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<Instruct>: Given the context 'Defective ALK5 signaling in the neural crest leads to increased postmigratory neural crest cell apoptosis and severe outflow tract defects
Abstract
Background
Congenital cardiovascular diseases are the most common form of birth defects in humans.', select the correct biomedical concept corresponding to 'birth'. Answer using one of the provided options. | <Options>: A: aldehyde reductase (nadph) activity (aka alcohol dehydrogenase (nadp+) activity)
B: negative regulation by virus of host type i interferon production (aka suppression by virus of host type i interferon production)
C: asymmetric protein localisation (aka asymmetric protein localization)
D: cutin biosynthesis (aka cutin biosynthetic process)
E: mirna-mediated gene silencing, production of mirnas (aka production of mirnas involved in gene silencing by mirna)
F: down regulation of female receptivity (aka negative regulation of female receptivity)
G: histone lysine h3 r26 methylation (aka histone h3-r26 methylation)
H: stimulation of cytokine production (aka positive regulation of cytokine production)
I: protein-n(pi)-phosphohistidine-sucrose phosphotransferase system transporter activity (sucrose pts transporter activity) (aka protein-n(pi)-phosphohistidine-sucrose phosphotransferase system transporter activity)
J: ethylene synthesis (aka ethylene biosynthetic process)
K: None of the above. | K |
<Instruct>: Given the context 'Defective ALK5 signaling in the neural crest leads to increased postmigratory neural crest cell apoptosis and severe outflow tract defects
Abstract
Background
Congenital cardiovascular diseases are the most common form of birth defects in humans.', select the correct biomedical concept corresponding to 'cell apoptosis'. Answer using one of the provided options. | <Options>: A: long-chain-fatty-acid-coa ligase activity (aka long-chain fatty acid-coa ligase activity)
B: peroxisome matrix protein import (aka protein import into peroxisome matrix)
C: yolk plasma
D: palmitoyl-coenzyme a dehydrogenase activity (aka long-chain-acyl-coa dehydrogenase activity)
E: stimulation by symbiont of cytolysis of host cells (aka positive regulation of cytolysis by symbiont of host cells)
F: negative regulation of interferon-gamma secretion (down regulation of interferon-gamma secretion) (aka negative regulation of interferon-gamma secretion)
G: tat activity (aka tubulin n-acetyltransferase activity)
H: regulation of heart growth
I: ribonucleic cytidylic cytidylic adenylic pyrophosphorylase (aka trna cytidylyltransferase activity)
J: regulation of ifng secretion (aka regulation of interferon-gamma secretion)
K: None of the above. | K |
<Instruct>: Given the context 'A substantial portion of these defects has been associated with inappropriate induction, migration, differentiation and patterning of pluripotent cardiac neural crest stem cells.', select the correct biomedical concept corresponding to 'migration ... of ... neural crest ... cells'. Answer using one of the provided options. | <Options>: A: natural killer t-lymphocyte proliferation during immune response (aka nk t cell proliferation involved in immune response)
B: endoplasmic-reticulum-mitochondrion membrane contact site (aka er-mitochondrion membrane contact site)
C: beta3-adrenergic receptor activity (beta3 adrenoceptor) (aka beta3-adrenergic receptor activity)
D: myeloid dendritic cell differentiation involved in immune response (myeloid dendritic cell differentiation during immune response) (aka myeloid dendritic cell differentiation involved in immune response)
E: regulation of gluconeogenesis by upregulation of transcription from rna polymerase ii promoter (aka positive regulation of gluconeogenesis by positive regulation of transcription from rna polymerase ii promoter)
F: nk t lymphocyte activation (aka nk t cell activation)
G: thrombin receptor activity, g-protein coupled (aka thrombin receptor activity)
H: stimulation of phytoalexin metabolism (aka positive regulation of phytoalexin metabolic process)
I: secretin receptor activity
J: multicellular organismal metabolic process (single multicellular organismal metabolic process) (aka multicellular organismal metabolic process)
K: None of the above. | K |
<Instruct>: Given the context 'A substantial portion of these defects has been associated with inappropriate induction, migration, differentiation and patterning of pluripotent cardiac neural crest stem cells.', select the correct biomedical concept corresponding to 'differentiation ... of ... cells'. Answer using one of the provided options. | <Options>: A: regulation of acetylcholine secretion, neurotransmission
B: epithelial barrier development (aka establishment of skin barrier)
C: haematopoietic progenitor cell differentiation (aka hematopoietic progenitor cell differentiation)
D: positive regulation of cytotoxic t-lymphocyte granule exocytosis (aka positive regulation of cytotoxic t cell degranulation)
E: envz (aka protein histidine kinase activity) (aka protein histidine kinase activity)
F: regulation of transcription from rna polymerase ii promoter in response to methionine
G: lateral element (axial element) (aka lateral element)
H: leukotriene-e4 omega-hydroxylase activity (aka leukotriene-e4 20-monooxygenase activity)
I: nuclear migration to embryo sac poles (nuclear migration to female gametophyte poles) (aka nuclear migration to embryo sac poles)
J: activation of fibroblast growth factor receptor signaling pathway (aka positive regulation of fibroblast growth factor receptor signaling pathway)
K: None of the above. | K |
<Instruct>: Given the context 'While TGF-β-superfamily signaling has been strongly implicated in neural crest cell development, the detailed molecular signaling mechanisms in vivo are still poorly understood.
', select the correct biomedical concept corresponding to 'tgf-β-superfamily signaling'. Answer using one of the provided options. | <Options>: A: testicular ring canal formation (aka male germline ring canal formation)
B: cyclic dinucleotide di-gmp binding (aka cyclic-di-gmp binding)
C: regulation of tgfb3 activation (aka regulation of transforming growth factor beta3 activation)
D: amino-acid betaine transmembrane transporter activity (proline/glycine/betaine:hydrogen/sodium symporter activity) (aka amino-acid betaine transmembrane transporter activity)
E: upregulation of tgfb2 activation (aka positive regulation of transforming growth factor beta2 activation)
F: protein-er retention (aka maintenance of protein localization in endoplasmic reticulum)
G: triacylglycerol retention (aka sequestering of triglyceride)
H: asymmetric golgi ribbon formation
I: oligopeptide transporter activity
J: None of the above. | J |
<Instruct>: Given the context 'While TGF-β-superfamily signaling has been strongly implicated in neural crest cell development, the detailed molecular signaling mechanisms in vivo are still poorly understood.
', select the correct biomedical concept corresponding to 'neural crest cell development'. Answer using one of the provided options. | <Options>: A: cholecystokinin-b receptor activity (aka gastrin receptor activity)
B: myeloid dendritic cell differentiation involved in immune response (myeloid dendritic cell differentiation during immune response) (aka myeloid dendritic cell differentiation involved in immune response)
C: trophectoderm cellular morphogenesis (aka trophectodermal cellular morphogenesis)
D: positive regulation of sulfite transport by positive regulation of transcription from rna polymerase ii promoter
E: neural plate mediolateral regionalization (neural plate mediolateral pattern formation) (aka neural plate mediolateral regionalization)
F: inner cell mass cell proliferation
G: secretin receptor activity
H: silver transporter activity (aka silver ion transmembrane transporter activity)
I: corticotrophin-releasing factor receptor activity
J: blastocyst growth
K: None of the above. | K |
<Instruct>: Given the context 'While ALK5 is not required for neural crest cell migration, our results demonstrate that it plays an important role in the survival of post-migratory cardiac neural crest cells.
', select the correct biomedical concept corresponding to 'neural crest cell migration'. Answer using one of the provided options. | <Options>: A: regulation of gluconeogenesis by upregulation of transcription from rna polymerase ii promoter (aka positive regulation of gluconeogenesis by positive regulation of transcription from rna polymerase ii promoter)
B: multicellular organismal metabolism (aka multicellular organismal metabolic process)
C: myeloid dendritic cell differentiation involved in immune response (myeloid dendritic cell differentiation during immune response) (aka myeloid dendritic cell differentiation involved in immune response)
D: corticotrophin-releasing factor receptor activity
E: beta3-adrenergic receptor activity (beta3 adrenoceptor) (aka beta3-adrenergic receptor activity)
F: negative regulation of dna amplification (down regulation of dna amplification) (aka negative regulation of dna amplification)
G: inhibition of phytoalexin metabolism (aka negative regulation of phytoalexin metabolic process)
H: activation of phytoalexin metabolism (aka positive regulation of phytoalexin metabolic process)
I: acetyl-coenzyme a synthetase/groes-like domain (aka acryloyl-coa reductase (nadp+) activity)
J: cholecystokinin-b receptor activity (aka gastrin receptor activity)
K: None of the above. | K |
<Instruct>: Given the context 'Conclusion
Our results demonstrate that ALK5-mediated signaling in neural crest cells plays an essential cell-autonomous role in the pharyngeal and cardiac outflow tract development.
', select the correct biomedical concept corresponding to 'pharyngeal ... development'. Answer using one of the provided options. | <Options>: A: regulation of microtubule-based movement
B: ornithine(lysine) transaminase activity (l-ornithine(l-lysine):2-oxoglutarate-aminotransferase activity) (aka ornithine(lysine) transaminase activity)
C: mammary gland cord formation (mammary gland sprout formation) (aka mammary gland cord formation)
D: metanephric nephron tubule formation
E: nipple development
F: metanephric proximal tubule morphogenesis
G: retinoic acid receptor signaling pathway involved in ventral spinal cord interneuron specification (retinoic acid receptor signalling pathway involved in ventral spinal cord interneuron specification) (aka retinoic acid receptor signaling pathway involved in ventral spinal cord interneuron specification)
H: extrinsic component of autophagic vacuole membrane (aka extrinsic component of autophagosome membrane)
I: integral to pre-autophagosomal structure membrane (aka integral component of pre-autophagosomal structure membrane)
J: positive regulation of mammary placode formation by mesenchymal-epithelial signaling (positive regulation of mammary placode formation by mesenchymal-epithelial signalling) (aka positive regulation of mammary placode formation by mesenchymal-epithelial signaling)
K: None of the above. | K |
<Instruct>: Given the context 'Background
A considerable percentage of cardiac birth defects is caused by a failure in normal migration, differentiation or patterning of the cardiac neural crest (CNC).', select the correct biomedical concept corresponding to 'birth'. Answer using one of the provided options. | <Options>: A: histone lysine h3 r26 methylation (aka histone h3-r26 methylation)
B: asymmetric protein localisation (aka asymmetric protein localization)
C: down regulation of female receptivity (aka negative regulation of female receptivity)
D: stimulation of cytokine production (aka positive regulation of cytokine production)
E: mirna-mediated gene silencing, production of mirnas (aka production of mirnas involved in gene silencing by mirna)
F: alcohol:nadp dehydrogenase activity (aka alcohol dehydrogenase (nadp+) activity)
G: protein-n(pi)-phosphohistidine-sucrose phosphotransferase system transporter activity (sucrose pts transporter activity) (aka protein-n(pi)-phosphohistidine-sucrose phosphotransferase system transporter activity)
H: great alveolar cell differentiation (aka type ii pneumocyte differentiation)
I: stress fibre (aka stress fiber)
J: ethylene synthesis (aka ethylene biosynthetic process)
K: None of the above. | K |
<Instruct>: Given the context 'Subsequently cardiac neural crest cells (CNCCs) delaminate, undergo a phenotypic transformation from an epithelial to mesenchymal cell type, and migrate latero-ventrally into', select the correct biomedical concept corresponding to 'delaminate'. Answer using one of the provided options. | <Options>: A: nuclear mrna 5'-splice site recognition (aka mrna 5'-splice site recognition)
B: regulation of eosinophil degranulation (regulation of eosinophil granule exocytosis) (aka regulation of eosinophil degranulation)
C: cinnamic acid ester anabolism (aka cinnamic acid ester biosynthetic process)
D: s-adenosyl-l-methionine:(e)-prop-1-ene-1,2,3-tricarboxylate 2'-o-methyltransferase activity (aka trans-aconitate 2-methyltransferase activity)
E: embryo development (embryogenesis and morphogenesis) (aka embryo development)
F: down regulation of eosinophil degranulation (aka negative regulation of eosinophil degranulation)
G: nadp binding (aka nadp+ binding)
H: plasmid copy number maintenance
I: golgi transport complex (conserved oligomeric golgi complex) (aka golgi transport complex)
J: induction by organism of defense-related host no production (aka induction by symbiont of defense-related host nitric oxide production)
K: None of the above. | K |
<Instruct>: Given the context 'Early migratory CNCCs have been shown to retain a considerable degree of plasticity and their fate is largely controlled by instructional signals from local environments into which NCCs migrate [6].', select the correct biomedical concept corresponding to 'controlled'. Answer using one of the provided options. | <Options>: A: inhibition of juvenile hormone secretion (aka negative regulation of juvenile hormone secretion)
B: axo-dendritic transport (axon cargo transport) (aka axo-dendritic transport)
C: atp adenylyltransferase activity (diadenosine 5',5'''-p1,p4-tetraphosphate alphabeta-phosphorylase (adp-forming)) (aka atp adenylyltransferase activity)
D: positive regulation of juvenile hormone secretion (up regulation of juvenile hormone secretion) (aka positive regulation of juvenile hormone secretion)
E: dedifferentiation
F: saga-type complex (saga family complex) (aka saga-type complex)
G: upregulation of innate immune response (aka positive regulation of innate immune response)
H: plasma membrane raft
I: udpg:sterol glucosyltransferase activity (aka sterol 3-beta-glucosyltransferase activity)
J: stimulation of multicellular organismal process (aka positive regulation of multicellular organismal process)
K: None of the above. | K |
<Instruct>: Given the context 'However, it is likely that these signaling interactions are more complex in vivo, possibly allowing formation of heterotetrameric complexes composed of different type II and type I receptors', select the correct biomedical concept corresponding to 'formation of heterotetrameric complexes'. Answer using one of the provided options. | <Options>: A: down regulation of cell division (aka negative regulation of cell division)
B: glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor receptor signalling pathway (aka glial cell-derived neurotrophic factor receptor signaling pathway)
C: maintenance of centrosome location (maintenance of centrosome localization) (aka maintenance of centrosome location)
D: maintenance of mitochondrion localization (aka maintenance of mitochondrion location)
E: establishment and maintenance of oocyte nucleus localization during oocyte axis determination (aka oocyte nucleus localization involved in oocyte dorsal/ventral axis specification)
F: stimulation of vitamin d receptor signaling pathway (aka positive regulation of vitamin d receptor signaling pathway)
G: telomere-telomerase complex
H: centrosome positioning (aka establishment of centrosome localization)
I: None of the above. | I |
<Instruct>: Given the context 'Our data further suggest that at least some of these abnormal detected phenotypes result from a dramatic increase in apoptosis of postmigratory cardiac neural crest cells.', select the correct biomedical concept corresponding to 'apoptosis of ... cells'. Answer using one of the provided options. | <Options>: A: stimulation by symbiont of cytolysis of host cells (aka positive regulation of cytolysis by symbiont of host cells)
B: negative regulation of interferon-gamma secretion (down regulation of interferon-gamma secretion) (aka negative regulation of interferon-gamma secretion)
C: palmitoyl-coa dehydrogenase activity (aka long-chain-acyl-coa dehydrogenase activity)
D: yolk plasma
E: regulation of ifng secretion (aka regulation of interferon-gamma secretion)
F: tat activity (aka tubulin n-acetyltransferase activity)
G: peroxisome matrix protein import (aka protein import into peroxisome matrix)
H: regulation of heart growth
I: peroxisome fission (peroxisome proliferation) (aka peroxisome fission)
J: protein docking during protein transport into peroxisome matrix (aka protein import into peroxisome matrix, docking)
K: None of the above. | K |
<Instruct>: Given the context 'These phenotypes differ remarkably from those seen in corresponding Tgfbr2 mutants, suggesting that ALK5 mediates a wider spectrum of signaling events than its classical binding partner TGFβRII in cardiac neural crest cells during cardiac and pharyngeal development.
', select the correct biomedical concept corresponding to 'cardiac ... development'. Answer using one of the provided options. | <Options>: A: vasodilation by acetylcholine involved in regulation of systemic arterial blood pressure
B: increased force of heart contraction by circulating epinephrine-norepinephrine (aka positive regulation of the force of heart contraction by circulating epinephrine-norepinephrine)
C: germ plasm
D: negative regulation of antigen processing and presentation of peptide antigen via mhc class i (down regulation of antigen processing and presentation of peptide antigen via mhc class i) (aka negative regulation of antigen processing and presentation of peptide antigen via mhc class i)
E: blood pressure regulation by acetylcholine (aka regulation of systemic arterial blood pressure by acetylcholine)
F: clathrin sculpted monoamine constitutive secretory pathway transport vesicle lumen (aka clathrin-sculpted monoamine transport vesicle lumen)
G: regulation of ovulation
H: testicular ring canal (aka male germline ring canal)
I: tl signalling pathway (aka toll signaling pathway)
J: long term depression (aka long term synaptic depression)
K: None of the above. | K |
<Instruct>: Given the context 'These phenotypes differ remarkably from those seen in corresponding Tgfbr2 mutants, suggesting that ALK5 mediates a wider spectrum of signaling events than its classical binding partner TGFβRII in cardiac neural crest cells during cardiac and pharyngeal development.
', select the correct biomedical concept corresponding to 'pharyngeal development'. Answer using one of the provided options. | <Options>: A: evasion or tolerance of host immune response (immune evasion) (aka evasion or tolerance of host immune response)
B: metanephric proximal tubule morphogenesis
C: integral to pre-autophagosomal structure membrane (aka integral component of pre-autophagosomal structure membrane)
D: nipple development
E: ornithine(lysine) transaminase activity (l-ornithine(l-lysine):2-oxoglutarate-aminotransferase activity) (aka ornithine(lysine) transaminase activity)
F: positive regulation of mammary placode formation by mesenchymal-epithelial signaling (positive regulation of mammary placode formation by mesenchymal-epithelial signalling) (aka positive regulation of mammary placode formation by mesenchymal-epithelial signaling)
G: retinoic acid receptor signaling pathway involved in ventral spinal cord interneuron specification (retinoic acid receptor signalling pathway involved in ventral spinal cord interneuron specification) (aka retinoic acid receptor signaling pathway involved in ventral spinal cord interneuron specification)
H: valeramidase activity (aka pentanamidase activity)
I: regulation of extracellular matrix assembly
J: metanephric nephron tubule formation
K: None of the above. | K |
<Instruct>: Given the context 'When embryos were harvested during the last day of gestation, an expected number (25%) of Alk5/Wnt1-Cre mutants were recovered.', select the correct biomedical concept corresponding to 'gestation'. Answer using one of the provided options. | <Options>: A: detection of jasmonic acid stimulus (perception of jasmonic acid stimulus) (aka detection of jasmonic acid stimulus)
B: wolffian body development (aka mesonephros development)
C: cell septum assembly involved in cell cycle cytokinesis (aka cell septum assembly)
D: alcohol:nadp dehydrogenase activity (aka alcohol dehydrogenase (nadp+) activity)
E: stress fibre (aka stress fiber)
F: microrna biosynthetic process (aka production of mirnas involved in gene silencing by mirna)
G: delta1 complex (delta1 homodimer complex) (aka delta1 complex)
H: ethene biosynthesis (aka ethylene biosynthetic process)
I: l-ascorbic acid biosynthesis via gdp-alpha-d-mannose (aka l-ascorbic acid biosynthetic process via gdp-alpha-d-mannose)
J: stimulation of cytokine production (aka positive regulation of cytokine production)
K: None of the above. | K |
<Instruct>: Given the context 'However, all mutant offspring died either during the birth or during the first post-natal hours.
', select the correct biomedical concept corresponding to 'birth'. Answer using one of the provided options. | <Options>: A: histone lysine h3 r26 methylation (aka histone h3-r26 methylation)
B: asymmetric protein localisation (aka asymmetric protein localization)
C: down regulation of female receptivity (aka negative regulation of female receptivity)
D: nadp-aldehyde reductase activity (aka alcohol dehydrogenase (nadp+) activity)
E: negative regulation by virus of host type i interferon production (aka suppression by virus of host type i interferon production)
F: ethene biosynthesis (aka ethylene biosynthetic process)
G: stress fibre (aka stress fiber)
H: stimulation of cytokine production (aka positive regulation of cytokine production)
I: protein-n(pi)-phosphohistidine-sucrose phosphotransferase system transporter activity (sucrose pts transporter activity) (aka protein-n(pi)-phosphohistidine-sucrose phosphotransferase system transporter activity)
J: type ii pneumocyte differentiation (great alveolar cell differentiation) (aka type ii pneumocyte differentiation)
K: None of the above. | K |
<Instruct>: Given the context 'However, all mutant offspring died either during the birth or during the first post-natal hours.
', select the correct biomedical concept corresponding to 'died'. Answer using one of the provided options. | <Options>: A: upregulation by symbiont of cytolysis of host cells (aka positive regulation of cytolysis by symbiont of host cells)
B: long chain fatty acyl-coa synthetase activity (aka long-chain fatty acid-coa ligase activity)
C: response to salicylic acid (response to salicylic acid stimulus) (aka response to salicylic acid)
D: tat activity (aka tubulin n-acetyltransferase activity)
E: hypoxanthine degradation (aka hypoxanthine catabolic process)
F: palmitoyl-coa dehydrogenase activity (aka long-chain-acyl-coa dehydrogenase activity)
G: down regulation by organism of innate immunity in other organism during symbiotic interaction (aka negative regulation by organism of innate immune response in other organism involved in symbiotic interaction)
H: negative regulation of interleukin-13 formation (aka negative regulation of interleukin-13 biosynthetic process)
I: d-glucuronate isomerase activity (aka glucuronate isomerase activity)
J: purine base biosynthetic process (aka purine nucleobase biosynthetic process)
K: None of the above. | K |
<Instruct>: Given the context 'However, all mutant offspring died either during the birth or during the first post-natal hours.
', select the correct biomedical concept corresponding to 'natal'. Answer using one of the provided options. | <Options>: A: host mitochondria (aka host cell mitochondrion)
B: down regulation of megakaryocyte differentiation (aka negative regulation of megakaryocyte differentiation)
C: ribosomal small subunit biogenesis (ribosomal small subunit biogenesis and assembly) (aka ribosomal small subunit biogenesis)
D: stress fibre (aka stress fiber)
E: host cell plastid
F: activation of cytokine mediated signaling pathway (aka positive regulation of cytokine-mediated signaling pathway)
G: ethene biosynthesis from l-methionine (aka ethylene biosynthetic process)
H: histone lysine h3 r26 methylation (aka histone h3-r26 methylation)
I: type ii pneumocyte differentiation (great alveolar cell differentiation) (aka type ii pneumocyte differentiation)
J: cell septum assembly involved in cell cycle cytokinesis (aka cell septum assembly)
K: None of the above. | K |
<Instruct>: Given the context 'To determine, if ALK5-mediated TGF-β-signaling had a role in development of the OFT and large vessels of the aortic arch, we performed casting dye experiments on E17 embryos (Fig.', select the correct biomedical concept corresponding to 'tgf-β-signaling'. Answer using one of the provided options. | <Options>: A: regulation of tgfb3 activation (aka regulation of transforming growth factor beta3 activation)
B: asymmetric golgi ribbon formation
C: triacylglycerol retention (aka sequestering of triglyceride)
D: betaine transmembrane transporter activity (aka amino-acid betaine transmembrane transporter activity)
E: cytochrome c-heme linkage (cytochrome c-haem linkage) (aka cytochrome c-heme linkage)
F: retention of protein in er (aka maintenance of protein localization in endoplasmic reticulum)
G: c-di-gmp binding (aka cyclic-di-gmp binding)
H: oligopeptide transporter activity
I: up regulation of tgfbeta 2 activation (aka positive regulation of transforming growth factor beta2 activation)
J: None of the above. | J |
<Instruct>: Given the context 'A-D, Casting-dye analysis of OFT morphogenesis at E17.0.', select the correct biomedical concept corresponding to 'oft morphogenesis'. Answer using one of the provided options. | <Options>: A: molting cycle process
B: negative regulation of dopamine receptor signaling pathway (negative regulation of dopamine receptor signalling pathway) (aka negative regulation of dopamine receptor signaling pathway)
C: reproductive cellular process in multicellular organism (aka cellular process involved in reproduction in multicellular organism)
D: vasoconstriction of artery involved in carotid body chemoreceptor response to lowering of systemic arterial blood pressure (vasoconstriction of artery during carotid body chemoreceptor response to lowering of systemic arterial blood pressure) (aka vasoconstriction of artery involved in carotid body chemoreceptor response to lowering of systemic arterial blood pressure)
E: pyruvate-oxime:acetone oximinotransferase activity (aka oximinotransferase activity)
F: artery development
G: regulation of melanization defence response (aka regulation of melanization defense response)
H: regulation of type iii ifn production (aka regulation of type iii interferon production)
I: intracellular calcium activated chloride channel activity
J: mesodermal to mesenchymal transition involved in gastrulation
K: None of the above. | K |
<Instruct>: Given the context 'Abnormal patterning of the pharyngeal arch arteries and aortic sac in Alk5/Wnt1Cre mutants
During cardiovascular development, the PAAs undergo a complex set of sequential asymmetric remodeling steps resulting in the left-sided aortic arch.', select the correct biomedical concept corresponding to 'cardiovascular development'. Answer using one of the provided options. | <Options>: A: blood pressure regulation by acetylcholine (aka regulation of systemic arterial blood pressure by acetylcholine)
B: inhibition of melanocyte differentiation (aka negative regulation of melanocyte differentiation)
C: regulation of ovulation
D: clathrin sculpted monoamine constitutive secretory pathway transport vesicle lumen (aka clathrin-sculpted monoamine transport vesicle lumen)
E: regulation of peptide antigen processing and presentation via mhc class i (aka regulation of antigen processing and presentation of peptide antigen via mhc class i)
F: positive regulation of ovulation
G: ocellus pigment granule organisation (aka ocellus pigment granule organization)
H: il-21 secretion (aka interleukin-21 secretion)
I: increased force of heart contraction by circulating epinephrine-norepinephrine (aka positive regulation of the force of heart contraction by circulating epinephrine-norepinephrine)
J: negative regulation of antigen processing and presentation of peptide antigen via mhc class i (down regulation of antigen processing and presentation of peptide antigen via mhc class i) (aka negative regulation of antigen processing and presentation of peptide antigen via mhc class i)
K: None of the above. | K |
<Instruct>: Given the context 'Moreover, the carotid duct (the dorsal aorta between the 3rd and 4th PAAs) was already regressing as demonstrated by the reduced size (Fig. 2A).', select the correct biomedical concept corresponding to 'regressing'. Answer using one of the provided options. | <Options>: A: positive regulation of cytotoxic t lymphocyte granule exocytosis (aka positive regulation of cytotoxic t cell degranulation)
B: sec-translated protein complex assembly (aka posttranslational protein targeting to membrane, docking)
C: regulation of vesicle-mediated transport
D: myo-inositol trisphosphate biosynthetic process (aka inositol trisphosphate biosynthetic process)
E: d-arabitol metabolism (aka d-arabitol metabolic process)
F: purine base biosynthetic process (aka purine nucleobase biosynthetic process)
G: axon cargo transport (aka axo-dendritic transport)
H: ribonucleic cytidylic cytidylic adenylic pyrophosphorylase (aka trna cytidylyltransferase activity)
I: interleukin-27 anabolism (aka interleukin-27 biosynthetic process)
J: protein-n(pi)-phosphohistidine-galactosamine phosphotransferase system transporter activity (galactosamine pts transporter activity) (aka protein-n(pi)-phosphohistidine-galactosamine phosphotransferase system transporter activity)
K: None of the above. | K |
<Instruct>: Given the context 'Arrow in A points to the regressing carotid duct.', select the correct biomedical concept corresponding to 'regressing'. Answer using one of the provided options. | <Options>: A: glucuronate isomerase activity (d-glucuronate aldose-ketose-isomerase activity) (aka glucuronate isomerase activity)
B: axon cargo transport (aka axo-dendritic transport)
C: sterol transmembrane transport (sterol membrane transport) (aka sterol transmembrane transport)
D: protein-n(pi)-phosphohistidine-galactitol phosphotransferase system transmembrane transporter activity (galactitol pts transporter activity) (aka protein-n(pi)-phosphohistidine-galactitol phosphotransferase system transmembrane transporter activity)
E: sec-translated protein complex assembly (aka posttranslational protein targeting to membrane, docking)
F: protein-disulfide reduction (aka respiratory electron transport chain)
G: d-arabitol metabolism (aka d-arabitol metabolic process)
H: purine base biosynthetic process (aka purine nucleobase biosynthetic process)
I: interleukin-27 anabolism (aka interleukin-27 biosynthetic process)
J: ribonucleic cytidylic cytidylic adenylic pyrophosphorylase (aka trna cytidylyltransferase activity)
K: None of the above. | K |
<Instruct>: Given the context 'Asterisk in B depicts the corresponding structure in the mutant with no signs of regression.', select the correct biomedical concept corresponding to 'regression'. Answer using one of the provided options. | <Options>: A: evasion by virus of host natural killer cell activity (suppression by virus of host natural killer cell function) (aka evasion by virus of host natural killer cell activity)
B: interleukin-27 anabolism (aka interleukin-27 biosynthetic process)
C: sterol transmembrane transport (sterol membrane transport) (aka sterol transmembrane transport)
D: d-glucuronate aldose-ketose-isomerase activity (aka glucuronate isomerase activity)
E: downregulation of antigen processing and presentation of peptide antigen via mhc class ii (aka negative regulation of antigen processing and presentation of peptide antigen via mhc class ii)
F: hypoxanthine degradation (aka hypoxanthine catabolic process)
G: positive regulation of cytotoxic t lymphocyte granule exocytosis (aka positive regulation of cytotoxic t cell degranulation)
H: ribonucleic cytidylic cytidylic adenylic pyrophosphorylase (aka trna cytidylyltransferase activity)
I: h4 histamine receptor binding (h4 histamine receptor ligand) (aka h4 histamine receptor binding)
J: purine base biosynthetic process (aka purine nucleobase biosynthetic process)
K: None of the above. | K |
<Instruct>: Given the context 'Asterisk in D illustrates the aberrant regression of the dorsal aorta between the 4th and 6th PAAs.', select the correct biomedical concept corresponding to 'regression'. Answer using one of the provided options. | <Options>: A: negative regulation of tyrosine phosphorylation of stat protein (down regulation of tyrosine phosphorylation of stat protein) (aka negative regulation of tyrosine phosphorylation of stat protein)
B: evasion by virus of host natural killer cell activity (suppression by virus of host natural killer cell function) (aka evasion by virus of host natural killer cell activity)
C: sec-translated protein complex assembly (aka posttranslational protein targeting to membrane, docking)
D: sterol transmembrane transport (sterol membrane transport) (aka sterol transmembrane transport)
E: phosphatidylinositol deacylase activity (1-phosphatidyl-d-myo-inositol 2-acylhydrolase activity) (aka phosphatidylinositol deacylase activity)
F: purine base biosynthetic process (aka purine nucleobase biosynthetic process)
G: hypoxanthine degradation (aka hypoxanthine catabolic process)
H: h4 histamine receptor binding (h4 histamine receptor ligand) (aka h4 histamine receptor binding)
I: interleukin-27 anabolism (aka interleukin-27 biosynthetic process)
J: protein-n(pi)-phosphohistidine-galactitol phosphotransferase system transmembrane transporter activity (galactitol pts transporter activity) (aka protein-n(pi)-phosphohistidine-galactitol phosphotransferase system transmembrane transporter activity)
K: None of the above. | K |
<Instruct>: Given the context 'The resulting embryos had the NC-lineage permanently labeled with β-galactosidase expression, and displayed identical phenotypes to those obtained without the R26R reporter.', select the correct biomedical concept corresponding to 'expression'. Answer using one of the provided options. | <Options>: A: 4-6-o-[(r)(1-carboxyethylidine)]-gal-beta-1,3 biosynthesis (aka 4,6-pyruvylated galactose residue biosynthetic process)
B: smooth muscle plasticity (aka smooth muscle adaptation)
C: dtmp biosynthetic process (dtmp biosynthesis) (aka dtmp biosynthetic process)
D: regulation of somitogenesis
E: omega-protein-n-(adp-d-ribosyl)-l-arginine adp-ribosylhydrolase activity (aka adp-ribosylarginine hydrolase activity)
F: viral inhibition of host pattern recognition receptor activity (aka suppression by virus of host pattern recognition receptor activity)
G: saga-type complex (saga family complex) (aka saga-type complex)
H: neural crest cell differentiation
I: dhr-domain binding (aka pdz domain binding)
J: 2-amino-4-oxo-6-[(1s,2r)-1,2-dihydroxy-3-triphosphooxypropyl]-7,8-dihydroxypteridine triphosphate-lyase (6-pyruvoyl-5,6,7,8-tetrahydropterin-forming) (aka 6-pyruvoyltetrahydropterin synthase activity)
K: None of the above. | K |
<Instruct>: Given the context 'Staining of embryos for β-galactosidase at E8-E11 did not reveal detectable differences in NCC migration between mutants and controls (data not shown).', select the correct biomedical concept corresponding to 'ncc migration'. Answer using one of the provided options. | <Options>: A: negative regulation of phytoalexin metabolism (aka negative regulation of phytoalexin metabolic process)
B: cilial necklace (aka ciliary necklace)
C: myeloid dendritic cell differentiation involved in immune response (myeloid dendritic cell differentiation during immune response) (aka myeloid dendritic cell differentiation involved in immune response)
D: cysteine-glucosaminylinositol ligase activity (l-cysteine:1d-myo-inositol 2-amino-2-deoxy-alpha-d-glucopyranoside ligase) (aka cysteine-glucosaminylinositol ligase activity)
E: potassium ion leak channel activity
F: forebrain cell migration
G: positive regulation of the force of heart contraction by circulating norepinephrine (increased force of heart contraction by circulating norepinephrine) (aka positive regulation of the force of heart contraction by circulating norepinephrine)
H: downregulation of large conductance calcium-activated potassium channel activity (aka negative regulation of large conductance calcium-activated potassium channel activity)
I: stimulation of phytoalexin metabolism (aka positive regulation of phytoalexin metabolic process)
J: pyranose-2-oxidase activity (aka pyranose oxidase activity)
K: None of the above. | K |
<Instruct>: Given the context 'Figure 4
Normal cardiac NCC migration in Alk5/Wnt1-Cre mutants.', select the correct biomedical concept corresponding to 'ncc migration'. Answer using one of the provided options. | <Options>: A: pyranose-2-oxidase activity (aka pyranose oxidase activity)
B: myeloid dendritic cell differentiation involved in immune response (myeloid dendritic cell differentiation during immune response) (aka myeloid dendritic cell differentiation involved in immune response)
C: multicellular organismal metabolism (aka multicellular organismal metabolic process)
D: symbiont-containing vacuolar membrane network (symbiont-containing vacuole membrane network) (aka symbiont-containing vacuolar membrane network)
E: mec1-lcd1 complex (aka atr-atrip complex)
F: stimulation of phytoalexin metabolism (aka positive regulation of phytoalexin metabolic process)
G: bacterial cellulose biosynthetic process (bacterial cellulose biosynthesis) (aka bacterial cellulose biosynthetic process)
H: forebrain cell migration
I: cysteine-glucosaminylinositol ligase activity (l-cysteine:1d-myo-inositol 2-amino-2-deoxy-alpha-d-glucopyranoside ligase) (aka cysteine-glucosaminylinositol ligase activity)
J: modulation of microtubule cytoskeleton involved in cerebral cortex radial glia guided migration (modulation of microtubule cytoskeleton involved in cerebral cortex glial-mediated radial migration) (aka modulation of microtubule cytoskeleton involved in cerebral cortex radial glia guided migration)
K: None of the above. | K |
<Instruct>: Given the context '6N,P,R), immunostaining for αSMA appeared much weaker when compared to controls and Alk5 mutants, implying that ALK2-mediated signaling is involved in smooth muscle cell differentiation as previously suggested [12].', select the correct biomedical concept corresponding to 'cell differentiation'. Answer using one of the provided options. | <Options>: A: ssue (aka fmn reductase activity) (aka fmn reductase activity)
B: hematopoietic progenitor cell differentiation (haematopoietic progenitor cell differentiation) (aka hematopoietic progenitor cell differentiation)
C: filamin-b binding (aka filamin binding)
D: maintenance of meristem cell identity (aka maintenance of meristem identity)
E: neurotensin receptor activity, non-g-protein coupled (neurotensin receptor activity, non g protein coupled) (aka neurotensin receptor activity, non-g-protein coupled)
F: envz (aka protein histidine kinase activity) (aka protein histidine kinase activity)
G: regulation of acetylcholine secretion, neurotransmission
H: activation of fibroblast growth factor receptor signaling pathway (aka positive regulation of fibroblast growth factor receptor signaling pathway)
I: leukotriene-e4 20-monooxygenase activity ((7e,9e,11z,14z)-(5s,6r)-6-(cystein-s-yl)-5-hydroxyicosa-7,9,11,14-tetraenoate,nadph:oxygen oxidoreductase (20-hydroxylating)) (aka leukotriene-e4 20-monooxygenase activity)
J: regulation of meristem growth (regulation of meristem size) (aka regulation of meristem growth)
K: None of the above. | K |
<Instruct>: Given the context 'Figure 6
Signaling via ALK5 and ALK2 controls different aspects of aortico-pulmonary septation.', select the correct biomedical concept corresponding to 'controls'. Answer using one of the provided options. | <Options>: A: formylmethanofuran:tetrahydromethanopterin formyltransferase activity (aka formylmethanofuran-tetrahydromethanopterin n-formyltransferase activity)
B: leucosome (refractosome) (aka leucosome)
C: dedifferentiation
D: down regulation of histone modification (aka negative regulation of histone modification)
E: axo-dendritic transport (axon cargo transport) (aka axo-dendritic transport)
F: biosynthesis of lactosylceramide precursor to globoside (aka globoside biosynthetic process via lactosylceramide)
G: reflecting platelet (aka iridosome)
H: saga family complex (aka saga-type complex)
I: pterinosome
J: plus-end specific microtubule depolymerization
K: None of the above. | K |
<Instruct>: Given the context 'Alk5/Wnt1-Cre mutants display increased apoptosis of post-migratory neural crest cells
As described above, Alk5/Wnt1-Cre mutants displayed an inadequate amount of AP-septal tissue in the base of the aortic sac between the origins of 4th and 6th PAAs.', select the correct biomedical concept corresponding to 'apoptosis of ... cells'. Answer using one of the provided options. | <Options>: A: long chain fatty acyl-coa synthetase activity (aka long-chain fatty acid-coa ligase activity)
B: peroxisome matrix protein import (aka protein import into peroxisome matrix)
C: regulation of heart growth
D: stimulation by symbiont of cytolysis of host cells (aka positive regulation of cytolysis by symbiont of host cells)
E: heart growth
F: protein docking during protein transport into peroxisome matrix (aka protein import into peroxisome matrix, docking)
G: palmitoyl-coenzyme a dehydrogenase activity (aka long-chain-acyl-coa dehydrogenase activity)
H: trna cytidylyltransferase activity (transfer ribonucleic-terminal trinucleotide nucleotidyltransferase) (aka trna cytidylyltransferase activity)
I: yolk plasma
J: negative regulation of interferon-gamma secretion (down regulation of interferon-gamma secretion) (aka negative regulation of interferon-gamma secretion)
K: None of the above. | K |
<Instruct>: Given the context 'To analyze whether this phenotype resulted either from defective CNCC proliferation or inappropriate apoptosis, we used BrdU and TUNEL staining, respectively.', select the correct biomedical concept corresponding to 'proliferation'. Answer using one of the provided options. | <Options>: A: long-chain enoyl coenzyme a hydratase activity (aka long-chain-enoyl-coa hydratase activity)
B: induction of autolytic activity in other organism (aka induction of autolysin activity in other organism)
C: down regulation of exocytosis (aka negative regulation of exocytosis)
D: apoptotic protease activator activity (aka peptidase activator activity involved in apoptotic process)
E: posterior pituitary gland formation (aka neurohypophysis formation)
F: sulfide:quinone oxidoreductase activity (sulphide:quinone oxidoreductase activity) (aka sulfide:quinone oxidoreductase activity)
G: sec-translated protein complex assembly (aka posttranslational protein targeting to membrane, docking)
H: ndp-glucose:d-fructose 2-alpha-d-glucosyltransferase activity (aka sucrose synthase activity)
I: positive regulation of lipid degradation (aka positive regulation of lipid catabolic process)
J: nadh-dependent fumarate reductase activity (aka fumarate reductase (nadh) activity)
K: None of the above. | K |
<Instruct>: Given the context 'To analyze whether this phenotype resulted either from defective CNCC proliferation or inappropriate apoptosis, we used BrdU and TUNEL staining, respectively.', select the correct biomedical concept corresponding to 'apoptosis'. Answer using one of the provided options. | <Options>: A: regulation of heart growth
B: endopeptidase regulator activity
C: regulation of proteasomal protein catabolic process
D: fatty acid thiokinase (long-chain) activity (aka long-chain fatty acid-coa ligase activity)
E: response to 5-fluoro-2'-deoxyuridine
F: trna cytidylyltransferase activity (transfer ribonucleic-terminal trinucleotide nucleotidyltransferase) (aka trna cytidylyltransferase activity)
G: regulation of ifng secretion (aka regulation of interferon-gamma secretion)
H: palmitoyl-coenzyme a dehydrogenase activity (aka long-chain-acyl-coa dehydrogenase activity)
I: yolk plasma
J: peroxisome matrix protein import (aka protein import into peroxisome matrix)
K: None of the above. | K |
<Instruct>: Given the context 'While CNCC proliferation was not affected in Alk5 mutants (data not shown), we could detect a dramatic increase in the number of TUNEL positive cells in tissues surrounding the aortic sac including the site where the AP-septum forms (Fig.', select the correct biomedical concept corresponding to 'proliferation'. Answer using one of the provided options. | <Options>: A: sec-translated protein complex assembly (aka posttranslational protein targeting to membrane, docking)
B: nadh-dependent fumarate reductase activity (aka fumarate reductase (nadh) activity)
C: positive regulation of lipid degradation (aka positive regulation of lipid catabolic process)
D: cpc complex localization to kinetochore (aka chromosome passenger complex localization to kinetochore)
E: induction of autolytic activity in other organism (aka induction of autolysin activity in other organism)
F: down regulation of exocytosis (aka negative regulation of exocytosis)
G: long-chain enoyl coenzyme a hydratase activity (aka long-chain-enoyl-coa hydratase activity)
H: sulfide:quinone oxidoreductase activity (sulphide:quinone oxidoreductase activity) (aka sulfide:quinone oxidoreductase activity)
I: seed oilbody biogenesis (seed oil body organization) (aka seed oilbody biogenesis)
J: ndp-glucose:d-fructose 2-alpha-d-glucosyltransferase activity (aka sucrose synthase activity)
K: None of the above. | K |
<Instruct>: Given the context 'These results were confirmed by using immunostaining for cleaved caspase-3, another marker for apoptosis (Fig.', select the correct biomedical concept corresponding to 'apoptosis'. Answer using one of the provided options. | <Options>: A: regulation of heart growth
B: regulation of proteasomal protein catabolic process
C: yolk plasma
D: long-chain-fatty-acyl-coa synthetase activity (aka long-chain fatty acid-coa ligase activity)
E: trna cytidylyltransferase activity (transfer ribonucleic-terminal trinucleotide nucleotidyltransferase) (aka trna cytidylyltransferase activity)
F: regulation of ifng secretion (aka regulation of interferon-gamma secretion)
G: palmitoyl-coenzyme a dehydrogenase activity (aka long-chain-acyl-coa dehydrogenase activity)
H: endopeptidase regulator activity
I: peroxisome matrix protein import (aka protein import into peroxisome matrix)
J: negative regulation of interferon-gamma secretion (down regulation of interferon-gamma secretion) (aka negative regulation of interferon-gamma secretion)
K: None of the above. | K |
<Instruct>: Given the context 'Thus, we compared apoptosis patterns also on the more proximal level, but found no detectable differences at E11.0 between Alk5/Wnt1-Cre mutants and controls (Fig.', select the correct biomedical concept corresponding to 'apoptosis'. Answer using one of the provided options. | <Options>: A: regulation of ifng secretion (aka regulation of interferon-gamma secretion)
B: response to 5-fluoro-2'-deoxyuridine
C: regulation of proteasomal protein catabolic process
D: long-chain-fatty-acid-coa ligase activity (aka long-chain fatty acid-coa ligase activity)
E: palmitoyl-coenzyme a dehydrogenase activity (aka long-chain-acyl-coa dehydrogenase activity)
F: endopeptidase regulator activity
G: trna cytidylyltransferase activity (transfer ribonucleic-terminal trinucleotide nucleotidyltransferase) (aka trna cytidylyltransferase activity)
H: peroxisome matrix protein import (aka protein import into peroxisome matrix)
I: negative regulation of interferon-gamma secretion (down regulation of interferon-gamma secretion) (aka negative regulation of interferon-gamma secretion)
J: yolk plasma
K: None of the above. | K |
<Instruct>: Given the context 'Unlike in Alk5/Wnt1-Cre mutant embryos, increased apoptosis of NC-derived cells is not responsible for the observed defects in the OFT septation in corresponding Alk2 mutants (Fig.', select the correct biomedical concept corresponding to 'apoptosis of ... cells'. Answer using one of the provided options. | <Options>: A: yolk plasma
B: peroxisome fission (peroxisome proliferation) (aka peroxisome fission)
C: negative regulation of interferon-gamma secretion (down regulation of interferon-gamma secretion) (aka negative regulation of interferon-gamma secretion)
D: regulation of ifng secretion (aka regulation of interferon-gamma secretion)
E: trna cytidylyltransferase activity (transfer ribonucleic-terminal trinucleotide nucleotidyltransferase) (aka trna cytidylyltransferase activity)
F: heart growth
G: palmitoyl-coa dehydrogenase activity (aka long-chain-acyl-coa dehydrogenase activity)
H: long-chain acyl-coa synthetase activity (aka long-chain fatty acid-coa ligase activity)
I: peroxisome matrix protein import (aka protein import into peroxisome matrix)
J: tat activity (aka tubulin n-acetyltransferase activity)
K: None of the above. | K |
<Instruct>: Given the context 'Figure 7
Aberrant apoptosis of NCCs in Alk5/Wnt1-Cre mutants.', select the correct biomedical concept corresponding to 'apoptosis'. Answer using one of the provided options. | <Options>: A: regulation of heart growth
B: response to 5-fluoro-2'-deoxyuridine
C: regulation of proteasomal protein catabolic process
D: yolk plasma
E: peroxisome matrix protein import (aka protein import into peroxisome matrix)
F: negative regulation of interferon-gamma secretion (down regulation of interferon-gamma secretion) (aka negative regulation of interferon-gamma secretion)
G: trna cytidylyltransferase activity (transfer ribonucleic-terminal trinucleotide nucleotidyltransferase) (aka trna cytidylyltransferase activity)
H: regulation of ifng secretion (aka regulation of interferon-gamma secretion)
I: endopeptidase regulator activity
J: palmitoyl-coa dehydrogenase activity (aka long-chain-acyl-coa dehydrogenase activity)
K: None of the above. | K |
<Instruct>: Given the context 'TUNEL (A-H) and Cleaved Caspase-3 (I, J) staining at E11.0 demonstrates a notable increase in apoptosis in Alk5/Wnt1-Cre mutants (B, H, J) on the aortic sac level when compared to controls (A, G, I) or Alk2/Wnt1-Cre mutants (C) (frontal sections), while sections on the OFT level do not demonstrate differences between controls (D) and Alk5 (E) or Alk2 (F) mutants.', select the correct biomedical concept corresponding to 'apoptosis'. Answer using one of the provided options. | <Options>: A: regulation of proteasomal protein catabolic process
B: palmitoyl-coa dehydrogenase activity (aka long-chain-acyl-coa dehydrogenase activity)
C: endopeptidase regulator activity
D: long-chain acyl-coa synthetase activity (aka long-chain fatty acid-coa ligase activity)
E: trna cytidylyltransferase activity (transfer ribonucleic-terminal trinucleotide nucleotidyltransferase) (aka trna cytidylyltransferase activity)
F: peroxisome matrix protein import (aka protein import into peroxisome matrix)
G: yolk plasma
H: regulation of heart growth
I: response to 5-fluoro-2'-deoxyuridine
J: negative regulation of interferon-gamma secretion (down regulation of interferon-gamma secretion) (aka negative regulation of interferon-gamma secretion)
K: None of the above. | K |
<Instruct>: Given the context 'To conclude, our results suggest that in Alk5/Wnt1-Cre mutants a noticeable increase in apoptosis coincides with the abnormal patterning of the PAAs and the aortic sac, and with the failed AP-septation.', select the correct biomedical concept corresponding to 'apoptosis'. Answer using one of the provided options. | <Options>: A: yolk plasma
B: response to 5-fluoro-2'-deoxyuridine
C: palmitoyl-coa dehydrogenase activity (aka long-chain-acyl-coa dehydrogenase activity)
D: regulation of heart growth
E: peroxisome matrix protein import (aka protein import into peroxisome matrix)
F: regulation of proteasomal protein catabolic process
G: endopeptidase regulator activity
H: trna cytidylyltransferase activity (transfer ribonucleic-terminal trinucleotide nucleotidyltransferase) (aka trna cytidylyltransferase activity)
I: long-chain-fatty-acid-coa ligase activity (aka long-chain fatty acid-coa ligase activity)
J: regulation of ifng secretion (aka regulation of interferon-gamma secretion)
K: None of the above. | K |
<Instruct>: Given the context 'These data support a specific role for ALK5 signaling, either directly or indirectly, in CNCC survival, since a similar apoptosis of NC-derived cells is not seen in Tgfbr2/Wnt1-Cre mutants [8,9].
', select the correct biomedical concept corresponding to 'apoptosis of ... cells'. Answer using one of the provided options. | <Options>: A: protein docking during protein transport into peroxisome matrix (aka protein import into peroxisome matrix, docking)
B: tat activity (aka tubulin n-acetyltransferase activity)
C: regulation of ifng secretion (aka regulation of interferon-gamma secretion)
D: yolk plasma
E: peroxisome fission (peroxisome proliferation) (aka peroxisome fission)
F: peroxisome matrix protein import (aka protein import into peroxisome matrix)
G: negative regulation of interferon-gamma secretion (down regulation of interferon-gamma secretion) (aka negative regulation of interferon-gamma secretion)
H: transfer ribonucleic-terminal trinucleotide nucleotidyltransferase (aka trna cytidylyltransferase activity)
I: palmitoyl-coenzyme a dehydrogenase activity (aka long-chain-acyl-coa dehydrogenase activity)
J: heart growth
K: None of the above. | K |
<Instruct>: Given the context 'Pharyngeal organs fail to migrate in Alk5/Wnt1-Cre mutants
In addition to the cardiac OFT, development of pharyngeal organs, i.e., the parathyroid glands and the thymus was also abnormal in Alk5/Wnt1-Cre mutants (see Figs. 1 and 8).', select the correct biomedical concept corresponding to 'development of ... organs'. Answer using one of the provided options. | <Options>: A: meristem maintenance
B: positive regulation of ethanol catabolic process by positive regulation of transcription from rna polymerase ii promoter
C: down regulation of intracellular transport (aka negative regulation of intracellular transport)
D: l-gulonic acid dehydrogenase activity (aka l-gulonate 3-dehydrogenase activity)
E: multicellular organismal locomotion
F: down regulation of translation involved in gene silencing by mirna (aka mirna mediated inhibition of translation)
G: negative regulation of t lymphocyte proliferation (aka negative regulation of t cell proliferation)
H: meristem cell maintenance (aka maintenance of meristem identity)
I: regulation of juvenile hormone synthesis (aka regulation of juvenile hormone biosynthetic process)
J: tyramine signaling pathway (tyramine signalling pathway) (aka tyramine signaling pathway)
K: None of the above. | K |
<Instruct>: Given the context 'In Alk5/Wnt1-Cre mutants, the parathyroids remained associated with the thymic primordia, and despite this abnormal rostral location, expression of parathyroid hormone was indistinguishable between Alk5 mutants and controls at E14 (Fig.', select the correct biomedical concept corresponding to 'expression'. Answer using one of the provided options. | <Options>: A: protein-nomega-(adp-d-ribosyl)-l-arginine adp-ribosylhydrolase activity (aka adp-ribosylarginine hydrolase activity)
B: 2-amino-4-oxo-6-[(1s,2r)-1,2-dihydroxy-3-triphosphooxypropyl]-7,8-dihydroxypteridine triphosphate-lyase (6-pyruvoyl-5,6,7,8-tetrahydropterin-forming) (aka 6-pyruvoyltetrahydropterin synthase activity)
C: negative regulation of dipeptide transport by negative regulation of transcription from pol ii promoter (aka negative regulation of dipeptide transport by negative regulation of transcription from rna polymerase ii promoter)
D: release of sequestered calcium ion into cytosol by sarcoplasmic reticulum (release of sequestered calcium ion by sarcoplasmic reticulum into cytosol) (aka release of sequestered calcium ion into cytosol by sarcoplasmic reticulum)
E: viral inhibition of host pattern recognition receptor activity (aka suppression by virus of host pattern recognition receptor activity)
F: regulation of somitogenesis
G: dhr-domain binding (aka pdz domain binding)
H: dtmp biosynthetic process (dtmp biosynthesis) (aka dtmp biosynthetic process)
I: saga family complex (aka saga-type complex)
J: smooth muscle plasticity (aka smooth muscle adaptation)
K: None of the above. | K |
<Instruct>: Given the context 'However, both controls and mutants expressed parathyroid hormone (PTH) at comparable levels (blue staining in C and F).', select the correct biomedical concept corresponding to 'expressed'. Answer using one of the provided options. | <Options>: A: smooth muscle hyperplasia
B: cystic-fibrosis membrane-conductance-regulating protein activity (aka channel-conductance-controlling atpase activity)
C: down regulation of double-strand break repair via break-induced replication (aka negative regulation of double-strand break repair via break-induced replication)
D: dtmp biosynthetic process (dtmp biosynthesis) (aka dtmp biosynthetic process)
E: aerobic beta-1,2,3,4,5,6-hexachlorocyclohexane metabolic process (aerobic beta-1,2,3,4,5,6-hexachlorocyclohexane metabolism) (aka aerobic beta-1,2,3,4,5,6-hexachlorocyclohexane metabolic process)
F: smooth muscle plasticity (aka smooth muscle adaptation)
G: release of sequestered calcium ion into cytosol by sarcoplasmic reticulum (release of sequestered calcium ion by sarcoplasmic reticulum into cytosol) (aka release of sequestered calcium ion into cytosol by sarcoplasmic reticulum)
H: positive regulation of wnt receptor signalling pathway by bmp signalling pathway (aka positive regulation of wnt signaling pathway by bmp signaling pathway)
I: chondroitin sulfate proteoglycan formation (aka chondroitin sulfate proteoglycan biosynthetic process)
J: neural crest cell differentiation
K: None of the above. | K |
<Instruct>: Given the context 'These observed differences are likely due to substantial apoptosis of Alk5-deficient post-migratory neural crest cells, which is clearly detectable at E10.5, whereas similar intense cell death has not been reported in Tgfbr2/Wnt1-Cre mutants[9].
', select the correct biomedical concept corresponding to 'apoptosis of ... cells'. Answer using one of the provided options. | <Options>: A: trna cytidylyltransferase activity (transfer ribonucleic-terminal trinucleotide nucleotidyltransferase) (aka trna cytidylyltransferase activity)
B: palmitoyl-coenzyme a dehydrogenase activity (aka long-chain-acyl-coa dehydrogenase activity)
C: upregulation by symbiont of cytolysis of host cells (aka positive regulation of cytolysis by symbiont of host cells)
D: yolk plasma
E: peroxisome fission (peroxisome proliferation) (aka peroxisome fission)
F: regulation of ifng secretion (aka regulation of interferon-gamma secretion)
G: regulation of heart growth
H: long-chain acyl coa synthetase activity (aka long-chain fatty acid-coa ligase activity)
I: tat activity (aka tubulin n-acetyltransferase activity)
J: protein docking during protein transport into peroxisome matrix (aka protein import into peroxisome matrix, docking)
K: None of the above. | K |
<Instruct>: Given the context 'These observed differences are likely due to substantial apoptosis of Alk5-deficient post-migratory neural crest cells, which is clearly detectable at E10.5, whereas similar intense cell death has not been reported in Tgfbr2/Wnt1-Cre mutants[9].
', select the correct biomedical concept corresponding to 'cell death'. Answer using one of the provided options. | <Options>: A: tat activity (aka tubulin n-acetyltransferase activity)
B: peroxisome matrix protein import (aka protein import into peroxisome matrix)
C: peptide cross-linking via chondroitin 4-sulphate glycosaminoglycan (aka peptide cross-linking via chondroitin 4-sulfate glycosaminoglycan)
D: long chain fatty acyl-coa synthetase activity (aka long-chain fatty acid-coa ligase activity)
E: negative regulation of interleukin-13 anabolism (aka negative regulation of interleukin-13 biosynthetic process)
F: protein docking during protein transport into peroxisome matrix (aka protein import into peroxisome matrix, docking)
G: palmitoyl-coa dehydrogenase activity (aka long-chain-acyl-coa dehydrogenase activity)
H: down regulation by organism of innate immunity in other organism during symbiotic interaction (aka negative regulation by organism of innate immune response in other organism involved in symbiotic interaction)
I: imidazolone hydrolase activity
J: upregulation by symbiont of cytolysis of host cells (aka positive regulation of cytolysis by symbiont of host cells)
K: None of the above. | K |
<Instruct>: Given the context 'Our present results suggest that while TGF-β signaling in cardiac NCCs is predominantly mediated via the ALK5/TGF-βRII receptor complex, ALK5 also mediates signaling of other related ligands, which are either directly or indirectly required for appropriate NCC survival.', select the correct biomedical concept corresponding to 'tgf-β signaling'. Answer using one of the provided options. | <Options>: A: upregulation of tgfb2 activation (aka positive regulation of transforming growth factor beta2 activation)
B: triacylglycerol retention (aka sequestering of triglyceride)
C: asymmetric golgi ribbon formation
D: protein-er retention (aka maintenance of protein localization in endoplasmic reticulum)
E: regulation of transforming growth factor beta3 activation (regulation of tgf-beta 3 activation) (aka regulation of transforming growth factor beta3 activation)
F: down-regulation of transforming growth factor beta3 activation (aka negative regulation of transforming growth factor beta3 activation)
G: c-di-gmp binding (aka cyclic-di-gmp binding)
H: betaine/gaba:sodium symporter activity (aka amino-acid betaine transmembrane transporter activity)
I: oligopeptide transporter activity
J: None of the above. | J |
<Instruct>: Given the context 'Although relevant Gdfs 8, 9 11 and 15 are not expressed in the developing heart, nor do the mice deficient in these Gdfs display developmental cardiac defects, we cannot exclude the possibility that circulating GDFs, perhaps in concert with TGF-βs may contribute to NCC survival during cardiac and pharyngeal morphogenesis.
', select the correct biomedical concept corresponding to 'cardiac ... morphogenesis'. Answer using one of the provided options. | <Options>: A: detection of reduced oxygen by carotid body chemoreceptor signaling (detection of reduced oxygen by carotid body chemoreceptor signalling) (aka detection of reduced oxygen by carotid body chemoreceptor signaling)
B: negative regulation of oocyte development
C: regulation of systemic arterial blood pressure by neurotransmitter
D: renal regulation of systemic arterial blood pressure (aka renal system process involved in regulation of systemic arterial blood pressure)
E: regulation of peptide antigen processing and presentation via mhc class i (aka regulation of antigen processing and presentation of peptide antigen via mhc class i)
F: positive regulation of heart contraction by adrenaline (aka positive regulation of the force of heart contraction by neuronal epinephrine)
G: regulation of ovulation
H: regulation of cell development
I: chitin binding
J: clathrin sculpted monoamine constitutive secretory pathway transport vesicle lumen (aka clathrin-sculpted monoamine transport vesicle lumen)
K: None of the above. | K |
<Instruct>: Given the context 'Although relevant Gdfs 8, 9 11 and 15 are not expressed in the developing heart, nor do the mice deficient in these Gdfs display developmental cardiac defects, we cannot exclude the possibility that circulating GDFs, perhaps in concert with TGF-βs may contribute to NCC survival during cardiac and pharyngeal morphogenesis.
', select the correct biomedical concept corresponding to 'expressed'. Answer using one of the provided options. | <Options>: A: chondroitin sulfate proteoglycan biosynthesis (aka chondroitin sulfate proteoglycan biosynthetic process)
B: dtmp biosynthetic process (dtmp biosynthesis) (aka dtmp biosynthetic process)
C: protein-nomega-(adp-d-ribosyl)-l-arginine adp-ribosylhydrolase activity (aka adp-ribosylarginine hydrolase activity)
D: viral inhibition of host pattern recognition receptor activity (aka suppression by virus of host pattern recognition receptor activity)
E: smooth muscle plasticity (aka smooth muscle adaptation)
F: release of sequestered calcium ion into cytosol by sarcoplasmic reticulum (release of sequestered calcium ion by sarcoplasmic reticulum into cytosol) (aka release of sequestered calcium ion into cytosol by sarcoplasmic reticulum)
G: aerobic beta-1,2,3,4,5,6-hexachlorocyclohexane metabolic process (aerobic beta-1,2,3,4,5,6-hexachlorocyclohexane metabolism) (aka aerobic beta-1,2,3,4,5,6-hexachlorocyclohexane metabolic process)
H: neural crest cell differentiation
I: regulation of somitogenesis
J: down regulation of double-strand break repair via break-induced replication (aka negative regulation of double-strand break repair via break-induced replication)
K: None of the above. | K |
<Instruct>: Given the context 'We specifically studied apoptosis at the level of the aortic sac, where the AP-septum forms between the origins of 4th and 6th PAAs.', select the correct biomedical concept corresponding to 'apoptosis'. Answer using one of the provided options. | <Options>: A: regulation of proteasomal protein catabolic process
B: yolk plasma
C: trna cytidylyltransferase activity (transfer ribonucleic-terminal trinucleotide nucleotidyltransferase) (aka trna cytidylyltransferase activity)
D: endopeptidase regulator activity
E: response to 5-fluoro-2'-deoxyuridine
F: regulation of ifng secretion (aka regulation of interferon-gamma secretion)
G: peroxisome matrix protein import (aka protein import into peroxisome matrix)
H: fatty acid thiokinase (long chain) activity (aka long-chain fatty acid-coa ligase activity)
I: palmitoyl-coenzyme a dehydrogenase activity (aka long-chain-acyl-coa dehydrogenase activity)
J: regulation of heart growth
K: None of the above. | K |
<Instruct>: Given the context 'Already at E10.5, we could see intense apoptosis among the postmigratory NCCs in the mesenchyme surrounding the aortic sac at the site where the prospective AP septum forms, i.e., this cell death precedes the AP septal defect seen in mutants.', select the correct biomedical concept corresponding to 'apoptosis'. Answer using one of the provided options. | <Options>: A: response to 5-fluoro-2'-deoxyuridine
B: negative regulation of interferon-gamma secretion (down regulation of interferon-gamma secretion) (aka negative regulation of interferon-gamma secretion)
C: trna cytidylyltransferase activity (transfer ribonucleic-terminal trinucleotide nucleotidyltransferase) (aka trna cytidylyltransferase activity)
D: regulation of proteasomal protein catabolic process
E: regulation of ifng secretion (aka regulation of interferon-gamma secretion)
F: peroxisome matrix protein import (aka protein import into peroxisome matrix)
G: regulation of heart growth
H: palmitoyl-coa dehydrogenase activity (aka long-chain-acyl-coa dehydrogenase activity)
I: yolk plasma
J: long-chain acyl-coa synthetase activity (aka long-chain fatty acid-coa ligase activity)
K: None of the above. | K |
<Instruct>: Given the context 'Already at E10.5, we could see intense apoptosis among the postmigratory NCCs in the mesenchyme surrounding the aortic sac at the site where the prospective AP septum forms, i.e., this cell death precedes the AP septal defect seen in mutants.', select the correct biomedical concept corresponding to 'cell death'. Answer using one of the provided options. | <Options>: A: hypoxanthine degradation (aka hypoxanthine catabolic process)
B: imidazolone hydrolase activity
C: down regulation by organism of innate immunity in other organism during symbiotic interaction (aka negative regulation by organism of innate immune response in other organism involved in symbiotic interaction)
D: protein docking during protein transport into peroxisome matrix (aka protein import into peroxisome matrix, docking)
E: negative regulation of interleukin-13 formation (aka negative regulation of interleukin-13 biosynthetic process)
F: trna cytidylyltransferase activity (transfer ribonucleic-terminal trinucleotide nucleotidyltransferase) (aka trna cytidylyltransferase activity)
G: peptide cross-linking via chondroitin 4-sulphate glycosaminoglycan (aka peptide cross-linking via chondroitin 4-sulfate glycosaminoglycan)
H: tat activity (aka tubulin n-acetyltransferase activity)
I: palmitoyl-coa dehydrogenase activity (aka long-chain-acyl-coa dehydrogenase activity)
J: long-chain acyl coa synthetase activity (aka long-chain fatty acid-coa ligase activity)
K: None of the above. | K |
<Instruct>: Given the context 'These findings suggest that the pool of cells forming the AP septum is severely affected by the cell death.', select the correct biomedical concept corresponding to 'cell death'. Answer using one of the provided options. | <Options>: A: protein docking during protein transport into peroxisome matrix (aka protein import into peroxisome matrix, docking)
B: trna cytidylyltransferase activity (transfer ribonucleic-terminal trinucleotide nucleotidyltransferase) (aka trna cytidylyltransferase activity)
C: imidazolone hydrolase activity
D: peptide cross-linking via chondroitin 4-sulphate glycosaminoglycan (aka peptide cross-linking via chondroitin 4-sulfate glycosaminoglycan)
E: negative regulation of interleukin-13 formation (aka negative regulation of interleukin-13 biosynthetic process)
F: hypoxanthine degradation (aka hypoxanthine catabolic process)
G: down regulation by organism of innate immunity in other organism during symbiotic interaction (aka negative regulation by organism of innate immune response in other organism involved in symbiotic interaction)
H: palmitoyl-coa dehydrogenase activity (aka long-chain-acyl-coa dehydrogenase activity)
I: peroxisome matrix protein import (aka protein import into peroxisome matrix)
J: stimulation by symbiont of cytolysis of host cells (aka positive regulation of cytolysis by symbiont of host cells)
K: None of the above. | K |
<Instruct>: Given the context 'Moreover, it is likely that these cells forming the AP-septum die the before majority of them can differentiate to smooth muscle cells.
', select the correct biomedical concept corresponding to 'die'. Answer using one of the provided options. | <Options>: A: regulation of cell growth involved in cardiac muscle cell development
B: protein docking during protein transport into peroxisome matrix (aka protein import into peroxisome matrix, docking)
C: rna modification guide activity
D: response to 5-fluoro-2'-deoxyuridine
E: glucuronate isomerase activity (d-glucuronate aldose-ketose-isomerase activity) (aka glucuronate isomerase activity)
F: palmitoyl-coenzyme a dehydrogenase activity (aka long-chain-acyl-coa dehydrogenase activity)
G: trna cytidylyltransferase activity (transfer ribonucleic-terminal trinucleotide nucleotidyltransferase) (aka trna cytidylyltransferase activity)
H: long-chain acyl-coa synthetase activity (aka long-chain fatty acid-coa ligase activity)
I: hypoxanthine degradation (aka hypoxanthine catabolic process)
J: purine base biosynthetic process (aka purine nucleobase biosynthetic process)
K: None of the above. | K |
<Instruct>: Given the context 'Several in vitro studies have suggested an indispensable role for TGF-β-signaling in differentiation of NCCs into smooth muscle cells.', select the correct biomedical concept corresponding to 'tgf-β-signaling'. Answer using one of the provided options. | <Options>: A: protein-er retention (aka maintenance of protein localization in endoplasmic reticulum)
B: oligopeptide transporter activity
C: cyclic-di-gmp binding (cyclic dinucleotide di-gmp binding) (aka cyclic-di-gmp binding)
D: upregulation of tgfb2 activation (aka positive regulation of transforming growth factor beta2 activation)
E: triacylglycerol retention (aka sequestering of triglyceride)
F: asymmetric golgi ribbon formation
G: cytochrome c-heme linkage (cytochrome c-haem linkage) (aka cytochrome c-heme linkage)
H: regulation of tgfb3 activation (aka regulation of transforming growth factor beta3 activation)
I: proline/glycine/betaine:hydrogen/sodium symporter activity (aka amino-acid betaine transmembrane transporter activity)
J: None of the above. | J |
<Instruct>: Given the context 'Several in vitro studies have suggested an indispensable role for TGF-β-signaling in differentiation of NCCs into smooth muscle cells.', select the correct biomedical concept corresponding to 'differentiation ... into smooth muscle cells'. Answer using one of the provided options. | <Options>: A: adrenal cortex development (adrenal gland cortex development) (aka adrenal cortex development)
B: activation of tyrosine phosphorylation of stat7 protein (aka positive regulation of tyrosine phosphorylation of stat7 protein)
C: positive regulation of cell-cell adhesion mediated by integrin complex (aka positive regulation of cell-cell adhesion mediated by integrin)
D: glutamic-type endopeptidase activity
E: negative regulation of tyrosine phosphorylation of stat7 protein (down regulation of tyrosine phosphorylation of stat7 protein) (aka negative regulation of tyrosine phosphorylation of stat7 protein)
F: sequestering of tgfbeta in extracellular matrix (negative regulation of transforming growth factor beta receptor signalling pathway by extracellular matrix sequestering of tgfbeta) (aka sequestering of tgfbeta in extracellular matrix)
G: mannosyl-inositol phosphorylceramide synthesis (aka mannosyl-inositol phosphorylceramide biosynthetic process)
H: serine-type exopeptidase activity
I: cellular amine metabolic process
J: bmp sequestration in the ecm (aka sequestering of bmp in extracellular matrix)
K: None of the above. | K |
<Instruct>: Given the context 'Moreover, a recent in vivo study suggested that mice lacking Tgfbr2 in CNCCs display defective NCC differentiation into αSMA-positive cells in the AP septum [9], although this result was later disputed by another study', select the correct biomedical concept corresponding to 'differentiation into ... cells'. Answer using one of the provided options. | <Options>: A: ior (aka indolepyruvate ferredoxin oxidoreductase activity) (aka indolepyruvate ferredoxin oxidoreductase activity)
B: neurotensin receptor activity, non-g-protein coupled (neurotensin receptor activity, non g protein coupled) (aka neurotensin receptor activity, non-g-protein coupled)
C: proton-transporting atp synthase, stator stalk (aka plasma membrane proton-transporting atp synthase, stator stalk)
D: filamin-b binding (aka filamin binding)
E: epithelial barrier development (aka establishment of skin barrier)
F: lateral element (axial element) (aka lateral element)
G: positive regulation of cytotoxic t-lymphocyte granule exocytosis (aka positive regulation of cytotoxic t cell degranulation)
H: nuclear migration to embryo sac poles (nuclear migration to female gametophyte poles) (aka nuclear migration to embryo sac poles)
I: leukotriene-e(4) omega-hydroxylase activity (aka leukotriene-e4 20-monooxygenase activity)
J: hematopoietic progenitor cell differentiation (haematopoietic progenitor cell differentiation) (aka hematopoietic progenitor cell differentiation)
K: None of the above. | K |
<Instruct>: Given the context 'Firstly, while the pharyngeal organ migration fails in Alk5/Wnt1-Cre mutants, perhaps as a result of increased mesenchymal cell death in the pharyngeal region, both the thymus, thyroid and parathyroid seem to develop relatively normally on the histological level in these mutants.', select the correct biomedical concept corresponding to 'cell death'. Answer using one of the provided options. | <Options>: A: long-chain acyl coa synthetase activity (aka long-chain fatty acid-coa ligase activity)
B: protein docking during protein transport into peroxisome matrix (aka protein import into peroxisome matrix, docking)
C: upregulation by symbiont of cytolysis of host cells (aka positive regulation of cytolysis by symbiont of host cells)
D: peroxisome matrix protein import (aka protein import into peroxisome matrix)
E: down regulation by organism of innate immunity in other organism during symbiotic interaction (aka negative regulation by organism of innate immune response in other organism involved in symbiotic interaction)
F: tat activity (aka tubulin n-acetyltransferase activity)
G: trna cytidylyltransferase activity (transfer ribonucleic-terminal trinucleotide nucleotidyltransferase) (aka trna cytidylyltransferase activity)
H: imidazolone hydrolase activity
I: hypoxanthine degradation (aka hypoxanthine catabolic process)
J: palmitoyl-coa dehydrogenase activity (aka long-chain-acyl-coa dehydrogenase activity)
K: None of the above. | K |
<Instruct>: Given the context 'Secondly, the NCC death seen in Alk5 mutants affects a predominantly postmigratory population of NCCs, while genes located in the DGCR, i.e., Tbx1 and CrkL, control NCC survival earlier at E8.5-E10 by regulating proliferation of the secondary heart field (SHF), and endoderm expansion, which in turn provides survival signal for NCCs allowing them to populate the pharyngeal region', select the correct biomedical concept corresponding to 'control'. Answer using one of the provided options. | <Options>: A: axo-dendritic transport (axon cargo transport) (aka axo-dendritic transport)
B: biosynthesis of lactosylceramide precursor to globoside (aka globoside biosynthetic process via lactosylceramide)
C: leucosome (refractosome) (aka leucosome)
D: stimulation of multicellular organismal process (aka positive regulation of multicellular organismal process)
E: cell dedifferentiation
F: dedifferentiation
G: tubulin-activated atpase activity (aka tubulin-dependent atpase activity)
H: saga-type complex (saga family complex) (aka saga-type complex)
I: formylmethanofuran:tetrahydromethanopterin formyltransferase activity (aka formylmethanofuran-tetrahydromethanopterin n-formyltransferase activity)
J: reflecting platelet (aka iridosome)
K: None of the above. | K |
<Instruct>: Given the context 'Secondly, the NCC death seen in Alk5 mutants affects a predominantly postmigratory population of NCCs, while genes located in the DGCR, i.e., Tbx1 and CrkL, control NCC survival earlier at E8.5-E10 by regulating proliferation of the secondary heart field (SHF), and endoderm expansion, which in turn provides survival signal for NCCs allowing them to populate the pharyngeal region', select the correct biomedical concept corresponding to 'proliferation'. Answer using one of the provided options. | <Options>: A: nadh-dependent fumarate reductase activity (aka fumarate reductase (nadh) activity)
B: fatty acid beta-oxidation multienzyme complex (aka mitochondrial fatty acid beta-oxidation multienzyme complex)
C: sec-translated protein complex assembly (aka posttranslational protein targeting to membrane, docking)
D: sulfide:quinone oxidoreductase activity (sulphide:quinone oxidoreductase activity) (aka sulfide:quinone oxidoreductase activity)
E: apoptotic protease activator activity (aka peptidase activator activity involved in apoptotic process)
F: cpc complex localization to kinetochore (aka chromosome passenger complex localization to kinetochore)
G: induction of autolytic activity in other organism (aka induction of autolysin activity in other organism)
H: udp-glucose-fructose glucosyltransferase activity (aka sucrose synthase activity)
I: posterior pituitary gland formation (aka neurohypophysis formation)
J: positive regulation of lipid degradation (aka positive regulation of lipid catabolic process)
K: None of the above. | K |
<Instruct>: Given the context 'Secondly, the NCC death seen in Alk5 mutants affects a predominantly postmigratory population of NCCs, while genes located in the DGCR, i.e., Tbx1 and CrkL, control NCC survival earlier at E8.5-E10 by regulating proliferation of the secondary heart field (SHF), and endoderm expansion, which in turn provides survival signal for NCCs allowing them to populate the pharyngeal region', select the correct biomedical concept corresponding to 'regulating'. Answer using one of the provided options. | <Options>: A: upregulation of multicellular organismal process (aka positive regulation of multicellular organismal process)
B: saga family complex (aka saga-type complex)
C: suppression by organism of host ja-mediated defense response (aka negative regulation by symbiont of host jasmonic acid-mediated defense response)
D: upregulation of histone deacetylation (aka positive regulation of histone deacetylation)
E: peroxisomal transport
F: tubulin-dependent atpase activity (tubulin-activated atpase activity) (aka tubulin-dependent atpase activity)
G: smooth muscle hyperplasia
H: alphav-beta3 integrin-collagen alpha3(vi) complex
I: regulation of somitogenesis
J: corticotropin secretion (adrenocorticotropic hormone secretion) (aka corticotropin secretion)
K: None of the above. | K |
<Instruct>: Given the context 'Secondly, the NCC death seen in Alk5 mutants affects a predominantly postmigratory population of NCCs, while genes located in the DGCR, i.e., Tbx1 and CrkL, control NCC survival earlier at E8.5-E10 by regulating proliferation of the secondary heart field (SHF), and endoderm expansion, which in turn provides survival signal for NCCs allowing them to populate the pharyngeal region', select the correct biomedical concept corresponding to 'death'. Answer using one of the provided options. | <Options>: A: ribonucleic cytidylic cytidylic adenylic pyrophosphorylase (aka trna cytidylyltransferase activity)
B: purine base biosynthetic process (aka purine nucleobase biosynthetic process)
C: long chain fatty acyl-coa synthetase activity (aka long-chain fatty acid-coa ligase activity)
D: negative regulation of il-13 biosynthesis (aka negative regulation of interleukin-13 biosynthetic process)
E: tat activity (aka tubulin n-acetyltransferase activity)
F: protein docking during protein transport into peroxisome matrix (aka protein import into peroxisome matrix, docking)
G: hypoxanthine degradation (aka hypoxanthine catabolic process)
H: upregulation by symbiont of cytolysis of host cells (aka positive regulation of cytolysis by symbiont of host cells)
I: negative regulation by organism of innate immunity in other organism during symbiotic interaction (aka negative regulation by organism of innate immune response in other organism involved in symbiotic interaction)
J: palmitoyl-coa dehydrogenase activity (aka long-chain-acyl-coa dehydrogenase activity)
K: None of the above. | K |
<Instruct>: Given the context 'It was suggested that the defective migration of cells from the secondary heart field to the OFT in turn resulted in shortening and inappropriate rotation of the OFT, leading to mal-alignment of the arterial pole with the ventricles [41].', select the correct biomedical concept corresponding to 'migration of cells'. Answer using one of the provided options. | <Options>: A: glycine-gated chloride channel complex
B: pyranose-2-oxidase activity (aka pyranose oxidase activity)
C: host cell endoplasmic reticulum (host endoplasmic reticulum) (aka host cell endoplasmic reticulum)
D: smc complex (aka condensin complex)
E: kidney vasculature morphogenesis
F: cobalamin-5'-phosphate synthase activity (aka adenosylcobinamide-gdp ribazoletransferase activity)
G: renal system vasculature development
H: upregulation of synaptic vesicle membrane organization and biogenesis (aka positive regulation of synaptic vesicle membrane organization)
I: negative regulation of host intracellular antiviral response by virus (aka evasion or tolerance by virus of host immune response)
J: peptide pheromone export by membrane transport (aka peptide pheromone export by transmembrane transport)
K: None of the above. | K |
<Instruct>: Given the context 'In contrast, in Alk2/Wnt1-Cre mutants a sizeable septal mesenchyme could be seen, still without any obvious looping of the aortic sac and truncal OFT, suggesting that the mere presence of the septal mesenchyme, without correct smooth muscle cell differentiation, is not sufficient for OFT rotation.
', select the correct biomedical concept corresponding to 'cell differentiation'. Answer using one of the provided options. | <Options>: A: lateral element (axial element) (aka lateral element)
B: leukotriene-e4 20-monooxygenase activity ((7e,9e,11z,14z)-(5s,6r)-6-(cystein-s-yl)-5-hydroxyicosa-7,9,11,14-tetraenoate,nadph:oxygen oxidoreductase (20-hydroxylating)) (aka leukotriene-e4 20-monooxygenase activity)
C: ssue (aka fmn reductase activity) (aka fmn reductase activity)
D: regulation of transcription from rna polymerase ii promoter in response to methionine
E: positive regulation of cytotoxic t-lymphocyte granule exocytosis (aka positive regulation of cytotoxic t cell degranulation)
F: maintenance of meristem cell identity (aka maintenance of meristem identity)
G: nuclear migration to embryo sac poles (nuclear migration to female gametophyte poles) (aka nuclear migration to embryo sac poles)
H: filamin-b binding (aka filamin binding)
I: epithelial barrier development (aka establishment of skin barrier)
J: hk1 (aka protein histidine kinase activity) (aka protein histidine kinase activity)
K: None of the above. | K |
<Instruct>: Given the context 'In contrast, in Alk2/Wnt1-Cre mutants a sizeable septal mesenchyme could be seen, still without any obvious looping of the aortic sac and truncal OFT, suggesting that the mere presence of the septal mesenchyme, without correct smooth muscle cell differentiation, is not sufficient for OFT rotation.
', select the correct biomedical concept corresponding to 'looping'. Answer using one of the provided options. | <Options>: A: spliceosomal tri-snrnp u4/u6.u5 assembly (aka spliceosomal tri-snrnp complex assembly)
B: inhibition of gamma-aminobutyric acid degradation (aka negative regulation of gamma-aminobutyric acid catabolic process)
C: maturation of lsu-rrna from tricistronic rrna transcript (ssu-rrna, 5.8s rrna, lsu-rrna)
D: protein malonylation
E: lysine malonylation (aka peptidyl-lysine malonylation)
F: regulation of natural killer t cell proliferation (aka regulation of nk t cell proliferation)
G: activation of endothelial cell proliferation (aka positive regulation of endothelial cell proliferation)
H: stk14 (aka rhodopsin kinase activity)
I: female pronucleus
J: ribosomal subunit
K: None of the above. | K |
<Instruct>: Given the context 'The cardiac and pharyngeal defects observed in the NC-specific Alk5 mutants differ significantly from those seen in corresponding mutants lacking the TGF-β type II receptor, suggesting that signaling mediated by ALK5 is not limited to the classical TGF-β ligands during cardiac/pharyngeal development.
', select the correct biomedical concept corresponding to 'cardiac ... development'. Answer using one of the provided options. | <Options>: A: tl signaling pathway (aka toll signaling pathway)
B: interleukin-21 secretion (il-21 secretion) (aka interleukin-21 secretion)
C: testicular ring canal (aka male germline ring canal)
D: blood pressure regulation by acetylcholine (aka regulation of systemic arterial blood pressure by acetylcholine)
E: maintenance of stationary phase in response to toxin
F: positive regulation of ovulation
G: increased force of heart contraction by circulating epinephrine-norepinephrine (aka positive regulation of the force of heart contraction by circulating epinephrine-norepinephrine)
H: regulation of peptide antigen processing and presentation via mhc class i (aka regulation of antigen processing and presentation of peptide antigen via mhc class i)
I: regulation of ovulation
J: vasodilation by acetylcholine involved in regulation of systemic arterial blood pressure
K: None of the above. | K |
<Instruct>: Given the context 'The cardiac and pharyngeal defects observed in the NC-specific Alk5 mutants differ significantly from those seen in corresponding mutants lacking the TGF-β type II receptor, suggesting that signaling mediated by ALK5 is not limited to the classical TGF-β ligands during cardiac/pharyngeal development.
', select the correct biomedical concept corresponding to 'pharyngeal development'. Answer using one of the provided options. | <Options>: A: peptidyl-l-glutamine amidohydrolase activity (aka peptidyl-glutaminase activity)
B: flagellar pocket membrane (aka ciliary pocket membrane)
C: regulation of extracellular matrix assembly
D: evasion or tolerance of host immune response (immune evasion) (aka evasion or tolerance of host immune response)
E: mammary gland cord formation (mammary gland sprout formation) (aka mammary gland cord formation)
F: extrinsic component of autophagosome membrane (extrinsic component of autophagic vacuole membrane) (aka extrinsic component of autophagosome membrane)
G: ornithine(lysine) transaminase activity (l-ornithine(l-lysine):2-oxoglutarate-aminotransferase activity) (aka ornithine(lysine) transaminase activity)
H: regulation of microtubule-based movement
I: valeramidase activity (aka pentanamidase activity)
J: nipple development
K: None of the above. | K |
<Instruct>: Given the context 'Methods
Alk5/Wnt1Cre mice
Alk5 (and Alk2) mutant and control embryos were generated by mating Alk5ko/+(Alk2ko/+)/Wnt1-Cre male mice with females homozygous for the Alk5flox (Alk2flox) allele and the R26R reporter[12,19].', select the correct biomedical concept corresponding to 'mating'. Answer using one of the provided options. | <Options>: A: sequestering of tgfbeta llc in extracellular matrix (aka sequestering of tgfbeta in extracellular matrix)
B: (5z,13e)-(15s)-9alpha,11alpha-epidioxy-15-hydroxyprosta-5,13-dienoate 6-isomerase activity (aka prostaglandin-i synthase activity)
C: down regulation of female receptivity (aka negative regulation of female receptivity)
D: sarcosine:oxygen oxidoreductase (demethylating) (aka sarcosine oxidase activity)
E: toxin activity (aka pathogenesis)
F: calcium-mediated signaling using intracellular calcium source (calcium-mediated signalling using intracellular calcium source) (aka calcium-mediated signaling using intracellular calcium source)
G: mn-sod (aka superoxide dismutase activity)
H: oxidosqualene-lanosterol cyclase activity (aka lanosterol synthase activity)
I: negative regulation of apc activity during mitotic cell cycle (aka negative regulation of apc-cdc20 complex activity)
J: mitochondrial chromosome (mitochondrial genome) (aka mitochondrial chromosome)
K: None of the above. | K |
<Instruct>: Given the context 'Timed mataings
Mice were mated during the dark period of the controlled light cycle; presence of vaginal plugs was designated as day 0 hour 0.', select the correct biomedical concept corresponding to 'mataings'. Answer using one of the provided options. | <Options>: A: up-regulation of adrenergic receptor signalling pathway involved in heart process (aka positive regulation of adrenergic receptor signaling pathway involved in heart process)
B: potassium transporting atpase activity (aka potassium-transporting atpase activity)
C: dna-formamidopyrimidine glycosylase activity (aka oxidized purine nucleobase lesion dna n-glycosylase activity)
D: left tetrad
E: d-4-hydroxyphenylglycine aminotransferase activity (aka d-4-hydroxyphenylglycine transaminase activity)
F: right posterolateral flagellum (aka right posteriolateral flagellum)
G: alpha4-beta1 integrin-cd47 complex (itga4-itgb1-cb47 complex) (aka alpha4-beta1 integrin-cd47 complex)
H: stimulation of microtubule depolymerization (aka positive regulation of microtubule depolymerization)
I: g-quadruplex rna binding (g quartet rna binding) (aka g-quadruplex rna binding)
J: ccl21-activated ccr7 signalling pathway (aka ccl21-activated ccr7 signaling pathway)
K: None of the above. | K |
<Instruct>: Given the context 'Timed mataings
Mice were mated during the dark period of the controlled light cycle; presence of vaginal plugs was designated as day 0 hour 0.', select the correct biomedical concept corresponding to 'mated'. Answer using one of the provided options. | <Options>: A: coreceptor, soluble ligand activity involved in wnt receptor signalling pathway through beta-catenin (aka coreceptor activity involved in canonical wnt signaling pathway)
B: oxidosqualene-lanosterol cyclase activity (aka lanosterol synthase activity)
C: sarcosine:oxygen oxidoreductase (demethylating) (aka sarcosine oxidase activity)
D: cytochrome b/b6 (aka electron transporter, transferring electrons within cytochrome b6/f complex of photosystem ii activity)
E: mesonephric epithelium development
F: negative regulation of apc/c activity during mitotic cell cycle (aka negative regulation of apc-cdc20 complex activity)
G: mitochondrial chromosome (mitochondrial genome) (aka mitochondrial chromosome)
H: mn-sod (aka superoxide dismutase activity)
I: calcium-mediated signaling using intracellular calcium source (calcium-mediated signalling using intracellular calcium source) (aka calcium-mediated signaling using intracellular calcium source)
J: establishment and maintenance of asymmetric protein localization (aka asymmetric protein localization)
K: None of the above. | K |
<Instruct>: Given the context 'Embryos were postfixed in 10% buffered formalin for 12 hours, dehydrated and cleared in benzylbenzoate: benzyl alcohol (2:1v/v).
Expression analyses
To visualize parathyroid hormone expression we used in situ hybridization and an antisense probe corresponding to nucleotides 97–534 (kindly provided by Nancy Manley) as described [44].
', select the correct biomedical concept corresponding to 'expression'. Answer using one of the provided options. | <Options>: A: 2-amino-4-oxo-6-[(1s,2r)-1,2-dihydroxy-3-triphosphooxypropyl]-7,8-dihydroxypteridine triphosphate-lyase (6-pyruvoyl-5,6,7,8-tetrahydropterin-forming) (aka 6-pyruvoyltetrahydropterin synthase activity)
B: negative regulation of dipeptide transport by negative regulation of transcription from pol ii promoter (aka negative regulation of dipeptide transport by negative regulation of transcription from rna polymerase ii promoter)
C: release of sequestered calcium ion into cytosol by sarcoplasmic reticulum (release of sequestered calcium ion by sarcoplasmic reticulum into cytosol) (aka release of sequestered calcium ion into cytosol by sarcoplasmic reticulum)
D: 4-6-o-[(r)(1-carboxyethylidine)]-gal-beta-1,3 biosynthesis (aka 4,6-pyruvylated galactose residue biosynthetic process)
E: smooth muscle plasticity (aka smooth muscle adaptation)
F: smooth muscle hyperplasia
G: omega-protein-n-(adp-d-ribosyl)-l-arginine adp-ribosylhydrolase activity (aka adp-ribosylarginine hydrolase activity)
H: saga family complex (aka saga-type complex)
I: dhr-domain binding (aka pdz domain binding)
J: dtmp biosynthetic process (dtmp biosynthesis) (aka dtmp biosynthetic process)
K: None of the above. | K |
<Instruct>: Given the context 'Embryos were postfixed in 10% buffered formalin for 12 hours, dehydrated and cleared in benzylbenzoate: benzyl alcohol (2:1v/v).
Expression analyses
To visualize parathyroid hormone expression we used in situ hybridization and an antisense probe corresponding to nucleotides 97–534 (kindly provided by Nancy Manley) as described [44].
', select the correct biomedical concept corresponding to 'expression'. Answer using one of the provided options. | <Options>: A: viral inhibition of host pattern recognition receptor activity (aka suppression by virus of host pattern recognition receptor activity)
B: regulation of somitogenesis
C: down regulation of double-strand break repair via break-induced replication (aka negative regulation of double-strand break repair via break-induced replication)
D: neural crest cell differentiation
E: protein-nomega-(adp-d-ribosyl)-l-arginine adp-ribosylhydrolase activity (aka adp-ribosylarginine hydrolase activity)
F: neural crest cell development
G: 4-6-o-[(r)(1-carboxyethylidine)]-gal-beta-1,3 biosynthesis (aka 4,6-pyruvylated galactose residue biosynthetic process)
H: negative regulation of dipeptide transport by inhibition of transcription from rna polymerase ii promoter (aka negative regulation of dipeptide transport by negative regulation of transcription from rna polymerase ii promoter)
I: dhr-domain binding (aka pdz domain binding)
J: atp adenylyltransferase activity (diadenosine 5',5'''-p1,p4-tetraphosphate alphabeta-phosphorylase (adp-forming)) (aka atp adenylyltransferase activity)
K: None of the above. | K |
<Instruct>: Given the context 'Authors' contributions
J.W. did most of the mouse dissections and analyses, A.N. did some of the histological analyses, J.L. generated the Alk5FXFXmice, M.D. did some of the expression analyses, H.M.S. participated in design and provided the Tgfbr2 mutant embryos and V.K. generated the Alk2FXFX mice, designed and supervised the experiments and wrote the manuscript.', select the correct biomedical concept corresponding to 'expression'. Answer using one of the provided options. | <Options>: A: smooth muscle hyperplasia
B: 4-6-o-[(r)(1-carboxyethylidine)]-gal-beta-1,3 biosynthesis (aka 4,6-pyruvylated galactose residue biosynthetic process)
C: smooth muscle plasticity (aka smooth muscle adaptation)
D: neural crest cell differentiation
E: negative regulation of dipeptide transport by inhibition of transcription from rna polymerase ii promoter (aka negative regulation of dipeptide transport by negative regulation of transcription from rna polymerase ii promoter)
F: saga-type complex (saga family complex) (aka saga-type complex)
G: down regulation of double-strand break repair via break-induced replication (aka negative regulation of double-strand break repair via break-induced replication)
H: dhr-domain binding (aka pdz domain binding)
I: 2-amino-4-oxo-6-[(1s,2r)-1,2-dihydroxy-3-triphosphooxypropyl]-7,8-dihydroxypteridine triphosphate-lyase (6-pyruvoyl-5,6,7,8-tetrahydropterin-forming) (aka 6-pyruvoyltetrahydropterin synthase activity)
J: omega-protein-n-(adp-d-ribosyl)-l-arginine adp-ribosylhydrolase activity (aka adp-ribosylarginine hydrolase activity)
K: None of the above. | K |
<Instruct>: Given the context 'RMCE-ASAP: a gene targeting method for ES and somatic cells to accelerate phenotype analyses
Abstract
In recent years, tremendous insight has been gained on p53 regulation by targeting mutations at the p53 locus using homologous recombination in ES cells to generate mutant mice.', select the correct biomedical concept corresponding to 'regulation'. Answer using one of the provided options. | <Options>: A: corticotropin secretion (adrenocorticotropic hormone secretion) (aka corticotropin secretion)
B: tubulin-dependent atpase activity (tubulin-activated atpase activity) (aka tubulin-dependent atpase activity)
C: positive regulation of superoxide anion generation (positive regulation of superoxide release) (aka positive regulation of superoxide anion generation)
D: upregulation of multicellular organismal process (aka positive regulation of multicellular organismal process)
E: dtmp biosynthetic process (dtmp biosynthesis) (aka dtmp biosynthetic process)
F: regulation of somitogenesis
G: sesquiterpene biosynthetic process
H: alphav-beta3 integrin-collagen alpha3(vi) complex
I: metal ion sequestration (aka sequestering of metal ion)
J: upregulation of histone deacetylation (aka positive regulation of histone deacetylation)
K: None of the above. | K |
<Instruct>: Given the context 'Studies in cultured cells, often relying on the transfection of plasmids expressing various p53 mutants, have established models to explain how p53 is regulated.', select the correct biomedical concept corresponding to 'regulated'. Answer using one of the provided options. | <Options>: A: n-acetyl-d-hexosamine dehydrogenase activity (aka n-acetylhexosamine 1-dehydrogenase activity)
B: protein docking during protein import into peroxisome matrix (aka protein import into peroxisome matrix, docking)
C: alphav-beta3 integrin-collagen alpha3(vi) complex
D: regulation of somitogenesis
E: regulation of ran protein signal transduction
F: smooth muscle hyperplasia
G: stimulation of multicellular organismal process (aka positive regulation of multicellular organismal process)
H: intestinal epithelial cell maturation
I: dtmp biosynthetic process (dtmp biosynthesis) (aka dtmp biosynthetic process)
J: camp phosphodiesterase regulator (aka regulation of cyclic-nucleotide phosphodiesterase activity)
K: None of the above. | K |
<Instruct>: Given the context 'Studies in cultured cells, often relying on the transfection of plasmids expressing various p53 mutants, have established models to explain how p53 is regulated.', select the correct biomedical concept corresponding to 'transfection'. Answer using one of the provided options. | <Options>: A: triphosphopyridine diaphorase activity (aka nadph dehydrogenase activity)
B: regulation of mitochondrial protein formation (aka regulation of mitochondrial translation)
C: l-asparagine metabolism (aka l-asparagine metabolic process)
D: protein transport from cytoplasm to nucleus, translocation (aka protein import into nucleus, translocation)
E: endotoxin activity (aka pathogenesis)
F: response to heat (response to heat shock) (aka response to heat)
G: toxin catabolism (aka toxin catabolic process)
H: 5(s)-hydroxyperoxy-6e,8z,11z,14z-icosatetraenoic acid binding (5(s)-hydroxyperoxy-6e,8z,11z,14z-eicosatetraenoic acid binding) (aka 5(s)-hydroxyperoxy-6e,8z,11z,14z-icosatetraenoic acid binding)
I: sulfate/thiosulfate porter activity (aka sulfate transmembrane-transporting atpase activity)
J: anterior lateral line neuromast hair cell morphogenesis
K: None of the above. | K |
<Instruct>: Given the context 'Studies in cultured cells, often relying on the transfection of plasmids expressing various p53 mutants, have established models to explain how p53 is regulated.', select the correct biomedical concept corresponding to 'expressing'. Answer using one of the provided options. | <Options>: A: 4-6-o-[(r)(1-carboxyethylidine)]-gal-beta-1,3 biosynthesis (aka 4,6-pyruvylated galactose residue biosynthetic process)
B: smooth muscle plasticity (aka smooth muscle adaptation)
C: dtmp biosynthetic process (dtmp biosynthesis) (aka dtmp biosynthetic process)
D: neural crest cell development
E: smooth muscle hyperplasia
F: positive regulation of intestinal epithelial structure maintenance
G: release of sequestered calcium ion into cytosol by sarcoplasmic reticulum (release of sequestered calcium ion by sarcoplasmic reticulum into cytosol) (aka release of sequestered calcium ion into cytosol by sarcoplasmic reticulum)
H: toxin catabolism (aka toxin catabolic process)
I: inhibition of synaptic vesicle membrane organisation (aka negative regulation of synaptic vesicle membrane organization)
J: monoterpene biosynthetic process (monoterpene biosynthesis) (aka monoterpene biosynthetic process)
K: None of the above. | K |
<Instruct>: Given the context 'The strength of this approach is that mutations are tested in a genomic setting and expressed from the endogenous promoter, ensuring physiological expression levels and correct spatio-temporal profiles.', select the correct biomedical concept corresponding to 'expressed'. Answer using one of the provided options. | <Options>: A: neural crest cell development
B: regulation of somitogenesis
C: protein-nomega-(adp-d-ribosyl)-l-arginine adp-ribosylhydrolase activity (aka adp-ribosylarginine hydrolase activity)
D: neural crest cell differentiation
E: positive regulation of wnt signaling pathway by bmp signaling pathway (positive regulation of wnt receptor signalling pathway by bmp signalling pathway) (aka positive regulation of wnt signaling pathway by bmp signaling pathway)
F: viral inhibition of host pattern recognition receptor activity (aka suppression by virus of host pattern recognition receptor activity)
G: smooth muscle hyperplasia
H: cystic-fibrosis membrane-conductance-regulating protein activity (aka channel-conductance-controlling atpase activity)
I: dtmp biosynthetic process (dtmp biosynthesis) (aka dtmp biosynthetic process)
J: aerobic beta-1,2,3,4,5,6-hexachlorocyclohexane metabolic process (aerobic beta-1,2,3,4,5,6-hexachlorocyclohexane metabolism) (aka aerobic beta-1,2,3,4,5,6-hexachlorocyclohexane metabolic process)
K: None of the above. | K |
<Instruct>: Given the context 'The strength of this approach is that mutations are tested in a genomic setting and expressed from the endogenous promoter, ensuring physiological expression levels and correct spatio-temporal profiles.', select the correct biomedical concept corresponding to 'expression'. Answer using one of the provided options. | <Options>: A: neural crest cell development
B: smooth muscle plasticity (aka smooth muscle adaptation)
C: 4-6-o-[(r)(1-carboxyethylidine)]-gal-beta-1,3 biosynthesis (aka 4,6-pyruvylated galactose residue biosynthetic process)
D: negative regulation of dipeptide transport by inhibition of transcription from rna polymerase ii promoter (aka negative regulation of dipeptide transport by negative regulation of transcription from rna polymerase ii promoter)
E: omega-protein-n-(adp-d-ribosyl)-l-arginine adp-ribosylhydrolase activity (aka adp-ribosylarginine hydrolase activity)
F: saga family complex (aka saga-type complex)
G: regulation of somitogenesis
H: release of sequestered calcium ion into cytosol by sarcoplasmic reticulum (release of sequestered calcium ion by sarcoplasmic reticulum into cytosol) (aka release of sequestered calcium ion into cytosol by sarcoplasmic reticulum)
I: dhr-domain binding (aka pdz domain binding)
J: 2-amino-4-oxo-6-[(1s,2r)-1,2-dihydroxy-3-triphosphooxypropyl]-7,8-dihydroxypteridine triphosphate-lyase (6-pyruvoyl-5,6,7,8-tetrahydropterin-forming) (aka 6-pyruvoyltetrahydropterin synthase activity)
K: None of the above. | K |
<Instruct>: Given the context 'As significant differences between phenotypes from targeted p53 mutants in vivo and transfection data were observed [e.g. Refs (1–5)], more targeted mutations need to be generated and analyzed in multiple tissues to formulate more accurate models of p53 regulation.
', select the correct biomedical concept corresponding to 'regulation'. Answer using one of the provided options. | <Options>: A: saga family complex (aka saga-type complex)
B: smooth muscle hyperplasia
C: up-regulation of multicellular organismal process (aka positive regulation of multicellular organismal process)
D: positive regulation of superoxide anion generation (positive regulation of superoxide release) (aka positive regulation of superoxide anion generation)
E: upregulation of histone deacetylation (aka positive regulation of histone deacetylation)
F: regulation of somitogenesis
G: corticotropin secretion (adrenocorticotropic hormone secretion) (aka corticotropin secretion)
H: n-acetyl-d-hexosamine dehydrogenase activity (aka n-acetylhexosamine 1-dehydrogenase activity)
I: dtmp biosynthetic process (dtmp biosynthesis) (aka dtmp biosynthetic process)
J: sesquiterpene biosynthetic process
K: None of the above. | K |
<Instruct>: Given the context 'As significant differences between phenotypes from targeted p53 mutants in vivo and transfection data were observed [e.g. Refs (1–5)], more targeted mutations need to be generated and analyzed in multiple tissues to formulate more accurate models of p53 regulation.
', select the correct biomedical concept corresponding to 'transfection'. Answer using one of the provided options. | <Options>: A: sulfate/thiosulfate porter activity (aka sulfate transmembrane-transporting atpase activity)
B: response to heat (response to heat shock) (aka response to heat)
C: lipoprotein toxin (aka pathogenesis)
D: triphosphopyridine diaphorase activity (aka nadph dehydrogenase activity)
E: sinoatrial valve formation (sa valve formation) (aka sinoatrial valve formation)
F: protein transport from cytoplasm to nucleus, translocation (aka protein import into nucleus, translocation)
G: regulation of mitochondrial protein formation (aka regulation of mitochondrial translation)
H: 5-aminolevulinic acid synthase activity (aka 5-aminolevulinate synthase activity)
I: l-asparagine metabolism (aka l-asparagine metabolic process)
J: 5(s)-hydroxyperoxy-6e,8z,11z,14z-icosatetraenoic acid binding (5(s)-hydroxyperoxy-6e,8z,11z,14z-eicosatetraenoic acid binding) (aka 5(s)-hydroxyperoxy-6e,8z,11z,14z-icosatetraenoic acid binding)
K: None of the above. | K |
<Instruct>: Given the context 'However, modeling most disease-associated mutations requires generating subtle mutations, not knock-outs or reduced expression alleles.', select the correct biomedical concept corresponding to 'expression'. Answer using one of the provided options. | <Options>: A: release of sequestered calcium ion into cytosol by sarcoplasmic reticulum (release of sequestered calcium ion by sarcoplasmic reticulum into cytosol) (aka release of sequestered calcium ion into cytosol by sarcoplasmic reticulum)
B: 4-6-o-[(r)(1-carboxyethylidine)]-gal-beta-1,3 biosynthesis (aka 4,6-pyruvylated galactose residue biosynthetic process)
C: omega-protein-n-(adp-d-ribosyl)-l-arginine adp-ribosylhydrolase activity (aka adp-ribosylarginine hydrolase activity)
D: smooth muscle hyperplasia
E: regulation of somitogenesis
F: dhr-domain binding (aka pdz domain binding)
G: saga family complex (aka saga-type complex)
H: negative regulation of dipeptide transport by inhibition of transcription from rna polymerase ii promoter (aka negative regulation of dipeptide transport by negative regulation of transcription from rna polymerase ii promoter)
I: 2-amino-4-oxo-6-[(1s,2r)-1,2-dihydroxy-3-triphosphooxypropyl]-7,8-dihydroxypteridine triphosphate-lyase (6-pyruvoyl-5,6,7,8-tetrahydropterin-forming) (aka 6-pyruvoyltetrahydropterin synthase activity)
J: viral inhibition of host pattern recognition receptor activity (aka suppression by virus of host pattern recognition receptor activity)
K: None of the above. | K |
<Instruct>: Given the context 'However, interference resulting from expression of the selection marker and the endogenous gene (13) necessitates strategies to remove the selectable gene.', select the correct biomedical concept corresponding to 'expression'. Answer using one of the provided options. | <Options>: A: atp adenylyltransferase activity (diadenosine 5',5'''-p1,p4-tetraphosphate alphabeta-phosphorylase (adp-forming)) (aka atp adenylyltransferase activity)
B: down regulation of double-strand break repair via break-induced replication (aka negative regulation of double-strand break repair via break-induced replication)
C: regulation of somitogenesis
D: negative regulation of dipeptide transport by negative regulation of transcription from pol ii promoter (aka negative regulation of dipeptide transport by negative regulation of transcription from rna polymerase ii promoter)
E: neural crest cell development
F: omega-protein-n-(adp-d-ribosyl)-l-arginine adp-ribosylhydrolase activity (aka adp-ribosylarginine hydrolase activity)
G: saga family complex (aka saga-type complex)
H: dtmp biosynthetic process (dtmp biosynthesis) (aka dtmp biosynthetic process)
I: smooth muscle plasticity (aka smooth muscle adaptation)
J: 4-6-o-[(r)(1-carboxyethylidine)]-gal-beta-1,3 biosynthesis (aka 4,6-pyruvylated galactose residue biosynthetic process)
K: None of the above. | K |
<Instruct>: Given the context 'Together, previous studies indicate that an optimal RMCE requires (i) inverted heterologous loxP sites diverging by at least 2 nt to maximize the efficiency of exchange and (ii) an expression cassette enabling both positive selection to identify the initial recombinant and then negative selection to obtain a ‘marker-free’ mutant allele (14).
', select the correct biomedical concept corresponding to 'expression'. Answer using one of the provided options. | <Options>: A: smooth muscle hyperplasia
B: saga-type complex (saga family complex) (aka saga-type complex)
C: smooth muscle plasticity (aka smooth muscle adaptation)
D: regulation of somitogenesis
E: protein-nomega-(adp-d-ribosyl)-l-arginine adp-ribosylhydrolase activity (aka adp-ribosylarginine hydrolase activity)
F: dhr-domain binding (aka pdz domain binding)
G: 4-6-o-[(r)(1-carboxyethylidine)]-gal-beta-1,3 biosynthesis (aka 4,6-pyruvylated galactose residue biosynthetic process)
H: neural crest cell differentiation
I: 6-pyruvoyl tetrahydrobiopterin synthase activity (aka 6-pyruvoyltetrahydropterin synthase activity)
J: atp adenylyltransferase activity (diadenosine 5',5'''-p1,p4-tetraphosphate alphabeta-phosphorylase (adp-forming)) (aka atp adenylyltransferase activity)
K: None of the above. | K |
<Instruct>: Given the context 'We then inserted a 5.5 kb ClaI-EagI fragment from p53PmlEag in plasmid CN-PuroΔTK-F digested by ClaI and NotI, and inserted the resulting fragment between the loxP sites of L3-CF-1L by ClaI and FseI digestion, leading to L3-p53PmlEagPuroΔTK-1L. We next engineered a plasmid containing the region for 3′-homology downstream of the p53 gene and the DTA gene in two steps: (i) we performed a three-way ligation between a modified pBS digested by HindIII and NotI, a HindIII-EcoRI fragment from Trp53 for 3′homology and an EcoRI-NotI fragment containing the DTA gene, from plasmid pgkdtabpa (kind gift of P. Soriano), leading to plasmid 3′ + DTA and (ii) because the Bsu36I-EcoRI region downstream of p53 contains repetitive sequences (F. Toledo and G. M. Wahl, unpublished data), we later deleted this region, to obtain plasmid 3′ + DTA.', select the correct biomedical concept corresponding to 'ligation'. Answer using one of the provided options. | <Options>: A: regulation of acth secretion (aka regulation of corticotropin secretion)
B: inhibition of attachment of spindle microtubules to kinetochore involved in mitotic sister chromatid segregation (aka negative regulation of mitotic attachment of spindle microtubules to kinetochore)
C: down regulation of atf6-beta upr branch (aka negative regulation of atf6-mediated unfolded protein response)
D: imdh activity (aka 3-isopropylmalate dehydrogenase activity)
E: negative regulation of corticotropin secretion (negative regulation of adrenocorticotropic hormone secretion) (aka negative regulation of corticotropin secretion)
F: positive regulation of corticotropic hormone secretion (aka positive regulation of corticotropin secretion)
G: None of the above. | G |
<Instruct>: Given the context '129/SvJae ES cells were grown in the same medium supplemented with 1000 U/ml ESGRO (Chemicon), on a layer of mitomycin C-treated SNLPuro-7/4 feeders (kind gift of A. Bradley).', select the correct biomedical concept corresponding to 'grown'. Answer using one of the provided options. | <Options>: A: eotaxin production (aka chemokine (c-c motif) ligand 11 production)
B: up regulation of adrenergic receptor signalling pathway involved in heart process (aka positive regulation of adrenergic receptor signaling pathway involved in heart process)
C: rhombomere 4 structural organisation (aka rhombomere 4 structural organization)
D: mesonephric duct formation (wolffian duct formation) (aka mesonephric duct formation)
E: pronephric rectal diverticulum development (aka rectal diverticulum development)
F: old mitotic spindle pole body (old spb) (aka old mitotic spindle pole body)
G: pancreas induction
H: regulation of cohesin localization to chromatin (regulation of cohesin association with chromatin) (aka regulation of cohesin localization to chromatin)
I: pronephric nephron tubule morphogenesis
J: down regulation of intracellular transport (aka negative regulation of intracellular transport)
K: None of the above. | K |
<Instruct>: Given the context 'Performing RMCE in ES cells
A total of 8 × 105 p53RMCE/+ ES cells were grown without puromycin for 12 h, electroporated with 15 μg CMV-Cre plasmid (pOG231) and 200 μg of the exchange construct, and plated in T25 flasks at 105 cells per flask.', select the correct biomedical concept corresponding to 'grown'. Answer using one of the provided options. | <Options>: A: rhombomere 4 structural organisation (aka rhombomere 4 structural organization)
B: pten activity (aka phosphatidylinositol-3,4-bisphosphate 3-phosphatase activity)
C: old mitotic spindle pole body (old spb) (aka old mitotic spindle pole body)
D: pancreas induction
E: endopeptidase activator activity
F: pronephric nephron tubule morphogenesis
G: up regulation of adrenergic receptor signalling pathway involved in heart process (aka positive regulation of adrenergic receptor signaling pathway involved in heart process)
H: mirna mediated inhibition of translation (negative regulation of translation involved in gene silencing by microrna) (aka mirna mediated inhibition of translation)
I: negative regulation of intracellular transport (down regulation of intracellular transport) (aka negative regulation of intracellular transport)
J: positive regulation of ethanol catabolic process by positive regulation of transcription from rna polymerase ii promoter
K: None of the above. | K |
<Instruct>: Given the context 'Individual clones, picked 10 days after electroporation, were grown in 96-well plates and expanded to generate duplicate plates for freezing and DNA analysis by PCR and Southern.
', select the correct biomedical concept corresponding to 'grown'. Answer using one of the provided options. | <Options>: A: up regulation of adrenergic receptor signalling pathway involved in heart process (aka positive regulation of adrenergic receptor signaling pathway involved in heart process)
B: mirna mediated inhibition of translation (negative regulation of translation involved in gene silencing by microrna) (aka mirna mediated inhibition of translation)
C: mesonephric duct formation (wolffian duct formation) (aka mesonephric duct formation)
D: eotaxin production (aka chemokine (c-c motif) ligand 11 production)
E: endopeptidase activator activity
F: regulation of cohesin association with chromatin (aka regulation of cohesin localization to chromatin)
G: positive regulation of ethanol catabolic process by positive regulation of transcription from rna polymerase ii promoter
H: old mitotic spindle pole body (old spb) (aka old mitotic spindle pole body)
I: pancreas induction
J: pten activity (aka phosphatidylinositol-3,4-bisphosphate 3-phosphatase activity)
K: None of the above. | K |
<Instruct>: Given the context 'Performing RMCE in MEFs
A total of 106 p53RMCE/− MEFs cells were grown without puromycin for 12 h, electroporated with 3 μg pOG231 and 30 μg exchange construct, and plated in a single 10 cm-dish, grown for 3 days then split in several dishes at 105 cells per dish.', select the correct biomedical concept corresponding to 'grown'. Answer using one of the provided options. | <Options>: A: regulation of cohesin association with chromatin (aka regulation of cohesin localization to chromatin)
B: endopeptidase activator activity
C: mesonephric duct formation (wolffian duct formation) (aka mesonephric duct formation)
D: rhombomere 4 structural organisation (aka rhombomere 4 structural organization)
E: pronephric rectal diverticulum development (aka rectal diverticulum development)
F: old mitotic spindle pole body (old spb) (aka old mitotic spindle pole body)
G: negative regulation of translation involved in gene silencing by microrna (aka mirna mediated inhibition of translation)
H: pancreas induction
I: negative regulation of intracellular transport (down regulation of intracellular transport) (aka negative regulation of intracellular transport)
J: positive regulation of ethanol catabolic process by positive regulation of transcription from rna polymerase ii promoter
K: None of the above. | K |
<Instruct>: Given the context 'Performing RMCE in MEFs
A total of 106 p53RMCE/− MEFs cells were grown without puromycin for 12 h, electroporated with 3 μg pOG231 and 30 μg exchange construct, and plated in a single 10 cm-dish, grown for 3 days then split in several dishes at 105 cells per dish.', select the correct biomedical concept corresponding to 'grown'. Answer using one of the provided options. | <Options>: A: up regulation of beta-adrenergic receptor signalling pathway involved in heart process (aka positive regulation of adrenergic receptor signaling pathway involved in heart process)
B: regulation of cohesin localization to chromatin (regulation of cohesin association with chromatin) (aka regulation of cohesin localization to chromatin)
C: old mitotic spindle pole body (old spb) (aka old mitotic spindle pole body)
D: down regulation of intracellular transport (aka negative regulation of intracellular transport)
E: down regulation of translation involved in gene silencing by mirna (aka mirna mediated inhibition of translation)
F: pronephric rectal diverticulum development (aka rectal diverticulum development)
G: pten activity (aka phosphatidylinositol-3,4-bisphosphate 3-phosphatase activity)
H: rhombomere 4 structural organisation (aka rhombomere 4 structural organization)
I: eotaxin production (aka chemokine (c-c motif) ligand 11 production)
J: mesonephric duct formation (wolffian duct formation) (aka mesonephric duct formation)
K: None of the above. | K |
<Instruct>: Given the context 'Clones, picked 10 days after electroporation, were grown in 24-well plates and expanded for freezing and DNA analysis.
', select the correct biomedical concept corresponding to 'grown'. Answer using one of the provided options. | <Options>: A: mesonephric duct formation (wolffian duct formation) (aka mesonephric duct formation)
B: regulation of cohesin association with chromatin (aka regulation of cohesin localization to chromatin)
C: down regulation of translation involved in gene silencing by mirna (aka mirna mediated inhibition of translation)
D: negative regulation of intracellular transport (down regulation of intracellular transport) (aka negative regulation of intracellular transport)
E: pancreas induction
F: pronephric nephron tubule morphogenesis
G: positive regulation of ethanol catabolic process by positive regulation of transcription from rna polymerase ii promoter
H: old mitotic spindle pole body (old spb) (aka old mitotic spindle pole body)
I: eotaxin production (aka chemokine (c-c motif) ligand 11 production)
J: rhombomere 4 structural organisation (aka rhombomere 4 structural organization)
K: None of the above. | K |
<Instruct>: Given the context 'Western-blots
Cells, untreated or treated for 24 h with 0.5 μg/ml adriamycin, were lysed on the dish in a buffer consisting of 50 mM Tris (pH 8.0), 5 mM EDTA, 150 mM NaCl, 0.5% Nonidet P-40, 1 mM PMSF, 1 mM sodium vanadate, 10 mM NaF and Complete Mini Protease Inhibitors (Roche Diagnostics) at 4°C for 30 min. Lysates were scraped, then spun at 6000× g at 4°C for 10 min. Protein concentration in the supernatant was determined using the Bio-Rad DC protein assay.', select the correct biomedical concept corresponding to 'lysed'. Answer using one of the provided options. | <Options>: A: positive regulation of leukocyte degranulation (positive regulation of immune cell degranulation) (aka positive regulation of leukocyte degranulation)
B: negative regulation of il-13 biosynthesis (aka negative regulation of interleukin-13 biosynthetic process)
C: liver development
D: nadp (oxidized) binding (aka nadp+ binding)
E: tubulin acetyltransferase activity (aka tubulin n-acetyltransferase activity)
F: peptide cross-linking via chondroitin 4-sulphate glycosaminoglycan (aka peptide cross-linking via chondroitin 4-sulfate glycosaminoglycan)
G: hypoxanthine degradation (aka hypoxanthine catabolic process)
H: viral-cell fusion molecule activity (aka fusion of virus membrane with host plasma membrane)
I: ribonucleic cytidylic cytidylic adenylic pyrophosphorylase (aka trna cytidylyltransferase activity)
J: 2fe-2s cluster assembly (aka [2fe-2s] cluster assembly)
K: None of the above. | K |
<Instruct>: Given the context 'p53+/GFP ES clones were analyzed by western blot with an antibody against p53, and found to express an additional band at the expected size (ca. 80 kDa).', select the correct biomedical concept corresponding to 'express'. Answer using one of the provided options. | <Options>: A: neural crest cell differentiation
B: smooth muscle hyperplasia
C: chondroitin sulfate proteoglycan biosynthesis (aka chondroitin sulfate proteoglycan biosynthetic process)
D: casbene synthetase activity (aka casbene synthase activity)
E: negative regulation of dipeptide transport by inhibition of transcription from rna polymerase ii promoter (aka negative regulation of dipeptide transport by negative regulation of transcription from rna polymerase ii promoter)
F: dtmp biosynthetic process (dtmp biosynthesis) (aka dtmp biosynthetic process)
G: 4-6-o-[(r)(1-carboxyethylidine)]-gal-beta-1,3 biosynthesis (aka 4,6-pyruvylated galactose residue biosynthetic process)
H: retinoic acid receptor signaling pathway involved in spinal cord dorsal/ventral patterning (retinoic acid receptor signalling pathway involved in spinal cord dorsal/ventral patterning) (aka retinoic acid receptor signaling pathway involved in spinal cord dorsal/ventral patterning)
I: neural crest cell development
J: positive regulation of cytotoxic t lymphocyte granule exocytosis (aka positive regulation of cytotoxic t cell degranulation)
K: None of the above. | K |
<Instruct>: Given the context 'Six independent p53+/GFP clones were injected into blastocysts and transferred to pseudo-pregnant females using standard procedures.', select the correct biomedical concept corresponding to 'pregnant'. Answer using one of the provided options. | <Options>: A: modulation by symbiont of host response to cold (freezing tolerance) (aka modulation by symbiont of host response to cold)
B: host cell endomembrane system
C: negative regulation of cell growth involved in cardiac muscle cell development
D: reproduction (reproductive physiological process) (aka reproduction)
E: down regulation of female receptivity (aka negative regulation of female receptivity)
F: positive regulation of cell growth involved in cardiac muscle cell development
G: receptor mediated endocytosis of virus particle by host (aka receptor-mediated endocytosis of virus by host cell)
H: nadp-aldehyde reductase activity (aka alcohol dehydrogenase (nadp+) activity)
I: asymmetric protein localisation (aka asymmetric protein localization)
J: nucleolar fragmentation (nucleolar size increase) (aka nucleolar fragmentation)
K: None of the above. | K |
<Instruct>: Given the context 'Strikingly, no pregnancies were obtained.', select the correct biomedical concept corresponding to 'pregnancies'. Answer using one of the provided options. | <Options>: A: selenium compound metabolic process (selenium compound metabolism) (aka selenium compound metabolic process)
B: type ii pneumocyte differentiation (great alveolar cell differentiation) (aka type ii pneumocyte differentiation)
C: nadp-aldehyde reductase activity (aka alcohol dehydrogenase (nadp+) activity)
D: small alveolar cell differentiation (aka type i pneumocyte differentiation)
E: regulation of 3',5'-camp metabolic process (aka regulation of camp metabolic process)
F: viral entry into host cell via receptor-mediated endocytosis (aka receptor-mediated endocytosis of virus by host cell)
G: stress fibre (aka stress fiber)
H: ethene biosynthesis (aka ethylene biosynthetic process)
I: inhibition of skeletal muscle achr clustering (aka negative regulation of skeletal muscle acetylcholine-gated channel clustering)
J: asymmetric protein localisation (aka asymmetric protein localization)
K: None of the above. | K |
<Instruct>: Given the context 'It has been shown that the p53 pathway is regulated very differently in ES and somatic cells: ES cells contain relatively high p53 levels and lack the p53-mediated DNA damage responses found in somatic cells (18).', select the correct biomedical concept corresponding to 'regulated'. Answer using one of the provided options. | <Options>: A: peroxisomal transport
B: smooth muscle hyperplasia
C: dtmp biosynthetic process (dtmp biosynthesis) (aka dtmp biosynthetic process)
D: regulation of somitogenesis
E: upregulation of multicellular organismal process (aka positive regulation of multicellular organismal process)
F: saga-type complex (saga family complex) (aka saga-type complex)
G: up regulation of mechanoreceptor differentiation (aka positive regulation of mechanoreceptor differentiation)
H: intestinal epithelial cell maturation
I: n-acetyl-d-hexosamine dehydrogenase activity (aka n-acetylhexosamine 1-dehydrogenase activity)
J: alphav-beta3 integrin-collagen alpha3(vi) complex
K: None of the above. | K |
<Instruct>: Given the context 'This, together with the observation that p53 levels decrease during mouse embryogenesis (19), suggested an explanation for the observed lack of pregnancies: we speculate that the high levels of p53GFP in the ES cells injected into blastocysts might have prevented normal embryonic development once these cells began to differentiate and the p53 pathway became functional.
', select the correct biomedical concept corresponding to 'embryogenesis'. Answer using one of the provided options. | <Options>: A: meiotic sister chromatid cohesion involved in meiosis ii
B: thymic stromal lymphopoietin production (tslp production) (aka thymic stromal lymphopoietin production)
C: cutin biosynthesis (aka cutin biosynthetic process)
D: 1,4-beta-d-oligo-d-glucan:phosphate alpha-d-glucosyltransferase activity (aka cellodextrin phosphorylase activity)
E: negative regulation of cellular carbohydrate metabolic process by negative regulation of transcription, dna-templated (negative regulation of cellular carbohydrate metabolic process by negative regulation of transcription, dna-dependent) (aka negative regulation of cellular carbohydrate metabolic process by negative regulation of transcription, dna-templated)
F: ethylene biosynthesis (aka ethylene biosynthetic process)
G: stress fibre (aka stress fiber)
H: stimulation of cytokine production (aka positive regulation of cytokine production)
I: l-3-hydroxyacid dehydrogenase activity (aka l-gulonate 3-dehydrogenase activity)
J: down regulation of intracellular transport (aka negative regulation of intracellular transport)
K: None of the above. | K |
<Instruct>: Given the context 'This, together with the observation that p53 levels decrease during mouse embryogenesis (19), suggested an explanation for the observed lack of pregnancies: we speculate that the high levels of p53GFP in the ES cells injected into blastocysts might have prevented normal embryonic development once these cells began to differentiate and the p53 pathway became functional.
', select the correct biomedical concept corresponding to 'pregnancies'. Answer using one of the provided options. | <Options>: A: stress fibre (aka stress fiber)
B: asymmetric protein localisation (aka asymmetric protein localization)
C: inhibition of skeletal muscle achr clustering (aka negative regulation of skeletal muscle acetylcholine-gated channel clustering)
D: membranous pneumocyte differentiation (aka type i pneumocyte differentiation)
E: viral entry into host cell via receptor-mediated endocytosis (aka receptor-mediated endocytosis of virus by host cell)
F: aldehyde reductase (nadph) activity (aka alcohol dehydrogenase (nadp+) activity)
G: type ii pneumocyte differentiation (great alveolar cell differentiation) (aka type ii pneumocyte differentiation)
H: regulation of 3',5'-camp metabolic process (aka regulation of camp metabolic process)
I: selenium metabolic process (aka selenium compound metabolic process)
J: ethene biosynthesis (aka ethylene biosynthetic process)
K: None of the above. | K |
<Instruct>: Given the context 'This, together with the observation that p53 levels decrease during mouse embryogenesis (19), suggested an explanation for the observed lack of pregnancies: we speculate that the high levels of p53GFP in the ES cells injected into blastocysts might have prevented normal embryonic development once these cells began to differentiate and the p53 pathway became functional.
', select the correct biomedical concept corresponding to 'embryonic development'. Answer using one of the provided options. | <Options>: A: gtp synthesis coupled proton transport
B: negative regulation of intracellular transport (down regulation of intracellular transport) (aka negative regulation of intracellular transport)
C: positive regulation of peroxisome organisation by positive regulation of transcription from rna polymerase ii promoter (aka positive regulation of peroxisome organization by positive regulation of transcription from rna polymerase ii promoter)
D: upregulation of cytokine production (aka positive regulation of cytokine production)
E: up-regulation of perisinusoidal cell proliferation (aka positive regulation of hepatic stellate cell proliferation)
F: ethylene synthesis (aka ethylene biosynthetic process)
G: l-3-hydroxyacid dehydrogenase activity (aka l-gulonate 3-dehydrogenase activity)
H: glucocorticoid receptor import into nucleus (glucocorticoid receptor nuclear translocation) (aka glucocorticoid receptor import into nucleus)
I: female courtship behaviour (aka female courtship behavior)
J: cutin biosynthesis (aka cutin biosynthetic process)
K: None of the above. | K |
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