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Discover the cosmos! Each day a different image or photograph of our fascinating universe is featured, along with a brief explanation written by a professional astronomer.
2012 June 23
Explanation: As seen from Frösön island in northern Sweden the Sun did set a day after the summer solstice. From that location below the arctic circle it settled slowly behind the northern horizon. During the sunset's final minute, this remarkable sequence of 7 images follows the distorted edge of the solar disk as it just disappears against a distant tree line, capturing both a green and blue flash. Not a myth even in a land of runes, the colorful but elusive glints are caused by atmospheric refraction enhanced by long, low, sight lines and strong atmospheric temperature gradients.
Authors & editors:
Jerry Bonnell (UMCP)
NASA Official: Phillip Newman Specific rights apply.
A service of: ASD at NASA / GSFC
& Michigan Tech. U.
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cosmos day image photograph universe explanation astronomer island day summer solstice location circle horizon sunset minute sequence images edge disk tree line flash myth land runes glints refraction sight lines temperature gradients Authors editors rights service
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discover the cosmo! each day a different image or photograph of our fascinating universe be feature, along with a brief explanation write by a professional astronomer.
2012 June 23
Explanation: as see from Frösön island in northern Sweden the Sun do set a day after the summer solstice. from that location below the arctic circle it settle slowly behind the northern horizon. during the sunset's final minute, this remarkable sequence of 7 image follow the distorted edge of the solar disk as it just disappear against a distant tree line, capture both a green and blue flash. not a myth even in a land of rune, the colorful but elusive glint be cause by atmospheric refraction enhance by long, low, sight line and strong atmospheric temperature gradient.
author & editor:
Jerry Bonnell (UMCP)
NASA Official: Phillip Newman Specific right apply.
a service of: ASD at NASA / GSFC
& Michigan Tech. U.
|
VERB DET cosmos PUNCT DET day DET ADJ image CCONJ photograph ADP PRON ADJ universe AUX VERB PUNCT ADP ADP DET ADJ explanation VERB ADP DET ADJ astronomer PUNCT SPACE NUM PROPN NUM SPACE Explanation PUNCT ADP VERB ADP PROPN island ADP ADJ PROPN DET PROPN AUX VERB DET day ADP DET summer solstice PUNCT ADP DET location ADP DET ADJ circle PRON VERB ADV ADP DET ADJ horizon PUNCT ADP DET sunset PART ADJ minute PUNCT DET ADJ sequence ADP NUM images VERB DET ADJ edge ADP DET ADJ disk ADP PRON ADV VERB ADP DET ADJ tree line PUNCT VERB CCONJ DET ADJ CCONJ ADJ flash PUNCT PART DET myth ADV ADP DET land ADP runes PUNCT DET ADJ CCONJ ADJ glints AUX VERB ADP ADJ refraction VERB ADP ADJ PUNCT ADJ PUNCT sight lines CCONJ ADJ ADJ temperature gradients PUNCT SPACE Authors CCONJ editors PUNCT SPACE PROPN PROPN PUNCT PROPN PUNCT SPACE PROPN Official PUNCT PROPN PROPN ADJ rights VERB PUNCT SPACE DET service ADP PUNCT PROPN ADP PROPN SYM PROPN SPACE PROPN PROPN PROPN PUNCT PROPN
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VERB DET cosmos PUNCT DET day DET ADJ image CCONJ photograph ADP PRON ADJ universe AUX VERB PUNCT ADP ADP DET ADJ explanation VERB ADP DET ADJ astronomer PUNCT SPACE NUM PROPN NUM SPACE Explanation PUNCT ADP VERB ADP PROPN island ADP ADJ PROPN DET PROPN AUX VERB DET day ADP DET summer solstice PUNCT ADP DET location ADP DET ADJ circle PRON VERB ADV ADP DET ADJ horizon PUNCT ADP DET sunset PART ADJ minute PUNCT DET ADJ sequence ADP NUM images VERB DET ADJ edge ADP DET ADJ disk ADP PRON ADV VERB ADP DET ADJ tree line PUNCT VERB CCONJ DET ADJ CCONJ ADJ flash PUNCT PART DET myth ADV ADP DET land ADP runes PUNCT DET ADJ CCONJ ADJ glints AUX VERB ADP ADJ refraction VERB ADP ADJ PUNCT ADJ PUNCT sight lines CCONJ ADJ ADJ temperature gradients PUNCT SPACE Authors CCONJ editors PUNCT SPACE PROPN PROPN PUNCT PROPN PUNCT SPACE PROPN Official PUNCT PROPN PROPN ADJ rights VERB PUNCT SPACE DET service ADP PUNCT PROPN ADP PROPN SYM PROPN SPACE PROPN PROPN PROPN PUNCT PROPN
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VERB DET cosmos PUNCT DET day DET ADJ image CCONJ photograph ADP PRON ADJ universe AUX VERB PUNCT ADP ADP DET ADJ explanation VERB ADP DET ADJ astronomer PUNCT SPACE NUM PROPN NUM SPACE Explanation PUNCT ADP VERB ADP PROPN island ADP ADJ PROPN DET PROPN AUX VERB DET day ADP DET summer solstice PUNCT ADP DET location ADP DET ADJ circle PRON VERB ADV ADP DET ADJ horizon PUNCT ADP DET sunset PART ADJ minute PUNCT DET ADJ sequence ADP NUM images VERB DET ADJ edge ADP DET ADJ disk ADP PRON ADV VERB ADP DET ADJ tree line PUNCT VERB CCONJ DET ADJ CCONJ ADJ flash PUNCT PART DET myth ADV ADP DET land ADP runes PUNCT DET ADJ CCONJ ADJ glints AUX VERB ADP ADJ refraction VERB ADP ADJ PUNCT ADJ PUNCT sight lines CCONJ ADJ ADJ temperature gradients PUNCT SPACE Authors CCONJ editors PUNCT SPACE PROPN PROPN PUNCT PROPN PUNCT SPACE PROPN Official PUNCT PROPN PROPN ADJ rights VERB PUNCT SPACE DET service ADP PUNCT PROPN ADP PROPN SYM PROPN SPACE PROPN PROPN PROPN PUNCT PROPN
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ASL Literature and Art
This section is a collection of ASL storytelling, poetry, works of art, and other creative works. It also consists of posts on literary aspects of ASL.
Speech language can convey sound effects in storytelling, whereas sign language can convey cinematic effects in storytelling.
Poetry in sign language has its own poetic features such as rhymes, rhythms, meters, and other features that charactierize poetry which is not limited to speech.
Explore ASL literary arts in this section including some visual-linguistic literary works in ASL and discussion.
Selected works of interest
Deconstruct W.O.R.D.: an original poetry performance.
Knowing Fish: poetic narrative video.
Compare three versions of the poem "Spring Dawn" originally written by Meng Hao-jan. The poem is translated by the literary artist Jolanta Lapiak into ASL in video and unique one-of-a-kind photograph print. Watch how ASL rhymes arise in this signed poem.
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section collection storytelling poetry works art works posts aspects language effects storytelling sign language effects sign language features rhymes rhythms meters features poetry speech arts section works discussion works interest poetry performance narrative video versions poem poem artist video kind photograph print poem
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ASL Literature and Art
this section be a collection of ASL storytelling, poetry, work of art, and other creative work. it also consist of post on literary aspect of ASL.
Speech language can convey sound effect in storytelling, whereas sign language can convey cinematic effect in storytelle.
Poetry in sign language have its own poetic feature such as rhyme, rhythm, meter, and other feature that charactierize poetry which be not limit to speech.
Explore ASL literary art in this section include some visual-linguistic literary work in ASL and discussion.
select work of interest
Deconstruct W.O.R.D.: an original poetry performance.
know Fish: poetic narrative video.
compare three version of the poem "Spring Dawn" originally write by Meng Hao-jan. the poem be translate by the literary artist Jolanta Lapiak into ASL in video and unique one-of-a-kind photograph print. watch how ASL rhyme arise in this sign poem.
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PROPN PROPN CCONJ PROPN SPACE DET section AUX DET collection ADP PROPN storytelling PUNCT poetry PUNCT works ADP art PUNCT CCONJ ADJ ADJ works PUNCT PRON ADV VERB ADP posts ADP ADJ aspects ADP PROPN PUNCT SPACE Speech language AUX VERB ADJ effects ADP storytelling PUNCT SCONJ sign language AUX VERB ADJ effects ADP storytelling PUNCT SPACE Poetry ADP sign language AUX PRON ADJ ADJ features ADJ ADP rhymes PUNCT rhythms PUNCT meters PUNCT CCONJ ADJ features PRON VERB poetry DET AUX PART VERB ADP speech PUNCT SPACE VERB PROPN ADJ arts ADP DET section VERB DET ADJ PUNCT ADJ ADJ works ADP PROPN CCONJ discussion PUNCT SPACE VERB works ADP interest SPACE VERB PROPN PUNCT DET ADJ poetry performance PUNCT SPACE VERB PROPN PUNCT ADJ narrative video PUNCT SPACE VERB NUM versions ADP DET poem PUNCT PROPN PROPN PUNCT ADV VERB ADP PROPN PROPN PUNCT PROPN PUNCT DET poem AUX VERB ADP DET ADJ artist PROPN PROPN ADP PROPN ADP video CCONJ ADJ NUM PUNCT ADP PUNCT DET PUNCT kind photograph print PUNCT VERB SCONJ PROPN rhymes VERB ADP DET VERB poem PUNCT
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PROPN PROPN CCONJ PROPN SPACE DET section AUX DET collection ADP PROPN storytelling PUNCT poetry PUNCT works ADP art PUNCT CCONJ ADJ ADJ works PUNCT PRON ADV VERB ADP posts ADP ADJ aspects ADP PROPN PUNCT SPACE Speech language AUX VERB ADJ effects ADP storytelling PUNCT SCONJ sign language AUX VERB ADJ effects ADP storytelling PUNCT SPACE Poetry ADP sign language AUX PRON ADJ ADJ features ADJ ADP rhymes PUNCT rhythms PUNCT meters PUNCT CCONJ ADJ features PRON VERB poetry DET AUX PART VERB ADP speech PUNCT SPACE VERB PROPN ADJ arts ADP DET section VERB DET ADJ PUNCT ADJ ADJ works ADP PROPN CCONJ discussion PUNCT SPACE VERB works ADP interest SPACE VERB PROPN PUNCT DET ADJ poetry performance PUNCT SPACE VERB PROPN PUNCT ADJ narrative video PUNCT SPACE VERB NUM versions ADP DET poem PUNCT PROPN PROPN PUNCT ADV VERB ADP PROPN PROPN PUNCT PROPN PUNCT DET poem AUX VERB ADP DET ADJ artist PROPN PROPN ADP PROPN ADP video CCONJ ADJ NUM PUNCT ADP PUNCT DET PUNCT kind photograph print PUNCT VERB SCONJ PROPN rhymes VERB ADP DET VERB poem PUNCT
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PROPN PROPN CCONJ PROPN SPACE DET section AUX DET collection ADP PROPN storytelling PUNCT poetry PUNCT works ADP art PUNCT CCONJ ADJ ADJ works PUNCT PRON ADV VERB ADP posts ADP ADJ aspects ADP PROPN PUNCT SPACE Speech language AUX VERB ADJ effects ADP storytelling PUNCT SCONJ sign language AUX VERB ADJ effects ADP storytelling PUNCT SPACE Poetry ADP sign language AUX PRON ADJ ADJ features ADJ ADP rhymes PUNCT rhythms PUNCT meters PUNCT CCONJ ADJ features PRON VERB poetry DET AUX PART VERB ADP speech PUNCT SPACE VERB PROPN ADJ arts ADP DET section VERB DET ADJ PUNCT ADJ ADJ works ADP PROPN CCONJ discussion PUNCT SPACE VERB works ADP interest SPACE VERB PROPN PUNCT DET ADJ poetry performance PUNCT SPACE VERB PROPN PUNCT ADJ narrative video PUNCT SPACE VERB NUM versions ADP DET poem PUNCT PROPN PROPN PUNCT ADV VERB ADP PROPN PROPN PUNCT PROPN PUNCT DET poem AUX VERB ADP DET ADJ artist PROPN PROPN ADP PROPN ADP video CCONJ ADJ NUM PUNCT ADP PUNCT DET PUNCT kind photograph print PUNCT VERB SCONJ PROPN rhymes VERB ADP DET VERB poem PUNCT
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May 19, 2008 A vaccine created by University of Rochester Medical Center scientists prevents the development of Alzheimer's disease-like pathology in mice without causing inflammation or significant side effects.
Vaccinated mice generated an immune response to the protein known as amyloid-beta peptide, which accumulates in what are called "amyloid plaques" in brains of people with Alzheimer's. The vaccinated mice demonstrated normal learning skills and functioning memory in spite of being genetically designed to develop an aggressive form of the disease.
The Rochester scientists reported the findings in an article in the May issue of Molecular Therapy, the journal of The American Society of Gene Therapy.
"Our study demonstrates that we can create a potent but safe version of a vaccine that utilizes the strategy of immune response shaping to prevent Alzheimer's-related pathologies and memory deficits," said William Bowers, associate professor of neurology and of microbiology and immunology at the Medical Center and lead author of the article. "The vaccinated mice not only performed better, we found no evidence of signature amyloid plaque in their brains."
Alzheimer's is a progressive neurodegenerative disease associated with dementia and a decline in performance of normal activities. Hallmarks of the disease include the accumulation of amyloid plaques in the brains of patients and the loss of normal functioning tau, a protein that stabilizes the transport networks in neurons. Abnormal tau function eventually leads to another classic hallmark of Alzheimer's, neurofibrillary tangle in nerve cells. After several decades of exposure to these insults, neurons ultimately succumb and die, leading to progressively damaged learning and memory centers in the brain.
The mice that received the vaccines were genetically engineered to express large amounts of amyloid beta protein. They also harbored a mutation that causes the tau-related tangle pathology. Prior to the start of the vaccine study, the mice were trained to navigate a maze using spatial clues. They were then tested periodically during the 10-month study on the amount of time and distance traveled to an escape pod and the number of errors made along the way.
"What we found exciting was that by targeting one pathology of Alzheimer's -- amyloid beta -- we were able to also prevent the transition of tau from its normal form to a form found in the disease state," Bowers said.
The goal of the vaccine is to prompt the immune system to recognize amyloid beta protein and remove it. To create the vaccine, Bowers and the research group use a herpes virus that is stripped of the viral genes that can cause disease or harm. They then load the virus container with the genetic code for amyloid beta and interleukin-4, a protein that stimulates immune responses involving type 2 T helper cells, which are lymphocytes that play an important role in the immune system.
The research group tested several versions of a vaccine. Mice were given three injections of empty virus alone, a vaccine carrying only the amyloid beta genetic code, or a vaccine encoding both amyloid beta and interlueikin-4, which was found to be the most effective.
"We have learned a great deal from this ongoing project," Bowers said. "Importantly, it has demonstrated the combined strengths of the gene delivery platform and the immune shaping concept for the creation of customized vaccines for Alzheimer's disease, as well as a number of other diseases. We are currently working on strategies we believe can make the vaccine even safer."
Bowers expects the vaccine eventually to be tested in people, but due to the number of studies required to satisfy regulatory requirements, it could be three or more years before human trials testing this type of Alzheimer's vaccine occur.
Grants from the National Institutes of Health supported the study. In addition to Bowers, authors of the Molecular Therapy article include Maria E. Frazer, Jennifer E. Hughes, Michael A. Mastrangelo and Jennifer Tibbens of the Medical Center and Howard J. Federoff of Georgetown University Medical Center.
Other social bookmarking and sharing tools:
Note: Materials may be edited for content and length. For further information, please contact the source cited above.
Note: If no author is given, the source is cited instead.
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vaccine scientists development disease pathology mice inflammation side effects mice response protein amyloid beta peptide amyloid plaques brains people mice learning skills memory spite form disease scientists findings article issue journal study version vaccine strategy response pathologies memory deficits professor microbiology immunology author article mice evidence signature amyloid plaque brains disease dementia decline performance activities Hallmarks disease accumulation amyloid plaques brains patients loss protein transport networks neurons tau function hallmark tangle nerve cells decades exposure insults neurons learning memory centers brain mice vaccines amounts amyloid beta protein mutation tangle pathology start vaccine study mice maze clues month study amount time distance escape pod number errors way pathology amyloid beta transition form form disease state Bowers goal vaccine system amyloid beta protein vaccine research group herpes virus genes disease harm virus container code amyloid beta protein responses type T helper cells lymphocytes role system research group versions vaccine Mice injections virus vaccine amyloid beta code vaccine amyloid beta deal project Bowers strengths gene delivery platform shaping concept creation vaccines disease number diseases strategies vaccine Bowers vaccine people number studies requirements years trials type vaccine Grants study addition Bowers authors article bookmarking sharing tools Note Materials content length information source Note author source
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May 19, 2008 a vaccine create by University of Rochester Medical Center scientist prevent the development of Alzheimer's disease-like pathology in mouse without cause inflammation or significant side effect.
vaccinate mouse generate an immune response to the protein know as amyloid-beta peptide, which accumulate in what be call "amyloid plaque" in brain of people with Alzheimer's. the vaccinated mouse demonstrate normal learning skill and function memory in spite of be genetically design to develop an aggressive form of the disease.
the Rochester scientist report the finding in an article in the May issue of Molecular Therapy, the journal of the American Society of Gene Therapy.
"our study demonstrate that we can create a potent but safe version of a vaccine that utilize the strategy of immune response shape to prevent Alzheimer's-relate pathology and memory deficit," say William Bowers, associate professor of neurology and of microbiology and immunology at the Medical Center and lead author of the article. "the vaccinated mouse not only perform well, we find no evidence of signature amyloid plaque in their brain."
Alzheimer's be a progressive neurodegenerative disease associate with dementia and a decline in performance of normal activity. hallmark of the disease include the accumulation of amyloid plaque in the brain of patient and the loss of normal function tau, a protein that stabilize the transport network in neuron. abnormal tau function eventually lead to another classic hallmark of Alzheimer's, neurofibrillary tangle in nerve cell. after several decade of exposure to these insult, neuron ultimately succumb and die, lead to progressively damage learning and memory center in the brain.
the mouse that receive the vaccine be genetically engineer to express large amount of amyloid beta protein. they also harbor a mutation that cause the tau-relate tangle pathology. prior to the start of the vaccine study, the mouse be train to navigate a maze use spatial clue. they be then test periodically during the 10-month study on the amount of time and distance travel to an escape pod and the number of error make along the way.
"what we find exciting be that by target one pathology of Alzheimer's -- amyloid beta -- we be able to also prevent the transition of tau from its normal form to a form find in the disease state," bower say.
the goal of the vaccine be to prompt the immune system to recognize amyloid beta protein and remove it. to create the vaccine, Bowers and the research group use a herpe virus that be strip of the viral gene that can cause disease or harm. they then load the virus container with the genetic code for amyloid beta and interleukin-4, a protein that stimulate immune response involve type 2 t helper cell, which be lymphocyte that play an important role in the immune system.
the research group test several version of a vaccine. mouse be give three injection of empty virus alone, a vaccine carry only the amyloid beta genetic code, or a vaccine encode both amyloid beta and interlueikin-4, which be find to be the most effective.
"we have learn a great deal from this ongoing project," bower say. "importantly, it have demonstrate the combined strength of the gene delivery platform and the immune shaping concept for the creation of customize vaccine for Alzheimer's disease, as well as a number of other disease. we be currently work on strategy we believe can make the vaccine even safe."
bower expect the vaccine eventually to be test in people, but due to the number of study require to satisfy regulatory requirement, it could be three or more year before human trial test this type of Alzheimer's vaccine occur.
grant from the National Institutes of Health support the study. in addition to bower, author of the Molecular Therapy article include Maria E. Frazer, Jennifer E. Hughes, Michael A. Mastrangelo and Jennifer Tibbens of the Medical Center and Howard J. Federoff of Georgetown University Medical Center.
other social bookmarking and sharing tool:
note: material may be edit for content and length. for further information, please contact the source cite above.
note: if no author be give, the source be cite instead.
|
PROPN NUM PUNCT NUM DET vaccine VERB ADP PROPN ADP PROPN PROPN PROPN scientists VERB DET development ADP PROPN PART disease PUNCT ADJ pathology ADP mice ADP VERB inflammation CCONJ ADJ ADJ effects PUNCT SPACE VERB mice VERB DET ADJ response ADP DET protein VERB ADP amyloid PUNCT beta peptide PUNCT DET VERB ADP PRON AUX VERB PUNCT amyloid plaques PUNCT ADP brains ADP people ADP PROPN PART PUNCT DET VERB mice VERB ADJ learning skills CCONJ VERB memory ADP spite ADP AUX ADV VERB PART VERB DET ADJ form ADP DET disease PUNCT SPACE DET PROPN scientists VERB DET findings ADP DET article ADP DET PROPN issue ADP PROPN PROPN PUNCT DET journal ADP DET PROPN PROPN ADP PROPN PROPN PUNCT SPACE PUNCT PRON study VERB SCONJ PRON AUX VERB DET ADJ CCONJ ADJ version ADP DET vaccine PRON VERB DET strategy ADP ADJ response shaping PART VERB PROPN PUNCT VERB pathologies CCONJ memory deficits PUNCT PUNCT VERB PROPN PROPN PUNCT ADJ professor ADP neurology CCONJ ADP microbiology CCONJ immunology ADP DET PROPN PROPN CCONJ ADJ author ADP DET article PUNCT PUNCT DET VERB mice PART ADV VERB ADV PUNCT PRON VERB DET evidence ADP signature amyloid plaque ADP PRON brains PUNCT PUNCT SPACE PROPN PART AUX DET ADJ ADJ disease VERB ADP dementia CCONJ DET decline ADP performance ADP ADJ activities PUNCT Hallmarks ADP DET disease VERB DET accumulation ADP amyloid plaques ADP DET brains ADP patients CCONJ DET loss ADP ADJ VERB tau PUNCT DET protein PRON VERB DET transport networks ADP neurons PUNCT ADJ tau function ADV VERB ADP DET ADJ hallmark ADP PROPN PART PUNCT ADJ tangle ADP nerve cells PUNCT ADP ADJ decades ADP exposure ADP DET insults PUNCT neurons ADV VERB CCONJ VERB PUNCT VERB ADP ADV VERB learning CCONJ memory centers ADP DET brain PUNCT SPACE DET mice PRON VERB DET vaccines AUX ADV VERB PART VERB ADJ amounts ADP amyloid beta protein PUNCT PRON ADV VERB DET mutation PRON VERB DET tau PUNCT VERB tangle pathology PUNCT ADV ADP DET start ADP DET vaccine study PUNCT DET mice AUX VERB PART VERB DET maze VERB ADJ clues PUNCT PRON AUX ADV VERB ADV ADP DET NUM PUNCT month study ADP DET amount ADP time CCONJ distance VERB ADP DET escape pod CCONJ DET number ADP errors VERB ADP DET way PUNCT SPACE PUNCT PRON PRON VERB ADJ AUX SCONJ ADP VERB NUM pathology ADP PROPN PART PUNCT amyloid beta PUNCT PRON AUX ADJ PART ADV VERB DET transition ADP tau ADP PRON ADJ form ADP DET form VERB ADP DET disease state PUNCT PUNCT PROPN VERB PUNCT SPACE DET goal ADP DET vaccine AUX PART VERB DET ADJ system PART VERB amyloid beta protein CCONJ VERB PRON PUNCT PART VERB DET vaccine PUNCT PROPN CCONJ DET research group VERB DET herpes virus PRON AUX VERB ADP DET ADJ genes PRON AUX VERB disease CCONJ harm PUNCT PRON ADV VERB DET virus container ADP DET ADJ code ADP amyloid beta CCONJ interleukin-4 PUNCT DET protein PRON VERB ADJ responses VERB type NUM PROPN helper cells PUNCT DET AUX lymphocytes PRON VERB DET ADJ role ADP DET ADJ system PUNCT SPACE DET research group VERB ADJ versions ADP DET vaccine PUNCT Mice AUX VERB NUM injections ADP ADJ virus ADV PUNCT DET vaccine VERB ADV DET amyloid beta ADJ code PUNCT CCONJ DET vaccine VERB DET amyloid beta CCONJ interlueikin-4 PUNCT DET AUX VERB PART AUX DET ADV ADJ PUNCT SPACE PUNCT PRON AUX VERB DET ADJ deal ADP DET ADJ project PUNCT PUNCT PROPN VERB PUNCT PUNCT ADV PUNCT PRON AUX VERB DET VERB strengths ADP DET gene delivery platform CCONJ DET ADJ shaping concept ADP DET creation ADP VERB vaccines ADP PROPN PART disease PUNCT ADV ADV ADP DET number ADP ADJ diseases PUNCT PRON AUX ADV VERB ADP strategies PRON VERB AUX VERB DET vaccine ADV ADJ PUNCT PUNCT SPACE PROPN VERB DET vaccine ADV PART AUX VERB ADP people PUNCT CCONJ ADP ADP DET number ADP studies VERB PART VERB ADJ requirements PUNCT PRON AUX AUX NUM CCONJ ADJ years ADP ADJ trials VERB DET type ADP PROPN PART vaccine VERB PUNCT SPACE Grants ADP DET PROPN PROPN ADP PROPN VERB DET study PUNCT ADP addition ADP PROPN PUNCT authors ADP DET PROPN PROPN article VERB PROPN PROPN PROPN PUNCT PROPN PROPN PROPN PUNCT PROPN PROPN PROPN CCONJ PROPN PROPN ADP DET PROPN PROPN CCONJ PROPN PROPN PROPN ADP PROPN PROPN PROPN PROPN PUNCT SPACE ADJ ADJ bookmarking CCONJ sharing tools PUNCT SPACE VERB PUNCT Materials AUX AUX VERB ADP content CCONJ length PUNCT ADP ADJ information PUNCT INTJ VERB DET source VERB ADV PUNCT SPACE VERB PUNCT SCONJ DET author AUX VERB PUNCT DET source AUX VERB ADV PUNCT
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PROPN NUM PUNCT NUM DET vaccine VERB ADP PROPN ADP PROPN PROPN PROPN scientists VERB DET development ADP PROPN PART disease PUNCT ADJ pathology ADP mice ADP VERB inflammation CCONJ ADJ ADJ effects PUNCT SPACE VERB mice VERB DET ADJ response ADP DET protein VERB ADP amyloid PUNCT beta peptide PUNCT DET VERB ADP PRON AUX VERB PUNCT amyloid plaques PUNCT ADP brains ADP people ADP PROPN PART PUNCT DET VERB mice VERB ADJ learning skills CCONJ VERB memory ADP spite ADP AUX ADV VERB PART VERB DET ADJ form ADP DET disease PUNCT SPACE DET PROPN scientists VERB DET findings ADP DET article ADP DET PROPN issue ADP PROPN PROPN PUNCT DET journal ADP DET PROPN PROPN ADP PROPN PROPN PUNCT SPACE PUNCT PRON study VERB SCONJ PRON AUX VERB DET ADJ CCONJ ADJ version ADP DET vaccine PRON VERB DET strategy ADP ADJ response shaping PART VERB PROPN PUNCT VERB pathologies CCONJ memory deficits PUNCT PUNCT VERB PROPN PROPN PUNCT ADJ professor ADP neurology CCONJ ADP microbiology CCONJ immunology ADP DET PROPN PROPN CCONJ ADJ author ADP DET article PUNCT PUNCT DET VERB mice PART ADV VERB ADV PUNCT PRON VERB DET evidence ADP signature amyloid plaque ADP PRON brains PUNCT PUNCT SPACE PROPN PART AUX DET ADJ ADJ disease VERB ADP dementia CCONJ DET decline ADP performance ADP ADJ activities PUNCT Hallmarks ADP DET disease VERB DET accumulation ADP amyloid plaques ADP DET brains ADP patients CCONJ DET loss ADP ADJ VERB tau PUNCT DET protein PRON VERB DET transport networks ADP neurons PUNCT ADJ tau function ADV VERB ADP DET ADJ hallmark ADP PROPN PART PUNCT ADJ tangle ADP nerve cells PUNCT ADP ADJ decades ADP exposure ADP DET insults PUNCT neurons ADV VERB CCONJ VERB PUNCT VERB ADP ADV VERB learning CCONJ memory centers ADP DET brain PUNCT SPACE DET mice PRON VERB DET vaccines AUX ADV VERB PART VERB ADJ amounts ADP amyloid beta protein PUNCT PRON ADV VERB DET mutation PRON VERB DET tau PUNCT VERB tangle pathology PUNCT ADV ADP DET start ADP DET vaccine study PUNCT DET mice AUX VERB PART VERB DET maze VERB ADJ clues PUNCT PRON AUX ADV VERB ADV ADP DET NUM PUNCT month study ADP DET amount ADP time CCONJ distance VERB ADP DET escape pod CCONJ DET number ADP errors VERB ADP DET way PUNCT SPACE PUNCT PRON PRON VERB ADJ AUX SCONJ ADP VERB NUM pathology ADP PROPN PART PUNCT amyloid beta PUNCT PRON AUX ADJ PART ADV VERB DET transition ADP tau ADP PRON ADJ form ADP DET form VERB ADP DET disease state PUNCT PUNCT PROPN VERB PUNCT SPACE DET goal ADP DET vaccine AUX PART VERB DET ADJ system PART VERB amyloid beta protein CCONJ VERB PRON PUNCT PART VERB DET vaccine PUNCT PROPN CCONJ DET research group VERB DET herpes virus PRON AUX VERB ADP DET ADJ genes PRON AUX VERB disease CCONJ harm PUNCT PRON ADV VERB DET virus container ADP DET ADJ code ADP amyloid beta CCONJ interleukin-4 PUNCT DET protein PRON VERB ADJ responses VERB type NUM PROPN helper cells PUNCT DET AUX lymphocytes PRON VERB DET ADJ role ADP DET ADJ system PUNCT SPACE DET research group VERB ADJ versions ADP DET vaccine PUNCT Mice AUX VERB NUM injections ADP ADJ virus ADV PUNCT DET vaccine VERB ADV DET amyloid beta ADJ code PUNCT CCONJ DET vaccine VERB DET amyloid beta CCONJ interlueikin-4 PUNCT DET AUX VERB PART AUX DET ADV ADJ PUNCT SPACE PUNCT PRON AUX VERB DET ADJ deal ADP DET ADJ project PUNCT PUNCT PROPN VERB PUNCT PUNCT ADV PUNCT PRON AUX VERB DET VERB strengths ADP DET gene delivery platform CCONJ DET ADJ shaping concept ADP DET creation ADP VERB vaccines ADP PROPN PART disease PUNCT ADV ADV ADP DET number ADP ADJ diseases PUNCT PRON AUX ADV VERB ADP strategies PRON VERB AUX VERB DET vaccine ADV ADJ PUNCT PUNCT SPACE PROPN VERB DET vaccine ADV PART AUX VERB ADP people PUNCT CCONJ ADP ADP DET number ADP studies VERB PART VERB ADJ requirements PUNCT PRON AUX AUX NUM CCONJ ADJ years ADP ADJ trials VERB DET type ADP PROPN PART vaccine VERB PUNCT SPACE Grants ADP DET PROPN PROPN ADP PROPN VERB DET study PUNCT ADP addition ADP PROPN PUNCT authors ADP DET PROPN PROPN article VERB PROPN PROPN PROPN PUNCT PROPN PROPN PROPN PUNCT PROPN PROPN PROPN CCONJ PROPN PROPN ADP DET PROPN PROPN CCONJ PROPN PROPN PROPN ADP PROPN PROPN PROPN PROPN PUNCT SPACE ADJ ADJ bookmarking CCONJ sharing tools PUNCT SPACE VERB PUNCT Materials AUX AUX VERB ADP content CCONJ length PUNCT ADP ADJ information PUNCT INTJ VERB DET source VERB ADV PUNCT SPACE VERB PUNCT SCONJ DET author AUX VERB PUNCT DET source AUX VERB ADV PUNCT
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PROPN NUM PUNCT NUM DET vaccine VERB ADP PROPN ADP PROPN PROPN PROPN scientists VERB DET development ADP PROPN PART disease PUNCT ADJ pathology ADP mice ADP VERB inflammation CCONJ ADJ ADJ effects PUNCT SPACE VERB mice VERB DET ADJ response ADP DET protein VERB ADP amyloid PUNCT beta peptide PUNCT DET VERB ADP PRON AUX VERB PUNCT amyloid plaques PUNCT ADP brains ADP people ADP PROPN PART PUNCT DET VERB mice VERB ADJ learning skills CCONJ VERB memory ADP spite ADP AUX ADV VERB PART VERB DET ADJ form ADP DET disease PUNCT SPACE DET PROPN scientists VERB DET findings ADP DET article ADP DET PROPN issue ADP PROPN PROPN PUNCT DET journal ADP DET PROPN PROPN ADP PROPN PROPN PUNCT SPACE PUNCT PRON study VERB SCONJ PRON AUX VERB DET ADJ CCONJ ADJ version ADP DET vaccine PRON VERB DET strategy ADP ADJ response shaping PART VERB PROPN PUNCT VERB pathologies CCONJ memory deficits PUNCT PUNCT VERB PROPN PROPN PUNCT ADJ professor ADP neurology CCONJ ADP microbiology CCONJ immunology ADP DET PROPN PROPN CCONJ ADJ author ADP DET article PUNCT PUNCT DET VERB mice PART ADV VERB ADV PUNCT PRON VERB DET evidence ADP signature amyloid plaque ADP PRON brains PUNCT PUNCT SPACE PROPN PART AUX DET ADJ ADJ disease VERB ADP dementia CCONJ DET decline ADP performance ADP ADJ activities PUNCT Hallmarks ADP DET disease VERB DET accumulation ADP amyloid plaques ADP DET brains ADP patients CCONJ DET loss ADP ADJ VERB tau PUNCT DET protein PRON VERB DET transport networks ADP neurons PUNCT ADJ tau function ADV VERB ADP DET ADJ hallmark ADP PROPN PART PUNCT ADJ tangle ADP nerve cells PUNCT ADP ADJ decades ADP exposure ADP DET insults PUNCT neurons ADV VERB CCONJ VERB PUNCT VERB ADP ADV VERB learning CCONJ memory centers ADP DET brain PUNCT SPACE DET mice PRON VERB DET vaccines AUX ADV VERB PART VERB ADJ amounts ADP amyloid beta protein PUNCT PRON ADV VERB DET mutation PRON VERB DET tau PUNCT VERB tangle pathology PUNCT ADV ADP DET start ADP DET vaccine study PUNCT DET mice AUX VERB PART VERB DET maze VERB ADJ clues PUNCT PRON AUX ADV VERB ADV ADP DET NUM PUNCT month study ADP DET amount ADP time CCONJ distance VERB ADP DET escape pod CCONJ DET number ADP errors VERB ADP DET way PUNCT SPACE PUNCT PRON PRON VERB ADJ AUX SCONJ ADP VERB NUM pathology ADP PROPN PART PUNCT amyloid beta PUNCT PRON AUX ADJ PART ADV VERB DET transition ADP tau ADP PRON ADJ form ADP DET form VERB ADP DET disease state PUNCT PUNCT PROPN VERB PUNCT SPACE DET goal ADP DET vaccine AUX PART VERB DET ADJ system PART VERB amyloid beta protein CCONJ VERB PRON PUNCT PART VERB DET vaccine PUNCT PROPN CCONJ DET research group VERB DET herpes virus PRON AUX VERB ADP DET ADJ genes PRON AUX VERB disease CCONJ harm PUNCT PRON ADV VERB DET virus container ADP DET ADJ code ADP amyloid beta CCONJ interleukin-4 PUNCT DET protein PRON VERB ADJ responses VERB type NUM PROPN helper cells PUNCT DET AUX lymphocytes PRON VERB DET ADJ role ADP DET ADJ system PUNCT SPACE DET research group VERB ADJ versions ADP DET vaccine PUNCT Mice AUX VERB NUM injections ADP ADJ virus ADV PUNCT DET vaccine VERB ADV DET amyloid beta ADJ code PUNCT CCONJ DET vaccine VERB DET amyloid beta CCONJ interlueikin-4 PUNCT DET AUX VERB PART AUX DET ADV ADJ PUNCT SPACE PUNCT PRON AUX VERB DET ADJ deal ADP DET ADJ project PUNCT PUNCT PROPN VERB PUNCT PUNCT ADV PUNCT PRON AUX VERB DET VERB strengths ADP DET gene delivery platform CCONJ DET ADJ shaping concept ADP DET creation ADP VERB vaccines ADP PROPN PART disease PUNCT ADV ADV ADP DET number ADP ADJ diseases PUNCT PRON AUX ADV VERB ADP strategies PRON VERB AUX VERB DET vaccine ADV ADJ PUNCT PUNCT SPACE PROPN VERB DET vaccine ADV PART AUX VERB ADP people PUNCT CCONJ ADP ADP DET number ADP studies VERB PART VERB ADJ requirements PUNCT PRON AUX AUX NUM CCONJ ADJ years ADP ADJ trials VERB DET type ADP PROPN PART vaccine VERB PUNCT SPACE Grants ADP DET PROPN PROPN ADP PROPN VERB DET study PUNCT ADP addition ADP PROPN PUNCT authors ADP DET PROPN PROPN article VERB PROPN PROPN PROPN PUNCT PROPN PROPN PROPN PUNCT PROPN PROPN PROPN CCONJ PROPN PROPN ADP DET PROPN PROPN CCONJ PROPN PROPN PROPN ADP PROPN PROPN PROPN PROPN PUNCT SPACE ADJ ADJ bookmarking CCONJ sharing tools PUNCT SPACE VERB PUNCT Materials AUX AUX VERB ADP content CCONJ length PUNCT ADP ADJ information PUNCT INTJ VERB DET source VERB ADV PUNCT SPACE VERB PUNCT SCONJ DET author AUX VERB PUNCT DET source AUX VERB ADV PUNCT
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Nephila jurassica: The biggest spider fossil ever found
Spiders are small arthropods, famous for their elasticity, strength and web-making abilities. For some people, spiders are not welcome in the home; as soon as they see one crawling on the ceiling, the first thought that comes to mind is to swat it at once.
But spiders predate us humans by a long way. And while sometimes spiders are tiny creatures, a team of scientists has discovered the largest spider fossil ever in a layer of volcanic ash in Ningcheng County, Inner Mongolia, China. The research was carried out by Paleontologist Professor Paul Selden, of the University of Kansas, with his team.
Named Nephila jurassica, this 165-million-year-old fossil is 2.5 cm in length and has a leg span of almost 9 cm. It is currently the largest known fossilized spider, and is from the family known as Nephilidae, the largest web-weaving spiders alive today.
According to research published online in the 20th April, 2011 issue of Biology Letters, this prehistoric spider was female and shows characteristics of the golden orb weaver. Widespread in warmer regions, the golden silk orb weavers are well-known for the fabulous webs they weave. Females of this family weave the largest orb webs known.
"When I first saw it, I immediately realized that it was very unique not only because of its size, but also because the preservation was excellent," said ChungKun Shih, study co-author, and a visiting professor at Capital Normal University in Beijing, China.
According to a press release: “This fossil finding provides evidence that golden orb-webs were being woven and capturing medium to large insects in Jurassic times, and predation by these spiders would have played an important role in the natural selection of contemporaneous insects.”
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spider fossil Spiders arthropods elasticity strength web abilities people spiders home ceiling thought mind spiders humans way spiders creatures team scientists spider fossil layer ash research team year fossil cm length leg span cm spider family web weaving spiders today research issue spider characteristics orb weaver regions silk orb weavers webs Females family orb webs size preservation study co - author professor press release fossil finding evidence orb webs medium insects times predation spiders role selection insects
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Nephila jurassica: the big spider fossil ever find
spider be small arthropod, famous for their elasticity, strength and web-make ability. for some people, spider be not welcome in the home; as soon as they see one crawl on the ceiling, the first thought that come to mind be to swat it at once.
but spider predate we human by a long way. and while sometimes spider be tiny creature, a team of scientist have discover the large spider fossil ever in a layer of volcanic ash in Ningcheng County, Inner Mongolia, China. the research be carry out by Paleontologist Professor Paul Selden, of the University of Kansas, with his team.
name Nephila jurassica, this 165-million-year-old fossil be 2.5 cm in length and have a leg span of almost 9 cm. it be currently the large know fossilized spider, and be from the family know as Nephilidae, the large web-weaving spider alive today.
accord to research publish online in the 20th April, 2011 issue of Biology Letters, this prehistoric spider be female and show characteristic of the golden orb weaver. widespread in warm region, the golden silk orb weaver be well-know for the fabulous webs they weave. female of this family weave the large orb webs know.
"when I first see it, I immediately realize that it be very unique not only because of its size, but also because the preservation be excellent," say ChungKun Shih, study co-author, and a visit professor at Capital Normal University in Beijing, China.
accord to a press release: "this fossil finding provide evidence that golden orb-webs be be weave and capture medium to large insect in Jurassic time, and predation by these spider would have play an important role in the natural selection of contemporaneous insect."
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PROPN X PUNCT DET ADJ spider fossil ADV VERB SPACE Spiders AUX ADJ arthropods PUNCT ADJ ADP PRON elasticity PUNCT strength CCONJ web PUNCT VERB abilities PUNCT ADP DET people PUNCT spiders AUX PART ADJ ADP DET home PUNCT ADV ADV ADP PRON VERB NUM VERB ADP DET ceiling PUNCT DET ADJ thought PRON VERB ADP mind AUX PART VERB PRON ADP ADV PUNCT SPACE CCONJ spiders VERB PRON humans ADP DET ADJ way PUNCT CCONJ SCONJ ADV spiders AUX ADJ creatures PUNCT DET team ADP scientists AUX VERB DET ADJ spider fossil ADV ADP DET layer ADP ADJ ash ADP PROPN PROPN PUNCT PROPN PROPN PUNCT PROPN PUNCT DET research AUX VERB ADP ADP Paleontologist PROPN PROPN PROPN PUNCT ADP DET PROPN ADP PROPN PUNCT ADP PRON team PUNCT SPACE VERB PROPN PROPN PUNCT DET NUM PUNCT NUM PUNCT year PUNCT ADJ fossil AUX NUM cm ADP length CCONJ AUX DET leg span ADP ADV NUM cm PUNCT PRON AUX ADV DET ADJ VERB ADJ spider PUNCT CCONJ AUX ADP DET family VERB ADP PROPN PUNCT DET ADJ web PUNCT VERB spiders ADJ today PUNCT SPACE VERB ADP research VERB ADV ADP DET ADJ PROPN PUNCT NUM issue ADP PROPN PROPN PUNCT DET ADJ spider AUX ADJ CCONJ VERB characteristics ADP DET ADJ orb weaver PUNCT ADJ ADP ADJ regions PUNCT DET ADJ silk orb weavers AUX ADV PUNCT VERB ADP DET ADJ webs PRON VERB PUNCT Females ADP DET family VERB DET ADJ orb webs VERB PUNCT SPACE PUNCT SCONJ PRON ADV VERB PRON PUNCT PRON ADV VERB SCONJ PRON AUX ADV ADJ PART ADV SCONJ ADP PRON size PUNCT CCONJ ADV SCONJ DET preservation AUX ADJ PUNCT PUNCT VERB PROPN PROPN PUNCT study co - author PUNCT CCONJ DET VERB professor ADP PROPN PROPN PROPN ADP PROPN PUNCT PROPN PUNCT SPACE VERB ADP DET press release PUNCT PUNCT DET fossil finding VERB evidence SCONJ ADJ orb PUNCT webs AUX AUX VERB CCONJ VERB medium PART ADJ insects ADP PROPN times PUNCT CCONJ predation ADP DET spiders AUX AUX VERB DET ADJ role ADP DET ADJ selection ADP ADJ insects PUNCT PUNCT
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PROPN X PUNCT DET ADJ spider fossil ADV VERB SPACE Spiders AUX ADJ arthropods PUNCT ADJ ADP PRON elasticity PUNCT strength CCONJ web PUNCT VERB abilities PUNCT ADP DET people PUNCT spiders AUX PART ADJ ADP DET home PUNCT ADV ADV ADP PRON VERB NUM VERB ADP DET ceiling PUNCT DET ADJ thought PRON VERB ADP mind AUX PART VERB PRON ADP ADV PUNCT SPACE CCONJ spiders VERB PRON humans ADP DET ADJ way PUNCT CCONJ SCONJ ADV spiders AUX ADJ creatures PUNCT DET team ADP scientists AUX VERB DET ADJ spider fossil ADV ADP DET layer ADP ADJ ash ADP PROPN PROPN PUNCT PROPN PROPN PUNCT PROPN PUNCT DET research AUX VERB ADP ADP Paleontologist PROPN PROPN PROPN PUNCT ADP DET PROPN ADP PROPN PUNCT ADP PRON team PUNCT SPACE VERB PROPN PROPN PUNCT DET NUM PUNCT NUM PUNCT year PUNCT ADJ fossil AUX NUM cm ADP length CCONJ AUX DET leg span ADP ADV NUM cm PUNCT PRON AUX ADV DET ADJ VERB ADJ spider PUNCT CCONJ AUX ADP DET family VERB ADP PROPN PUNCT DET ADJ web PUNCT VERB spiders ADJ today PUNCT SPACE VERB ADP research VERB ADV ADP DET ADJ PROPN PUNCT NUM issue ADP PROPN PROPN PUNCT DET ADJ spider AUX ADJ CCONJ VERB characteristics ADP DET ADJ orb weaver PUNCT ADJ ADP ADJ regions PUNCT DET ADJ silk orb weavers AUX ADV PUNCT VERB ADP DET ADJ webs PRON VERB PUNCT Females ADP DET family VERB DET ADJ orb webs VERB PUNCT SPACE PUNCT SCONJ PRON ADV VERB PRON PUNCT PRON ADV VERB SCONJ PRON AUX ADV ADJ PART ADV SCONJ ADP PRON size PUNCT CCONJ ADV SCONJ DET preservation AUX ADJ PUNCT PUNCT VERB PROPN PROPN PUNCT study co - author PUNCT CCONJ DET VERB professor ADP PROPN PROPN PROPN ADP PROPN PUNCT PROPN PUNCT SPACE VERB ADP DET press release PUNCT PUNCT DET fossil finding VERB evidence SCONJ ADJ orb PUNCT webs AUX AUX VERB CCONJ VERB medium PART ADJ insects ADP PROPN times PUNCT CCONJ predation ADP DET spiders AUX AUX VERB DET ADJ role ADP DET ADJ selection ADP ADJ insects PUNCT PUNCT
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PROPN X PUNCT DET ADJ spider fossil ADV VERB SPACE Spiders AUX ADJ arthropods PUNCT ADJ ADP PRON elasticity PUNCT strength CCONJ web PUNCT VERB abilities PUNCT ADP DET people PUNCT spiders AUX PART ADJ ADP DET home PUNCT ADV ADV ADP PRON VERB NUM VERB ADP DET ceiling PUNCT DET ADJ thought PRON VERB ADP mind AUX PART VERB PRON ADP ADV PUNCT SPACE CCONJ spiders VERB PRON humans ADP DET ADJ way PUNCT CCONJ SCONJ ADV spiders AUX ADJ creatures PUNCT DET team ADP scientists AUX VERB DET ADJ spider fossil ADV ADP DET layer ADP ADJ ash ADP PROPN PROPN PUNCT PROPN PROPN PUNCT PROPN PUNCT DET research AUX VERB ADP ADP Paleontologist PROPN PROPN PROPN PUNCT ADP DET PROPN ADP PROPN PUNCT ADP PRON team PUNCT SPACE VERB PROPN PROPN PUNCT DET NUM PUNCT NUM PUNCT year PUNCT ADJ fossil AUX NUM cm ADP length CCONJ AUX DET leg span ADP ADV NUM cm PUNCT PRON AUX ADV DET ADJ VERB ADJ spider PUNCT CCONJ AUX ADP DET family VERB ADP PROPN PUNCT DET ADJ web PUNCT VERB spiders ADJ today PUNCT SPACE VERB ADP research VERB ADV ADP DET ADJ PROPN PUNCT NUM issue ADP PROPN PROPN PUNCT DET ADJ spider AUX ADJ CCONJ VERB characteristics ADP DET ADJ orb weaver PUNCT ADJ ADP ADJ regions PUNCT DET ADJ silk orb weavers AUX ADV PUNCT VERB ADP DET ADJ webs PRON VERB PUNCT Females ADP DET family VERB DET ADJ orb webs VERB PUNCT SPACE PUNCT SCONJ PRON ADV VERB PRON PUNCT PRON ADV VERB SCONJ PRON AUX ADV ADJ PART ADV SCONJ ADP PRON size PUNCT CCONJ ADV SCONJ DET preservation AUX ADJ PUNCT PUNCT VERB PROPN PROPN PUNCT study co - author PUNCT CCONJ DET VERB professor ADP PROPN PROPN PROPN ADP PROPN PUNCT PROPN PUNCT SPACE VERB ADP DET press release PUNCT PUNCT DET fossil finding VERB evidence SCONJ ADJ orb PUNCT webs AUX AUX VERB CCONJ VERB medium PART ADJ insects ADP PROPN times PUNCT CCONJ predation ADP DET spiders AUX AUX VERB DET ADJ role ADP DET ADJ selection ADP ADJ insects PUNCT PUNCT
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A fossilised little finger discovered in a cave in the mountains of southern Siberia belonged to a young girl from an unknown group of archaic humans, scientists say.
The missing human relatives are thought to have inhabited much of Asia as recently as 30,000 years ago, and so shared the land with early modern humans and Neanderthals.
The finding paints a complex picture of human history in which our early ancestors left Africa 70,000 years ago to rub shoulders with other distant relatives in addition to the stocky, barrel-chested Neanderthals.
The new ancestors have been named “Denisovans” after the Denisova cave in the Altai mountains of southern Siberia where the finger bone was unearthed in 2008.
A “Denis” is thus a member of an archaic human subspecies.
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finger cave mountains girl group humans scientists relatives years land humans Neanderthals finding picture history ancestors years shoulders relatives addition barrel Neanderthals ancestors Denisovans cave mountains finger bone member subspecies
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a fossilised little finger discover in a cave in the mountain of southern Siberia belong to a young girl from an unknown group of archaic human, scientist say.
the missing human relative be think to have inhabit much of Asia as recently as 30,000 year ago, and so share the land with early modern human and neanderthal.
the finding paint a complex picture of human history in which our early ancestor leave Africa 70,000 year ago to rub shoulder with other distant relative in addition to the stocky, barrel-cheste neanderthal.
the new ancestor have be name "denisovan" after the Denisova cave in the Altai mountain of southern Siberia where the finger bone be unearth in 2008.
a "Denis" be thus a member of an archaic human subspecie.
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DET ADJ ADJ finger VERB ADP DET cave ADP DET mountains ADP ADJ PROPN VERB ADP DET ADJ girl ADP DET ADJ group ADP ADJ humans PUNCT scientists VERB PUNCT SPACE DET VERB ADJ relatives AUX VERB PART AUX VERB ADJ ADP PROPN ADV ADV ADP NUM years ADV PUNCT CCONJ ADV VERB DET land ADP ADJ ADJ humans CCONJ PROPN PUNCT SPACE DET finding VERB DET ADJ picture ADP ADJ history ADP DET PRON ADJ ancestors VERB PROPN NUM years ADV PART VERB shoulders ADP ADJ ADJ relatives ADP addition ADP DET ADJ PUNCT barrel PUNCT ADJ PROPN PUNCT SPACE DET ADJ ancestors AUX AUX VERB PUNCT PROPN PUNCT ADP DET PROPN cave ADP DET PROPN mountains ADP ADJ PROPN SCONJ DET finger bone AUX VERB ADP NUM PUNCT SPACE DET PUNCT PROPN PUNCT AUX ADV DET member ADP DET ADJ ADJ subspecies PUNCT
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DET ADJ ADJ finger VERB ADP DET cave ADP DET mountains ADP ADJ PROPN VERB ADP DET ADJ girl ADP DET ADJ group ADP ADJ humans PUNCT scientists VERB PUNCT SPACE DET VERB ADJ relatives AUX VERB PART AUX VERB ADJ ADP PROPN ADV ADV ADP NUM years ADV PUNCT CCONJ ADV VERB DET land ADP ADJ ADJ humans CCONJ PROPN PUNCT SPACE DET finding VERB DET ADJ picture ADP ADJ history ADP DET PRON ADJ ancestors VERB PROPN NUM years ADV PART VERB shoulders ADP ADJ ADJ relatives ADP addition ADP DET ADJ PUNCT barrel PUNCT ADJ PROPN PUNCT SPACE DET ADJ ancestors AUX AUX VERB PUNCT PROPN PUNCT ADP DET PROPN cave ADP DET PROPN mountains ADP ADJ PROPN SCONJ DET finger bone AUX VERB ADP NUM PUNCT SPACE DET PUNCT PROPN PUNCT AUX ADV DET member ADP DET ADJ ADJ subspecies PUNCT
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DET ADJ ADJ finger VERB ADP DET cave ADP DET mountains ADP ADJ PROPN VERB ADP DET ADJ girl ADP DET ADJ group ADP ADJ humans PUNCT scientists VERB PUNCT SPACE DET VERB ADJ relatives AUX VERB PART AUX VERB ADJ ADP PROPN ADV ADV ADP NUM years ADV PUNCT CCONJ ADV VERB DET land ADP ADJ ADJ humans CCONJ PROPN PUNCT SPACE DET finding VERB DET ADJ picture ADP ADJ history ADP DET PRON ADJ ancestors VERB PROPN NUM years ADV PART VERB shoulders ADP ADJ ADJ relatives ADP addition ADP DET ADJ PUNCT barrel PUNCT ADJ PROPN PUNCT SPACE DET ADJ ancestors AUX AUX VERB PUNCT PROPN PUNCT ADP DET PROPN cave ADP DET PROPN mountains ADP ADJ PROPN SCONJ DET finger bone AUX VERB ADP NUM PUNCT SPACE DET PUNCT PROPN PUNCT AUX ADV DET member ADP DET ADJ ADJ subspecies PUNCT
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Tips to Facilitate Workshops Effectively
Facilitators play a very important role in the creation of a respectful, positive learning environment during a workshop. Here you will find some tips to facilitate workshops effectively.
- Make sure everybody has a chance to participate. For example, through small group activities or direct questions to different participants. Help the group to avoid long discussions between two people who may isolate the rest of the/other participants. Promote the importance of sharing the space and listening to different voices and opinions.
- Be prepared to make adjustments to the agenda – sometimes you have to cross out activities, but the most important thing is to achieve the general goals of the workshop.
- Make every possible thing to have all the logistics ready beforehand to then be able to focus on the workshop’s agenda.
- Pay attention to the group’s energy and motivation – Plan activities where everyone is able to participate and to stay active and engaged.
- Provide space for the participants to be able to share their own experiences and knowledge. Remember that each one of us has a lot to learn and a lot to teach.
- Relax and have fun! Be a part of the process – You are learning, too, so you don’t have to know it all nor do everything perfect.
- Be prepared for difficult questions. Get familiarized with the topic, know the content of the workshop but remember you don’t have to know all the answers! You can ask other participants what they know about the topic, or you can find out the answers later and share them with the participants after the workshop.
- Focus on giving general information – Avoid answering questions about specific cases. Usually, this can change the direction of the conversation and might be considered as providing legal advice without a license to do so.
- Your work as facilitator is to help the group learn together, not necessarily to present all the information and be the “expert” in the topic.
- Try to be as clear as possible – especially when you are giving the exercises’ instructions. Work as a team with the other facilitators during the whole workshop.
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Tips Facilitators role creation environment workshop tips workshops chance example group activities questions participants group discussions people rest participants importance space voices opinions adjustments agenda activities thing goals workshop thing logistics workshop agenda attention group energy motivation Plan activities space participants experiences knowledge lot lot fun part process questions topic content workshop answers participants topic answers participants workshop Focus information questions cases direction conversation advice license work facilitator group information expert topic exercises instructions team facilitators workshop
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tip to Facilitate Workshops effectively
facilitator play a very important role in the creation of a respectful, positive learn environment during a workshop. here you will find some tip to facilitate workshop effectively.
- make sure everybody have a chance to participate. for example, through small group activity or direct question to different participant. help the group to avoid long discussion between two people who may isolate the rest of the/other participant. promote the importance of share the space and listen to different voice and opinion.
- be prepared to make adjustment to the agenda – sometimes you have to cross out activity, but the most important thing be to achieve the general goal of the workshop.
- make every possible thing to have all the logistic ready beforehand to then be able to focus on the workshop’s agenda.
- pay attention to the group’s energy and motivation – plan activity where everyone be able to participate and to stay active and engage.
- provide space for the participant to be able to share their own experience and knowledge. remember that each one of we have a lot to learn and a lot to teach.
- relax and have fun! be a part of the process – you be learn, too, so you donot have to know it all nor do everything perfect.
- be prepared for difficult question. get familiarize with the topic, know the content of the workshop but remember you donot have to know all the answer! you can ask other participant what they know about the topic, or you can find out the answer later and share they with the participant after the workshop.
- focus on give general information – avoid answer question about specific case. usually, this can change the direction of the conversation and might be consider as provide legal advice without a license to do so.
- your work as facilitator be to help the group learn together, not necessarily to present all the information and be the "expert" in the topic.
- try to be as clear as possible – especially when you be give the exercise' instruction. work as a team with the other facilitator during the whole workshop.
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Tips PART VERB Workshops ADV SPACE Facilitators VERB DET ADV ADJ role ADP DET creation ADP DET ADJ PUNCT ADJ learning environment ADP DET workshop PUNCT ADV PRON AUX VERB DET tips PART VERB workshops ADV PUNCT SPACE PUNCT VERB ADJ PRON AUX DET chance PART VERB PUNCT ADP example PUNCT ADP ADJ group activities CCONJ VERB questions ADP ADJ participants PUNCT VERB DET group PART VERB ADJ discussions ADP NUM people PRON AUX VERB DET rest ADP DET SYM ADJ participants PUNCT VERB DET importance ADP VERB DET space CCONJ VERB ADP ADJ voices CCONJ opinions PUNCT SPACE PUNCT AUX ADJ PART VERB adjustments ADP DET agenda PUNCT ADV PRON AUX PART VERB ADP activities PUNCT CCONJ DET ADV ADJ thing AUX PART VERB DET ADJ goals ADP DET workshop PUNCT SPACE PUNCT VERB DET ADJ thing PART AUX DET DET logistics ADJ ADV PART ADV AUX ADJ PART VERB ADP DET workshop PART agenda PUNCT SPACE PUNCT VERB attention ADP DET group PART energy CCONJ motivation PUNCT VERB activities SCONJ PRON AUX ADJ PART VERB CCONJ PART VERB ADJ CCONJ ADJ PUNCT SPACE PUNCT VERB space ADP DET participants PART AUX ADJ PART VERB PRON ADJ experiences CCONJ knowledge PUNCT VERB SCONJ DET NUM ADP PRON AUX DET lot PART VERB CCONJ DET lot PART VERB PUNCT SPACE PUNCT VERB CCONJ AUX fun PUNCT AUX DET part ADP DET process PUNCT PRON AUX VERB PUNCT ADV PUNCT SCONJ PRON AUX PART AUX PART VERB PRON DET CCONJ AUX PRON ADV PUNCT SPACE PUNCT AUX VERB ADP ADJ questions PUNCT VERB VERB ADP DET topic PUNCT VERB DET content ADP DET workshop CCONJ VERB PRON AUX PART AUX PART VERB DET DET answers PUNCT PRON AUX VERB ADJ participants PRON PRON VERB ADP DET topic PUNCT CCONJ PRON AUX VERB ADP DET answers ADV CCONJ VERB PRON ADP DET participants ADP DET workshop PUNCT SPACE PUNCT VERB ADP VERB ADJ information PUNCT VERB VERB questions ADP ADJ cases PUNCT ADV PUNCT DET AUX VERB DET direction ADP DET conversation CCONJ AUX AUX VERB ADP VERB ADJ advice ADP DET license PART AUX ADV PUNCT SPACE PUNCT PRON work ADP facilitator AUX PART VERB DET group VERB ADV PUNCT PART ADV PART VERB DET DET information CCONJ AUX DET PUNCT expert PUNCT ADP DET topic PUNCT SPACE PUNCT VERB PART AUX ADV ADJ ADP ADJ PUNCT ADV SCONJ PRON AUX VERB DET exercises PART instructions PUNCT VERB ADP DET team ADP DET ADJ facilitators ADP DET ADJ workshop PUNCT
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Tips PART VERB Workshops ADV SPACE Facilitators VERB DET ADV ADJ role ADP DET creation ADP DET ADJ PUNCT ADJ learning environment ADP DET workshop PUNCT ADV PRON AUX VERB DET tips PART VERB workshops ADV PUNCT SPACE PUNCT VERB ADJ PRON AUX DET chance PART VERB PUNCT ADP example PUNCT ADP ADJ group activities CCONJ VERB questions ADP ADJ participants PUNCT VERB DET group PART VERB ADJ discussions ADP NUM people PRON AUX VERB DET rest ADP DET SYM ADJ participants PUNCT VERB DET importance ADP VERB DET space CCONJ VERB ADP ADJ voices CCONJ opinions PUNCT SPACE PUNCT AUX ADJ PART VERB adjustments ADP DET agenda PUNCT ADV PRON AUX PART VERB ADP activities PUNCT CCONJ DET ADV ADJ thing AUX PART VERB DET ADJ goals ADP DET workshop PUNCT SPACE PUNCT VERB DET ADJ thing PART AUX DET DET logistics ADJ ADV PART ADV AUX ADJ PART VERB ADP DET workshop PART agenda PUNCT SPACE PUNCT VERB attention ADP DET group PART energy CCONJ motivation PUNCT VERB activities SCONJ PRON AUX ADJ PART VERB CCONJ PART VERB ADJ CCONJ ADJ PUNCT SPACE PUNCT VERB space ADP DET participants PART AUX ADJ PART VERB PRON ADJ experiences CCONJ knowledge PUNCT VERB SCONJ DET NUM ADP PRON AUX DET lot PART VERB CCONJ DET lot PART VERB PUNCT SPACE PUNCT VERB CCONJ AUX fun PUNCT AUX DET part ADP DET process PUNCT PRON AUX VERB PUNCT ADV PUNCT SCONJ PRON AUX PART AUX PART VERB PRON DET CCONJ AUX PRON ADV PUNCT SPACE PUNCT AUX VERB ADP ADJ questions PUNCT VERB VERB ADP DET topic PUNCT VERB DET content ADP DET workshop CCONJ VERB PRON AUX PART AUX PART VERB DET DET answers PUNCT PRON AUX VERB ADJ participants PRON PRON VERB ADP DET topic PUNCT CCONJ PRON AUX VERB ADP DET answers ADV CCONJ VERB PRON ADP DET participants ADP DET workshop PUNCT SPACE PUNCT VERB ADP VERB ADJ information PUNCT VERB VERB questions ADP ADJ cases PUNCT ADV PUNCT DET AUX VERB DET direction ADP DET conversation CCONJ AUX AUX VERB ADP VERB ADJ advice ADP DET license PART AUX ADV PUNCT SPACE PUNCT PRON work ADP facilitator AUX PART VERB DET group VERB ADV PUNCT PART ADV PART VERB DET DET information CCONJ AUX DET PUNCT expert PUNCT ADP DET topic PUNCT SPACE PUNCT VERB PART AUX ADV ADJ ADP ADJ PUNCT ADV SCONJ PRON AUX VERB DET exercises PART instructions PUNCT VERB ADP DET team ADP DET ADJ facilitators ADP DET ADJ workshop PUNCT
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Tips PART VERB Workshops ADV SPACE Facilitators VERB DET ADV ADJ role ADP DET creation ADP DET ADJ PUNCT ADJ learning environment ADP DET workshop PUNCT ADV PRON AUX VERB DET tips PART VERB workshops ADV PUNCT SPACE PUNCT VERB ADJ PRON AUX DET chance PART VERB PUNCT ADP example PUNCT ADP ADJ group activities CCONJ VERB questions ADP ADJ participants PUNCT VERB DET group PART VERB ADJ discussions ADP NUM people PRON AUX VERB DET rest ADP DET SYM ADJ participants PUNCT VERB DET importance ADP VERB DET space CCONJ VERB ADP ADJ voices CCONJ opinions PUNCT SPACE PUNCT AUX ADJ PART VERB adjustments ADP DET agenda PUNCT ADV PRON AUX PART VERB ADP activities PUNCT CCONJ DET ADV ADJ thing AUX PART VERB DET ADJ goals ADP DET workshop PUNCT SPACE PUNCT VERB DET ADJ thing PART AUX DET DET logistics ADJ ADV PART ADV AUX ADJ PART VERB ADP DET workshop PART agenda PUNCT SPACE PUNCT VERB attention ADP DET group PART energy CCONJ motivation PUNCT VERB activities SCONJ PRON AUX ADJ PART VERB CCONJ PART VERB ADJ CCONJ ADJ PUNCT SPACE PUNCT VERB space ADP DET participants PART AUX ADJ PART VERB PRON ADJ experiences CCONJ knowledge PUNCT VERB SCONJ DET NUM ADP PRON AUX DET lot PART VERB CCONJ DET lot PART VERB PUNCT SPACE PUNCT VERB CCONJ AUX fun PUNCT AUX DET part ADP DET process PUNCT PRON AUX VERB PUNCT ADV PUNCT SCONJ PRON AUX PART AUX PART VERB PRON DET CCONJ AUX PRON ADV PUNCT SPACE PUNCT AUX VERB ADP ADJ questions PUNCT VERB VERB ADP DET topic PUNCT VERB DET content ADP DET workshop CCONJ VERB PRON AUX PART AUX PART VERB DET DET answers PUNCT PRON AUX VERB ADJ participants PRON PRON VERB ADP DET topic PUNCT CCONJ PRON AUX VERB ADP DET answers ADV CCONJ VERB PRON ADP DET participants ADP DET workshop PUNCT SPACE PUNCT VERB ADP VERB ADJ information PUNCT VERB VERB questions ADP ADJ cases PUNCT ADV PUNCT DET AUX VERB DET direction ADP DET conversation CCONJ AUX AUX VERB ADP VERB ADJ advice ADP DET license PART AUX ADV PUNCT SPACE PUNCT PRON work ADP facilitator AUX PART VERB DET group VERB ADV PUNCT PART ADV PART VERB DET DET information CCONJ AUX DET PUNCT expert PUNCT ADP DET topic PUNCT SPACE PUNCT VERB PART AUX ADV ADJ ADP ADJ PUNCT ADV SCONJ PRON AUX VERB DET exercises PART instructions PUNCT VERB ADP DET team ADP DET ADJ facilitators ADP DET ADJ workshop PUNCT
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A new tool to identify the calls of bat species could help conservation efforts.
Because bats are nocturnal and difficult to observe or catch, the most effective way to study them is to monitor their echolocation calls. These sounds are emitted in order to hear the echo bouncing back from surfaces around the bats, allowing them to navigate, hunt and communicate.
Many different measurements can be taken from each call, such as its minimum and maximum frequency, or how quickly the frequency changes during the call, and these measurements are used to help identify the species of bat.
However, a paper by an international team of researchers, published in the Journal of Applied Ecology, asserts that poor standardisation of acoustic monitoring limits scientists’ ability to collate data.
Kate Jones, chairwoman of the UK-based Bat Conservation Trust
told the BBC that “without using the same identification methods everywhere, we cannot form reliable conclusions about how bat populations are doing and whether their distribution is changing.
"Because many bats migrate between different European countries, we need to monitor bats at a European - as well as country - scale.”
The team selected 1,350 calls from 34 different European bat species from EchoBank, a global echolocation library containing more than 200,000 bat call recordings. This raw data has allowed them to develop the identification tool, iBatsID
, which can identify 34 out of 45 species of bats.
This free online tool works anywhere in Europe, and its creators claim can identify most species correctly more than 80% of the time.
There are 18 species of bat residing in the UK, including the common pipistrelle and greater horseshoe bat.
Monitoring bats is vital not just to this species, but also to the whole ecosystem. Bats are extremely sensitive to changes in their environment, so if bat populations are declining, it can be an indication that other species might be affected in the future.
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tool calls bat species conservation efforts bats way echolocation calls sounds order echo surfaces bats hunt measurements call frequency frequency call measurements species bat paper team researchers standardisation monitoring scientists ability data chairwoman identification methods conclusions bat populations distribution bats countries bats country scale team calls bat species echolocation library bat call recordings data identification tool species bats tool creators species % time species bat pipistrelle horseshoe bat Monitoring bats species ecosystem Bats changes environment bat populations indication species future
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a new tool to identify the call of bat specie could help conservation effort.
because bat be nocturnal and difficult to observe or catch, the most effective way to study they be to monitor their echolocation call. these sound be emit in order to hear the echo bounce back from surface around the bat, allow they to navigate, hunt and communicate.
many different measurement can be take from each call, such as its minimum and maximum frequency, or how quickly the frequency change during the call, and these measurement be use to help identify the specie of bat.
however, a paper by an international team of researcher, publish in the Journal of Applied Ecology, assert that poor standardisation of acoustic monitoring limit scientist’ ability to collate datum.
Kate Jones, chairwoman of the UK-base Bat Conservation Trust
tell the BBC that "without use the same identification method everywhere, we cannot form reliable conclusion about how bat population be do and whether their distribution be change.
"because many bat migrate between different european country, we need to monitor bat at a European - as well as country - scale."
the team select 1,350 call from 34 different european bat specie from EchoBank, a global echolocation library contain more than 200,000 bat call recording. this raw datum have allow they to develop the identification tool, iBatsID
, which can identify 34 out of 45 specie of bat.
this free online tool work anywhere in Europe, and its creator claim can identify most specie correctly more than 80% of the time.
there be 18 specie of bat reside in the UK, include the common pipistrelle and great horseshoe bat.
monitoring bat be vital not just to this specie, but also to the whole ecosystem. bat be extremely sensitive to change in their environment, so if bat population be decline, it can be an indication that other specie might be affect in the future.
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DET ADJ tool PART VERB DET calls ADP bat species AUX VERB conservation efforts PUNCT SPACE SCONJ bats AUX ADJ CCONJ ADJ PART VERB CCONJ VERB PUNCT DET ADV ADJ way PART VERB PRON AUX PART VERB PRON echolocation calls PUNCT DET sounds AUX VERB ADP order PART VERB DET echo VERB ADV ADP surfaces ADP DET bats PUNCT VERB PRON PART VERB PUNCT VERB CCONJ VERB PUNCT SPACE ADJ ADJ measurements AUX AUX VERB ADP DET call PUNCT ADJ ADP PRON minimum CCONJ ADJ frequency PUNCT CCONJ SCONJ ADV DET frequency VERB ADP DET call PUNCT CCONJ DET measurements AUX VERB PART VERB VERB DET species ADP bat PUNCT SPACE ADV PUNCT DET paper ADP DET ADJ team ADP researchers PUNCT VERB ADP DET PROPN ADP PROPN PROPN PUNCT VERB SCONJ ADJ standardisation ADP ADJ monitoring VERB scientists PART ability PART VERB data PUNCT SPACE PROPN PROPN PUNCT chairwoman ADP DET PROPN PUNCT VERB PROPN PROPN PROPN SPACE VERB DET PROPN SCONJ PUNCT ADP VERB DET ADJ identification methods ADV PUNCT PRON AUX PART VERB ADJ conclusions ADP SCONJ bat populations AUX VERB CCONJ SCONJ PRON distribution AUX VERB PUNCT SPACE PUNCT SCONJ ADJ bats VERB ADP ADJ ADJ countries PUNCT PRON VERB PART VERB bats ADP DET ADJ PUNCT ADV ADV ADP country PUNCT scale PUNCT PUNCT SPACE DET team VERB NUM calls ADP NUM ADJ ADJ bat species ADP PROPN PUNCT DET ADJ echolocation library VERB ADJ ADP NUM bat call recordings PUNCT DET ADJ data AUX VERB PRON PART VERB DET identification tool PUNCT PROPN SPACE PUNCT DET AUX VERB NUM ADP ADP NUM species ADP bats PUNCT SPACE DET ADJ ADJ tool VERB ADV ADP PROPN PUNCT CCONJ PRON creators VERB AUX VERB ADJ species ADV ADJ ADP NUM% ADP DET time PUNCT SPACE PRON AUX NUM species ADP bat VERB ADP DET PROPN PUNCT VERB DET ADJ pipistrelle CCONJ ADJ horseshoe bat PUNCT SPACE VERB bats AUX ADJ PART ADV ADP DET species PUNCT CCONJ ADV ADP DET ADJ ecosystem PUNCT Bats AUX ADV ADJ ADP changes ADP PRON environment PUNCT CCONJ SCONJ bat populations AUX VERB PUNCT PRON AUX AUX DET indication SCONJ ADJ species AUX AUX VERB ADP DET future PUNCT
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DET ADJ tool PART VERB DET calls ADP bat species AUX VERB conservation efforts PUNCT SPACE SCONJ bats AUX ADJ CCONJ ADJ PART VERB CCONJ VERB PUNCT DET ADV ADJ way PART VERB PRON AUX PART VERB PRON echolocation calls PUNCT DET sounds AUX VERB ADP order PART VERB DET echo VERB ADV ADP surfaces ADP DET bats PUNCT VERB PRON PART VERB PUNCT VERB CCONJ VERB PUNCT SPACE ADJ ADJ measurements AUX AUX VERB ADP DET call PUNCT ADJ ADP PRON minimum CCONJ ADJ frequency PUNCT CCONJ SCONJ ADV DET frequency VERB ADP DET call PUNCT CCONJ DET measurements AUX VERB PART VERB VERB DET species ADP bat PUNCT SPACE ADV PUNCT DET paper ADP DET ADJ team ADP researchers PUNCT VERB ADP DET PROPN ADP PROPN PROPN PUNCT VERB SCONJ ADJ standardisation ADP ADJ monitoring VERB scientists PART ability PART VERB data PUNCT SPACE PROPN PROPN PUNCT chairwoman ADP DET PROPN PUNCT VERB PROPN PROPN PROPN SPACE VERB DET PROPN SCONJ PUNCT ADP VERB DET ADJ identification methods ADV PUNCT PRON AUX PART VERB ADJ conclusions ADP SCONJ bat populations AUX VERB CCONJ SCONJ PRON distribution AUX VERB PUNCT SPACE PUNCT SCONJ ADJ bats VERB ADP ADJ ADJ countries PUNCT PRON VERB PART VERB bats ADP DET ADJ PUNCT ADV ADV ADP country PUNCT scale PUNCT PUNCT SPACE DET team VERB NUM calls ADP NUM ADJ ADJ bat species ADP PROPN PUNCT DET ADJ echolocation library VERB ADJ ADP NUM bat call recordings PUNCT DET ADJ data AUX VERB PRON PART VERB DET identification tool PUNCT PROPN SPACE PUNCT DET AUX VERB NUM ADP ADP NUM species ADP bats PUNCT SPACE DET ADJ ADJ tool VERB ADV ADP PROPN PUNCT CCONJ PRON creators VERB AUX VERB ADJ species ADV ADJ ADP NUM% ADP DET time PUNCT SPACE PRON AUX NUM species ADP bat VERB ADP DET PROPN PUNCT VERB DET ADJ pipistrelle CCONJ ADJ horseshoe bat PUNCT SPACE VERB bats AUX ADJ PART ADV ADP DET species PUNCT CCONJ ADV ADP DET ADJ ecosystem PUNCT Bats AUX ADV ADJ ADP changes ADP PRON environment PUNCT CCONJ SCONJ bat populations AUX VERB PUNCT PRON AUX AUX DET indication SCONJ ADJ species AUX AUX VERB ADP DET future PUNCT
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DET ADJ tool PART VERB DET calls ADP bat species AUX VERB conservation efforts PUNCT SPACE SCONJ bats AUX ADJ CCONJ ADJ PART VERB CCONJ VERB PUNCT DET ADV ADJ way PART VERB PRON AUX PART VERB PRON echolocation calls PUNCT DET sounds AUX VERB ADP order PART VERB DET echo VERB ADV ADP surfaces ADP DET bats PUNCT VERB PRON PART VERB PUNCT VERB CCONJ VERB PUNCT SPACE ADJ ADJ measurements AUX AUX VERB ADP DET call PUNCT ADJ ADP PRON minimum CCONJ ADJ frequency PUNCT CCONJ SCONJ ADV DET frequency VERB ADP DET call PUNCT CCONJ DET measurements AUX VERB PART VERB VERB DET species ADP bat PUNCT SPACE ADV PUNCT DET paper ADP DET ADJ team ADP researchers PUNCT VERB ADP DET PROPN ADP PROPN PROPN PUNCT VERB SCONJ ADJ standardisation ADP ADJ monitoring VERB scientists PART ability PART VERB data PUNCT SPACE PROPN PROPN PUNCT chairwoman ADP DET PROPN PUNCT VERB PROPN PROPN PROPN SPACE VERB DET PROPN SCONJ PUNCT ADP VERB DET ADJ identification methods ADV PUNCT PRON AUX PART VERB ADJ conclusions ADP SCONJ bat populations AUX VERB CCONJ SCONJ PRON distribution AUX VERB PUNCT SPACE PUNCT SCONJ ADJ bats VERB ADP ADJ ADJ countries PUNCT PRON VERB PART VERB bats ADP DET ADJ PUNCT ADV ADV ADP country PUNCT scale PUNCT PUNCT SPACE DET team VERB NUM calls ADP NUM ADJ ADJ bat species ADP PROPN PUNCT DET ADJ echolocation library VERB ADJ ADP NUM bat call recordings PUNCT DET ADJ data AUX VERB PRON PART VERB DET identification tool PUNCT PROPN SPACE PUNCT DET AUX VERB NUM ADP ADP NUM species ADP bats PUNCT SPACE DET ADJ ADJ tool VERB ADV ADP PROPN PUNCT CCONJ PRON creators VERB AUX VERB ADJ species ADV ADJ ADP NUM% ADP DET time PUNCT SPACE PRON AUX NUM species ADP bat VERB ADP DET PROPN PUNCT VERB DET ADJ pipistrelle CCONJ ADJ horseshoe bat PUNCT SPACE VERB bats AUX ADJ PART ADV ADP DET species PUNCT CCONJ ADV ADP DET ADJ ecosystem PUNCT Bats AUX ADV ADJ ADP changes ADP PRON environment PUNCT CCONJ SCONJ bat populations AUX VERB PUNCT PRON AUX AUX DET indication SCONJ ADJ species AUX AUX VERB ADP DET future PUNCT
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The common name for sedums is Stonecrop. There is a Stonecrop Nursery in eastern New York which was the first garden created by Frank Cabot. Frank created the Garden Conservancy, an organization which strives to preserve some of our exceptional gardens for posterity. Each year it also runs its Open Days Program which opens gardens to the public throughout the country. Frank Cabot went on to create Les Quatre Vents, an outstanding garden at his family home in Quebec.
There are two sedums which most gardeners grow; Sedum acre, a tiny low-growing
groundcover plant with bright yellow flowers. This is being used effectively in the Peace Garden in the plaza between the library and city hall.
The other is Autumn Joy which is in bloom now and will continue to provide color for
months to come. Some references say it requires full sun. Not so! I have it in three locations in my garden. I have several plants growing out of a south-facing wall. But there are tall oaks and maples to the south so that the only time it gets direct sun is in spring before the oaks leaf out. The rest of the year it is dappled light. Another plant is in the east-facing bed on top of my long stone wall where it gets only morning sun. The third plant is in my shrub-perennial border where it gets a bit of sun mid-day. Mine is the ordinary run-of-the-mill Autumn Joy, but there are several cultivars offered in nurseries. Among these are: Crimson, Iceberg, which has white flowers, Autumn Fire and Chocolate Drop, growing only eight inches tall with brown leaves and pink flowers.
There are two native sedums: Roseroot, Sedum rosa and Wild Stonecrop, Sedum ternatum. A third Wild Live-forever, Sedum teliphiodes, grows on cliffs and rocks in Pennsylvania and southward.
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name sedums garden organization gardens posterity year gardens public country garden family home sedums gardeners groundcover plant flowers plaza library city hall bloom color months references sun locations garden plants wall oaks maples south time sun spring oaks rest year light plant east bed top stone wall morning sun plant shrub border bit sun mid - day run mill cultivars nurseries flowers inches leaves flowers sedums ternatum teliphiodes cliffs rocks
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the common name for sedum be Stonecrop. there be a Stonecrop Nursery in eastern New York which be the first garden create by Frank Cabot. Frank create the Garden Conservancy, an organization which strive to preserve some of our exceptional garden for posterity. each year it also run its Open Days Program which open garden to the public throughout the country. Frank Cabot go on to create Les Quatre Vents, an outstanding garden at his family home in Quebec.
there be two sedum which most gardener grow; Sedum acre, a tiny low-grow
groundcover plant with bright yellow flower. this be be use effectively in the Peace Garden in the plaza between the library and city hall.
the other be Autumn Joy which be in bloom now and will continue to provide color for
month to come. some reference say it require full sun. not so! I have it in three location in my garden. I have several plant grow out of a south-face wall. but there be tall oak and maple to the south so that the only time it get direct sun be in spring before the oak leaf out. the rest of the year it be dapple light. another plant be in the east-face bed on top of my long stone wall where it get only morning sun. the third plant be in my shrub-perennial border where it get a bit of sun mid-day. mine be the ordinary run-of-the-mill Autumn Joy, but there be several cultivar offer in nursery. among these be: Crimson, Iceberg, which have white flower, Autumn Fire and Chocolate Drop, grow only eight inch tall with brown leaf and pink flower.
there be two native sedum: Roseroot, Sedum rosa and Wild Stonecrop, Sedum ternatum. a third Wild Live-forever, Sedum teliphiode, grow on cliff and rock in Pennsylvania and southward.
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DET ADJ name ADP sedums AUX PROPN PUNCT PRON AUX DET PROPN PROPN ADP ADJ PROPN PROPN DET AUX DET ADJ garden VERB ADP PROPN PROPN PUNCT PROPN VERB DET PROPN PROPN PUNCT DET organization DET VERB PART VERB DET ADP PRON ADJ gardens ADP posterity PUNCT DET year PRON ADV VERB PRON PROPN PROPN PROPN DET VERB gardens ADP DET public ADP DET country PUNCT PROPN PROPN VERB ADP PART VERB PROPN PROPN PROPN PUNCT DET ADJ garden ADP PRON family home ADP PROPN PUNCT SPACE PRON AUX NUM sedums DET ADJ gardeners VERB PUNCT Sedum acre PUNCT DET ADJ ADV PUNCT VERB SPACE groundcover plant ADP ADJ ADJ flowers PUNCT DET AUX AUX VERB ADV ADP DET PROPN PROPN ADP DET plaza ADP DET library CCONJ city hall PUNCT SPACE DET ADJ AUX PROPN PROPN DET AUX ADP bloom ADV CCONJ AUX VERB PART VERB color ADP SPACE months PART VERB PUNCT DET references VERB PRON VERB ADJ sun PUNCT PART ADV PUNCT PRON AUX PRON ADP NUM locations ADP PRON garden PUNCT PRON AUX ADJ plants VERB ADP ADP DET south PUNCT VERB wall PUNCT CCONJ PRON AUX ADJ oaks CCONJ maples ADP DET south SCONJ SCONJ DET ADJ time PRON VERB ADJ sun AUX ADP spring ADP DET oaks VERB ADP PUNCT DET rest ADP DET year PRON AUX VERB light PUNCT DET plant AUX ADP DET east PUNCT VERB bed ADP top ADP PRON ADJ stone wall SCONJ PRON VERB ADJ morning sun PUNCT DET ADJ plant AUX ADP PRON shrub PUNCT ADJ border SCONJ PRON VERB DET bit ADP sun ADV - day PUNCT PRON AUX DET ADJ run PUNCT ADP PUNCT DET PUNCT mill PROPN PROPN PUNCT CCONJ PRON AUX ADJ cultivars VERB ADP nurseries PUNCT ADP DET AUX PUNCT PROPN PUNCT PROPN PUNCT DET AUX ADJ flowers PUNCT PROPN PROPN CCONJ PROPN PROPN PUNCT VERB ADV NUM inches ADJ ADP ADJ leaves CCONJ ADJ flowers PUNCT SPACE PRON AUX NUM ADJ sedums PUNCT PROPN PUNCT PROPN rosa CCONJ PROPN PROPN PUNCT PROPN ternatum PUNCT DET ADJ PROPN PROPN PUNCT forever PUNCT PROPN teliphiodes PUNCT VERB ADP cliffs CCONJ rocks ADP PROPN CCONJ ADV PUNCT
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DET ADJ name ADP sedums AUX PROPN PUNCT PRON AUX DET PROPN PROPN ADP ADJ PROPN PROPN DET AUX DET ADJ garden VERB ADP PROPN PROPN PUNCT PROPN VERB DET PROPN PROPN PUNCT DET organization DET VERB PART VERB DET ADP PRON ADJ gardens ADP posterity PUNCT DET year PRON ADV VERB PRON PROPN PROPN PROPN DET VERB gardens ADP DET public ADP DET country PUNCT PROPN PROPN VERB ADP PART VERB PROPN PROPN PROPN PUNCT DET ADJ garden ADP PRON family home ADP PROPN PUNCT SPACE PRON AUX NUM sedums DET ADJ gardeners VERB PUNCT Sedum acre PUNCT DET ADJ ADV PUNCT VERB SPACE groundcover plant ADP ADJ ADJ flowers PUNCT DET AUX AUX VERB ADV ADP DET PROPN PROPN ADP DET plaza ADP DET library CCONJ city hall PUNCT SPACE DET ADJ AUX PROPN PROPN DET AUX ADP bloom ADV CCONJ AUX VERB PART VERB color ADP SPACE months PART VERB PUNCT DET references VERB PRON VERB ADJ sun PUNCT PART ADV PUNCT PRON AUX PRON ADP NUM locations ADP PRON garden PUNCT PRON AUX ADJ plants VERB ADP ADP DET south PUNCT VERB wall PUNCT CCONJ PRON AUX ADJ oaks CCONJ maples ADP DET south SCONJ SCONJ DET ADJ time PRON VERB ADJ sun AUX ADP spring ADP DET oaks VERB ADP PUNCT DET rest ADP DET year PRON AUX VERB light PUNCT DET plant AUX ADP DET east PUNCT VERB bed ADP top ADP PRON ADJ stone wall SCONJ PRON VERB ADJ morning sun PUNCT DET ADJ plant AUX ADP PRON shrub PUNCT ADJ border SCONJ PRON VERB DET bit ADP sun ADV - day PUNCT PRON AUX DET ADJ run PUNCT ADP PUNCT DET PUNCT mill PROPN PROPN PUNCT CCONJ PRON AUX ADJ cultivars VERB ADP nurseries PUNCT ADP DET AUX PUNCT PROPN PUNCT PROPN PUNCT DET AUX ADJ flowers PUNCT PROPN PROPN CCONJ PROPN PROPN PUNCT VERB ADV NUM inches ADJ ADP ADJ leaves CCONJ ADJ flowers PUNCT SPACE PRON AUX NUM ADJ sedums PUNCT PROPN PUNCT PROPN rosa CCONJ PROPN PROPN PUNCT PROPN ternatum PUNCT DET ADJ PROPN PROPN PUNCT forever PUNCT PROPN teliphiodes PUNCT VERB ADP cliffs CCONJ rocks ADP PROPN CCONJ ADV PUNCT
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DET ADJ name ADP sedums AUX PROPN PUNCT PRON AUX DET PROPN PROPN ADP ADJ PROPN PROPN DET AUX DET ADJ garden VERB ADP PROPN PROPN PUNCT PROPN VERB DET PROPN PROPN PUNCT DET organization DET VERB PART VERB DET ADP PRON ADJ gardens ADP posterity PUNCT DET year PRON ADV VERB PRON PROPN PROPN PROPN DET VERB gardens ADP DET public ADP DET country PUNCT PROPN PROPN VERB ADP PART VERB PROPN PROPN PROPN PUNCT DET ADJ garden ADP PRON family home ADP PROPN PUNCT SPACE PRON AUX NUM sedums DET ADJ gardeners VERB PUNCT Sedum acre PUNCT DET ADJ ADV PUNCT VERB SPACE groundcover plant ADP ADJ ADJ flowers PUNCT DET AUX AUX VERB ADV ADP DET PROPN PROPN ADP DET plaza ADP DET library CCONJ city hall PUNCT SPACE DET ADJ AUX PROPN PROPN DET AUX ADP bloom ADV CCONJ AUX VERB PART VERB color ADP SPACE months PART VERB PUNCT DET references VERB PRON VERB ADJ sun PUNCT PART ADV PUNCT PRON AUX PRON ADP NUM locations ADP PRON garden PUNCT PRON AUX ADJ plants VERB ADP ADP DET south PUNCT VERB wall PUNCT CCONJ PRON AUX ADJ oaks CCONJ maples ADP DET south SCONJ SCONJ DET ADJ time PRON VERB ADJ sun AUX ADP spring ADP DET oaks VERB ADP PUNCT DET rest ADP DET year PRON AUX VERB light PUNCT DET plant AUX ADP DET east PUNCT VERB bed ADP top ADP PRON ADJ stone wall SCONJ PRON VERB ADJ morning sun PUNCT DET ADJ plant AUX ADP PRON shrub PUNCT ADJ border SCONJ PRON VERB DET bit ADP sun ADV - day PUNCT PRON AUX DET ADJ run PUNCT ADP PUNCT DET PUNCT mill PROPN PROPN PUNCT CCONJ PRON AUX ADJ cultivars VERB ADP nurseries PUNCT ADP DET AUX PUNCT PROPN PUNCT PROPN PUNCT DET AUX ADJ flowers PUNCT PROPN PROPN CCONJ PROPN PROPN PUNCT VERB ADV NUM inches ADJ ADP ADJ leaves CCONJ ADJ flowers PUNCT SPACE PRON AUX NUM ADJ sedums PUNCT PROPN PUNCT PROPN rosa CCONJ PROPN PROPN PUNCT PROPN ternatum PUNCT DET ADJ PROPN PROPN PUNCT forever PUNCT PROPN teliphiodes PUNCT VERB ADP cliffs CCONJ rocks ADP PROPN CCONJ ADV PUNCT
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A Soyuz rocket launched two Galileo satellites into orbit on Friday, marking a crucial step for Europe’s planned navigation system, operator Arianespace announced.
The launch took place at the Kourou space base in French Guiana, at 3:15pm (6:15pm GMT).
Three and three-quarter hours later, the 700kg satellites were placed into orbit.
The new satellites add to the first two in the Galileo navigation system, which were launched on Oct. 21, last year.
Together they create a “mini-constellation.” Four is the minimum number of satellites needed to gain a navigational fix on the ground, using signals from the satellite to get a position for latitude, longitude, altitude and a time reference.
Galileo will ultimately consist of 30 satellites, six more than the US Global Positioning System.
By 2015, 18 satellites should be in place, which is sufficient for launching services to the public, followed by the rest in 2020, according to the European Space Agency.
It is claimed that the system will be accurate to within one meter. The US Global Positioning System, which became operational in 1995 and is currently being upgraded, is currently accurate to between three and eight meters.
In May, the European Commission said the cost by 2015 would be 5 billion euros (US$6.45 billion).
As a medium-sized launcher, Soyuz complements Europe’s heavyweight Ariane 5 and lightweight Vega rockets.
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rocket satellites orbit step navigation system operator launch place space base quarter hours kg satellites orbit satellites navigation system year mini - constellation number satellites fix ground signals satellite position latitude longitude altitude time reference satellites satellites place services public rest system meter meters cost euros launcher complements rockets
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a Soyuz rocket launch two Galileo satellite into orbit on Friday, mark a crucial step for Europe’s plan navigation system, operator Arianespace announce.
the launch take place at the Kourou space base in French Guiana, at 3:15pm (6:15pm GMT).
three and three-quarter hour later, the 700kg satellite be place into orbit.
the new satellite add to the first two in the Galileo navigation system, which be launch on Oct. 21, last year.
together they create a "mini-constellation." four be the minimum number of satellite need to gain a navigational fix on the ground, use signal from the satellite to get a position for latitude, longitude, altitude and a time reference.
Galileo will ultimately consist of 30 satellite, six more than the US Global Positioning System.
by 2015, 18 satellite should be in place, which be sufficient for launch service to the public, follow by the rest in 2020, accord to the European Space Agency.
it be claim that the system will be accurate to within one meter. the US Global Positioning System, which become operational in 1995 and be currently be upgrade, be currently accurate to between three and eight meter.
in May, the European Commission say the cost by 2015 would be 5 billion euro (us$6.45 billion).
as a medium-sized launcher, Soyuz complement Europe’s heavyweight Ariane 5 and lightweight Vega rocket.
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DET PROPN rocket VERB NUM PROPN satellites ADP orbit ADP PROPN PUNCT VERB DET ADJ step ADP PROPN PART VERB navigation system PUNCT operator PROPN VERB PUNCT SPACE DET launch VERB place ADP DET PROPN space base ADP PROPN PROPN PUNCT ADP NUM PUNCT NUM GMT PUNCT PUNCT SPACE NUM CCONJ NUM PUNCT quarter hours ADV PUNCT DET NUM kg satellites AUX VERB ADP orbit PUNCT SPACE DET ADJ satellites VERB ADP DET ADJ NUM ADP DET PROPN navigation system PUNCT DET AUX VERB ADP PROPN NUM PUNCT ADJ year PUNCT SPACE ADV PRON VERB DET PUNCT mini - constellation PUNCT PUNCT NUM AUX DET ADJ number ADP satellites VERB PART VERB DET ADJ fix ADP DET ground PUNCT VERB signals ADP DET satellite PART VERB DET position ADP latitude PUNCT longitude PUNCT altitude CCONJ DET time reference PUNCT SPACE PROPN AUX ADV VERB ADP NUM satellites PUNCT NUM ADJ ADP DET PROPN PROPN PROPN PROPN PUNCT SPACE ADP NUM PUNCT NUM satellites AUX AUX ADP place PUNCT DET AUX ADJ ADP VERB services ADP DET public PUNCT VERB ADP DET rest ADP NUM PUNCT VERB ADP DET PROPN PROPN PROPN PUNCT SPACE PRON AUX VERB SCONJ DET system AUX AUX ADJ ADP ADP NUM meter PUNCT DET PROPN PROPN PROPN PROPN PUNCT DET VERB ADJ ADP NUM CCONJ AUX ADV AUX VERB PUNCT AUX ADV ADJ ADP ADP NUM CCONJ NUM meters PUNCT SPACE ADP PROPN PUNCT DET PROPN PROPN VERB DET cost ADP NUM AUX AUX NUM NUM euros PUNCT SYM NUM NUM PUNCT PUNCT SPACE ADP DET ADJ PUNCT ADJ launcher PUNCT PROPN VERB PROPN PART ADJ PROPN NUM CCONJ ADJ PROPN rockets PUNCT
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DET PROPN rocket VERB NUM PROPN satellites ADP orbit ADP PROPN PUNCT VERB DET ADJ step ADP PROPN PART VERB navigation system PUNCT operator PROPN VERB PUNCT SPACE DET launch VERB place ADP DET PROPN space base ADP PROPN PROPN PUNCT ADP NUM PUNCT NUM GMT PUNCT PUNCT SPACE NUM CCONJ NUM PUNCT quarter hours ADV PUNCT DET NUM kg satellites AUX VERB ADP orbit PUNCT SPACE DET ADJ satellites VERB ADP DET ADJ NUM ADP DET PROPN navigation system PUNCT DET AUX VERB ADP PROPN NUM PUNCT ADJ year PUNCT SPACE ADV PRON VERB DET PUNCT mini - constellation PUNCT PUNCT NUM AUX DET ADJ number ADP satellites VERB PART VERB DET ADJ fix ADP DET ground PUNCT VERB signals ADP DET satellite PART VERB DET position ADP latitude PUNCT longitude PUNCT altitude CCONJ DET time reference PUNCT SPACE PROPN AUX ADV VERB ADP NUM satellites PUNCT NUM ADJ ADP DET PROPN PROPN PROPN PROPN PUNCT SPACE ADP NUM PUNCT NUM satellites AUX AUX ADP place PUNCT DET AUX ADJ ADP VERB services ADP DET public PUNCT VERB ADP DET rest ADP NUM PUNCT VERB ADP DET PROPN PROPN PROPN PUNCT SPACE PRON AUX VERB SCONJ DET system AUX AUX ADJ ADP ADP NUM meter PUNCT DET PROPN PROPN PROPN PROPN PUNCT DET VERB ADJ ADP NUM CCONJ AUX ADV AUX VERB PUNCT AUX ADV ADJ ADP ADP NUM CCONJ NUM meters PUNCT SPACE ADP PROPN PUNCT DET PROPN PROPN VERB DET cost ADP NUM AUX AUX NUM NUM euros PUNCT SYM NUM NUM PUNCT PUNCT SPACE ADP DET ADJ PUNCT ADJ launcher PUNCT PROPN VERB PROPN PART ADJ PROPN NUM CCONJ ADJ PROPN rockets PUNCT
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DET PROPN rocket VERB NUM PROPN satellites ADP orbit ADP PROPN PUNCT VERB DET ADJ step ADP PROPN PART VERB navigation system PUNCT operator PROPN VERB PUNCT SPACE DET launch VERB place ADP DET PROPN space base ADP PROPN PROPN PUNCT ADP NUM PUNCT NUM GMT PUNCT PUNCT SPACE NUM CCONJ NUM PUNCT quarter hours ADV PUNCT DET NUM kg satellites AUX VERB ADP orbit PUNCT SPACE DET ADJ satellites VERB ADP DET ADJ NUM ADP DET PROPN navigation system PUNCT DET AUX VERB ADP PROPN NUM PUNCT ADJ year PUNCT SPACE ADV PRON VERB DET PUNCT mini - constellation PUNCT PUNCT NUM AUX DET ADJ number ADP satellites VERB PART VERB DET ADJ fix ADP DET ground PUNCT VERB signals ADP DET satellite PART VERB DET position ADP latitude PUNCT longitude PUNCT altitude CCONJ DET time reference PUNCT SPACE PROPN AUX ADV VERB ADP NUM satellites PUNCT NUM ADJ ADP DET PROPN PROPN PROPN PROPN PUNCT SPACE ADP NUM PUNCT NUM satellites AUX AUX ADP place PUNCT DET AUX ADJ ADP VERB services ADP DET public PUNCT VERB ADP DET rest ADP NUM PUNCT VERB ADP DET PROPN PROPN PROPN PUNCT SPACE PRON AUX VERB SCONJ DET system AUX AUX ADJ ADP ADP NUM meter PUNCT DET PROPN PROPN PROPN PROPN PUNCT DET VERB ADJ ADP NUM CCONJ AUX ADV AUX VERB PUNCT AUX ADV ADJ ADP ADP NUM CCONJ NUM meters PUNCT SPACE ADP PROPN PUNCT DET PROPN PROPN VERB DET cost ADP NUM AUX AUX NUM NUM euros PUNCT SYM NUM NUM PUNCT PUNCT SPACE ADP DET ADJ PUNCT ADJ launcher PUNCT PROPN VERB PROPN PART ADJ PROPN NUM CCONJ ADJ PROPN rockets PUNCT
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Emacs Lisp uses two kinds of storage for user-created Lisp objects: normal storage and pure storage. Normal storage is where all the new data created during an Emacs session are kept (see Garbage Collection). Pure storage is used for certain data in the preloaded standard Lisp files—data that should never change during actual use of Emacs.
Pure storage is allocated only while temacs is loading the
standard preloaded Lisp libraries. In the file emacs, it is
marked as read-only (on operating systems that permit this), so that
the memory space can be shared by all the Emacs jobs running on the
machine at once. Pure storage is not expandable; a fixed amount is
allocated when Emacs is compiled, and if that is not sufficient for
the preloaded libraries, temacs allocates dynamic memory for
the part that didn't fit. The resulting image will work, but garbage
collection (see Garbage Collection) is disabled in this situation,
causing a memory leak. Such an overflow normally won't happen unless
you try to preload additional libraries or add features to the
standard ones. Emacs will display a warning about the overflow when
it starts. If this happens, you should increase the compilation
SYSTEM_PURESIZE_EXTRA in the file
src/puresize.h and rebuild Emacs.
This function makes a copy in pure storage of object, and returns it. It copies a string by simply making a new string with the same characters, but without text properties, in pure storage. It recursively copies the contents of vectors and cons cells. It does not make copies of other objects such as symbols, but just returns them unchanged. It signals an error if asked to copy markers.
This function is a no-op except while Emacs is being built and dumped; it is usually called only in preloaded Lisp files.
The value of this variable is the number of bytes of pure storage allocated so far. Typically, in a dumped Emacs, this number is very close to the total amount of pure storage available—if it were not, we would preallocate less.
This variable determines whether
defunshould make a copy of the function definition in pure storage. If it is non-
nil, then the function definition is copied into pure storage.
This flag is
twhile loading all of the basic functions for building Emacs initially (allowing those functions to be shareable and non-collectible). Dumping Emacs as an executable always writes
nilin this variable, regardless of the value it actually has before and after dumping.
You should not change this flag in a running Emacs.
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kinds storage user storage storage storage data session storage data files data use storage temacs libraries file emacs read operating systems memory space jobs machine storage amount libraries temacs memory part image garbage collection situation memory leak overflow libraries features ones warning overflow compilation SYSTEM_PURESIZE_EXTRA file puresize.h function copy storage object string string characters text properties storage contents vectors cons cells copies objects symbols error markers function no op files value variable number bytes storage number amount storage variable copy function definition storage nil function definition storage flag twhile functions functions executable nilin variable value flag
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Emacs Lisp use two kind of storage for user-create Lisp object: normal storage and pure storage. normal storage be where all the new datum create during an Emacs session be keep (see Garbage Collection). pure storage be use for certain datum in the preloaded standard Lisp file—datum that should never change during actual use of Emacs.
pure storage be allocate only while temac be load the
standard preloade Lisp library. in the file emac, it be
mark as read-only (on operating system that permit this), so that
the memory space can be share by all the Emacs job run on the
machine at once. pure storage be not expandable; a fix amount be
allocate when Emacs be compile, and if that be not sufficient for
the preloaded library, temac allocate dynamic memory for
the part that donot fit. the result image will work, but garbage
collection (see Garbage Collection) be disabled in this situation,
cause a memory leak. such an overflow normally willnot happen unless
you try to preload additional library or add feature to the
standard one. Emacs will display a warning about the overflow when
it start. if this happen, you should increase the compilation
system_puresize_extra in the file
src/puresize.h and rebuild Emacs.
this function make a copy in pure storage of object, and return it. it copy a string by simply make a new string with the same character, but without text property, in pure storage. it recursively copy the content of vector and con cell. it do not make copy of other object such as symbol, but just return they unchanged. it signal an error if ask to copy marker.
this function be a no-op except while Emacs be be build and dump; it be usually call only in preloade Lisp file.
the value of this variable be the number of byte of pure storage allocate so far. typically, in a dump Emacs, this number be very close to the total amount of pure storage available—if it be not, we would preallocate less.
this variable determine whether
defunshould make a copy of the function definition in pure storage. if it be non-
nil, then the function definition be copy into pure storage.
this flag be
twhile load all of the basic function for build Emacs initially (allow those function to be shareable and non-collectible). dump Emacs as an executable always write
nilin this variable, regardless of the value it actually have before and after dump.
you should not change this flag in a run Emacs.
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PROPN PROPN VERB NUM kinds ADP storage ADP user PUNCT VERB PROPN objects PUNCT ADJ storage CCONJ ADJ storage PUNCT ADJ storage AUX SCONJ DET DET ADJ data VERB ADP DET PROPN session AUX VERB PUNCT VERB PROPN PROPN PUNCT PUNCT ADJ storage AUX VERB ADP ADJ data ADP DET VERB ADJ PROPN files PUNCT data PRON AUX ADV VERB ADP ADJ use ADP PROPN PUNCT SPACE ADJ storage AUX VERB ADV SCONJ PROPN AUX VERB DET SPACE ADJ VERB PROPN libraries PUNCT ADP DET file PROPN PUNCT PRON AUX SPACE VERB ADP VERB PUNCT ADV PUNCT ADP VERB systems PRON VERB DET PUNCT PUNCT SCONJ SCONJ SPACE DET memory space AUX AUX VERB ADP DET DET PROPN jobs VERB ADP DET SPACE machine ADP ADV PUNCT ADJ storage AUX PART ADJ PUNCT DET VERB amount AUX SPACE VERB SCONJ PROPN AUX VERB PUNCT CCONJ SCONJ DET AUX PART ADJ ADP SPACE DET VERB libraries PUNCT PROPN VERB ADJ memory ADP SPACE DET part PRON AUX PART VERB PUNCT DET VERB image AUX VERB PUNCT CCONJ garbage SPACE collection PUNCT VERB PROPN PROPN PUNCT AUX VERB ADP DET situation PUNCT SPACE VERB DET memory leak PUNCT DET DET overflow ADV AUX PART VERB SCONJ SPACE PRON VERB PART VERB ADJ libraries CCONJ VERB features ADP DET SPACE ADJ ones PUNCT PROPN AUX VERB DET warning ADP DET overflow SCONJ SPACE PRON VERB PUNCT SCONJ DET VERB PUNCT PRON AUX VERB DET compilation SPACE SYSTEM_PURESIZE_EXTRA ADP DET file SPACE X X puresize.h CCONJ VERB PROPN PUNCT SPACE DET function VERB DET copy ADP ADJ storage ADP object PUNCT CCONJ VERB PRON PUNCT PRON VERB DET string ADP ADV VERB DET ADJ string ADP DET ADJ characters PUNCT CCONJ ADP text properties PUNCT ADP ADJ storage PUNCT PRON ADV VERB DET contents ADP vectors CCONJ cons cells PUNCT PRON AUX PART VERB copies ADP ADJ objects ADJ ADP symbols PUNCT CCONJ ADV VERB PRON ADJ PUNCT PRON VERB DET error SCONJ VERB PART VERB markers PUNCT SPACE DET function AUX DET no PUNCT op SCONJ SCONJ PROPN AUX AUX VERB CCONJ VERB PUNCT PRON AUX ADV VERB ADV ADP VERB PROPN files PUNCT SPACE DET value ADP DET variable AUX DET number ADP bytes ADP ADJ storage VERB ADV ADV PUNCT ADV PUNCT ADP DET VERB PROPN PUNCT DET number AUX ADV ADJ ADP DET ADJ amount ADP ADJ storage ADJ PUNCT SCONJ PRON AUX PART PUNCT PRON AUX VERB ADJ PUNCT SPACE DET variable VERB SCONJ SPACE AUX VERB DET copy ADP DET function definition ADP ADJ storage PUNCT SCONJ PRON AUX ADJ SPACE ADJ PUNCT ADV DET function definition AUX VERB ADP ADJ storage PUNCT SPACE DET flag AUX SPACE ADP VERB DET ADP DET ADJ functions ADP VERB PROPN ADV PUNCT VERB DET functions PART AUX ADJ CCONJ ADJ ADJ ADJ PUNCT PUNCT VERB PROPN ADP DET executable ADV VERB SPACE VERB DET variable PUNCT ADV ADP DET value PRON ADV AUX ADP CCONJ ADP VERB PUNCT SPACE PRON AUX PART VERB DET flag ADP DET VERB PROPN PUNCT
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PROPN PROPN VERB NUM kinds ADP storage ADP user PUNCT VERB PROPN objects PUNCT ADJ storage CCONJ ADJ storage PUNCT ADJ storage AUX SCONJ DET DET ADJ data VERB ADP DET PROPN session AUX VERB PUNCT VERB PROPN PROPN PUNCT PUNCT ADJ storage AUX VERB ADP ADJ data ADP DET VERB ADJ PROPN files PUNCT data PRON AUX ADV VERB ADP ADJ use ADP PROPN PUNCT SPACE ADJ storage AUX VERB ADV SCONJ PROPN AUX VERB DET SPACE ADJ VERB PROPN libraries PUNCT ADP DET file PROPN PUNCT PRON AUX SPACE VERB ADP VERB PUNCT ADV PUNCT ADP VERB systems PRON VERB DET PUNCT PUNCT SCONJ SCONJ SPACE DET memory space AUX AUX VERB ADP DET DET PROPN jobs VERB ADP DET SPACE machine ADP ADV PUNCT ADJ storage AUX PART ADJ PUNCT DET VERB amount AUX SPACE VERB SCONJ PROPN AUX VERB PUNCT CCONJ SCONJ DET AUX PART ADJ ADP SPACE DET VERB libraries PUNCT PROPN VERB ADJ memory ADP SPACE DET part PRON AUX PART VERB PUNCT DET VERB image AUX VERB PUNCT CCONJ garbage SPACE collection PUNCT VERB PROPN PROPN PUNCT AUX VERB ADP DET situation PUNCT SPACE VERB DET memory leak PUNCT DET DET overflow ADV AUX PART VERB SCONJ SPACE PRON VERB PART VERB ADJ libraries CCONJ VERB features ADP DET SPACE ADJ ones PUNCT PROPN AUX VERB DET warning ADP DET overflow SCONJ SPACE PRON VERB PUNCT SCONJ DET VERB PUNCT PRON AUX VERB DET compilation SPACE SYSTEM_PURESIZE_EXTRA ADP DET file SPACE X X puresize.h CCONJ VERB PROPN PUNCT SPACE DET function VERB DET copy ADP ADJ storage ADP object PUNCT CCONJ VERB PRON PUNCT PRON VERB DET string ADP ADV VERB DET ADJ string ADP DET ADJ characters PUNCT CCONJ ADP text properties PUNCT ADP ADJ storage PUNCT PRON ADV VERB DET contents ADP vectors CCONJ cons cells PUNCT PRON AUX PART VERB copies ADP ADJ objects ADJ ADP symbols PUNCT CCONJ ADV VERB PRON ADJ PUNCT PRON VERB DET error SCONJ VERB PART VERB markers PUNCT SPACE DET function AUX DET no PUNCT op SCONJ SCONJ PROPN AUX AUX VERB CCONJ VERB PUNCT PRON AUX ADV VERB ADV ADP VERB PROPN files PUNCT SPACE DET value ADP DET variable AUX DET number ADP bytes ADP ADJ storage VERB ADV ADV PUNCT ADV PUNCT ADP DET VERB PROPN PUNCT DET number AUX ADV ADJ ADP DET ADJ amount ADP ADJ storage ADJ PUNCT SCONJ PRON AUX PART PUNCT PRON AUX VERB ADJ PUNCT SPACE DET variable VERB SCONJ SPACE AUX VERB DET copy ADP DET function definition ADP ADJ storage PUNCT SCONJ PRON AUX ADJ SPACE ADJ PUNCT ADV DET function definition AUX VERB ADP ADJ storage PUNCT SPACE DET flag AUX SPACE ADP VERB DET ADP DET ADJ functions ADP VERB PROPN ADV PUNCT VERB DET functions PART AUX ADJ CCONJ ADJ ADJ ADJ PUNCT PUNCT VERB PROPN ADP DET executable ADV VERB SPACE VERB DET variable PUNCT ADV ADP DET value PRON ADV AUX ADP CCONJ ADP VERB PUNCT SPACE PRON AUX PART VERB DET flag ADP DET VERB PROPN PUNCT
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PROPN PROPN VERB NUM kinds ADP storage ADP user PUNCT VERB PROPN objects PUNCT ADJ storage CCONJ ADJ storage PUNCT ADJ storage AUX SCONJ DET DET ADJ data VERB ADP DET PROPN session AUX VERB PUNCT VERB PROPN PROPN PUNCT PUNCT ADJ storage AUX VERB ADP ADJ data ADP DET VERB ADJ PROPN files PUNCT data PRON AUX ADV VERB ADP ADJ use ADP PROPN PUNCT SPACE ADJ storage AUX VERB ADV SCONJ PROPN AUX VERB DET SPACE ADJ VERB PROPN libraries PUNCT ADP DET file PROPN PUNCT PRON AUX SPACE VERB ADP VERB PUNCT ADV PUNCT ADP VERB systems PRON VERB DET PUNCT PUNCT SCONJ SCONJ SPACE DET memory space AUX AUX VERB ADP DET DET PROPN jobs VERB ADP DET SPACE machine ADP ADV PUNCT ADJ storage AUX PART ADJ PUNCT DET VERB amount AUX SPACE VERB SCONJ PROPN AUX VERB PUNCT CCONJ SCONJ DET AUX PART ADJ ADP SPACE DET VERB libraries PUNCT PROPN VERB ADJ memory ADP SPACE DET part PRON AUX PART VERB PUNCT DET VERB image AUX VERB PUNCT CCONJ garbage SPACE collection PUNCT VERB PROPN PROPN PUNCT AUX VERB ADP DET situation PUNCT SPACE VERB DET memory leak PUNCT DET DET overflow ADV AUX PART VERB SCONJ SPACE PRON VERB PART VERB ADJ libraries CCONJ VERB features ADP DET SPACE ADJ ones PUNCT PROPN AUX VERB DET warning ADP DET overflow SCONJ SPACE PRON VERB PUNCT SCONJ DET VERB PUNCT PRON AUX VERB DET compilation SPACE SYSTEM_PURESIZE_EXTRA ADP DET file SPACE X X puresize.h CCONJ VERB PROPN PUNCT SPACE DET function VERB DET copy ADP ADJ storage ADP object PUNCT CCONJ VERB PRON PUNCT PRON VERB DET string ADP ADV VERB DET ADJ string ADP DET ADJ characters PUNCT CCONJ ADP text properties PUNCT ADP ADJ storage PUNCT PRON ADV VERB DET contents ADP vectors CCONJ cons cells PUNCT PRON AUX PART VERB copies ADP ADJ objects ADJ ADP symbols PUNCT CCONJ ADV VERB PRON ADJ PUNCT PRON VERB DET error SCONJ VERB PART VERB markers PUNCT SPACE DET function AUX DET no PUNCT op SCONJ SCONJ PROPN AUX AUX VERB CCONJ VERB PUNCT PRON AUX ADV VERB ADV ADP VERB PROPN files PUNCT SPACE DET value ADP DET variable AUX DET number ADP bytes ADP ADJ storage VERB ADV ADV PUNCT ADV PUNCT ADP DET VERB PROPN PUNCT DET number AUX ADV ADJ ADP DET ADJ amount ADP ADJ storage ADJ PUNCT SCONJ PRON AUX PART PUNCT PRON AUX VERB ADJ PUNCT SPACE DET variable VERB SCONJ SPACE AUX VERB DET copy ADP DET function definition ADP ADJ storage PUNCT SCONJ PRON AUX ADJ SPACE ADJ PUNCT ADV DET function definition AUX VERB ADP ADJ storage PUNCT SPACE DET flag AUX SPACE ADP VERB DET ADP DET ADJ functions ADP VERB PROPN ADV PUNCT VERB DET functions PART AUX ADJ CCONJ ADJ ADJ ADJ PUNCT PUNCT VERB PROPN ADP DET executable ADV VERB SPACE VERB DET variable PUNCT ADV ADP DET value PRON ADV AUX ADP CCONJ ADP VERB PUNCT SPACE PRON AUX PART VERB DET flag ADP DET VERB PROPN PUNCT
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35 - The Philosopher's Toolkit: Aristotle's Logical Works
Peter discusses Aristotle’s pioneering work in logic, and looks at related issues like the ten categories and the famous “sea battle” argument for determinism.
You are missing some Flash content that should appear here! Perhaps your browser cannot display it, or maybe it did not initialize correctly.
• J. Hintikka, Time and Necessity. Studies in Aristotle's Theory of Modality (Oxford:1973).
• W. Leszl, “Aristotle's Logical Works and His Conception of Logic,” Topoi 23 (2004), 71–100.
• R. Smith, "Logic," in J. Barnes (ed.), The Cambridge Companion to Aristotle (Cambridge: 1995), 27-65.
• S. Waterlow, Passage and Possibility (Oxford: 1982).
On the "sea battle" problem:
• G.E.M. Anscombe, “Aristotle and the Sea Battle,” in J.M.E. Moravcsik (ed.), Aristotle: a Collection of Critical Essays, (1967), reprinted from Mind 65 (1956).
• D. Frede, “The Sea-Battle Reconsidered: a Defence of the Traditional Interpretation,” Oxford Studies in Ancient Philosophy 3 (1985).
• J. Hintikka, “The Once and Future Sea Fight: Aristotle’s Discussion of Future Contingents in de Interpretatione 9,” in his Time and Necessity (see above).
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Toolkit work logic issues categories sea battle argument determinism content browser Studies Theory Oxford:1973 sea battle problem
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35 - the Philosopher's toolkit: Aristotle's Logical Works
Peter discuss Aristotle’s pioneer work in logic, and look at relate issue like the ten category and the famous "sea battle" argument for determinism.
you be miss some Flash content that should appear here! perhaps your browser cannot display it, or maybe it do not initialize correctly.
• J. Hintikka, Time and Necessity. study in Aristotle's theory of Modality (oxford:1973).
• W. Leszl, "Aristotle's Logical Works and his Conception of Logic," Topoi 23 (2004), 71–100.
• R. Smith, "Logic," in J. Barnes (ed.), the Cambridge Companion to Aristotle (Cambridge: 1995), 27-65.
• S. Waterlow, Passage and Possibility (Oxford: 1982).
on the "sea battle" problem:
• G.E.M. Anscombe, "Aristotle and the Sea Battle," in J.M.E. Moravcsik (ed.), Aristotle: a Collection of Critical Essays, (1967), reprint from Mind 65 (1956).
• D. Frede, "the Sea-Battle Reconsidered: a Defence of the Traditional Interpretation," Oxford Studies in Ancient Philosophy 3 (1985).
• J. Hintikka, "the Once and Future Sea Fight: Aristotle’s Discussion of Future Contingents in de Interpretatione 9," in his Time and Necessity (see above).
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NUM PUNCT DET PROPN PART PROPN PUNCT PROPN PART PROPN PROPN SPACE PROPN VERB PROPN PART ADJ work ADP logic PUNCT CCONJ VERB ADP ADJ issues ADP DET NUM categories CCONJ DET ADJ PUNCT ADJ battle PUNCT argument ADP determinism PUNCT SPACE PRON AUX VERB DET PROPN content PRON AUX VERB ADV PUNCT ADV PRON browser AUX PART VERB PRON PUNCT CCONJ ADV PRON AUX PART VERB ADV PUNCT SPACE PUNCT PROPN PROPN PUNCT PROPN CCONJ PROPN PUNCT PROPN ADP PROPN PART PROPN ADP PROPN PUNCT PROPN PUNCT PUNCT SPACE PUNCT PROPN PROPN PUNCT PUNCT PROPN PART ADJ PROPN CCONJ PRON Conception ADP Logic PUNCT PUNCT PROPN NUM PUNCT NUM PUNCT PUNCT NUM PUNCT SPACE PUNCT PROPN PROPN PUNCT PUNCT PROPN PUNCT PUNCT ADP PROPN PROPN PUNCT ed . PUNCT PUNCT DET PROPN PROPN ADP PROPN PUNCT PROPN PUNCT NUM PUNCT PUNCT NUM SYM NUM PUNCT SPACE PUNCT PROPN PROPN PUNCT PROPN CCONJ PROPN PUNCT PROPN PUNCT NUM PUNCT PUNCT SPACE ADP DET PUNCT sea battle PUNCT problem PUNCT SPACE PUNCT PROPN PROPN PUNCT PUNCT PROPN CCONJ DET PROPN PROPN PUNCT PUNCT ADP PROPN PROPN PUNCT ed PUNCT PUNCT PUNCT PROPN PUNCT DET PROPN ADP ADJ PROPN PUNCT PUNCT NUM PUNCT PUNCT VERB ADP PROPN NUM PUNCT NUM PUNCT PUNCT SPACE PUNCT PROPN PROPN PUNCT PUNCT DET Sea PUNCT Battle VERB PUNCT DET PROPN ADP DET ADJ Interpretation PUNCT PUNCT PROPN PROPN ADP PROPN PROPN NUM PUNCT NUM PUNCT PUNCT SPACE PUNCT PROPN PROPN PUNCT PUNCT DET ADV CCONJ ADJ Sea Fight PUNCT PROPN PART PROPN ADP PROPN PROPN ADP X X NUM PUNCT PUNCT ADP PRON Time CCONJ Necessity PUNCT VERB ADV PUNCT PUNCT
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NUM PUNCT DET PROPN PART PROPN PUNCT PROPN PART PROPN PROPN SPACE PROPN VERB PROPN PART ADJ work ADP logic PUNCT CCONJ VERB ADP ADJ issues ADP DET NUM categories CCONJ DET ADJ PUNCT ADJ battle PUNCT argument ADP determinism PUNCT SPACE PRON AUX VERB DET PROPN content PRON AUX VERB ADV PUNCT ADV PRON browser AUX PART VERB PRON PUNCT CCONJ ADV PRON AUX PART VERB ADV PUNCT SPACE PUNCT PROPN PROPN PUNCT PROPN CCONJ PROPN PUNCT PROPN ADP PROPN PART PROPN ADP PROPN PUNCT PROPN PUNCT PUNCT SPACE PUNCT PROPN PROPN PUNCT PUNCT PROPN PART ADJ PROPN CCONJ PRON Conception ADP Logic PUNCT PUNCT PROPN NUM PUNCT NUM PUNCT PUNCT NUM PUNCT SPACE PUNCT PROPN PROPN PUNCT PUNCT PROPN PUNCT PUNCT ADP PROPN PROPN PUNCT ed . PUNCT PUNCT DET PROPN PROPN ADP PROPN PUNCT PROPN PUNCT NUM PUNCT PUNCT NUM SYM NUM PUNCT SPACE PUNCT PROPN PROPN PUNCT PROPN CCONJ PROPN PUNCT PROPN PUNCT NUM PUNCT PUNCT SPACE ADP DET PUNCT sea battle PUNCT problem PUNCT SPACE PUNCT PROPN PROPN PUNCT PUNCT PROPN CCONJ DET PROPN PROPN PUNCT PUNCT ADP PROPN PROPN PUNCT ed PUNCT PUNCT PUNCT PROPN PUNCT DET PROPN ADP ADJ PROPN PUNCT PUNCT NUM PUNCT PUNCT VERB ADP PROPN NUM PUNCT NUM PUNCT PUNCT SPACE PUNCT PROPN PROPN PUNCT PUNCT DET Sea PUNCT Battle VERB PUNCT DET PROPN ADP DET ADJ Interpretation PUNCT PUNCT PROPN PROPN ADP PROPN PROPN NUM PUNCT NUM PUNCT PUNCT SPACE PUNCT PROPN PROPN PUNCT PUNCT DET ADV CCONJ ADJ Sea Fight PUNCT PROPN PART PROPN ADP PROPN PROPN ADP X X NUM PUNCT PUNCT ADP PRON Time CCONJ Necessity PUNCT VERB ADV PUNCT PUNCT
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NUM PUNCT DET PROPN PART PROPN PUNCT PROPN PART PROPN PROPN SPACE PROPN VERB PROPN PART ADJ work ADP logic PUNCT CCONJ VERB ADP ADJ issues ADP DET NUM categories CCONJ DET ADJ PUNCT ADJ battle PUNCT argument ADP determinism PUNCT SPACE PRON AUX VERB DET PROPN content PRON AUX VERB ADV PUNCT ADV PRON browser AUX PART VERB PRON PUNCT CCONJ ADV PRON AUX PART VERB ADV PUNCT SPACE PUNCT PROPN PROPN PUNCT PROPN CCONJ PROPN PUNCT PROPN ADP PROPN PART PROPN ADP PROPN PUNCT PROPN PUNCT PUNCT SPACE PUNCT PROPN PROPN PUNCT PUNCT PROPN PART ADJ PROPN CCONJ PRON Conception ADP Logic PUNCT PUNCT PROPN NUM PUNCT NUM PUNCT PUNCT NUM PUNCT SPACE PUNCT PROPN PROPN PUNCT PUNCT PROPN PUNCT PUNCT ADP PROPN PROPN PUNCT ed . PUNCT PUNCT DET PROPN PROPN ADP PROPN PUNCT PROPN PUNCT NUM PUNCT PUNCT NUM SYM NUM PUNCT SPACE PUNCT PROPN PROPN PUNCT PROPN CCONJ PROPN PUNCT PROPN PUNCT NUM PUNCT PUNCT SPACE ADP DET PUNCT sea battle PUNCT problem PUNCT SPACE PUNCT PROPN PROPN PUNCT PUNCT PROPN CCONJ DET PROPN PROPN PUNCT PUNCT ADP PROPN PROPN PUNCT ed PUNCT PUNCT PUNCT PROPN PUNCT DET PROPN ADP ADJ PROPN PUNCT PUNCT NUM PUNCT PUNCT VERB ADP PROPN NUM PUNCT NUM PUNCT PUNCT SPACE PUNCT PROPN PROPN PUNCT PUNCT DET Sea PUNCT Battle VERB PUNCT DET PROPN ADP DET ADJ Interpretation PUNCT PUNCT PROPN PROPN ADP PROPN PROPN NUM PUNCT NUM PUNCT PUNCT SPACE PUNCT PROPN PROPN PUNCT PUNCT DET ADV CCONJ ADJ Sea Fight PUNCT PROPN PART PROPN ADP PROPN PROPN ADP X X NUM PUNCT PUNCT ADP PRON Time CCONJ Necessity PUNCT VERB ADV PUNCT PUNCT
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scintillation counterArticle Free Pass
scintillation counter, radiation detector that is triggered by a flash of light (or scintillation) produced when ionizing radiation traverses certain solid or liquid substances (phosphors), among which are thallium-activated sodium iodide, zinc sulfide, and organic compounds such as anthracene incorporated into solid plastics or liquid solvents. The light flashes are converted into electric pulses by a photoelectric alloy of cesium and antimony, amplified about a million times by a photomultiplier tube, and finally counted. Sensitive to X rays, gamma rays, and charged particles, scintillation counters permit high-speed counting of particles and measurement of the energy of incident radiation.
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scintillation counterArticle scintillation counter radiation detector flash light scintillation radiation traverses substances phosphors thallium sodium iodide zinc sulfide compounds plastics solvents flashes pulses photoelectric alloy cesium antimony times tube X rays gamma rays particles scintillation counters speed counting particles measurement energy incident radiation scintillation counter
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scintillation counterarticle Free Pass
scintillation counter, radiation detector that be trigger by a flash of light (or scintillation) produce when ionize radiation traverse certain solid or liquid substance (phosphor), among which be thallium-activate sodium iodide, zinc sulfide, and organic compound such as anthracene incorporate into solid plastic or liquid solvent. the light flash be convert into electric pulse by a photoelectric alloy of cesium and antimony, amplify about a million time by a photomultiplier tube, and finally count. sensitive to x ray, gamma ray, and charge particle, scintillation counter permit high-speed counting of particle and measurement of the energy of incident radiation.
what make you want to look up "scintillation counter"? please share what surprise you most...
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scintillation counterArticle PROPN PROPN SPACE scintillation counter PUNCT radiation detector PRON AUX VERB ADP DET flash ADP light PUNCT CCONJ scintillation PUNCT VERB SCONJ VERB radiation VERB ADJ ADJ CCONJ ADJ substances PUNCT phosphors PUNCT PUNCT ADP DET AUX thallium PUNCT VERB sodium iodide PUNCT zinc sulfide PUNCT CCONJ ADJ compounds ADJ ADP anthracene VERB ADP ADJ plastics CCONJ liquid solvents PUNCT DET ADJ flashes AUX VERB ADP ADJ pulses ADP DET ADJ alloy ADP cesium CCONJ antimony PUNCT VERB ADP DET NUM times ADP DET ADJ tube PUNCT CCONJ ADV VERB PUNCT ADJ ADP X rays PUNCT gamma rays PUNCT CCONJ VERB particles PUNCT scintillation counters VERB ADJ PUNCT speed counting ADP particles CCONJ measurement ADP DET energy ADP incident radiation PUNCT SPACE PRON VERB PRON VERB PART VERB ADP PUNCT scintillation counter PUNCT PUNCT INTJ VERB PRON VERB PRON ADV PUNCT
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scintillation counterArticle PROPN PROPN SPACE scintillation counter PUNCT radiation detector PRON AUX VERB ADP DET flash ADP light PUNCT CCONJ scintillation PUNCT VERB SCONJ VERB radiation VERB ADJ ADJ CCONJ ADJ substances PUNCT phosphors PUNCT PUNCT ADP DET AUX thallium PUNCT VERB sodium iodide PUNCT zinc sulfide PUNCT CCONJ ADJ compounds ADJ ADP anthracene VERB ADP ADJ plastics CCONJ liquid solvents PUNCT DET ADJ flashes AUX VERB ADP ADJ pulses ADP DET ADJ alloy ADP cesium CCONJ antimony PUNCT VERB ADP DET NUM times ADP DET ADJ tube PUNCT CCONJ ADV VERB PUNCT ADJ ADP X rays PUNCT gamma rays PUNCT CCONJ VERB particles PUNCT scintillation counters VERB ADJ PUNCT speed counting ADP particles CCONJ measurement ADP DET energy ADP incident radiation PUNCT SPACE PRON VERB PRON VERB PART VERB ADP PUNCT scintillation counter PUNCT PUNCT INTJ VERB PRON VERB PRON ADV PUNCT
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scintillation counterArticle PROPN PROPN SPACE scintillation counter PUNCT radiation detector PRON AUX VERB ADP DET flash ADP light PUNCT CCONJ scintillation PUNCT VERB SCONJ VERB radiation VERB ADJ ADJ CCONJ ADJ substances PUNCT phosphors PUNCT PUNCT ADP DET AUX thallium PUNCT VERB sodium iodide PUNCT zinc sulfide PUNCT CCONJ ADJ compounds ADJ ADP anthracene VERB ADP ADJ plastics CCONJ liquid solvents PUNCT DET ADJ flashes AUX VERB ADP ADJ pulses ADP DET ADJ alloy ADP cesium CCONJ antimony PUNCT VERB ADP DET NUM times ADP DET ADJ tube PUNCT CCONJ ADV VERB PUNCT ADJ ADP X rays PUNCT gamma rays PUNCT CCONJ VERB particles PUNCT scintillation counters VERB ADJ PUNCT speed counting ADP particles CCONJ measurement ADP DET energy ADP incident radiation PUNCT SPACE PRON VERB PRON VERB PART VERB ADP PUNCT scintillation counter PUNCT PUNCT INTJ VERB PRON VERB PRON ADV PUNCT
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Fineweb Educational Web Content 1B (Obfuscated)
Dataset Summary
This dataset is part of the CORAL 🪸 project and is derived from Fineweb-edu-1B (codelion/fineweb-edu-1B). It contains the same underlying educational web content as the original dataset, but released in several obfuscated representations.
The goal is to support research on privacy-preserving training by providing controlled views of the same corpus with reduced lexical or syntactic surface information. This dataset contains transformations such as lemmas only, nouns only, and nouns with POS tags.
Alignment with Original Dataset
- Source corpus: Fineweb-edu-1B
- Document ordering: Preserved
- Train/validation splits: Preserved
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