου στίχοι ηρωικοί εις τήν Γεωγραφίαν Πτολεμαίου χρόνοις πολ λοίς άφανισιΜσαν, είτα δέ παρ' αύτοΰ πόνοις πολλοίς εύρεύεΐσαν." which can be translated as "Heroic verses by the most wise monk Maximos Planudes on the Geography of Ptolemy, which had vanished for many years and then had been discovered by him through many toils." The summary of the poem by Berggen & Jones (2010) is as follows:"What a great wonder, the way that Ptolemy has brought the whole world into view, just like someone making a map showing just a little city. I never saw anything so skillful, colorful, and elegant as this lovely geographia. This work lay hidden for countless years and found no one to bring it to light. But the emperor Andronikos exhorted the bishop of Alexandria, who took great troubles that a certain free-spirited friend of the Byzantines should restore a likeness of the picture worthy of a king."
Notes
References
Sources
This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Planudes, Maximus". Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 21 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press.
Editions include: Fabricius, Bibliotheca graeca, ed. Harles, xi. 682; theological writings in Migne, Patrologia Graeca, cxlvii; correspondence, ed. M Treu (1890), with a valuable commentary
Douglas, A. & Cameron, E. (2009). "Anthology". In S. Hornblower & A. Spawforth (eds.). The Oxford Classical Dictionary. Oxford University Press. (Also Oxford Reference Online.)
Fisher, E. A. (1991). "Planoudes, Maximos". In A. P. Kazhdan (ed.). The Oxford Dictionary of Byzantium. Oxford University press. (Also Oxford Reference Online.)
P. L. M. Leone (ed.), Maximi Planudis epistolae, Amsterdam (1991).
K. Krumbacher, Geschichte der byzantinischen Litteratur (1897)
J. E. Sandys, History of Classical Scholarship (1906), vol. i
External links
Greek Wikisource has original text related to this article: Ἀνθολογία διαφόρων ἐπιγραμμάτων
Planudes from Charles Smith's Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology (1867), v. 3, pp. 384–390
Select Epigrams from the Greek Anthology by J. W. Mackail (Project Gutenberg)
The Greek Anthology, books 1–6, translated by W. R. Paton, with facing Greek text (Loeb Classical Library, 1916)
|
Eve Arnold
|
Eve Arnold, OBE (honorary), FRPS (honorary) (née Cohen; April 21, 1912 – January 4, 2012) was an American photojournalist, long-resident in the UK. She joined Magnum Photos agency in 1951, and became a full member in 1957. She was the first woman to join the agency. She frequently photographed Marilyn Monroe, including candid-style photos on the set of The Misfits (1961).
Early life and career
Eve Cohen was born in Philadelphia, the fifth of nine children of immigrant Russian-Jewish parents, William Cohen (born Velvel Sklarski), a rabbi, and his wife, Bessie (Bosya Laschiner). Both of Arnold's parents grudgingly accepted her choice to abandon medicine to study photography. She married Arnold Schmitz (later Arnold Arnold) in 1941. Her interest in photography began in 1946 while working for Kodak at their Fair Lawn, New Jersey photo-finishing plant. Using a gifted Rolleicord, she began to photograph the city with a fresh humanitarian perspective. Over six weeks in 1948, she learned photographic skills from Harper's Bazaar art director Alexey Brodovitch at the New School for Social Research in Manhattan. Studying photography under Brodovitch, she produced a collection of photos from Harlem's vivid fashion show scene. The collection was published the series in the London Illustrated Picture Post in 1951. Although the series launched her career, she later wrote in a diary entry that the editor of the magazine changed her captions and reversed the message of her photographs to fit a racist narrative. She then became interested in African American migrant workers suffering housing discrimination in Long Island. She became the first woman to join the Magnum Agency, becoming a full member in 1957. Arnold spent time covering Republican Party press events, the McCarthy hearings, and explored the subject of birth which was taboo. She was well aware of the underrepresentation of women photojournalists and the position of women celebrities in the public eye. Arnold explored these ideas about women in her full length photo book The Unretouched Woman which was published in 1976.
Arnold's images of Marilyn Monroe on the set of The Misfits (1961) were perhaps her most memorable, but she had taken many photos of Monroe from 1951 onwards. The intimate candid-style photos achieve Arnold's goal to show Monroe's anxieties about being the subject of constant media attention. She befriended Monroe, Joan Crawford, and many other subjects in order to write about them and photograph them better. Her previously unseen photos of Monroe were shown at a Halcyon Gallery exhibition in London during May 2005. Travel characterized much of Arnold's work, as she took interest in photographing the Civil rights and Black power movements in the United States as well as in the rigid Soviet Union and in China. Arnold always strived to go deeper with her photography; she even returned from some shoots with cigarette burns on her clothing from a disapproving crowd. She produced a film in 1971, Women Behind the Veil, focusing on Arabian harems and hammams.
She also photographed famous figures such as Queen Elizabeth II, Malcolm X, Marlene Dietrich, and Joan Crawford, and traveled around the world, photographing in China, Russia, South Africa and Afghanistan. Arnold left the United States and moved permanently to England in the early 1970s with her son, Francis Arnold. Several of her famous photographs were featured in Look, Life, Esquire, Harper's Bazaar, Geo, Stern, Paris-Match, and Epoca. While working for the London Sunday Times, she began to make serious use of color photography. However, Arnold's preference continued to be black and white. She alternated between taking glamorous photos of cinema stars and portraits of everyday life and experiences. The hardest task for Arnold was to make the mundane interesting. Her interest in "the poor, the old, the underdog" continued as her photos captured the gentle realness that Arnold portrays as characteristic of all humans. The relationship of trust between Arnold and her subjects is visible in the natural lighting and posing in her photographs.
Later life
In 1980, she had her first solo exhibition, which featured her photographic work done in China at the Brooklyn Museum in New York City. In the same year, she received the Lifetime Achievement Award from the American Society of Magazine Photographers. In 1993, she was made an Honorary Fellow of the Royal Photographic Society, and elected Master Photographer by New York's International Center of Photography. Arnold was one of only five women in the catalogued touring exhibition Magna Brava. Rejected as a Vietnam War photographer, she found photographing South African shanty towns also critiqued and drew awareness to the injustices in the world. She also photographed disabled veterans, herders in Mongolia, and women in brothels.
In 1960, Arnold did a series of portraits of American First Ladies including Jackie Kennedy, Lady Bird Johnson, and Pat Nixon. In 1997, she was appointed a member of the Advisory Committee of the National Media Museum (formerly the Museum of Photography, Film & Television) in Bradford, West Yorkshire. She was appointed an Honorary Officer of the Order of the British Empire (OBE) in 2003.
She lived in Mayfair for many years until her last illness, when she moved to a nursing home in St George's Square, Pimlico. When Anjelica Huston asked if she was still doing photography, Arnold replied: "That's over. I can't hold a camera any more." She said she spent most of her time reading such writers as Fyodor Dostoevsky, Thomas Mann and Leo Tolstoy. One of her last photos is of her grandson when he came to visit her for a photography lesson in 1994. She describes in her diary entry of that day the bond between photographer, subject, and camera that is necessary for a portrait. She continued to stress her style of simplicity in photos with natural lighting and lack of posing and embellishments. She sums up "curiosity" as a one-word description of her driving force that led to her career of which was described as a friend as "a one-woman cultural exchange".
Death
Arnold died in London on January 4, 2012, aged 99.
Selected works
Photographs
Fashion Show, behind the scenes, 1950
Marilyn Monroe, 1960.
Jacqueline Kennedy arranging flowers with daughter Caroline, 1961.
Horse Training for the Militia in Inner Mongolia, 1979.
Books
The Unretouched Woman, 1976.
Flashback: The 50s, Knopf, 1978.
In China, Knopf, 1980.
In America, Knopf, 1983.
The Making of the White Nights, 1985
Marilyn Monroe: An Appreciation, Knopf, 1987.
All in a Day's Work, Bantam, 1989.
The Great British, Knopf, 1991.
In Retrospect, Knopf, 1995.
Film Journal, Bloomsbury, 2002.
Handbook, 2005
Marilyn Monroe 2005
Eve Arnold's People 2010
All About Eve, 2012
Awards
Honorary Degree of Doctor of Science, University of St. Andrews, Scotland, 1997.
Honorary Degree of Doctor of Letters, Staffordshire University.
Doctor of Humanities, Richmond, the American International University in London.
Master Photographer, International Center of Photography, NYC.
Honorary Officer of the Order of the British Empire (OBE) by the British Government.
Lifetime Achievement Award, the Sony World Photography Awards, 2010.
National Book Award for In China, 1980
References
External links
Official website of the estate of Eve Arnold
Portraits by Eve Arnold in the collection of the National Portrait Gallery, London
Gerhard Bissell, Arnold, Eve, Allgemeines Künstlerlexikon (Artists of the World), Suppl. I, Saur, Munich 2005, from pg. 458 (in German).
Emily Meyer Pomper, Arnold, Eve, in: Encyclopedia of Jewish Women.
"Eve Arnold, a Photographer of Bold and Illuminating Images, Dies at 99" by Douglas Martin, The New York Times, January 5, 2012
Sarah Archer (June 2012). "Who was Eve Arnold? The woman behind some iconic photographs". The Washington Post.
Eve Arnold photosite.
Eve Arnold Biography and Marilyn Monroe Pictures.
Filmed interview with Eve Arnold, talking about the Magnum Photographic Agency.
Eve Arnold Papers. Yale Collection of American Literature, Beinecke Rare Book and Manuscript Library.
|
Eve Arnold, OBE (honorary), FRPS (honorary) (née Cohen; April 21, 1912 – January 4, 2012) was an American photojournalist, long-resident in the UK. She joined Magnum Photos agency in 1951, and became a full member in 1957. She was the first woman to join the agency. She frequently photographed Marilyn Monroe, including candid-style photos on the set of The Misfits (1961).
Early life and career
Eve Cohen was born in Philadelphia, the fifth of nine children of immigrant Russian-Jewish parents, William Cohen (born Velvel Sklarski), a rabbi, and his wife, Bessie (Bosya Laschiner). Both of Arnold's parents grudgingly accepted her choice to abandon medicine to study photography. She married Arnold Schmitz (later Arnold Arnold) in 1941. Her interest in photography began in 1946 while working for Kodak at their Fair Lawn, New Jersey photo-finishing plant. Using a gifted Rolleicord, she began to photograph the city with a fresh humanitarian perspective. Over six weeks in 1948, she learned photographic skills from Harper's Bazaar art director Alexey Brodovitch at the New School for Social Research in Manhattan. Studying photography under Brodovitch, she produced a collection of photos from Harlem's vivid fashion show scene. The collection was published the series in the London Illustrated Picture Post in 1951. Although the series launched her career, she later wrote in a diary entry that the editor of the magazine changed her captions and reversed the message of her photographs to fit a racist narrative. She then became interested in African American migrant workers suffering housing discrimination in Long Island. She became the first woman to join the Magnum Agency, becoming a full member in 1957. Arnold spent time covering Republican Party press events, the McCarthy hearings, and explored the subject of birth which was taboo. She was well aware of the underrepresentation of women photojournalists and the position of women celebrities in the public eye. Arnold explored these ideas about women in her full length photo book The Unretouched Woman which was published in 1976.
Arnold's images of Marilyn Monroe on the set of The Misfits (1961) were perhaps her most memorable, but she had taken many photos of Monroe from 1951 onwards. The intimate candid-style photos achieve Arnold's goal to show Monroe's anxieties about being the subject of constant media attention. She befriended Monroe, Joan Crawford, and many other subjects in order to write about them and photograph them better. Her previously unseen photos of Monroe were shown at a Halcyon Gallery exhibition in London during May 2005. Travel characterized much of Arnold's work, as she took interest in photographing the Civil rights and Black power movements in the United States as well as in the rigid Soviet Union and in China. Arnold always strived to go deeper with her photography; she even returned from some shoots with cigarette burns on her clothing from a disapproving crowd. She produced a film in 1971, Women Behind the Veil, focusing on Arabian harems and hammams.
She also photographed famous figures such as Queen Elizabeth II, Malcolm X, Marlene Dietrich, and Joan Crawford, and traveled around the world, photographing in China, Russia, South Africa and Afghanistan. Arnold left the United States and moved permanently to England in the early 1970s with her son, Francis Arnold. Several of her famous photographs were featured in Look, Life, Esquire, Harper's Bazaar, Geo, Stern, Paris-Match, and Epoca. While working for the London Sunday Times, she began to make serious use of color photography. However, Arnold's preference continued to be black and white. She alternated between taking glamorous photos of cinema stars and portraits of everyday life and experiences. The hardest task for Arnold was to make the mundane interesting. Her interest in "the poor, the old, the underdog" continued as her photos captured the gentle realness that Arnold portrays as characteristic of all humans. The relationship of trust between Arnold and her subjects is visible in the natural lighting and posing in her photographs.
Later life
In 1980, she had her first solo exhibition, which featured her photographic work done in China at the Brooklyn Museum in New York City. In the same year, she received the Lifetime Achievement Award from the American Society of Magazine Photographers. In 1993, she was made an Honorary Fellow of the Royal Photographic Society, and elected Master Photographer by New York's International Center of Photography. Arnold was one of only five women in the catalogued touring exhibition Magna Brava. Rejected as a Vietnam War photographer, she found photographing South African shanty towns also critiqued and drew awareness to the injustices in the world. She also photographed disabled veterans, herders in Mongolia, and women in brothels.
In 1960, Arnold did a series of portraits of American First Ladies including Jackie Kennedy, Lady Bird Johnson, and Pat Nixon. In 1997, she was appointed a member of the Advisory Committee of the National Media Museum (formerly the Museum of Photography, Film & Television) in Bradford, West Yorkshire. She was appointed an Honorary Officer of the Order of the British Empire (OBE) in 2003.
She lived in Mayfair for many years until her last illness, when she moved to a nursing home in St George's Square, Pimlico. When Anjelica Huston asked if she was still doing photography, Arnold replied: "That's over. I can't hold a camera any more." She said she spent most of her time reading such writers as Fyodor Dostoevsky, Thomas Mann and Leo Tolstoy. One of her last photos is of her grandson when he came to visit her for a photography lesson in 1994. She describes in her diary entry of that day the bond between photographer, subject, and camera that is necessary for a portrait. She continued to stress her style of simplicity in photos with natural lighting and lack of posing and embellishments. She sums up "curiosity" as a one-word description of her driving force that led to her career of which was described as a friend as "a one-woman cultural exchange".
Death
Arnold died in London on January 4, 2012, aged 99.
Selected works
Photographs
Fashion Show, behind the scenes, 1950
Marilyn Monroe, 1960.
Jacqueline Kennedy arranging flowers with daughter Caroline, 1961.
Horse Training for the Militia in Inner Mongolia, 1979.
Books
The Unretouched Woman, 1976.
Flashback: The 50s, Knopf, 1978.
In China, Knopf, 1980.
In America, Knopf, 1983.
The Making of the White Nights, 1985
Marilyn Monroe: An Appreciation, Knopf, 1987.
All in a Day's Work, Bantam, 1989.
The Great British, Knopf, 1991.
In Retrospect, Knopf, 1995.
Film Journal, Bloomsbury, 2002.
Handbook, 2005
Marilyn Monroe 2005
Eve Arnold's People 2010
All About Eve, 2012
Awards
Honorary Degree of Doctor of Science, University of St. Andrews, Scotland, 1997.
Honorary Degree of Doctor of Letters, Staffordshire University.
Doctor of Humanities, Richmond, the American International University in London.
Master Photographer, International Center of Photography, NYC.
Honorary Officer of the Order of the British Empire (OBE) by the British Government.
Lifetime Achievement Award, the Sony World Photography Awards, 2010.
National Book Award for In China, 1980
References
External links
Official website of the estate of Eve Arnold
Portraits by Eve Arnold in the collection of the National Portrait Gallery, London
Gerhard Bissell, Arnold, Eve, Allgemeines Künstlerlexikon (Artists of the World), Suppl. I, Saur, Munich 2005, from pg. 458 (in German).
Emily Meyer Pomper, Arnold, Eve, in: Encyclopedia of Jewish Women.
"Eve Arnold, a Photographer of Bold and Illuminating Images, Dies at 99" by Douglas Martin, The New York Times, January 5, 2012
Sarah Archer (June 2012). "Who was Eve Arnold? The woman behind some iconic photographs". The Washington Post.
Eve Arnold photosite.
Eve Arnold Biography and Marilyn Monroe Pictures.
Filmed interview with Eve Arnold, talking about the Magnum Photographic Agency.
Eve Arnold Papers. Yale Collection of American Literature, Beinecke Rare Book and Manuscript Library.
|
Wanda Orlikowski
|
Wanda Janina Orlikowski is a US-based organizational theorist and Information Systems researcher, and the Alfred P. Sloan Professor of Information Technologies and Organization Studies at the MIT Sloan School of Management, Massachusetts Institute of Technology.
Education
Orlikowski received her B.Comm from the University of the Witwatersrand in 1977, an M. Comm from the same university in 1982, and an MPhil and Ph.D. from the New York University Stern School of Business in 1989.
Career and research
She has served as a visiting Centennial Professor of Information Systems at the London School of Economics and Political Science, and a visiting professor at the Judge Business School at the University of Cambridge. She is currently the Alfred P. Sloan Professor of Information Technologies and Organization Studies at MIT's Sloan School of Management.
Orlikowski has served as a senior editor for Organization Science, and currently serves on the editorial boards of Information and Organization and Organization Science.
She is a member of the Academy of Management, the Association for Computing Machinery, the Institute of Management Science, the Society of Information Management, and the Society for Organizational Learning.
Awards and honors
Orlikowski was awarded the 2015 Distinguished Scholar Award by the Organizational Communication and Information Systems (OCIS) Division of the Academy of Management. In 2015, she won the Lasting Impact Award from the ACM CSCW conference for her paper Learning from Notes: Organizational issues in groupware implementation. Orlikowski was named a Fellow of Academy of Management in 2019. She was elected a corresponding Fellow of the British Academy in 2021. In 2022, she was awarded an Honorary Doctorate from the Copenhagen Business School. In 2023, she was awarded the CTO Lifetime Service Award.
Research
Orlikowski's research examines relations between technology and organizations over time, with emphases on organizing structures, cultural norms, communication genres, and work practices. She is best known for her work in studying the implementation and use of technologies within organisations by drawing on Giddens' Theory of Structuration. Her 1992 paper "The duality of technology: Rethinking the concept of technology in organizations" has been cited over 6200 times, and her subsequent paper in 2000, "Using technology and constituting structures: A practice lens for studying technology in organizations," has received over 5600 citations.
Orlikowski has written extensively on the use of electronic communication technologies, most notably collaborating with JoAnne Yates, a professor of communications at the MIT Sloan School of Management. She has also written papers on research methodology and her 1991 paper with Jack Baroudi in Information Systems Research is particularly widely cited. Her most recent work examines the sociomaterial practices entailed in social media. Her recent collaborations with Susan V. Scott of the London School of Economics have drawn on Karen Barad's Agential Realism and the inseparability of meaning and matter to argue for the inseparability of (digital) materiality and the social.
Structurational studies of technology and organizations
Structurational studies of technology and organizations have been highly influenced by the social studies of technology. Initially arguing for a view of the "duality of technology," Orlikowski went on to argue for a practice-based understanding of the recursive interaction between people and technologies over time. Orlikowski (2000) argues that emergent structures offer a more generative view of technology use, suggesting that users do not so much appropriate technologies as they enact particular technologies-in-practice with them. The ongoing enactment of technologies-in-practice either reproduce existing structural conditions or they produce changes that may lead to structural transformation.
Based on a series of empirical studies of collaborative technologies (groupware), Orlikowski identified at least three types of enactment produced within different conditions and producing different consequences associated with humans engagement with technology in practice.
Inertia leads to reinforcement and preservation of structural status quo. Human action with the use of technology tends to be incremental, with people using technology to continue their existing work practices. In the case of collaborative software, reinforcing conditions included rigid career hierarchies, individualistic incentives, and competitive cultures.
Application which arises as people begin to use the technology in new ways within their work practices. Such use may begin to produce noticeable changes to existing ways of working, including adaptations to the artifacts in use.
Change, where people integrate the technology into their ways of working in ways that enact important shifts in work practices. Such ongoing changes can over time lead to substantially transformation of the structural status quo.
New ways of dealing with materiality in organizational research
In more recent work, Orlikowski argues that our primary ways of dealing with materiality in organizational research are conceptually problematic and proposes an alternative approach that posits materiality as constitutive of everyday life. This work draws on Karen Barad's agential realism and the notion of sociomateriality as influenced by the work of Lucy Suchman and Annemarie Mol.
In co-authored work, Orlikowski and Susan Scott of the London School of Economics argue for a focus on sociomaterial practices within organizational and information system studies. This recognizes that all practices are always and everywhere sociomaterial, and that this sociomateriality is constitutive of the contours and possibilities of everyday organizing.
Select bibliography
Her publications include:
Orlikowski, W.J. and J.J. Baroudi. "Studying Information Technology in Organizations: Research Approaches and Assumptions." Information Systems Research, 2, 1, 1991: 1-28. doi:10.1287/isre.2.1.1
Orlikowski, W.J. "The Duality of Technology: Rethinking the Concept of Technology in Organizations." Organization Science, 3, 3, 1992: 398-427. doi:10.1287/orsc.3.3.398
Orlikowski, W.J. and JoAnne Yates. "Genre Repertoire: The Structuring of Communicative Practices in Organizations." Administrative Science Quarterly, 39, 4, 1994: 541-574. doi:10.2307/2393771
Beath, Cynthia Mathis, and Wanda J. Orlikowski. "The contradictory structure of systems development methodologies: deconstructing the IS-user relationship in information engineering." Information Systems Research 5.4 (1994): 350-377. doi:10.1287/isre.5.4.350
Orlikowski, W.J. "Improvising Organizational Transformation over Time: A Situated Change Perspective." Information Systems Research, 7, 1, 1996: 63-92. ISBN 978-0-7619-2301-5
Orlikowski, W.J. "Using Technology and Constituting Structures: A Practice Lens for Studying Technology in Organizations." Organization Science, 11, 4, 2000: 404-428. doi:10.1287/orsc.11.4.404.14600
Orlikowski, W.J. "Knowing in Practice: Enacting a Collective Capability in Distributed Organizing." Organization Science, 13, 4, 2002: 249-273. doi:10.1287/orsc.13.3.249.2776
Shultze, U. and W.J. Orlikowski. "A Practice Perspective on Technology-Mediated Network Relations: The Use of Internet-based Self-Serve Technologies." Information Systems Research, 15, 1, 2004: 87-106. doi:10.1287/isre.1030.0016
Orlikowski, W.J. "Sociomaterial Practices: Exploring Technology at Work." Organization Studies, 28, 2007: 1435-1448. doi:10.1177/0170840607081138
Levina, N. and W.J. Orlikowski. "Understanding Shifting Power Relations within and across Fields of Practice: A Critical Genre Analysis." Academy of Management Journal, 52, 4, 2009: 672–703. doi:10.5465/amj.2009.43669902
Orlikowski, W.J. and Scott, S.V. "Sociomateriality: Challenging the Separation of Technology, Work and Organization," Annals of the Academy of Management, 2, 1, 2008: 433-474. doi:10.1080/19416520802211644
Schultze, U. and W.J. Orlikowski. "Research Commentary—Virtual Worlds: A Performative Perspective on Globally Distributed, Immersive Work" Information Systems Research, 21, 4, 2010: 810-821. doi:10.1287/isre.1100.0321
Orlikowski, W.J. "The Sociomateriality of Organizational Life: Considering Technology in Management Research." "Cambridge Journal of Economics", 34, 1, 2010: 125-141. doi:10.1093/cje/bep058
Feldman, M. and W.J. Orlikowski. "Theorizing Practice and Practicing Theory." Organization Science, 22, 5, 2011: 1240-1253. doi:10.1287/orsc.1100.0612
Orlikowski, W.J. and Scott, S.V. "What Happens when Evaluation Goes Online? Exploring Apparatuses of Valuation in the Travel Sector," Organization Science, 25, 3, 2014: 868-891. doi:10.1287/orsc.2013.0877
References
External links
Wanda Orlikowski publications indexed by Google Scholar
|
Wanda Janina Orlikowski is a US-based organizational theorist and Information Systems researcher, and the Alfred P. Sloan Professor of Information Technologies and Organization Studies at the MIT Sloan School of Management, Massachusetts Institute of Technology.
Education
Orlikowski received her B.Comm from the University of the Witwatersrand in 1977, an M. Comm from the same university in 1982, and an MPhil and Ph.D. from the New York University Stern School of Business in 1989.
Career and research
She has served as a visiting Centennial Professor of Information Systems at the London School of Economics and Political Science, and a visiting professor at the Judge Business School at the University of Cambridge. She is currently the Alfred P. Sloan Professor of Information Technologies and Organization Studies at MIT's Sloan School of Management.
Orlikowski has served as a senior editor for Organization Science, and currently serves on the editorial boards of Information and Organization and Organization Science.
She is a member of the Academy of Management, the Association for Computing Machinery, the Institute of Management Science, the Society of Information Management, and the Society for Organizational Learning.
Awards and honors
Orlikowski was awarded the 2015 Distinguished Scholar Award by the Organizational Communication and Information Systems (OCIS) Division of the Academy of Management. In 2015, she won the Lasting Impact Award from the ACM CSCW conference for her paper Learning from Notes: Organizational issues in groupware implementation. Orlikowski was named a Fellow of Academy of Management in 2019. She was elected a corresponding Fellow of the British Academy in 2021. In 2022, she was awarded an Honorary Doctorate from the Copenhagen Business School. In 2023, she was awarded the CTO Lifetime Service Award.
Research
Orlikowski's research examines relations between technology and organizations over time, with emphases on organizing structures, cultural norms, communication genres, and work practices. She is best known for her work in studying the implementation and use of technologies within organisations by drawing on Giddens' Theory of Structuration. Her 1992 paper "The duality of technology: Rethinking the concept of technology in organizations" has been cited over 6200 times, and her subsequent paper in 2000, "Using technology and constituting structures: A practice lens for studying technology in organizations," has received over 5600 citations.
Orlikowski has written extensively on the use of electronic communication technologies, most notably collaborating with JoAnne Yates, a professor of communications at the MIT Sloan School of Management. She has also written papers on research methodology and her 1991 paper with Jack Baroudi in Information Systems Research is particularly widely cited. Her most recent work examines the sociomaterial practices entailed in social media. Her recent collaborations with Susan V. Scott of the London School of Economics have drawn on Karen Barad's Agential Realism and the inseparability of meaning and matter to argue for the inseparability of (digital) materiality and the social.
Structurational studies of technology and organizations
Structurational studies of technology and organizations have been highly influenced by the social studies of technology. Initially arguing for a view of the "duality of technology," Orlikowski went on to argue for a practice-based understanding of the recursive interaction between people and technologies over time. Orlikowski (2000) argues that emergent structures offer a more generative view of technology use, suggesting that users do not so much appropriate technologies as they enact particular technologies-in-practice with them. The ongoing enactment of technologies-in-practice either reproduce existing structural conditions or they produce changes that may lead to structural transformation.
Based on a series of empirical studies of collaborative technologies (groupware), Orlikowski identified at least three types of enactment produced within different conditions and producing different consequences associated with humans engagement with technology in practice.
Inertia leads to reinforcement and preservation of structural status quo. Human action with the use of technology tends to be incremental, with people using technology to continue their existing work practices. In the case of collaborative software, reinforcing conditions included rigid career hierarchies, individualistic incentives, and competitive cultures.
Application which arises as people begin to use the technology in new ways within their work practices. Such use may begin to produce noticeable changes to existing ways of working, including adaptations to the artifacts in use.
Change, where people integrate the technology into their ways of working in ways that enact important shifts in work practices. Such ongoing changes can over time lead to substantially transformation of the structural status quo.
New ways of dealing with materiality in organizational research
In more recent work, Orlikowski argues that our primary ways of dealing with materiality in organizational research are conceptually problematic and proposes an alternative approach that posits materiality as constitutive of everyday life. This work draws on Karen Barad's agential realism and the notion of sociomateriality as influenced by the work of Lucy Suchman and Annemarie Mol.
In co-authored work, Orlikowski and Susan Scott of the London School of Economics argue for a focus on sociomaterial practices within organizational and information system studies. This recognizes that all practices are always and everywhere sociomaterial, and that this sociomateriality is constitutive of the contours and possibilities of everyday organizing.
Select bibliography
Her publications include:
Orlikowski, W.J. and J.J. Baroudi. "Studying Information Technology in Organizations: Research Approaches and Assumptions." Information Systems Research, 2, 1, 1991: 1-28. doi:10.1287/isre.2.1.1
Orlikowski, W.J. "The Duality of Technology: Rethinking the Concept of Technology in Organizations." Organization Science, 3, 3, 1992: 398-427. doi:10.1287/orsc.3.3.398
Orlikowski, W.J. and JoAnne Yates. "Genre Repertoire: The Structuring of Communicative Practices in Organizations." Administrative Science Quarterly, 39, 4, 1994: 541-574. doi:10.2307/2393771
Beath, Cynthia Mathis, and Wanda J. Orlikowski. "The contradictory structure of systems development methodologies: deconstructing the IS-user relationship in information engineering." Information Systems Research 5.4 (1994): 350-377. doi:10.1287/isre.5.4.350
Orlikowski, W.J. "Improvising Organizational Transformation over Time: A Situated Change Perspective." Information Systems Research, 7, 1, 1996: 63-92. ISBN 978-0-7619-2301-5
Orlikowski, W.J. "Using Technology and Constituting Structures: A Practice Lens for Studying Technology in Organizations." Organization Science, 11, 4, 2000: 404-428. doi:10.1287/orsc.11.4.404.14600
Orlikowski, W.J. "Knowing in Practice: Enacting a Collective Capability in Distributed Organizing." Organization Science, 13, 4, 2002: 249-273. doi:10.1287/orsc.13.3.249.2776
Shultze, U. and W.J. Orlikowski. "A Practice Perspective on Technology-Mediated Network Relations: The Use of Internet-based Self-Serve Technologies." Information Systems Research, 15, 1, 2004: 87-106. doi:10.1287/isre.1030.0016
Orlikowski, W.J. "Sociomaterial Practices: Exploring Technology at Work." Organization Studies, 28, 2007: 1435-1448. doi:10.1177/0170840607081138
Levina, N. and W.J. Orlikowski. "Understanding Shifting Power Relations within and across Fields of Practice: A Critical Genre Analysis." Academy of Management Journal, 52, 4, 2009: 672–703. doi:10.5465/amj.2009.43669902
Orlikowski, W.J. and Scott, S.V. "Sociomateriality: Challenging the Separation of Technology, Work and Organization," Annals of the Academy of Management, 2, 1, 2008: 433-474. doi:10.1080/19416520802211644
Schultze, U. and W.J. Orlikowski. "Research Commentary—Virtual Worlds: A Performative Perspective on Globally Distributed, Immersive Work" Information Systems Research, 21, 4, 2010: 810-821. doi:10.1287/isre.1100.0321
Orlikowski, W.J. "The Sociomateriality of Organizational Life: Considering Technology in Management Research." "Cambridge Journal of Economics", 34, 1, 2010: 125-141. doi:10.1093/cje/bep058
Feldman, M. and W.J. Orlikowski. "Theorizing Practice and Practicing Theory." Organization Science, 22, 5, 2011: 1240-1253. doi:10.1287/orsc.1100.0612
Orlikowski, W.J. and Scott, S.V. "What Happens when Evaluation Goes Online? Exploring Apparatuses of Valuation in the Travel Sector," Organization Science, 25, 3, 2014: 868-891. doi:10.1287/orsc.2013.0877
References
External links
Wanda Orlikowski publications indexed by Google Scholar
|
William Roper
|
William Roper (c. 1496 – 4 January 1578) was an English lawyer and member of Parliament. The son of a Kentish gentleman, he married Margaret, daughter of Sir Thomas More. He wrote a highly regarded biography of his father-in-law.
Life
William Roper the second was the eldest son of John Roper (d. 1524), Attorney-General to Henry VIII, and his wife Jane (died c.1544), daughter and coheir of Sir John Fyneux, Chief Justice of King's Bench. The Ropers were an ancient Kentish family, owners of the manor of St Dunstan outside the West Gate of Canterbury, since known as the Roper Gate. He was educated at one of the English universities and then studied law at Lincoln's Inn, being called to the bar in 1525. He was appointed Clerk of the Pleas in the Court of King's Bench, a post previously held by his father, holding the post until shortly before his death. Aged about twenty-three it is thought he joined the household of Sir Thomas More, marrying Margaret, More's eldest daughter, in 1521. They lived together in Well Hall in Eltham, Kent.
Erasmus, who knew More and his family well, described Roper as a young man "who is wealthy, of excellent and modest character and not unacquainted with literature". Roper became a convert to the Lutheran doctrine of Justification by Faith and spoke so freely of his belief that he was summoned to appear before Cardinal Wolsey on an accusation of heresy. More often disputed with Roper over his belief. He said to his daughter, Meg, I have borne a long time with thy husband; I have reasoned and argued with him in these points of religion, and still given to him my poor fatherly counsel, but I perceive none of all this able to call him home; and therefore, Meg, I will no longer dispute with him, but will clean give him over and get me to God and pray for him. To these prayers by More, Roper attributed his return to Catholicism.
Roper and his wife took in Margaret Throckmorton. She would become the prioress of St Monica in Leuven.
He was a member of various Parliaments (as MP for several constituencies including Rochester and Canterbury) between 1529 and 1558 and appointed High Sheriff of Kent for 1554–55. Although he remained a Roman Catholic, he was permitted to retain his office of prothonotary of the Court of King's Bench after the accession of Elizabeth I. However, his diatribe against Elizabeth's late mother, Anne Boleyn, in his biography of More earned him the enmity of many Elizabethan loyalists and Protestants.
His biography of Sir Thomas More was written during the reign of Mary I nearly twenty years after More's death, but was not printed until 1626, when it became a primary source for More's earliest biographers because of Roper's intimate knowledge of his father-in-law.
In popular culture
Roper is an important character in Robert Bolt's play A Man for All Seasons, portrayed as a contrarian who changes his views after arguing with More in order to marry his daughter. (In fact he had married Margaret More some years before the events depicted in the play and film.) After arguing theology with Roper, More says, "They're a cantankerous lot, the Ropers, always swimming against the stream. Old Roper was the same."
In the 1966 film adaptation, Roper was portrayed by Corin Redgrave.
References
This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Cousin, John William (1910). A Short Biographical Dictionary of English Literature. London: J. M. Dent & Sons – via Wikisource.
External links
Media related to William Roper (biographer) at Wikimedia Commons
Works by or about William Roper at Wikisource
Full text of Roper's The Life of Sir Thomas More
|
William Roper (c. 1496 – 4 January 1578) was an English lawyer and member of Parliament. The son of a Kentish gentleman, he married Margaret, daughter of Sir Thomas More. He wrote a highly regarded biography of his father-in-law.
Life
William Roper the second was the eldest son of John Roper (d. 1524), Attorney-General to Henry VIII, and his wife Jane (died c.1544), daughter and coheir of Sir John Fyneux, Chief Justice of King's Bench. The Ropers were an ancient Kentish family, owners of the manor of St Dunstan outside the West Gate of Canterbury, since known as the Roper Gate. He was educated at one of the English universities and then studied law at Lincoln's Inn, being called to the bar in 1525. He was appointed Clerk of the Pleas in the Court of King's Bench, a post previously held by his father, holding the post until shortly before his death. Aged about twenty-three it is thought he joined the household of Sir Thomas More, marrying Margaret, More's eldest daughter, in 1521. They lived together in Well Hall in Eltham, Kent.
Erasmus, who knew More and his family well, described Roper as a young man "who is wealthy, of excellent and modest character and not unacquainted with literature". Roper became a convert to the Lutheran doctrine of Justification by Faith and spoke so freely of his belief that he was summoned to appear before Cardinal Wolsey on an accusation of heresy. More often disputed with Roper over his belief. He said to his daughter, Meg, I have borne a long time with thy husband; I have reasoned and argued with him in these points of religion, and still given to him my poor fatherly counsel, but I perceive none of all this able to call him home; and therefore, Meg, I will no longer dispute with him, but will clean give him over and get me to God and pray for him. To these prayers by More, Roper attributed his return to Catholicism.
Roper and his wife took in Margaret Throckmorton. She would become the prioress of St Monica in Leuven.
He was a member of various Parliaments (as MP for several constituencies including Rochester and Canterbury) between 1529 and 1558 and appointed High Sheriff of Kent for 1554–55. Although he remained a Roman Catholic, he was permitted to retain his office of prothonotary of the Court of King's Bench after the accession of Elizabeth I. However, his diatribe against Elizabeth's late mother, Anne Boleyn, in his biography of More earned him the enmity of many Elizabethan loyalists and Protestants.
His biography of Sir Thomas More was written during the reign of Mary I nearly twenty years after More's death, but was not printed until 1626, when it became a primary source for More's earliest biographers because of Roper's intimate knowledge of his father-in-law.
In popular culture
Roper is an important character in Robert Bolt's play A Man for All Seasons, portrayed as a contrarian who changes his views after arguing with More in order to marry his daughter. (In fact he had married Margaret More some years before the events depicted in the play and film.) After arguing theology with Roper, More says, "They're a cantankerous lot, the Ropers, always swimming against the stream. Old Roper was the same."
In the 1966 film adaptation, Roper was portrayed by Corin Redgrave.
References
This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Cousin, John William (1910). A Short Biographical Dictionary of English Literature. London: J. M. Dent & Sons – via Wikisource.
External links
Media related to William Roper (biographer) at Wikimedia Commons
Works by or about William Roper at Wikisource
Full text of Roper's The Life of Sir Thomas More
|
Edgar Wind
|
Edgar Wind (; 14 May 1900 – 12 September 1971) was a British interdisciplinary art historian, specializing in iconology in the Renaissance era. He was a member of the school of art historians associated with Aby Warburg and the Warburg Institute as well as the first Professor of art history at Oxford University.
Wind is best remembered for his research in allegory and the use of pagan mythology during the 15th and 16th centuries, and for his book on the subject, Pagan Mysteries in the Renaissance.
Biography
Wind was born in Berlin, Germany, one of the two children of Maurice Delmar Wind, an Argentinian merchant of Russian Jewish ancestry, and his Romanian wife Laura Szilard.
He received a thorough training in mathematics and philosophical studies, both at his Gymnasium in Charlottenburg, and then at university in Berlin, Freiburg, and Vienna. He completed his dissertation in Hamburg, where he was Erwin Panofsky's first student.
Wind left to teach briefly in the United States for financial reasons (he had a two-year appointment at the University of North Carolina from 1925 to 1927), but then returned to Hamburg as a research assistant. It was there that he got to know Aby Warburg, and was instrumental in moving the Warburg Library out of Germany to London during the Nazi period. Warburg's influence on Wind's own methods was significant.
Once in London, Wind taught and became involved with the Warburg Institute, helping found the Journal of the Warburg and Courtauld Institute in 1937. During the war he returned to the US and remained there, holding several teaching positions, at New York University, University of Chicago, and Smith College. He received a Guggenheim Fellowship in 1950.
In 1955, Wind returned to England and became Oxford University's first professor of art history, a position he occupied until his retirement in 1967. He died in London. A reading room in Oxford's new Sackler Library is dedicated to him, where his works are stored. Wind, although considered a classicist and Renaissance expert, staunchly defended modern art, unlike many of his colleagues: "If modern art is sometimes shrill," he said, "it is not the fault of the artist alone. We all tend to raise our voices when we speak to persons who are getting deaf."
Oxford University's student art and art history society is named after him.
In 2021, Bernardino Branca and Fabio Tononi founded the Edgar Wind Journal (ISSN 2785-2903).
Teaching
Wind was an enthusiastic and respected lecturer at many institutions. He was a key example of the encyclopedic phenomenon of the "Warburgian scholar" in the American academic scene, equally at home in art, literature, history, and philosophy, and giving "pyrotechnical lectures." Says one student of Wind's at Smith, "his Hamburg accent and his puckish smile ... remain the most delightful memories...his...charisma...is the quality that made the greatest impression... [His] utterly charming European manner, urbane, intellectual must have been stimulating and encouraging to [his colleagues.]" Wind was a crucial influence on the young R.B. Kitaj, who enrolled at the Ruskin School, Oxford in early 1957, introducing him to the work and legacy of Aby Warburg. He personally encouraged Kitaj, inviting him to tea with him and his wife, Margaret, at his flat in Belsyre Court. Someone who in 1967 attended his Oxford lectures on the Sistine ceiling recalls the packed house at the Sheldonian Theatre, the vast erudition behind the tracing of the "theology" of Michelangelo's figures, and simply the excitement of learning about the order of one Renaissance world picture.
Work
Wind's two most famous works are Pagan Mysteries in the Renaissance and Art and Anarchy.
Pagan Mysteries in the Renaissance
Mysteries' chief aim was to "elucidate a number of great Renaissance works of art". He maintained that "ideas forcefully expressed in art were alive in other areas of human endeavor". His thesis was that "the presence of unresolved residues of meaning is an obstacle to the enjoyment of art", and he attempted to "help remove the veil of obscurity which not only distance in time...but a deliberate obliqueness in the use of metaphor has spread over some of the greatest Renaissance paintings."
Wind's book has been heavily criticised (by André Chastel, Carlo Ginzburg, E.H. Gombrich, and others) for frequent misreadings of sources and a "one-sided" fixation on the Neoplatonic perspective.
Art and Anarchy
In 1960, the BBC invited Wind to present the annual Reith Lectures. In this series of six radio talks, titled Art and Anarchy, he examined why, and how, great art is often produced in turbulent circumstances.
These lectures were later compiled into a book, also entitled Art and Anarchy. In it he notes that, over time, public audiences have lost their capacity for an immediate and visceral response to art. The production and appreciation of art, he observes, has become marginalized and domesticated to a point where it can no longer significantly and lastingly move its addressees. Wind's impulse in the piece is apparently restorative; he seeks to impede the observed tendency toward apathy and recover some of art's latent anarchic quality.
Wind begins his argument by presenting the long-standing conceptual correlation between art and forces of chaos or disorder, citing a lineage of thinkers and artists including Plato, Goethe, Baudelaire and Burckhardt. Particular emphasis is placed on Plato's distrustful view of the imagination as fundamentally uncontrollable; Plato explicitly denied the true artist a place in his imagined ideal republic, not for lack of respect for the artist's talent but out of fear for his capacity to upset the social balance. Wind also notes the repeated historical coincidence – in Greece at Plato's time and in Italy during the Renaissance – of peaks in artistic accomplishment with political turmoil and breakdown.
Wind notes, however, that the recent surplus of artwork available to the public eye has to some extent anesthetized the audience to art at large. Wind is quick to acknowledge that society maintains a broad and active concern with art as well as increasingly refined faculties with which to interpret such work. Yet this interest is a significant dilution of the passion with which art was received in the past: “We are much given to art, but it touches us lightly…art is so well-received because it has lost its sting.”
Wind refers frequently to Hegel in isolating the particular change that art has undergone: “when art is removed to a zone of safety, it may still remain very good art indeed, and also very popular art, but its effect on our existence will vanish.” Art has thus, according to Wind, moved to life's periphery. Again, Wind notes that this distance carries with it certain benefits for the scholarly approach to art; “detachment brought freshness and breadth, and a freedom from prejudice, a willingness to explore the unfamiliar, even the repulsive, and to risk new adventures of sensibility.” At the same time, however, art has lost its ability to resonate at levels deeper than the intellect, to incite the passions. Engaging with a work of art has become an act of mere observation as opposed to “vital participation.” Art has, for Wind, gained interest at the expense of potency.
By way of resolution, Wind suggests an intermediate and integrative approach, supplementing the tolerance afforded by aesthetic detachment with an insistence on personal assessment on behalf of the work's audience: “We should react to a work of art on two levels: we should judge it aesthetically in its own terms, but we should also decide whether we find those terms acceptable.” As such, Wind indicates that the intellectual advantages of the contemporary approach to art may be retained without sacrificing the “directly [felt]” quality that is so fundamental to it.
Notes
References
Anderson, Jaynie, Bernardino Branca and Fabio Tononi (eds), Edgar Wind: Art and Embodiment (Oxford: Peter Lang, 2024).
Chaney, Edward. "Warburgian Artist: R.B. Kitaj, Edgar Wind, Ernst Gombrich and the Warburg Institute." In Obsessions: R.B. Kitaj 1932–2007. Kerber Art: Jewish Museum Berlin, 2012, pp. 97–103.
Eisler, Colin. "Kunstgeschichte American Style: A Study in Migration." In The Intellectual Migration: Europe and America: 1930–1960. Edited by Donald Fleming and Bernard Bailyn. Cambridge, MA: Harvard, 1969.
Gilbert, Creighton "Edgar Wind as Man and Thinker," New Criterion Reader, 3:2 (October 1984): 36–41. Reprint in H. Kramer, ed., New Criterion Reader, New York, Free Press, 1988, 238–43.
Kleinbauer, W. Eugene. Modern Perspectives in Western Art History: An Anthology of 20th-Century Writings on the Visual Arts. New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston, 1971
Sorensen, Lee. "Edgar Wind". Retrieved 22 May 2006.
"Edgar Wind Dies: Art Historian." New York Times. September 18, 1971, p. 32
Tononi, Fabio, “Aby Warburg, Edgar Wind, and the Concept of Kulturwissenschaft: Reflections on Imagery, Symbols, and Expression”, The Edgar Wind Journal, Vol. 2 (2022), pp. 38-74.
Tononi, Fabio, and Bernardino Branca, “Edgar Wind: Art and Embodiment”, The Edgar Wind Journal, Vol. 2 (2022), pp. 1-8.
Tononi, Fabio, and Bernardino Branca, “Introduction: Edgar Wind and a New Journal”, The Edgar Wind Journal, Vol. 1 (2021), pp. 1-11.
Wind, Edgar. Art and Anarchy. London: Faber and Faber, 1963.
Wind, Edgar. Pagan Mysteries in the Renaissance, New York, W.W. Norton, 1968
Wind, Edgar. The Eloquence of Symbols: Studies in Humanist Art. Clarendon Press, Oxford, 1983.
Wind, Edgar. Hume and the Heroic Portrait. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1986.
External links
The Edgar Wind Journal
Dictionary of Art Historians: Wind, Edgar (Marcel)
The Edgar Wind Society for Art History
|
Edgar Wind (; 14 May 1900 – 12 September 1971) was a British interdisciplinary art historian, specializing in iconology in the Renaissance era. He was a member of the school of art historians associated with Aby Warburg and the Warburg Institute as well as the first Professor of art history at Oxford University.
Wind is best remembered for his research in allegory and the use of pagan mythology during the 15th and 16th centuries, and for his book on the subject, Pagan Mysteries in the Renaissance.
Biography
Wind was born in Berlin, Germany, one of the two children of Maurice Delmar Wind, an Argentinian merchant of Russian Jewish ancestry, and his Romanian wife Laura Szilard.
He received a thorough training in mathematics and philosophical studies, both at his Gymnasium in Charlottenburg, and then at university in Berlin, Freiburg, and Vienna. He completed his dissertation in Hamburg, where he was Erwin Panofsky's first student.
Wind left to teach briefly in the United States for financial reasons (he had a two-year appointment at the University of North Carolina from 1925 to 1927), but then returned to Hamburg as a research assistant. It was there that he got to know Aby Warburg, and was instrumental in moving the Warburg Library out of Germany to London during the Nazi period. Warburg's influence on Wind's own methods was significant.
Once in London, Wind taught and became involved with the Warburg Institute, helping found the Journal of the Warburg and Courtauld Institute in 1937. During the war he returned to the US and remained there, holding several teaching positions, at New York University, University of Chicago, and Smith College. He received a Guggenheim Fellowship in 1950.
In 1955, Wind returned to England and became Oxford University's first professor of art history, a position he occupied until his retirement in 1967. He died in London. A reading room in Oxford's new Sackler Library is dedicated to him, where his works are stored. Wind, although considered a classicist and Renaissance expert, staunchly defended modern art, unlike many of his colleagues: "If modern art is sometimes shrill," he said, "it is not the fault of the artist alone. We all tend to raise our voices when we speak to persons who are getting deaf."
Oxford University's student art and art history society is named after him.
In 2021, Bernardino Branca and Fabio Tononi founded the Edgar Wind Journal (ISSN 2785-2903).
Teaching
Wind was an enthusiastic and respected lecturer at many institutions. He was a key example of the encyclopedic phenomenon of the "Warburgian scholar" in the American academic scene, equally at home in art, literature, history, and philosophy, and giving "pyrotechnical lectures." Says one student of Wind's at Smith, "his Hamburg accent and his puckish smile ... remain the most delightful memories...his...charisma...is the quality that made the greatest impression... [His] utterly charming European manner, urbane, intellectual must have been stimulating and encouraging to [his colleagues.]" Wind was a crucial influence on the young R.B. Kitaj, who enrolled at the Ruskin School, Oxford in early 1957, introducing him to the work and legacy of Aby Warburg. He personally encouraged Kitaj, inviting him to tea with him and his wife, Margaret, at his flat in Belsyre Court. Someone who in 1967 attended his Oxford lectures on the Sistine ceiling recalls the packed house at the Sheldonian Theatre, the vast erudition behind the tracing of the "theology" of Michelangelo's figures, and simply the excitement of learning about the order of one Renaissance world picture.
Work
Wind's two most famous works are Pagan Mysteries in the Renaissance and Art and Anarchy.
Pagan Mysteries in the Renaissance
Mysteries' chief aim was to "elucidate a number of great Renaissance works of art". He maintained that "ideas forcefully expressed in art were alive in other areas of human endeavor". His thesis was that "the presence of unresolved residues of meaning is an obstacle to the enjoyment of art", and he attempted to "help remove the veil of obscurity which not only distance in time...but a deliberate obliqueness in the use of metaphor has spread over some of the greatest Renaissance paintings."
Wind's book has been heavily criticised (by André Chastel, Carlo Ginzburg, E.H. Gombrich, and others) for frequent misreadings of sources and a "one-sided" fixation on the Neoplatonic perspective.
Art and Anarchy
In 1960, the BBC invited Wind to present the annual Reith Lectures. In this series of six radio talks, titled Art and Anarchy, he examined why, and how, great art is often produced in turbulent circumstances.
These lectures were later compiled into a book, also entitled Art and Anarchy. In it he notes that, over time, public audiences have lost their capacity for an immediate and visceral response to art. The production and appreciation of art, he observes, has become marginalized and domesticated to a point where it can no longer significantly and lastingly move its addressees. Wind's impulse in the piece is apparently restorative; he seeks to impede the observed tendency toward apathy and recover some of art's latent anarchic quality.
Wind begins his argument by presenting the long-standing conceptual correlation between art and forces of chaos or disorder, citing a lineage of thinkers and artists including Plato, Goethe, Baudelaire and Burckhardt. Particular emphasis is placed on Plato's distrustful view of the imagination as fundamentally uncontrollable; Plato explicitly denied the true artist a place in his imagined ideal republic, not for lack of respect for the artist's talent but out of fear for his capacity to upset the social balance. Wind also notes the repeated historical coincidence – in Greece at Plato's time and in Italy during the Renaissance – of peaks in artistic accomplishment with political turmoil and breakdown.
Wind notes, however, that the recent surplus of artwork available to the public eye has to some extent anesthetized the audience to art at large. Wind is quick to acknowledge that society maintains a broad and active concern with art as well as increasingly refined faculties with which to interpret such work. Yet this interest is a significant dilution of the passion with which art was received in the past: “We are much given to art, but it touches us lightly…art is so well-received because it has lost its sting.”
Wind refers frequently to Hegel in isolating the particular change that art has undergone: “when art is removed to a zone of safety, it may still remain very good art indeed, and also very popular art, but its effect on our existence will vanish.” Art has thus, according to Wind, moved to life's periphery. Again, Wind notes that this distance carries with it certain benefits for the scholarly approach to art; “detachment brought freshness and breadth, and a freedom from prejudice, a willingness to explore the unfamiliar, even the repulsive, and to risk new adventures of sensibility.” At the same time, however, art has lost its ability to resonate at levels deeper than the intellect, to incite the passions. Engaging with a work of art has become an act of mere observation as opposed to “vital participation.” Art has, for Wind, gained interest at the expense of potency.
By way of resolution, Wind suggests an intermediate and integrative approach, supplementing the tolerance afforded by aesthetic detachment with an insistence on personal assessment on behalf of the work's audience: “We should react to a work of art on two levels: we should judge it aesthetically in its own terms, but we should also decide whether we find those terms acceptable.” As such, Wind indicates that the intellectual advantages of the contemporary approach to art may be retained without sacrificing the “directly [felt]” quality that is so fundamental to it.
Notes
References
Anderson, Jaynie, Bernardino Branca and Fabio Tononi (eds), Edgar Wind: Art and Embodiment (Oxford: Peter Lang, 2024).
Chaney, Edward. "Warburgian Artist: R.B. Kitaj, Edgar Wind, Ernst Gombrich and the Warburg Institute." In Obsessions: R.B. Kitaj 1932–2007. Kerber Art: Jewish Museum Berlin, 2012, pp. 97–103.
Eisler, Colin. "Kunstgeschichte American Style: A Study in Migration." In The Intellectual Migration: Europe and America: 1930–1960. Edited by Donald Fleming and Bernard Bailyn. Cambridge, MA: Harvard, 1969.
Gilbert, Creighton "Edgar Wind as Man and Thinker," New Criterion Reader, 3:2 (October 1984): 36–41. Reprint in H. Kramer, ed., New Criterion Reader, New York, Free Press, 1988, 238–43.
Kleinbauer, W. Eugene. Modern Perspectives in Western Art History: An Anthology of 20th-Century Writings on the Visual Arts. New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston, 1971
Sorensen, Lee. "Edgar Wind". Retrieved 22 May 2006.
"Edgar Wind Dies: Art Historian." New York Times. September 18, 1971, p. 32
Tononi, Fabio, “Aby Warburg, Edgar Wind, and the Concept of Kulturwissenschaft: Reflections on Imagery, Symbols, and Expression”, The Edgar Wind Journal, Vol. 2 (2022), pp. 38-74.
Tononi, Fabio, and Bernardino Branca, “Edgar Wind: Art and Embodiment”, The Edgar Wind Journal, Vol. 2 (2022), pp. 1-8.
Tononi, Fabio, and Bernardino Branca, “Introduction: Edgar Wind and a New Journal”, The Edgar Wind Journal, Vol. 1 (2021), pp. 1-11.
Wind, Edgar. Art and Anarchy. London: Faber and Faber, 1963.
Wind, Edgar. Pagan Mysteries in the Renaissance, New York, W.W. Norton, 1968
Wind, Edgar. The Eloquence of Symbols: Studies in Humanist Art. Clarendon Press, Oxford, 1983.
Wind, Edgar. Hume and the Heroic Portrait. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1986.
External links
The Edgar Wind Journal
Dictionary of Art Historians: Wind, Edgar (Marcel)
The Edgar Wind Society for Art History
|
Vera Dushevina
|
Vera Yevgenyevna Dushevina (Russian: Вера Евгеньевна Душевина; born 6 October 1986) is a Russian former professional tennis player.
She won one singles title and two doubles titles on the WTA Tour. As a junior, she won the Wimbledon Championships, beating Maria Sharapova in the final, while she reached the final of the French Open losing to Anna-Lena Grönefeld.
Personal life
Dushevina was born in Moscow. Beside tennis, Vera also played football and basketball.
Tennis career
Early years
She played her first main-draw match at the 2002 Warsaw Open by qualifying, but lost to Virginia Ruano Pascual 1–6, 6–7. Her first WTA Tour match she won at the 2003 Miami Open. After qualifying, she defeated Patricia Wartusch 6–0, 6–3 but lost to fourth seed Justine Henin 3–6, 2–6 in the second round. She then won her first professional title at the ITF event in Innsbruck, Austria coming through the qualifying draw and defeating Melinda Czink in the final. In her next tournament, she reached her first WTA Tour semifinals at the Nordic Light Open, defeating her first top-50 player, then-world No. 35 Denisa Chládková, 6–2, 6–3 but losing to Jelena Kostanić in the semifinals. She then played her first Grand Slam main-draw match after qualifying but she lost to Ashley Harkleroad in the first round, in straight sets. At the Kremlin Cup, she upset then-world No. 28, Lisa Raymond, 6–2, 7–6, but lost to seventh seed Vera Zvonareva, 2–6, 1–6.
2005–2009
Dushevina began her 2005 campaign by losing in the first round at the Canberra International to Anna-Lena Grönefeld. At the Australian Open, she reached the fourth round of a Grand Slam tournament for the first time, before losing to fifth seed Svetlana Kuznetsova. Along the way, she realized her first top-20 victory over then-world No. 11 Vera Zvonareva, 6–3, 6–3 in the second round. She qualified for the Open Gaz de France and Dubai Championships but fell to Dinara Safina 2–6, 4–6 in the second round and to Nathalie Dechy, 7–6, 4–6, 6–7 in the first round, respectively. She then lost four straight matches in the second round of the Miami Open and the first rounds of Amelia Island, Warsaw and Berlin. However, she bounced back by reaching the quarterfinals of the Internationaux de Strasbourg losing to eventual champion Anabel Medina Garrigues in three sets. At the French Open, she lost to 21st seed Mary Pierce.
Dushevina reached her first WTA Tour singles final at the Eastbourne International as a qualifier where she finished runner-up to former world No. 1, Kim Clijsters. In the said tournament, she realized her first top-5 victory over then-world No. 3, Amélie Mauresmo, 6–4, 6–4 in the second round. However, she fell in the first round of Wimbledon to Ana Ivanovic, in straight sets. She then bounced back to reach the semifinals of the Nordic Light Open, losing to Katarina Srebotnik in two. She reached the second round of the Connecticut Open losing to Elena Dementieva. Dushevina then suffered back-to-back to losses to Shahar Pe'er at the second round of the US Open and first round of the China Open. At the quarterfinals of the Korea Open, she fell to top seed Jelena Janković, followed by a first-round loss at the Kremlin Cup to Elena Likhovtseva in three sets, respectively. She then avenged her loss to Janković at the Linz Open, defeating her 7–6, 3–6, 6–0 in the first round, but fell to Sybille Bammer in the next.
Dushevina had a poor 2006 season. She reached the second rounds of the Auckland Open and the Sydney International losing to top-ten players Nadia Petrova and Justine Henin, respectively. She then fell in the first round of the Australian Open to Catalina Castaño in straight sets, and also fell in the second rounds of the WTA indoor event in Paris and the Dubai Tennis Championships to then-world No. 2, Amélie Mauresmo, and then-world No. 4, Maria Sharapova, respectively. She suffered a back-to-back first-round loss at the Qatar Ladies Open and Miami Open. Later, earned her best performance of the year by reaching the third round of the Amelia Island Championships, losing to Patty Schnyder 3–6, 5–7. At the Estoril Open, she was upset by Antonella Serra Zanetti 6–4, 6–4 in the first round. She then suffered four consecutive second-round exits at the German Open and French Open to then-world No. 1, Amélie Mauresmo, at the Italian Open to Patty Schnyder, and the Eastbourne International to Anna-Lena Grönefeld. She then fell five consecutive first-round main-draw matches, at Wimbledon, at the LA Championships, Rogers Cup, US Open, and the China Open. She reached the second rounds of the Korea Open and Japan Open, and then suffered back-to-back main-draw match to compatriot Vera Zvonareva at the Kremlin Cup and Hasselt Cup.
Two years later, she reached her second final at the Nordic Light Open, losing in straight sets to Agnieszka Radwańska. Dushevina reached the final of the Stockholm event again in 2007, losing to Caroline Wozniacki. Dushevina has won one doubles title, the Warsaw Open, playing with Tatiana Perebiynis in 2007. She was also a part of the winning Russian team in the 2005 Fed Cup, winning doubles ties in the quarterfinals and semifinals partnering Dinara Safina. Dushevina began writing a blog for Eurosport about her time on the tour in 2009.
In June 2009 at the Eastbourne International, she lost in 45 minutes to Canadian Aleksandra Wozniak in the quarterfinals, 1–6, 0–6, winning only 17 of the 69 points in the match, and losing every one of her service games.[1].
Dushevina upset world No. 22, Alizé Cornet, in the first round at Wimbledon, but fell to Elena Vesnina in the second.
Dushevina won her first WTA Tour career title at the İstanbul Cup, defeating Lucie Hradecká 6–0, 6–1 in the final.
2010–2011
Dushevina started 2010 by qualifying for the Sydney International where she reached the quarterfinals with wins over Casey Dellacqua and Elena Vesnina, but lost to then world No. 1, Serena Williams, in the quarterfinals. She then fell in the first round of the Australian Open to compatriot and fifth seed Elena Dementieva, 2–6, 1–6. At the Pattaya Open, she was upset in the second round by world No. 121, Ekaterina Bychkova, 6–4, 6–1. She then fell in the first rounds of the Dubai Tennis Championships and Miami Open and the second round of the Indian Wells Open.
She reached the third round of the Charleston Open losing to eventual champion, Samantha Stosur, 1–6, 6–3, 1–6, but fell early in the Italian Open to Andrea Petkovic, 3–6, 0–6. In the second round of the Madrid Open, Dushevina lost the most competitive match of her career against world No. 1, Serena Williams. Williams finally won 6–7, 7–6, 7–6, after 3 hours and 26 minutes despite being 5–2 up in the final set. Dushevina had match point at 7–6, 6–5 but could not close out the match. She was also 4–0 up in the final set tie-break before losing. It was also Williams' longest match. She then fell in the first rounds of the French Open and Eastbourne International. At Wimbledon, she upset French Open champion Francesca Schiavone in the first round in three sets, but fell to eventual semifinalist Tsvetana Pironkova in the following round.
She reached the back-to-back quarterfinals in the Slovenia Open and İstanbul Cup, losing to Anna Chakvetadze 6–2, 3–6, 5–7 and Jarmila Groth 5–7, 2–6, respectively. She then fell in the second round of the Cincinnati Open to Jelena Janković 4–6, 6–3, 1–6, and in the qualifying rounds of Rogers Cup and Connecticut Open. In the US Open, she lost in the first round to Alona Bondarenko. In the Korea Open, she upset former world No. 1, Ana Ivanovic, 2–6, 6–4, 6–2 but was beaten in the next round by Klára Zakopalová. She then reached the third round of the China Open as a qualifier losing to Francesca Schiavone. In her final tournament of the year, at the Kremlin Cup, she was able to reach her first semifinal since winning in the 2009 İstanbul Cup, after defeating three consecutive compatriots, Ekaterina Makarova, Elena Vesnina and Anna Chakvetadze, before falling to another, Maria Kirilenko, 1–6, 1–6.
Vera started 2011 by losing in the qualifying draw of the Sydney International. At the Australian Open, she was able to pick up her first win in six years by defeating Maria Elena Camerin 6–3, 3–6, 6–1 but lost to fifth seed Sam Stosur in the next round. She also fell in the first rounds of Paris and Dubai. At Doha, she qualified and defeated María José Martínez Sánchez before losing to Daniela Hantuchová.
2017: Retirement
Dushevina announced her retirement from professional tour on 15 August 2017 due to several injuries. She said she would like to concentrate on coaching.
Performance timelines
Only main-draw results in WTA Tour, Grand Slam tournaments, Fed Cup and Olympic Games are included in win–loss records.
Singles
Doubles
Significant finals
Premier Mandatory & 5 tournaments
Doubles: 1 (runner-up)
WTA Tour finals
Singles: 4 (1 title, 3 runner-ups)
Doubles: 11 (2 titles, 9 runner-ups)
ITF finals
Singles: 1 (title)
Doubles: 6 (5 titles, 1 runner-up)
Junior Grand Slam finals
Singles: 2 (1 title, 1 runner-up)
Head-to-head record
Top 10 wins
Notes
References
External links
Vera Dushevina at the Women's Tennis Association
Vera Dushevina at the International Tennis Federation
Vera Dushevina at the Billie Jean King Cup (archived)
|
Vera Yevgenyevna Dushevina (Russian: Вера Евгеньевна Душевина; born 6 October 1986) is a Russian former professional tennis player.
She won one singles title and two doubles titles on the WTA Tour. As a junior, she won the Wimbledon Championships, beating Maria Sharapova in the final, while she reached the final of the French Open losing to Anna-Lena Grönefeld.
Personal life
Dushevina was born in Moscow. Beside tennis, Vera also played football and basketball.
Tennis career
Early years
She played her first main-draw match at the 2002 Warsaw Open by qualifying, but lost to Virginia Ruano Pascual 1–6, 6–7. Her first WTA Tour match she won at the 2003 Miami Open. After qualifying, she defeated Patricia Wartusch 6–0, 6–3 but lost to fourth seed Justine Henin 3–6, 2–6 in the second round. She then won her first professional title at the ITF event in Innsbruck, Austria coming through the qualifying draw and defeating Melinda Czink in the final. In her next tournament, she reached her first WTA Tour semifinals at the Nordic Light Open, defeating her first top-50 player, then-world No. 35 Denisa Chládková, 6–2, 6–3 but losing to Jelena Kostanić in the semifinals. She then played her first Grand Slam main-draw match after qualifying but she lost to Ashley Harkleroad in the first round, in straight sets. At the Kremlin Cup, she upset then-world No. 28, Lisa Raymond, 6–2, 7–6, but lost to seventh seed Vera Zvonareva, 2–6, 1–6.
2005–2009
Dushevina began her 2005 campaign by losing in the first round at the Canberra International to Anna-Lena Grönefeld. At the Australian Open, she reached the fourth round of a Grand Slam tournament for the first time, before losing to fifth seed Svetlana Kuznetsova. Along the way, she realized her first top-20 victory over then-world No. 11 Vera Zvonareva, 6–3, 6–3 in the second round. She qualified for the Open Gaz de France and Dubai Championships but fell to Dinara Safina 2–6, 4–6 in the second round and to Nathalie Dechy, 7–6, 4–6, 6–7 in the first round, respectively. She then lost four straight matches in the second round of the Miami Open and the first rounds of Amelia Island, Warsaw and Berlin. However, she bounced back by reaching the quarterfinals of the Internationaux de Strasbourg losing to eventual champion Anabel Medina Garrigues in three sets. At the French Open, she lost to 21st seed Mary Pierce.
Dushevina reached her first WTA Tour singles final at the Eastbourne International as a qualifier where she finished runner-up to former world No. 1, Kim Clijsters. In the said tournament, she realized her first top-5 victory over then-world No. 3, Amélie Mauresmo, 6–4, 6–4 in the second round. However, she fell in the first round of Wimbledon to Ana Ivanovic, in straight sets. She then bounced back to reach the semifinals of the Nordic Light Open, losing to Katarina Srebotnik in two. She reached the second round of the Connecticut Open losing to Elena Dementieva. Dushevina then suffered back-to-back to losses to Shahar Pe'er at the second round of the US Open and first round of the China Open. At the quarterfinals of the Korea Open, she fell to top seed Jelena Janković, followed by a first-round loss at the Kremlin Cup to Elena Likhovtseva in three sets, respectively. She then avenged her loss to Janković at the Linz Open, defeating her 7–6, 3–6, 6–0 in the first round, but fell to Sybille Bammer in the next.
Dushevina had a poor 2006 season. She reached the second rounds of the Auckland Open and the Sydney International losing to top-ten players Nadia Petrova and Justine Henin, respectively. She then fell in the first round of the Australian Open to Catalina Castaño in straight sets, and also fell in the second rounds of the WTA indoor event in Paris and the Dubai Tennis Championships to then-world No. 2, Amélie Mauresmo, and then-world No. 4, Maria Sharapova, respectively. She suffered a back-to-back first-round loss at the Qatar Ladies Open and Miami Open. Later, earned her best performance of the year by reaching the third round of the Amelia Island Championships, losing to Patty Schnyder 3–6, 5–7. At the Estoril Open, she was upset by Antonella Serra Zanetti 6–4, 6–4 in the first round. She then suffered four consecutive second-round exits at the German Open and French Open to then-world No. 1, Amélie Mauresmo, at the Italian Open to Patty Schnyder, and the Eastbourne International to Anna-Lena Grönefeld. She then fell five consecutive first-round main-draw matches, at Wimbledon, at the LA Championships, Rogers Cup, US Open, and the China Open. She reached the second rounds of the Korea Open and Japan Open, and then suffered back-to-back main-draw match to compatriot Vera Zvonareva at the Kremlin Cup and Hasselt Cup.
Two years later, she reached her second final at the Nordic Light Open, losing in straight sets to Agnieszka Radwańska. Dushevina reached the final of the Stockholm event again in 2007, losing to Caroline Wozniacki. Dushevina has won one doubles title, the Warsaw Open, playing with Tatiana Perebiynis in 2007. She was also a part of the winning Russian team in the 2005 Fed Cup, winning doubles ties in the quarterfinals and semifinals partnering Dinara Safina. Dushevina began writing a blog for Eurosport about her time on the tour in 2009.
In June 2009 at the Eastbourne International, she lost in 45 minutes to Canadian Aleksandra Wozniak in the quarterfinals, 1–6, 0–6, winning only 17 of the 69 points in the match, and losing every one of her service games.[1].
Dushevina upset world No. 22, Alizé Cornet, in the first round at Wimbledon, but fell to Elena Vesnina in the second.
Dushevina won her first WTA Tour career title at the İstanbul Cup, defeating Lucie Hradecká 6–0, 6–1 in the final.
2010–2011
Dushevina started 2010 by qualifying for the Sydney International where she reached the quarterfinals with wins over Casey Dellacqua and Elena Vesnina, but lost to then world No. 1, Serena Williams, in the quarterfinals. She then fell in the first round of the Australian Open to compatriot and fifth seed Elena Dementieva, 2–6, 1–6. At the Pattaya Open, she was upset in the second round by world No. 121, Ekaterina Bychkova, 6–4, 6–1. She then fell in the first rounds of the Dubai Tennis Championships and Miami Open and the second round of the Indian Wells Open.
She reached the third round of the Charleston Open losing to eventual champion, Samantha Stosur, 1–6, 6–3, 1–6, but fell early in the Italian Open to Andrea Petkovic, 3–6, 0–6. In the second round of the Madrid Open, Dushevina lost the most competitive match of her career against world No. 1, Serena Williams. Williams finally won 6–7, 7–6, 7–6, after 3 hours and 26 minutes despite being 5–2 up in the final set. Dushevina had match point at 7–6, 6–5 but could not close out the match. She was also 4–0 up in the final set tie-break before losing. It was also Williams' longest match. She then fell in the first rounds of the French Open and Eastbourne International. At Wimbledon, she upset French Open champion Francesca Schiavone in the first round in three sets, but fell to eventual semifinalist Tsvetana Pironkova in the following round.
She reached the back-to-back quarterfinals in the Slovenia Open and İstanbul Cup, losing to Anna Chakvetadze 6–2, 3–6, 5–7 and Jarmila Groth 5–7, 2–6, respectively. She then fell in the second round of the Cincinnati Open to Jelena Janković 4–6, 6–3, 1–6, and in the qualifying rounds of Rogers Cup and Connecticut Open. In the US Open, she lost in the first round to Alona Bondarenko. In the Korea Open, she upset former world No. 1, Ana Ivanovic, 2–6, 6–4, 6–2 but was beaten in the next round by Klára Zakopalová. She then reached the third round of the China Open as a qualifier losing to Francesca Schiavone. In her final tournament of the year, at the Kremlin Cup, she was able to reach her first semifinal since winning in the 2009 İstanbul Cup, after defeating three consecutive compatriots, Ekaterina Makarova, Elena Vesnina and Anna Chakvetadze, before falling to another, Maria Kirilenko, 1–6, 1–6.
Vera started 2011 by losing in the qualifying draw of the Sydney International. At the Australian Open, she was able to pick up her first win in six years by defeating Maria Elena Camerin 6–3, 3–6, 6–1 but lost to fifth seed Sam Stosur in the next round. She also fell in the first rounds of Paris and Dubai. At Doha, she qualified and defeated María José Martínez Sánchez before losing to Daniela Hantuchová.
2017: Retirement
Dushevina announced her retirement from professional tour on 15 August 2017 due to several injuries. She said she would like to concentrate on coaching.
Performance timelines
Only main-draw results in WTA Tour, Grand Slam tournaments, Fed Cup and Olympic Games are included in win–loss records.
Singles
Doubles
Significant finals
Premier Mandatory & 5 tournaments
Doubles: 1 (runner-up)
WTA Tour finals
Singles: 4 (1 title, 3 runner-ups)
Doubles: 11 (2 titles, 9 runner-ups)
ITF finals
Singles: 1 (title)
Doubles: 6 (5 titles, 1 runner-up)
Junior Grand Slam finals
Singles: 2 (1 title, 1 runner-up)
Head-to-head record
Top 10 wins
Notes
References
External links
Vera Dushevina at the Women's Tennis Association
Vera Dushevina at the International Tennis Federation
Vera Dushevina at the Billie Jean King Cup (archived)
|
Engelbert Endrass
|
Engelbert Endrass (German: Engelbert Endraß) (2 March 1911 – 21 December 1941) was a German U-boat commander in World War II. He commanded the U-46 and the U-567, being credited with sinking 22 ships on ten patrols, for a total of 118,528 gross register tons (GRT) of Allied shipping, to purportedly become the 23rd highest claiming U-boat commander of World War II. He was a recipient of the Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross with Oak Leaves of Nazi Germany. It was Germany's highest military decoration at the time of its presentation to Endrass.
Early life and career
Endrass began his naval career in April 1935. After some months on the cruiser Deutschland and service on escort ships, he was assigned in October 1937 to the U-boat force. He joined U-47 in December 1938 as Leutnant zur See.
World War II
Engelbert Endrass was Watch Officer when his commanding officer, Günther Prien penetrated the defences at Scapa Flow attack and sank the battleship HMS Royal Oak in October 1939. The snorting bull emblem on U-47's conning tower was painted by Endrass before they returned. Endrass painted this symbol on all subsequent boats on which he served. The reason, given by Endrass for this, was the sight of Prien's demeanour as U-47 entered Scapa Flow, "his frowning face and hunched shoulders reminded him of a bull in a ring." Endrass remained on U-47 until May 1940, when he left and took over command of U-46 from the relatively unsuccessful Herbert Sohler, who had only sunk two ships in five patrols. Endrass had immediate success. He sank HMS Carinthia, an auxiliary cruiser, on his first patrol. The patrol yielded over 4,000 tons.
Endrass' success continued on his second patrol with U-46, sinking five more ships, including another British auxiliary cruiser, HMS Dunvegan Castle although the main periscope was damaged. The ship carried 23,225 steel drums and 2,700 wooden barrels and 440 tons of timber. Endrass was forced to use three torpedoes, for the drums fitted to British ships in this period were to provide extra ballast. It made sinking them more difficult and more expensive in munitions expenditure. Her loss prompted the Commander-in-Chief, Western Approaches, Martin Dunbar-Nasmith, to order all Liverpool–bound ships to remain in convoy until past the Mull of Kintyre; 277 survivors were rescued by HMS Harvester and HMS Primrose.
Endrass and six other U-boats intercepted Convoy SC 7 and sank many ships. U-46 sank three during the three-day battle. The commander followed this up with an attack on Convoy HX 79, sinking two ships.
Five patrols later he received the Oak Leaves to his Knight's Cross. The presentation was made on 30 June 1941 by Adolf Hitler at the Führer Headquarters of the Wolfsschanze (Wolf's Lair) in Rastenburg (now Kętrzyn in Poland).
In September 1941 Endrass left U-46, which would become a training vessel and a month later took over U-567. On his second patrol, he was killed on 21 December 1941 while operating against Convoy HG 76, when U-567 was sunk with all hands by depth charges from HMS Deptford a Grimsby-class sloop and HMS Samphire a Flower-class corvette, northeast of the Azores.
Awards
Wehrmacht Long Service Award 4th Class (5 April 1939)
Spanish Cross (6 June 1939)
Iron Cross (1939)
2nd Class (25 September 1939)
1st Class (17 October 1939)
U-boat War Badge (1939) (19 December 1939); with Diamonds (18 July 1941)
Italian Croce di Guerra with Swords (1 November 1941)
Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross with Oak Leaves
Knight's Cross on 5 September 1940 as Oberleutnant zur See and commander of U-46
14th Oak Leaves on 10 June 1941 as Kapitänleutnant and commander of U-46
References
Citations
Bibliography
Busch, Rainer; Röll, Hans-Joachim (2003). Der U-Boot-Krieg 1939–1945 — Die Ritterkreuzträger der U-Boot-Waffe von September 1939 bis Mai 1945 [The U-Boat War 1939–1945 — The Knight's Cross Bearers of the U-Boat Force from September 1939 to May 1945] (in German). Hamburg, Berlin, Bonn Germany: Verlag E.S. Mittler & Sohn. ISBN 978-3-8132-0515-2.
Fellgiebel, Walther-Peer (2000) [1986]. Die Träger des Ritterkreuzes des Eisernen Kreuzes 1939–1945 — Die Inhaber der höchsten Auszeichnung des Zweiten Weltkrieges aller Wehrmachtteile [The Bearers of the Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross 1939–1945 — The Owners of the Highest Award of the Second World War of all Wehrmacht Branches] (in German). Friedberg, Germany: Podzun-Pallas. ISBN 978-3-7909-0284-6.
Niestlé, Axel (1998). German U-boat Losses During World War II: Details of Destruction. Naval Institute Press. ISBN 978-1-5575-0641-2.
Rohwer, Jürgen (1999). Axis submarine successes of World War Two: German, Italian, and Japanese submarine successes, 1939-1945. Greenhill Books. ISBN 978-1557500298.
Rohwer, Jürgen; Hümmelchen, Gerhard (2005). Chronology of the War at Sea 1939–1945: The Naval History of World War Two. Annapolis, Maryland: Naval Institute Press. ISBN 1-59114-119-2.
Morgan, Daniel; Taylor, Bruce (2011). U-Boat Attack Logs: A Complete Record of Warship Sinkings from Original Sources, 1939–1945. Seaforth Publishing. ISBN 978-1-84832-118-2.
Scherzer, Veit (2007). Die Ritterkreuzträger 1939–1945 Die Inhaber des Ritterkreuzes des Eisernen Kreuzes 1939 von Heer, Luftwaffe, Kriegsmarine, Waffen-SS, Volkssturm sowie mit Deutschland verbündeter Streitkräfte nach den Unterlagen des Bundesarchives [The Knight's Cross Bearers 1939–1945 The Holders of the Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross 1939 by Army, Air Force, Navy, Waffen-SS, Volkssturm and Allied Forces with Germany According to the Documents of the Federal Archives] (in German). Jena, Germany: Scherzers Militaer-Verlag. ISBN 978-3-938845-17-2.
Terraine, John (1989). Business in Great Waters: The U-Boat Wars, 1916–1945. London: Leo Cooper. ISBN 978-0-85052-760-5.
Thomas, Franz (1997). Die Eichenlaubträger 1939–1945 Band 1: A–K [The Oak Leaves Bearers 1939–1945 Volume 1: A–K] (in German). Osnabrück, Germany: Biblio-Verlag. ISBN 978-3-7648-2299-6.
Vause, Jordan (1997). Wolf: U-boat Commanders in World War II. Washington: Naval Institute Press. ISBN 978-1557508744.
External links
Newspaper clippings about Engelbert Endrass in the 20th Century Press Archives of the ZBW
|
Engelbert Endrass (German: Engelbert Endraß) (2 March 1911 – 21 December 1941) was a German U-boat commander in World War II. He commanded the U-46 and the U-567, being credited with sinking 22 ships on ten patrols, for a total of 118,528 gross register tons (GRT) of Allied shipping, to purportedly become the 23rd highest claiming U-boat commander of World War II. He was a recipient of the Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross with Oak Leaves of Nazi Germany. It was Germany's highest military decoration at the time of its presentation to Endrass.
Early life and career
Endrass began his naval career in April 1935. After some months on the cruiser Deutschland and service on escort ships, he was assigned in October 1937 to the U-boat force. He joined U-47 in December 1938 as Leutnant zur See.
World War II
Engelbert Endrass was Watch Officer when his commanding officer, Günther Prien penetrated the defences at Scapa Flow attack and sank the battleship HMS Royal Oak in October 1939. The snorting bull emblem on U-47's conning tower was painted by Endrass before they returned. Endrass painted this symbol on all subsequent boats on which he served. The reason, given by Endrass for this, was the sight of Prien's demeanour as U-47 entered Scapa Flow, "his frowning face and hunched shoulders reminded him of a bull in a ring." Endrass remained on U-47 until May 1940, when he left and took over command of U-46 from the relatively unsuccessful Herbert Sohler, who had only sunk two ships in five patrols. Endrass had immediate success. He sank HMS Carinthia, an auxiliary cruiser, on his first patrol. The patrol yielded over 4,000 tons.
Endrass' success continued on his second patrol with U-46, sinking five more ships, including another British auxiliary cruiser, HMS Dunvegan Castle although the main periscope was damaged. The ship carried 23,225 steel drums and 2,700 wooden barrels and 440 tons of timber. Endrass was forced to use three torpedoes, for the drums fitted to British ships in this period were to provide extra ballast. It made sinking them more difficult and more expensive in munitions expenditure. Her loss prompted the Commander-in-Chief, Western Approaches, Martin Dunbar-Nasmith, to order all Liverpool–bound ships to remain in convoy until past the Mull of Kintyre; 277 survivors were rescued by HMS Harvester and HMS Primrose.
Endrass and six other U-boats intercepted Convoy SC 7 and sank many ships. U-46 sank three during the three-day battle. The commander followed this up with an attack on Convoy HX 79, sinking two ships.
Five patrols later he received the Oak Leaves to his Knight's Cross. The presentation was made on 30 June 1941 by Adolf Hitler at the Führer Headquarters of the Wolfsschanze (Wolf's Lair) in Rastenburg (now Kętrzyn in Poland).
In September 1941 Endrass left U-46, which would become a training vessel and a month later took over U-567. On his second patrol, he was killed on 21 December 1941 while operating against Convoy HG 76, when U-567 was sunk with all hands by depth charges from HMS Deptford a Grimsby-class sloop and HMS Samphire a Flower-class corvette, northeast of the Azores.
Awards
Wehrmacht Long Service Award 4th Class (5 April 1939)
Spanish Cross (6 June 1939)
Iron Cross (1939)
2nd Class (25 September 1939)
1st Class (17 October 1939)
U-boat War Badge (1939) (19 December 1939); with Diamonds (18 July 1941)
Italian Croce di Guerra with Swords (1 November 1941)
Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross with Oak Leaves
Knight's Cross on 5 September 1940 as Oberleutnant zur See and commander of U-46
14th Oak Leaves on 10 June 1941 as Kapitänleutnant and commander of U-46
References
Citations
Bibliography
Busch, Rainer; Röll, Hans-Joachim (2003). Der U-Boot-Krieg 1939–1945 — Die Ritterkreuzträger der U-Boot-Waffe von September 1939 bis Mai 1945 [The U-Boat War 1939–1945 — The Knight's Cross Bearers of the U-Boat Force from September 1939 to May 1945] (in German). Hamburg, Berlin, Bonn Germany: Verlag E.S. Mittler & Sohn. ISBN 978-3-8132-0515-2.
Fellgiebel, Walther-Peer (2000) [1986]. Die Träger des Ritterkreuzes des Eisernen Kreuzes 1939–1945 — Die Inhaber der höchsten Auszeichnung des Zweiten Weltkrieges aller Wehrmachtteile [The Bearers of the Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross 1939–1945 — The Owners of the Highest Award of the Second World War of all Wehrmacht Branches] (in German). Friedberg, Germany: Podzun-Pallas. ISBN 978-3-7909-0284-6.
Niestlé, Axel (1998). German U-boat Losses During World War II: Details of Destruction. Naval Institute Press. ISBN 978-1-5575-0641-2.
Rohwer, Jürgen (1999). Axis submarine successes of World War Two: German, Italian, and Japanese submarine successes, 1939-1945. Greenhill Books. ISBN 978-1557500298.
Rohwer, Jürgen; Hümmelchen, Gerhard (2005). Chronology of the War at Sea 1939–1945: The Naval History of World War Two. Annapolis, Maryland: Naval Institute Press. ISBN 1-59114-119-2.
Morgan, Daniel; Taylor, Bruce (2011). U-Boat Attack Logs: A Complete Record of Warship Sinkings from Original Sources, 1939–1945. Seaforth Publishing. ISBN 978-1-84832-118-2.
Scherzer, Veit (2007). Die Ritterkreuzträger 1939–1945 Die Inhaber des Ritterkreuzes des Eisernen Kreuzes 1939 von Heer, Luftwaffe, Kriegsmarine, Waffen-SS, Volkssturm sowie mit Deutschland verbündeter Streitkräfte nach den Unterlagen des Bundesarchives [The Knight's Cross Bearers 1939–1945 The Holders of the Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross 1939 by Army, Air Force, Navy, Waffen-SS, Volkssturm and Allied Forces with Germany According to the Documents of the Federal Archives] (in German). Jena, Germany: Scherzers Militaer-Verlag. ISBN 978-3-938845-17-2.
Terraine, John (1989). Business in Great Waters: The U-Boat Wars, 1916–1945. London: Leo Cooper. ISBN 978-0-85052-760-5.
Thomas, Franz (1997). Die Eichenlaubträger 1939–1945 Band 1: A–K [The Oak Leaves Bearers 1939–1945 Volume 1: A–K] (in German). Osnabrück, Germany: Biblio-Verlag. ISBN 978-3-7648-2299-6.
Vause, Jordan (1997). Wolf: U-boat Commanders in World War II. Washington: Naval Institute Press. ISBN 978-1557508744.
External links
Newspaper clippings about Engelbert Endrass in the 20th Century Press Archives of the ZBW
|
Leo Slezak
|
Leo Slezak (German pronunciation: [ˌleːo ˈslɛzak]; 18 August 1873 – 1 June 1946) was an Austrian dramatic tenor. He was associated in particular with Austrian opera as well as the title role in Verdi's Otello. He is the father of actors Walter Slezak and Margarete Slezak and grandfather of the actress Erika Slezak.
Life and work
Early years
Born in Šumperk (German: Mährisch-Schönberg), northern Moravia (then part of the Austria-Hungary), as the son of a miller, Slezak worked briefly as a blacksmith, an engineer's fitter and served in the army before taking singing lessons with the first-class baritone and pedagogue Adolf Robinson. He made his debut in 1896 in Brno (Brünn) and proceeded to sing leading roles in Bohemia and Germany, appearing at Breslau and, in 1898–99, at Berlin. From 1901 onwards he was a permanent member of the Vienna State Opera's roster of artists, achieving star status.
While in Vienna he was initiated into Freemasonry.
International career
Slezak's international career commenced in London at the Royal Opera House, Covent Garden, where he sang Siegfried (a punishing role that he would soon drop from his repertoire) and Lohengrin in 1900. (He would return to Covent Garden in 1909 after undertaking further vocal studies in Paris the previous year with a great tenor of a previous era, Jean de Reszke.)
Slezak secured a three-year contract with the New York Metropolitan Opera in 1909. Met audiences acclaimed him in performances of works by Wagner and Verdi. Along with Italy's Giovanni Zenatello, he became one of the most famous Otellos of his generation, famously performing the role at the Met with Arturo Toscanini conducting.
Many anecdotes reveal his sense of humour. The best-known being, during a performance of Wagner's Lohengrin, a stage hand pulled the swan off the stage too early, before the tenor could hop aboard. Seeing his feathered transportation disappear into the wings, Slezak ad-libbed to the audience: "Wann fährt der nächste Schwan?" ("When does the next swan leave?").
Slezak had a versatile repertory, which embraced 66 roles. They included Rossini's Guillaume Tell, Manrico, Radames, Walter, Tannhäuser, Hermann, as well as Otello and Lohengrin. He sang 44 roles in Vienna alone, where he made 936 stage appearances in 1901–12 and 1917–27 and gained considerable fame.
Vocal characteristics
A tall, barrel-chested man, Slezak possessed a large and attractive lyric-dramatic voice which enabled him to undertake all but the very heaviest Wagnerian parts such as Tristan or Siegfried. He had a distinctive tonal quality, which became markedly darker after his studies with de Reszke in 1908. Slezak was a master of mezza-voce singing and he could also deliver haunting head notes. With time and hard use, his top register developed a strained and unsteady quality when used at full volume.
He made hundreds of disc and cylinder recordings, beginning in the early 1900s and ending in the 1930s. They were produced by several different record companies and include arias, duets and songs by a wide selection of composers, ranging from Mozart to Wagner. Most of his best records have been released on CD compilations. Some of his film work as an actor survives as well.
Books
Slezak's autobiography, published in 1938 in English as Song of Motley: Being the Reminiscences of a Hungry Tenor, contains pen-portraits of many of the musicians and artists with whom he worked, including Gustav Mahler, Arturo Toscanini and Cosima Wagner. It describes his tours of America, Russia and the Balkans and recalls his doomed audition for Frau Wagner at Bayreuth, when he foolishly chose to sing music from Pagliacci.
Later in life, he published several very humorous, semi-autobiographical books, notably:
Meine sämtlichen Werke ("All of my works"), his first book
Der Wortbruch ("The broken promise")
Der Rückfall ("The relapse")
Leo Slezak by Dr. Christopher Norton-Welsh, with discography by Alex Weggen in "Étude" n° 27, July–August–September 2004 (Association internationale de chant lyrique TITTA RUFFO).
Films
In 1932, Slezak began appearing in German cinema. As an actor/comedian, he played humorous characters, but mostly he sang. His movies included La Paloma (1934) and Gasparone (1937). Slezak's final film role was as a portly sultan in the 1943 UFA prestige production Münchhausen. His son, Walter Slezak, who started off in musical theater, became a successful character actor in Hollywood during the 1940s. His granddaughter (Walter's daughter) is the actress Erika Slezak, noted for her role on the soap opera One Life to Live.
Selected filmography
Scandal on Park Street (1932)
The Ladies Diplomat (1932)
A Mad Idea (1932)
Modern Dowry (1932)
The Gentleman from Maxim's (1933)
Grand Duchess Alexandra (1933)
Our Emperor (1933)
Enjoy Yourselves (1934)
Music in the Blood (1934)
Tales from the Vienna Woods (1934)
The Gentleman Without a Residence (1934)
Dance Music (1935)
Circus Saran (1935)
A Night on the Danube (1935)
The Blonde Carmen (1935)
The World's in Love (1935)
The Postman from Longjumeau (1936)
The Four Companions (1938)
The Man Who Couldn't Say No (1938)
The Life and Loves of Tschaikovsky (1939)
Woman at the Wheel (1939)
Roses in Tyrol (1940)
Operetta (1940)
Everything for Gloria (1941)
Beloved Darling (1943)
References
Sources
Warrack, John & West, Ewan (1992) The Oxford Dictionary of Opera. Oxford: Oxford University Press; ISBN 0-19-869164-5
External links
Leo Slezak at IMDb
Leo Slezak cylinder recordings, from the Cylinder Preservation and Digitization Project at the University of California, Santa Barbara Library.
Photographs of Leo Slezak
History of the Tenor / Leo Slezak / Sound Clips and Narration
Leo Slezak; Victor Catalog listings
"Slezak, Leo" . Collier's New Encyclopedia. 1921.
|
Leo Slezak (German pronunciation: [ˌleːo ˈslɛzak]; 18 August 1873 – 1 June 1946) was an Austrian dramatic tenor. He was associated in particular with Austrian opera as well as the title role in Verdi's Otello. He is the father of actors Walter Slezak and Margarete Slezak and grandfather of the actress Erika Slezak.
Life and work
Early years
Born in Šumperk (German: Mährisch-Schönberg), northern Moravia (then part of the Austria-Hungary), as the son of a miller, Slezak worked briefly as a blacksmith, an engineer's fitter and served in the army before taking singing lessons with the first-class baritone and pedagogue Adolf Robinson. He made his debut in 1896 in Brno (Brünn) and proceeded to sing leading roles in Bohemia and Germany, appearing at Breslau and, in 1898–99, at Berlin. From 1901 onwards he was a permanent member of the Vienna State Opera's roster of artists, achieving star status.
While in Vienna he was initiated into Freemasonry.
International career
Slezak's international career commenced in London at the Royal Opera House, Covent Garden, where he sang Siegfried (a punishing role that he would soon drop from his repertoire) and Lohengrin in 1900. (He would return to Covent Garden in 1909 after undertaking further vocal studies in Paris the previous year with a great tenor of a previous era, Jean de Reszke.)
Slezak secured a three-year contract with the New York Metropolitan Opera in 1909. Met audiences acclaimed him in performances of works by Wagner and Verdi. Along with Italy's Giovanni Zenatello, he became one of the most famous Otellos of his generation, famously performing the role at the Met with Arturo Toscanini conducting.
Many anecdotes reveal his sense of humour. The best-known being, during a performance of Wagner's Lohengrin, a stage hand pulled the swan off the stage too early, before the tenor could hop aboard. Seeing his feathered transportation disappear into the wings, Slezak ad-libbed to the audience: "Wann fährt der nächste Schwan?" ("When does the next swan leave?").
Slezak had a versatile repertory, which embraced 66 roles. They included Rossini's Guillaume Tell, Manrico, Radames, Walter, Tannhäuser, Hermann, as well as Otello and Lohengrin. He sang 44 roles in Vienna alone, where he made 936 stage appearances in 1901–12 and 1917–27 and gained considerable fame.
Vocal characteristics
A tall, barrel-chested man, Slezak possessed a large and attractive lyric-dramatic voice which enabled him to undertake all but the very heaviest Wagnerian parts such as Tristan or Siegfried. He had a distinctive tonal quality, which became markedly darker after his studies with de Reszke in 1908. Slezak was a master of mezza-voce singing and he could also deliver haunting head notes. With time and hard use, his top register developed a strained and unsteady quality when used at full volume.
He made hundreds of disc and cylinder recordings, beginning in the early 1900s and ending in the 1930s. They were produced by several different record companies and include arias, duets and songs by a wide selection of composers, ranging from Mozart to Wagner. Most of his best records have been released on CD compilations. Some of his film work as an actor survives as well.
Books
Slezak's autobiography, published in 1938 in English as Song of Motley: Being the Reminiscences of a Hungry Tenor, contains pen-portraits of many of the musicians and artists with whom he worked, including Gustav Mahler, Arturo Toscanini and Cosima Wagner. It describes his tours of America, Russia and the Balkans and recalls his doomed audition for Frau Wagner at Bayreuth, when he foolishly chose to sing music from Pagliacci.
Later in life, he published several very humorous, semi-autobiographical books, notably:
Meine sämtlichen Werke ("All of my works"), his first book
Der Wortbruch ("The broken promise")
Der Rückfall ("The relapse")
Leo Slezak by Dr. Christopher Norton-Welsh, with discography by Alex Weggen in "Étude" n° 27, July–August–September 2004 (Association internationale de chant lyrique TITTA RUFFO).
Films
In 1932, Slezak began appearing in German cinema. As an actor/comedian, he played humorous characters, but mostly he sang. His movies included La Paloma (1934) and Gasparone (1937). Slezak's final film role was as a portly sultan in the 1943 UFA prestige production Münchhausen. His son, Walter Slezak, who started off in musical theater, became a successful character actor in Hollywood during the 1940s. His granddaughter (Walter's daughter) is the actress Erika Slezak, noted for her role on the soap opera One Life to Live.
Selected filmography
Scandal on Park Street (1932)
The Ladies Diplomat (1932)
A Mad Idea (1932)
Modern Dowry (1932)
The Gentleman from Maxim's (1933)
Grand Duchess Alexandra (1933)
Our Emperor (1933)
Enjoy Yourselves (1934)
Music in the Blood (1934)
Tales from the Vienna Woods (1934)
The Gentleman Without a Residence (1934)
Dance Music (1935)
Circus Saran (1935)
A Night on the Danube (1935)
The Blonde Carmen (1935)
The World's in Love (1935)
The Postman from Longjumeau (1936)
The Four Companions (1938)
The Man Who Couldn't Say No (1938)
The Life and Loves of Tschaikovsky (1939)
Woman at the Wheel (1939)
Roses in Tyrol (1940)
Operetta (1940)
Everything for Gloria (1941)
Beloved Darling (1943)
References
Sources
Warrack, John & West, Ewan (1992) The Oxford Dictionary of Opera. Oxford: Oxford University Press; ISBN 0-19-869164-5
External links
Leo Slezak at IMDb
Leo Slezak cylinder recordings, from the Cylinder Preservation and Digitization Project at the University of California, Santa Barbara Library.
Photographs of Leo Slezak
History of the Tenor / Leo Slezak / Sound Clips and Narration
Leo Slezak; Victor Catalog listings
"Slezak, Leo" . Collier's New Encyclopedia. 1921.
|
Gaston Eyskens
|
Gaston François Marie, Viscount Eyskens (1 April 1905 – 3 January 1988) was a Christian democratic politician and prime minister of Belgium. He was also an economist and member of the Belgian Christian Social Party (CVP-PSC).
He served three terms as the prime minister of Belgium, holding the position from 1949 to 1950, 1958 to 1961 and 1968 to 1973. During his periods in office, Eyskens was confronted with major ideological and linguistic conflicts within Belgium including the Royal Question in 1950, the School War in 1958, the independence of the Belgian Congo in 1960 and the split of the University of Leuven in 1970. He oversaw the first steps towards the federalization of Belgium (constitutional reform of 1970).
Eyskens led a centre cabinet in 1958, followed by two centre-right cabinets from 1958 to 1961, another centre cabinet from 1968 to 1972, and another centre-left cabinet from 1972 to 1973.
Family
Eyskens was born in Lier, the son of Antonius Franciscus Eyskens (1875–1948) and Maria Voeten (1872–1960). On 10 August 1931 he married Gilberte De Petter (1902–1981), daughter of the Leuvener politician Emile De Petter, with whom he had two sons: Erik Eyskens (Leuven, 20 July 1935 – Antwerp, 31 August 2008) and Mark Eyskens. His son Mark also became Prime Minister, serving from 6 April 1981 to 17 December 1981.
Career
Academic career
Eyskens studied at the Catholic University of Leuven where he gained a master and doctorate degree. In 1927 he became Master of Science at Columbia University. In 1931 Eyskens became a professor at the University of Leuven. He later became dean of the economics faculty. He also served on the board of Lovanium University in the Congo.
Eyskens was made doctor honoris causa by Columbia University, the University of Cologne and the Hebrew University of Jerusalem.
Political career
During the early 1930s Eyskens was chief of staff of CVP ministers Edmond Rubbens and Philip Van Isacker. In 1939 Eyskens was elected to the Belgian Chamber of Representatives. He was steadily re-elected (in 1946, 1949, 1950, 1954, 1958 and 1961) and served until 1965.
In 1945 and between 1947 and 1949 he was Minister of Finance. On 11 August 1949 he became Prime Minister of Belgium in a coalition (Eyskens I) between Christian-democrats and liberals. His cabinet fell in June 1950 over the constitutional crisis caused by King Leopold III's actions during the Second World War. In the short lived government of Jean Duvieusart (June–August 1950) Eyskens was Minister of Economic Affairs.
Between 26 June 1958 and 6 November 1958, Eyskens led a minority government which was the most recent government of Belgium (Eyskens II) not to be a coalition government. On 6 November, Eyskens formed a coalition government with the liberals (Eyskens III) which remained in power until 3 September 1960. On 3 September 1960 he formed his third government (Eyskens IV), again a coalition with the liberal party. This government fell on 25 April 1961 over the Unitary Law (which raised the fiscal pressure by 7 billion Belgian francs, cut spending in education and the military, and reformed unemployment benefits and government pensions) and had caused large-scale strikes. During these years he also had to deal with the School War and the independence of the Belgian Congo.
In the general election of 1965 Eyskens was elected to the Belgian Senate (re-elected in 1968 and 1971). In the government led by Pierre Harmel (1965–1966) he again served as Minister of Finance. Student unrest and questions of discrimination against the ethnic Flemish population brought down the Belgian government in February 1968. On 17 June 1968, Gaston Eyskens formed his fifth government (Eyskens V); this time a centre-left coalition between the Christian Democrats and the Socialists. On 20 January 1973, he formed his sixth and last government (Eyskens VI), again a coalition with the Socialists.
His last two governments were plagued by linguistic troubles regarding the split of the old bilingual Catholic University of Leuven into a Dutch-language university (the Katholieke Universiteit Leuven), which stayed in Leuven and a French-language university which moved to Louvain-la-Neuve and became the Université catholique de Louvain and the start of the process of changing Belgium from a unitary state into a federation with the creation of the Communities. Upon the fall of his last government Gaston Eyskens retired from politics. He died in Leuven.
Honours
Belgium: Minister of State by RD of 5 April 1963.
Belgium: Created Viscount Eyskens by RD in September 1973.
Belgium: Member of the Royal Academy.
Belgium: Commander in the Order of Leopold II, by RD of 15 February 1946.
Belgium: Knight Grand Cross in the Order of the Crown, by RD of 8 April 1954.
Knight Commander in the Order of Saint Gregory the Great.
References
External links
Media related to Gaston Eyskens at Wikimedia Commons
Gaston Eyskens at Belgium Prime Minister
Gaston Eyskens at Encyclopædia Britannica
Territorial Party Politics in Western Europe
Gaston Eyskens in ODIS – Online Database for Intermediary Structures Archived 28 April 2016 at the Wayback Machine
Archives of Gaston Eyskens in ODIS – Online Database for Intermediary Structures Archived 28 April 2016 at the Wayback Machine
Gaston Eyskens Collection in KU Leuven Libraries
|
Gaston François Marie, Viscount Eyskens (1 April 1905 – 3 January 1988) was a Christian democratic politician and prime minister of Belgium. He was also an economist and member of the Belgian Christian Social Party (CVP-PSC).
He served three terms as the prime minister of Belgium, holding the position from 1949 to 1950, 1958 to 1961 and 1968 to 1973. During his periods in office, Eyskens was confronted with major ideological and linguistic conflicts within Belgium including the Royal Question in 1950, the School War in 1958, the independence of the Belgian Congo in 1960 and the split of the University of Leuven in 1970. He oversaw the first steps towards the federalization of Belgium (constitutional reform of 1970).
Eyskens led a centre cabinet in 1958, followed by two centre-right cabinets from 1958 to 1961, another centre cabinet from 1968 to 1972, and another centre-left cabinet from 1972 to 1973.
Family
Eyskens was born in Lier, the son of Antonius Franciscus Eyskens (1875–1948) and Maria Voeten (1872–1960). On 10 August 1931 he married Gilberte De Petter (1902–1981), daughter of the Leuvener politician Emile De Petter, with whom he had two sons: Erik Eyskens (Leuven, 20 July 1935 – Antwerp, 31 August 2008) and Mark Eyskens. His son Mark also became Prime Minister, serving from 6 April 1981 to 17 December 1981.
Career
Academic career
Eyskens studied at the Catholic University of Leuven where he gained a master and doctorate degree. In 1927 he became Master of Science at Columbia University. In 1931 Eyskens became a professor at the University of Leuven. He later became dean of the economics faculty. He also served on the board of Lovanium University in the Congo.
Eyskens was made doctor honoris causa by Columbia University, the University of Cologne and the Hebrew University of Jerusalem.
Political career
During the early 1930s Eyskens was chief of staff of CVP ministers Edmond Rubbens and Philip Van Isacker. In 1939 Eyskens was elected to the Belgian Chamber of Representatives. He was steadily re-elected (in 1946, 1949, 1950, 1954, 1958 and 1961) and served until 1965.
In 1945 and between 1947 and 1949 he was Minister of Finance. On 11 August 1949 he became Prime Minister of Belgium in a coalition (Eyskens I) between Christian-democrats and liberals. His cabinet fell in June 1950 over the constitutional crisis caused by King Leopold III's actions during the Second World War. In the short lived government of Jean Duvieusart (June–August 1950) Eyskens was Minister of Economic Affairs.
Between 26 June 1958 and 6 November 1958, Eyskens led a minority government which was the most recent government of Belgium (Eyskens II) not to be a coalition government. On 6 November, Eyskens formed a coalition government with the liberals (Eyskens III) which remained in power until 3 September 1960. On 3 September 1960 he formed his third government (Eyskens IV), again a coalition with the liberal party. This government fell on 25 April 1961 over the Unitary Law (which raised the fiscal pressure by 7 billion Belgian francs, cut spending in education and the military, and reformed unemployment benefits and government pensions) and had caused large-scale strikes. During these years he also had to deal with the School War and the independence of the Belgian Congo.
In the general election of 1965 Eyskens was elected to the Belgian Senate (re-elected in 1968 and 1971). In the government led by Pierre Harmel (1965–1966) he again served as Minister of Finance. Student unrest and questions of discrimination against the ethnic Flemish population brought down the Belgian government in February 1968. On 17 June 1968, Gaston Eyskens formed his fifth government (Eyskens V); this time a centre-left coalition between the Christian Democrats and the Socialists. On 20 January 1973, he formed his sixth and last government (Eyskens VI), again a coalition with the Socialists.
His last two governments were plagued by linguistic troubles regarding the split of the old bilingual Catholic University of Leuven into a Dutch-language university (the Katholieke Universiteit Leuven), which stayed in Leuven and a French-language university which moved to Louvain-la-Neuve and became the Université catholique de Louvain and the start of the process of changing Belgium from a unitary state into a federation with the creation of the Communities. Upon the fall of his last government Gaston Eyskens retired from politics. He died in Leuven.
Honours
Belgium: Minister of State by RD of 5 April 1963.
Belgium: Created Viscount Eyskens by RD in September 1973.
Belgium: Member of the Royal Academy.
Belgium: Commander in the Order of Leopold II, by RD of 15 February 1946.
Belgium: Knight Grand Cross in the Order of the Crown, by RD of 8 April 1954.
Knight Commander in the Order of Saint Gregory the Great.
References
External links
Media related to Gaston Eyskens at Wikimedia Commons
Gaston Eyskens at Belgium Prime Minister
Gaston Eyskens at Encyclopædia Britannica
Territorial Party Politics in Western Europe
Gaston Eyskens in ODIS – Online Database for Intermediary Structures Archived 28 April 2016 at the Wayback Machine
Archives of Gaston Eyskens in ODIS – Online Database for Intermediary Structures Archived 28 April 2016 at the Wayback Machine
Gaston Eyskens Collection in KU Leuven Libraries
|
Steve Furber
|
Stephen Byram Furber (born 21 March 1953) is an English computer scientist, mathematician and hardware engineer, and Emeritus ICL Professor of Computer Engineering in the Department of Computer Science at the University of Manchester, UK. After completing his education at the University of Cambridge (BA, MMath, PhD), he spent the 1980s at Acorn Computers, where he was a principal designer of the BBC Micro and the ARM 32-bit RISC microprocessor. As of 2023, over 250 billion ARM chips have been manufactured, powering much of the world's mobile computing and embedded systems, everything from sensors to smartphones to servers.
In 1990, he moved to Manchester to lead research into asynchronous circuits, low-power electronics and neural engineering, where the Spiking Neural Network Architecture (SpiNNaker) project is delivering a computer incorporating a million ARM processors optimised for computational neuroscience.
Education
Furber was educated at Manchester Grammar School and represented the UK in the International Mathematical Olympiad in Hungary in 1970 winning a bronze medal. He went on to study the Mathematical Tripos as an undergraduate student of St John's College, Cambridge, receiving a Bachelor of Arts (BA) and Master of Mathematics (MMath – Part III of the Mathematical Tripos) degrees. In 1978, he was appointed a Rolls-Royce research fellow in aerodynamics at Emmanuel College, Cambridge and was awarded a PhD in 1980 for research on the fluid dynamics of the Weis-Fogh mechanism supervised by John Ffowcs Williams. During his PhD in the late 1970s, Furber worked on a voluntary basis for Hermann Hauser and Chris Curry within the fledging Acorn Computers (originally the Cambridge Processor Unit), on a number of projects; notably a microprocessor based fruit machine controller, and the Proton – the initial prototype version of what was to become the BBC Micro, in support of Acorn's tender for the BBC Computer Literacy Project.
Career and research
In 1981, following the completion of his PhD and the award of the BBC contract to Acorn computers, Furber joined Acorn where he was a Hardware Designer and then Design Manager. He was involved in the final design and production of the BBC Micro and later, the Acorn Electron, and the ARM microprocessor. In August 1990 he moved to the University of Manchester to become the International Computers Limited (ICL) Professor of Computer Engineering and established the AMULET microprocessor research group.
Furber's main research interests are in neural networks, networks on chip and microprocessors. In 2003, Furber was a member of the EPSRC research cluster in biologically inspired novel computation. On 16 September 2004, he gave a speech on Hardware Implementations of Large-scale Neural Networks as part of the initiation activities of the Alan Turing Institute.
Furber's most recent project SpiNNaker, is an attempt to build a new kind of computer that directly mimics the workings of the human brain. Spinnaker is an artificial neural network realised in hardware, a massively parallel processing system eventually designed to incorporate a million ARM processors. The finished Spinnaker will model 1 per cent of the human brain's capability, or around 1 billion neurons. The Spinnaker project aims amongst other things to investigate:
How can massively parallel computing resources accelerate our understanding of brain function?
How can our growing understanding of brain function point the way to more efficient parallel, fault-tolerant computation?
Furber believes that "significant progress in either direction will represent a major scientific breakthrough". Furber's research interests include asynchronous systems, ultra-low-power processors for sensor networks, on-chip interconnect and globally asynchronous locally synchronous (GALS), and neural systems engineering.
His research has been funded by the Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council (EPSRC), Royal Society and the European Research Council (ERC).
Awards and honours
In February 1997, Furber was elected a Fellow of the British Computer Society. In 1998, he became a member of the European Working Group on Asynchronous Circuit Design (ACiD-WG). He was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society (FRS) in 2002 and was Specialist Adviser to the House of Lords Science and Technology Select Committee inquiry into microprocessor technology.
Furber was elected a Fellow of the Royal Academy of Engineering (FREng), the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) in 2005 and a Fellow of the Institution of Engineering and Technology (FIET). He is a Chartered Engineer (CEng). In September 2007 he was awarded the Faraday Medal and in 2010 he gave the Pinkerton Lecture.
Furber was appointed Commander of the Order of the British Empire (CBE) in the 2008 New Year Honours and was elected as one of the three laureates of Millennium Technology Prize in 2010 (with Richard Friend and Michael Grätzel), for development of ARM processor. In 2012, Furber was made a Fellow of the Computer History Museum "for his work, with Sophie Wilson, on the BBC Micro computer and the ARM processor architecture."
In 2004 he was awarded a Royal Society Wolfson Research Merit Award. In 2014, he was made a Distinguished Fellow at the British Computer Society (DFBCS) recognising his contribution to the IT profession and industry. Furber's nomination for the Royal Society reads: Professor Furber is distinguished for his fundamental contributions to the design and analysis of electronic systems, especially microprocessors. He was the original designer of the hardware architecture of the ARM processor, the world's leading embedded processor core and a major engineering and commercial success for the United Kingdom. Having moved to Manchester University, he established a research team to investigate asynchronous processor design, which rapidly made fundamental contributions to the field. He has shown how to combine academic design theories with practical engineering constraints to achieve a remarkable and elegant synthesis. His work demonstrates in particular how to design microprocessors with low power and low radio frequency emissions, necessary for future wireless applications. Furber has designed a series of highly original asynchronous processors to execute the ARM instruction set. These have been fabricated and subjected to extensive experimental analysis. Furber's group is the world's leading centre of research in both fundamental theory and engineering implementation of such devices.
In 2009, Unsworth Academy (formerly called Castlebrook High School) in Manchester introduced a house system, with Furber being one of the four houses. On 15 October 2010, Furber officially opened the Independent Learning Zone in Unsworth Academy. In 2012, a building at Radbroke Hall was named in his honour by Barclays Bank.
In 2022, he was awarded the Charles Stark Draper Prize by the National Academy of Engineering of the United States of America alongside John L. Hennessy, David A. Patterson and Sophie M. Wilson for contributions to the invention, development, and implementation of reduced instruction set computer (RISC) chips. Furber was played by actor Sam Philips in the BBC Four documentary drama Micro Men, first aired on 8 October 2009.
The Furber Chair in Computer Systems Engineering at the University of Manchester is named in his honour. As of 2025 this is held by André van Schaik.
Personal life
Furber is married to Valerie Elliot with two daughters, 3 grandchildren and plays bass guitar.
References
This article incorporates text available under the CC BY 4.0 license.
|
Stephen Byram Furber (born 21 March 1953) is an English computer scientist, mathematician and hardware engineer, and Emeritus ICL Professor of Computer Engineering in the Department of Computer Science at the University of Manchester, UK. After completing his education at the University of Cambridge (BA, MMath, PhD), he spent the 1980s at Acorn Computers, where he was a principal designer of the BBC Micro and the ARM 32-bit RISC microprocessor. As of 2023, over 250 billion ARM chips have been manufactured, powering much of the world's mobile computing and embedded systems, everything from sensors to smartphones to servers.
In 1990, he moved to Manchester to lead research into asynchronous circuits, low-power electronics and neural engineering, where the Spiking Neural Network Architecture (SpiNNaker) project is delivering a computer incorporating a million ARM processors optimised for computational neuroscience.
Education
Furber was educated at Manchester Grammar School and represented the UK in the International Mathematical Olympiad in Hungary in 1970 winning a bronze medal. He went on to study the Mathematical Tripos as an undergraduate student of St John's College, Cambridge, receiving a Bachelor of Arts (BA) and Master of Mathematics (MMath – Part III of the Mathematical Tripos) degrees. In 1978, he was appointed a Rolls-Royce research fellow in aerodynamics at Emmanuel College, Cambridge and was awarded a PhD in 1980 for research on the fluid dynamics of the Weis-Fogh mechanism supervised by John Ffowcs Williams. During his PhD in the late 1970s, Furber worked on a voluntary basis for Hermann Hauser and Chris Curry within the fledging Acorn Computers (originally the Cambridge Processor Unit), on a number of projects; notably a microprocessor based fruit machine controller, and the Proton – the initial prototype version of what was to become the BBC Micro, in support of Acorn's tender for the BBC Computer Literacy Project.
Career and research
In 1981, following the completion of his PhD and the award of the BBC contract to Acorn computers, Furber joined Acorn where he was a Hardware Designer and then Design Manager. He was involved in the final design and production of the BBC Micro and later, the Acorn Electron, and the ARM microprocessor. In August 1990 he moved to the University of Manchester to become the International Computers Limited (ICL) Professor of Computer Engineering and established the AMULET microprocessor research group.
Furber's main research interests are in neural networks, networks on chip and microprocessors. In 2003, Furber was a member of the EPSRC research cluster in biologically inspired novel computation. On 16 September 2004, he gave a speech on Hardware Implementations of Large-scale Neural Networks as part of the initiation activities of the Alan Turing Institute.
Furber's most recent project SpiNNaker, is an attempt to build a new kind of computer that directly mimics the workings of the human brain. Spinnaker is an artificial neural network realised in hardware, a massively parallel processing system eventually designed to incorporate a million ARM processors. The finished Spinnaker will model 1 per cent of the human brain's capability, or around 1 billion neurons. The Spinnaker project aims amongst other things to investigate:
How can massively parallel computing resources accelerate our understanding of brain function?
How can our growing understanding of brain function point the way to more efficient parallel, fault-tolerant computation?
Furber believes that "significant progress in either direction will represent a major scientific breakthrough". Furber's research interests include asynchronous systems, ultra-low-power processors for sensor networks, on-chip interconnect and globally asynchronous locally synchronous (GALS), and neural systems engineering.
His research has been funded by the Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council (EPSRC), Royal Society and the European Research Council (ERC).
Awards and honours
In February 1997, Furber was elected a Fellow of the British Computer Society. In 1998, he became a member of the European Working Group on Asynchronous Circuit Design (ACiD-WG). He was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society (FRS) in 2002 and was Specialist Adviser to the House of Lords Science and Technology Select Committee inquiry into microprocessor technology.
Furber was elected a Fellow of the Royal Academy of Engineering (FREng), the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) in 2005 and a Fellow of the Institution of Engineering and Technology (FIET). He is a Chartered Engineer (CEng). In September 2007 he was awarded the Faraday Medal and in 2010 he gave the Pinkerton Lecture.
Furber was appointed Commander of the Order of the British Empire (CBE) in the 2008 New Year Honours and was elected as one of the three laureates of Millennium Technology Prize in 2010 (with Richard Friend and Michael Grätzel), for development of ARM processor. In 2012, Furber was made a Fellow of the Computer History Museum "for his work, with Sophie Wilson, on the BBC Micro computer and the ARM processor architecture."
In 2004 he was awarded a Royal Society Wolfson Research Merit Award. In 2014, he was made a Distinguished Fellow at the British Computer Society (DFBCS) recognising his contribution to the IT profession and industry. Furber's nomination for the Royal Society reads: Professor Furber is distinguished for his fundamental contributions to the design and analysis of electronic systems, especially microprocessors. He was the original designer of the hardware architecture of the ARM processor, the world's leading embedded processor core and a major engineering and commercial success for the United Kingdom. Having moved to Manchester University, he established a research team to investigate asynchronous processor design, which rapidly made fundamental contributions to the field. He has shown how to combine academic design theories with practical engineering constraints to achieve a remarkable and elegant synthesis. His work demonstrates in particular how to design microprocessors with low power and low radio frequency emissions, necessary for future wireless applications. Furber has designed a series of highly original asynchronous processors to execute the ARM instruction set. These have been fabricated and subjected to extensive experimental analysis. Furber's group is the world's leading centre of research in both fundamental theory and engineering implementation of such devices.
In 2009, Unsworth Academy (formerly called Castlebrook High School) in Manchester introduced a house system, with Furber being one of the four houses. On 15 October 2010, Furber officially opened the Independent Learning Zone in Unsworth Academy. In 2012, a building at Radbroke Hall was named in his honour by Barclays Bank.
In 2022, he was awarded the Charles Stark Draper Prize by the National Academy of Engineering of the United States of America alongside John L. Hennessy, David A. Patterson and Sophie M. Wilson for contributions to the invention, development, and implementation of reduced instruction set computer (RISC) chips. Furber was played by actor Sam Philips in the BBC Four documentary drama Micro Men, first aired on 8 October 2009.
The Furber Chair in Computer Systems Engineering at the University of Manchester is named in his honour. As of 2025 this is held by André van Schaik.
Personal life
Furber is married to Valerie Elliot with two daughters, 3 grandchildren and plays bass guitar.
References
This article incorporates text available under the CC BY 4.0 license.
|
Gustav Otto
|
Gustav Otto (12 January 1883 – 28 February 1926) was a German aircraft and aircraft engine designer and manufacturer.
Otto was born in Cologne to Nicolaus August Otto, the founder of N. A. Otto & Cie. and inventor of the four-stroke internal combustion engine. It is therefore regarded that his interest in engines, specifically aircraft and the manufacture thereof, was something he inherited from his father at an early age.
Early life
Gustav Otto was regarded as successful and career-minded, and moved in elevated social circles. He attended higher secondary school in Cologne, and had internships at machine tool manufacturers. Later, he attended the Technical Colleges in Hanover, Karlsruhe and Munich for further engineering study. He is believed to have remained in Munich after completing his studies to co-found the Bayerische Auto-Garage company. Otto had a difficult time getting out from under his father's long shadow. He was prone to bouts of depression, which affected his work.
Passion for Flight
Otto successfully raced cars and motorcycles in various competitive events. He was also very active in the earliest days of aviation. On 10 April 1910 he obtained his pilot's licence on an Aviatik biplane (also he took over an agency for this aircraft). He founded the Aeroplanbau Otto-Alberti workshop (renamed Gustav Otto Flugmaschinenfabrik in 1911) at the Puchheim airfield. In 1910, Otto designed and built a biplane which created a sensation throughout Germany. Otto, along with a few others, flew machines made of wood, wire, canvas and powered by Daimler aeroengines. Through their passion for flying machines, they helped transform aviation from a do-it-yourself hobby to an industry vital to the military, especially after the breakout of World War I.
Otto founded several companies for the purpose of building aircraft. For his first company, the following entry was recorded in the Munich Company Register under the number 14/364 on 15 March 1911: "Gustav Otto in Munich, Flugmaschinenfabrik (aircraft factory), Office Karlstrasse 72". Shortly afterwards, Otto moved the workshop from its original location at 37, Gabelsberger Strasse to its new premises at 135, Schleissheimer Strasse, and in 1913 started to construct a new factory at 76, Neulerchenfeldstrasse (later Lerchenauer Straße) at the Oberwiesenfeld (the business was renamed "Otto-Werke" in 1915).
Otto sold over 30 aircraft through his company, which also included a flight school. Ernst Udet, the second-highest scoring German flying ace of World War I (after Manfred von Richthofen), earned his pilot's license after private training with Otto.
The foundation of BMW
In 1913, after selling 47 aircraft to the Bavarian Army, Otto opened a factory Otto-Flugzeugwerke on Lerchenauer Strasse just east of the Oberwiesenfeld troop manoeuvre area in the Milbertshofen district of Munich (this area later became Munich's first airport). He wanted to be closer to the German government's procurement process for military sale. However, he was not skilled at the politics and payoffs necessary when dealing with the Bavarian war ministry and Prussian Army. Unable to navigate these politics while leaving his pride and integrity intact deeply troubled him.
Shortly after 1914, Otto established another company named AGO Flugzeugwerke at Berlin's Johannisthal Air Field.
The name "AGO" stood for either Actien-Gesellschaft Otto or Aerowerke Gustav Otto – there seems to be some ambiguity – but during the early years of World War I the company mostly licence-built Otto Flugmaschinenfabrik designs (as did Pfalz Flugzeugwerke). Otto's designs were initially successful, but constantly plagued with problems related to cost-effective production, and revenue. At the start of the war, Otto-Flugzeugwerke was supplying the German Air Force, but the production problems ended up being so great that government agencies urged the company to solve the issues. The stress of wartime seemed to prove too great a burden for Otto who suffered health issues which led to financial problems with the company: In 1915 he was admitted to a Munich mental hospital for treatment of depression. During his treatment, the company languished to the brink of bankruptcy. Eventually, Otto was forced to resign and was offered a buyout that would compensate him for the business and also cover his medical bills. The assets were finally taken over by a consortium which incorporated them into Bayerische Flugzeugwerke on 19 February 1916. Otto therefore no longer had a stake in this company and instead turned his interest to a just previously founded (1 February 1916) independent Otto-Werke Flugzeug- und Maschinenfabrik GmbH.
Franz Joseph Popp, an Austrian military engineer/supervisor who had been sent to the unreliable Rapp Motor Works in Munich to oversee the production of 224 Type IIIa aero engines to the Austro-Daimler design badly needed for the war effort, had re-registered Rapp Motor Works as Bayerische Motoren Werke (BMW) on July 21 1917, in order to gain acceptance for a wholly new and greatly superior aero engine designed by Max Frtiz. After World War One ended and BMW were banned from anything military, they became a contract machining business.
The major shareholder in BMW, Vienna based Italian speculator Camillo Castiglionli, sold all of his shares to BMW’s main customer, Knorr Bremse, in May 1920, who then acquired the remaining shares to make BMW a wholly owned subsidiary still run by Popp.
Less than two years later Popp persuaded Castiglionli buy back the BMW company name and buy the Bayerische Flugzeugwerke for its production site on the other side of the air field.
BMW then produced the legendary Max Frtiz designed R32 shaft drive motorcycle, featuring an integrated gearbox, recirculating rather than total loss lubrication and with the cylinder heads poking out for cooling.
After the First World War, Otto started a new attempt at car manufacturing with the Starnberger Automobilwerke. The luxury Otto-Mercedes car built there is alleged to have been well received abroad.
In 1924 Otto was divorced from his wife Ada. He suffered badly from the emotional ordeal. Ada remarried, but in August 1925 died under mysterious circumstances that gave rise to much speculation. Although no longer married to her, Otto took her death most harshly and apparently fell into a deep depression.
In 1926, amid failed attempts at business (caused by various reasons), the death of his wife, and health issues, Otto died by suicide at the age of 43 in Munich.
See also
History of BMW
References
External links
BMW Group archives
|
Gustav Otto (12 January 1883 – 28 February 1926) was a German aircraft and aircraft engine designer and manufacturer.
Otto was born in Cologne to Nicolaus August Otto, the founder of N. A. Otto & Cie. and inventor of the four-stroke internal combustion engine. It is therefore regarded that his interest in engines, specifically aircraft and the manufacture thereof, was something he inherited from his father at an early age.
Early life
Gustav Otto was regarded as successful and career-minded, and moved in elevated social circles. He attended higher secondary school in Cologne, and had internships at machine tool manufacturers. Later, he attended the Technical Colleges in Hanover, Karlsruhe and Munich for further engineering study. He is believed to have remained in Munich after completing his studies to co-found the Bayerische Auto-Garage company. Otto had a difficult time getting out from under his father's long shadow. He was prone to bouts of depression, which affected his work.
Passion for Flight
Otto successfully raced cars and motorcycles in various competitive events. He was also very active in the earliest days of aviation. On 10 April 1910 he obtained his pilot's licence on an Aviatik biplane (also he took over an agency for this aircraft). He founded the Aeroplanbau Otto-Alberti workshop (renamed Gustav Otto Flugmaschinenfabrik in 1911) at the Puchheim airfield. In 1910, Otto designed and built a biplane which created a sensation throughout Germany. Otto, along with a few others, flew machines made of wood, wire, canvas and powered by Daimler aeroengines. Through their passion for flying machines, they helped transform aviation from a do-it-yourself hobby to an industry vital to the military, especially after the breakout of World War I.
Otto founded several companies for the purpose of building aircraft. For his first company, the following entry was recorded in the Munich Company Register under the number 14/364 on 15 March 1911: "Gustav Otto in Munich, Flugmaschinenfabrik (aircraft factory), Office Karlstrasse 72". Shortly afterwards, Otto moved the workshop from its original location at 37, Gabelsberger Strasse to its new premises at 135, Schleissheimer Strasse, and in 1913 started to construct a new factory at 76, Neulerchenfeldstrasse (later Lerchenauer Straße) at the Oberwiesenfeld (the business was renamed "Otto-Werke" in 1915).
Otto sold over 30 aircraft through his company, which also included a flight school. Ernst Udet, the second-highest scoring German flying ace of World War I (after Manfred von Richthofen), earned his pilot's license after private training with Otto.
The foundation of BMW
In 1913, after selling 47 aircraft to the Bavarian Army, Otto opened a factory Otto-Flugzeugwerke on Lerchenauer Strasse just east of the Oberwiesenfeld troop manoeuvre area in the Milbertshofen district of Munich (this area later became Munich's first airport). He wanted to be closer to the German government's procurement process for military sale. However, he was not skilled at the politics and payoffs necessary when dealing with the Bavarian war ministry and Prussian Army. Unable to navigate these politics while leaving his pride and integrity intact deeply troubled him.
Shortly after 1914, Otto established another company named AGO Flugzeugwerke at Berlin's Johannisthal Air Field.
The name "AGO" stood for either Actien-Gesellschaft Otto or Aerowerke Gustav Otto – there seems to be some ambiguity – but during the early years of World War I the company mostly licence-built Otto Flugmaschinenfabrik designs (as did Pfalz Flugzeugwerke). Otto's designs were initially successful, but constantly plagued with problems related to cost-effective production, and revenue. At the start of the war, Otto-Flugzeugwerke was supplying the German Air Force, but the production problems ended up being so great that government agencies urged the company to solve the issues. The stress of wartime seemed to prove too great a burden for Otto who suffered health issues which led to financial problems with the company: In 1915 he was admitted to a Munich mental hospital for treatment of depression. During his treatment, the company languished to the brink of bankruptcy. Eventually, Otto was forced to resign and was offered a buyout that would compensate him for the business and also cover his medical bills. The assets were finally taken over by a consortium which incorporated them into Bayerische Flugzeugwerke on 19 February 1916. Otto therefore no longer had a stake in this company and instead turned his interest to a just previously founded (1 February 1916) independent Otto-Werke Flugzeug- und Maschinenfabrik GmbH.
Franz Joseph Popp, an Austrian military engineer/supervisor who had been sent to the unreliable Rapp Motor Works in Munich to oversee the production of 224 Type IIIa aero engines to the Austro-Daimler design badly needed for the war effort, had re-registered Rapp Motor Works as Bayerische Motoren Werke (BMW) on July 21 1917, in order to gain acceptance for a wholly new and greatly superior aero engine designed by Max Frtiz. After World War One ended and BMW were banned from anything military, they became a contract machining business.
The major shareholder in BMW, Vienna based Italian speculator Camillo Castiglionli, sold all of his shares to BMW’s main customer, Knorr Bremse, in May 1920, who then acquired the remaining shares to make BMW a wholly owned subsidiary still run by Popp.
Less than two years later Popp persuaded Castiglionli buy back the BMW company name and buy the Bayerische Flugzeugwerke for its production site on the other side of the air field.
BMW then produced the legendary Max Frtiz designed R32 shaft drive motorcycle, featuring an integrated gearbox, recirculating rather than total loss lubrication and with the cylinder heads poking out for cooling.
After the First World War, Otto started a new attempt at car manufacturing with the Starnberger Automobilwerke. The luxury Otto-Mercedes car built there is alleged to have been well received abroad.
In 1924 Otto was divorced from his wife Ada. He suffered badly from the emotional ordeal. Ada remarried, but in August 1925 died under mysterious circumstances that gave rise to much speculation. Although no longer married to her, Otto took her death most harshly and apparently fell into a deep depression.
In 1926, amid failed attempts at business (caused by various reasons), the death of his wife, and health issues, Otto died by suicide at the age of 43 in Munich.
See also
History of BMW
References
External links
BMW Group archives
|
Anna Diamantopoulou
|
Anna Diamantopoulou (Greek: Άννα Διαμαντοπούλου; born 26 February 1959) is a Greek civil engineer and politician of the Panhellenic Socialist Movement (PASOK) who currently serves as president of the Athens-based think tank "DIKTIO" Network for Reform in Greece and Europe.
Earlier in her career, Diamantopoulou served as Minister of Education as well as Minister for Development, Competitiveness and Shipping. She also served as European Commissioner for Employment, Social Affairs and Equal Opportunities in the Prodi Commission, a post she held between 1999 and 2004. She has since held various positions, including in corporate boards.
Education and academic career
Diamantopoulou attended Aristotle University of Thessaloniki where she received training in civil engineering and then earned graduate degree with honours on regional development from the Panteion University.
She was a lecturer at various academic institutions including Bocconi, Boston and Harvard universities, Goethe University Frankfurt, London School of Economics, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Queens College, City University of New York, and Massachusetts Institute of Technology.
Political career
Career in national politics
Diamantopoulou joined the Panhellenic Socialist Movement (PASOK) youth organisation in 1976 and was elected as president of the university's civil engineering students’ union a year later.
Diamantopoulou's political career began in 1984, when she was appointed as a Prefects (Governor) of Kastoria. Appointed at the age of 25, she was the youngest ever Governor in the history of Greek State. Two years later, she was appointed as Secretary General for Adult Education and later for Youth. She was appointed President of the Hellenic Organization of Small and Medium-Sized Enterprises and Handicraft (EOMMEX) in 1993 and left the position to become Secretary General for Industry.
Diamantopoulou's parliamentary career began in 1996 when she was elected to represent the district of Kozani. In the government of Prime Minister Costas Simitis, she was appointed as Deputy Minister for Development in charge of responsible for industrial restructuring as well as the privatization of 100 state companies, a position she left in order to become a European Commissioner.
Member of the European Commission, 1999–2004
From 1999 until 2004, Diamantopoulou served as the European Commissioner for Employment, Social Affairs and Equal Opportunities in the European Commission led by President Romano Prodi, which made her the youngest person and second woman to be appointed as Member of the European Commission by the Greek government.
During her mandate in the Prodi Commission, Diamantopoulou completed various legislative initiatives, including the “Agenda for Social Policy” for the EU. The agenda included a series of strategies and programs which aimed at securing equal opportunities for men and women, improving working conditions, legislating against discrimination at work and the fight against social exclusion.
Another initiative was the European Health Insurance Card, considered at the time to be a step towards a Social Europe. She promoted agreement on the White Paper on Corporate Social Responsibility, establishing CSR as an important aspect in European business agenda. Diamantopoulou was also the legislator behind the establishment and implementation of the regular issuance of EU guidelines for a European Employment Strategy.
Diamantopoulou led efforts on the European Commission's legislative initiative against discrimination in 2003, by introducing a directive against discriminations based on gender, origin, religion, handicap and sexual orientation. The directive aimed to outlaw sexism in areas like television programming, advertising, taxation, newspaper content and education as well as to ensure equal access to goods and services for women and men, e.g. not pay more for health insurance because you are a woman who may have a child.
In 2003 Diamantopoulou and Pehr Gyllenhammar held a nomination ceremony of European awards which acknowledged the excellence in the fields of lifelong learning, diversity and gender equality.
Minister of Education, 2009–2012
On 4 October 2009 Diamantopoulou was re-elected as a Member of Parliament and served as Minister for Education, Lifelong Learning and Religious Affairs in the cabinet of George Papandreou.
As minister, Diamantopoulou introduced the major legislative reform of Higher Education in the “Metapolitefsi Period” overhauling the existing status quo. The so-called “Diamantopoulou Law” included reforms for primary and secondary education ranging from rationalization of resources to educational content, the introduction of “Digital School” in all levels of education system and the introduction of a new Framework for Lifelong Learning. The “Diamantopoulou Law” is considered an example of parliamentary consensus, as it was approved by a supermajority of 255 MPs. She also introduced legislation to partially liberalize higher education by permitting private sponsorship of science, technology and business programmes at state universities.
Minister of Competitiveness, 2012
Later on, Diamantopoulou was appointed as Minister of Competitiveness, Development and Shipping. Upon taking office, she suspended more than 100 civil servants involved in awarding investment grants, following the arrest of two officials for taking bribes. She also managed to unblock EU funds left unspent by her predecessors. One of her major achievements was the introduction of the “Competitiveness Bill”, a legislation for removing existing barriers for entrepreneurship, exports, tourism and other economic activities.
Diamantopoulou was among a number of prominent PASOK politicians who were voted out in the May 2012 Greek legislative election.
Post-Ministerial politics
In prospects of the 2024 PASOK – KINAL leadership election she announced her interest in competing among others against Nikos Androulakis for the leadership of the PASOK-KINAL party on 6 October 2024.
Later career
In 2012 Diamantopoulou became a Fisher Family Fellow at the John F. Kennedy School of Government and in 2015 was named Distinguished Scholar by the Lee Kuan Yew School of Public Policy.
Since 2013, Diamantopoulou has been presiding over DIKTIO-Network for Reform in Greece and Europe, a leading Athens-based independent, non-partisan and non-profit think tank that aims to undertake cutting-edge policy research and practical policy advice. The purpose of DIKTIO's establishment has been to effectively forge partnerships for policy change at the domestic level and promote informed debate about Greece's role in the European Union and the world. DIKTIO is the first Greek think tank to host major international personalities for closed-door discussion with high-level Greek stakeholders.
In 2020 Diamantopoulou was named as possible candidate to the post of OECD secretary general to succeed Angel Gurria in 2021, having been nominated by Prime Minister Kyriakos Mitsotakis.
Writing career
Diamantopoulou is also known for her authorship of various books on Greece and its European integration. Such an example would be hers Exipni Ellada (Intelligent Greece) which outlines the need for innovation, goal-oriented endeavours and professional approaches as the key prerequisites for social and economic progress. Her other books are: European Integration and Governance: A Comparison with the US Model in Transatlantic Relations: Cooperation or Competition and The Future of Europe: A Discussion for All – A Question of Participation. In 2020, Anna Diamantopoulou published a book in Greek, on progress and peace in the 21st century, with foreword by EU High Representative/Vice-president Josep Borrell.
Other activities
Corporate boards
Coca-Cola Hellenic Bottling Company, Independent Non-Executive Member of the Board of Directors (since 2020)
Kekst CNC, Member of the Global Advisory Board (since 2021)
Non-profit organizations
Bussola Institute, Member of the Advisory Board
Delphi Economic Forum, Member of the Advisory Board
European Council on Foreign Relations (ECFR), Member
European Movement International, Member of the Honorary Council
Foundation for European Progressive Studies (FEPS), Member of the Scientific Council
Friends of Europe, Member of the Board of Trustees
Institute for Cultural Diplomacy (ICD), Member of the Advisory Board
Trilateral Commission, Member of the European Group
Awards
Legion of Honour (2002)
Anna Diamantopoulou was one of the juries for the Women of Europe Awards.
Sources
Official Website of Anna Diamantopoulou – Biography (in Greek)
Biography of Anna Diamantopoulou in the Official Website of the Hellenic Parliament (in Greek) – (in English)
Interview with President of DIKTIO Greece, Anna Diamantopoulou
H.E. Anna Diamantopoulou at Bussola Institute
Anna Diamantopoulou at Politico
References
External links
Media related to Anna Diamantopoulou at Wikimedia Commons
Official website (in Greek)
Official website of the Panhellenic Socialist Movement (in Greek)
Official website of DIKTIO think tank
|
Anna Diamantopoulou (Greek: Άννα Διαμαντοπούλου; born 26 February 1959) is a Greek civil engineer and politician of the Panhellenic Socialist Movement (PASOK) who currently serves as president of the Athens-based think tank "DIKTIO" Network for Reform in Greece and Europe.
Earlier in her career, Diamantopoulou served as Minister of Education as well as Minister for Development, Competitiveness and Shipping. She also served as European Commissioner for Employment, Social Affairs and Equal Opportunities in the Prodi Commission, a post she held between 1999 and 2004. She has since held various positions, including in corporate boards.
Education and academic career
Diamantopoulou attended Aristotle University of Thessaloniki where she received training in civil engineering and then earned graduate degree with honours on regional development from the Panteion University.
She was a lecturer at various academic institutions including Bocconi, Boston and Harvard universities, Goethe University Frankfurt, London School of Economics, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Queens College, City University of New York, and Massachusetts Institute of Technology.
Political career
Career in national politics
Diamantopoulou joined the Panhellenic Socialist Movement (PASOK) youth organisation in 1976 and was elected as president of the university's civil engineering students’ union a year later.
Diamantopoulou's political career began in 1984, when she was appointed as a Prefects (Governor) of Kastoria. Appointed at the age of 25, she was the youngest ever Governor in the history of Greek State. Two years later, she was appointed as Secretary General for Adult Education and later for Youth. She was appointed President of the Hellenic Organization of Small and Medium-Sized Enterprises and Handicraft (EOMMEX) in 1993 and left the position to become Secretary General for Industry.
Diamantopoulou's parliamentary career began in 1996 when she was elected to represent the district of Kozani. In the government of Prime Minister Costas Simitis, she was appointed as Deputy Minister for Development in charge of responsible for industrial restructuring as well as the privatization of 100 state companies, a position she left in order to become a European Commissioner.
Member of the European Commission, 1999–2004
From 1999 until 2004, Diamantopoulou served as the European Commissioner for Employment, Social Affairs and Equal Opportunities in the European Commission led by President Romano Prodi, which made her the youngest person and second woman to be appointed as Member of the European Commission by the Greek government.
During her mandate in the Prodi Commission, Diamantopoulou completed various legislative initiatives, including the “Agenda for Social Policy” for the EU. The agenda included a series of strategies and programs which aimed at securing equal opportunities for men and women, improving working conditions, legislating against discrimination at work and the fight against social exclusion.
Another initiative was the European Health Insurance Card, considered at the time to be a step towards a Social Europe. She promoted agreement on the White Paper on Corporate Social Responsibility, establishing CSR as an important aspect in European business agenda. Diamantopoulou was also the legislator behind the establishment and implementation of the regular issuance of EU guidelines for a European Employment Strategy.
Diamantopoulou led efforts on the European Commission's legislative initiative against discrimination in 2003, by introducing a directive against discriminations based on gender, origin, religion, handicap and sexual orientation. The directive aimed to outlaw sexism in areas like television programming, advertising, taxation, newspaper content and education as well as to ensure equal access to goods and services for women and men, e.g. not pay more for health insurance because you are a woman who may have a child.
In 2003 Diamantopoulou and Pehr Gyllenhammar held a nomination ceremony of European awards which acknowledged the excellence in the fields of lifelong learning, diversity and gender equality.
Minister of Education, 2009–2012
On 4 October 2009 Diamantopoulou was re-elected as a Member of Parliament and served as Minister for Education, Lifelong Learning and Religious Affairs in the cabinet of George Papandreou.
As minister, Diamantopoulou introduced the major legislative reform of Higher Education in the “Metapolitefsi Period” overhauling the existing status quo. The so-called “Diamantopoulou Law” included reforms for primary and secondary education ranging from rationalization of resources to educational content, the introduction of “Digital School” in all levels of education system and the introduction of a new Framework for Lifelong Learning. The “Diamantopoulou Law” is considered an example of parliamentary consensus, as it was approved by a supermajority of 255 MPs. She also introduced legislation to partially liberalize higher education by permitting private sponsorship of science, technology and business programmes at state universities.
Minister of Competitiveness, 2012
Later on, Diamantopoulou was appointed as Minister of Competitiveness, Development and Shipping. Upon taking office, she suspended more than 100 civil servants involved in awarding investment grants, following the arrest of two officials for taking bribes. She also managed to unblock EU funds left unspent by her predecessors. One of her major achievements was the introduction of the “Competitiveness Bill”, a legislation for removing existing barriers for entrepreneurship, exports, tourism and other economic activities.
Diamantopoulou was among a number of prominent PASOK politicians who were voted out in the May 2012 Greek legislative election.
Post-Ministerial politics
In prospects of the 2024 PASOK – KINAL leadership election she announced her interest in competing among others against Nikos Androulakis for the leadership of the PASOK-KINAL party on 6 October 2024.
Later career
In 2012 Diamantopoulou became a Fisher Family Fellow at the John F. Kennedy School of Government and in 2015 was named Distinguished Scholar by the Lee Kuan Yew School of Public Policy.
Since 2013, Diamantopoulou has been presiding over DIKTIO-Network for Reform in Greece and Europe, a leading Athens-based independent, non-partisan and non-profit think tank that aims to undertake cutting-edge policy research and practical policy advice. The purpose of DIKTIO's establishment has been to effectively forge partnerships for policy change at the domestic level and promote informed debate about Greece's role in the European Union and the world. DIKTIO is the first Greek think tank to host major international personalities for closed-door discussion with high-level Greek stakeholders.
In 2020 Diamantopoulou was named as possible candidate to the post of OECD secretary general to succeed Angel Gurria in 2021, having been nominated by Prime Minister Kyriakos Mitsotakis.
Writing career
Diamantopoulou is also known for her authorship of various books on Greece and its European integration. Such an example would be hers Exipni Ellada (Intelligent Greece) which outlines the need for innovation, goal-oriented endeavours and professional approaches as the key prerequisites for social and economic progress. Her other books are: European Integration and Governance: A Comparison with the US Model in Transatlantic Relations: Cooperation or Competition and The Future of Europe: A Discussion for All – A Question of Participation. In 2020, Anna Diamantopoulou published a book in Greek, on progress and peace in the 21st century, with foreword by EU High Representative/Vice-president Josep Borrell.
Other activities
Corporate boards
Coca-Cola Hellenic Bottling Company, Independent Non-Executive Member of the Board of Directors (since 2020)
Kekst CNC, Member of the Global Advisory Board (since 2021)
Non-profit organizations
Bussola Institute, Member of the Advisory Board
Delphi Economic Forum, Member of the Advisory Board
European Council on Foreign Relations (ECFR), Member
European Movement International, Member of the Honorary Council
Foundation for European Progressive Studies (FEPS), Member of the Scientific Council
Friends of Europe, Member of the Board of Trustees
Institute for Cultural Diplomacy (ICD), Member of the Advisory Board
Trilateral Commission, Member of the European Group
Awards
Legion of Honour (2002)
Anna Diamantopoulou was one of the juries for the Women of Europe Awards.
Sources
Official Website of Anna Diamantopoulou – Biography (in Greek)
Biography of Anna Diamantopoulou in the Official Website of the Hellenic Parliament (in Greek) – (in English)
Interview with President of DIKTIO Greece, Anna Diamantopoulou
H.E. Anna Diamantopoulou at Bussola Institute
Anna Diamantopoulou at Politico
References
External links
Media related to Anna Diamantopoulou at Wikimedia Commons
Official website (in Greek)
Official website of the Panhellenic Socialist Movement (in Greek)
Official website of DIKTIO think tank
|
Friedrich Paulsen
|
Friedrich Paulsen (; German: [ˈpaʊlzən]; July 16, 1846 – August 14, 1908) was a German Neo-Kantian philosopher and educator.
Biography
He was born at Langenhorn (Schleswig) and educated at the Gymnasium Christianeum, the University of Erlangen, and the University of Berlin. He completed his doctoral thesis under Friedrich Adolf Trendelenburg at Berlin in 1871, he habilitated there in 1875, and he became extraordinary professor of philosophy and pedagogy there in 1878. In 1896 he succeeded Eduard Zeller as professor of moral philosophy at Berlin.
He was the greatest of the pupils of Gustav Theodor Fechner, to whose doctrine of panpsychism he gave great prominence by his Einleitung in die Philosophie (1892; 7th ed., 1900; Eng. trans., 1895). He went, however, considerably beyond Fechner in attempting to give an epistemological account of the knowledge of the psychophysical. Admitting Immanuel Kant's hypothesis that by inner sense we are conscious of mental states only, he holds that this consciousness constitutes a knowledge of the thing-in-itself which Kant denies. Soul is, therefore, a practical reality which Paulsen, with Arthur Schopenhauer, regards as known by the act of will. But this will is neither rational desire, unconscious irrational will, nor conscious intelligent will, but an instinct, a will to live (Zielstrebigkeit), often subconscious, pursuing ends, indeed, but without reasoning as to means. This conception of will, though consistent and convenient to the main thesis, must be rigidly distinguished from the ordinary significance of will, i.e. rational desire.
Paulsen was a proponent of hylozoism, stating it is “a conception which almost irresistibly forces itself upon modern biology."
Paulsen is almost better known for his educational writings than as a pure philosopher, including his German Education, Past and Present (Eng. trans., by I. Lorenz, 1907).
Works
Among his other works are:
Versuch einer Entwickelunggeschichte der Kantischen Erkenntnistheorie (Leipzig, 1875)
Im. Kant (1898, 1899)
"Gründung, Organisation und Lebensordnungen der deutschen Universitäten im Mittelalter". Sybels Histor. Zeitschrift. xlv. 1881.
Geschichte des gelehrten Unterrichts auf den deutschen Schulen und Universitäten (1885, 1896)
System der Ethik (1889, 1899; Eng. trans. [partial] 1899)
Das Realgymnasium u. d. humanist. Bildung (1889)
Hume, David (1894). Dialoge über natürliche Religion. Über Selbsmord und Untsterblichkeit der Seele. Translated by Friedrich Paulsen (2 ed.). Leipzig: Verlag der Dürr'schen Buchhandlung. Retrieved 17 October 2025 – via Google Books.
Kant d. Philos. d. Protestantismus (1899)
Schopenhauer, Hamlet u. Mephistopheles (1900)
Philosophia militans (1900, 1901)
Parteipolitik u. Moral (1900)
See also
German new humanism
Notes
References
This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Paulsen, Friedrich". Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 20 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 963.
External links
Works by or about Friedrich Paulsen at Wikisource
fps-niebuell.de Archived 2011-07-19 at the Wayback Machine
|
Friedrich Paulsen (; German: [ˈpaʊlzən]; July 16, 1846 – August 14, 1908) was a German Neo-Kantian philosopher and educator.
Biography
He was born at Langenhorn (Schleswig) and educated at the Gymnasium Christianeum, the University of Erlangen, and the University of Berlin. He completed his doctoral thesis under Friedrich Adolf Trendelenburg at Berlin in 1871, he habilitated there in 1875, and he became extraordinary professor of philosophy and pedagogy there in 1878. In 1896 he succeeded Eduard Zeller as professor of moral philosophy at Berlin.
He was the greatest of the pupils of Gustav Theodor Fechner, to whose doctrine of panpsychism he gave great prominence by his Einleitung in die Philosophie (1892; 7th ed., 1900; Eng. trans., 1895). He went, however, considerably beyond Fechner in attempting to give an epistemological account of the knowledge of the psychophysical. Admitting Immanuel Kant's hypothesis that by inner sense we are conscious of mental states only, he holds that this consciousness constitutes a knowledge of the thing-in-itself which Kant denies. Soul is, therefore, a practical reality which Paulsen, with Arthur Schopenhauer, regards as known by the act of will. But this will is neither rational desire, unconscious irrational will, nor conscious intelligent will, but an instinct, a will to live (Zielstrebigkeit), often subconscious, pursuing ends, indeed, but without reasoning as to means. This conception of will, though consistent and convenient to the main thesis, must be rigidly distinguished from the ordinary significance of will, i.e. rational desire.
Paulsen was a proponent of hylozoism, stating it is “a conception which almost irresistibly forces itself upon modern biology."
Paulsen is almost better known for his educational writings than as a pure philosopher, including his German Education, Past and Present (Eng. trans., by I. Lorenz, 1907).
Works
Among his other works are:
Versuch einer Entwickelunggeschichte der Kantischen Erkenntnistheorie (Leipzig, 1875)
Im. Kant (1898, 1899)
"Gründung, Organisation und Lebensordnungen der deutschen Universitäten im Mittelalter". Sybels Histor. Zeitschrift. xlv. 1881.
Geschichte des gelehrten Unterrichts auf den deutschen Schulen und Universitäten (1885, 1896)
System der Ethik (1889, 1899; Eng. trans. [partial] 1899)
Das Realgymnasium u. d. humanist. Bildung (1889)
Hume, David (1894). Dialoge über natürliche Religion. Über Selbsmord und Untsterblichkeit der Seele. Translated by Friedrich Paulsen (2 ed.). Leipzig: Verlag der Dürr'schen Buchhandlung. Retrieved 17 October 2025 – via Google Books.
Kant d. Philos. d. Protestantismus (1899)
Schopenhauer, Hamlet u. Mephistopheles (1900)
Philosophia militans (1900, 1901)
Parteipolitik u. Moral (1900)
See also
German new humanism
Notes
References
This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Paulsen, Friedrich". Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 20 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 963.
External links
Works by or about Friedrich Paulsen at Wikisource
fps-niebuell.de Archived 2011-07-19 at the Wayback Machine
|
Józef Oleksy
|
Józef Oleksy (pronounced [ˈjuzɛf ɔˈlɛksɨ] ; 22 June 1946 – 9 January 2015) was a Polish left-wing politician who served as Prime Minister of Poland from 7 March 1995 to 7 February 1996, when he resigned due to espionage allegations. He was chairman of the Democratic Left Alliance (Sojusz Lewicy Demokratycznej, SLD).
Early life and education
In his youth he lived in Nowy Sącz, and was an altar boy at St. Margaret church. He graduated from Kazimierz Brodziński High School in Tarnów. Later on, he graduated from the Faculty of Foreign Trade of the Warsaw School of Planning and Statistics (currently SGH Warsaw School of Economics). He obtained a doctoral degree in economics. He was a dean and lecturer at the Faculty of International Relations at the SGH Warsaw School of Economics and the Vistula University in Warsaw.
Career
From 1968 to 1990 he was a member of the communist Polish United Workers' Party (PZPR).
He was a member of the board of the main Socialist Union of Polish Students. He chaired the National Council of Young Scientists. He was the secretary of the PZPR University Committee at the Warsaw School of Planning and Statistics. In 1977 he went to work in party apparatus at the Department of Ideological and Educational Work of the Central Committee of the Polish United Workers' Party. From 1981 to the X Congress of the Party, he headed the office of the Central Committee of the Party. In 1987-1989 he was the First Secretary of the Provincial Party Committee in Biala Podlaska. In 1989, he served as Minister-Council member for cooperation with trade unions. In the same year he took part in the round table talks on the government side. Oleksy represented the Communist leadership in round table talks with the opposition Solidarity movement in early 1989.
In 1990 he was one of the founders of the Social Democracy of the Republic of Poland, he was the chairman of this party from 28 January 1996 to 6 December 1997, and co-founded the Democratic Left Alliance in 1999. In the years 1989–2005, he was the member of the Sejm.
In the years 1993-1995 he was the Marshal of the Sejm. From 7 March 1995 to 7 February 1996, he served as Prime Minister of Poland. He resigned after being accused by Interior Minister Andrzej Milczanowski for spying for Russia under the pseudonym "Olin". These allegations have never been confirmed.
In the years 2001-2005 he was a chairman of the European Union Committee in the Sejm which was responsible for aligning all Polish laws and regulations before Poland joined European Union in 2004. In 2004 he was a member of the European Parliament and the Convention on the Future of Europe, which was responsible to produce a draft constitution for the European Union for the European Council to finalise and adopt.
In early 2004 he took the office of the Minister of Internal Affairs. Between 21 April 2004 and 5 January 2005 he was the Marshal of the Sejm.
A record of a private conversation Józef Oleksy had with one of Poland's richest businessmen Aleksander Gudzowaty leaked to the media on 22 March 2007. The tapes suggested corruption in the SLD party. Oleksy accused former president Aleksander Kwaśniewski of illegal financial procedures, and spoke very harshly of then SLD leader Wojciech Olejniczak and several other members of the party. He soon left the SLD.
He re-joined the SLD on 1 February 2010 and on 12 May 2012 he became vice-president of this party.
Private life
Józef Oleksy was married to Maria Oleksy. He had two children.
Since 2005 he had been struggling with cancer. He died on 9 January 2015. Funeral ceremonies with representatives of the state authorities, including President Bronisław Komorowski, Prime Minister Ewa Kopacz and Marshal of the Sejm Radosław Sikorski, took place on 16 January 2015 in the Field Cathedral of the Polish Army in Warsaw. Józef Oleksy was buried at the Powązki Military Cemetery.
Honours and awards
Poland :
Grand Cross of the Order of Polonia Restituta (2015, posthumously)
Officer's Cross of the Order of Polonia Restituta
Knight's Cross of the Order of Polonia Restituta (1984)
Silver Cross of Merit (1972)
Medal of Merit for National Defence
Germany : Grand Cross 1st Class Order of Merit of the Federal Republic of Germany
Lithuania :Grand Commander Cross of the Order for Merits to Lithuania (2004)
See also
Politics of Poland
List of political parties in Poland
List of politicians in Poland
References
External links
Media related to Józef Oleksy at Wikimedia Commons
Official website
|
Józef Oleksy (pronounced [ˈjuzɛf ɔˈlɛksɨ] ; 22 June 1946 – 9 January 2015) was a Polish left-wing politician who served as Prime Minister of Poland from 7 March 1995 to 7 February 1996, when he resigned due to espionage allegations. He was chairman of the Democratic Left Alliance (Sojusz Lewicy Demokratycznej, SLD).
Early life and education
In his youth he lived in Nowy Sącz, and was an altar boy at St. Margaret church. He graduated from Kazimierz Brodziński High School in Tarnów. Later on, he graduated from the Faculty of Foreign Trade of the Warsaw School of Planning and Statistics (currently SGH Warsaw School of Economics). He obtained a doctoral degree in economics. He was a dean and lecturer at the Faculty of International Relations at the SGH Warsaw School of Economics and the Vistula University in Warsaw.
Career
From 1968 to 1990 he was a member of the communist Polish United Workers' Party (PZPR).
He was a member of the board of the main Socialist Union of Polish Students. He chaired the National Council of Young Scientists. He was the secretary of the PZPR University Committee at the Warsaw School of Planning and Statistics. In 1977 he went to work in party apparatus at the Department of Ideological and Educational Work of the Central Committee of the Polish United Workers' Party. From 1981 to the X Congress of the Party, he headed the office of the Central Committee of the Party. In 1987-1989 he was the First Secretary of the Provincial Party Committee in Biala Podlaska. In 1989, he served as Minister-Council member for cooperation with trade unions. In the same year he took part in the round table talks on the government side. Oleksy represented the Communist leadership in round table talks with the opposition Solidarity movement in early 1989.
In 1990 he was one of the founders of the Social Democracy of the Republic of Poland, he was the chairman of this party from 28 January 1996 to 6 December 1997, and co-founded the Democratic Left Alliance in 1999. In the years 1989–2005, he was the member of the Sejm.
In the years 1993-1995 he was the Marshal of the Sejm. From 7 March 1995 to 7 February 1996, he served as Prime Minister of Poland. He resigned after being accused by Interior Minister Andrzej Milczanowski for spying for Russia under the pseudonym "Olin". These allegations have never been confirmed.
In the years 2001-2005 he was a chairman of the European Union Committee in the Sejm which was responsible for aligning all Polish laws and regulations before Poland joined European Union in 2004. In 2004 he was a member of the European Parliament and the Convention on the Future of Europe, which was responsible to produce a draft constitution for the European Union for the European Council to finalise and adopt.
In early 2004 he took the office of the Minister of Internal Affairs. Between 21 April 2004 and 5 January 2005 he was the Marshal of the Sejm.
A record of a private conversation Józef Oleksy had with one of Poland's richest businessmen Aleksander Gudzowaty leaked to the media on 22 March 2007. The tapes suggested corruption in the SLD party. Oleksy accused former president Aleksander Kwaśniewski of illegal financial procedures, and spoke very harshly of then SLD leader Wojciech Olejniczak and several other members of the party. He soon left the SLD.
He re-joined the SLD on 1 February 2010 and on 12 May 2012 he became vice-president of this party.
Private life
Józef Oleksy was married to Maria Oleksy. He had two children.
Since 2005 he had been struggling with cancer. He died on 9 January 2015. Funeral ceremonies with representatives of the state authorities, including President Bronisław Komorowski, Prime Minister Ewa Kopacz and Marshal of the Sejm Radosław Sikorski, took place on 16 January 2015 in the Field Cathedral of the Polish Army in Warsaw. Józef Oleksy was buried at the Powązki Military Cemetery.
Honours and awards
Poland :
Grand Cross of the Order of Polonia Restituta (2015, posthumously)
Officer's Cross of the Order of Polonia Restituta
Knight's Cross of the Order of Polonia Restituta (1984)
Silver Cross of Merit (1972)
Medal of Merit for National Defence
Germany : Grand Cross 1st Class Order of Merit of the Federal Republic of Germany
Lithuania :Grand Commander Cross of the Order for Merits to Lithuania (2004)
See also
Politics of Poland
List of political parties in Poland
List of politicians in Poland
References
External links
Media related to Józef Oleksy at Wikimedia Commons
Official website
|
Guillermo Cabrera Infante
|
Guillermo Cabrera Infante (Spanish pronunciation: [ɡiˈʝeɾmo kaˈβɾeɾa iɱˈfante]; Gibara, 22 April 1929 – 21 February 2005) was a Cuban novelist, essayist, translator, screenwriter, and critic; in the 1950s he used the pseudonym G. Caín, and used Guillermo Cain for the screenplay of the cult classic film Vanishing Point (1971).
A one-time supporter of the politics of Fidel Castro, Cabrera Infante went into exile to London in 1965. He is best known for the novel Tres tristes tigres (literally: "three sad tigers", published in English as Three Trapped Tigers), which has been compared favorably to James Joyce's Ulysses.
Biography
Born in Gibara in Cuba's former Oriente Province (now part of Holguín Province), in 1941 he moved with his parents, to Havana, which would be the setting of nearly all of his writings other than his critical works. His parents were founding members of the Cuban Communist Party.
Originally he intended to become a physician, but abandoned that in favor of writing and his passion for the cinema. Starting in 1950, he studied journalism at the University of Havana. Under the Batista regime he was arrested and fined in 1952 for publishing a short story which included several English-language profanities. His opposition to Batista later cost him a short jail term.
He married for the first time in 1953. From 1954 to 1960 he wrote film reviews for the magazine Carteles, using the pseudonym G. Caín; he became its editor in chief, still pseudonymously, in 1957. With the triumph of the Cuban Revolution in 1959 he was named director of the Instituto del Cine. He was also head of the literary magazine Lunes de Revolución, a supplement to the Communist newspaper Revolución; however, this supplement was prohibited in 1961 by Fidel Castro.
He divorced in 1961 and in the same year married his second wife, Miriam Gomez, an actress. Having fallen somewhat out of favor with the Castro regime (the government's ban on a documentary on Havana nightlife made by his brother led to his being forbidden to publish in Cuba), he served from 1962 to 1965 in Brussels, Belgium, as a cultural attaché. During this time, his sentiments turned against the Castro regime; after returning to Cuba for his mother's funeral in 1965, he went into exile, first in Madrid, then in London.
In 1966 he published Tres tristes tigres, a highly experimental, Joycean novel, playful and rich in literary allusions, which intended to do for Cuban Spanish what Mark Twain had done for American English, recording the great variety of its colloquial variations. It won the 1964 Premio Biblioteca Breve for best unpublished novel.
He co-wrote the script for Richard C. Sarafian's 1971 cult film Vanishing Point under the pseudonym Guillermo Caín.
Although he is considered a part of the famed Latin American Boom generation of writers that includes his contemporary Gabriel García Márquez, he disdained the label. Ever an iconoclast, he even rejected the label "novel" to describe his most acclaimed works, such as Tres tristes tigres and La Habana para un infante difunto. He was influential to Puerto Rican and Cuban writers such as Luis Rafael Sánchez (La guaracha del Macho Camacho) and Fernando Velázquez Medina (Última rumba en La Habana).
In 1997 he received the Premio Cervantes, presented to him by King Juan Carlos of Spain. He died on February 21, 2005, in London, of sepsis. He had two daughters from his first marriage.
Bibliography
Así en la paz como en la guerra (1960, "In peace as in war"; a pun on a line from the Lord's Prayer), short story collection
Twentieth Century Job (1963, published in Spanish as "Un oficio del siglo XX"), collection of film reviews
Tres tristes tigres (1967, published in English as Three Trapped Tigers; the original title refers to a Spanish-language tongue-twister, and literally means "Three Sad Tigers"; portions of this were later republished as Ella cantaba boleros), novel
Vista del amanecer en el trópico (1974, published in English as "A View of Dawn in the Tropics"), novel
O (1975), short story / essay collection
Exorcismos de esti(l)o (1976, "Exorcisms of style"; estilo means style and estío, summertime), novel/short story collection
La Habana para un Infante Difunto (1979, published in English as Infante's Inferno; the Spanish title is a pun on "Pavane pour une infante defunte", title of a piano piece by Maurice Ravel), novel
Holy Smoke (1985, in English, later translated into Spanish as Puro Humo), a fictionalized "history" of cigars
Mea Cuba (1991, the title implies "My Cuba" but also means "Cuba Pisses" or "Cuba is Pissing" and is a pun on "Mea Culpa"), political essays
Arcadia todas las noches (1995, "Arcadia every night"), essays
Delito por bailar el chachachá (1995, in English: Guilty of Dancing the ChaChaCha, 2001, translated by himself), short story collection
Ella Cantaba Boleros (1996, "She Sang Boleros", consists of sections taken from Tres Tristes Tigres), two novellas
Cine o sardina (1997, "Cinema or sardine", alludes to the choice his mother gave him between eating and going to the movies), collection of articles
Vidas para leerlas (1998, "Lives to be read"), essays
El Libro de las Ciudades (1999, "The Book of the Cities"), collection of writings
Todo está hecho con espejos: Cuentos casi completos (1999, trans. "Everything is Made with Mirrors: Nearly Complete Stories"), short story collection
Infantería (2000, title is a pun on his name and the Spanish for "infantry"), collection of writings
La ninfa inconstante (2008, "The Inconstant Nymph", posthumous), novel
Cuerpos divinos (2010, "Heavenly Bodies", posthumous), autobiographical novel
Mapa dibujado por un espía (2013, "Map Drawn by a Spy", posthumous), novel
Cabrera Infante also translated James Joyce's Dubliners into Spanish (1972) and wrote screenplays, including Vanishing Point and the adaptation of Malcolm Lowry's Under the Volcano.
Further reading
English
Cabrera Infante's Tres tristes tigres: the trapping effect of the signifier over subject and text / Hartman, Carmen Teresa., 2003
Guillermo Cabrera Infante: assays, essays and other arts / Nelson, Ardis L., 1999
Guillermo Cabrera Infante: two islands, many worlds / Souza, Raymond D., 1996
Guillermo Cabrera Infante and the cinema / Hall, Kenneth E., 1989
Novel lives: the fictional autobiographies of Guillermo Cabrera Infante and Mario Vargas Llosa / Feal, Rosemary Geisdorfer., 1986
Cabrera Infante in the Menippean tradition / Nelson, Ardis L., 1983
A critical study of Tres tristes tigres by Guillermo Cabrera Infante / C.A.H.J Scheybeler., 1977
Seven voices; seven Latin American writers talk to Rita Guibert. / Guibert, Rita., 1973
Tongue Ties: Logo-Eroticism in Anglo-Hispanic Literature/ Pérez Firmat, Gustavo, 2003
Spanish
Buscando a Caín / Elizabeth Mirabal y Carlos Velazco., 2012
Sobre los pasos del cronista/ Elizabeth Mirabal y Carlos Velazco., 2011.
Acoso y ocaso de una ciudad : La Habana de Alejo Carpentier y Guillermo Cabrera Infante / Yolanda Izquierdo., 2002
Para leer Vista del amanecer en el trópico de Guillermo Cabrera Infante / Celina Manzoni., 1999
El heraldo de las malas noticias : Guillermo Cabrera Infante : ensayo a dos voces / Jacobo Machover., 1996
Cabrera Infante y otros escritores latinoamericanos / Ignacio Díaz Ruiz., 1992
Guillermo Cabrera Infante : La Habana, el lenguaje y la cinematografía / Ernesto Gil López., 1985
Discontinuidad y ruptura en Guillermo Cabrera Infante / Isabel Alvarez-Borland., 1982
Guillermo Cabrera Infante / Rosa María Pereda., 1979
Guillermo Cabrera Infante y Tres tristes tigres / Reynaldo L Jiménez., 1977
Guillermo Cabrera Infante / Julián Ríos., 1974
La nueva novela hispanoamericana y Tres tristes tigres / José Sánchez-Boudy., 1971
See also
Cuban literature
Latin American literature
Caribbean literature
References
External links
Alfred Mac Adam (Spring 1983). "Guillermo Cabrera Infante, The Art of Fiction No. 75". The Paris Review. Spring 1983 (87).
Guillermo Cabrera Infante (in Spanish, part of Biografías y Vidas). Retrieved February 22, 2005.
Guillermo Cabrera Infante (in Spanish, from a site about the Premio Cervantes). Retrieved February 22, 2005.
Guillermo Cabrera Infante (in Spanish, from LiteraturaCubana.com). Retrieved February 22, 2005.
"Cuban-born novelist Guillermo Cabrera Infante dies", Associated Press obituary, on the site of The Guardian. Retrieved February 22, 2005.
The Guillermo Cabrera Infante Papers are held at Princeton University Library, Special Collections.
Guillermo Cabrera Infante at IMDb
|
Guillermo Cabrera Infante (Spanish pronunciation: [ɡiˈʝeɾmo kaˈβɾeɾa iɱˈfante]; Gibara, 22 April 1929 – 21 February 2005) was a Cuban novelist, essayist, translator, screenwriter, and critic; in the 1950s he used the pseudonym G. Caín, and used Guillermo Cain for the screenplay of the cult classic film Vanishing Point (1971).
A one-time supporter of the politics of Fidel Castro, Cabrera Infante went into exile to London in 1965. He is best known for the novel Tres tristes tigres (literally: "three sad tigers", published in English as Three Trapped Tigers), which has been compared favorably to James Joyce's Ulysses.
Biography
Born in Gibara in Cuba's former Oriente Province (now part of Holguín Province), in 1941 he moved with his parents, to Havana, which would be the setting of nearly all of his writings other than his critical works. His parents were founding members of the Cuban Communist Party.
Originally he intended to become a physician, but abandoned that in favor of writing and his passion for the cinema. Starting in 1950, he studied journalism at the University of Havana. Under the Batista regime he was arrested and fined in 1952 for publishing a short story which included several English-language profanities. His opposition to Batista later cost him a short jail term.
He married for the first time in 1953. From 1954 to 1960 he wrote film reviews for the magazine Carteles, using the pseudonym G. Caín; he became its editor in chief, still pseudonymously, in 1957. With the triumph of the Cuban Revolution in 1959 he was named director of the Instituto del Cine. He was also head of the literary magazine Lunes de Revolución, a supplement to the Communist newspaper Revolución; however, this supplement was prohibited in 1961 by Fidel Castro.
He divorced in 1961 and in the same year married his second wife, Miriam Gomez, an actress. Having fallen somewhat out of favor with the Castro regime (the government's ban on a documentary on Havana nightlife made by his brother led to his being forbidden to publish in Cuba), he served from 1962 to 1965 in Brussels, Belgium, as a cultural attaché. During this time, his sentiments turned against the Castro regime; after returning to Cuba for his mother's funeral in 1965, he went into exile, first in Madrid, then in London.
In 1966 he published Tres tristes tigres, a highly experimental, Joycean novel, playful and rich in literary allusions, which intended to do for Cuban Spanish what Mark Twain had done for American English, recording the great variety of its colloquial variations. It won the 1964 Premio Biblioteca Breve for best unpublished novel.
He co-wrote the script for Richard C. Sarafian's 1971 cult film Vanishing Point under the pseudonym Guillermo Caín.
Although he is considered a part of the famed Latin American Boom generation of writers that includes his contemporary Gabriel García Márquez, he disdained the label. Ever an iconoclast, he even rejected the label "novel" to describe his most acclaimed works, such as Tres tristes tigres and La Habana para un infante difunto. He was influential to Puerto Rican and Cuban writers such as Luis Rafael Sánchez (La guaracha del Macho Camacho) and Fernando Velázquez Medina (Última rumba en La Habana).
In 1997 he received the Premio Cervantes, presented to him by King Juan Carlos of Spain. He died on February 21, 2005, in London, of sepsis. He had two daughters from his first marriage.
Bibliography
Así en la paz como en la guerra (1960, "In peace as in war"; a pun on a line from the Lord's Prayer), short story collection
Twentieth Century Job (1963, published in Spanish as "Un oficio del siglo XX"), collection of film reviews
Tres tristes tigres (1967, published in English as Three Trapped Tigers; the original title refers to a Spanish-language tongue-twister, and literally means "Three Sad Tigers"; portions of this were later republished as Ella cantaba boleros), novel
Vista del amanecer en el trópico (1974, published in English as "A View of Dawn in the Tropics"), novel
O (1975), short story / essay collection
Exorcismos de esti(l)o (1976, "Exorcisms of style"; estilo means style and estío, summertime), novel/short story collection
La Habana para un Infante Difunto (1979, published in English as Infante's Inferno; the Spanish title is a pun on "Pavane pour une infante defunte", title of a piano piece by Maurice Ravel), novel
Holy Smoke (1985, in English, later translated into Spanish as Puro Humo), a fictionalized "history" of cigars
Mea Cuba (1991, the title implies "My Cuba" but also means "Cuba Pisses" or "Cuba is Pissing" and is a pun on "Mea Culpa"), political essays
Arcadia todas las noches (1995, "Arcadia every night"), essays
Delito por bailar el chachachá (1995, in English: Guilty of Dancing the ChaChaCha, 2001, translated by himself), short story collection
Ella Cantaba Boleros (1996, "She Sang Boleros", consists of sections taken from Tres Tristes Tigres), two novellas
Cine o sardina (1997, "Cinema or sardine", alludes to the choice his mother gave him between eating and going to the movies), collection of articles
Vidas para leerlas (1998, "Lives to be read"), essays
El Libro de las Ciudades (1999, "The Book of the Cities"), collection of writings
Todo está hecho con espejos: Cuentos casi completos (1999, trans. "Everything is Made with Mirrors: Nearly Complete Stories"), short story collection
Infantería (2000, title is a pun on his name and the Spanish for "infantry"), collection of writings
La ninfa inconstante (2008, "The Inconstant Nymph", posthumous), novel
Cuerpos divinos (2010, "Heavenly Bodies", posthumous), autobiographical novel
Mapa dibujado por un espía (2013, "Map Drawn by a Spy", posthumous), novel
Cabrera Infante also translated James Joyce's Dubliners into Spanish (1972) and wrote screenplays, including Vanishing Point and the adaptation of Malcolm Lowry's Under the Volcano.
Further reading
English
Cabrera Infante's Tres tristes tigres: the trapping effect of the signifier over subject and text / Hartman, Carmen Teresa., 2003
Guillermo Cabrera Infante: assays, essays and other arts / Nelson, Ardis L., 1999
Guillermo Cabrera Infante: two islands, many worlds / Souza, Raymond D., 1996
Guillermo Cabrera Infante and the cinema / Hall, Kenneth E., 1989
Novel lives: the fictional autobiographies of Guillermo Cabrera Infante and Mario Vargas Llosa / Feal, Rosemary Geisdorfer., 1986
Cabrera Infante in the Menippean tradition / Nelson, Ardis L., 1983
A critical study of Tres tristes tigres by Guillermo Cabrera Infante / C.A.H.J Scheybeler., 1977
Seven voices; seven Latin American writers talk to Rita Guibert. / Guibert, Rita., 1973
Tongue Ties: Logo-Eroticism in Anglo-Hispanic Literature/ Pérez Firmat, Gustavo, 2003
Spanish
Buscando a Caín / Elizabeth Mirabal y Carlos Velazco., 2012
Sobre los pasos del cronista/ Elizabeth Mirabal y Carlos Velazco., 2011.
Acoso y ocaso de una ciudad : La Habana de Alejo Carpentier y Guillermo Cabrera Infante / Yolanda Izquierdo., 2002
Para leer Vista del amanecer en el trópico de Guillermo Cabrera Infante / Celina Manzoni., 1999
El heraldo de las malas noticias : Guillermo Cabrera Infante : ensayo a dos voces / Jacobo Machover., 1996
Cabrera Infante y otros escritores latinoamericanos / Ignacio Díaz Ruiz., 1992
Guillermo Cabrera Infante : La Habana, el lenguaje y la cinematografía / Ernesto Gil López., 1985
Discontinuidad y ruptura en Guillermo Cabrera Infante / Isabel Alvarez-Borland., 1982
Guillermo Cabrera Infante / Rosa María Pereda., 1979
Guillermo Cabrera Infante y Tres tristes tigres / Reynaldo L Jiménez., 1977
Guillermo Cabrera Infante / Julián Ríos., 1974
La nueva novela hispanoamericana y Tres tristes tigres / José Sánchez-Boudy., 1971
See also
Cuban literature
Latin American literature
Caribbean literature
References
External links
Alfred Mac Adam (Spring 1983). "Guillermo Cabrera Infante, The Art of Fiction No. 75". The Paris Review. Spring 1983 (87).
Guillermo Cabrera Infante (in Spanish, part of Biografías y Vidas). Retrieved February 22, 2005.
Guillermo Cabrera Infante (in Spanish, from a site about the Premio Cervantes). Retrieved February 22, 2005.
Guillermo Cabrera Infante (in Spanish, from LiteraturaCubana.com). Retrieved February 22, 2005.
"Cuban-born novelist Guillermo Cabrera Infante dies", Associated Press obituary, on the site of The Guardian. Retrieved February 22, 2005.
The Guillermo Cabrera Infante Papers are held at Princeton University Library, Special Collections.
Guillermo Cabrera Infante at IMDb
|
Hermann Maas
|
Hermann Ludwig Maas (German: [ˈhɛʁ.man ˈmaːs] ; 5 August 1877 – 27 September 1970) was a Protestant minister, a doctor of theology and named one of the Righteous Among the Nations, a title given by the Israeli organization for study and remembrance of the Holocaust - Yad Vashem, for people who helped save the lives of Jews during the Holocaust without seeking to gain thereby.
Biography
Maas was born in Gengenbach in the Schwarzwald, Germany.
In 1903, he started working as a Protestant minister in a parish of Evangelical Church in Baden. At the same time he began to make the acquaintance of Zionist Jews, and formed friendly relations with many of them, having attended the Sixth Zionist Congress in Basel that year. Since 1918, he had been an active member of the pro-democratic left-liberal DDP. Maas, who had decidedly liberal and pacifist views, caused a scandal in 1925 by attending the funeral of social democratic Reichspräsident Friedrich Ebert. Conservative German pastors considered this to be an affront to the church because Ebert had been an outspoken atheist.
In 1932, Maas joined an association for protection against antisemitism. In 1933, when the Nazi regime introduced the economic boycott of the Jews of Germany, Maas first went to Palestine to meet with some of the Zionist activists, impressing them by speaking fluent Hebrew. Upon his return to Heidelberg he faced harsh criticism as a "Jew-lover". After Hitler's Machtergreifung ("seizure of power") he joined the Pfarrernotbund and the Confessing Church along with other notable Protestant theologians such as Dietrich Bonhoeffer, Martin Niemöller and Hans Ehrenberg. In the early 1940s, Maas helped many Jews flee from Germany by using his connections to obtain exit visas. In mid-1943, on the instigation of the Nazi regime the Superior Church Council of the Baden Church forced him out of office for his activism. In 1944, he was sent to a forced-labor camp in France, from which he was later released by the US forces. In 1945 he resumed work as minister for the Baden Church.
In 1950, Maas was the first non-Jewish German to be officially invited to the newly formed state of Israel. On July 28, 1964, Yad Vashem decided to recognize Reverend Hermann Maas as one of the Righteous Among the Nations. A street in Rehovot (in the eastern suburb of Qiryat HaYovel) is named after him and a grove inside "Orde Wingate Forest" at Mount Gilboa.
He died on 27 September 1970 in Mainz-Weisenau.
Notes
External links
Article title
|
Hermann Ludwig Maas (German: [ˈhɛʁ.man ˈmaːs] ; 5 August 1877 – 27 September 1970) was a Protestant minister, a doctor of theology and named one of the Righteous Among the Nations, a title given by the Israeli organization for study and remembrance of the Holocaust - Yad Vashem, for people who helped save the lives of Jews during the Holocaust without seeking to gain thereby.
Biography
Maas was born in Gengenbach in the Schwarzwald, Germany.
In 1903, he started working as a Protestant minister in a parish of Evangelical Church in Baden. At the same time he began to make the acquaintance of Zionist Jews, and formed friendly relations with many of them, having attended the Sixth Zionist Congress in Basel that year. Since 1918, he had been an active member of the pro-democratic left-liberal DDP. Maas, who had decidedly liberal and pacifist views, caused a scandal in 1925 by attending the funeral of social democratic Reichspräsident Friedrich Ebert. Conservative German pastors considered this to be an affront to the church because Ebert had been an outspoken atheist.
In 1932, Maas joined an association for protection against antisemitism. In 1933, when the Nazi regime introduced the economic boycott of the Jews of Germany, Maas first went to Palestine to meet with some of the Zionist activists, impressing them by speaking fluent Hebrew. Upon his return to Heidelberg he faced harsh criticism as a "Jew-lover". After Hitler's Machtergreifung ("seizure of power") he joined the Pfarrernotbund and the Confessing Church along with other notable Protestant theologians such as Dietrich Bonhoeffer, Martin Niemöller and Hans Ehrenberg. In the early 1940s, Maas helped many Jews flee from Germany by using his connections to obtain exit visas. In mid-1943, on the instigation of the Nazi regime the Superior Church Council of the Baden Church forced him out of office for his activism. In 1944, he was sent to a forced-labor camp in France, from which he was later released by the US forces. In 1945 he resumed work as minister for the Baden Church.
In 1950, Maas was the first non-Jewish German to be officially invited to the newly formed state of Israel. On July 28, 1964, Yad Vashem decided to recognize Reverend Hermann Maas as one of the Righteous Among the Nations. A street in Rehovot (in the eastern suburb of Qiryat HaYovel) is named after him and a grove inside "Orde Wingate Forest" at Mount Gilboa.
He died on 27 September 1970 in Mainz-Weisenau.
Notes
External links
Article title
|
Louis de Rougemont
|
Louis De Rougemont (12 November 1847 – 9 June 1921) was a Swiss explorer who claimed to have had adventures in Australasia.
Personal history
"De Rougemont" was born Henri Louis Grin in 1847 in Gressy, Vaud, Switzerland. He left home at the age of sixteen. He became a footman to the actress Fanny Kemble, servant to a Swiss banker de Mieville in 1870 and a butler for the Governor of Western Australia, Sir William Robinson. In the latter job he lasted less than a year.
He tried various ventures with very little success. He worked as a doctor, a "spirit photographer" and an inventor. He also married and abandoned a wife in Australia.
In 1898 he began to write about his invented adventures in the British periodical The Wide World Magazine under the name Louis De Rougemont. He described his alleged exploits in search of pearls and gold in New Guinea, and claimed to have spent thirty years living with Indigenous Australians in the outback. He claimed that the tribe with whom he had lived had worshipped him as a god. He also claimed to have encountered the Gibson expedition of 1874.
Various readers expressed disbelief in his tales from the start, for example, claiming that no one can actually ride a turtle. De Rougemont had also claimed to have seen flying wombats. The fact that he could not place his travels on a map aroused suspicion. Readers' arguments in the pages of the Daily Chronicle and other London newspapers continued for months.
Rougemont subjected himself to examination by the Royal Geographical Society. He claimed that he could not specify exactly where he had been because he had signed a non-disclosure agreement with a syndicate that wanted to exploit the gold he had found in the area. He also refused to talk about Aboriginal languages he had supposedly learned. Still his supporters continued to find precedents for his exploits.
In September 1898 the Daily Chronicle announced that a certain F.W. Solomon had recognized De Rougemont and identified him as Louis Grin, who had presented himself at Solomon's firm as an entrepreneur. Grin had collected tidbits for his exploits from the Reading Room of the British Museum. Edwin Greenslade Murphy had helped to expose him.
Grin tried to defend himself by writing a letter to The Daily Chronicle, using his original name, in which he expressed his consternation that anybody would confuse him with Louis De Rougemont. The Daily Chronicle was very willing to publish the letter. The Wide World Magazine exploited the situation and prepared a Christmas double issue. Sales of both papers increased greatly. De Rougemont himself disappeared from view.
During 1899 Grin travelled to South Africa as a music-hall attraction, "the greatest liar on Earth". On a similar tour of Australia in 1901 he was booed from the stage. In July 1906 he appeared at the London Hippodrome and successfully demonstrated his turtle-riding skills. During the First World War he reappeared as an inventor of a useless meat substitute. He died a poor man in London on 9 June 1921.
G.K. Chesterton gave an account of a meeting he had with Grin in his 1927 philosophical work “The Everlasting Man”. The encounter opens Part 1, Chapter 8 ‘The End of the World’.
It was said of the would-be adventurer:
Truth is stranger than fictionBut De Rougemont is stranger than both
References
Further reading
The adventures of Louis de Rougemont (stories from Wide World Magazine, volume 3, May 1899 & June 1899, pp. 3–15 and pp. 115–131).
Geoffrey Maslen: The Most Amazing Story a Man Ever Lived to Tell (1977)
Rod Howard: The Fabulist: The Incredible Story of Louis De Rougemont (2006)
Donald Marguiles: Shipwrecked! An Entertainment: The Amazing Adventures of Louis de Rougemont (As Told By Himself) (2007)
External links
Works by Louis de Rougemont at Project Gutenberg
Works by or about Louis de Rougemont at the Internet Archive
The Adventures of Louis de Rougemont from Project Gutenberg
|
Louis De Rougemont (12 November 1847 – 9 June 1921) was a Swiss explorer who claimed to have had adventures in Australasia.
Personal history
"De Rougemont" was born Henri Louis Grin in 1847 in Gressy, Vaud, Switzerland. He left home at the age of sixteen. He became a footman to the actress Fanny Kemble, servant to a Swiss banker de Mieville in 1870 and a butler for the Governor of Western Australia, Sir William Robinson. In the latter job he lasted less than a year.
He tried various ventures with very little success. He worked as a doctor, a "spirit photographer" and an inventor. He also married and abandoned a wife in Australia.
In 1898 he began to write about his invented adventures in the British periodical The Wide World Magazine under the name Louis De Rougemont. He described his alleged exploits in search of pearls and gold in New Guinea, and claimed to have spent thirty years living with Indigenous Australians in the outback. He claimed that the tribe with whom he had lived had worshipped him as a god. He also claimed to have encountered the Gibson expedition of 1874.
Various readers expressed disbelief in his tales from the start, for example, claiming that no one can actually ride a turtle. De Rougemont had also claimed to have seen flying wombats. The fact that he could not place his travels on a map aroused suspicion. Readers' arguments in the pages of the Daily Chronicle and other London newspapers continued for months.
Rougemont subjected himself to examination by the Royal Geographical Society. He claimed that he could not specify exactly where he had been because he had signed a non-disclosure agreement with a syndicate that wanted to exploit the gold he had found in the area. He also refused to talk about Aboriginal languages he had supposedly learned. Still his supporters continued to find precedents for his exploits.
In September 1898 the Daily Chronicle announced that a certain F.W. Solomon had recognized De Rougemont and identified him as Louis Grin, who had presented himself at Solomon's firm as an entrepreneur. Grin had collected tidbits for his exploits from the Reading Room of the British Museum. Edwin Greenslade Murphy had helped to expose him.
Grin tried to defend himself by writing a letter to The Daily Chronicle, using his original name, in which he expressed his consternation that anybody would confuse him with Louis De Rougemont. The Daily Chronicle was very willing to publish the letter. The Wide World Magazine exploited the situation and prepared a Christmas double issue. Sales of both papers increased greatly. De Rougemont himself disappeared from view.
During 1899 Grin travelled to South Africa as a music-hall attraction, "the greatest liar on Earth". On a similar tour of Australia in 1901 he was booed from the stage. In July 1906 he appeared at the London Hippodrome and successfully demonstrated his turtle-riding skills. During the First World War he reappeared as an inventor of a useless meat substitute. He died a poor man in London on 9 June 1921.
G.K. Chesterton gave an account of a meeting he had with Grin in his 1927 philosophical work “The Everlasting Man”. The encounter opens Part 1, Chapter 8 ‘The End of the World’.
It was said of the would-be adventurer:
Truth is stranger than fictionBut De Rougemont is stranger than both
References
Further reading
The adventures of Louis de Rougemont (stories from Wide World Magazine, volume 3, May 1899 & June 1899, pp. 3–15 and pp. 115–131).
Geoffrey Maslen: The Most Amazing Story a Man Ever Lived to Tell (1977)
Rod Howard: The Fabulist: The Incredible Story of Louis De Rougemont (2006)
Donald Marguiles: Shipwrecked! An Entertainment: The Amazing Adventures of Louis de Rougemont (As Told By Himself) (2007)
External links
Works by Louis de Rougemont at Project Gutenberg
Works by or about Louis de Rougemont at the Internet Archive
The Adventures of Louis de Rougemont from Project Gutenberg
|
Subsets and Splits
No community queries yet
The top public SQL queries from the community will appear here once available.