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<Instruct>: Given the context 'In unanesthetized, spontaneously hypertensive rats the decrease in blood pressure and heart rate produced by intravenous clonidine, 5 to 20 micrograms/kg, was inhibited or reversed by nalozone, 0.2 to 2 mg/kg.', select the correct biomedical concept corresponding to 'hypertensive'. Answer... | <Options>: A: pre-hypertensions (aka prehypertension)
B: hypertension, essential (aka essential hypertension)
C: hypertensive crises (aka hypertensive crisis)
D: hypertension, systolic (aka isolated systolic hypertension)
E: malignant hypertension (aka hypertension, malignant)
F: blood pressures, high (aka hypertension... | F |
<Instruct>: Given the context 'The hypotensive effect of 100 mg/kg alpha-methyldopa was also partially reversed by naloxone.', select the correct biomedical concept corresponding to 'hypotensive'. Answer using one of the provided options. | <Options>: A: postural hypotension (aka hypotension, orthostatic)
B: vascular depression
C: vascular hypotension (aka hypotension)
D: hypotensive transfusion reaction (aka transfusion reaction)
E: hypotension, ocular (aka ocular hypotension)
F: hypotension, orthostatic, included (aka multiple system atrophy)
G: hypoten... | C |
<Instruct>: Given the context 'In brain membranes from spontaneously hypertensive rats clonidine, 10(-8) to 10(-5) M, did not influence stereoselective binding of [3H]-naloxone (8 nM), and naloxone, 10(-8) to 10(-4) M, did not influence clonidine-suppressible binding of [3H]-dihydroergocryptine (1 nM).', select the cor... | <Options>: A: hypertension, systolic (aka isolated systolic hypertension)
B: hypertensive crisis
C: pre-hypertensions (aka prehypertension)
D: blood pressures, high (aka hypertension)
E: malignant hypertension (aka hypertension, malignant)
F: primary hypertension (aka essential hypertension)
G: None of the above. | D |
<Instruct>: Given the context 'These findings indicate that in spontaneously hypertensive rats the effects of central alpha-adrenoceptor stimulation involve activation of opiate receptors.', select the correct biomedical concept corresponding to 'hypertensive'. Answer using one of the provided options. | <Options>: A: essential hypertension
B: hypertensive crises (aka hypertensive crisis)
C: hypertension, systolic (aka isolated systolic hypertension)
D: malignant hypertension (aka hypertension, malignant)
E: pre hypertension (aka prehypertension)
F: high blood pressures (aka hypertension)
G: None of the above. | F |
<Instruct>: Given the context 'Lidocaine-induced cardiac asystole.', select the correct biomedical concept corresponding to 'cardiac asystole'. Answer using one of the provided options. | <Options>: A: out-of-hospital heart arrest (aka out-of-hospital cardiac arrest)
B: parasystole
C: arrest, sudden cardiac (aka death, sudden, cardiac)
D: atrial standstill
E: sinus arrest, cardiac
F: None of the above. | F |
<Instruct>: Given the context 'Intravenous administration of a single 50-mg bolus of lidocaine in a 67-year-old man resulted in profound depression of the activity of the sinoatrial and atrioventricular nodal pacemakers.', select the correct biomedical concept corresponding to 'depression'. Answer using one of the prov... | <Options>: A: depressive disorders, major (aka depressive disorder, major)
B: depressive disorder
C: None of the above. | B |
<Instruct>: Given the context 'The patient had no apparent associated conditions which might have predisposed him to the development of bradyarrhythmias; and, thus, this probably represented a true idiosyncrasy to lidocaine.', select the correct biomedical concept corresponding to 'bradyarrhythmias'. Answer using one o... | <Options>: A: heart block
B: bradyarrhythmias (aka bradycardia)
C: atrioventricular block
D: heart block, nonprogressive
E: atrial fibrillation with bradyarrhythmia (aka sick sinus syndrome 2, autosomal dominant)
F: atrial standstill
G: sinus arrests, cardiac (aka sinus arrest, cardiac)
H: None of the above. | B |
<Instruct>: Given the context 'Suxamethonium infusion rate and observed fasciculations.', select the correct biomedical concept corresponding to 'fasciculations'. Answer using one of the provided options. | <Options>: A: muscular fasciculation (aka fasciculation)
B: syndrome, cramp-fasciculation (aka neuromuscular diseases)
C: fascitides (aka fasciitis)
D: myokymias (aka myokymia)
E: None of the above. | A |
<Instruct>: Given the context 'The infusion was discontinued either when there was no muscular response to tetanic stimulation of the ulnar nerve or when Sch 120 mg was exceeded.', select the correct biomedical concept corresponding to 'tetanic'. Answer using one of the provided options. | <Options>: A: tone atonic, muscle (aka muscle hypotonia)
B: tetany, neonatal (aka tetany)
C: spasms, nodding (aka spasms, infantile)
D: clostridium tetani infections (aka tetanus)
E: transient hypertonia (aka muscle hypertonia)
F: None of the above. | B |
<Instruct>: Given the context 'Fasciculations in six areas of the body were scored from 0 to 3 and summated as a total fasciculation score.', select the correct biomedical concept corresponding to 'Fasciculations'. Answer using one of the provided options. | <Options>: A: fascitides (aka fasciitis)
B: myokymias (aka myokymia)
C: syndrome, cramp-fasciculation (aka neuromuscular diseases)
D: None of the above. | D |
<Instruct>: Given the context 'Fasciculations in six areas of the body were scored from 0 to 3 and summated as a total fasciculation score.', select the correct biomedical concept corresponding to 'fasciculation'. Answer using one of the provided options. | <Options>: A: fascitides (aka fasciitis)
B: muscle flaccidity (aka muscle hypotonia)
C: fasciculations, muscular (aka fasciculation)
D: None of the above. | C |
<Instruct>: Given the context 'The times to first fasciculation, twitch suppression and tetanus suppression were inversely related to the infusion rates.', select the correct biomedical concept corresponding to 'fasciculation'. Answer using one of the provided options. | <Options>: A: benign fasciculations (aka fasciculation)
B: muscle flaccidity (aka muscle hypotonia)
C: fascitides (aka fasciitis)
D: None of the above. | A |
<Instruct>: Given the context 'The times to first fasciculation, twitch suppression and tetanus suppression were inversely related to the infusion rates.', select the correct biomedical concept corresponding to 'twitch'. Answer using one of the provided options. | <Options>: A: tetany
B: tics
C: fasciculation
D: eyelid twitching (aka benign essential blepharospasm)
E: myokymia
F: spasms, muscle (aka spasm)
G: None of the above. | A |
<Instruct>: Given the context 'The times to first fasciculation, twitch suppression and tetanus suppression were inversely related to the infusion rates.', select the correct biomedical concept corresponding to 'tetanus'. Answer using one of the provided options. | <Options>: A: tick paralysis
B: neonatal tetanies (aka tetany)
C: typhus, epidemic (aka typhus, epidemic louse-borne)
D: torulosis (aka cryptococcosis)
E: fevers, typhoid (aka typhoid fever)
F: diphtheria
G: clostridium tetani infection (aka tetanus)
H: clostridium botulinum infections (aka botulism)
I: None of the abo... | B |
<Instruct>: Given the context 'Fasciculations in the six areas and the total fasciculation score were related directly to the rate of infusion.', select the correct biomedical concept corresponding to 'Fasciculations'. Answer using one of the provided options. | <Options>: A: syndrome, cramp-fasciculation (aka neuromuscular diseases)
B: fascitides (aka fasciitis)
C: myokymias (aka myokymia)
D: fasciculation
E: None of the above. | D |
<Instruct>: Given the context 'Fasciculations in the six areas and the total fasciculation score were related directly to the rate of infusion.', select the correct biomedical concept corresponding to 'fasciculation'. Answer using one of the provided options. | <Options>: A: fascitides (aka fasciitis)
B: muscle flaccidity (aka muscle hypotonia)
C: None of the above. | C |
<Instruct>: Given the context 'Total fasciculation scores in the 30-mg bolus group and the 5-mg s-1 and 20-mg s-1 infusion groups were not significantly different.', select the correct biomedical concept corresponding to 'fasciculation'. Answer using one of the provided options. | <Options>: A: fascitides (aka fasciitis)
B: muscle flaccidity (aka muscle hypotonia)
C: fasciculation, benign (aka fasciculation)
D: None of the above. | C |
<Instruct>: Given the context 'Galanthamine hydrobromide, an anticholinesterase drug capable of penetrating the blood-brain barrier, was used in a patient demonstrating central effects of scopolamine (hyoscine) overdosage.', select the correct biomedical concept corresponding to 'overdosage'. Answer using one of the pr... | <Options>: A: overuse, medication (aka prescription drug overuse)
B: None of the above. | B |
<Instruct>: Given the context 'Effects of uninephrectomy and high protein feeding on lithium-induced chronic renal failure in rats.', select the correct biomedical concept corresponding to 'chronic renal failure'. Answer using one of the provided options. | <Options>: A: chronic renal disease (aka renal insufficiency, chronic)
B: None of the above. | B |
<Instruct>: Given the context 'Rats with lithium-induced nephropathy were subjected to high protein (HP) feeding, uninephrectomy (NX) or a combination of these, in an attempt to induce glomerular hyperfiltration and further progression of renal failure.', select the correct biomedical concept corresponding to 'nephropa... | <Options>: A: kidney disease (aka kidney diseases)
B: nephritides (aka nephritis)
C: minimal change nephropathy (aka nephrosis, lipoid)
D: diseases, chronic renal (aka renal insufficiency, chronic)
E: nephropathy, familial (aka renal failure, progressive, with hypertension)
F: nephrotic syndromes (aka nephrotic syndrom... | A |
<Instruct>: Given the context 'Rats with lithium-induced nephropathy were subjected to high protein (HP) feeding, uninephrectomy (NX) or a combination of these, in an attempt to induce glomerular hyperfiltration and further progression of renal failure.', select the correct biomedical concept corresponding to 'renal fa... | <Options>: A: renal failure, chronic (aka kidney failure, chronic)
B: renal insufficiency, chronic
C: kidney failure (aka renal insufficiency)
D: None of the above. | C |
<Instruct>: Given the context 'Lithium also caused proteinuria and systolic hypertension in absence of glomerulosclerosis.', select the correct biomedical concept corresponding to 'proteinuria'. Answer using one of the provided options. | <Options>: A: nephrotic syndromes (aka nephrotic syndrome)
B: nephrotic syndrome, idiopathic (aka nephrosis, congenital)
C: glomerulonephritis
D: albuminuria
E: proteinuria
F: nephrolithiasis
G: proteinuria, low molecular weight, with hypercalciuria and nephrocalcinosis (aka low molecular weight proteinuria with hyperc... | E |
<Instruct>: Given the context 'Lithium also caused proteinuria and systolic hypertension in absence of glomerulosclerosis.', select the correct biomedical concept corresponding to 'hypertension'. Answer using one of the provided options. | <Options>: A: primary hypertension (aka essential hypertension)
B: malignant hypertension (aka hypertension, malignant)
C: hypertension, renal
D: high blood pressures (aka hypertension)
E: systolic hypertension (aka isolated systolic hypertension)
F: pre hypertension (aka prehypertension)
G: None of the above. | D |
<Instruct>: Given the context 'Lithium also caused proteinuria and systolic hypertension in absence of glomerulosclerosis.', select the correct biomedical concept corresponding to 'glomerulosclerosis'. Answer using one of the provided options. | <Options>: A: segmental glomerulosclerosis
B: diffuse mesangial sclerosis (aka mesangial sclerosis, diffuse)
C: membranous glomerulonephritides (aka glomerulonephritis, membranous)
D: glomerulosclerosis, focal segmental
E: glomerulosclerosis, nodular (aka diabetic nephropathies)
F: None of the above. | F |
<Instruct>: Given the context 'HP failed to accentuante progression of renal failure and in fact tended to increase GFR and decrease plasma creatinine levels in lithium pretreated rats.', select the correct biomedical concept corresponding to 'renal failure'. Answer using one of the provided options. | <Options>: A: renal insufficiency, chronic
B: kidney failure, chronic
C: renal insufficiencies (aka renal insufficiency)
D: None of the above. | C |
<Instruct>: Given the context 'The results indicate that Li-induced nephropathy, even when the GFR is only modestly reduced, is associated with proteinuria and arterial systolic hypertension.', select the correct biomedical concept corresponding to 'nephropathy'. Answer using one of the provided options. | <Options>: A: nephrotic syndromes (aka nephrotic syndrome)
B: diseases, chronic kidney (aka renal insufficiency, chronic)
C: disease, kidney (aka kidney diseases)
D: glomerulonephritis
E: minimal change nephropathy (aka nephrosis, lipoid)
F: diabetic nephropathies
G: nephrosis
H: nephropathy, familial (aka renal failur... | C |
<Instruct>: Given the context 'The results indicate that Li-induced nephropathy, even when the GFR is only modestly reduced, is associated with proteinuria and arterial systolic hypertension.', select the correct biomedical concept corresponding to 'proteinuria'. Answer using one of the provided options. | <Options>: A: nephrosis
B: paraproteinemia (aka paraproteinemias)
C: proteinurias (aka proteinuria)
D: hematurias (aka hematuria)
E: albuminurias (aka albuminuria)
F: low molecular weight proteinuria with hypercalciuria and nephrocalcinosis
G: crystallurias (aka crystalluria)
H: minimal change glomerulonephritis (aka n... | C |
<Instruct>: Given the context 'The results indicate that Li-induced nephropathy, even when the GFR is only modestly reduced, is associated with proteinuria and arterial systolic hypertension.', select the correct biomedical concept corresponding to 'hypertension'. Answer using one of the provided options. | <Options>: A: hypertension
B: essential hypertension
C: malignant hypertension (aka hypertension, malignant)
D: systolic hypertensions (aka isolated systolic hypertension)
E: hypertensions, renal (aka hypertension, renal)
F: pre-hypertension (aka prehypertension)
G: None of the above. | A |
<Instruct>: Given the context 'In this model of chronic renal failure the decline in GFR is not accompanied by a corresponding fall in effective renal plasma flow, which may be the functional expression of the formation of nonfiltrating atubular glomeruli.', select the correct biomedical concept corresponding to 'chron... | <Options>: A: chronic renal insufficiency (aka renal insufficiency, chronic)
B: renal failure, end-stage (aka kidney failure, chronic)
C: None of the above. | B |
<Instruct>: Given the context 'Treatment of Crohn's disease with fusidic acid: an antibiotic with immunosuppressive properties similar to cyclosporin.', select the correct biomedical concept corresponding to 'Crohn's disease'. Answer using one of the provided options. | <Options>: A: colitis
B: inflammatory bowel disease, ulcerative colitis type (aka colitis, ulcerative)
C: bowel diseases, inflammatory (aka inflammatory bowel diseases)
D: pediatric crohn's disease
E: None of the above. | E |
<Instruct>: Given the context 'Because of the need for the development of new treatments for Crohn's disease, a pilot study was undertaken to estimate the pharmacodynamics and tolerability of fusidic acid treatment in chronic active, therapy-resistant patients.', select the correct biomedical concept corresponding to '... | <Options>: A: colitis
B: regional enteritis (aka crohn disease)
C: colitis, ulcerative
D: crohn's disease, pediatric (aka pediatric crohn's disease)
E: bowel diseases, inflammatory (aka inflammatory bowel diseases)
F: None of the above. | B |
<Instruct>: Given the context 'Eight Crohn's disease patients were included.', select the correct biomedical concept corresponding to 'Crohn's disease'. Answer using one of the provided options. | <Options>: A: ibd1 (aka inflammatory bowel diseases)
B: colitis, ulcerative
C: colitis
D: pediatric crohn's disease
E: None of the above. | E |
<Instruct>: Given the context 'There were no serious clinical side effects, but dose reduction was required in two patients because of nausea.', select the correct biomedical concept corresponding to 'nausea'. Answer using one of the provided options. | <Options>: A: postoperative nausea (aka postoperative nausea and vomiting)
B: aches (aka pain)
C: vertigos (aka vertigo)
D: anticipatory vomiting (aka vomiting, anticipatory)
E: pruritis (aka pruritus)
F: cephalgias (aka headache)
G: dizzyness (aka dizziness)
H: nausea
I: myalgia
J: pain, acute (aka acute pain)
K: None... | H |
<Instruct>: Given the context 'The results of this pilot study suggest that fusidic acid may be of benefit in selected chronic active Crohn's disease patients in whom conventional treatment is ineffective.', select the correct biomedical concept corresponding to 'Crohn's disease'. Answer using one of the provided optio... | <Options>: A: colitis
B: regional ileitis (aka crohn disease)
C: inflammatory bowel disease (crohn disease) 1 (aka inflammatory bowel diseases)
D: inflammatory bowel disease, ulcerative colitis type (aka colitis, ulcerative)
E: pediatric crohn's disease
F: None of the above. | B |
<Instruct>: Given the context 'Because there seems to exist a scientific rationale for the use of fusidic acid at the cytokine level in inflammatory bowel disease, we suggest that the role of this treatment should be further investigated.', select the correct biomedical concept corresponding to 'inflammatory bowel dise... | <Options>: A: inflammatory bowel disease, ulcerative colitis type (aka colitis, ulcerative)
B: crohn's disease (aka crohn disease)
C: enterocolitis
D: colitis
E: enteritis
F: intestinal disease (aka intestinal diseases)
G: None of the above. | G |
<Instruct>: Given the context 'Electrocardiographic evidence of myocardial injury in psychiatrically hospitalized cocaine abusers.', select the correct biomedical concept corresponding to 'myocardial injury'. Answer using one of the provided options. | <Options>: A: myocarditides (aka myocarditis)
B: heart injuries
C: injury, myocardial reperfusion (aka myocardial reperfusion injury)
D: myocardial infarct (aka myocardial infarction)
E: ischemias, myocardial (aka myocardial ischemia)
F: None of the above. | F |
<Instruct>: Given the context 'The electrocardiograms (ECG) of 99 cocaine-abusing patients were compared with the ECGs of 50 schizophrenic controls.', select the correct biomedical concept corresponding to 'schizophrenic'. Answer using one of the provided options. | <Options>: A: pseudopsychopathic schizophrenia (aka schizotypal personality disorder)
B: catatonic schizophrenias (aka schizophrenia, catatonic)
C: disorders, schizophrenic (aka schizophrenia)
D: schizophrenia and disorders with psychotic features (aka schizophrenia spectrum and other psychotic disorders)
E: disorders,... | C |
<Instruct>: Given the context 'Eleven of the cocaine abusers and none of the controls had ECG evidence of significant myocardial injury defined as myocardial infarction, ischemia, and bundle branch block.', select the correct biomedical concept corresponding to 'myocardial injury'. Answer using one of the provided opti... | <Options>: A: myocarditides (aka myocarditis)
B: myocardial infarcts (aka myocardial infarction)
C: reperfusion injury, myocardial (aka myocardial reperfusion injury)
D: ischemias, myocardial (aka myocardial ischemia)
E: heart injuries
F: None of the above. | F |
<Instruct>: Given the context 'Eleven of the cocaine abusers and none of the controls had ECG evidence of significant myocardial injury defined as myocardial infarction, ischemia, and bundle branch block.', select the correct biomedical concept corresponding to 'myocardial infarction'. Answer using one of the provided ... | <Options>: A: stroke, ischaemic (aka ischemic stroke)
B: infarction, inferior myocardial (aka inferior wall myocardial infarction)
C: infarctions (aka infarction)
D: myocardial infarct (aka myocardial infarction)
E: myocardial ischemia
F: None of the above. | D |
<Instruct>: Given the context 'Eleven of the cocaine abusers and none of the controls had ECG evidence of significant myocardial injury defined as myocardial infarction, ischemia, and bundle branch block.', select the correct biomedical concept corresponding to 'ischemia'. Answer using one of the provided options. | <Options>: A: ischemias (aka ischemia)
B: ischemia, myocardial (aka myocardial ischemia)
C: ischemia, critical limb (aka chronic limb-threatening ischemia)
D: cerebral anoxia-ischemias (aka hypoxia-ischemia, brain)
E: cerebral ischemia (aka brain ischemia)
F: None of the above. | A |
<Instruct>: Given the context 'Eleven of the cocaine abusers and none of the controls had ECG evidence of significant myocardial injury defined as myocardial infarction, ischemia, and bundle branch block.', select the correct biomedical concept corresponding to 'bundle branch block'. Answer using one of the provided op... | <Options>: A: bundle branch block (aka bundle-branch block)
B: None of the above. | A |
<Instruct>: Given the context 'Sulpiride-induced tardive dystonia.', select the correct biomedical concept corresponding to 'tardive dystonia'. Answer using one of the provided options. | <Options>: A: dystonias, primary (aka dystonic disorders)
B: paroxysmal dystonia (aka dystonia)
C: task-specific dystonia (aka dystonia, focal, task-specific)
D: dyskinesias, tardive (aka tardive dyskinesia)
E: dystonias, torsion (aka dystonia musculorum deformans)
F: None of the above. | B |
<Instruct>: Given the context 'Although initially thought to be free of extrapyramidal side effects, sulpiride-induced tardive dyskinesia and parkinsonism have been reported occasionally.', select the correct biomedical concept corresponding to 'tardive dyskinesia'. Answer using one of the provided options. | <Options>: A: dyskinesia syndromes (aka movement disorders)
B: dystonia disorder (aka dystonic disorders)
C: tardive dyskinesia
D: tardive oral dyskinesia (aka dyskinesias)
E: dyskinesia, paroxysmal (aka chorea)
F: None of the above. | F |
<Instruct>: Given the context 'Although initially thought to be free of extrapyramidal side effects, sulpiride-induced tardive dyskinesia and parkinsonism have been reported occasionally.', select the correct biomedical concept corresponding to 'parkinsonism'. Answer using one of the provided options. | <Options>: A: parkinson's disease, idiopathic (aka parkinson disease)
B: parkinsonism, autosomal dominant (aka parkinsonian disorders)
C: parkinson-dementia syndrome (aka progressive supranuclear palsy atypical)
D: None of the above. | D |
<Instruct>: Given the context 'We studied a 37-year-old man who developed persistent segmental dystonia within 2 months after starting sulpiride therapy.', select the correct biomedical concept corresponding to 'dystonia'. Answer using one of the provided options. | <Options>: A: dystonia, limb (aka dystonia)
B: dystonias, torsion (aka dystonia musculorum deformans)
C: tardive dystonia (aka tardive dyskinesia)
D: psychogenic dystonia (aka dystonic disorders)
E: None of the above. | A |
<Instruct>: Given the context 'We could not find any previous reports of sulpiride-induced tardive dystonia.', select the correct biomedical concept corresponding to 'tardive dystonia'. Answer using one of the provided options. | <Options>: A: dystonia, primary (aka dystonic disorders)
B: torsion dystonia (aka dystonia musculorum deformans)
C: task-specific dystonia (aka dystonia, focal, task-specific)
D: dystonia
E: dystonia, tardive (aka tardive dyskinesia)
F: None of the above. | D |
<Instruct>: Given the context 'Visual toxicity was of retinal origin and was characterized by a tritan-type dyschromatopsy, sometimes associated with a loss of visual acuity and pigmentary retinal deposits.', select the correct biomedical concept corresponding to 'Visual toxicity'. Answer using one of the provided opti... | <Options>: A: vision disabilities (aka vision disorders)
B: vision and hearing loss (aka deaf-blind disorders)
C: toxicity, ocular (aka toxic optic neuropathy)
D: reduced vision (aka vision, low)
E: light toxicity, retinal (aka foveomacular retinitis)
F: None of the above. | A |
<Instruct>: Given the context 'Visual toxicity was of retinal origin and was characterized by a tritan-type dyschromatopsy, sometimes associated with a loss of visual acuity and pigmentary retinal deposits.', select the correct biomedical concept corresponding to 'a loss of visual acuity'. Answer using one of the provi... | <Options>: A: sudden visual loss (aka blindness)
B: visual impairment (aka vision disorders)
C: vision and hearing loss (aka deaf-blind disorders)
D: vision, subnormal (aka vision, low)
E: None of the above. | B |
<Instruct>: Given the context 'Visual toxicity was of retinal origin and was characterized by a tritan-type dyschromatopsy, sometimes associated with a loss of visual acuity and pigmentary retinal deposits.', select the correct biomedical concept corresponding to 'pigmentary retinal deposits'. Answer using one of the p... | <Options>: A: pigmentary retinopathy (aka retinitis pigmentosa)
B: retinopathy, pericentral pigmentary, dominant
C: ruffles and cysts of iris pigment epithelium (aka iris pigment epithelium anomalies)
D: retinal dystrophy, reticular pigmentary, of posterior pole
E: reticular dystrophy of retinal pigment epithelium
F: p... | K |
<Instruct>: Given the context 'Auditory toxicity was characterized by a mid- to high-frequency neurosensorial hearing loss and the lesion was of the cochlear type.', select the correct biomedical concept corresponding to 'Auditory toxicity'. Answer using one of the provided options. | <Options>: A: cochlear toxicity, drug-related (aka ototoxicity)
B: auditory neuropathy
C: None of the above. | C |
<Instruct>: Given the context 'Auditory toxicity was characterized by a mid- to high-frequency neurosensorial hearing loss and the lesion was of the cochlear type.', select the correct biomedical concept corresponding to 'neurosensorial hearing loss'. Answer using one of the provided options. | <Options>: A: hidden hearing loss (aka hearing loss, hidden)
B: hearing loss
C: nonsyndromic sensorineural hearing loss
D: functional hearing loss (aka hearing loss, functional)
E: neurosensory deafnesses (aka hearing loss, sensorineural)
F: nonsyndromic hearing loss (aka nonsyndromic deafness)
G: None of the above. | E |
<Instruct>: Given the context 'Desferrioxamine withdrawal resulted in a complete recovery of visual function in 1 patient and partial recovery in 3, and a complete reversal of hearing loss in 3 patients and partial recovery in 3.', select the correct biomedical concept corresponding to 'hearing loss'. Answer using one ... | <Options>: A: hearing loss, sensorineural
B: hidden hearing loss (aka hearing loss, hidden)
C: nonsyndromic hearing loss (aka nonsyndromic deafness)
D: complete hearing loss (aka deafness)
E: hearing disorder (aka hearing disorders)
F: hearing and vision loss (aka deaf-blind disorders)
G: loss, hearing (aka hearing los... | G |
<Instruct>: Given the context 'This toxicity appeared in patients receiving the higher doses of desferrioxamine or coincided with the normalization of ferritin or aluminium serum levels.', select the correct biomedical concept corresponding to 'toxicity'. Answer using one of the provided options. | <Options>: A: poisonings (aka poisoning)
B: neurotoxicity syndrome (aka neurotoxicity syndromes)
C: toxemias (aka toxemia)
D: drug toxicity (aka drug-related side effects and adverse reactions)
E: chemically-induced disorder (aka chemically-induced disorders)
F: drug overdose
G: None of the above. | D |
<Instruct>: Given the context 'Myasthenia gravis presenting as weakness after magnesium administration.', select the correct biomedical concept corresponding to 'Myasthenia gravis'. Answer using one of the provided options. | <Options>: A: myasthenia gravis, congenital (aka myasthenic syndromes, congenital)
B: myasthenia gravis, limb-girdle (aka myasthenia, limb-girdle, autoimmune)
C: myasthenia gravis, experimental (aka myasthenia gravis, autoimmune, experimental)
D: None of the above. | D |
<Instruct>: Given the context 'We studied a patient with no prior history of neuromuscular disease who became virtually quadriplegic after parenteral magnesium administration for preeclampsia.', select the correct biomedical concept corresponding to 'neuromuscular disease'. Answer using one of the provided options. | <Options>: A: neuromuscular disease (aka neuromuscular diseases)
B: neuromuscular transmission disorders (aka neuromuscular junction diseases)
C: motor system disease (aka motor neuron disease)
D: dystrophies, muscular (aka muscular dystrophies)
E: neuromuscular manifestations
F: muscle disorders (aka muscular diseases... | A |
<Instruct>: Given the context 'We studied a patient with no prior history of neuromuscular disease who became virtually quadriplegic after parenteral magnesium administration for preeclampsia.', select the correct biomedical concept corresponding to 'quadriplegic'. Answer using one of the provided options. | <Options>: A: paraplegias (aka paraplegia)
B: quadriplegic infantile cerebral palsy (aka cerebral palsy)
C: tetraplegia (aka quadriplegia)
D: general paresis (aka neurosyphilis)
E: None of the above. | C |
<Instruct>: Given the context 'We studied a patient with no prior history of neuromuscular disease who became virtually quadriplegic after parenteral magnesium administration for preeclampsia.', select the correct biomedical concept corresponding to 'preeclampsia'. Answer using one of the provided options. | <Options>: A: eclampsia 1s, preeclampsia (aka pre-eclampsia)
B: eclampsias (aka eclampsia)
C: preeclampsia eclampsia 3
D: preeclampsia eclampsia 2
E: preeclamptic toxemia
F: None of the above. | A |
<Instruct>: Given the context 'While she was weak, 2-Hz repetitive stimulation revealed a decrement without significant facilitation at rapid rates or after exercise, suggesting postsynaptic neuromuscular blockade.', select the correct biomedical concept corresponding to 'postsynaptic neuromuscular blockade'. Answer us... | <Options>: A: blocks, residual neuromuscular (aka delayed emergence from anesthesia)
B: congenital myasthenic syndromes, postsynaptic (aka myasthenic syndromes, congenital)
C: posterior fascicular block (aka bundle-branch block)
D: toxic disorders, neuromuscular junction (aka neuromuscular junction diseases)
E: None of... | E |
<Instruct>: Given the context 'Although paralysis after magnesium administration has been described in patients with known myasthenia gravis, it has not previously been reported to be the initial or only manifestation of the disease.', select the correct biomedical concept corresponding to 'paralysis'. Answer using one... | <Options>: A: general paresis (aka neurosyphilis)
B: parapareses (aka paraparesis)
C: neurasthenia
D: paralyses (aka paralysis)
E: pareses (aka paresis)
F: None of the above. | D |
<Instruct>: Given the context 'Although paralysis after magnesium administration has been described in patients with known myasthenia gravis, it has not previously been reported to be the initial or only manifestation of the disease.', select the correct biomedical concept corresponding to 'myasthenia gravis'. Answer u... | <Options>: A: gravi, congenital myasthenia (aka myasthenic syndromes, congenital)
B: myasthenia gravis, limb-girdle (aka myasthenia, limb-girdle, autoimmune)
C: myasthenia gravis
D: myasthenia gravis, experimental (aka myasthenia gravis, autoimmune, experimental)
E: None of the above. | C |
<Instruct>: Given the context 'Patients who are unusually sensitive to the neuromuscular effects of magnesium should be suspected of having an underlying disorder of neuromuscular transmission.', select the correct biomedical concept corresponding to 'disorder of neuromuscular transmission'. Answer using one of the pro... | <Options>: A: neurogenic muscular atrophies (aka muscular atrophy)
B: amyotrophy, neuralgic (aka brachial plexus neuritis)
C: dystrophies, muscular (aka muscular dystrophies)
D: neuroses, neurasthenic (aka neurasthenia)
E: muscle disorder (aka muscular diseases)
F: neuromuscular junction diseases
G: neuromuscular disea... | F |
<Instruct>: Given the context 'The data demonstrate that CAA after i.v. administration does not contribute to bladder damage.', select the correct biomedical concept corresponding to 'bladder damage'. Answer using one of the provided options. | <Options>: A: urinary bladder disorder, neurogenic (aka urinary bladder, neurogenic)
B: bladder pain syndromes (aka cystitis, interstitial)
C: fallen urinary bladder (aka cystocele)
D: cystitides (aka cystitis)
E: None of the above. | E |
<Instruct>: Given the context 'Source of pain and primitive dysfunction in migraine: an identical site?', select the correct biomedical concept corresponding to 'pain'. Answer using one of the provided options. | <Options>: A: aches (aka pain)
B: acute pains (aka acute pain)
C: pain, tissue (aka nociceptive pain)
D: pain disorder (aka somatoform disorders)
E: pain, musculoskeletal (aka musculoskeletal pain)
F: None of the above. | A |
<Instruct>: Given the context 'Source of pain and primitive dysfunction in migraine: an identical site?', select the correct biomedical concept corresponding to 'migraine'. Answer using one of the provided options. | <Options>: A: headaches, migraine (aka migraine disorders)
B: classic migraine (aka migraine with aura)
C: migraines, common (aka migraine without aura)
D: None of the above. | A |
<Instruct>: Given the context 'Twenty common migraine patients received a one sided frontotemporal application of nitroglycerin (10 patients) or placebo ointment (10 patients) in a double blind study.', select the correct biomedical concept corresponding to 'migraine'. Answer using one of the provided options. | <Options>: A: migraine, common (aka migraine without aura)
B: migraine disorder (aka migraine disorders)
C: migraine with aura
D: None of the above. | B |
<Instruct>: Given the context 'Early onset migraine attacks were induced by nitroglycerin in seven out of 10 patients versus no patient in the placebo group.', select the correct biomedical concept corresponding to 'migraine'. Answer using one of the provided options. | <Options>: A: migraine, common (aka migraine without aura)
B: migraine with aura
C: migraine (aka migraine disorders)
D: None of the above. | C |
<Instruct>: Given the context 'Subsequently 20 migraine patients, who developed an early onset attack with frontotemporal nitroglycerin, received the drug in a second induction test at other body areas.', select the correct biomedical concept corresponding to 'migraine'. Answer using one of the provided options. | <Options>: A: migraines, common (aka migraine without aura)
B: headache, migraine (aka migraine disorders)
C: migraine with auras (aka migraine with aura)
D: None of the above. | B |
<Instruct>: Given the context 'No early onset migraine was observed.', select the correct biomedical concept corresponding to 'migraine'. Answer using one of the provided options. | <Options>: A: migraine disorder (aka migraine disorders)
B: migraine with aura
C: common migraines (aka migraine without aura)
D: None of the above. | A |
<Instruct>: Given the context 'Thus the migraine-inducing effect of nitroglycerin seems to depend on direct stimulation of the habitual site of pain, suggesting that the frontotemporal region is of crucial importance in the development of a migraine crisis.', select the correct biomedical concept corresponding to 'migr... | <Options>: A: migraine with aura
B: headaches, migraine (aka migraine disorders)
C: common migraines (aka migraine without aura)
D: None of the above. | B |
<Instruct>: Given the context 'Thus the migraine-inducing effect of nitroglycerin seems to depend on direct stimulation of the habitual site of pain, suggesting that the frontotemporal region is of crucial importance in the development of a migraine crisis.', select the correct biomedical concept corresponding to 'pain... | <Options>: A: pain, acute (aka acute pain)
B: pain disorder (aka somatoform disorders)
C: pain, somatic (aka nociceptive pain)
D: pain, musculoskeletal (aka musculoskeletal pain)
E: aches (aka pain)
F: None of the above. | E |
<Instruct>: Given the context 'Thus the migraine-inducing effect of nitroglycerin seems to depend on direct stimulation of the habitual site of pain, suggesting that the frontotemporal region is of crucial importance in the development of a migraine crisis.', select the correct biomedical concept corresponding to 'migr... | <Options>: A: classic migraine (aka migraine with aura)
B: migraine (aka migraine disorders)
C: migraines, common (aka migraine without aura)
D: None of the above. | B |
<Instruct>: Given the context 'This is not consistent with a CNS origin of migraine attack.', select the correct biomedical concept corresponding to 'migraine'. Answer using one of the provided options. | <Options>: A: migraine with aura
B: migraines, common (aka migraine without aura)
C: migraine disorder (aka migraine disorders)
D: None of the above. | C |
<Instruct>: Given the context 'Clotiazepam-induced acute hepatitis.', select the correct biomedical concept corresponding to 'hepatitis'. Answer using one of the provided options. | <Options>: A: hepadnaviridae infection (aka hepadnaviridae infections)
B: hepatitis
C: hepatitis, chronic
D: hepatitis, water borne (aka hepatitis e)
E: hepatitis, viral, human
F: hepatitis, infectious (aka hepatitis a)
G: None of the above. | G |
<Instruct>: Given the context 'We report the case of a patient who developed acute hepatitis with extensive hepatocellular necrosis, 7 months after the onset of administration of clotiazepam, a thienodiazepine derivative.', select the correct biomedical concept corresponding to 'hepatitis'. Answer using one of the prov... | <Options>: A: hepatitis, viral, non-a, non-b, enterically-transmitted (aka hepatitis e)
B: infections, hepadnaviridae (aka hepadnaviridae infections)
C: hepatitides, infectious (aka hepatitis a)
D: hepatitides (aka hepatitis)
E: hepatitis, viral, human
F: hepatitis, chronic
G: None of the above. | G |
<Instruct>: Given the context 'We report the case of a patient who developed acute hepatitis with extensive hepatocellular necrosis, 7 months after the onset of administration of clotiazepam, a thienodiazepine derivative.', select the correct biomedical concept corresponding to 'extensive hepatocellular necrosis'. Answ... | <Options>: A: giant cell hepatitis (aka neonatal hemochromatosis)
B: massive hepatic necrosis
C: necrosis
D: sne (aka leigh disease)
E: renal tubule necrosis (aka kidney cortex necrosis)
F: hepatolenticular degeneration
G: None of the above. | B |
<Instruct>: Given the context 'The administration of several benzodiazepines, chemically related to clotiazepam, did not interfere with recovery and did not induce any relapse of hepatitis.', select the correct biomedical concept corresponding to 'hepatitis'. Answer using one of the provided options. | <Options>: A: hepatitides, infectious (aka hepatitis a)
B: hepatitis, chronic
C: infections, hepadnaviridae (aka hepadnaviridae infections)
D: human viral hepatitis (aka hepatitis, viral, human)
E: hepatitis, viral, non-a, non-b, enterically-transmitted (aka hepatitis e)
F: hepatitides (aka hepatitis)
G: None of the ab... | G |
<Instruct>: Given the context 'This observation shows that clotiazepam can induce acute hepatitis and suggests that there is no cross hepatotoxicity between clotiazepam and several benzodiazepines.', select the correct biomedical concept corresponding to 'hepatitis'. Answer using one of the provided options. | <Options>: A: hepadnaviridae infections
B: hepatitis, chronic
C: hepatitides (aka hepatitis)
D: hepatitis, water borne (aka hepatitis e)
E: hepatitis a
F: human viral hepatitides (aka hepatitis, viral, human)
G: None of the above. | G |
<Instruct>: Given the context 'This observation shows that clotiazepam can induce acute hepatitis and suggests that there is no cross hepatotoxicity between clotiazepam and several benzodiazepines.', select the correct biomedical concept corresponding to 'hepatotoxicity'. Answer using one of the provided options. | <Options>: A: hepatitides (aka hepatitis)
B: toxic hepatitis (aka chemical and drug induced liver injury)
C: None of the above. | B |
<Instruct>: Given the context 'Arterial hypertension as a complication of prolonged ketoconazole treatment.', select the correct biomedical concept corresponding to 'hypertension'. Answer using one of the provided options. | <Options>: A: primary hypertension (aka essential hypertension)
B: systolic hypertension (aka isolated systolic hypertension)
C: malignant hypertension (aka hypertension, malignant)
D: pre hypertension (aka prehypertension)
E: hypertension, renal
F: high blood pressure (aka hypertension)
G: None of the above. | F |
<Instruct>: Given the context 'Two of 14 patients with Cushing's syndrome treated on a long-term basis with ketoconazole developed sustained hypertension.', select the correct biomedical concept corresponding to 'Cushing's syndrome'. Answer using one of the provided options. | <Options>: A: acth-independent cushing syndrome (aka acth-independent macronodular adrenal hyperplasia)
B: pituitary-dependant hypercortisolism disorder (aka pituitary acth hypersecretion)
C: syndrome, cushing's (aka cushing syndrome)
D: None of the above. | C |
<Instruct>: Given the context 'Two of 14 patients with Cushing's syndrome treated on a long-term basis with ketoconazole developed sustained hypertension.', select the correct biomedical concept corresponding to 'hypertension'. Answer using one of the provided options. | <Options>: A: pre-hypertensions (aka prehypertension)
B: hypertension, primary (aka essential hypertension)
C: malignant hypertension (aka hypertension, malignant)
D: systolic hypertension (aka isolated systolic hypertension)
E: hypertension, renal
F: None of the above. | F |
<Instruct>: Given the context 'In both cases normal plasma and urinary free cortisol levels had been achieved following ketoconazole therapy, yet continuous blood pressure monitoring demonstrated hypertension 31 (patient 1) and 52 weeks (patient 2) after treatment.', select the correct biomedical concept corresponding ... | <Options>: A: hypertensions, renal (aka hypertension, renal)
B: hypertension, primary (aka essential hypertension)
C: high blood pressures (aka hypertension)
D: malignant hypertension (aka hypertension, malignant)
E: systolic hypertensions (aka isolated systolic hypertension)
F: pre-hypertension (aka prehypertension)
G... | C |
<Instruct>: Given the context 'Our findings show that long-term treatment with high doses of ketoconazole may induce enzyme blockade leading to mineralocorticoid-related hypertension.', select the correct biomedical concept corresponding to 'hypertension'. Answer using one of the provided options. | <Options>: A: hypertensions, renal (aka hypertension, renal)
B: pre-hypertensions (aka prehypertension)
C: blood pressures, high (aka hypertension)
D: malignant hypertension (aka hypertension, malignant)
E: hypertension, essential (aka essential hypertension)
F: systolic hypertensions (aka isolated systolic hypertensio... | C |
<Instruct>: Given the context 'Effects of an inhibitor of angiotensin converting enzyme (Captopril) on pulmonary and renal insufficiency due to intravascular coagulation in the rat.', select the correct biomedical concept corresponding to 'intravascular coagulation'. Answer using one of the provided options. | <Options>: A: intravascular disseminated coagulations (aka disseminated intravascular coagulation)
B: blood clot (aka thrombosis)
C: blood coagulation disorder (aka blood coagulation disorders)
D: None of the above. | A |
<Instruct>: Given the context 'Induction of intravascular coagulation and inhibition of fibrinolysis by injection of thrombin and tranexamic acid (AMCA) in the rat gives rise to pulmonary and renal insufficiency resembling that occurring after trauma or sepsis in man.', select the correct biomedical concept correspondi... | <Options>: A: blood coagulation disorders
B: blood clots (aka thrombosis)
C: None of the above. | C |
<Instruct>: Given the context 'Induction of intravascular coagulation and inhibition of fibrinolysis by injection of thrombin and tranexamic acid (AMCA) in the rat gives rise to pulmonary and renal insufficiency resembling that occurring after trauma or sepsis in man.', select the correct biomedical concept correspondi... | <Options>: A: psychological trauma
B: accident injuries (aka accidental injuries)
C: injury (aka wounds and injuries)
D: None of the above. | C |
<Instruct>: Given the context 'Induction of intravascular coagulation and inhibition of fibrinolysis by injection of thrombin and tranexamic acid (AMCA) in the rat gives rise to pulmonary and renal insufficiency resembling that occurring after trauma or sepsis in man.', select the correct biomedical concept correspondi... | <Options>: A: infection (aka infections)
B: septic shock (aka shock, septic)
C: endotoxemias (aka endotoxemia)
D: bacterial infection (aka bacterial infections)
E: inflammation
F: septicemias (aka sepsis)
G: bacteremia
H: sepsis syndromes (aka systemic inflammatory response syndrome)
I: None of the above. | F |
<Instruct>: Given the context 'Renal damage as reflected by an increase in serum urea and in kidney weight was prevented by Captopril.', select the correct biomedical concept corresponding to 'Renal damage'. Answer using one of the provided options. | <Options>: A: failure, kidney (aka renal insufficiency)
B: nephrosis
C: acute renal injury (aka acute kidney injury)
D: nephritides (aka nephritis)
E: disease, kidney (aka kidney diseases)
F: None of the above. | E |
<Instruct>: Given the context 'Captopril may, by the same mechanism, reduce the increase in glomerular filtration that is known to occur after an injection of thrombin, thereby diminishing the aggregation of fibrin monomers in the glomeruli, with the result that less fibrin will be deposited and thus less kidney damage... | <Options>: A: kidney insufficiency (aka renal insufficiency)
B: nephritides (aka nephritis)
C: renal injuries, acute (aka acute kidney injury)
D: disease, kidney (aka kidney diseases)
E: nephrosis
F: None of the above. | D |
<Instruct>: Given the context 'A randomized comparison of labetalol and nitroprusside for induced hypotension.', select the correct biomedical concept corresponding to 'hypotension'. Answer using one of the provided options. | <Options>: A: hypovolemia
B: transfusion reactions, hypotensive (aka transfusion reaction)
C: hypotension, ocular (aka ocular hypotension)
D: hypotension, orthostatic, included (aka multiple system atrophy)
E: blood pressure, low (aka hypotension)
F: bradycardias (aka bradycardia)
G: hypotension, orthostatic
H: intracr... | E |
<Instruct>: Given the context 'In a randomized study, labetalol-induced hypotension and nitroprusside-induced hypotension were compared in 20 patients (10 in each group) scheduled for major orthopedic procedures.', select the correct biomedical concept corresponding to 'hypotension'. Answer using one of the provided op... | <Options>: A: hypotension, orthostatic
B: hypotension, orthostatic, included (aka multiple system atrophy)
C: intracranial hypotension
D: hypovolemics (aka hypovolemia)
E: transfusion reactions, hypotensive (aka transfusion reaction)
F: hypotension, vascular (aka hypotension)
G: hypotension, ocular (aka ocular hypotens... | F |
<Instruct>: Given the context 'In a randomized study, labetalol-induced hypotension and nitroprusside-induced hypotension were compared in 20 patients (10 in each group) scheduled for major orthopedic procedures.', select the correct biomedical concept corresponding to 'hypotension'. Answer using one of the provided op... | <Options>: A: transfusion reactions, hypotensive (aka transfusion reaction)
B: hypotension, orthostatic, included (aka multiple system atrophy)
C: bradycardias (aka bradycardia)
D: hypotension, orthostatic
E: hypovolemic (aka hypovolemia)
F: hypotension, ocular (aka ocular hypotension)
G: intracranial hypotension
H: No... | H |
<Instruct>: Given the context 'Each patient was subjected to an identical anesthetic protocol and similar drug-induced reductions in mean arterial blood pressure (BP) (50 to 55 mmHg).', select the correct biomedical concept corresponding to 'reductions in mean arterial blood pressure'. Answer using one of the provided ... | <Options>: A: postural hypotension (aka hypotension, orthostatic)
B: vascular depression
C: hypocapnia
D: essential intracranial hypotension (aka intracranial hypotension)
E: None of the above. | E |
<Instruct>: Given the context 'Nitroprusside infusion was associated with a significant (p less than 0.05) increase in heart rate and cardiac output; rebound hypertension was observed in three patients after discontinuation of nitroprusside.', select the correct biomedical concept corresponding to 'increase in heart ra... | <Options>: A: heart syndrome, hyperkinetic (aka neurocirculatory asthenia)
B: syndromes, cardiorenal (aka cardio-renal syndrome)
C: cardiogenic shock (aka shock, cardiogenic)
D: heart, enlarged (aka cardiomegaly)
E: cardiac output, low
F: high cardiac outputs (aka cardiac output, high)
G: congestive cardiomyopathies (a... | F |
<Instruct>: Given the context 'Nitroprusside infusion was associated with a significant (p less than 0.05) increase in heart rate and cardiac output; rebound hypertension was observed in three patients after discontinuation of nitroprusside.', select the correct biomedical concept corresponding to 'hypertension'. Answe... | <Options>: A: pre-hypertensions (aka prehypertension)
B: high blood pressure (aka hypertension)
C: malignant hypertension (aka hypertension, malignant)
D: hypertensions, renal (aka hypertension, renal)
E: primary hypertension (aka essential hypertension)
F: systolic hypertension (aka isolated systolic hypertension)
G: ... | B |
<Instruct>: Given the context 'Chronic carbamazepine treatment in the rat: efficacy, toxicity, and effect on plasma and tissue folate concentrations.', select the correct biomedical concept corresponding to 'toxicity'. Answer using one of the provided options. | <Options>: A: chemically-induced disorder (aka chemically-induced disorders)
B: drug side effects (aka drug-related side effects and adverse reactions)
C: encephalopathies, toxic (aka neurotoxicity syndromes)
D: poisonings (aka poisoning)
E: toxemia
F: drug overdose
G: None of the above. | B |
<Instruct>: Given the context 'In the course of developing this model, a common vehicle, propylene glycol, by itself in high doses, was found to exhibit protective properties against induced seizures and inhibited weight gain.', select the correct biomedical concept corresponding to 'seizures'. Answer using one of the ... | <Options>: A: non-epileptic seizure (aka seizures)
B: seizure disorder (aka epilepsy)
C: None of the above. | A |
<Instruct>: Given the context 'In the course of developing this model, a common vehicle, propylene glycol, by itself in high doses, was found to exhibit protective properties against induced seizures and inhibited weight gain.', select the correct biomedical concept corresponding to 'weight gain'. Answer using one of t... | <Options>: A: weight gain
B: gain trajectory, weight (aka body-weight trajectory)
C: pregnancy weight gain (aka gestational weight gain)
D: weight change, body (aka body weight changes)
E: weight reduction (aka weight loss)
F: None of the above. | A |
<Instruct>: Given the context 'Seizures induced by hexafluorodiethyl ether (HFDE) were also found to be a more sensitive measure of protection by CBZ than seizures induced by maximal electroshock (MES).', select the correct biomedical concept corresponding to 'Seizures'. Answer using one of the provided options. | <Options>: A: seizure disorder (aka epilepsy)
B: None of the above. | B |
<Instruct>: Given the context 'Seizures induced by hexafluorodiethyl ether (HFDE) were also found to be a more sensitive measure of protection by CBZ than seizures induced by maximal electroshock (MES).', select the correct biomedical concept corresponding to 'seizures'. Answer using one of the provided options. | <Options>: A: non-epileptic seizure (aka seizures)
B: seizure disorders (aka epilepsy)
C: None of the above. | A |
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