Datasets:

DamiOresotu
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hydrocause-knowledge-corpus

passage_id stringlengths 26 63	source_label stringclasses 83 values	source_url stringclasses 22 values	chunk_index int64 0 1.11k	subcorpus stringclasses 4 values	text stringlengths 49 7.02k	n_words int64 9 170
northumberland_lfrms_action_plan_d27aadcd5d7c4f2a	northumberland_lfrms_action_plan	https://www.northumberland.gov.uk/NorthumberlandCountyCouncil/media/Roads-streets-and-transport/coastal%20erosion%20and%20flooding/Local-flood-risk-management-strategy-action-plan.pdf	0	policy	Northumberland County Council Local Flood Risk Management Strategy Action Plan Final (for approval) August 2015 Time Frame (short 0-2 years, medium 2-5 Lead RMA and any key National Objective Local Objective Measure Actions Date to review Links to other plans or strategies years and long term over 5 years) stakeholders...	170
northumberland_lfrms_action_plan_62e437c83228c729	northumberland_lfrms_action_plan	https://www.northumberland.gov.uk/NorthumberlandCountyCouncil/media/Roads-streets-and-transport/coastal%20erosion%20and%20flooding/Local-flood-risk-management-strategy-action-plan.pdf	1	policy	groups and Town and Parish short NCC Sep-16 Councils In higher risk priority areas investigate local flood risks and identify how future development and climate change impacts may affect local medium NCC Mar-17 communities Continue to work in collaboration and build relationships with other Risk Management Authorities ...	170
northumberland_lfrms_action_plan_0318542bc8114793	northumberland_lfrms_action_plan	https://www.northumberland.gov.uk/NorthumberlandCountyCouncil/media/Roads-streets-and-transport/coastal%20erosion%20and%20flooding/Local-flood-risk-management-strategy-action-plan.pdf	3	policy	County Council Local Flood Risk Management Strategy Action Plan Final (for approval) August 2015 Time Frame (short 0-2 years, medium 2-5 Lead RMA and any key National Objective Local Objective Measure Actions Date to review Links to other plans or strategies years and long term over 5 years) stakeholders Ensure the evi...	170
northumberland_lfrms_action_plan_2312fa1e071fff99	northumberland_lfrms_action_plan	https://www.northumberland.gov.uk/NorthumberlandCountyCouncil/media/Roads-streets-and-transport/coastal%20erosion%20and%20flooding/Local-flood-risk-management-strategy-action-plan.pdf	4	policy	and promote sustainable, resilient development Follow established protocols on consultation on planning applications medium NCC Mar-17 NCC Core Strategy to enforce planning policies from a flood risk perspective Where reasonably practicable require all new development located in catchments with known flood risk issues ...	170
northumberland_lfrms_action_plan_fa0e12154417c5d2	northumberland_lfrms_action_plan	https://www.northumberland.gov.uk/NorthumberlandCountyCouncil/media/Roads-streets-and-transport/coastal%20erosion%20and%20flooding/Local-flood-risk-management-strategy-action-plan.pdf	5	policy	adequate sustainable drainage requirements and arrangements set out in the local SuDS guidance medium NCC Mar-17 NCC Core Strategy solutions are included in all new developments and where the criteria for adoption is met Work in partnership with Northumbrian Water Limited to understand existing capacity of sewage treat...	170
northumberland_lfrms_action_plan_926f4f5c989dea93	northumberland_lfrms_action_plan	https://www.northumberland.gov.uk/NorthumberlandCountyCouncil/media/Roads-streets-and-transport/coastal%20erosion%20and%20flooding/Local-flood-risk-management-strategy-action-plan.pdf	6	policy	quality and wider environmental benefits and other similar organisations to promote and develop natural flood short NCC Sep-16 management schemes to reduce risk posed to rural communities Northumberland County Council Local Flood Risk Management Strategy Action Plan Final (for approval) August 2015 Time Frame (short 0-...	170
northumberland_lfrms_action_plan_bc5d5bb3ef171bb7	northumberland_lfrms_action_plan	https://www.northumberland.gov.uk/NorthumberlandCountyCouncil/media/Roads-streets-and-transport/coastal%20erosion%20and%20flooding/Local-flood-risk-management-strategy-action-plan.pdf	7	policy	NCC/ NWL/ EA Sep-16 manage flood risk and identify multi-beneficial solutions Review and update the LFRMS Action Plan on an annual basis short NCC Sep-16 Actively manage flood risk and drainage Manage the likelihood of flooding infrastructure to reduce likelihood of flooding Ensure our limited resources are invested in...	170
northumberland_lfrms_action_plan_c40b7b971461e16c	northumberland_lfrms_action_plan	https://www.northumberland.gov.uk/NorthumberlandCountyCouncil/media/Roads-streets-and-transport/coastal%20erosion%20and%20flooding/Local-flood-risk-management-strategy-action-plan.pdf	8	policy	proposed flood risk assets NCC/ NWL/ EA/ Community developers, landowners and community groups to attract funding and medium Mar-17 can contribute towards their planning and Groups deliver the most effective solutions. management Engage with communities through existing groups and Work with existing groups and Parish a...	170
northumberland_lfrms_action_plan_7950c87c94dae280	northumberland_lfrms_action_plan	https://www.northumberland.gov.uk/NorthumberlandCountyCouncil/media/Roads-streets-and-transport/coastal%20erosion%20and%20flooding/Local-flood-risk-management-strategy-action-plan.pdf	9	policy	public Use a range of media techniques to increase the risk awareness and understanding their concerns potential for community engagement Ensure final version and future updates of the local strategy are freely short NCC Sep-16 available to the public in a range of formats Identify groups of people within the community...	170
northumberland_lfrms_action_plan_e2fcc98e217ecee5	northumberland_lfrms_action_plan	https://www.northumberland.gov.uk/NorthumberlandCountyCouncil/media/Roads-streets-and-transport/coastal%20erosion%20and%20flooding/Local-flood-risk-management-strategy-action-plan.pdf	11	policy	management Be better prepared for flood events and post warning and post-flood recovery authorities and partners to ensure consistent and Identify critical infrastructure at risk and develop resilience plans short/ medium NCC/ EA Sep-16 flood recovery and the risks efficient emergency response plans and support those w...	124
defra_fcerm_policy_2020_74c82be80dc4ab6d	defra_fcerm_policy_2020	https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/media/5f1adc7dd3bf7f596b135ac8/flood-coastal-erosion-policy-statement.pdf	0	policy	Flood and coastal erosion risk management Policy Statement July 2020 Contents Foreword from the Secretary of State 3 Foreword from the Minister for the Environment 4 Executive Summary 6 The growing challenges and opportunities for our country 9 Our Goals 11 Our policies 13 I. Upgrading and expanding our national flood ...	170
defra_fcerm_policy_2020_6cce272d38eb7ad2	defra_fcerm_policy_2020	https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/media/5f1adc7dd3bf7f596b135ac8/flood-coastal-erosion-policy-statement.pdf	1	policy	cause significant harm and disruption. That is why we will continue to invest and take action to reduce the likelihood and impacts of flooding and coastal erosion to our communities. This policy statement sets out our policies for the future supported by a range of actions which will drive down risk from every angle. O...	170
defra_fcerm_policy_2020_131855be2815134f	defra_fcerm_policy_2020	https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/media/5f1adc7dd3bf7f596b135ac8/flood-coastal-erosion-policy-statement.pdf	2	policy	England will have a more comprehensive local plan that drives long-term action and investment. Our £200m fund will encourage and support innovative action in 25 local areas to improve resilience to flooding and coastal erosion. We will support our coastal communities by investing in coastal defences and supporting them...	170
defra_fcerm_policy_2020_8a4286089f774c11	defra_fcerm_policy_2020	https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/media/5f1adc7dd3bf7f596b135ac8/flood-coastal-erosion-policy-statement.pdf	3	policy	for key infrastructure. This Statement provides a comprehensive package of actions to encourage and enable greater resilience to flood and erosion risks across the country. Taken together with the Environment Agency’s updated National Flood and Coastal Erosion Risk Management Strategy, it will ensure that our country i...	170
defra_fcerm_policy_2020_e05b810302b9da1b	defra_fcerm_policy_2020	https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/media/5f1adc7dd3bf7f596b135ac8/flood-coastal-erosion-policy-statement.pdf	4	policy	demonstrated by first responders and local communities who rallied to support those affected. We have made strong progress in recent times to tackle flooding. We have a world-class forecasting, warning and response capability. We are on track to better protect 300,000 homes by 2021 through our current £2.6 billion inve...	170
defra_fcerm_policy_2020_349d1c1238db1130	defra_fcerm_policy_2020	https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/media/5f1adc7dd3bf7f596b135ac8/flood-coastal-erosion-policy-statement.pdf	5	policy	better protected and better prepared for the future and taking a more holistic approach to achieve this. We will increase the pace of progress to tackle flood and erosion risks - with over 40 actions to achieve this. We are announcing £170 million to accelerate the building of 22 flood schemes across the country – on t...	170
defra_fcerm_policy_2020_a8ce806b6be5498a	defra_fcerm_policy_2020	https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/media/5f1adc7dd3bf7f596b135ac8/flood-coastal-erosion-policy-statement.pdf	6	policy	our buildings through use of more flood resilient materials or raised electrical points. We will manage our river catchments in a holistic way from source to sea. Our £640 million Nature for Climate Fund and our new Environmental Land Management scheme will help to harness the power of nature in the fight against flood...	170
defra_fcerm_policy_2020_8ebcee16aa4e3e47	defra_fcerm_policy_2020	https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/media/5f1adc7dd3bf7f596b135ac8/flood-coastal-erosion-policy-statement.pdf	7	policy	better protected and better prepared for the future. 4 Rebecca Pow, MP Minister for the Environment 5 Executive Summary This policy statement sets out the government’s long-term ambition to create a nation more resilient to future flood and coastal erosion risk. This means we will reduce the risk of harm to people, the...	170
defra_fcerm_policy_2020_218b4251d3f472ab	defra_fcerm_policy_2020	https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/media/5f1adc7dd3bf7f596b135ac8/flood-coastal-erosion-policy-statement.pdf	8	policy	put in place actions that will build a more resilient future and help to improve health and wellbeing, create economic growth, and enhance our environment. This Policy Statement forms part of the government’s wider commitment to tackle climate change. It has been informed by the Environment Agency’s consultation exerci...	170
defra_fcerm_policy_2020_aef965110c119d8a	defra_fcerm_policy_2020	https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/media/5f1adc7dd3bf7f596b135ac8/flood-coastal-erosion-policy-statement.pdf	9	policy	flooding and coastal erosion in the long term. This Policy Statement sets out five policy areas which will drive this ambition. None are mutually exclusive – and all must work together to create a more resilient future. i. Upgrading and expanding our national flood defences and infrastructure We will continue to build ...	170
defra_fcerm_policy_2020_545b700db79b2ef4	defra_fcerm_policy_2020	https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/media/5f1adc7dd3bf7f596b135ac8/flood-coastal-erosion-policy-statement.pdf	10	policy	achieve this. We will also ensure that new and existing defences are well maintained so that they continue to be effective in a changing climate. ii. Managing the flow of water more effectively 6 We will deliver an integrated approach to managing water. This will not only help to better protect communities from floodin...	170
defra_fcerm_policy_2020_2889c27e0ad9716b	defra_fcerm_policy_2020	https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/media/5f1adc7dd3bf7f596b135ac8/flood-coastal-erosion-policy-statement.pdf	11	policy	multiple benefits The power of nature will be part of our solution to tackling flood and coastal erosion risks. We will double the number of government funded projects which include nature-based solutions to reduce flood and coastal erosion risk. Nature-based solutions provide wider environmental and social benefits in...	170
defra_fcerm_policy_2020_02d6750e507c70e7	defra_fcerm_policy_2020	https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/media/5f1adc7dd3bf7f596b135ac8/flood-coastal-erosion-policy-statement.pdf	12	policy	better prepared. We will maintain and enhance our planning policies that direct new development away from areas at risk. New properties and infrastructure need to be resilient to flooding and coastal erosion to deliver high quality and affordable homes and thriving communities that the country needs in a changing clima...	170
defra_fcerm_policy_2020_42a480eeb7a308fd	defra_fcerm_policy_2020	https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/media/5f1adc7dd3bf7f596b135ac8/flood-coastal-erosion-policy-statement.pdf	13	policy	prepared to manage flood risk. We will work together to support communities, including when flooding happens and in recovery afterwards. v. Enabling more resilient places through a catchment-based approach 7 We will support every place to thrive in a changing climate by adopting and encouraging a catchment-based approa...	170
defra_fcerm_policy_2020_17cc207a88218efd	defra_fcerm_policy_2020	https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/media/5f1adc7dd3bf7f596b135ac8/flood-coastal-erosion-policy-statement.pdf	14	policy	secure multiple benefits. In areas facing significant coastal erosion and impacts from sea levels rising, we will provide support to local areas to help them to implement long-term plans to manage risk. 8 The growing challenges and opportunities for our country Flooding and coastal erosion can cause significant damage ...	170
defra_fcerm_policy_2020_ff4c165ee09be9e0	defra_fcerm_policy_2020	https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/media/5f1adc7dd3bf7f596b135ac8/flood-coastal-erosion-policy-statement.pdf	15	policy	of the ten wettest years on record. 2013/14 was the wettest winter for 250 years, with over 13,000 properties flooded. More recently, the winter of 2019/20 saw over 4,000 properties flooded in England and the government acted quickly to provide a major package of support to help those affected. Our determination to bet...	170
defra_fcerm_policy_2020_42501c7580e8d15c	defra_fcerm_policy_2020	https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/media/5f1adc7dd3bf7f596b135ac8/flood-coastal-erosion-policy-statement.pdf	16	policy	It will support local economies and provide businesses and investors with the confidence to invest in a place – in the knowledge that it has a long-term plan to manage the risks of flooding and coastal erosion. This will help to unlock land for development and infrastructure – helping to deliver the clean growth and ne...	170
defra_fcerm_policy_2020_418c86b2281cfac3	defra_fcerm_policy_2020	https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/media/5f1adc7dd3bf7f596b135ac8/flood-coastal-erosion-policy-statement.pdf	17	policy	or adding new transport infrastructure which is less likely to flood. Opportunities to protect and enhance our environment Increasing our resilience will also provide benefits for our natural environment, wildlife, ecosystems, and historic environment. Our commitment to embed net gain through 9 development, as set out ...	170
defra_fcerm_policy_2020_6daf39445f69b679	defra_fcerm_policy_2020	https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/media/5f1adc7dd3bf7f596b135ac8/flood-coastal-erosion-policy-statement.pdf	20	policy	to enable affordable insurance to help with recovery. Having considered the National Infrastructure Commission’s work on resilience, this policy statement sets out an alternative approach, rather than resilience standards, but focused on a similar vision. It will drive progress and maximise the effectiveness of investm...	170
defra_fcerm_policy_2020_bf965a2534dab9ad	defra_fcerm_policy_2020	https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/media/5f1adc7dd3bf7f596b135ac8/flood-coastal-erosion-policy-statement.pdf	21	policy	by all parties to build a more resilient nation. This chapter sets out five key policies where we can work together to tackle flood and coastal erosion risk and includes a number of actions to achieve this. 13 I. Upgrading and expanding our national flood defences and infrastructure Flood walls, barriers, sea defences ...	170
defra_fcerm_policy_2020_819ba7215e3d7df2	defra_fcerm_policy_2020	https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/media/5f1adc7dd3bf7f596b135ac8/flood-coastal-erosion-policy-statement.pdf	22	policy	protect the country from flooding and coastal erosion. Working with the Environment Agency and partners, this is delivering over 1,000 flood and coastal defence schemes to better protect 300,000 homes across England – providing better protection for those who live in areas at risk. • Between 2015 and 2020 the governmen...	170
defra_fcerm_policy_2020_7a62019d8e35d1ee	defra_fcerm_policy_2020	https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/media/5f1adc7dd3bf7f596b135ac8/flood-coastal-erosion-policy-statement.pdf	23	policy	it invests in the flood and coastal defence programme in England to £5.2 billion over six years, providing around 2,000 new defence schemes to better protect a further 336,000 properties. This will reduce national flood risk by up to 11% by 2027 helping to avoid £32 billion of wider economic damages – benefitting every...	170
defra_fcerm_policy_2020_c6becbf480a7741a	defra_fcerm_policy_2020	https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/media/5f1adc7dd3bf7f596b135ac8/flood-coastal-erosion-policy-statement.pdf	24	policy	temporary barriers – in places where they can make a difference. 14 Case study – Exeter Flood Defence project The Exeter Flood Defence project has reduced flood risk to more than 3,000 homes and businesses in Exeter. The scheme utilises a variety of approaches including flood-proof glass-panels and demountable barriers...	170
defra_fcerm_policy_2020_ef8ec85485902e0e	defra_fcerm_policy_2020	https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/media/5f1adc7dd3bf7f596b135ac8/flood-coastal-erosion-policy-statement.pdf	25	policy	adaptive approach which takes account of climate change and demographic change over time. This will enable local decision makers to identify the best combination of resilience actions and the right time to act and invest – helping to reduce unnecessary expenditure and preventing organisations from being locked into inv...	170
defra_fcerm_policy_2020_e4d220c5f65b46a9	defra_fcerm_policy_2020	https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/media/5f1adc7dd3bf7f596b135ac8/flood-coastal-erosion-policy-statement.pdf	26	policy	climate change; and • a new risk category which will enable schemes that prevent surface water flooding to qualify for more funding. Later this year we will launch a public consultation to invite views on further potential changes to partnership funding policy, which will take account of any future changes to the Green...	170
defra_fcerm_policy_2020_caffc224ef2b0fa1	defra_fcerm_policy_2020	https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/media/5f1adc7dd3bf7f596b135ac8/flood-coastal-erosion-policy-statement.pdf	28	policy	a changing climate. We expect those responsible for all assets – including risk management authorities, other public and community organisations, the private sector and riparian owners – to invest in ongoing maintenance and ensure timely repairs where necessary. Asset owners will need to strengthen existing defences to...	170
defra_fcerm_policy_2020_1894bf42f1146d34	defra_fcerm_policy_2020	https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/media/5f1adc7dd3bf7f596b135ac8/flood-coastal-erosion-policy-statement.pdf	29	policy	remove a barrier to the creation of new Internal Drainage Boards or the expansion of those currently in place, where proposed and supported locally. We will also ensure that riparian owners are both clear on their responsibilities and better engaged in the protection of their communities. Our actions • We will ensure t...	170
defra_fcerm_policy_2020_f9cf705f57d95b90	defra_fcerm_policy_2020	https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/media/5f1adc7dd3bf7f596b135ac8/flood-coastal-erosion-policy-statement.pdf	30	policy	with the Local Government Association to ensure local authorities and their appointed members understand the purpose of Internal Drainage Boards and the role of their appointed members. • We will support the Association of Drainage Authorities to provide guidance for Internal Drainage Boards on environmental responsibi...	170
defra_fcerm_policy_2020_c548d60d81e3bee3	defra_fcerm_policy_2020	https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/media/5f1adc7dd3bf7f596b135ac8/flood-coastal-erosion-policy-statement.pdf	31	policy	the recommendations from the government commissioned Independent Review of the Toddbrook Reservoir incident. Our actions • We have commissioned a second part of the Reservoir Review which will report on current reservoir safety legislation, its interpretation and implementation. The review will report by the end of Feb...	170
defra_fcerm_policy_2020_68bfb32d3af91469	defra_fcerm_policy_2020	https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/media/5f1adc7dd3bf7f596b135ac8/flood-coastal-erosion-policy-statement.pdf	32	policy	non- government investment and finance by encouraging new and innovative methods – such as green finance. We will raise awareness of the benefits of investment in flood and coastal erosion risk management in the business and finance community where timely investment can help businesses to avoid or limit future costs fr...	170
defra_fcerm_policy_2020_59b5d19248235ace	defra_fcerm_policy_2020	https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/media/5f1adc7dd3bf7f596b135ac8/flood-coastal-erosion-policy-statement.pdf	33	policy	where there is appetite to do so. The government is committed to reforming the funding framework for local government funding so that it is simpler, more up to date, and more transparent. We will review local government funding for statutory flood and coastal erosion risk management functions, including the way in whic...	170
defra_fcerm_policy_2020_e7a4a011feabfd84	defra_fcerm_policy_2020	https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/media/5f1adc7dd3bf7f596b135ac8/flood-coastal-erosion-policy-statement.pdf	34	policy	ensure it provides clarity on the scope and availability of the relief. • We will review local government funding for local statutory flood and coastal erosion risk management functions to ensure it is fair and matches the needs and resources of local areas. 18 II. Managing the flow of water more effectively Managing t...	170
defra_fcerm_policy_2020_bee004cdcff8467a	defra_fcerm_policy_2020	https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/media/5f1adc7dd3bf7f596b135ac8/flood-coastal-erosion-policy-statement.pdf	35	policy	included surface water flooding in the National Risk Register of Civil Emergencies for the first time in 2017. • In 2018, we published the Surface Water Management Action Plan to strengthen and improve understanding of surface water risks and we provided £4.7 million to improve surface water mapping and modelling. • Ou...	170
defra_fcerm_policy_2020_25f70dc1888bf9a3	defra_fcerm_policy_2020	https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/media/5f1adc7dd3bf7f596b135ac8/flood-coastal-erosion-policy-statement.pdf	36	policy	of the government’s Strategic Policy Statement, the 2019 Price Review includes more than £1 billion to reduce the impact of flooding on communities across England and Wales. • We commissioned an independent review of the responsibilities for surface water and drainage assets which will report later this year. 19 • Our ...	170
defra_fcerm_policy_2020_d225a11972a6ef5f	defra_fcerm_policy_2020	https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/media/5f1adc7dd3bf7f596b135ac8/flood-coastal-erosion-policy-statement.pdf	38	policy	of water in places or times when flood risk is highest, and, where possible, capture that water to be used when or where needed. Unlocking this potential means looking across the catchment from source to sea, using a range of small and large scale actions that slow, hold and release water when needed. In the upper catc...	170
defra_fcerm_policy_2020_215a60d67c4e30ae	defra_fcerm_policy_2020	https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/media/5f1adc7dd3bf7f596b135ac8/flood-coastal-erosion-policy-statement.pdf	39	policy	earth bunds or ponds, it also includes managing the movement of water over time through different locations through pumps, drainage and abstraction. We will need to make appropriate use of existing and new water infrastructure such as reservoirs or water transfers around the country. Everyone has a role to play from in...	170
defra_fcerm_policy_2020_fadc95ff6b539de7	defra_fcerm_policy_2020	https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/media/5f1adc7dd3bf7f596b135ac8/flood-coastal-erosion-policy-statement.pdf	40	policy	are designed. Case study – East Suffolk water transfer scheme In East Suffolk a group of stakeholders has come together to trial innovative technologies which will help address freshwater supply for agriculture in coastal areas. Freshwater that has been drained from farmland to enable food production, and reduce risks ...	170
defra_fcerm_policy_2020_31f94000d96985b7	defra_fcerm_policy_2020	https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/media/5f1adc7dd3bf7f596b135ac8/flood-coastal-erosion-policy-statement.pdf	41	policy	brings together UK and international partners, including Felixstowe Hydrocycle - a consortium of farmers, the EA, Suffolk County Council, and the University of East Anglia, alongside partners from the Netherlands and Belgium. The project is partially funded through the European Union’s Interreg 2Seas programme. Assiste...	170
defra_fcerm_policy_2020_2cf505d35262fe8c	defra_fcerm_policy_2020	https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/media/5f1adc7dd3bf7f596b135ac8/flood-coastal-erosion-policy-statement.pdf	42	policy	the ground. It is hoped that this water will then be stored in the underlying aquifers and could be re- abstracted in future years or allowed to slowly percolate into nearby watercourses to support flows during the driest periods of the year. We need to prioritise solutions which will support flood risk management, pub...	170
defra_fcerm_policy_2020_908d898f390d198b	defra_fcerm_policy_2020	https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/media/5f1adc7dd3bf7f596b135ac8/flood-coastal-erosion-policy-statement.pdf	44	policy	management schemes across catchments to reduce flood risk and help manage drought risk. • We will examine existing domestic and international evidence, and invest in new research to explore the potential of new and innovative opportunities for water management within and across catchments. This will include asking the ...	170
defra_fcerm_policy_2020_dab0cc384802a988	defra_fcerm_policy_2020	https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/media/5f1adc7dd3bf7f596b135ac8/flood-coastal-erosion-policy-statement.pdf	45	policy	as well as deliver the Abstraction Plan’s priorities. Surface water The government will continue to enhance local understanding of surface water flood risk and promote actions which can help prevent and better manage the potential impacts of surface water flooding. Ordinary watercourses and drainage assets and features...	170
defra_fcerm_policy_2020_1519f78e294c2b47	defra_fcerm_policy_2020	https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/media/5f1adc7dd3bf7f596b135ac8/flood-coastal-erosion-policy-statement.pdf	46	policy	washed directly into waterbodies following heavy rainfall. The government’s Strategic Policy Statement already requires Ofwat to ensure water companies improve planning and investment to prevent wastewater flooding and to improve infrastructure resilience against extreme flood events. For the current price review, wate...	170
defra_fcerm_policy_2020_8fb3502e70c811f3	defra_fcerm_policy_2020	https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/media/5f1adc7dd3bf7f596b135ac8/flood-coastal-erosion-policy-statement.pdf	47	policy	how water companies should address flood and coastal resilience. The government has committed to consider if additional outcome measures are required through future Price Reviews. Our actions • We will consider if additional outcome measures for water companies are required ahead of the 2024 Price Review, and through f...	170
defra_fcerm_policy_2020_2e92edf87e34c21b	defra_fcerm_policy_2020	https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/media/5f1adc7dd3bf7f596b135ac8/flood-coastal-erosion-policy-statement.pdf	48	policy	floodplains, rivers and the coast. We will put more emphasis on nature-based solutions to support reduction in flood and coastal risk, including natural flood management, use of flood plains and opportunities for temporary or permanent water storage to manage peak flows. Our progress The government has taken action to ...	170
defra_fcerm_policy_2020_460c323b0c10efc9	defra_fcerm_policy_2020	https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/media/5f1adc7dd3bf7f596b135ac8/flood-coastal-erosion-policy-statement.pdf	49	policy	coastal defence schemes in the current capital investment programme. The recently announced changes to the formula for allocating funding for flood and coastal defence schemes across England will result in increased payments for flood schemes which also create a range of environmental benefits. Our vision for the futur...	170
defra_fcerm_policy_2020_d9d6070a677fe949	defra_fcerm_policy_2020	https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/media/5f1adc7dd3bf7f596b135ac8/flood-coastal-erosion-policy-statement.pdf	50	policy	needed. Our interventions for flood and coastal erosion risk management must also offer wider benefits to our society and environment. Protection from defences will remain paramount, 24 but we will design these in way that directly provides and enhances, or where necessary replaces, habitats and protection for our land...	170
defra_fcerm_policy_2020_36af896ca75e5cc5	defra_fcerm_policy_2020	https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/media/5f1adc7dd3bf7f596b135ac8/flood-coastal-erosion-policy-statement.pdf	51	policy	on farm which reduce pollution and in turn improve the resilience of the environment to flooding and mitigate long term flood risk. For example, good soil management and planted buffer strips next to water-ways and within fields increase the infiltration of rainwater and keep soil in place. Case study – Port Clarence a...	170
defra_fcerm_policy_2020_5a33b79b667bf4f2	defra_fcerm_policy_2020	https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/media/5f1adc7dd3bf7f596b135ac8/flood-coastal-erosion-policy-statement.pdf	52	policy	and 32 businesses in Port Clarence and the Seal Sands Industrial Complex. The project has increased flood protection while also creating new habitat the size of over 90 football pitches for local wildlife. The design is expected to last for 50 years and is constructed to take into account climate change. Our new Enviro...	170
defra_fcerm_policy_2020_8f5d9bcc9bb83f87	defra_fcerm_policy_2020	https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/media/5f1adc7dd3bf7f596b135ac8/flood-coastal-erosion-policy-statement.pdf	53	policy	and water availability – including our 25 Year Environment Plan commitments for Clean and Plentiful water – and offer protection against flood risk. In the 2020 Budget, we announced £640 million for a Nature for Climate Fund which will kick-start a step-change in tree planting and peatland restoration in England. Throu...	170
defra_fcerm_policy_2020_b8a2421281345cdd	defra_fcerm_policy_2020	https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/media/5f1adc7dd3bf7f596b135ac8/flood-coastal-erosion-policy-statement.pdf	54	policy	Strategies which will identify where and how actions taken to recover nature can contribute to environmental objectives, including using nature- based solutions to reduce flood risk. We will explore how we can do more to deliver multiple benefits from a range of interventions working together. We will reinforce this ap...	170
defra_fcerm_policy_2020_f0ef67b7edb222e4	defra_fcerm_policy_2020	https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/media/5f1adc7dd3bf7f596b135ac8/flood-coastal-erosion-policy-statement.pdf	55	policy	about any environmental implications and making timely decisions together on any necessary consents. Our actions • We will double the number of government funded projects which include nature- based solutions to reduce flood and coastal erosion risk. • We will examine ways that our £640m Nature for Climate Fund can sec...	170
defra_fcerm_policy_2020_a46c66e246518387	defra_fcerm_policy_2020	https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/media/5f1adc7dd3bf7f596b135ac8/flood-coastal-erosion-policy-statement.pdf	56	policy	range of actions in recent years to better prepare communities. • In 2019, the government acted to further strengthen flood protections in national planning policy. • Since 2018 we have been investing £5.4 million to further expand the Environment Agency flood warning service to cover all communities in England at the ...	170
defra_fcerm_policy_2020_e63677f24b9728bf	defra_fcerm_policy_2020	https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/media/5f1adc7dd3bf7f596b135ac8/flood-coastal-erosion-policy-statement.pdf	57	policy	and ensure they have robust plans in place to respond to flooding incidents in their respective areas. • In the 2018 Budget, the government provided £2.9 million to boost action to make homes and buildings more resilient through property flood resilience. • As a result of the National Flood Resilience Review in 2016, t...	170
defra_fcerm_policy_2020_e273bd6afa096e7c	defra_fcerm_policy_2020	https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/media/5f1adc7dd3bf7f596b135ac8/flood-coastal-erosion-policy-statement.pdf	58	policy	announced a review into flood insurance to examine the level of insurance cover held by those affected by the November 2019 flooding in Doncaster, the barriers they may have faced in obtaining cover and whether there are any systemic issues in the provision of flood insurance. Our vision for the future Where flood risk...	170
defra_fcerm_policy_2020_54cb1d8c13403e20	defra_fcerm_policy_2020	https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/media/5f1adc7dd3bf7f596b135ac8/flood-coastal-erosion-policy-statement.pdf	59	policy	of flooding are better protected or better prepared. We will achieve this through our policies to: i. Guide the design and location of new development ii. Ensure buildings, important infrastructure sites and key public services are better prepared to manage flood risk iii. Support communities, including when flooding h...	170
defra_fcerm_policy_2020_0ce0e49deb8bdd97	defra_fcerm_policy_2020	https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/media/5f1adc7dd3bf7f596b135ac8/flood-coastal-erosion-policy-statement.pdf	60	policy	in flood risk zones 2 and 3.1 We will maintain and enhance existing robust planning policies that direct new development away from areas at risk of flooding and help ensure that new properties and infrastructure are resilient to flooding and coastal erosion. The government has committed to publish an ambitious Planning...	170
defra_fcerm_policy_2020_704c5161e5b56352	defra_fcerm_policy_2020	https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/media/5f1adc7dd3bf7f596b135ac8/flood-coastal-erosion-policy-statement.pdf	61	policy	2018/19, 99% of new homes granted permission had planning outcomes in line with Environment Agency flood risk advice. 28 the National Planning Policy Framework are enough and consider options for further reform. We will ensure that planning policy is being appropriately applied and effectively implemented on a consiste...	170
defra_fcerm_policy_2020_5ce71d887cce1d47	defra_fcerm_policy_2020	https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/media/5f1adc7dd3bf7f596b135ac8/flood-coastal-erosion-policy-statement.pdf	62	policy	will ensure that planning decisions in flood risk areas are well informed and make best use of alternative sites both locally and in neighbouring local authorities or boroughs. Where areas are at risk of surface water flooding, effective drainage or capture of surface water will help to reduce the impacts of flooding. ...	170
defra_fcerm_policy_2020_c98774b62a15d213	defra_fcerm_policy_2020	https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/media/5f1adc7dd3bf7f596b135ac8/flood-coastal-erosion-policy-statement.pdf	63	policy	the support they need to demand higher design standards. We must also ensure that buildings are able to keep water out and limit damage when water does get in. Flood resilient design can be integral to the development of high quality homes and can do more than just avoid increasing flood risk but improve the wider envi...	170
defra_fcerm_policy_2020_86c9999f1364c42d	defra_fcerm_policy_2020	https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/media/5f1adc7dd3bf7f596b135ac8/flood-coastal-erosion-policy-statement.pdf	67	policy	By generating greater reassurance and confidence in property flood resilience, we will stimulate wider action by all to act on their flood risk and complement public investment at a community level. We want to: • Encourage a faster transition of the market place for property flood resilience -related advice, products a...	170
defra_fcerm_policy_2020_71fe06f4b8aa2d4d	defra_fcerm_policy_2020	https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/media/5f1adc7dd3bf7f596b135ac8/flood-coastal-erosion-policy-statement.pdf	68	policy	includes strengthening links between property flood resilience and the cost of flood insurance for those at high risk. This will require that robust data about the value of resilience measures within properties is collected and made available to insurers, businesses and householders; • Consider options to further remov...	170
defra_fcerm_policy_2020_45e5496ee5b33dbd	defra_fcerm_policy_2020	https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/media/5f1adc7dd3bf7f596b135ac8/flood-coastal-erosion-policy-statement.pdf	69	policy	less severe; and • To further speed up resilient homes we will work with Flood Re and the insurance industry to explore whether it would be beneficial for insurers to share more information with customers about their flood risk – encouraging everyone to take responsibility to encourage greater uptake. As part of this w...	170
defra_fcerm_policy_2020_57fdbfc600203247	defra_fcerm_policy_2020	https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/media/5f1adc7dd3bf7f596b135ac8/flood-coastal-erosion-policy-statement.pdf	70	policy	improve their preparedness to reduce costs and disruption to key public services when a flood happens. Our record £5.2 billion investment in flood defences between 2021 and 2027 will better protect around 46,000 non-residential properties – including schools, hospitals, transport links and utility sites. Where infrastr...	170
defra_fcerm_policy_2020_de13266e2d23cd44	defra_fcerm_policy_2020	https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/media/5f1adc7dd3bf7f596b135ac8/flood-coastal-erosion-policy-statement.pdf	71	policy	to take climate change into account to ensure infrastructure networks are secure and resilient to any risks including current and future extreme weather events. The Department for Transport will 31 continue to work closely with delivery bodies and operators to increase climate resilience in the planning and design of t...	170
defra_fcerm_policy_2020_88c7ab71f4908cde	defra_fcerm_policy_2020	https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/media/5f1adc7dd3bf7f596b135ac8/flood-coastal-erosion-policy-statement.pdf	72	policy	authorities, including the Environment Agency, to make sure that infrastructure owners, businesses and homeowners are aware of the risks to them and clearly understand what to do, before, during and after a flood. This approach will need to be locally tailored, with advice specific to the risk people face in their comm...	170
defra_fcerm_policy_2020_d54cac9e68fa9c43	defra_fcerm_policy_2020	https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/media/5f1adc7dd3bf7f596b135ac8/flood-coastal-erosion-policy-statement.pdf	73	policy	on some specific changes to the Flood Re scheme. These changes aim to improve the efficiency and effectiveness of the scheme and encourage greater uptake of Property Flood Resilience among households at high risk of flooding across the UK. • We will encourage and strengthen the preparedness of key local businesses and ...	170
defra_fcerm_policy_2020_e40190ae47d298fb	defra_fcerm_policy_2020	https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/media/5f1adc7dd3bf7f596b135ac8/flood-coastal-erosion-policy-statement.pdf	75	policy	Agency will perform a health-check on these plans once every three years to help ensure there is a consistent approach across the country. The government values and supports community resilience to flooding, including the role of flood volunteers, groups and community flood plans. In April 2019, government published up...	170
defra_fcerm_policy_2020_4c8c4da386c88833	defra_fcerm_policy_2020	https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/media/5f1adc7dd3bf7f596b135ac8/flood-coastal-erosion-policy-statement.pdf	76	policy	ambition in the updated national strategy, of a nation ready to respond and adapt to flooding and coastal change. Through our National Flood Response Centre and by deploying national assets, government will support local responding authorities during a flood event. These will be tested through national exercising with ...	170
defra_fcerm_policy_2020_06bc52cbbb95d6fa	defra_fcerm_policy_2020	https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/media/5f1adc7dd3bf7f596b135ac8/flood-coastal-erosion-policy-statement.pdf	77	policy	explore whether greater consistency and sharing of best practice is needed across local recovery activity, the balance between central government and local support, and how to involve the expertise available in civil society to provide the practical and emotional advice and support needed to homes, communities and busi...	170
defra_fcerm_policy_2020_c19d14dd30c29be7	defra_fcerm_policy_2020	https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/media/5f1adc7dd3bf7f596b135ac8/flood-coastal-erosion-policy-statement.pdf	79	policy	and Somerset. • Flood Risk Management Plans brought together, for the first time, information about all sources of flooding in a catchment and the measures being considered to manage the risk in one place. They set out how organisations, stakeholders and communities work together to manage flood risk. Our vision for th...	170
defra_fcerm_policy_2020_2b822ea3d19d016d	defra_fcerm_policy_2020	https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/media/5f1adc7dd3bf7f596b135ac8/flood-coastal-erosion-policy-statement.pdf	80	policy	risk planning so that every area of England will have a more strategic and comprehensive plan that drives long-term local action and investment. We will consult on changes to ensure that future plans will be clearer and more ambitious – taking account of current and future risks – and will provide a framework for actio...	170
defra_fcerm_policy_2020_113132a2d2886581	defra_fcerm_policy_2020	https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/media/5f1adc7dd3bf7f596b135ac8/flood-coastal-erosion-policy-statement.pdf	81	policy	for an area such as water resource plans, further development plans and local nature recovery strategies. Our approach to local flood and coast planning will recognise that local areas face different geographical challenges – and that catchment sizes vary across the country. We also recognise the vital role communities...	170
defra_fcerm_policy_2020_d5f95361819a4067	defra_fcerm_policy_2020	https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/media/5f1adc7dd3bf7f596b135ac8/flood-coastal-erosion-policy-statement.pdf	82	policy	achieve our vision and drive action locally the government has committed to invest £200 million over the next six years to support 25 local areas, from the North, the Midlands and the South, to test innovative actions to improve resilience to flooding and coastal erosion. The programme will aim to boost wider innovativ...	170
defra_fcerm_policy_2020_601590af9eb6b808	defra_fcerm_policy_2020	https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/media/5f1adc7dd3bf7f596b135ac8/flood-coastal-erosion-policy-statement.pdf	83	policy	This will include the provision of technical expertise, co-ordination with other plans and wider local services and sectors, funding and delivering different types of action. This will aim to ensure strong local leadership and clear accountability. We will also ensure these responsibilities are clear to communities and...	170
defra_fcerm_policy_2020_1d4ca01c101dbf0b	defra_fcerm_policy_2020	https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/media/5f1adc7dd3bf7f596b135ac8/flood-coastal-erosion-policy-statement.pdf	84	policy	coastal erosion risk planning so that every area of England will have a more strategic and comprehensive plan that drives long-term local action and investment. • Between 2021 and 2027, we will invest £200 million to support 25 local areas – urban, rural and coastal – to test innovative actions to improve resilience to...	170
defra_fcerm_policy_2020_d91543f9a28b1e52	defra_fcerm_policy_2020	https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/media/5f1adc7dd3bf7f596b135ac8/flood-coastal-erosion-policy-statement.pdf	85	policy	will harness the opportunities rural landscapes bring to increase resilience for people living and working in rural areas and further downstream. We will ensure our countryside is resilient to flooding so that our sustainable food industry can flourish, and our farming and agricultural sectors can thrive. To achieve th...	170
defra_fcerm_policy_2020_9625b2d3de06da9d	defra_fcerm_policy_2020	https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/media/5f1adc7dd3bf7f596b135ac8/flood-coastal-erosion-policy-statement.pdf	86	policy	resilience; for example, through the use of sustainable drainage systems such as green roofs and rain gardens. The English coast has enormous potential and the government is determined to see it thrive all year round. Our coastal communities support a range of sectors including tourism, fishing and renewable energy. We...	170
defra_fcerm_policy_2020_b681a201a0b79b8c	defra_fcerm_policy_2020	https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/media/5f1adc7dd3bf7f596b135ac8/flood-coastal-erosion-policy-statement.pdf	87	policy	erosion. We are committed to defending the coastline where this is sustainable and affordable to do so, and to let it function naturally in areas where it is not. Local people, communities and businesses should be at the heart of decision making to ensure that local plans work effectively for all and have support. To a...	170
defra_fcerm_policy_2020_cc321f469b25e681	defra_fcerm_policy_2020	https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/media/5f1adc7dd3bf7f596b135ac8/flood-coastal-erosion-policy-statement.pdf	88	policy	government is committed to enabling this transition by supporting local areas to help them to implement long-term plans. Our actions • Informed by the Environment Agency’s current refresh of technical evidence supporting Shoreline Management Plans, we will review national policy for Shoreline Management Plans to ensure...	170
defra_fcerm_policy_2020_f120c4f518a782dd	defra_fcerm_policy_2020	https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/media/5f1adc7dd3bf7f596b135ac8/flood-coastal-erosion-policy-statement.pdf	89	policy	decisions which others make to manage risk. The government will drive forward progress and monitor trends both locally and nationally. This will ensure that actions taken work for the benefit of our communities to build resilience everywhere. Nationally We will continue to use cost-benefit approaches to prioritise and ...	170
defra_fcerm_policy_2020_cc4264d71d20d5c0	defra_fcerm_policy_2020	https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/media/5f1adc7dd3bf7f596b135ac8/flood-coastal-erosion-policy-statement.pdf	90	policy	actions that tackle surface water flooding and the way in which investment decisions should take greater account of future climate impacts where there is uncertainty. We will develop a national set of indicators to monitor trends over time. This will enable us to measure and demonstrate progress. It will enable a bette...	170
defra_fcerm_policy_2020_603662efa56cc571	defra_fcerm_policy_2020	https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/media/5f1adc7dd3bf7f596b135ac8/flood-coastal-erosion-policy-statement.pdf	91	policy	authorities) can be improved without creating unnecessary burdens. We will continue to engage with experts including the Environment Agency and the National Infrastructure Commission to inform future policies and actions. Locally Flood risk varies across the country because of physical characteristics and local demogra...	170
defra_fcerm_policy_2020_50eacd16146f9f66	defra_fcerm_policy_2020	https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/media/5f1adc7dd3bf7f596b135ac8/flood-coastal-erosion-policy-statement.pdf	92	policy	including nature-based solutions and whole catchment 2 We have used business birth rate, published by the ONS, as a proxy for economic performance and we have considered the proportion of properties at risk of flooding from the rivers and the sea, both by local authority. 39 approaches where these can be effective. The...	170
defra_fcerm_policy_2020_b5a0b70baafdeb37	defra_fcerm_policy_2020	https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/media/5f1adc7dd3bf7f596b135ac8/flood-coastal-erosion-policy-statement.pdf	93	policy	benefits to target funding for maximum benefit. • By spring 2022, we will develop a national set of indicators to monitor trends over time to better understand the impact of our policies. • By spring 2022, we will strengthen reporting of progress towards our goals so it is clearer and more accessible, and will consider...	135
defra_national_fcerm_strategy_39ef7f23b836c181	defra_national_fcerm_strategy	https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/media/5f6b6da6e90e076c182d508d/023_15482_Environment_agency_digitalAW_Strategy.pdf	0	policy	National Flood and Coastal Erosion Risk Management Strategy for England 0202 ycnegA tnemnorivnE Page left intentionally blank. Page left intentionally blank. © Environment Agency copyright 2020 This publication is licensed under the terms of the Open Government Licence v3.0 except where otherwise stated. To view this l...	170
defra_national_fcerm_strategy_946aaa89477c7d27	defra_national_fcerm_strategy	https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/media/5f6b6da6e90e076c182d508d/023_15482_Environment_agency_digitalAW_Strategy.pdf	1	policy	cover image, clockwise starting from top left: Hull tidal barrier, Hull; view of The Prince of Wales Bridge (Second Severn Crossing); Cross Guns Pumping Station, The Fens, East England (ADA); New development in the OxCam Arc; Hall Leys Park, Matlock, Derbyshire Contents Our vision 6 Foreword 7 Executive summary 10 Sett...	170
defra_national_fcerm_strategy_96d0f67007c27455	defra_national_fcerm_strategy	https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/media/5f6b6da6e90e076c182d508d/023_15482_Environment_agency_digitalAW_Strategy.pdf	2	policy	beautiful beaches. We all depend on water every day of our lives. Rain falls, water flows over and through our land, and the sea is constantly changing our coastline. Flooding and coastal erosion are part of this, natural processes which have happened since time began. In creating our living and working environments we...	170
defra_national_fcerm_strategy_5b9f039c75442abd	defra_national_fcerm_strategy	https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/media/5f6b6da6e90e076c182d508d/023_15482_Environment_agency_digitalAW_Strategy.pdf	3	policy	income, and damage to the environment. As climate change leads to sea level rise and more heavy storms and we build more housing and infrastructure, these risks are growing. The government’s policy statement on flooding and coastal erosion has set out our long-term ambition for managing these increasing challenges and ...	170
defra_national_fcerm_strategy_9617ce0bc452e761	defra_national_fcerm_strategy	https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/media/5f6b6da6e90e076c182d508d/023_15482_Environment_agency_digitalAW_Strategy.pdf	5	policy	the Budget £5.2 billion of capital funding to better protect 336,000 properties, including homes, businesses and hospitals. Now, as winters are getting warmer and wetter and the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change says once-a-century sea level events will be annual events by 2050, we also need to look towards a l...	170
defra_national_fcerm_strategy_48061727c0131618	defra_national_fcerm_strategy	https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/media/5f6b6da6e90e076c182d508d/023_15482_Environment_agency_digitalAW_Strategy.pdf	6	policy	The Strategy has three core ambitions concerning future risk and investment needs: 1. Climate resilient places: working with partners to bolster resilience to flooding and coastal change across the nation, both now and in the face of climate change 2. Today’s growth and infrastructure resilient in tomorrow’s climate: M...	170

End of preview. Expand in Data Studio

HydroCause Knowledge Corpus

The domain knowledge base released alongside the HydroCause-RAG framework. It is the "raw knowledge source" used by every downstream component:

The retrieval layer (Part 2-3) grounds numerical claims against it.
The P7 audit gate (Part 3 §3.4, SGS Audit) scores semantic reasoning against it.
The teacher-LLM synthesis (Part 5) drafts Q&A pairs from its passages.
The domain-tuned model HydroCause-3B-DK is fine-tuned on those Q&A pairs.

Composition

Sub-corpus	Passages	Source
policy	632	Northumberland LFRMS, DEFRA FCERM, EA guidance, Northumbria RBD FRMP
hydrology	4,147	Open-access papers (HESS/ESSD, CC BY 4.0) + curated seed summaries
metrics	12	NSE/KGE/SMAPE/MAE/RMSE/MBE/POD/FAR/CSI/F1/CFS/SGS
registry	24	HydroCause-RAG numerical truth registry (six catchments) with TimeSHAP-derived tau
total	4,815	90/10 stratified train / validation split

Intended uses

This corpus supports four categories of downstream tasks:

1. Operational hydrological forecasting

Grounding retrieval-augmented systems in verifiable flood-warning doctrine (WMO-1072, WMO IFM Tool 19).
Answering operator questions about lead time, threshold selection, ensemble spread, false-alarm tradeoffs.
Providing decision-support context for issued warnings.

2. Comparison of historical events to predicted

Hindcasting methodology and extreme-event extrapolation (Frame et al. 2022).
Return-period statistics, non-stationarity considerations, DEFRA climate-change allowances.
Historic UK flood chronology and post-event attribution.

3. Informed decision-making

Cost-loss analysis and warning-threshold calibration for a defined user community.
Statistical hydrology for return-level estimation (Helsel 2020).
UK Flood Forecasting Centre and Environment Agency operational practice.

4. General hydrological education

Catchment processes, unit hydrograph theory, flood routing, recession analysis.
Streamflow measurement (Rantz WSP 2175 vol 1) and discharge computation (Rantz vol 2, USGS TM 3-A8).
Machine-learning-in-hydrology foundations (Kratzert 2018/2024, Gauch 2021, Lees 2021, Coxon 2020).
HydroLLM-Benchmark-aligned Q&A synthesis for domain-adapted language models.

Fields

Each row has:

passage_id (str) — SHA-1 fingerprint
source_label (str) — machine-readable source identifier
source_url (str) — public URL if scraped, else notebook_bundled / hydrocause_registry
chunk_index (int) — index within the source document
subcorpus (str) — policy / hydrology / metrics / registry
text (str) — the passage
n_words (int) — word count
split (str) — train or validation

Loading

from datasets import load_dataset
ds = load_dataset("DamiOresotu/hydrocause-knowledge-corpus")
print(ds)

Sources and licences

Policy sub-corpus (UK Open Government Licence v3.0)

Northumberland County Council: Local Flood Risk Management Strategy — Action Plan.
DEFRA: Flood and Coastal Erosion Risk Management Policy Statement (2020); National FCERM Strategy for England.
DEFRA / Environment Agency: River Basin Management Planning Ministerial Guidance.
Environment Agency: Northumbria River Basin District Flood Risk Management Plan 2021-2027.

Hydrology sub-corpus — peer-reviewed research (Copernicus, CC BY 4.0)

Kratzert, F., Klotz, D., Brenner, C., Schulz, K., Herrnegger, M. (2018). Rainfall-runoff modelling using Long Short-Term Memory (LSTM) networks. Hydrology and Earth System Sciences 22:6005-6022. DOI: 10.5194/hess-22-6005-2018.
Kratzert, F., Gauch, M., Klotz, D., Nearing, G. (2024). HESS Opinions: Never train a Long Short-Term Memory (LSTM) network on a single basin. HESS 28:4187. DOI: 10.5194/hess-28-4187-2024.
Gauch, M., Kratzert, F., Klotz, D., Nearing, G., Lin, J., Hochreiter, S. (2021). Rainfall-runoff prediction at multiple timescales with a single Long Short-Term Memory network. HESS 25:2045-2062. DOI: 10.5194/hess-25-2045-2021.
Coxon, G., Addor, N., Bloomfield, J.P., Freer, J., Fry, M., Hannaford, J., et al. (2020). CAMELS-GB: hydrometeorological time series and landscape attributes for 671 catchments in Great Britain. Earth System Science Data 12:2459-2483. DOI: 10.5194/essd-12-2459-2020.
Lees, T., Buechel, M., Anderson, B., Slater, L., Reece, S., Coxon, G., Dadson, S.J. (2021). Benchmarking data-driven rainfall-runoff models in Great Britain: a comparison of long short-term memory (LSTM)-based models with four lumped conceptual models. HESS 25:5517-5534. DOI: 10.5194/hess-25-5517-2021.

Hydrology sub-corpus — educational (public domain / CC BY 4.0)

Kizilkaya, D., Sajja, R., Sermet, Y., Demir, I. (2025). Towards HydroLLM: A Benchmark Dataset for Hydrology-Specific Knowledge Assessment for Large Language Models. Environmental Data Science (Cambridge). DOI: 10.1017/eds.2025.10006. CC BY 4.0.
Helsel, D.R., Hirsch, R.M., Ryberg, K.R., Archfield, S.A., Gilroy, E.J. (2020). Statistical Methods in Water Resources. U.S. Geological Survey Techniques and Methods 4-A3, 458 p. DOI: 10.3133/tm4a3. U.S. Government public domain (17 USC §105).
Turnipseed, D.P., Sauer, V.B. (2010). Discharge Measurements at Gaging Stations. USGS Techniques and Methods 3-A8, 87 p. Public domain.
Corson-Dosch, H.R. et al. (2023). The Water Cycle. USGS General Information Product 221. DOI: 10.3133/gip221. Public domain.
Rantz, S.E. et al. (1982). Measurement and Computation of Streamflow, Volume 1: Measurement of Stage and Discharge. USGS Water-Supply Paper 2175, 284 p. DOI: 10.3133/wsp2175. Public domain.
Rantz, S.E. et al. (1982). Measurement and Computation of Streamflow, Volume 2: Computation of Discharge. USGS Water-Supply Paper 2175, 347 p. DOI: 10.3133/wsp2175. Public domain.

Hydrology sub-corpus — operational forecasting doctrine (WMO)

World Meteorological Organization (2011). Manual on Flood Forecasting and Warning. WMO-No. 1072, 97 p. ISBN 978-92-63-11072-5.
WMO / Global Water Partnership Associated Programme on Flood Management (2013). Flood Forecasting and Early Warning. Integrated Flood Management Tools Series No. 19.

Hydrology sub-corpus — extreme-event research

Frame, J.M., Kratzert, F., Klotz, D., Gauch, M., Shalev, G., Gilon, O., Qualls, L.M., Gupta, H.V., Nearing, G.S. (2022). Deep learning rainfall-runoff predictions of extreme events. HESS 26:3377-3392. DOI: 10.5194/hess-26-3377-2022.

Metric definitions and seed summaries

Metric definitions (NSE, KGE, SMAPE, MAE, RMSE, MBE, POD, FAR, CSI, F1, CFS, SGS) and concept seed summaries are original text composed for this release.

Registry-anchored passages

Derived from the HydroCause-RAG numerical truth registry produced by Parts 1.7-1.9 of the source notebook. Six Northumberland catchments (Acomb Gardenhouse, Acomb Millersfield, Haltwhistle, Riding Mill, Stocksfield, Morpeth) with per-catchment CFS, forecast metrics, and TimeSHAP-derived tau attributions.

The corpus (this compilation) is released under CC BY 4.0. Original source documents retain their original licences.

Methodological note

The hydrology sub-corpus deliberately combines peer-reviewed research articles with educational textbook-style material and the HydroLLM-Benchmark reference paper. This mirrors the methodology of Kizilkaya et al. (2025), who built HydroLLM-Benchmark from research articles and hydrology textbooks, ensuring that downstream Q&A synthesis (Part 5) and retrieval (Parts 2-3) can be defended against reviewer challenges about educational versus research grounding.

Citation

@article{oresotu2026hydrocauserag,
  title  = {HydroCause-RAG: A Causally Audited Retrieval-Augmented
            Framework for Explainable Time-Series Forecasting with
            Foundation-Model Portability and Local-Model Distillation},
  author = {Oresotu, Olanrewaju and Li, Yulei and Woo, Wai Lok},
  journal= {Knowledge-Based Systems},
  year   = {2026}
}

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