instruction stringlengths 171 1.04k | input stringlengths 695 1.43k | response stringclasses 2 values |
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<Instruct>: Given the context 'A and D, hematoxyllin and eosin staining; B and E, R26 R lineage tracing assay – counterstaining with eosin; C and F, section in situ hybridization for PTH – counterstaining with eosin.', select the correct biomedical concept corresponding to 'hybridization'. Answer using one of the provided options. | <Options>: A: coreceptor, soluble ligand activity involved in wnt receptor signalling pathway through beta-catenin (aka coreceptor activity involved in canonical wnt signaling pathway)
B: type ii transmembrane protein insertion into er membrane (aka tail-anchored membrane protein insertion into er membrane)
C: virulence (aka pathogenesis)
D: regulation of megakaryocyte differentiation
E: toxin catabolic process (toxin degradation) (aka toxin catabolic process)
F: defence response to pathogen, incompatible interaction (aka defense response, incompatible interaction)
G: oxidosqualene--lanosterol cyclase activity (aka lanosterol synthase activity)
H: allantoin breakdown (aka allantoin catabolic process)
I: negative regulation of megakaryocyte differentiation (down-regulation of megakaryocyte differentiation) (aka negative regulation of megakaryocyte differentiation)
J: oocyte localization involved in germarium-derived egg chamber formation (oocyte localisation involved in germarium-derived egg chamber formation) (aka oocyte localization involved in germarium-derived egg chamber formation)
K: None of the above. | K |
<Instruct>: Given the context 'Expression analyses
To visualize parathyroid hormone expression we used in situ hybridization and an antisense probe corresponding to nucleotides 97–534 (kindly provided by Nancy Manley) as described [44].
', select the correct biomedical concept corresponding to 'hybridization'. Answer using one of the provided options. | <Options>: A: allantoin breakdown (aka allantoin catabolic process)
B: toxin degradation (aka toxin catabolic process)
C: protein insertion of tail-anchored membrane proteins into er membrane (aka tail-anchored membrane protein insertion into er membrane)
D: defence response to pathogen, incompatible interaction (aka defense response, incompatible interaction)
E: coreceptor, insoluble ligand activity involved in wnt receptor signaling pathway through beta-catenin (aka coreceptor activity involved in canonical wnt signaling pathway)
F: regulation of megakaryocyte differentiation
G: negative regulation of megakaryocyte differentiation (down-regulation of megakaryocyte differentiation) (aka negative regulation of megakaryocyte differentiation)
H: oxidosqualene-lanosterol cyclase activity (aka lanosterol synthase activity)
I: oocyte localization involved in germarium-derived egg chamber formation (oocyte localisation involved in germarium-derived egg chamber formation) (aka oocyte localization involved in germarium-derived egg chamber formation)
J: virulence (aka pathogenesis)
K: None of the above. | K |
<Instruct>: Given the context '[16] was detected in the primitive streak and emerging notochord by whole-mount in situ hybridisation (WMISH) (Figure 5F), indicating that Atrxnull embryos had gastrulated.
', select the correct biomedical concept corresponding to 'hybridisation'. Answer using one of the provided options. | <Options>: A: coreceptor, soluble ligand activity involved in wnt receptor signalling pathway through beta-catenin (aka coreceptor activity involved in canonical wnt signaling pathway)
B: phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase complex, class iii (phosphoinositide 3-kinase complex, class iii) (aka phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase complex, class iii)
C: oxidosqualene-lanosterol cyclase activity (aka lanosterol synthase activity)
D: oocyte localization involved in germarium-derived egg chamber formation (oocyte localisation involved in germarium-derived egg chamber formation) (aka oocyte localization involved in germarium-derived egg chamber formation)
E: allantoin breakdown (aka allantoin catabolic process)
F: response to pathogen (incompatible interaction) (aka defense response, incompatible interaction)
G: virulence (aka pathogenesis)
H: toxin catabolic process (toxin degradation) (aka toxin catabolic process)
I: anterior lateral line neuromast hair cell morphogenesis
J: protein insertion of tail-anchored membrane proteins into er membrane (aka tail-anchored membrane protein insertion into er membrane)
K: None of the above. | K |
<Instruct>: Given the context 'Homologous targeting events were identified by Southern blot of EcoRI-digested DNA and hybridisation with a 5′ probe (generated with primers PPS1.20 and PPS1.27) and a 3′ probe (a 0.9-kb HaeIII fragment) as shown in Figure 2A and 2B. DNA from correctly targeted clones was also digested with SacI and analysed by Southern blot and hybridisation with a probe from within intron 17 (a PCR product generated with primers PPS1.15 and Xnp46) to confirm that the loxP site within intron 18 had been included within the crossed-over region (Figure 2A and 2C).', select the correct biomedical concept corresponding to 'hybridisation'. Answer using one of the provided options. | <Options>: A: toxin degradation (aka toxin catabolic process)
B: virulence (aka pathogenesis)
C: ipp isomerase activity (aka isopentenyl-diphosphate delta-isomerase activity)
D: anterior lateral line neuromast hair cell morphogenesis
E: resistance response to pathogen (aka defense response, incompatible interaction)
F: oocyte localization involved in germarium-derived egg chamber formation (oocyte localisation involved in germarium-derived egg chamber formation) (aka oocyte localization involved in germarium-derived egg chamber formation)
G: phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase complex, class iii (phosphoinositide 3-kinase complex, class iii) (aka phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase complex, class iii)
H: allantoin breakdown (aka allantoin catabolic process)
I: coreceptor, insoluble ligand activity involved in wnt receptor signaling pathway through beta-catenin (aka coreceptor activity involved in canonical wnt signaling pathway)
J: oxidosqualene:lanosterol cyclase activity (aka lanosterol synthase activity)
K: None of the above. | K |
<Instruct>: Given the context 'Homologous targeting events were identified by Southern blot of EcoRI-digested DNA and hybridisation with a 5′ probe (generated with primers PPS1.20 and PPS1.27) and a 3′ probe (a 0.9-kb HaeIII fragment) as shown in Figure 2A and 2B. DNA from correctly targeted clones was also digested with SacI and analysed by Southern blot and hybridisation with a probe from within intron 17 (a PCR product generated with primers PPS1.15 and Xnp46) to confirm that the loxP site within intron 18 had been included within the crossed-over region (Figure 2A and 2C).', select the correct biomedical concept corresponding to 'hybridisation'. Answer using one of the provided options. | <Options>: A: oocyte localization involved in germarium-derived egg chamber formation (oocyte localisation involved in germarium-derived egg chamber formation) (aka oocyte localization involved in germarium-derived egg chamber formation)
B: toxin activity (aka pathogenesis)
C: ipp isomerase activity (aka isopentenyl-diphosphate delta-isomerase activity)
D: anterior lateral line neuromast hair cell morphogenesis
E: coreceptor, insoluble ligand activity involved in wnt receptor signaling pathway through beta-catenin (aka coreceptor activity involved in canonical wnt signaling pathway)
F: allantoin breakdown (aka allantoin catabolic process)
G: phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase complex, class iii (phosphoinositide 3-kinase complex, class iii) (aka phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase complex, class iii)
H: protein insertion of tail-anchored membrane proteins into er membrane (aka tail-anchored membrane protein insertion into er membrane)
I: toxin degradation (aka toxin catabolic process)
J: defence response to pathogen, incompatible interaction (aka defense response, incompatible interaction)
K: None of the above. | K |
<Instruct>: Given the context 'Following transfection, cells were plated at a range of clonal densities in complete medium without G418, and isolated subclones were picked after 7 d. Subclones were expanded and analysed for the presence of a recombinant locus initially by PCR, to detect deletion of the MC1neopA cassette, and then by Southern blot and hybridisation with the intron 17 probe described above (Figure 2A and 2C).', select the correct biomedical concept corresponding to 'hybridisation'. Answer using one of the provided options. | <Options>: A: phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase complex, class iii (phosphoinositide 3-kinase complex, class iii) (aka phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase complex, class iii)
B: toxin degradation (aka toxin catabolic process)
C: defence response to pathogen, incompatible interaction (aka defense response, incompatible interaction)
D: ipp isomerase activity (aka isopentenyl-diphosphate delta-isomerase activity)
E: protein insertion of tail-anchored membrane proteins into er membrane (aka tail-anchored membrane protein insertion into er membrane)
F: oocyte localization involved in germarium-derived egg chamber formation (oocyte localisation involved in germarium-derived egg chamber formation) (aka oocyte localization involved in germarium-derived egg chamber formation)
G: coreceptor, soluble ligand activity involved in wnt receptor signalling pathway through beta-catenin (aka coreceptor activity involved in canonical wnt signaling pathway)
H: allantoin breakdown (aka allantoin catabolic process)
I: oxidosqualene:lanosterol cyclase activity (aka lanosterol synthase activity)
J: virulence (aka pathogenesis)
K: None of the above. | K |
<Instruct>: Given the context 'The blot was hybridised with a probe from within exon 10 of the Atrx gene (generated with primers Mxnp4 and Mxnp28 [Table S1]).', select the correct biomedical concept corresponding to 'hybridised'. Answer using one of the provided options. | <Options>: A: anterior lateral line neuromast hair cell morphogenesis
B: negative regulation of megakaryocyte differentiation (down-regulation of megakaryocyte differentiation) (aka negative regulation of megakaryocyte differentiation)
C: oocyte localization involved in germarium-derived egg chamber formation (oocyte localisation involved in germarium-derived egg chamber formation) (aka oocyte localization involved in germarium-derived egg chamber formation)
D: up regulation of chemokine biosynthetic process (aka positive regulation of chemokine biosynthetic process)
E: pts binding (aka peroxisome targeting sequence binding)
F: d-aspartate ligase activity (d-aspartate:[beta-glcnac-(1->4)-mur2ac(oyl-l-ala-gamma-d-glu-l-lys-d-ala-d-ala)]n ligase (adp-forming) activity) (aka d-aspartate ligase activity)
G: allantoin breakdown (aka allantoin catabolic process)
H: coreceptor, insoluble ligand activity involved in wnt receptor signaling pathway through beta-catenin (aka coreceptor activity involved in canonical wnt signaling pathway)
I: ipp isomerase activity (aka isopentenyl-diphosphate delta-isomerase activity)
J: toxin export channel activity
K: None of the above. | K |
<Instruct>: Given the context 'After it was stripped, the membrane was hybridised with a β-actin cDNA probe (Clontech, Palo Alto, California, United States).', select the correct biomedical concept corresponding to 'hybridised'. Answer using one of the provided options. | <Options>: A: anterior lateral line neuromast hair cell morphogenesis
B: coreceptor, soluble ligand activity involved in wnt receptor signalling pathway through beta-catenin (aka coreceptor activity involved in canonical wnt signaling pathway)
C: oxidosqualene:lanosterol cyclase activity (aka lanosterol synthase activity)
D: protein insertion of tail-anchored membrane proteins into er membrane (aka tail-anchored membrane protein insertion into er membrane)
E: regulation of megakaryocyte differentiation
F: negative regulation of megakaryocyte differentiation (down-regulation of megakaryocyte differentiation) (aka negative regulation of megakaryocyte differentiation)
G: phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase complex, class iii (phosphoinositide 3-kinase complex, class iii) (aka phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase complex, class iii)
H: oocyte localization involved in germarium-derived egg chamber formation (oocyte localisation involved in germarium-derived egg chamber formation) (aka oocyte localization involved in germarium-derived egg chamber formation)
I: pts binding (aka peroxisome targeting sequence binding)
J: isopentenyl-diphosphate delta-isomerase activity (isopentenyl-diphosphate delta3-delta2-isomerase activity) (aka isopentenyl-diphosphate delta-isomerase activity)
K: None of the above. | K |
<Instruct>: Given the context 'Immunohistochemistry, in situ hybridisation, and TUNEL assay.
', select the correct biomedical concept corresponding to 'hybridisation'. Answer using one of the provided options. | <Options>: A: ipp isomerase activity (aka isopentenyl-diphosphate delta-isomerase activity)
B: protein insertion of tail-anchored membrane proteins into er membrane (aka tail-anchored membrane protein insertion into er membrane)
C: toxin catabolic process (toxin degradation) (aka toxin catabolic process)
D: toxin activity (aka pathogenesis)
E: phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase complex, class iii (phosphoinositide 3-kinase complex, class iii) (aka phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase complex, class iii)
F: oxidosqualene:lanosterol cyclase activity (aka lanosterol synthase activity)
G: allantoin breakdown (aka allantoin catabolic process)
H: oocyte localization involved in germarium-derived egg chamber formation (oocyte localisation involved in germarium-derived egg chamber formation) (aka oocyte localization involved in germarium-derived egg chamber formation)
I: coreceptor, soluble ligand activity involved in wnt receptor signalling pathway through beta-catenin (aka coreceptor activity involved in canonical wnt signaling pathway)
J: response to pathogen (incompatible interaction) (aka defense response, incompatible interaction)
K: None of the above. | K |
<Instruct>: Given the context 'Whole-mount in situ hybridisations were performed on 8.5 dpc embryos (dissected away from maternal and extraembryonic tissues) using a brachyury (T) riboprobe [16] and on bisected decidual implantation sites from which embryos (8.5 dpc) had been removed using a placental lactogen-1 (Pl-1) riboprobe (see Protocol S1 for details).
', select the correct biomedical concept corresponding to 'hybridisations'. Answer using one of the provided options. | <Options>: A: oxidosqualene:lanosterol cyclase activity (aka lanosterol synthase activity)
B: coreceptor, insoluble ligand activity involved in wnt receptor signaling pathway through beta-catenin (aka coreceptor activity involved in canonical wnt signaling pathway)
C: response to pathogen (incompatible interaction) (aka defense response, incompatible interaction)
D: actin cortical patch organization (actin cortical patch organisation) (aka actin cortical patch organization)
E: allantoin breakdown (aka allantoin catabolic process)
F: phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase complex, class iii (phosphoinositide 3-kinase complex, class iii) (aka phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase complex, class iii)
G: virulence (aka pathogenesis)
H: anterior lateral line neuromast hair cell morphogenesis
I: toll-like receptor 15 signalling pathway (aka toll-like receptor 15 signaling pathway)
J: toxin degradation (aka toxin catabolic process)
K: None of the above. | K |
<Instruct>: Given the context 'Membranes were hybridised with probes specific for the mouse Line 1 (A), Sine B1 (B), minor satellite (C), and IAP (D) repeat elements.', select the correct biomedical concept corresponding to 'hybridised'. Answer using one of the provided options. | <Options>: A: allantoin breakdown (aka allantoin catabolic process)
B: ipp isomerase activity (aka isopentenyl-diphosphate delta-isomerase activity)
C: coreceptor, soluble ligand activity involved in wnt receptor signalling pathway through beta-catenin (aka coreceptor activity involved in canonical wnt signaling pathway)
D: toxin export channel activity
E: phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase complex, class iii (phosphoinositide 3-kinase complex, class iii) (aka phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase complex, class iii)
F: d-aspartate ligase activity (d-aspartate:[beta-glcnac-(1->4)-mur2ac(oyl-l-ala-gamma-d-glu-l-lys-d-ala-d-ala)]n ligase (adp-forming) activity) (aka d-aspartate ligase activity)
G: up regulation of chemokine biosynthetic process (aka positive regulation of chemokine biosynthetic process)
H: pts binding (aka peroxisome targeting sequence binding)
I: squalene epoxidase-cyclase activity (aka lanosterol synthase activity)
J: anterior lateral line neuromast hair cell morphogenesis
K: None of the above. | K |
<Instruct>: Given the context 'Acknowledgements
We would like to thank Stu Orkin for providing access to the GATA1-Cre transgenic mice, Gillian Morriss-Kay for advice, Peter Warnecke and Tim Bestor for the IAP probe, En Li for the Dnmt knockout ES cells, Frank Talamantes for the pRSV-mPL-1 plasmid, Ann Atzberger for assistance with flow cytometry, and Deb Bogani and Terry Hacker for assistance with whole-mount in situ hybridisation analyses and embryo sectioning.
', select the correct biomedical concept corresponding to 'hybridisation'. Answer using one of the provided options. | <Options>: A: oocyte localization involved in germarium-derived egg chamber formation (oocyte localisation involved in germarium-derived egg chamber formation) (aka oocyte localization involved in germarium-derived egg chamber formation)
B: 2,3-oxidosqualene sterol cyclase activity (aka lanosterol synthase activity)
C: allantoin breakdown (aka allantoin catabolic process)
D: anterior lateral line neuromast hair cell morphogenesis
E: protein insertion of tail-anchored membrane proteins into er membrane (aka tail-anchored membrane protein insertion into er membrane)
F: toxin catabolic process (toxin degradation) (aka toxin catabolic process)
G: defence response to pathogen, incompatible interaction (aka defense response, incompatible interaction)
H: coreceptor, soluble ligand activity involved in wnt receptor signalling pathway through beta-catenin (aka coreceptor activity involved in canonical wnt signaling pathway)
I: ipp isomerase activity (aka isopentenyl-diphosphate delta-isomerase activity)
J: virulence (aka pathogenesis)
K: None of the above. | K |
<Instruct>: Given the context 'Abbreviations
BrdU - bromodeoxyuridine
dpc - days postcoitus
ES cells - embryonic stem cells
IAP - intracisternal A particle
rDNA - ribosomal DNA
TGC - trophoblast giant cell
TUNEL - TdT-mediated dUTP nick end labeling
WMISH - whole-mount in situ hybridisation
Figures and Tables
Figure 1
Schematic Representation of the ATRX Isoforms
Shown at the top is the human ATRX cDNA.', select the correct biomedical concept corresponding to 'hybridisation'. Answer using one of the provided options. | <Options>: A: allantoin breakdown (aka allantoin catabolic process)
B: anterior lateral line neuromast hair cell morphogenesis
C: oocyte localization involved in germarium-derived egg chamber formation (oocyte localisation involved in germarium-derived egg chamber formation) (aka oocyte localization involved in germarium-derived egg chamber formation)
D: coreceptor, insoluble ligand activity involved in wnt receptor signaling pathway through beta-catenin (aka coreceptor activity involved in canonical wnt signaling pathway)
E: ipp isomerase activity (aka isopentenyl-diphosphate delta-isomerase activity)
F: phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase complex, class iii (phosphoinositide 3-kinase complex, class iii) (aka phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase complex, class iii)
G: protein insertion of tail-anchored membrane proteins into er membrane (aka tail-anchored membrane protein insertion into er membrane)
H: toxin catabolic process (toxin degradation) (aka toxin catabolic process)
I: resistance response to pathogen (aka defense response, incompatible interaction)
J: toxin activity (aka pathogenesis)
K: None of the above. | K |
<Instruct>: Given the context '(B) Southern blot analysis of EcoRI-digested DNA from either wild-type ES cells (E14) or targeted ES cell clones bearing the Atrxflox allele (1/F12 and 1/G11) hybridised with either the 20/27 (left blot) or Hae0.9 (right blot) probes.', select the correct biomedical concept corresponding to 'hybridised'. Answer using one of the provided options. | <Options>: A: d-aspartate ligase activity (d-aspartate:[beta-glcnac-(1->4)-mur2ac(oyl-l-ala-gamma-d-glu-l-lys-d-ala-d-ala)]n ligase (adp-forming) activity) (aka d-aspartate ligase activity)
B: toxin export channel activity
C: phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase complex, class iii (phosphoinositide 3-kinase complex, class iii) (aka phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase complex, class iii)
D: isopentenyl-diphosphate delta-isomerase activity (isopentenyl-diphosphate delta3-delta2-isomerase activity) (aka isopentenyl-diphosphate delta-isomerase activity)
E: coreceptor, insoluble ligand activity involved in wnt receptor signaling pathway through beta-catenin (aka coreceptor activity involved in canonical wnt signaling pathway)
F: anterior lateral line neuromast hair cell morphogenesis
G: oocyte localization involved in germarium-derived egg chamber formation (oocyte localisation involved in germarium-derived egg chamber formation) (aka oocyte localization involved in germarium-derived egg chamber formation)
H: 2,3-oxidosqualene sterol cyclase activity (aka lanosterol synthase activity)
I: pts binding (aka peroxisome targeting sequence binding)
J: type ii transmembrane protein insertion into er membrane (aka tail-anchored membrane protein insertion into er membrane)
K: None of the above. | K |
<Instruct>: Given the context 'The membrane was hybridised with the intron 17 probe indicated in (A).', select the correct biomedical concept corresponding to 'hybridised'. Answer using one of the provided options. | <Options>: A: oxidosqualene:lanosterol cyclase activity (aka lanosterol synthase activity)
B: regulation of megakaryocyte differentiation
C: oocyte localization involved in germarium-derived egg chamber formation (oocyte localisation involved in germarium-derived egg chamber formation) (aka oocyte localization involved in germarium-derived egg chamber formation)
D: d-aspartate ligase activity (d-aspartate:[beta-glcnac-(1->4)-mur2ac(oyl-l-ala-gamma-d-glu-l-lys-d-ala-d-ala)]n ligase (adp-forming) activity) (aka d-aspartate ligase activity)
E: coreceptor, soluble ligand activity involved in wnt receptor signalling pathway through beta-catenin (aka coreceptor activity involved in canonical wnt signaling pathway)
F: phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase complex, class iii (phosphoinositide 3-kinase complex, class iii) (aka phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase complex, class iii)
G: toxin export channel activity
H: pts binding (aka peroxisome targeting sequence binding)
I: protein insertion of tail-anchored membrane proteins into er membrane (aka tail-anchored membrane protein insertion into er membrane)
J: isopentenyl-diphosphate delta-isomerase activity (isopentenyl-diphosphate delta3-delta2-isomerase activity) (aka isopentenyl-diphosphate delta-isomerase activity)
K: None of the above. | K |
<Instruct>: Given the context 'The membrane was hybridised first to a probe from exon 10 of the Atrx gene (top blot) and subsequently to a β-actin cDNA probe as loading control (bottom blot).', select the correct biomedical concept corresponding to 'hybridised'. Answer using one of the provided options. | <Options>: A: ipp isomerase activity (aka isopentenyl-diphosphate delta-isomerase activity)
B: negative regulation of megakaryocyte differentiation (down-regulation of megakaryocyte differentiation) (aka negative regulation of megakaryocyte differentiation)
C: allantoin breakdown (aka allantoin catabolic process)
D: anterior lateral line neuromast hair cell morphogenesis
E: toxin export channel activity
F: oxidosqualene:lanosterol cyclase activity (aka lanosterol synthase activity)
G: phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase complex, class iii (phosphoinositide 3-kinase complex, class iii) (aka phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase complex, class iii)
H: up regulation of chemokine biosynthetic process (aka positive regulation of chemokine biosynthetic process)
I: regulation of megakaryocyte differentiation
J: oocyte localization involved in germarium-derived egg chamber formation (oocyte localisation involved in germarium-derived egg chamber formation) (aka oocyte localization involved in germarium-derived egg chamber formation)
K: None of the above. | K |
<Instruct>: Given the context 'DNA was digested with SpeI, and the membrane was hybridised with the 20/27 probe shown in Figure 2A.', select the correct biomedical concept corresponding to 'hybridised'. Answer using one of the provided options. | <Options>: A: negative regulation of megakaryocyte differentiation (down-regulation of megakaryocyte differentiation) (aka negative regulation of megakaryocyte differentiation)
B: allantoin breakdown (aka allantoin catabolic process)
C: toxin export channel activity
D: oxidosqualene:lanosterol cyclase activity (aka lanosterol synthase activity)
E: regulation of megakaryocyte differentiation
F: phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase complex, class iii (phosphoinositide 3-kinase complex, class iii) (aka phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase complex, class iii)
G: coreceptor, insoluble ligand activity involved in wnt receptor signaling pathway through beta-catenin (aka coreceptor activity involved in canonical wnt signaling pathway)
H: d-aspartate ligase activity (d-aspartate:[beta-glcnac-(1->4)-mur2ac(oyl-l-ala-gamma-d-glu-l-lys-d-ala-d-ala)]n ligase (adp-forming) activity) (aka d-aspartate ligase activity)
I: oocyte localization involved in germarium-derived egg chamber formation (oocyte localisation involved in germarium-derived egg chamber formation) (aka oocyte localization involved in germarium-derived egg chamber formation)
J: pts binding (aka peroxisome targeting sequence binding)
K: None of the above. | K |
<Instruct>: Given the context 'RNA sample preparation, microarray hybridization, and expression analysis.
', select the correct biomedical concept corresponding to 'hybridization'. Answer using one of the provided options. | <Options>: A: response to pathogen (incompatible interaction) (aka defense response, incompatible interaction)
B: toxin degradation (aka toxin catabolic process)
C: protein insertion of tail-anchored membrane proteins into er membrane (aka tail-anchored membrane protein insertion into er membrane)
D: negative regulation of megakaryocyte differentiation (down-regulation of megakaryocyte differentiation) (aka negative regulation of megakaryocyte differentiation)
E: coreceptor, insoluble ligand activity involved in wnt receptor signaling pathway through beta-catenin (aka coreceptor activity involved in canonical wnt signaling pathway)
F: regulation of megakaryocyte differentiation
G: osc (aka lanosterol synthase activity) (aka lanosterol synthase activity)
H: oocyte localization involved in germarium-derived egg chamber formation (oocyte localisation involved in germarium-derived egg chamber formation) (aka oocyte localization involved in germarium-derived egg chamber formation)
I: virulence (aka pathogenesis)
J: allantoin breakdown (aka allantoin catabolic process)
K: None of the above. | K |
<Instruct>: Given the context 'RNA preparation and array hybridizations were performed at Rosetta Inpharmatics (Seattle, Washington, United States).', select the correct biomedical concept corresponding to 'hybridizations'. Answer using one of the provided options. | <Options>: A: allantoin breakdown (aka allantoin catabolic process)
B: toxin catabolic process (toxin degradation) (aka toxin catabolic process)
C: toxin activity (aka pathogenesis)
D: coreceptor, insoluble ligand activity involved in wnt receptor signaling pathway through beta-catenin (aka coreceptor activity involved in canonical wnt signaling pathway)
E: negative regulation of megakaryocyte differentiation (down-regulation of megakaryocyte differentiation) (aka negative regulation of megakaryocyte differentiation)
F: squalene epoxidase-cyclase activity (aka lanosterol synthase activity)
G: oocyte localization involved in germarium-derived egg chamber formation (oocyte localisation involved in germarium-derived egg chamber formation) (aka oocyte localization involved in germarium-derived egg chamber formation)
H: acetyl-coa:taxan-10beta-ol o-acetyltransferase (aka 10-hydroxytaxane o-acetyltransferase activity)
I: defence response to pathogen, incompatible interaction (aka defense response, incompatible interaction)
J: protein insertion of tail-anchored membrane proteins into er membrane (aka tail-anchored membrane protein insertion into er membrane)
K: None of the above. | K |
<Instruct>: Given the context 'Purified Cy3 or Cy5 complementary RNA was hybridized to at least two microarray slides with fluor reversal for 24 h in a hybridization chamber, washed, and scanned using a laser confocal scanner.', select the correct biomedical concept corresponding to 'hybridized'. Answer using one of the provided options. | <Options>: A: spermidine dehydrogenase activity (spermidine:(acceptor) oxidoreductase activity) (aka spermidine dehydrogenase activity)
B: positive regulation by host of viral genome replication
C: d-aspartate ligase activity (d-aspartate:[beta-glcnac-(1->4)-mur2ac(oyl-l-ala-gamma-d-glu-l-lys-d-ala-d-ala)]n ligase (adp-forming) activity) (aka d-aspartate ligase activity)
D: protein insertion of tail-anchored membrane proteins into er membrane (aka tail-anchored membrane protein insertion into er membrane)
E: response to pathogen (incompatible interaction) (aka defense response, incompatible interaction)
F: ipp isomerase activity (aka isopentenyl-diphosphate delta-isomerase activity)
G: negative regulation of megakaryocyte differentiation (down-regulation of megakaryocyte differentiation) (aka negative regulation of megakaryocyte differentiation)
H: regulation of megakaryocyte differentiation
I: upregulation of chemokine biosynthetic process (aka positive regulation of chemokine biosynthetic process)
J: squalene epoxidase-cyclase activity (aka lanosterol synthase activity)
K: None of the above. | K |
<Instruct>: Given the context 'Purified Cy3 or Cy5 complementary RNA was hybridized to at least two microarray slides with fluor reversal for 24 h in a hybridization chamber, washed, and scanned using a laser confocal scanner.', select the correct biomedical concept corresponding to 'hybridization'. Answer using one of the provided options. | <Options>: A: oocyte localization involved in germarium-derived egg chamber formation (oocyte localisation involved in germarium-derived egg chamber formation) (aka oocyte localization involved in germarium-derived egg chamber formation)
B: type ii transmembrane protein insertion into er membrane (aka tail-anchored membrane protein insertion into er membrane)
C: toxin degradation (aka toxin catabolic process)
D: coreceptor, insoluble ligand activity involved in wnt receptor signaling pathway through beta-catenin (aka coreceptor activity involved in canonical wnt signaling pathway)
E: toxin activity (aka pathogenesis)
F: osc (aka lanosterol synthase activity) (aka lanosterol synthase activity)
G: response to pathogen (incompatible interaction) (aka defense response, incompatible interaction)
H: regulation of megakaryocyte differentiation
I: negative regulation of megakaryocyte differentiation (down-regulation of megakaryocyte differentiation) (aka negative regulation of megakaryocyte differentiation)
J: allantoin breakdown (aka allantoin catabolic process)
K: None of the above. | K |
<Instruct>: Given the context 'The model shown assumes gene conversion occurs via the synthesis-dependent annealing mechanism.
', select the correct biomedical concept corresponding to 'annealing'. Answer using one of the provided options. | <Options>: A: regulation of interleukin-10 formation (aka regulation of interleukin-10 biosynthetic process)
B: pci-tmprss11e complex (aka protein c inhibitor-tmprss11e complex)
C: slime layer organisation (aka slime layer organization)
D: spermidine dehydrogenase activity (spermidine:(acceptor) oxidoreductase activity) (aka spermidine dehydrogenase activity)
E: spliceosomal complex assembly (spliceosome assembly) (aka spliceosomal complex assembly)
F: activation of two-component signal transduction involved in hydrogen peroxide mediated signaling pathway (aka positive regulation of phosphorelay signal transduction system involved in hydrogen peroxide mediated signaling pathway)
G: post synaptic density (aka postsynaptic density)
H: protein c inhibitor-plat complex (protein c inhibitor-tissue-type plasminogen activator complex) (aka protein c inhibitor-plat complex)
I: up regulation of intracellular transport (aka positive regulation of intracellular transport)
J: low voltage-gated potassium channel auxiliary protein activity (aka potassium ion transport)
K: None of the above. | K |
<Instruct>: Given the context 'Our phenotypic analysis focused on the kidney, which showed altered branching morphogenesis of the ureteric bud, and expansion of the zone of condensed mesenchyme surrounding the ureteric bud, yet relatively normal nephron formation, as measured by histology, confocal analysis, in situ hybridization and microarray analysis.', select the correct biomedical concept corresponding to 'hybridization'. Answer using one of the provided options. | <Options>: A: defence response to pathogen, incompatible interaction (aka defense response, incompatible interaction)
B: protein insertion of tail-anchored membrane proteins into er membrane (aka tail-anchored membrane protein insertion into er membrane)
C: regulation of megakaryocyte differentiation
D: oxidosqualene:lanosterol cyclase activity (aka lanosterol synthase activity)
E: toxin degradation (aka toxin catabolic process)
F: coreceptor, insoluble ligand activity involved in wnt receptor signaling pathway through beta-catenin (aka coreceptor activity involved in canonical wnt signaling pathway)
G: allantoin breakdown (aka allantoin catabolic process)
H: negative regulation of megakaryocyte differentiation (down-regulation of megakaryocyte differentiation) (aka negative regulation of megakaryocyte differentiation)
I: oocyte localization involved in germarium-derived egg chamber formation (oocyte localisation involved in germarium-derived egg chamber formation) (aka oocyte localization involved in germarium-derived egg chamber formation)
J: virulence (aka pathogenesis)
K: None of the above. | K |
<Instruct>: Given the context 'Expression of Pygo1 and Pygo2 in the developing kidney
In situ hybridization has been used previously to characterize expression of Pygo1', select the correct biomedical concept corresponding to 'hybridization'. Answer using one of the provided options. | <Options>: A: allantoin breakdown (aka allantoin catabolic process)
B: coreceptor, insoluble ligand activity involved in wnt receptor signaling pathway through beta-catenin (aka coreceptor activity involved in canonical wnt signaling pathway)
C: response to pathogen (incompatible interaction) (aka defense response, incompatible interaction)
D: negative regulation of megakaryocyte differentiation (down-regulation of megakaryocyte differentiation) (aka negative regulation of megakaryocyte differentiation)
E: 2,3-oxidosqualene sterol cyclase activity (aka lanosterol synthase activity)
F: toxin catabolic process (toxin degradation) (aka toxin catabolic process)
G: oocyte localization involved in germarium-derived egg chamber formation (oocyte localisation involved in germarium-derived egg chamber formation) (aka oocyte localization involved in germarium-derived egg chamber formation)
H: regulation of megakaryocyte differentiation
I: type ii transmembrane protein insertion into er membrane (aka tail-anchored membrane protein insertion into er membrane)
J: toxin activity (aka pathogenesis)
K: None of the above. | K |
<Instruct>: Given the context 'In situ hybridization
We examined expression of three Wnt genes in Pygo mutants.', select the correct biomedical concept corresponding to 'hybridization'. Answer using one of the provided options. | <Options>: A: toxin degradation (aka toxin catabolic process)
B: coreceptor, soluble ligand activity involved in wnt receptor signalling pathway through beta-catenin (aka coreceptor activity involved in canonical wnt signaling pathway)
C: type ii transmembrane protein insertion into er membrane (aka tail-anchored membrane protein insertion into er membrane)
D: oocyte localization involved in germarium-derived egg chamber formation (oocyte localisation involved in germarium-derived egg chamber formation) (aka oocyte localization involved in germarium-derived egg chamber formation)
E: toxin activity (aka pathogenesis)
F: allantoin breakdown (aka allantoin catabolic process)
G: osc (aka lanosterol synthase activity) (aka lanosterol synthase activity)
H: negative regulation of megakaryocyte differentiation (down-regulation of megakaryocyte differentiation) (aka negative regulation of megakaryocyte differentiation)
I: regulation of megakaryocyte differentiation
J: defence response to pathogen, incompatible interaction (aka defense response, incompatible interaction)
K: None of the above. | K |
<Instruct>: Given the context 'In addition, these in situ hybridization patterns confirmed the confocal microscopy results, showing a reduced number of tips (Wnt11-positive) per surface area in the Pygo1/Pygo2 double-homozygous mutants.
', select the correct biomedical concept corresponding to 'hybridization'. Answer using one of the provided options. | <Options>: A: oxidosqualene--lanosterol cyclase activity (aka lanosterol synthase activity)
B: oocyte localization involved in germarium-derived egg chamber formation (oocyte localisation involved in germarium-derived egg chamber formation) (aka oocyte localization involved in germarium-derived egg chamber formation)
C: negative regulation of megakaryocyte differentiation (down-regulation of megakaryocyte differentiation) (aka negative regulation of megakaryocyte differentiation)
D: toxin activity (aka pathogenesis)
E: regulation of megakaryocyte differentiation
F: protein insertion of tail-anchored membrane proteins into er membrane (aka tail-anchored membrane protein insertion into er membrane)
G: allantoin breakdown (aka allantoin catabolic process)
H: coreceptor, insoluble ligand activity involved in wnt receptor signaling pathway through beta-catenin (aka coreceptor activity involved in canonical wnt signaling pathway)
I: toxin degradation (aka toxin catabolic process)
J: response to pathogen (incompatible interaction) (aka defense response, incompatible interaction)
K: None of the above. | K |
<Instruct>: Given the context 'Whole-mount in situ of hybridizations of (A-C) E18.5 wild-type kidneys and (D-F) Pygo1-/-/Pygo2-/- mutant kidneys with the ureteric bud derivative markers: (A, D) Wnt7b, (B, E) Wnt9b, and (C, F) Wnt11.', select the correct biomedical concept corresponding to 'hybridizations'. Answer using one of the provided options. | <Options>: A: regulation of megakaryocyte differentiation
B: allantoin breakdown (aka allantoin catabolic process)
C: type ii transmembrane protein insertion into er membrane (aka tail-anchored membrane protein insertion into er membrane)
D: oxidosqualene-lanosterol cyclase activity (aka lanosterol synthase activity)
E: toxin catabolic process (toxin degradation) (aka toxin catabolic process)
F: negative regulation of megakaryocyte differentiation (down-regulation of megakaryocyte differentiation) (aka negative regulation of megakaryocyte differentiation)
G: acetyl-coa:taxan-10beta-ol o-acetyltransferase (aka 10-hydroxytaxane o-acetyltransferase activity)
H: virulence (aka pathogenesis)
I: coreceptor, insoluble ligand activity involved in wnt receptor signaling pathway through beta-catenin (aka coreceptor activity involved in canonical wnt signaling pathway)
J: oocyte localization involved in germarium-derived egg chamber formation (oocyte localisation involved in germarium-derived egg chamber formation) (aka oocyte localization involved in germarium-derived egg chamber formation)
K: None of the above. | K |
<Instruct>: Given the context 'In situ hybridization
Whole-mount in situ hybridization was performed as previously described [35].', select the correct biomedical concept corresponding to 'hybridization'. Answer using one of the provided options. | <Options>: A: protein insertion of tail-anchored membrane proteins into er membrane (aka tail-anchored membrane protein insertion into er membrane)
B: toxin degradation (aka toxin catabolic process)
C: oocyte localization involved in germarium-derived egg chamber formation (oocyte localisation involved in germarium-derived egg chamber formation) (aka oocyte localization involved in germarium-derived egg chamber formation)
D: regulation of megakaryocyte differentiation
E: virulence (aka pathogenesis)
F: response to pathogen (incompatible interaction) (aka defense response, incompatible interaction)
G: allantoin breakdown (aka allantoin catabolic process)
H: oxidosqualene-lanosterol cyclase activity (aka lanosterol synthase activity)
I: negative regulation of megakaryocyte differentiation (down-regulation of megakaryocyte differentiation) (aka negative regulation of megakaryocyte differentiation)
J: coreceptor, soluble ligand activity involved in wnt receptor signalling pathway through beta-catenin (aka coreceptor activity involved in canonical wnt signaling pathway)
K: None of the above. | K |
<Instruct>: Given the context 'In situ hybridization
Whole-mount in situ hybridization was performed as previously described [35].', select the correct biomedical concept corresponding to 'hybridization'. Answer using one of the provided options. | <Options>: A: regulation of megakaryocyte differentiation
B: negative regulation of megakaryocyte differentiation (down-regulation of megakaryocyte differentiation) (aka negative regulation of megakaryocyte differentiation)
C: oxidosqualene:lanosterol cyclase activity (aka lanosterol synthase activity)
D: protein insertion of tail-anchored membrane proteins into er membrane (aka tail-anchored membrane protein insertion into er membrane)
E: coreceptor, soluble ligand activity involved in wnt receptor signalling pathway through beta-catenin (aka coreceptor activity involved in canonical wnt signaling pathway)
F: toxin catabolic process (toxin degradation) (aka toxin catabolic process)
G: allantoin breakdown (aka allantoin catabolic process)
H: defence response to pathogen, incompatible interaction (aka defense response, incompatible interaction)
I: virulence (aka pathogenesis)
J: oocyte localization involved in germarium-derived egg chamber formation (oocyte localisation involved in germarium-derived egg chamber formation) (aka oocyte localization involved in germarium-derived egg chamber formation)
K: None of the above. | K |
<Instruct>: Given the context 'Labeled RNA was hybridized to microarrays (Sentrix Mouse-6 expression Beadchip; Illumina, San Diego, CA) providing coverage of over 47000 genes and expressed sequence tags as previously described [36].', select the correct biomedical concept corresponding to 'hybridized'. Answer using one of the provided options. | <Options>: A: spermidine dehydrogenase activity (spermidine:(acceptor) oxidoreductase activity) (aka spermidine dehydrogenase activity)
B: regulation of megakaryocyte differentiation
C: coreceptor, insoluble ligand activity involved in wnt receptor signaling pathway through beta-catenin (aka coreceptor activity involved in canonical wnt signaling pathway)
D: upregulation of chemokine biosynthetic process (aka positive regulation of chemokine biosynthetic process)
E: post-embryonic morphogenesis of an anatomical structure (aka post-embryonic morphogenesis)
F: type ii transmembrane protein insertion into er membrane (aka tail-anchored membrane protein insertion into er membrane)
G: oocyte localization involved in germarium-derived egg chamber formation (oocyte localisation involved in germarium-derived egg chamber formation) (aka oocyte localization involved in germarium-derived egg chamber formation)
H: negative regulation of megakaryocyte differentiation (down-regulation of megakaryocyte differentiation) (aka negative regulation of megakaryocyte differentiation)
I: d-aspartate ligase activity (d-aspartate:[beta-glcnac-(1->4)-mur2ac(oyl-l-ala-gamma-d-glu-l-lys-d-ala-d-ala)]n ligase (adp-forming) activity) (aka d-aspartate ligase activity)
J: ipp isomerase activity (aka isopentenyl-diphosphate delta-isomerase activity)
K: None of the above. | K |
<Instruct>: Given the context 'KS did most of the experiments, including confocal analysis with LP, in situ hybridizations with HH, and helped write the paper.', select the correct biomedical concept corresponding to 'hybridizations'. Answer using one of the provided options. | <Options>: A: oxidosqualene:lanosterol cyclase activity (aka lanosterol synthase activity)
B: protein insertion of tail-anchored membrane proteins into er membrane (aka tail-anchored membrane protein insertion into er membrane)
C: allantoin breakdown (aka allantoin catabolic process)
D: coreceptor, soluble ligand activity involved in wnt receptor signalling pathway through beta-catenin (aka coreceptor activity involved in canonical wnt signaling pathway)
E: regulation of megakaryocyte differentiation
F: virulence (aka pathogenesis)
G: response to pathogen (incompatible interaction) (aka defense response, incompatible interaction)
H: toxin degradation (aka toxin catabolic process)
I: oocyte localization involved in germarium-derived egg chamber formation (oocyte localisation involved in germarium-derived egg chamber formation) (aka oocyte localization involved in germarium-derived egg chamber formation)
J: negative regulation of megakaryocyte differentiation (down-regulation of megakaryocyte differentiation) (aka negative regulation of megakaryocyte differentiation)
K: None of the above. | K |
<Instruct>: Given the context 'Blots were hybridized with an Exon 6 specific probe that was external to the gene targeting construct.', select the correct biomedical concept corresponding to 'hybridized'. Answer using one of the provided options. | <Options>: A: regulation of megakaryocyte differentiation
B: post-embryonic morphogenesis of an anatomical structure (aka post-embryonic morphogenesis)
C: upregulation of chemokine biosynthetic process (aka positive regulation of chemokine biosynthetic process)
D: microrna biosynthetic process (aka production of mirnas involved in gene silencing by mirna)
E: positive regulation by host of viral genome replication
F: oocyte localization involved in germarium-derived egg chamber formation (oocyte localisation involved in germarium-derived egg chamber formation) (aka oocyte localization involved in germarium-derived egg chamber formation)
G: oxidosqualene:lanosterol cyclase activity (aka lanosterol synthase activity)
H: ipp isomerase activity (aka isopentenyl-diphosphate delta-isomerase activity)
I: response to pathogen (incompatible interaction) (aka defense response, incompatible interaction)
J: negative regulation of megakaryocyte differentiation (down-regulation of megakaryocyte differentiation) (aka negative regulation of megakaryocyte differentiation)
K: None of the above. | K |
<Instruct>: Given the context 'The wild type E2 gene contains an ~16 kb BglI restriction fragment that hybridizes to the Exon 6 specific probe.', select the correct biomedical concept corresponding to 'hybridizes'. Answer using one of the provided options. | <Options>: A: toxin activity (aka pathogenesis)
B: anterior lateral line neuromast hair cell morphogenesis
C: phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase complex, class iii (phosphoinositide 3-kinase complex, class iii) (aka phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase complex, class iii)
D: actin cortical patch organization (actin cortical patch organisation) (aka actin cortical patch organization)
E: allantoin breakdown (aka allantoin catabolic process)
F: toxin degradation (aka toxin catabolic process)
G: osc (aka lanosterol synthase activity) (aka lanosterol synthase activity)
H: oocyte localization involved in germarium-derived egg chamber formation (oocyte localisation involved in germarium-derived egg chamber formation) (aka oocyte localization involved in germarium-derived egg chamber formation)
I: response to pathogen (incompatible interaction) (aka defense response, incompatible interaction)
J: type ii transmembrane protein insertion into er membrane (aka tail-anchored membrane protein insertion into er membrane)
K: None of the above. | K |
<Instruct>: Given the context 'A correctly targeted E2 locus harbors an ~11 kb BglI restriction fragment that hybridizes to the same probe.', select the correct biomedical concept corresponding to 'hybridizes'. Answer using one of the provided options. | <Options>: A: anterior lateral line neuromast hair cell morphogenesis
B: ipp isomerase activity (aka isopentenyl-diphosphate delta-isomerase activity)
C: coreceptor, insoluble ligand activity involved in wnt receptor signaling pathway through beta-catenin (aka coreceptor activity involved in canonical wnt signaling pathway)
D: oocyte localization involved in germarium-derived egg chamber formation (oocyte localisation involved in germarium-derived egg chamber formation) (aka oocyte localization involved in germarium-derived egg chamber formation)
E: virulence (aka pathogenesis)
F: oxidosqualene:lanosterol cyclase activity (aka lanosterol synthase activity)
G: type ii transmembrane protein insertion into er membrane (aka tail-anchored membrane protein insertion into er membrane)
H: defence response to pathogen, incompatible interaction (aka defense response, incompatible interaction)
I: actin cortical patch organization (actin cortical patch organisation) (aka actin cortical patch organization)
J: phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase complex, class iii (phosphoinositide 3-kinase complex, class iii) (aka phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase complex, class iii)
K: None of the above. | K |
<Instruct>: Given the context 'The blot was hybridized with an Exon 6 specific probe.', select the correct biomedical concept corresponding to 'hybridized'. Answer using one of the provided options. | <Options>: A: microrna biosynthetic process (aka production of mirnas involved in gene silencing by mirna)
B: post-embryonic morphogenesis of an anatomical structure (aka post-embryonic morphogenesis)
C: positive regulation by host of viral genome replication
D: oocyte localization involved in germarium-derived egg chamber formation (oocyte localisation involved in germarium-derived egg chamber formation) (aka oocyte localization involved in germarium-derived egg chamber formation)
E: protein insertion of tail-anchored membrane proteins into er membrane (aka tail-anchored membrane protein insertion into er membrane)
F: upregulation of chemokine biosynthetic process (aka positive regulation of chemokine biosynthetic process)
G: 2,3-oxidosqualene sterol cyclase activity (aka lanosterol synthase activity)
H: d-aspartate ligase activity (d-aspartate:[beta-glcnac-(1->4)-mur2ac(oyl-l-ala-gamma-d-glu-l-lys-d-ala-d-ala)]n ligase (adp-forming) activity) (aka d-aspartate ligase activity)
I: ipp isomerase activity (aka isopentenyl-diphosphate delta-isomerase activity)
J: coreceptor, insoluble ligand activity involved in wnt receptor signaling pathway through beta-catenin (aka coreceptor activity involved in canonical wnt signaling pathway)
K: None of the above. | K |
<Instruct>: Given the context 'Genomic DNA from the tail of mice was screened by Southern blot analysis following digestion with EcoRI and hybridization to an ~400 bp probe derived from the SV40 portion of the TRE-E2 transgene.
', select the correct biomedical concept corresponding to 'hybridization'. Answer using one of the provided options. | <Options>: A: regulation of megakaryocyte differentiation
B: toxin degradation (aka toxin catabolic process)
C: negative regulation of megakaryocyte differentiation (down-regulation of megakaryocyte differentiation) (aka negative regulation of megakaryocyte differentiation)
D: protein insertion of tail-anchored membrane proteins into er membrane (aka tail-anchored membrane protein insertion into er membrane)
E: virulence (aka pathogenesis)
F: allantoin breakdown (aka allantoin catabolic process)
G: coreceptor, insoluble ligand activity involved in wnt receptor signaling pathway through beta-catenin (aka coreceptor activity involved in canonical wnt signaling pathway)
H: response to pathogen (incompatible interaction) (aka defense response, incompatible interaction)
I: oocyte localization involved in germarium-derived egg chamber formation (oocyte localisation involved in germarium-derived egg chamber formation) (aka oocyte localization involved in germarium-derived egg chamber formation)
J: oxidosqualene:lanosterol cyclase activity (aka lanosterol synthase activity)
K: None of the above. | K |
<Instruct>: Given the context '1A and 1B, an E2 Exon 6 specific probe, which is external to the targeting construct, hybridizes to only a ~16 kb BglI restriction fragment from the wild type allele in the parental R1 ES cell line.', select the correct biomedical concept corresponding to 'hybridizes'. Answer using one of the provided options. | <Options>: A: phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase complex, class iii (phosphoinositide 3-kinase complex, class iii) (aka phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase complex, class iii)
B: anterior lateral line neuromast hair cell morphogenesis
C: ipp isomerase activity (aka isopentenyl-diphosphate delta-isomerase activity)
D: virulence (aka pathogenesis)
E: protein insertion of tail-anchored membrane proteins into er membrane (aka tail-anchored membrane protein insertion into er membrane)
F: 2,3-oxidosqualene sterol cyclase activity (aka lanosterol synthase activity)
G: coreceptor, insoluble ligand activity involved in wnt receptor signaling pathway through beta-catenin (aka coreceptor activity involved in canonical wnt signaling pathway)
H: allantoin breakdown (aka allantoin catabolic process)
I: actin cortical patch organization (actin cortical patch organisation) (aka actin cortical patch organization)
J: toxin degradation (aka toxin catabolic process)
K: None of the above. | K |
<Instruct>: Given the context 'In correctly targeted ES cells, this probe also hybridizes to a ~11 kb BglI restriction fragment.', select the correct biomedical concept corresponding to 'hybridizes'. Answer using one of the provided options. | <Options>: A: ipp isomerase activity (aka isopentenyl-diphosphate delta-isomerase activity)
B: actin cortical patch organization (actin cortical patch organisation) (aka actin cortical patch organization)
C: protein insertion of tail-anchored membrane proteins into er membrane (aka tail-anchored membrane protein insertion into er membrane)
D: anterior lateral line neuromast hair cell morphogenesis
E: phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase complex, class iii (phosphoinositide 3-kinase complex, class iii) (aka phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase complex, class iii)
F: defence response to pathogen, incompatible interaction (aka defense response, incompatible interaction)
G: toxin activity (aka pathogenesis)
H: oocyte localization involved in germarium-derived egg chamber formation (oocyte localisation involved in germarium-derived egg chamber formation) (aka oocyte localization involved in germarium-derived egg chamber formation)
I: coreceptor, soluble ligand activity involved in wnt receptor signalling pathway through beta-catenin (aka coreceptor activity involved in canonical wnt signaling pathway)
J: oxidosqualene:lanosterol cyclase activity (aka lanosterol synthase activity)
K: None of the above. | K |
<Instruct>: Given the context 'The Exon 6 specific probe hybridized to only a ~16 kb BglI restriction fragment in +/+ mice, a ~11 kb BglI fragment in -/- mice, and to both of these fragments in +/- mice (Fig. 1B).
', select the correct biomedical concept corresponding to 'hybridized'. Answer using one of the provided options. | <Options>: A: protein insertion of tail-anchored membrane proteins into er membrane (aka tail-anchored membrane protein insertion into er membrane)
B: ipp isomerase activity (aka isopentenyl-diphosphate delta-isomerase activity)
C: negative regulation of megakaryocyte differentiation (down-regulation of megakaryocyte differentiation) (aka negative regulation of megakaryocyte differentiation)
D: d-aspartate ligase activity (d-aspartate:[beta-glcnac-(1->4)-mur2ac(oyl-l-ala-gamma-d-glu-l-lys-d-ala-d-ala)]n ligase (adp-forming) activity) (aka d-aspartate ligase activity)
E: defence response to pathogen, incompatible interaction (aka defense response, incompatible interaction)
F: spermidine dehydrogenase activity (spermidine:(acceptor) oxidoreductase activity) (aka spermidine dehydrogenase activity)
G: coreceptor, insoluble ligand activity involved in wnt receptor signaling pathway through beta-catenin (aka coreceptor activity involved in canonical wnt signaling pathway)
H: oocyte localization involved in germarium-derived egg chamber formation (oocyte localisation involved in germarium-derived egg chamber formation) (aka oocyte localization involved in germarium-derived egg chamber formation)
I: post-embryonic morphogenesis of an anatomical structure (aka post-embryonic morphogenesis)
J: upregulation of chemokine biosynthetic process (aka positive regulation of chemokine biosynthetic process)
K: None of the above. | K |
<Instruct>: Given the context 'A number of cell-surface and bridging molecules can interact with exposed PS on apoptotic cells.', select the correct biomedical concept corresponding to 'bridging'. Answer using one of the provided options. | <Options>: A: white fat cell differentiation (white adipocyte cell differentiation) (aka white fat cell differentiation)
B: branched-chain amino acid:2-keto-4-methylthiobutyrate aminotransferase activity (bcat (aka branched-chain amino acid:2-keto-4-methylthiobutyrate aminotransferase activity))
C: oxidosqualene--lanosterol cyclase activity (aka lanosterol synthase activity)
D: activation of b cell activation (aka positive regulation of b cell activation)
E: plasma membrane respiratory chain complex i (nadh dehydrogenase (ubiquinone) complex) (aka plasma membrane respiratory chain complex i)
F: lmta (aka lipid a phosphate methyltransferase activity) (aka lipid a phosphate methyltransferase activity)
G: brown adipocyte cell differentiation (aka brown fat cell differentiation)
H: intermediate conductance calcium-activated potassium channel activity (ik calcium-activated potassium channel activity) (aka intermediate conductance calcium-activated potassium channel activity)
I: modulation by symbiont of host catalytic activity (modulation of catalytic activity of host by symbiont) (aka modulation by symbiont of host catalytic activity)
J: regulation of eif2 alpha phosphorylation by amino acid starvation
K: None of the above. | K |
<Instruct>: Given the context 'In most cases the receptors on phagocytes that recognize these PS-bridging molecules have not been defined, but it has been reported that GAS-6 is a ligand for the tyrosine kinase receptor Mer and that MFG-E8 can bind to the vitronectin receptor αvβ3', select the correct biomedical concept corresponding to 'bridging'. Answer using one of the provided options. | <Options>: A: oxidosqualene--lanosterol cyclase activity (aka lanosterol synthase activity)
B: activation of b cell activation (aka positive regulation of b cell activation)
C: white fat cell differentiation (white adipocyte cell differentiation) (aka white fat cell differentiation)
D: regulation of eif2 alpha phosphorylation by amino acid starvation
E: interleukin-10 synthesis (aka interleukin-10 biosynthetic process)
F: positive regulation of vitamin e formation (aka positive regulation of vitamin e biosynthetic process)
G: positive regulation of inositol phosphate biosynthetic process
H: branched-chain amino acid:2-keto-4-methylthiobutyrate aminotransferase activity (bcat (aka branched-chain amino acid:2-keto-4-methylthiobutyrate aminotransferase activity))
I: regulation of chemokine synthesis (aka regulation of chemokine biosynthetic process)
J: actomyosin (actomyosin structure) (aka actomyosin)
K: None of the above. | K |
<Instruct>: Given the context 'We carefully investigated whether Ptdsr is expressed from E10.5 to E12.5 in the developing kidney and lungs, but no expression could be detected indicating that Ptdsr expression is required only at later stages in the development of these organs (see below).
Hybridization of a multiple-tissue northern blot revealed a single transcript of about 1.8 kb in almost every tissue analyzed in adult mice (Figure 2f).', select the correct biomedical concept corresponding to 'hybridization'. Answer using one of the provided options. | <Options>: A: oxidosqualene-lanosterol cyclase activity (aka lanosterol synthase activity)
B: response to pathogen (incompatible interaction) (aka defense response, incompatible interaction)
C: coreceptor, soluble ligand activity involved in wnt receptor signalling pathway through beta-catenin (aka coreceptor activity involved in canonical wnt signaling pathway)
D: negative regulation of megakaryocyte differentiation (down-regulation of megakaryocyte differentiation) (aka negative regulation of megakaryocyte differentiation)
E: oocyte localization involved in germarium-derived egg chamber formation (oocyte localisation involved in germarium-derived egg chamber formation) (aka oocyte localization involved in germarium-derived egg chamber formation)
F: allantoin breakdown (aka allantoin catabolic process)
G: regulation of megakaryocyte differentiation
H: toxin degradation (aka toxin catabolic process)
I: toxin activity (aka pathogenesis)
J: type ii transmembrane protein insertion into er membrane (aka tail-anchored membrane protein insertion into er membrane)
K: None of the above. | K |
<Instruct>: Given the context 'This opens up the possibility either that there is an as-yet unknown Ptdsr receptor, which might act as a primary phosphatidylserine recognition receptor, or that recognition of phosphatidylserine and subsequent apoptotic cell engulfment and anti-inflammatory signaling are mainly mediated through phosphatidylserine bridging proteins and their cognate receptors.', select the correct biomedical concept corresponding to 'bridging'. Answer using one of the provided options. | <Options>: A: negative regulation of protein histidine kinase activity (down-regulation of protein histidine kinase activity) (aka negative regulation of protein histidine kinase activity)
B: lmta (aka lipid a phosphate methyltransferase activity) (aka lipid a phosphate methyltransferase activity)
C: regulation of eif2 alpha phosphorylation by amino acid starvation
D: positive regulation of vitamin e formation (aka positive regulation of vitamin e biosynthetic process)
E: interleukin-10 synthesis (aka interleukin-10 biosynthetic process)
F: intermediate conductance calcium-activated potassium channel activity (ik calcium-activated potassium channel activity) (aka intermediate conductance calcium-activated potassium channel activity)
G: actomyosin (actomyosin structure) (aka actomyosin)
H: modulation by symbiont of host catalytic activity (modulation of catalytic activity of host by symbiont) (aka modulation by symbiont of host catalytic activity)
I: oxidosqualene--lanosterol cyclase activity (aka lanosterol synthase activity)
J: regulation of chemokine synthesis (aka regulation of chemokine biosynthetic process)
K: None of the above. | K |
<Instruct>: Given the context 'For Southern blot analysis, genomic DNA (30 μg) was digested overnight with BamHI (30 U; Roche Diagnostics GmbH, Mannheim, Germany) and ScaI (30 U; Roche), fractionated on a 0.8 % agarose gel, transferred to a nylon membrane (Hybond N; Amersham Biosciences Europe GmbH, Freiburg, Germany) and hybridized with 5' and 3' flanking probes.', select the correct biomedical concept corresponding to 'hybridized'. Answer using one of the provided options. | <Options>: A: d-aspartate ligase activity (d-aspartate:[beta-glcnac-(1->4)-mur2ac(oyl-l-ala-gamma-d-glu-l-lys-d-ala-d-ala)]n ligase (adp-forming) activity) (aka d-aspartate ligase activity)
B: 2,3-oxidosqualene sterol cyclase activity (aka lanosterol synthase activity)
C: regulation of megakaryocyte differentiation
D: oocyte localization involved in germarium-derived egg chamber formation (oocyte localisation involved in germarium-derived egg chamber formation) (aka oocyte localization involved in germarium-derived egg chamber formation)
E: resistance response to pathogen (aka defense response, incompatible interaction)
F: type ii transmembrane protein insertion into er membrane (aka tail-anchored membrane protein insertion into er membrane)
G: ipp isomerase activity (aka isopentenyl-diphosphate delta-isomerase activity)
H: negative regulation of megakaryocyte differentiation (down-regulation of megakaryocyte differentiation) (aka negative regulation of megakaryocyte differentiation)
I: microrna biosynthetic process (aka production of mirnas involved in gene silencing by mirna)
J: positive regulation by host of viral genome replication
K: None of the above. | K |
<Instruct>: Given the context 'The BamHI digest was hybridized with a Ptdsr-specific 5' flanking probe, and Southern blot gave a single 17.2 kb band for wild-type (+/+), an 11.6 kb band for homozygous (-/-) and both bands for heterozygous (+/-) mice.', select the correct biomedical concept corresponding to 'hybridized'. Answer using one of the provided options. | <Options>: A: regulation of megakaryocyte differentiation
B: oocyte localization involved in germarium-derived egg chamber formation (oocyte localisation involved in germarium-derived egg chamber formation) (aka oocyte localization involved in germarium-derived egg chamber formation)
C: squalene epoxidase-cyclase activity (aka lanosterol synthase activity)
D: positive regulation by host of viral genome replication
E: spermidine dehydrogenase activity (spermidine:(acceptor) oxidoreductase activity) (aka spermidine dehydrogenase activity)
F: coreceptor, insoluble ligand activity involved in wnt receptor signaling pathway through beta-catenin (aka coreceptor activity involved in canonical wnt signaling pathway)
G: microrna biosynthetic process (aka production of mirnas involved in gene silencing by mirna)
H: resistance response to pathogen (aka defense response, incompatible interaction)
I: post-embryonic morphogenesis of an anatomical structure (aka post-embryonic morphogenesis)
J: negative regulation of megakaryocyte differentiation (down-regulation of megakaryocyte differentiation) (aka negative regulation of megakaryocyte differentiation)
K: None of the above. | K |
<Instruct>: Given the context 'The ScaI digest was hybridized using a 3' flanking probe, and Southern blot gave a single 12.4 kb band for wild-type, a 17.2 kb band for homozygous and both bands for heterozygous mice.
', select the correct biomedical concept corresponding to 'hybridized'. Answer using one of the provided options. | <Options>: A: response to pathogen (incompatible interaction) (aka defense response, incompatible interaction)
B: coreceptor, insoluble ligand activity involved in wnt receptor signaling pathway through beta-catenin (aka coreceptor activity involved in canonical wnt signaling pathway)
C: regulation of megakaryocyte differentiation
D: oocyte localization involved in germarium-derived egg chamber formation (oocyte localisation involved in germarium-derived egg chamber formation) (aka oocyte localization involved in germarium-derived egg chamber formation)
E: positive regulation by host of viral genome replication
F: negative regulation of megakaryocyte differentiation (down-regulation of megakaryocyte differentiation) (aka negative regulation of megakaryocyte differentiation)
G: protein insertion of tail-anchored membrane proteins into er membrane (aka tail-anchored membrane protein insertion into er membrane)
H: post-embryonic morphogenesis of an anatomical structure (aka post-embryonic morphogenesis)
I: oxidosqualene:lanosterol cyclase activity (aka lanosterol synthase activity)
J: upregulation of chemokine biosynthetic process (aka positive regulation of chemokine biosynthetic process)
K: None of the above. | K |
<Instruct>: Given the context 'For northern blots, either total RNA (30 μg) was extracted from embryos, electrophoresed and transferred to a nylon membrane (Hybond N; Amersham) or a polyA+ RNA northern blot (OriGene Technologies Inc., Rockville, USA) was hybridized using as the probe a Ptdsr fragment amplified from wild-type cDNA using forward primer 5'-GTTCCAGCTCGTCAGACTCG-3' and reverse primer 5'-TGCCCCTAAGACATGACCAC-3'.', select the correct biomedical concept corresponding to 'hybridized'. Answer using one of the provided options. | <Options>: A: post-embryonic morphogenesis of an anatomical structure (aka post-embryonic morphogenesis)
B: response to pathogen (incompatible interaction) (aka defense response, incompatible interaction)
C: oxidosqualene-lanosterol cyclase activity (aka lanosterol synthase activity)
D: positive regulation by host of viral genome replication
E: ipp isomerase activity (aka isopentenyl-diphosphate delta-isomerase activity)
F: spermidine dehydrogenase activity (spermidine:(acceptor) oxidoreductase activity) (aka spermidine dehydrogenase activity)
G: protein insertion of tail-anchored membrane proteins into er membrane (aka tail-anchored membrane protein insertion into er membrane)
H: negative regulation of megakaryocyte differentiation (down-regulation of megakaryocyte differentiation) (aka negative regulation of megakaryocyte differentiation)
I: d-aspartate ligase activity (d-aspartate:[beta-glcnac-(1->4)-mur2ac(oyl-l-ala-gamma-d-glu-l-lys-d-ala-d-ala)]n ligase (adp-forming) activity) (aka d-aspartate ligase activity)
J: microrna biosynthetic process (aka production of mirnas involved in gene silencing by mirna)
K: None of the above. | K |
<Instruct>: Given the context 'In all experiments the same membrane was re-hybridized with a β-actin probe (OriGene) to confirm that equivalent RNA levels were present in each lane.', select the correct biomedical concept corresponding to 'hybridized'. Answer using one of the provided options. | <Options>: A: regulation of megakaryocyte differentiation
B: resistance response to pathogen (aka defense response, incompatible interaction)
C: negative regulation of megakaryocyte differentiation (down-regulation of megakaryocyte differentiation) (aka negative regulation of megakaryocyte differentiation)
D: positive regulation by host of viral genome replication
E: oxidosqualene-lanosterol cyclase activity (aka lanosterol synthase activity)
F: upregulation of chemokine biosynthetic process (aka positive regulation of chemokine biosynthetic process)
G: ipp isomerase activity (aka isopentenyl-diphosphate delta-isomerase activity)
H: spermidine dehydrogenase activity (spermidine:(acceptor) oxidoreductase activity) (aka spermidine dehydrogenase activity)
I: microrna biosynthetic process (aka production of mirnas involved in gene silencing by mirna)
J: d-aspartate ligase activity (d-aspartate:[beta-glcnac-(1->4)-mur2ac(oyl-l-ala-gamma-d-glu-l-lys-d-ala-d-ala)]n ligase (adp-forming) activity) (aka d-aspartate ligase activity)
K: None of the above. | K |
<Instruct>: Given the context '(b) Southern blot analysis of genomic DNA extracted from wild-type (+/+) and Ptdsr+/- (+/-) animals, digested with BamHI and hybridized with the 5' outside probe to confirm germ-line transmission of the mutant Ptdsr allele.', select the correct biomedical concept corresponding to 'hybridized'. Answer using one of the provided options. | <Options>: A: microrna biosynthetic process (aka production of mirnas involved in gene silencing by mirna)
B: negative regulation of megakaryocyte differentiation (down-regulation of megakaryocyte differentiation) (aka negative regulation of megakaryocyte differentiation)
C: oxidosqualene-lanosterol cyclase activity (aka lanosterol synthase activity)
D: upregulation of chemokine biosynthetic process (aka positive regulation of chemokine biosynthetic process)
E: coreceptor, insoluble ligand activity involved in wnt receptor signaling pathway through beta-catenin (aka coreceptor activity involved in canonical wnt signaling pathway)
F: post-embryonic morphogenesis of an anatomical structure (aka post-embryonic morphogenesis)
G: type ii transmembrane protein insertion into er membrane (aka tail-anchored membrane protein insertion into er membrane)
H: ipp isomerase activity (aka isopentenyl-diphosphate delta-isomerase activity)
I: spermidine dehydrogenase activity (spermidine:(acceptor) oxidoreductase activity) (aka spermidine dehydrogenase activity)
J: defence response to pathogen, incompatible interaction (aka defense response, incompatible interaction)
K: None of the above. | K |
<Instruct>: Given the context 'A β-actin hybridization was used to confirm equal loading of RNA samples.', select the correct biomedical concept corresponding to 'hybridization'. Answer using one of the provided options. | <Options>: A: protein insertion of tail-anchored membrane proteins into er membrane (aka tail-anchored membrane protein insertion into er membrane)
B: allantoin breakdown (aka allantoin catabolic process)
C: coreceptor, soluble ligand activity involved in wnt receptor signalling pathway through beta-catenin (aka coreceptor activity involved in canonical wnt signaling pathway)
D: regulation of megakaryocyte differentiation
E: negative regulation of megakaryocyte differentiation (down-regulation of megakaryocyte differentiation) (aka negative regulation of megakaryocyte differentiation)
F: oocyte localization involved in germarium-derived egg chamber formation (oocyte localisation involved in germarium-derived egg chamber formation) (aka oocyte localization involved in germarium-derived egg chamber formation)
G: defence response to pathogen, incompatible interaction (aka defense response, incompatible interaction)
H: toxin degradation (aka toxin catabolic process)
I: squalene epoxidase-cyclase activity (aka lanosterol synthase activity)
J: toxin activity (aka pathogenesis)
K: None of the above. | K |
<Instruct>: Given the context 'Pairs of CBS domains dimerise to form a stable globular domain [8].', select the correct biomedical concept corresponding to 'dimerise'. Answer using one of the provided options. | <Options>: A: glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor receptor signalling pathway (aka glial cell-derived neurotrophic factor receptor signaling pathway)
B: negative regulation of vdr signaling pathway (aka negative regulation of vitamin d receptor signaling pathway)
C: negative regulation of nos biosynthesis (aka negative regulation of nitric-oxide synthase biosynthetic process)
D: ent-kaurenoate oxidase activity (ent-kaur-16-en-19-oate,nadph:oxygen oxidoreductase (hydroxylating) activity) (aka ent-kaurenoate oxidase activity)
E: calciferol metabolic process (aka vitamin d metabolic process)
F: 1-alkyl-2-acetylglycerol o-acyltransferase activity (acyl-coa:1-o-alkyl-2-acetyl-sn-glycerol o-acyltransferase activity) (aka 1-alkyl-2-acetylglycerol o-acyltransferase activity)
G: redox sensing (aka detection of redox state)
H: upregulation of vitamin d receptor signaling pathway (aka positive regulation of vitamin d receptor signaling pathway)
I: ent-7-alpha-hydroxykaurenoate oxidase activity
J: oocyte axis determination, oocyte nucleus localization (aka oocyte nucleus localization involved in oocyte dorsal/ventral axis specification)
K: None of the above. | K |
<Instruct>: Given the context 'A forward primer within the human ACDP 5' cDNA coding region (after start codon) and a mouse reverse primer from the mouse EST marker were used to amplify the homologue sequence from mouse cDNA at very low annealing temperature (45–50°C).', select the correct biomedical concept corresponding to 'annealing'. Answer using one of the provided options. | <Options>: A: slime layer organisation (aka slime layer organization)
B: imaginal disc-derived leg segmentation
C: activation of two-component signal transduction involved in hydrogen peroxide mediated signalling pathway (aka positive regulation of phosphorelay signal transduction system involved in hydrogen peroxide mediated signaling pathway)
D: sodium/potassium transport (aka potassium ion transport)
E: spliceosomal complex assembly (spliceosome assembly) (aka spliceosomal complex assembly)
F: up regulation of intracellular transport (aka positive regulation of intracellular transport)
G: esculetin anabolism (aka esculetin biosynthetic process)
H: regulation of interleukin-10 anabolism (aka regulation of interleukin-10 biosynthetic process)
I: spermidine dehydrogenase activity (spermidine:(acceptor) oxidoreductase activity) (aka spermidine dehydrogenase activity)
J: amorphous vesicle
K: None of the above. | K |
<Instruct>: Given the context 'A nested PCR using an inside reverse primer from the mouse EST sequence and the same human forward primer was then carried out to amplify the specific mouse gene from the first round PCR products at high annealing temperature (62°C).', select the correct biomedical concept corresponding to 'annealing'. Answer using one of the provided options. | <Options>: A: activation of two-component signal transduction involved in hydrogen peroxide mediated signalling pathway (aka positive regulation of phosphorelay signal transduction system involved in hydrogen peroxide mediated signaling pathway)
B: imaginal disc-derived leg segmentation
C: esculetin anabolism (aka esculetin biosynthetic process)
D: low voltage-gated potassium channel auxiliary protein activity (aka potassium ion transport)
E: amorphous vesicle
F: plasma serine protease inhibitor-plat complex (aka protein c inhibitor-plat complex)
G: pci-tmprss11e complex (aka protein c inhibitor-tmprss11e complex)
H: spliceosomal complex assembly (spliceosome assembly) (aka spliceosomal complex assembly)
I: spermidine dehydrogenase activity (spermidine:(acceptor) oxidoreductase activity) (aka spermidine dehydrogenase activity)
J: regulation of interleukin-10 synthesis (aka regulation of interleukin-10 biosynthetic process)
K: None of the above. | K |
<Instruct>: Given the context 'Hybridizations were carried out overnight.', select the correct biomedical concept corresponding to 'hybridizations'. Answer using one of the provided options. | <Options>: A: allantoin breakdown (aka allantoin catabolic process)
B: response to pathogen (incompatible interaction) (aka defense response, incompatible interaction)
C: 2,3-oxidosqualene sterol cyclase activity (aka lanosterol synthase activity)
D: negative regulation of megakaryocyte differentiation (down-regulation of megakaryocyte differentiation) (aka negative regulation of megakaryocyte differentiation)
E: oocyte localization involved in germarium-derived egg chamber formation (oocyte localisation involved in germarium-derived egg chamber formation) (aka oocyte localization involved in germarium-derived egg chamber formation)
F: virulence (aka pathogenesis)
G: toxin catabolic process (toxin degradation) (aka toxin catabolic process)
H: coreceptor, soluble ligand activity involved in wnt receptor signalling pathway through beta-catenin (aka coreceptor activity involved in canonical wnt signaling pathway)
I: regulation of megakaryocyte differentiation
J: type ii transmembrane protein insertion into er membrane (aka tail-anchored membrane protein insertion into er membrane)
K: None of the above. | K |
<Instruct>: Given the context 'CEBPG is a truncated CEBP transcription factor [19] and possesses the sequences necessary for DNA binding and heterodimer formation, but lacks the sequences necessary for transactivation', select the correct biomedical concept corresponding to 'heterodimer formation'. Answer using one of the provided options. | <Options>: A: regulation of chemokine synthesis (aka regulation of chemokine biosynthetic process)
B: 1-alkyl-2-acetylglycerol o-acyltransferase activity (acyl-coa:1-o-alkyl-2-acetyl-sn-glycerol o-acyltransferase activity) (aka 1-alkyl-2-acetylglycerol o-acyltransferase activity)
C: oocyte localization involved in germarium-derived egg chamber formation (oocyte localisation involved in germarium-derived egg chamber formation) (aka oocyte localization involved in germarium-derived egg chamber formation)
D: ergocalciferol metabolic process (aka vitamin d metabolic process)
E: maintenance of centrosome location (maintenance of centrosome localization) (aka maintenance of centrosome location)
F: telomere-telomerase complex
G: oocyte nucleus localization involved in oocyte dorsal-ventral axis specification (aka oocyte nucleus localization involved in oocyte dorsal/ventral axis specification)
H: upregulation of vitamin d receptor signaling pathway (aka positive regulation of vitamin d receptor signaling pathway)
I: None of the above. | I |
<Instruct>: Given the context 'Samples were hybridized to Agilent Mouse Developmental Microarrays.', select the correct biomedical concept corresponding to 'hybridized'. Answer using one of the provided options. | <Options>: A: ipp isomerase activity (aka isopentenyl-diphosphate delta-isomerase activity)
B: protein insertion of tail-anchored membrane proteins into er membrane (aka tail-anchored membrane protein insertion into er membrane)
C: d-aspartate ligase activity (d-aspartate:[beta-glcnac-(1->4)-mur2ac(oyl-l-ala-gamma-d-glu-l-lys-d-ala-d-ala)]n ligase (adp-forming) activity) (aka d-aspartate ligase activity)
D: regulation of megakaryocyte differentiation
E: coreceptor, insoluble ligand activity involved in wnt receptor signaling pathway through beta-catenin (aka coreceptor activity involved in canonical wnt signaling pathway)
F: negative regulation of megakaryocyte differentiation (down-regulation of megakaryocyte differentiation) (aka negative regulation of megakaryocyte differentiation)
G: microrna biosynthetic process (aka production of mirnas involved in gene silencing by mirna)
H: upregulation of chemokine biosynthetic process (aka positive regulation of chemokine biosynthetic process)
I: oocyte localization involved in germarium-derived egg chamber formation (oocyte localisation involved in germarium-derived egg chamber formation) (aka oocyte localization involved in germarium-derived egg chamber formation)
J: squalene epoxidase-cyclase activity (aka lanosterol synthase activity)
K: None of the above. | K |
<Instruct>: Given the context 'Hybridization with these probes revealed bands containing either the ESG1 gene or pseudogenes.
', select the correct biomedical concept corresponding to 'hybridization'. Answer using one of the provided options. | <Options>: A: response to pathogen (incompatible interaction) (aka defense response, incompatible interaction)
B: toxin catabolic process (toxin degradation) (aka toxin catabolic process)
C: negative regulation of megakaryocyte differentiation (down-regulation of megakaryocyte differentiation) (aka negative regulation of megakaryocyte differentiation)
D: coreceptor, insoluble ligand activity involved in wnt receptor signaling pathway through beta-catenin (aka coreceptor activity involved in canonical wnt signaling pathway)
E: toxin activity (aka pathogenesis)
F: oocyte localization involved in germarium-derived egg chamber formation (oocyte localisation involved in germarium-derived egg chamber formation) (aka oocyte localization involved in germarium-derived egg chamber formation)
G: regulation of megakaryocyte differentiation
H: 2,3-oxidosqualene sterol cyclase activity (aka lanosterol synthase activity)
I: type ii transmembrane protein insertion into er membrane (aka tail-anchored membrane protein insertion into er membrane)
J: allantoin breakdown (aka allantoin catabolic process)
K: None of the above. | K |
<Instruct>: Given the context 'The probe hybridized to an 11.5 kbp band from the wild-type locus, a 12.5 kbp band from the β-geo locus, and a 9.5 kbp band from the HygR locus.
', select the correct biomedical concept corresponding to 'hybridized'. Answer using one of the provided options. | <Options>: A: negative regulation of megakaryocyte differentiation (down-regulation of megakaryocyte differentiation) (aka negative regulation of megakaryocyte differentiation)
B: ipp isomerase activity (aka isopentenyl-diphosphate delta-isomerase activity)
C: positive regulation by host of viral genome replication
D: microrna biosynthetic process (aka production of mirnas involved in gene silencing by mirna)
E: d-aspartate ligase activity (d-aspartate:[beta-glcnac-(1->4)-mur2ac(oyl-l-ala-gamma-d-glu-l-lys-d-ala-d-ala)]n ligase (adp-forming) activity) (aka d-aspartate ligase activity)
F: response to pathogen (incompatible interaction) (aka defense response, incompatible interaction)
G: upregulation of chemokine biosynthetic process (aka positive regulation of chemokine biosynthetic process)
H: coreceptor, insoluble ligand activity involved in wnt receptor signaling pathway through beta-catenin (aka coreceptor activity involved in canonical wnt signaling pathway)
I: protein insertion of tail-anchored membrane proteins into er membrane (aka tail-anchored membrane protein insertion into er membrane)
J: post-embryonic morphogenesis of an anatomical structure (aka post-embryonic morphogenesis)
K: None of the above. | K |
<Instruct>: Given the context 'The samples were hybridized to a Mouse Development Microarray (Algilent) according to the manufacturer's protocol.', select the correct biomedical concept corresponding to 'hybridized'. Answer using one of the provided options. | <Options>: A: upregulation of chemokine biosynthetic process (aka positive regulation of chemokine biosynthetic process)
B: coreceptor, insoluble ligand activity involved in wnt receptor signaling pathway through beta-catenin (aka coreceptor activity involved in canonical wnt signaling pathway)
C: positive regulation by host of viral genome replication
D: 2,3-oxidosqualene sterol cyclase activity (aka lanosterol synthase activity)
E: response to pathogen (incompatible interaction) (aka defense response, incompatible interaction)
F: oocyte localization involved in germarium-derived egg chamber formation (oocyte localisation involved in germarium-derived egg chamber formation) (aka oocyte localization involved in germarium-derived egg chamber formation)
G: post-embryonic morphogenesis of an anatomical structure (aka post-embryonic morphogenesis)
H: microrna biosynthetic process (aka production of mirnas involved in gene silencing by mirna)
I: negative regulation of megakaryocyte differentiation (down-regulation of megakaryocyte differentiation) (aka negative regulation of megakaryocyte differentiation)
J: type ii transmembrane protein insertion into er membrane (aka tail-anchored membrane protein insertion into er membrane)
K: None of the above. | K |
<Instruct>: Given the context 'Hybridization was repeated with two independent clones.', select the correct biomedical concept corresponding to 'hybridization'. Answer using one of the provided options. | <Options>: A: virulence (aka pathogenesis)
B: oocyte localization involved in germarium-derived egg chamber formation (oocyte localisation involved in germarium-derived egg chamber formation) (aka oocyte localization involved in germarium-derived egg chamber formation)
C: response to pathogen (incompatible interaction) (aka defense response, incompatible interaction)
D: negative regulation of megakaryocyte differentiation (down-regulation of megakaryocyte differentiation) (aka negative regulation of megakaryocyte differentiation)
E: squalene epoxidase-cyclase activity (aka lanosterol synthase activity)
F: coreceptor, soluble ligand activity involved in wnt receptor signalling pathway through beta-catenin (aka coreceptor activity involved in canonical wnt signaling pathway)
G: toxin catabolic process (toxin degradation) (aka toxin catabolic process)
H: protein insertion of tail-anchored membrane proteins into er membrane (aka tail-anchored membrane protein insertion into er membrane)
I: allantoin breakdown (aka allantoin catabolic process)
J: regulation of megakaryocyte differentiation
K: None of the above. | K |
<Instruct>: Given the context 'This PAC was hybridized to a kidney cDNA library, resulting in the isolation of four clones that represented the same gene.
', select the correct biomedical concept corresponding to 'hybridized'. Answer using one of the provided options. | <Options>: A: oocyte localization involved in germarium-derived egg chamber formation (oocyte localisation involved in germarium-derived egg chamber formation) (aka oocyte localization involved in germarium-derived egg chamber formation)
B: positive regulation by host of viral genome replication
C: ipp isomerase activity (aka isopentenyl-diphosphate delta-isomerase activity)
D: upregulation of chemokine biosynthetic process (aka positive regulation of chemokine biosynthetic process)
E: post-embryonic morphogenesis of an anatomical structure (aka post-embryonic morphogenesis)
F: defence response to pathogen, incompatible interaction (aka defense response, incompatible interaction)
G: coreceptor, insoluble ligand activity involved in wnt receptor signaling pathway through beta-catenin (aka coreceptor activity involved in canonical wnt signaling pathway)
H: spermidine dehydrogenase activity (spermidine:(acceptor) oxidoreductase activity) (aka spermidine dehydrogenase activity)
I: type ii transmembrane protein insertion into er membrane (aka tail-anchored membrane protein insertion into er membrane)
J: regulation of megakaryocyte differentiation
K: None of the above. | K |
<Instruct>: Given the context 'In order to determine whether tif1γ is expressed in hematopoietic mesoderm, we next examined zebrafish embryos by whole-mount in situ hybridization (Figure 4A).', select the correct biomedical concept corresponding to 'hybridization'. Answer using one of the provided options. | <Options>: A: coreceptor, soluble ligand activity involved in wnt receptor signalling pathway through beta-catenin (aka coreceptor activity involved in canonical wnt signaling pathway)
B: toxin degradation (aka toxin catabolic process)
C: oocyte localization involved in germarium-derived egg chamber formation (oocyte localisation involved in germarium-derived egg chamber formation) (aka oocyte localization involved in germarium-derived egg chamber formation)
D: negative regulation of megakaryocyte differentiation (down-regulation of megakaryocyte differentiation) (aka negative regulation of megakaryocyte differentiation)
E: allantoin breakdown (aka allantoin catabolic process)
F: type ii transmembrane protein insertion into er membrane (aka tail-anchored membrane protein insertion into er membrane)
G: oxidosqualene-lanosterol cyclase activity (aka lanosterol synthase activity)
H: virulence (aka pathogenesis)
I: defence response to pathogen, incompatible interaction (aka defense response, incompatible interaction)
J: regulation of megakaryocyte differentiation
K: None of the above. | K |
<Instruct>: Given the context 'We next compared the embryonic expression pattern of tif1α mRNA to tif1γ by in situ hybridization.', select the correct biomedical concept corresponding to 'hybridization'. Answer using one of the provided options. | <Options>: A: coreceptor, insoluble ligand activity involved in wnt receptor signaling pathway through beta-catenin (aka coreceptor activity involved in canonical wnt signaling pathway)
B: protein insertion of tail-anchored membrane proteins into er membrane (aka tail-anchored membrane protein insertion into er membrane)
C: negative regulation of megakaryocyte differentiation (down-regulation of megakaryocyte differentiation) (aka negative regulation of megakaryocyte differentiation)
D: allantoin breakdown (aka allantoin catabolic process)
E: response to pathogen (incompatible interaction) (aka defense response, incompatible interaction)
F: toxin degradation (aka toxin catabolic process)
G: regulation of megakaryocyte differentiation
H: toxin activity (aka pathogenesis)
I: osc (aka lanosterol synthase activity) (aka lanosterol synthase activity)
J: oocyte localization involved in germarium-derived egg chamber formation (oocyte localisation involved in germarium-derived egg chamber formation) (aka oocyte localization involved in germarium-derived egg chamber formation)
K: None of the above. | K |
<Instruct>: Given the context 'In situ hybridization and stainings of embryos were done as described (Thompson et al. 1998; Liao et al. 2002).', select the correct biomedical concept corresponding to 'hybridization'. Answer using one of the provided options. | <Options>: A: oxidosqualene:lanosterol cyclase activity (aka lanosterol synthase activity)
B: allantoin breakdown (aka allantoin catabolic process)
C: regulation of megakaryocyte differentiation
D: negative regulation of megakaryocyte differentiation (down-regulation of megakaryocyte differentiation) (aka negative regulation of megakaryocyte differentiation)
E: defence response to pathogen, incompatible interaction (aka defense response, incompatible interaction)
F: coreceptor, insoluble ligand activity involved in wnt receptor signaling pathway through beta-catenin (aka coreceptor activity involved in canonical wnt signaling pathway)
G: toxin degradation (aka toxin catabolic process)
H: oocyte localization involved in germarium-derived egg chamber formation (oocyte localisation involved in germarium-derived egg chamber formation) (aka oocyte localization involved in germarium-derived egg chamber formation)
I: type ii transmembrane protein insertion into er membrane (aka tail-anchored membrane protein insertion into er membrane)
J: virulence (aka pathogenesis)
K: None of the above. | K |
<Instruct>: Given the context 'In situ hybridization of mouse embryos was performed as described (Kingsley et al. 2001).', select the correct biomedical concept corresponding to 'hybridization'. Answer using one of the provided options. | <Options>: A: response to pathogen (incompatible interaction) (aka defense response, incompatible interaction)
B: regulation of megakaryocyte differentiation
C: toxin activity (aka pathogenesis)
D: oocyte localization involved in germarium-derived egg chamber formation (oocyte localisation involved in germarium-derived egg chamber formation) (aka oocyte localization involved in germarium-derived egg chamber formation)
E: negative regulation of megakaryocyte differentiation (down-regulation of megakaryocyte differentiation) (aka negative regulation of megakaryocyte differentiation)
F: oxidosqualene-lanosterol cyclase activity (aka lanosterol synthase activity)
G: allantoin breakdown (aka allantoin catabolic process)
H: type ii transmembrane protein insertion into er membrane (aka tail-anchored membrane protein insertion into er membrane)
I: coreceptor, soluble ligand activity involved in wnt receptor signalling pathway through beta-catenin (aka coreceptor activity involved in canonical wnt signaling pathway)
J: toxin catabolic process (toxin degradation) (aka toxin catabolic process)
K: None of the above. | K |
<Instruct>: Given the context 'Whole-mount in situ hybridization of gata1 detected at the 12- and 18-somite stage in genotyped embryos.', select the correct biomedical concept corresponding to 'hybridization'. Answer using one of the provided options. | <Options>: A: coreceptor, soluble ligand activity involved in wnt receptor signalling pathway through beta-catenin (aka coreceptor activity involved in canonical wnt signaling pathway)
B: response to pathogen (incompatible interaction) (aka defense response, incompatible interaction)
C: regulation of megakaryocyte differentiation
D: oocyte localization involved in germarium-derived egg chamber formation (oocyte localisation involved in germarium-derived egg chamber formation) (aka oocyte localization involved in germarium-derived egg chamber formation)
E: type ii transmembrane protein insertion into er membrane (aka tail-anchored membrane protein insertion into er membrane)
F: negative regulation of megakaryocyte differentiation (down-regulation of megakaryocyte differentiation) (aka negative regulation of megakaryocyte differentiation)
G: toxin activity (aka pathogenesis)
H: allantoin breakdown (aka allantoin catabolic process)
I: oxidosqualene--lanosterol cyclase activity (aka lanosterol synthase activity)
J: toxin degradation (aka toxin catabolic process)
K: None of the above. | K |
<Instruct>: Given the context 'Whole-mount in situ hybridization at 22 hpf including scl, gata2, gata1, ikaros, and myb in montg234 mutants.', select the correct biomedical concept corresponding to 'hybridization'. Answer using one of the provided options. | <Options>: A: oxidosqualene-lanosterol cyclase activity (aka lanosterol synthase activity)
B: toxin activity (aka pathogenesis)
C: type ii transmembrane protein insertion into er membrane (aka tail-anchored membrane protein insertion into er membrane)
D: defence response to pathogen, incompatible interaction (aka defense response, incompatible interaction)
E: toxin catabolic process (toxin degradation) (aka toxin catabolic process)
F: regulation of megakaryocyte differentiation
G: negative regulation of megakaryocyte differentiation (down-regulation of megakaryocyte differentiation) (aka negative regulation of megakaryocyte differentiation)
H: oocyte localization involved in germarium-derived egg chamber formation (oocyte localisation involved in germarium-derived egg chamber formation) (aka oocyte localization involved in germarium-derived egg chamber formation)
I: coreceptor, soluble ligand activity involved in wnt receptor signalling pathway through beta-catenin (aka coreceptor activity involved in canonical wnt signaling pathway)
J: allantoin breakdown (aka allantoin catabolic process)
K: None of the above. | K |
<Instruct>: Given the context 'In situ hybridization of zebrafish embryos demonstrating the embryonic expression of tif1γ.', select the correct biomedical concept corresponding to 'hybridization'. Answer using one of the provided options. | <Options>: A: allantoin breakdown (aka allantoin catabolic process)
B: virulence (aka pathogenesis)
C: coreceptor, soluble ligand activity involved in wnt receptor signalling pathway through beta-catenin (aka coreceptor activity involved in canonical wnt signaling pathway)
D: toxin degradation (aka toxin catabolic process)
E: type ii transmembrane protein insertion into er membrane (aka tail-anchored membrane protein insertion into er membrane)
F: oocyte localization involved in germarium-derived egg chamber formation (oocyte localisation involved in germarium-derived egg chamber formation) (aka oocyte localization involved in germarium-derived egg chamber formation)
G: oxidosqualene--lanosterol cyclase activity (aka lanosterol synthase activity)
H: negative regulation of megakaryocyte differentiation (down-regulation of megakaryocyte differentiation) (aka negative regulation of megakaryocyte differentiation)
I: regulation of megakaryocyte differentiation
J: response to pathogen (incompatible interaction) (aka defense response, incompatible interaction)
K: None of the above. | K |
<Instruct>: Given the context 'In situ hybridization of mouse embryos detects broad expression of Tif1γ at embryonic day 8.5 including the yolk sac blood islands (arrow).', select the correct biomedical concept corresponding to 'hybridization'. Answer using one of the provided options. | <Options>: A: type ii transmembrane protein insertion into er membrane (aka tail-anchored membrane protein insertion into er membrane)
B: coreceptor, insoluble ligand activity involved in wnt receptor signaling pathway through beta-catenin (aka coreceptor activity involved in canonical wnt signaling pathway)
C: response to pathogen (incompatible interaction) (aka defense response, incompatible interaction)
D: toxin degradation (aka toxin catabolic process)
E: osc (aka lanosterol synthase activity) (aka lanosterol synthase activity)
F: regulation of megakaryocyte differentiation
G: oocyte localization involved in germarium-derived egg chamber formation (oocyte localisation involved in germarium-derived egg chamber formation) (aka oocyte localization involved in germarium-derived egg chamber formation)
H: negative regulation of megakaryocyte differentiation (down-regulation of megakaryocyte differentiation) (aka negative regulation of megakaryocyte differentiation)
I: allantoin breakdown (aka allantoin catabolic process)
J: toxin activity (aka pathogenesis)
K: None of the above. | K |
<Instruct>: Given the context 'To test these possibilities, we have used whole mount in situ hybridization to examine embryonic patterning and morphogenesis in homozygous Hdhex4/5 huntingtin deficient embryos.
', select the correct biomedical concept corresponding to 'hybridization'. Answer using one of the provided options. | <Options>: A: allantoin breakdown (aka allantoin catabolic process)
B: toxin activity (aka pathogenesis)
C: protein insertion of tail-anchored membrane proteins into er membrane (aka tail-anchored membrane protein insertion into er membrane)
D: osc (aka lanosterol synthase activity) (aka lanosterol synthase activity)
E: toxin degradation (aka toxin catabolic process)
F: regulation of megakaryocyte differentiation
G: oocyte localization involved in germarium-derived egg chamber formation (oocyte localisation involved in germarium-derived egg chamber formation) (aka oocyte localization involved in germarium-derived egg chamber formation)
H: negative regulation of megakaryocyte differentiation (down-regulation of megakaryocyte differentiation) (aka negative regulation of megakaryocyte differentiation)
I: coreceptor, soluble ligand activity involved in wnt receptor signalling pathway through beta-catenin (aka coreceptor activity involved in canonical wnt signaling pathway)
J: defence response to pathogen, incompatible interaction (aka defense response, incompatible interaction)
K: None of the above. | K |
<Instruct>: Given the context 'To investigate huntingtin's developmental activities, we then analyzed the expression of genes which pattern the early embryo or mark morphogenic landmarks in wild-type and Hdhex4/5/Hdhex4/5 embryos by whole mount and section in situ hybridization.', select the correct biomedical concept corresponding to 'hybridization'. Answer using one of the provided options. | <Options>: A: type ii transmembrane protein insertion into er membrane (aka tail-anchored membrane protein insertion into er membrane)
B: coreceptor, soluble ligand activity involved in wnt receptor signalling pathway through beta-catenin (aka coreceptor activity involved in canonical wnt signaling pathway)
C: oxidosqualene-lanosterol cyclase activity (aka lanosterol synthase activity)
D: negative regulation of megakaryocyte differentiation (down-regulation of megakaryocyte differentiation) (aka negative regulation of megakaryocyte differentiation)
E: allantoin breakdown (aka allantoin catabolic process)
F: defence response to pathogen, incompatible interaction (aka defense response, incompatible interaction)
G: toxin degradation (aka toxin catabolic process)
H: regulation of megakaryocyte differentiation
I: virulence (aka pathogenesis)
J: oocyte localization involved in germarium-derived egg chamber formation (oocyte localisation involved in germarium-derived egg chamber formation) (aka oocyte localization involved in germarium-derived egg chamber formation)
K: None of the above. | K |
<Instruct>: Given the context 'The results of in situ hybridization analysis also confirmed that all three germ layers and extraembryonic tissue are formed in huntingtin deficient embryos.
', select the correct biomedical concept corresponding to 'hybridization'. Answer using one of the provided options. | <Options>: A: toxin catabolic process (toxin degradation) (aka toxin catabolic process)
B: oxidosqualene--lanosterol cyclase activity (aka lanosterol synthase activity)
C: toxin activity (aka pathogenesis)
D: oocyte localization involved in germarium-derived egg chamber formation (oocyte localisation involved in germarium-derived egg chamber formation) (aka oocyte localization involved in germarium-derived egg chamber formation)
E: negative regulation of megakaryocyte differentiation (down-regulation of megakaryocyte differentiation) (aka negative regulation of megakaryocyte differentiation)
F: protein insertion of tail-anchored membrane proteins into er membrane (aka tail-anchored membrane protein insertion into er membrane)
G: allantoin breakdown (aka allantoin catabolic process)
H: coreceptor, soluble ligand activity involved in wnt receptor signalling pathway through beta-catenin (aka coreceptor activity involved in canonical wnt signaling pathway)
I: regulation of megakaryocyte differentiation
J: response to pathogen (incompatible interaction) (aka defense response, incompatible interaction)
K: None of the above. | K |
<Instruct>: Given the context 'Whole mount in situ hybridization analysis of Otx2 (A,B) and Hesx (C-F) in E7.5 normal (A,C,E) and mutant (B,D,F) embryos reveals that neuroectoderm and anterior visceral endoderm (AVE) develop normally in huntingtin deficient embryos, although the neuroectoderm expression domain is reduced.', select the correct biomedical concept corresponding to 'hybridization'. Answer using one of the provided options. | <Options>: A: oxidosqualene-lanosterol cyclase activity (aka lanosterol synthase activity)
B: regulation of megakaryocyte differentiation
C: response to pathogen (incompatible interaction) (aka defense response, incompatible interaction)
D: toxin catabolic process (toxin degradation) (aka toxin catabolic process)
E: allantoin breakdown (aka allantoin catabolic process)
F: type ii transmembrane protein insertion into er membrane (aka tail-anchored membrane protein insertion into er membrane)
G: oocyte localization involved in germarium-derived egg chamber formation (oocyte localisation involved in germarium-derived egg chamber formation) (aka oocyte localization involved in germarium-derived egg chamber formation)
H: coreceptor, soluble ligand activity involved in wnt receptor signalling pathway through beta-catenin (aka coreceptor activity involved in canonical wnt signaling pathway)
I: negative regulation of megakaryocyte differentiation (down-regulation of megakaryocyte differentiation) (aka negative regulation of megakaryocyte differentiation)
J: toxin activity (aka pathogenesis)
K: None of the above. | K |
<Instruct>: Given the context 'Whole mount and section insitu hybridizations of E7.5 embryos shows T (Brachyury)', select the correct biomedical concept corresponding to 'hybridizations'. Answer using one of the provided options. | <Options>: A: toxin catabolic process (toxin degradation) (aka toxin catabolic process)
B: oocyte localization involved in germarium-derived egg chamber formation (oocyte localisation involved in germarium-derived egg chamber formation) (aka oocyte localization involved in germarium-derived egg chamber formation)
C: negative regulation of megakaryocyte differentiation (down-regulation of megakaryocyte differentiation) (aka negative regulation of megakaryocyte differentiation)
D: protein insertion of tail-anchored membrane proteins into er membrane (aka tail-anchored membrane protein insertion into er membrane)
E: coreceptor, insoluble ligand activity involved in wnt receptor signaling pathway through beta-catenin (aka coreceptor activity involved in canonical wnt signaling pathway)
F: acetyl-coa:taxan-10beta-ol o-acetyltransferase (aka 10-hydroxytaxane o-acetyltransferase activity)
G: toxin activity (aka pathogenesis)
H: regulation of megakaryocyte differentiation
I: allantoin breakdown (aka allantoin catabolic process)
J: oxidosqualene-lanosterol cyclase activity (aka lanosterol synthase activity)
K: None of the above. | K |
<Instruct>: Given the context 'Whole mount and in situ hybridization of E7.5 day embryos reveals that Fgf8 is detected in the proximal streak and is downregulated in cells migrating out of the streak in normal embryos (E,G).', select the correct biomedical concept corresponding to 'hybridization'. Answer using one of the provided options. | <Options>: A: defence response to pathogen, incompatible interaction (aka defense response, incompatible interaction)
B: virulence (aka pathogenesis)
C: toxin degradation (aka toxin catabolic process)
D: oxidosqualene:lanosterol cyclase activity (aka lanosterol synthase activity)
E: regulation of megakaryocyte differentiation
F: allantoin breakdown (aka allantoin catabolic process)
G: protein insertion of tail-anchored membrane proteins into er membrane (aka tail-anchored membrane protein insertion into er membrane)
H: coreceptor, soluble ligand activity involved in wnt receptor signalling pathway through beta-catenin (aka coreceptor activity involved in canonical wnt signaling pathway)
I: oocyte localization involved in germarium-derived egg chamber formation (oocyte localisation involved in germarium-derived egg chamber formation) (aka oocyte localization involved in germarium-derived egg chamber formation)
J: negative regulation of megakaryocyte differentiation (down-regulation of megakaryocyte differentiation) (aka negative regulation of megakaryocyte differentiation)
K: None of the above. | K |
<Instruct>: Given the context 'Whole mount in situ hybridization analysis at E7.5 of markers of the extraembryonic tissues reveals grossly normal expression in the absence of huntingtin.', select the correct biomedical concept corresponding to 'hybridization'. Answer using one of the provided options. | <Options>: A: toxin degradation (aka toxin catabolic process)
B: oocyte localization involved in germarium-derived egg chamber formation (oocyte localisation involved in germarium-derived egg chamber formation) (aka oocyte localization involved in germarium-derived egg chamber formation)
C: allantoin breakdown (aka allantoin catabolic process)
D: protein insertion of tail-anchored membrane proteins into er membrane (aka tail-anchored membrane protein insertion into er membrane)
E: coreceptor, insoluble ligand activity involved in wnt receptor signaling pathway through beta-catenin (aka coreceptor activity involved in canonical wnt signaling pathway)
F: regulation of megakaryocyte differentiation
G: response to pathogen (incompatible interaction) (aka defense response, incompatible interaction)
H: virulence (aka pathogenesis)
I: 2,3-oxidosqualene sterol cyclase activity (aka lanosterol synthase activity)
J: negative regulation of megakaryocyte differentiation (down-regulation of megakaryocyte differentiation) (aka negative regulation of megakaryocyte differentiation)
K: None of the above. | K |
<Instruct>: Given the context 'Whole mount and section in situ hybridization and β-gal staining
After dissection in PBS, embryos were fixed overnight in 4% paraformaldehyde at 4°C.', select the correct biomedical concept corresponding to 'hybridization'. Answer using one of the provided options. | <Options>: A: coreceptor, insoluble ligand activity involved in wnt receptor signaling pathway through beta-catenin (aka coreceptor activity involved in canonical wnt signaling pathway)
B: allantoin breakdown (aka allantoin catabolic process)
C: oocyte localization involved in germarium-derived egg chamber formation (oocyte localisation involved in germarium-derived egg chamber formation) (aka oocyte localization involved in germarium-derived egg chamber formation)
D: virulence (aka pathogenesis)
E: oxidosqualene:lanosterol cyclase activity (aka lanosterol synthase activity)
F: toxin degradation (aka toxin catabolic process)
G: regulation of megakaryocyte differentiation
H: defence response to pathogen, incompatible interaction (aka defense response, incompatible interaction)
I: protein insertion of tail-anchored membrane proteins into er membrane (aka tail-anchored membrane protein insertion into er membrane)
J: negative regulation of megakaryocyte differentiation (down-regulation of megakaryocyte differentiation) (aka negative regulation of megakaryocyte differentiation)
K: None of the above. | K |
<Instruct>: Given the context 'RNA in situ hybridizations were performed as described previously [55].', select the correct biomedical concept corresponding to 'hybridizations'. Answer using one of the provided options. | <Options>: A: acetyl-coa:taxan-10beta-ol o-acetyltransferase (aka 10-hydroxytaxane o-acetyltransferase activity)
B: toxin degradation (aka toxin catabolic process)
C: allantoin breakdown (aka allantoin catabolic process)
D: type ii transmembrane protein insertion into er membrane (aka tail-anchored membrane protein insertion into er membrane)
E: toxin activity (aka pathogenesis)
F: defence response to pathogen, incompatible interaction (aka defense response, incompatible interaction)
G: regulation of megakaryocyte differentiation
H: osc (aka lanosterol synthase activity) (aka lanosterol synthase activity)
I: oocyte localization involved in germarium-derived egg chamber formation (oocyte localisation involved in germarium-derived egg chamber formation) (aka oocyte localization involved in germarium-derived egg chamber formation)
J: negative regulation of megakaryocyte differentiation (down-regulation of megakaryocyte differentiation) (aka negative regulation of megakaryocyte differentiation)
K: None of the above. | K |
<Instruct>: Given the context 'Abbreviations
AVE, anterior visceral endoderm; HD, Huntington's disease gene; HD, Huntington's disease; Hdh, mouse HD gene homologue; PCGs, primordial germ cells
Authors' contributions
JMW, TC, PH-M and MD performed whole mount and in situ hybridization assays.', select the correct biomedical concept corresponding to 'hybridization'. Answer using one of the provided options. | <Options>: A: protein insertion of tail-anchored membrane proteins into er membrane (aka tail-anchored membrane protein insertion into er membrane)
B: coreceptor, soluble ligand activity involved in wnt receptor signalling pathway through beta-catenin (aka coreceptor activity involved in canonical wnt signaling pathway)
C: regulation of megakaryocyte differentiation
D: allantoin breakdown (aka allantoin catabolic process)
E: toxin catabolic process (toxin degradation) (aka toxin catabolic process)
F: 2,3-oxidosqualene sterol cyclase activity (aka lanosterol synthase activity)
G: defence response to pathogen, incompatible interaction (aka defense response, incompatible interaction)
H: negative regulation of megakaryocyte differentiation (down-regulation of megakaryocyte differentiation) (aka negative regulation of megakaryocyte differentiation)
I: toxin activity (aka pathogenesis)
J: oocyte localization involved in germarium-derived egg chamber formation (oocyte localisation involved in germarium-derived egg chamber formation) (aka oocyte localization involved in germarium-derived egg chamber formation)
K: None of the above. | K |
<Instruct>: Given the context 'To examine XY transcriptional status, we carried out Cot-1 RNA fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) to detect nascent RNA polymerase II transcription, combined with DAPI staining to locate the XY body on spreads of seminiferous tubules (Figure 8A and 8B).', select the correct biomedical concept corresponding to 'hybridization'. Answer using one of the provided options. | <Options>: A: oocyte localization involved in germarium-derived egg chamber formation (oocyte localisation involved in germarium-derived egg chamber formation) (aka oocyte localization involved in germarium-derived egg chamber formation)
B: negative regulation of megakaryocyte differentiation (down-regulation of megakaryocyte differentiation) (aka negative regulation of megakaryocyte differentiation)
C: regulation of megakaryocyte differentiation
D: oxidosqualene--lanosterol cyclase activity (aka lanosterol synthase activity)
E: toxin activity (aka pathogenesis)
F: toxin catabolic process (toxin degradation) (aka toxin catabolic process)
G: coreceptor, soluble ligand activity involved in wnt receptor signalling pathway through beta-catenin (aka coreceptor activity involved in canonical wnt signaling pathway)
H: defence response to pathogen, incompatible interaction (aka defense response, incompatible interaction)
I: protein insertion of tail-anchored membrane proteins into er membrane (aka tail-anchored membrane protein insertion into er membrane)
J: allantoin breakdown (aka allantoin catabolic process)
K: None of the above. | K |
<Instruct>: Given the context 'In Dmrt7 mutants, the XY body was formed and excluded Cot-1 hybridization (Figure 8B), indicating that transcriptional silencing is established normally in mutant pachytene cells.', select the correct biomedical concept corresponding to 'hybridization'. Answer using one of the provided options. | <Options>: A: negative regulation of megakaryocyte differentiation (down-regulation of megakaryocyte differentiation) (aka negative regulation of megakaryocyte differentiation)
B: regulation of megakaryocyte differentiation
C: coreceptor, soluble ligand activity involved in wnt receptor signalling pathway through beta-catenin (aka coreceptor activity involved in canonical wnt signaling pathway)
D: oxidosqualene-lanosterol cyclase activity (aka lanosterol synthase activity)
E: type ii transmembrane protein insertion into er membrane (aka tail-anchored membrane protein insertion into er membrane)
F: allantoin breakdown (aka allantoin catabolic process)
G: response to pathogen (incompatible interaction) (aka defense response, incompatible interaction)
H: virulence (aka pathogenesis)
I: oocyte localization involved in germarium-derived egg chamber formation (oocyte localisation involved in germarium-derived egg chamber formation) (aka oocyte localization involved in germarium-derived egg chamber formation)
J: toxin catabolic process (toxin degradation) (aka toxin catabolic process)
K: None of the above. | K |
<Instruct>: Given the context '(E and F) Cot-1 hybridization in diplotene.', select the correct biomedical concept corresponding to 'hybridization'. Answer using one of the provided options. | <Options>: A: response to pathogen (incompatible interaction) (aka defense response, incompatible interaction)
B: regulation of megakaryocyte differentiation
C: virulence (aka pathogenesis)
D: oocyte localization involved in germarium-derived egg chamber formation (oocyte localisation involved in germarium-derived egg chamber formation) (aka oocyte localization involved in germarium-derived egg chamber formation)
E: toxin degradation (aka toxin catabolic process)
F: coreceptor, insoluble ligand activity involved in wnt receptor signaling pathway through beta-catenin (aka coreceptor activity involved in canonical wnt signaling pathway)
G: oxidosqualene:lanosterol cyclase activity (aka lanosterol synthase activity)
H: allantoin breakdown (aka allantoin catabolic process)
I: negative regulation of megakaryocyte differentiation (down-regulation of megakaryocyte differentiation) (aka negative regulation of megakaryocyte differentiation)
J: protein insertion of tail-anchored membrane proteins into er membrane (aka tail-anchored membrane protein insertion into er membrane)
K: None of the above. | K |
<Instruct>: Given the context 'First, we examined nascent transcription by Cot-1 hybridization.', select the correct biomedical concept corresponding to 'hybridization'. Answer using one of the provided options. | <Options>: A: defence response to pathogen, incompatible interaction (aka defense response, incompatible interaction)
B: squalene epoxidase-cyclase activity (aka lanosterol synthase activity)
C: regulation of megakaryocyte differentiation
D: protein insertion of tail-anchored membrane proteins into er membrane (aka tail-anchored membrane protein insertion into er membrane)
E: toxin activity (aka pathogenesis)
F: coreceptor, soluble ligand activity involved in wnt receptor signalling pathway through beta-catenin (aka coreceptor activity involved in canonical wnt signaling pathway)
G: allantoin breakdown (aka allantoin catabolic process)
H: toxin catabolic process (toxin degradation) (aka toxin catabolic process)
I: oocyte localization involved in germarium-derived egg chamber formation (oocyte localisation involved in germarium-derived egg chamber formation) (aka oocyte localization involved in germarium-derived egg chamber formation)
J: negative regulation of megakaryocyte differentiation (down-regulation of megakaryocyte differentiation) (aka negative regulation of megakaryocyte differentiation)
K: None of the above. | K |
<Instruct>: Given the context 'Moreover, Cot-1 hybridization and analysis of RBMY expression demonstrated that MSCI initiates normally in the XY body of mid-pachytene Dmrt7 mutant cells.
', select the correct biomedical concept corresponding to 'hybridization'. Answer using one of the provided options. | <Options>: A: oocyte localization involved in germarium-derived egg chamber formation (oocyte localisation involved in germarium-derived egg chamber formation) (aka oocyte localization involved in germarium-derived egg chamber formation)
B: allantoin breakdown (aka allantoin catabolic process)
C: coreceptor, soluble ligand activity involved in wnt receptor signalling pathway through beta-catenin (aka coreceptor activity involved in canonical wnt signaling pathway)
D: negative regulation of megakaryocyte differentiation (down-regulation of megakaryocyte differentiation) (aka negative regulation of megakaryocyte differentiation)
E: toxin degradation (aka toxin catabolic process)
F: defence response to pathogen, incompatible interaction (aka defense response, incompatible interaction)
G: regulation of megakaryocyte differentiation
H: protein insertion of tail-anchored membrane proteins into er membrane (aka tail-anchored membrane protein insertion into er membrane)
I: toxin activity (aka pathogenesis)
J: osc (aka lanosterol synthase activity) (aka lanosterol synthase activity)
K: None of the above. | K |
<Instruct>: Given the context 'Three homologous recombinants were identified from 296 G418-resistant colonies by Southern hybridization by use of a DNA probe from the sequences upstream of exon 1 to screen genomic DNA digested with EcoRI.', select the correct biomedical concept corresponding to 'hybridization'. Answer using one of the provided options. | <Options>: A: toxin degradation (aka toxin catabolic process)
B: oocyte localization involved in germarium-derived egg chamber formation (oocyte localisation involved in germarium-derived egg chamber formation) (aka oocyte localization involved in germarium-derived egg chamber formation)
C: coreceptor, soluble ligand activity involved in wnt receptor signalling pathway through beta-catenin (aka coreceptor activity involved in canonical wnt signaling pathway)
D: regulation of megakaryocyte differentiation
E: type ii transmembrane protein insertion into er membrane (aka tail-anchored membrane protein insertion into er membrane)
F: defence response to pathogen, incompatible interaction (aka defense response, incompatible interaction)
G: negative regulation of megakaryocyte differentiation (down-regulation of megakaryocyte differentiation) (aka negative regulation of megakaryocyte differentiation)
H: oxidosqualene--lanosterol cyclase activity (aka lanosterol synthase activity)
I: allantoin breakdown (aka allantoin catabolic process)
J: toxin activity (aka pathogenesis)
K: None of the above. | K |
<Instruct>: Given the context 'Homologous recombination was confirmed on both ends of the targeted region by Southern hybridization.', select the correct biomedical concept corresponding to 'hybridization'. Answer using one of the provided options. | <Options>: A: defence response to pathogen, incompatible interaction (aka defense response, incompatible interaction)
B: type ii transmembrane protein insertion into er membrane (aka tail-anchored membrane protein insertion into er membrane)
C: toxin catabolic process (toxin degradation) (aka toxin catabolic process)
D: allantoin breakdown (aka allantoin catabolic process)
E: coreceptor, soluble ligand activity involved in wnt receptor signalling pathway through beta-catenin (aka coreceptor activity involved in canonical wnt signaling pathway)
F: oxidosqualene--lanosterol cyclase activity (aka lanosterol synthase activity)
G: oocyte localization involved in germarium-derived egg chamber formation (oocyte localisation involved in germarium-derived egg chamber formation) (aka oocyte localization involved in germarium-derived egg chamber formation)
H: toxin activity (aka pathogenesis)
I: negative regulation of megakaryocyte differentiation (down-regulation of megakaryocyte differentiation) (aka negative regulation of megakaryocyte differentiation)
J: regulation of megakaryocyte differentiation
K: None of the above. | K |
<Instruct>: Given the context 'Probes for Southern hybridization were made by PCR using primers DM5S10/DM5S11 (5′ probe) and DM5PR1/DM5PR2 (3′ probe), listed below.', select the correct biomedical concept corresponding to 'hybridization'. Answer using one of the provided options. | <Options>: A: toxin degradation (aka toxin catabolic process)
B: toxin activity (aka pathogenesis)
C: oocyte localization involved in germarium-derived egg chamber formation (oocyte localisation involved in germarium-derived egg chamber formation) (aka oocyte localization involved in germarium-derived egg chamber formation)
D: regulation of megakaryocyte differentiation
E: negative regulation of megakaryocyte differentiation (down-regulation of megakaryocyte differentiation) (aka negative regulation of megakaryocyte differentiation)
F: allantoin breakdown (aka allantoin catabolic process)
G: osc (aka lanosterol synthase activity) (aka lanosterol synthase activity)
H: protein insertion of tail-anchored membrane proteins into er membrane (aka tail-anchored membrane protein insertion into er membrane)
I: response to pathogen (incompatible interaction) (aka defense response, incompatible interaction)
J: coreceptor, insoluble ligand activity involved in wnt receptor signaling pathway through beta-catenin (aka coreceptor activity involved in canonical wnt signaling pathway)
K: None of the above. | K |
<Instruct>: Given the context 'The wild-type Dmrt7 allele Dmrt7+ was detected by PCR with DM5S4/DM5S5, with an annealing temperature of 60 °C.', select the correct biomedical concept corresponding to 'annealing'. Answer using one of the provided options. | <Options>: A: esculetin anabolism (aka esculetin biosynthetic process)
B: amorphous vesicle
C: regulation of interleukin-10 synthesis (aka regulation of interleukin-10 biosynthetic process)
D: pci-tmprss11e complex (aka protein c inhibitor-tmprss11e complex)
E: low voltage-gated potassium channel auxiliary protein activity (aka potassium ion transport)
F: slime layer organisation (aka slime layer organization)
G: protein c inhibitor-tissue-type plasminogen activator complex (aka protein c inhibitor-plat complex)
H: imaginal disc-derived leg segmentation
I: activation of two-component signal transduction involved in hydrogen peroxide mediated signalling pathway (aka positive regulation of phosphorelay signal transduction system involved in hydrogen peroxide mediated signaling pathway)
J: spliceosomal complex assembly (spliceosome assembly) (aka spliceosomal complex assembly)
K: None of the above. | K |
<Instruct>: Given the context 'The Dmrt7flox allele was detected by PCR with DM5S5F/DM7KO7R with an annealing temperature of 62 °C.', select the correct biomedical concept corresponding to 'annealing'. Answer using one of the provided options. | <Options>: A: regulation of interleukin-10 formation (aka regulation of interleukin-10 biosynthetic process)
B: pci-tmprss11e complex (aka protein c inhibitor-tmprss11e complex)
C: slime layer organisation (aka slime layer organization)
D: imaginal disc-derived leg segmentation
E: esculetin anabolism (aka esculetin biosynthetic process)
F: sodium/potassium transport (aka potassium ion transport)
G: spermidine dehydrogenase activity (spermidine:(acceptor) oxidoreductase activity) (aka spermidine dehydrogenase activity)
H: activation of two-component signal transduction involved in hydrogen peroxide mediated signaling pathway (aka positive regulation of phosphorelay signal transduction system involved in hydrogen peroxide mediated signaling pathway)
I: spliceosomal complex assembly (spliceosome assembly) (aka spliceosomal complex assembly)
J: protein c inhibitor-plat complex (protein c inhibitor-tissue-type plasminogen activator complex) (aka protein c inhibitor-plat complex)
K: None of the above. | K |
<Instruct>: Given the context 'The deleted Dmrt7 allele Dmrt7− was detected with DM5S3/DM7KO7R with an annealing temperature of 62 °C.', select the correct biomedical concept corresponding to 'annealing'. Answer using one of the provided options. | <Options>: A: protein c inhibitor-plat complex (protein c inhibitor-tissue-type plasminogen activator complex) (aka protein c inhibitor-plat complex)
B: slime layer organisation (aka slime layer organization)
C: activation of two-component signal transduction involved in hydrogen peroxide mediated signaling pathway (aka positive regulation of phosphorelay signal transduction system involved in hydrogen peroxide mediated signaling pathway)
D: esculetin anabolism (aka esculetin biosynthetic process)
E: imaginal disc-derived leg segmentation
F: post synaptic density (aka postsynaptic density)
G: amorphous vesicle
H: pci-tmprss11e complex (aka protein c inhibitor-tmprss11e complex)
I: sodium/potassium transport (aka potassium ion transport)
J: spliceosomal complex assembly (spliceosome assembly) (aka spliceosomal complex assembly)
K: None of the above. | K |
<Instruct>: Given the context 'SK112 with an annealing temperature of 62 °C.
Primers.
', select the correct biomedical concept corresponding to 'annealing'. Answer using one of the provided options. | <Options>: A: amorphous vesicle
B: esculetin anabolism (aka esculetin biosynthetic process)
C: regulation of interleukin-10 synthesis (aka regulation of interleukin-10 biosynthetic process)
D: pci-tmprss11e complex (aka protein c inhibitor-tmprss11e complex)
E: protein c inhibitor-plat complex (protein c inhibitor-tissue-type plasminogen activator complex) (aka protein c inhibitor-plat complex)
F: up regulation of intracellular transport (aka positive regulation of intracellular transport)
G: sodium/potassium transport (aka potassium ion transport)
H: spliceosomal complex assembly (spliceosome assembly) (aka spliceosomal complex assembly)
I: activation of two-component signal transduction involved in hydrogen peroxide mediated signalling pathway (aka positive regulation of phosphorelay signal transduction system involved in hydrogen peroxide mediated signaling pathway)
J: post synaptic density (aka postsynaptic density)
K: None of the above. | K |
<Instruct>: Given the context 'The 5′ external probe hybridizes to 14.2-kb (wild-type) and 6-kb (targeted) NsiI/NotI fragments.', select the correct biomedical concept corresponding to 'hybridizes'. Answer using one of the provided options. | <Options>: A: coreceptor, insoluble ligand activity involved in wnt receptor signaling pathway through beta-catenin (aka coreceptor activity involved in canonical wnt signaling pathway)
B: phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase complex, class iii (phosphoinositide 3-kinase complex, class iii) (aka phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase complex, class iii)
C: oxidosqualene:lanosterol cyclase activity (aka lanosterol synthase activity)
D: virulence (aka pathogenesis)
E: defence response to pathogen, incompatible interaction (aka defense response, incompatible interaction)
F: oocyte localization involved in germarium-derived egg chamber formation (oocyte localisation involved in germarium-derived egg chamber formation) (aka oocyte localization involved in germarium-derived egg chamber formation)
G: anterior lateral line neuromast hair cell morphogenesis
H: allantoin breakdown (aka allantoin catabolic process)
I: ipp isomerase activity (aka isopentenyl-diphosphate delta-isomerase activity)
J: toxin degradation (aka toxin catabolic process)
K: None of the above. | K |
<Instruct>: Given the context 'The 3′ probe hybridizes to 14.6-kb (wild-type) and 4.7-kb (targeted) EcoRI fragments.
', select the correct biomedical concept corresponding to 'hybridizes'. Answer using one of the provided options. | <Options>: A: response to pathogen (incompatible interaction) (aka defense response, incompatible interaction)
B: oocyte localization involved in germarium-derived egg chamber formation (oocyte localisation involved in germarium-derived egg chamber formation) (aka oocyte localization involved in germarium-derived egg chamber formation)
C: anterior lateral line neuromast hair cell morphogenesis
D: actin cortical patch organization (actin cortical patch organisation) (aka actin cortical patch organization)
E: protein insertion of tail-anchored membrane proteins into er membrane (aka tail-anchored membrane protein insertion into er membrane)
F: coreceptor, insoluble ligand activity involved in wnt receptor signaling pathway through beta-catenin (aka coreceptor activity involved in canonical wnt signaling pathway)
G: phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase complex, class iii (phosphoinositide 3-kinase complex, class iii) (aka phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase complex, class iii)
H: toxin degradation (aka toxin catabolic process)
I: allantoin breakdown (aka allantoin catabolic process)
J: oxidosqualene-lanosterol cyclase activity (aka lanosterol synthase activity)
K: None of the above. | K |
<Instruct>: Given the context 'Abbreviations
DM - Doublesex/MAB-3 domain
ES - embryonic stem
FISH - fluorescence in situ hybridization
GST - glutathione-S-transferase
HP1β - heterochromatin protein 1 beta
γH2AX - phosphorylated H2AX
MSCI - meiotic sex chromosome inactivation
P14 - postnatal day 14
PMSC - postmeiotic sex chromatin
RT-PCR - reverse transcriptase-PCR
SUMO-1 - small ubiquitin-related modifier 1
Ub-H2A - ubiquitinated H2A
Footnotes
Competing interests.', select the correct biomedical concept corresponding to 'hybridization'. Answer using one of the provided options. | <Options>: A: negative regulation of megakaryocyte differentiation (down-regulation of megakaryocyte differentiation) (aka negative regulation of megakaryocyte differentiation)
B: response to pathogen (incompatible interaction) (aka defense response, incompatible interaction)
C: regulation of megakaryocyte differentiation
D: protein insertion of tail-anchored membrane proteins into er membrane (aka tail-anchored membrane protein insertion into er membrane)
E: 2,3-oxidosqualene sterol cyclase activity (aka lanosterol synthase activity)
F: virulence (aka pathogenesis)
G: coreceptor, insoluble ligand activity involved in wnt receptor signaling pathway through beta-catenin (aka coreceptor activity involved in canonical wnt signaling pathway)
H: oocyte localization involved in germarium-derived egg chamber formation (oocyte localisation involved in germarium-derived egg chamber formation) (aka oocyte localization involved in germarium-derived egg chamber formation)
I: allantoin breakdown (aka allantoin catabolic process)
J: toxin degradation (aka toxin catabolic process)
K: None of the above. | K |
<Instruct>: Given the context 'PCR analyses identified transient Snail mRNA expression during a period of skin embryogenesis when waves of hair follicles are forming (unpublished data).To pinpoint specifically where Snail mRNA is expressed in the developing skin, we conducted in situ hybridization using a cRNA probe unique to the Snail 3′ untranslated region (UTR).', select the correct biomedical concept corresponding to 'hybridization'. Answer using one of the provided options. | <Options>: A: oocyte localization involved in germarium-derived egg chamber formation (oocyte localisation involved in germarium-derived egg chamber formation) (aka oocyte localization involved in germarium-derived egg chamber formation)
B: toxin degradation (aka toxin catabolic process)
C: type ii transmembrane protein insertion into er membrane (aka tail-anchored membrane protein insertion into er membrane)
D: oxidosqualene-lanosterol cyclase activity (aka lanosterol synthase activity)
E: negative regulation of megakaryocyte differentiation (down-regulation of megakaryocyte differentiation) (aka negative regulation of megakaryocyte differentiation)
F: regulation of megakaryocyte differentiation
G: response to pathogen (incompatible interaction) (aka defense response, incompatible interaction)
H: virulence (aka pathogenesis)
I: coreceptor, insoluble ligand activity involved in wnt receptor signaling pathway through beta-catenin (aka coreceptor activity involved in canonical wnt signaling pathway)
J: allantoin breakdown (aka allantoin catabolic process)
K: None of the above. | K |
<Instruct>: Given the context 'As shown in Figure 1A, specific hybridization was detected within the epithelium of nascent hair buds.', select the correct biomedical concept corresponding to 'hybridization'. Answer using one of the provided options. | <Options>: A: oocyte localization involved in germarium-derived egg chamber formation (oocyte localisation involved in germarium-derived egg chamber formation) (aka oocyte localization involved in germarium-derived egg chamber formation)
B: osc (aka lanosterol synthase activity) (aka lanosterol synthase activity)
C: allantoin breakdown (aka allantoin catabolic process)
D: protein insertion of tail-anchored membrane proteins into er membrane (aka tail-anchored membrane protein insertion into er membrane)
E: toxin catabolic process (toxin degradation) (aka toxin catabolic process)
F: defence response to pathogen, incompatible interaction (aka defense response, incompatible interaction)
G: regulation of megakaryocyte differentiation
H: virulence (aka pathogenesis)
I: negative regulation of megakaryocyte differentiation (down-regulation of megakaryocyte differentiation) (aka negative regulation of megakaryocyte differentiation)
J: coreceptor, insoluble ligand activity involved in wnt receptor signaling pathway through beta-catenin (aka coreceptor activity involved in canonical wnt signaling pathway)
K: None of the above. | K |
<Instruct>: Given the context 'By contrast, as follicles progressed further through their development (e.g., germ and peg stages), they exhibited no signs of hybridization (Figure 1A).', select the correct biomedical concept corresponding to 'hybridization'. Answer using one of the provided options. | <Options>: A: oocyte localization involved in germarium-derived egg chamber formation (oocyte localisation involved in germarium-derived egg chamber formation) (aka oocyte localization involved in germarium-derived egg chamber formation)
B: allantoin breakdown (aka allantoin catabolic process)
C: protein insertion of tail-anchored membrane proteins into er membrane (aka tail-anchored membrane protein insertion into er membrane)
D: virulence (aka pathogenesis)
E: response to pathogen (incompatible interaction) (aka defense response, incompatible interaction)
F: coreceptor, soluble ligand activity involved in wnt receptor signalling pathway through beta-catenin (aka coreceptor activity involved in canonical wnt signaling pathway)
G: negative regulation of megakaryocyte differentiation (down-regulation of megakaryocyte differentiation) (aka negative regulation of megakaryocyte differentiation)
H: toxin catabolic process (toxin degradation) (aka toxin catabolic process)
I: regulation of megakaryocyte differentiation
J: osc (aka lanosterol synthase activity) (aka lanosterol synthase activity)
K: None of the above. | K |
<Instruct>: Given the context 'The transient nature of Snail mRNA expression during follicle development was most apparent in hybridized skin sections containing follicles from two different waves of morphogenesis (as shown in Figure 1).', select the correct biomedical concept corresponding to 'hybridized'. Answer using one of the provided options. | <Options>: A: regulation of megakaryocyte differentiation
B: microrna biosynthetic process (aka production of mirnas involved in gene silencing by mirna)
C: upregulation of chemokine biosynthetic process (aka positive regulation of chemokine biosynthetic process)
D: oxidosqualene:lanosterol cyclase activity (aka lanosterol synthase activity)
E: negative regulation of megakaryocyte differentiation (down-regulation of megakaryocyte differentiation) (aka negative regulation of megakaryocyte differentiation)
F: spermidine dehydrogenase activity (spermidine:(acceptor) oxidoreductase activity) (aka spermidine dehydrogenase activity)
G: coreceptor, insoluble ligand activity involved in wnt receptor signaling pathway through beta-catenin (aka coreceptor activity involved in canonical wnt signaling pathway)
H: type ii transmembrane protein insertion into er membrane (aka tail-anchored membrane protein insertion into er membrane)
I: resistance response to pathogen (aka defense response, incompatible interaction)
J: post-embryonic morphogenesis of an anatomical structure (aka post-embryonic morphogenesis)
K: None of the above. | K |
<Instruct>: Given the context 'Hybridizing hair buds from a later wave appeared juxtaposed with nonhybridizing follicles from an earlier wave.
', select the correct biomedical concept corresponding to 'hybridizing'. Answer using one of the provided options. | <Options>: A: defence response incompatible interaction (aka defense response, incompatible interaction)
B: oocyte localization involved in germarium-derived egg chamber formation (oocyte localisation involved in germarium-derived egg chamber formation) (aka oocyte localization involved in germarium-derived egg chamber formation)
C: anterior lateral line neuromast hair cell morphogenesis
D: toxin activity (aka pathogenesis)
E: allantoin breakdown (aka allantoin catabolic process)
F: toll-like receptor 15 signalling pathway (aka toll-like receptor 15 signaling pathway)
G: oxidosqualene:lanosterol cyclase activity (aka lanosterol synthase activity)
H: coreceptor, insoluble ligand activity involved in wnt receptor signaling pathway through beta-catenin (aka coreceptor activity involved in canonical wnt signaling pathway)
I: phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase complex, class iii (phosphoinositide 3-kinase complex, class iii) (aka phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase complex, class iii)
J: ipp isomerase activity (aka isopentenyl-diphosphate delta-isomerase activity)
K: None of the above. | K |
<Instruct>: Given the context 'Hybridizing hair buds from a later wave appeared juxtaposed with nonhybridizing follicles from an earlier wave.
', select the correct biomedical concept corresponding to 'hybridizing'. Answer using one of the provided options. | <Options>: A: allantoin breakdown (aka allantoin catabolic process)
B: coreceptor, soluble ligand activity involved in wnt receptor signalling pathway through beta-catenin (aka coreceptor activity involved in canonical wnt signaling pathway)
C: toll-like receptor 15 signalling pathway (aka toll-like receptor 15 signaling pathway)
D: oxidosqualene-lanosterol cyclase activity (aka lanosterol synthase activity)
E: anterior lateral line neuromast hair cell morphogenesis
F: virulence (aka pathogenesis)
G: phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase complex, class iii (phosphoinositide 3-kinase complex, class iii) (aka phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase complex, class iii)
H: defence response incompatible interaction (aka defense response, incompatible interaction)
I: oocyte localization involved in germarium-derived egg chamber formation (oocyte localisation involved in germarium-derived egg chamber formation) (aka oocyte localization involved in germarium-derived egg chamber formation)
J: ipp isomerase activity (aka isopentenyl-diphosphate delta-isomerase activity)
K: None of the above. | K |
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