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20 Democratic Politics When the demand for the formation of States on the basis of language was raised, some national leaders feared that it would lead to the disintegration of the country. The Central Government resisted linguistic States for some time. But the experience has shown that the formation of linguistic Sta... | [
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Science W e see a variety of objects in the world around us. However, we are unable to see anything in a dark room. On lighting up the room, things become visible. What makes things visible? During the day, the sunlight helps us to see objects. An object reflects light that falls on it. This reflected light, when recei... | [
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250 MATHEMATICS Solution The volume of water in the overhead tank equals the volume of the water removed from the sump. Now, the volume of water in the overhead tank (cylinder) r2h 3.14 0.6 0.6 0.95 m3 The volume of water in the sump when full l b h 1.57 1.44 0.95 m3 The volume of water left in the sump after filling t... | [
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92 MATHEMATICS 6.3 Intersecting Lines and Non-intersecting Lines Draw two different lines PQ and RS on a paper. You will see that you can draw them in two different ways as shown in Fig. 6.5 (i) and Fig. 6.5 (ii). (i) Intersecting lines (ii) Non-intersecting (parallel) lines Fig. 6.5 Different ways of drawing two lines... | [
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Po w e r-sh a r i n g 1 Chapter I Power-sharing Overview With this chapter, we resume the tour of democracy that we started last year. We noted last year that in a democracy all power does not rest with any one organ of the government. An intelligent sharing of power among legislature, executive and judiciary is very i... | [
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52 CONTEMPORARY INDIA-I 2. Answer the following questions briefly. (i) What factors are responsible for the distribution of plants and animals in India? (ii) What is a bio-reserve? Give two examples. (iii) Name two animals having habitat in tropical and montane type of vegetation. 3. Distinguish between (i) Flora and F... | [
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196 India and the Contemporary World education, and returns as the judge in the local court. Meanwhile, the villagers, thinking that the landlords men had killed him, file a case. At the conclusion of the trial, the judge reveals his true identity, and the Nambuthiri repents and reforms his ways. Saraswativijayam stres... | [
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STATISTICS 269 Example 3 The distribution below shows the number of wickets taken by bowlers in one-day cricket matches. Find the mean number of wickets by choosing a suitable method. What does the mean signify? Number of 20 - 60 60 - 100 100 - 150 150 - 250 250 - 350 350 - 450 wickets Number of 7 5 16 12 2 3 bowlers S... | [
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106 MATHEMATICS Theorem 6.8 If a side of a triangle is produced, then the exterior angle so formed is equal to the sum of the two interior opposite angles. It is obvious from the above theorem that an exterior angle of a triangle is greater than either of its interior apposite angles. Now, let us take some examples bas... | [
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8 MATHEMATICS In the same way, you can locate n for any positive integer n, after 1 n has been located. EXERCISE 1.2 1. State whether the following statements are true or false. Justify your answers. (i) Every irrational number is a real number. (ii) Every point on the number line is of the form m , where m is a natura... | [
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195 Novels, Society and History It is not surprising that many men were suspicious of women writing novels or reading them. This suspicion cut across communities. Hannah Mullens, a Christian missionary and the author of Karuna o Phulmonir Bibaran (1852), reputedly the first novel in Bengali, tells her readers that she ... | [
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Acids, Bases and Salts What is the pH of the soil in your backyard? Plants require a specific pH range for their healthy growth. To find out the pH required for the healthy growth of a plant, you can collect the soil from various places and check the pH in the manner described below in Activity 2.12. Also, you can note... | [
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TRIANGLES 139 Fig. 6.34 2. In Fig. 6.35, ODC OBA, BOC 125 and CDO 70. Find DOC, DCO and OAB. 3. Diagonals AC and BD of a trapezium ABCD with AB DC intersect each other at the point O. Using a similarity criterion for two triangles, show that OA OB OC OD Fig. 6.35 2019-20 | [
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316 MATHEMATICS Now, we also have to find the number of years by which the enrolment will reach 50. So, we have to find the value of n in the equation or formula 50 41.9 0.22n (2) Step 2 Solution Solving (2) for n, we get n 50 41.9 8.1 36.8 0.22 0.22 Step 3 Interpretation Since the number of years is an integral value,... | [
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25 Nationalism in Europe Fig. 19 Germania guarding the Rhine. In 1860, the artist Lorenz Clasen was commissioned to paint this image. The inscription on Germanias sword reads The German sword protects the German Rhine. Look once more at Fig. 10. Imagine you were a citizen of Frankfurt in March 1848 and were present dur... | [
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Forest Society and Colonialism 75 In Section II we will shift our focus to the study of livelihoods and economies. We will look at how the lives of forest dwellers and pastoralists changed in the modern world and how they played a part in shaping these changes. All too often in looking at the emergence of the modern wo... | [
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Pastoralists in the Modern World 101 Activity Source B In Karnataka and Andhra Pradesh, again, the dry central plateau was covered with stone and grass, inhabited by cattle, goat and sheep herders. The Gollas herded cattle. The Kurumas and Kurubas reared sheep and goats and sold woven blankets. They lived near the wood... | [
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The organised sector offers jobs that are the most sought-after. But the employment opportunities in the organised sector have been expanding very slowly. It is also common to find many organised sector enterprises in the unorganised sector. They adopt such strategies to evade taxes and refuse to follow laws that prote... | [
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168 MATHEMATICS CHAPTER 10 CIRCLES 10.1 Introduction You may have come across many objects in daily life, which are round in shape, such as wheels of a vehicle, bangles, dials of many clocks, coins of denominations 50 p, Re 1 and Rs 5, key rings, buttons of shirts, etc. (see Fig.10.1). In a clock, you might have observ... | [
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Life Processes design in multi-cellular organisms are followed, a specialised tissue for excretion will be developed, which means that the transportation system will need to transport waste away from cells to this excretory tissue. Let us consider these various processes, so essential to maintain life, one by one. 1. W... | [
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Carbon and its Compounds Ethanoic acid is commonly called acetic acid and belongs to a group of acids called carboxylic acids. 5-8 solution of acetic acid in water is called vinegar and is used widely as a preservative in pickles. The melting point of pure ethanoic acid is 290 K and hence it often freezes during winter... | [
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PROOFS IN MATHEMATICS 293 2. Once again you are given four cards. Each card has a number printed on one side and a letter on the other side. Which are the only two cards you need to turn over to check whether the following rule holds? If a card has a consonant on one side, then it has an odd number on the other side. A... | [
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Lincoln to us Democracy is government of the people, by the people and for the people. We in Meghalaya always ruled ourselves. That is accepted by everyone. Why do we need to change that? Lyngdoh Madam I am not saying we need to change it. I too find this definition very beautiful. 2019-20 | [
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India and the Contemporary World 130 Fig. 2 A Strangers Home, The Illustrated London News,1870. Night Refuges and Strangers Homes were opened in winter by charitable societies and local authorities in many towns. The poor flocked to these places in the hope of food, warmth and shelter. Imagine that you are a newspaper ... | [
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Nazism and the Rise of Hitler 49 In the spring of 1945, a little eleven-year-old German boy called Helmuth was lying in bed when he overheard his parents discussing something in serious tones. His father, a prominent physician, deliberated with his wife whether the time had come to kill the entire family, or if he shou... | [
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158 MATHEMATICS Let us now take some examples to illustrate the use of the above theorem. Example 1 In Fig. 9.13, ABCD is a parallelogram and EFCD is a rectangle. Also, AL DC. Prove that (i) ar (ABCD) ar (EFCD) (ii) ar (ABCD) DC AL Solution (i) As a rectangle is also a parallelogram, therefore, ar (ABCD) ar (EFCD) (The... | [
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Gender, Religion and Caste 41 their educational and career opportunities. More radical womens movements aimed at equality in personal and family life as well. These movements are called FEMINIST movements. Political expression of gender division and political mobilisation on this Discuss all these perceptions of an ide... | [
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150 MATHEMATICS Similarly, from OQD, OD2 OQ2 DQ2 (2) From OQC, we have OC2 OQ2 CQ2 (3) and from OAP, we have OA2 AP2 OP2 (4) Adding (1) and (2), OB2 OD2 BP2 OP2 OQ2 DQ2 CQ2 OP2 OQ2 AP2 (As BP CQ and DQ AP) CQ2 OQ2 OP2 AP2 OC2 OA2 From (3) and (4) EXERCISE 6.5 1. Sides of triangles are given below. Determine which of th... | [
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Poverty as a Challenge 29 Overview This chapter deals with one of the most difficult challenges faced by independent Indiapoverty. After discussing this multi-dimensional problem through examples, the chapter discusses the way poverty is seen in social sciences. Poverty trends in India and the world are illustrated thr... | [
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NATURAL RESOURCES 201 Activity 14.13 Find out which other molecules are thought to damage the ozone layer. Newspaper reports often talk about the hole in the ozone layer. Find out whether the size of this hole is changing and in what manner scientists think this would affect life on Earth (Fig. 14.9). Q What you have l... | [
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Forest Society and Colonialism 95 4.4 War and Deforestation The First World War and the Second World War had a major impact on forests. In India, working plans were abandoned at this time, and the forest department cut trees freely to meet British war needs. In Java, just before the Japanese occupied the region, the Du... | [
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33 Nehru Memorial Museum and Library, New Delhi 2019-20 | [
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The Story of Village Palampur 7 Lets Discuss In the Picture 1.5, can you shade the land cultivated by the small farmers? Why do so many families of farmers cultivate such small plots of land? The distribution of farmers in India and the amount of land they cultivate is given in the following Graph 1.1. Discuss in the c... | [
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250 MATHEMATICS Let us represent the data given above graphically as follows (i) We represent the weights on the horizontal axis on a suitable scale. We can choose the scale as 1 cm 5 kg. Also, since the first class interval is starting from 30.5 and not zero, we show it on the graph by marking a kink or a break on the... | [
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Magnetic Effects of Electric Current We know that the magnetic field produced by a current-carrying wire at a given point depends directly on the current passing through it. Therefore, if there is a circular coil having n turns, the field produced is n times as large as that produced by a single turn. This is because t... | [
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SCIENCE 62 Was there a darkly coloured, spherical or oval, dot-like structure near the centre of each cell? This structure is called nucleus. Were there similar structures in onion peel cells? The nucleus has a double layered covering called nuclear membrane. The nuclear membrane has pores which allow the transfer of m... | [
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PAIR OF LINEAR EQUATIONS IN TWO VARIABLES 61 Then (3)( 74) (5)( 46) x 1 ( 46)(3) ( 74)(2) (2)(5) (3)(3) y i.e., 222 230 x 1 138 148 10 9 y i.e., 8 x 1 10 1 y i.e., 8 x 1 1 and 10 y 1 1 i.e., x 8 and y 10 Hence, the fare from the bus stand in Bangalore to Malleswaram is 8 and the fare to Yeshwanthpur is 10. Verification... | [
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118 MATHEMATICS Observe that the triangles may or may not be congruent to each other. So, equality of three angles is not sufficient for congruence of triangles. Therefore, for congruence of triangles out of three equal parts, one has to be a side. Let us now take some more examples. Example 3 Line-segment AB is parall... | [
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India and the Contemporary World 48 In earlier times, foreign travellers in India marvelled at the courage, truthfulness and modesty of the people of the Arya vamsa now they remark mainly on the absence of those qualities. In those days Hindus would set out on conquest and hoist their flags in Tartar, China and other c... | [
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192 India and the Contemporary World The most popular historical novelist in Tamil was R. Krishnamurthy who wrote under the pen- name Kalki. He was an active participant in the freedom movement and the editor of the widely read Tamil magazines Anandavikatan and Kalki. Written in simple language and full of heroism, adv... | [
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228 MATHEMATICS Let us now take some examples to understand these concepts (or results). Example 2 Find the area of the sector of a circle with radius 4 cm and of angle 30. Also, find the area of the corresponding major sector (Use 3.14). Solution Given sector is OAPB (see Fig. 12.8). Area of the sector 2 360 r 2 30 3.... | [
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LINEAR EQUATIONS IN TWO VARIABLES 67 While solving an equation, you must always keep the following points in mind The solution of a linear equation is not affected when (i) the same number is added to (or subtracted from) both the sides of the equation. (ii) you multiply or divide both the sides of the equation by the ... | [
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India and the Contemporary World 166 5.2 Further Innovations By the late eighteenth century, the press came to be made out of metal. Through the nineteenth century, there were a series of further innovations in printing technology. By the mid-nineteenth century, Richard M. Hoe of New York had perfected the power-driven... | [
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STRUCTURE OF THE ATOM 53 Q Many elements consist of a mixture of isotopes. Each isotope of an element is a pure substance. The chemical properties of isotopes are similar but their physical properties are different. Chlorine occurs in nature in two isotopic forms, with masses 35 u and 37 u in the ratio of 31. Obviously... | [
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185 Novels, Society and History Women novelists George Eliot (1819-1880) was the pen-name of Mary Ann Evans. A very popular novelist, she believed that novels gave women a special opportunity to express themselves freely. Every woman could see herself as capable of writing fiction Fiction is a department of literature ... | [
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SCIENCE 152 uestions 1. What is the kinetic energy of an object? 2. Write an expression for the kinetic energy of an object. 3. The kinetic energy of an object of mass, m moving with a velocity of 5 m s1 is 25 J. What will be its kinetic energy when its velocity is doubled? What will be its kinetic energy when its velo... | [
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PROOFS IN MATHEMATICS 319 Number of points Number of regions 1 1 2 2 3 4 4 8 5 6 7 Some of you might have come up with a formula predicting the number of regions given the number of points. From Class IX, you may remember that this intelligent guess is called a conjecture. Suppose your conjecture is that given n points... | [
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Science 6. The position of three elements A, B and C in the Periodic Table are shown below Group 16 Group 17 - - - A - - B C (a) State whether A is a metal or non-metal. (b) State whether C is more reactive or less reactive than A. (c) Will C be larger or smaller in size than B? (d) Which type of ion, cation or anion, ... | [
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264 MATHEMATICS The third step is to find the product of di with the corresponding fi, and take the sum of all the fi dis. The calculations are shown in Table 14.4. Table 14.4 Class interval Number of Class mark di xi 47.5 fidi students ( fi) (xi) 10 - 25 2 17.5 30 60 25 - 40 3 32.5 15 45 40 - 55 7 47.5 0 0 55 - 70 6 6... | [
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Socialism in Europe and the Russian Revolution 27 Almost all industries were the property of individuals. Liberals and radicals themselves were often property owners and employers. Having made their wealth through trade or industrial ventures, they felt that such effort should be encouraged that its benefits would be a... | [
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India and the Contemporary World 74 4 Rebuilding a World Economy The Post-war Era The Second World War broke out a mere two decades after the end of the First World War. It was fought between the Axis powers (mainly Nazi Germany, Japan and Italy) and the Allies (Britain, France, the Soviet Union and the US). It was a w... | [
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Science 4. Explain the nature of the covalent bond using the bond formation in CH3Cl. 5. Draw the electron dot structures for (a) ethanoic acid. (b) H2S. (c) propanone. (d) F2 . 6. What is an homologous series? Explain with an example. 7. How can ethanol and ethanoic acid be differentiated on the basis of their physica... | [
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24 MATHEMATICS Case (i) Here, the graph cuts x-axis at two distinct points A and A. The x-coordinates of A and A are the two zeroes of the quadratic polynomial ax2 bx c in this case (see Fig. 2.3). Fig. 2.3 Case (ii) Here, the graph cuts the x-axis at exactly one point, i.e., at two coincident points. So, the two point... | [
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320 MATHEMATICS Now, consider Fig. A1.3, where PQ and PR are tangents to the circle drawn from P. You have proved that PQ PR (Theorem 10.2). You were not satisfied by only drawing several such figures, measuring the lengths of the respective tangents, and verifying for yourselves that the result was true in each case. ... | [
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REAL NUMBERS 3 moment we write down such equations we are using Euclids division lemma, which is given in Theorem 1.1. Getting back to our puzzle, do you have any idea how you will solve it? Yes! You must look for the multiples of 7 which satisfy all the conditions. By trial and error (using the concept of LCM), you wi... | [
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INTRODUCTION TO TRIGONOMETRY 173 8 There is perhaps nothing which so occupies the middle position of mathematics as trigonometry. J.F. Herbart (1890) 8.1 Introduction You have already studied about triangles, and in particular, right triangles, in your earlier classes. Let us take some examples from our surroundings wh... | [
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India and the Contemporary World 40 with the British, as they had done in 1921-22, but also to break colonial laws. Thousands in different parts of the country broke the salt law, manufactured salt and demonstrated in front of government salt factories. As the movement spread, foreign cloth was boycotted, and liquor sh... | [
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LINEAR EQUATIONS IN TWO VARIABLES 71 In the previous chapter, you studied how to plot the points on a graph paper. Let us plot the points (0, 3), (2, 2), (4, 1) and (6, 0) on a graph paper. Now join any two of these points and obtain a line. Let us call this as line AB (see Fig. 4.2). Do you see that the other two poin... | [
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Science Figure 13.20 gives a schematic diagram of one of the common domestic circuits. In each separate circuit, different appliances can be connected across the live and neutral wires. Each appliance has a separate switch to ONOFF the flow of current through it. In order that each appliance has equal potential differe... | [
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22 MATHEMATICS (iii) ( ) ( ) a b a b a b (iv) ( ) ( ) 2 a b a b a b (v) ( ) ( ) a b c d ac ad bc bd (vi) ( ) 2 2 a b a ab b Let us look at some particular cases of these identities. Example 16 Simplify the following expressions (i) ( ) ( ) 5 7 2 5 (ii) ( ) ( ) 5 5 5 5 (iii) ( ) 2 3 7 (iv) ( ) ( ) 11 7 11 7 Solution (i)... | [
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Democracy and Diversity 31 The International Olympic Association held Carlos and Smith guilty of violating the Olympic spirit by making a political statement. Their medals were taken back. Back home, they were subjected to a lot of criticism. Norman too suffered for his action and was not included in the Australian tea... | [
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153 Print Culture It is difficult for us to imagine a world without printed matter. We find evidence of print everywhere around us in books, journals, newspapers, prints of famous paintings, and also in everyday things like theatre programmes, official circulars, calendars, diaries, advertisements, cinema posters at st... | [
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choose. There is no one to stop them from using unfair means to get their money back. Compared to the formal lenders, most of the informal lenders charge a much higher interest on loans. Thus, the cost to the borrower of informal loans is much higher. Higher cost of borrowing means a larger part of the earnings of the ... | [
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108 Democratic Politics Thinking about political reforms Each of these challenges is linked to the possibility of reforms. As mentioned above, we discuss challenges only because we think these can be overcome. Generally all the suggestions or proposals about overcoming various challenges to democracy are called democra... | [
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India and the Contemporary World 102 Write in brief Project 1. Give two examples of different types of global exchanges which took place before the seventeenth century, choosing one example from Asia and one from the Americas. 2. Explain how the global transfer of disease in the pre-modern world helped in the colonisat... | [
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uestions 1. What are canal rays? 2. If an atom contains one electron and one proton, will it carry any charge or not? 4.2 The Structure of an Atom We have learnt Daltons atomic theory in Chapter 3, which suggested that the atom was indivisible and indestructible. But the discovery of two fundamental particles (electron... | [
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TRIANGLES 147 But AC2 AB2 BC2 (Given) (2) So, AC PR From (1) and (2) (3) Now, in ABC and PQR, AB PQ (By construction) BC QR (By construction) AC PR Proved in (3) above So, ABC PQR (SSS congruence) Therefore, B Q (CPCT) But Q 90 (By construction) So, B 90 Note Also see Appendix 1 for another proof of this theorem. Let u... | [
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90 MATHEMATICS formed between the horizontal and the line of sight. Plenty of other examples can be given where lines and angles are used. In the subsequent chapters of geometry, you will be using these properties of lines and angles to deduce more and more useful properties. Let us first revise the terms and definitio... | [
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India and the Contemporary World 42 5.1 Other Ways of Becoming Modern Japan and China Early Vietnamese nationalists had a close relationship with Japan and China. They provided models for those looking to change, a refuge for those who were escaping French police, and a location where a wider Asian network of revolutio... | [
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SCIENCE 18 Q They cannot be separated from the mixture by the process of filtration. But, a special technique of separation known as centrifugation (perform activity 2.5), can be used to separate the colloidal particles. The components of a colloidal solution are the dispersed phase and the dispersion medium. The solut... | [
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xi Contents Foreword iii A Letter for You v How to Use this Book vii Unit I Chapter 1 Power-sharing 1 Chapter 2 Federalism 13 Unit II Chapter 3 Democracy and Diversity 29 Chapter 4 Gender, Religion and Caste 39 Unit III Chapter 5 Popular Struggles and Movements 57 Chapter 6 Political Parties 71 Unit IV Chapter 7 Outcom... | [
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India and the Contemporary World 24 Box 3 Meanings of the symbols Attribute Significance Broken chains Being freed Breastplate with eagle Symbol of the German empire strength Crown of oak leaves Heroism Sword Readiness to fight Olive branch around the sword Willingness to make peace Black, red and gold tricolour Flag o... | [
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20 Economics consumption and processing of primary product and own account production of fixed assets. Education helps individual to make better use of the economic opportunities available before him. Education and skill are the major determinants of the earning of any individual in the market. A majority of women have... | [
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Science Test the pH values of solutions given in Table 2.2. Record your observations. What is the nature of each substance on the basis of your observations? Figure 2.7 Figure 2.7 Figure 2.7 Figure 2.7 Figure 2.7 pH of some common substances shown on a pH paper (colours are only a rough guide) The strength of acids and... | [
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CIRCLES 207 You might have seen a pulley fitted over a well which is used in taking out water from the well. Look at Fig. 10.2. Here the rope on both sides of the pulley, if considered as a ray, is like a tangent to the circle representing the pulley. Is there any position of the line with respect to the circle other t... | [
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Food Security in India 45 Lets Discuss Does Ahmad have a regular income from rickshaw-pulling? How does the yellow card help Ahmad Story of Ahmad Ahmad is a rickshaw puller in Bangalore. He has shifted from Jhumri Taliah along with his 3 brothers, 2 sisters and old parents. He stays in a jhuggi. The survival of all mem... | [
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though industrial output or the production of goods went up by more than nine times during the period, employment in the industry went up by around three times. The same applies to the tertiary sector as well. While production in the service sector rose by 14 times, employment in the service sector rose around five tim... | [
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SCIENCE 4 1.3 States of Matter Observe different types of matter around you. What are its different states? We can see that matter around us exists in three different states solid, liquid and gas. These states of matter arise due to the variation in the characteristics of the particles of matter. Now, let us study abou... | [
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Foreword iii History and a Changing World v Section I Events and Processes 1-74 I. The French Revolution 3 II. Socialism in Europe and the Russian Revolution 25 III. Nazism and the Rise of Hitler 49 Section II Livelihoods, Economies and Societies 75-116 IV. Forest Society and Colonialism 77 V. Pastoralists in the Moder... | [
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Metals and Non-metals You may have observed the following general properties for ionic compounds (i) Physical nature Ionic compounds are solids and are somewhat hard because of the strong force of attraction between the positive and negative ions. These compounds are generally brittle and break into pieces when pressur... | [
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Light Reflection and Refraction Figure 10.16 Figure 10.16 Figure 10.16 Figure 10.16 Figure 10.16 The position, size and the nature of the image formed by a convex lens for various positions of the object Figure 10.17 Figure 10.17 Figure 10.17 Figure 10.17 Figure 10.17 Nature, position and relative size of the image for... | [
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PAIR OF LINEAR EQUATIONS IN TWO VARIABLES 57 2. Form the pair of linear equations in the following problems, and find their solutions (if they exist) by the elimination method (i) If we add 1 to the numerator and subtract 1 from the denominator, a fraction reduces to 1. It becomes 1 2 if we only add 1 to the denominato... | [
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TRIANGLES 113 See that these two triangles are not congruent. Repeat this activity with some more pairs of triangles. So, equality of one pair of sides or one pair of sides and one pair of angles is not sufficient to give us congruent triangles. What would happen if the other pair of arms (sides) of the equal angles ar... | [
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72 DEMOCRATIC POLITICS 4 Which of the following institutions can make changes to an existing law of the country? a The Supreme Court b The President c The Prime Minister d The Parliament 5 Match the ministry with the news that the ministry may have released exercises a A new policy is being made to increase the jute ex... | [
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Until the middle of the twentieth century, production was largely organised within countries. What crossed the boundaries of these countries were raw material, food stuff and finished products. Colonies such as India exported raw materials and food stuff and imported finished goods. Trade was the main channel connectin... | [
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SCIENCE 166 pleasant is said to be of a rich quality. A sound of single frequency is called a tone. The sound which is produced due to a mixture of several frequencies is called a note and is pleasant to listen to. Noise is unpleasant to the ear! Music is pleasant to hear and is of rich quality. uestions 1. Which wave ... | [
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SCIENCE 200 14.4.4 THE OXYGEN-CYCLE Oxygen is a very abundant element on our Earth. It is found in the elemental form in the atmosphere to the extent of 21. It also occurs extensively in the combined form in the Earths crust as well as also in the air in the form of carbon dioxide. In the crust, it is found as the oxid... | [
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326 MATHEMATICS EXERCISE 1.3 1. (i) 0.36, terminating. (ii) 0.09 , non-terminating repeating. (iii) 4.125, terminating. (iv) 0.230769 , non-terminating repeating. (v) 0.18 non-terminating repeating. (vi) 0.8225 terminating. 2. 2 1 2 0.285714, 7 7 3 1 3 0.428571, 7 7 4 1 4 0.571428, 7 7 5 1 5 0.714285, 7 7 6 1 6 0.85714... | [
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Sustainable Management of Natural Resources Lastly, we come to the nature and wildlife enthusiasts who are in no way dependent on the forests, but who may have considerable say in their management. The conservationists were initially taken up with large animals like lions, tigers, elephants and rhinoceros. They now rec... | [
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18 MATHEMATICS 2. Write down the decimal expansions of those rational numbers in Question 1 above which have terminating decimal expansions. 3. The following real numbers have decimal expansions as given below. In each case, decide whether they are rational or not. If they are rational, and of the form , p q what can y... | [
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234 MATHEMATICS Example 6 Find the area of the shaded design in Fig. 12.17, where ABCD is a square of side 10 cm and semicircles are drawn with each side of the square as diameter. (Use 3.14) Fig. 12.17 Fig. 12.18 Solution Let us mark the four unshaded regions as I, II, III and IV (see Fig. 12.18). Area of I Area of II... | [
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NUMBER SYSTEMS 5 EXERCISE 1.1 1. Is zero a rational number? Can you write it in the form p q , where p and q are integers and q 0? 2. Find six rational numbers between 3 and 4. 3. Find five rational numbers between 3 5 and 4 5 . 4. State whether the following statements are true or false. Give reasons for your answers.... | [
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ATOMS AND MOLECULES 41 molecules, ions or particles) is that quantity in number having a mass equal to its atomic or molecular mass in grams. The number of particles (atoms, molecules or ions) present in 1 mole of any substance is fixed, with a value of 6.022 1023. This is an experimentally obtained value. This number ... | [
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India and the Contemporary World 112 The loss of the finest grazing lands and water resources created pressure on the small area of land that the Maasai were confined within. Continuous grazing within a small area inevitably meant a deterioration of the quality of pastures. Fodder was always in short supply. Feeding th... | [
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SURFACE AREAS AND VOLUMES 251 Solution Radius of the hemispherical tank 3 2 m Volume of the tank 3 3 2 22 3 m 3 7 2 3 99 m 14 So, the volume of the water to be emptied 3 1 99 m 2 14 99 1000 28 litres 99000 28 litres Since, 25 7 litres of water is emptied in 1 second, 99000 28 litres of water will be emptied in 99000 7 ... | [
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SCIENCE 170 five and some animals, such as dogs can hear up to 25 kHz (1 kHz 1000 Hz). As people grow older their ears become less sensitive to higher frequencies. Sounds of frequencies below 20 Hz are called infrasonic sound or infrasound. If we could hear infrasound we would hear the vibrations of a pendulum just as ... | [
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16 Economics Overview The chapter People as Resource is an effort to explain population as an asset for the economy rather than a liability. Population becomes human capital when there is investment made in the form of education, training and medical care. In fact, human capital is the stock of skill and productive kno... | [
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Chemical Reactions and Equations Why does the iron nail become brownish in colour and the blue colour of copper sulphate solution fades? The following chemical reaction takes place in this Activity Fe(s) CuSO4(aq) FeSO4(aq) Cu(s) (1.24) (Copper sulphate) (Iron sulphate) In this reaction, iron has displaced or removed a... | [
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STATISTICS 285 Solution Class intervals Frequency Cumulative frequency 0 - 100 2 2 100 - 200 5 7 200 - 300 x 7 x 300 - 400 12 19 x 400 - 500 17 36 x 500 - 600 20 56 x 600 - 700 y 56 x y 700 - 800 9 65 x y 800 - 900 7 72 x y 900 - 1000 4 76 x y It is given that n 100 So, 76 x y 100, i.e., x y 24 (1) The median is 525, w... | [
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NATURAL RESOURCES 199 adds to the carbon dioxide in the atmosphere is the process of combustion where fuels are burnt to provide energy for various needs like heating, cooking, transportation and industrial processes. In fact, the percentage of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere is said to have doubled since the industri... | [
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