instruction stringlengths 159 890 | input stringlengths 72 1.7k | response stringclasses 11 values |
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<Instruct>: Given the context 'Defective ALK5 signaling in the neural crest leads to increased postmigratory neural crest cell apoptosis and severe outflow tract defects
Abstract
Background
Congenital cardiovascular diseases are the most common form of birth defects in humans.', select the correct biomedical concept corresponding to 'congenital'. Answer using one of the provided options. | <Options>: A: congenital (inborn) (aka congenital)
B: congenital or acquired
C: congenital anomaly or birth defect (aka congenital abnormality)
D: congenital malformation syndrome (aka developmental defect during embryogenesis)
E: None of the above. | A |
<Instruct>: Given the context 'Defective ALK5 signaling in the neural crest leads to increased postmigratory neural crest cell apoptosis and severe outflow tract defects
Abstract
Background
Congenital cardiovascular diseases are the most common form of birth defects in humans.', select the correct biomedical concept corresponding to 'cardiovascular diseases'. Answer using one of the provided options. | <Options>: A: vascular disorder (aka vascular disease)
B: cardiovascular disease (cvd) (aka cardiovascular disease)
C: cardiovascular cancer (malignant neoplasm of cardiovascular system) (aka cardiovascular cancer)
D: heart/pericardial disease (aka heart disease)
E: None of the above. | B |
<Instruct>: Given the context 'Defective ALK5 signaling in the neural crest leads to increased postmigratory neural crest cell apoptosis and severe outflow tract defects
Abstract
Background
Congenital cardiovascular diseases are the most common form of birth defects in humans.', select the correct biomedical concept corresponding to 'birth defects'. Answer using one of the provided options. | <Options>: A: malformation syndrome (aka developmental defect during embryogenesis)
B: inborn (aka congenital)
C: congenital abnormality (congenital anomaly or birth defect) (aka congenital abnormality)
D: None of the above. | C |
<Instruct>: Given the context 'Failure in signaling via ALK5 leads to severe cardiovascular and pharyngeal defects, including inappropriate remodeling of pharyngeal arch arteries, abnormal aortic sac development, failure in pharyngeal organ migration and persistent truncus arteriosus.', select the correct biomedical concept corresponding to 'persistent truncus arteriosus'. Answer using one of the provided options. | <Options>: A: hemitruncus arteriosus (aka pulmonary artery coming from the aorta)
B: pulmonary artery coming from patent ductus arteriosus
C: patent ductus arteriosus anomalies (aka arterial duct anomaly)
D: congenital patent ductus arteriosus aneurysm
E: truncus arteriosus communis (aka conotruncal heart malformations)
F: premature closure of the arterial duct (premature closure of the patent ductus arteriosus) (aka premature closure of the arterial duct)
G: truncus arteriosus (aka persistent truncus arteriosus (disease))
H: patent ductus arteriosus (patent ductus arteriosus familial (type)) (aka patent ductus arteriosus)
I: None of the above. | G |
<Instruct>: Given the context 'Background
A considerable percentage of cardiac birth defects is caused by a failure in normal migration, differentiation or patterning of the cardiac neural crest (CNC).', select the correct biomedical concept corresponding to 'cardiac birth defects'. Answer using one of the provided options. | <Options>: A: congenital cardiovascular disorder (aka congenital anomaly of cardiovascular system)
B: genetic cardiac anomaly
C: disorder of heart development (aka congenital heart malformation)
D: heart, malformation of
E: heart malformation (aka congenital heart disease)
F: None of the above. | E |
<Instruct>: Given the context '[1], who showed that ablation of the CNC in the chick led to severe outflow tract (OFT) defects including persistent truncus arteriosus (PTA), mispatterning of the great vessels and outflow tract mal-alignments [5].', select the correct biomedical concept corresponding to 'persistent truncus arteriosus'. Answer using one of the provided options. | <Options>: A: patent ductus arteriosus anomalies (aka arterial duct anomaly)
B: premature closure of the arterial duct (premature closure of the patent ductus arteriosus) (aka premature closure of the arterial duct)
C: truncus arteriosus (aka persistent truncus arteriosus (disease))
D: persistent truncus arteriosus (aka conotruncal heart malformations)
E: hemitruncus arteriosus (aka pulmonary artery coming from the aorta)
F: congenital patent ductus arteriosus aneurysm
G: patent ductus arteriosus familial (type) (aka patent ductus arteriosus)
H: pulmonary artery coming from patent ductus arteriosus
I: None of the above. | C |
<Instruct>: Given the context '[1], who showed that ablation of the CNC in the chick led to severe outflow tract (OFT) defects including persistent truncus arteriosus (PTA), mispatterning of the great vessels and outflow tract mal-alignments [5].', select the correct biomedical concept corresponding to 'pta'. Answer using one of the provided options. | <Options>: A: proximal renal tubular acidosis, autosomal dominant (aka autosomal dominant proximal renal tubular acidosis)
B: rta, proximal type (aka proximal renal tubular acidosis)
C: pad (aka peripheral arterial disease) (aka peripheral arterial disease)
D: at, complementation group e (aka ataxia telangiectasia)
E: ptad (aka pituitary gland adenoma) (aka pituitary gland adenoma)
F: aaa (aka triple-a syndrome) (aka triple-a syndrome)
G: ta (aka takayasu arteritis) (aka takayasu arteritis)
H: ischemic attack, transient (aka transient ischemic attack (disease))
I: progressive cerebello-cerebral atrophy (pcca (aka progressive cerebello-cerebral atrophy))
J: None of the above. | J |
<Instruct>: Given the context 'Mice deficient in TGF-β2 display fourth aortic arch artery defects [7], while neural crest cell specific abrogation of TGF-β type II receptor (Tgfbr2) results in interruption of the aortic arch and PTA [8,9].', select the correct biomedical concept corresponding to 'interruption of aortic arch'. Answer using one of the provided options. | <Options>: A: right aortic arch (disease) (right aortic arch) (aka right aortic arch (disease))
B: aortic valve atresia (disease) (congenital atresia of aortic valve) (aka aortic valve atresia (disease))
C: congenital atresia and stenosis of aorta (aka aorta atresia)
D: cervical aortic arch (aortic arch syndrome) (aka cervical aortic arch)
E: aortopulmonary coronary arterial course
F: aortic-pulmonary window (aka aortopulmonary window)
G: aortic arch interruption
H: takayasu's arteritis (aka takayasu arteritis)
I: interrupted aortic arch (aka conotruncal heart malformations)
J: cervical artery dissection
K: None of the above. | G |
<Instruct>: Given the context 'Mice deficient in TGF-β2 display fourth aortic arch artery defects [7], while neural crest cell specific abrogation of TGF-β type II receptor (Tgfbr2) results in interruption of the aortic arch and PTA [8,9].', select the correct biomedical concept corresponding to 'pta'. Answer using one of the provided options. | <Options>: A: at, complementation group e (aka ataxia telangiectasia)
B: rta, proximal type (aka proximal renal tubular acidosis)
C: pad (aka peripheral arterial disease) (aka peripheral arterial disease)
D: aaa (aka triple-a syndrome) (aka triple-a syndrome)
E: ta (aka takayasu arteritis) (aka takayasu arteritis)
F: progressive cerebello-cerebral atrophy (pcca (aka progressive cerebello-cerebral atrophy))
G: ptad (aka pituitary gland adenoma) (aka pituitary gland adenoma)
H: transient cerebral ischaemia nos (aka transient ischemic attack (disease))
I: proximal renal tubular acidosis, autosomal dominant (aka autosomal dominant proximal renal tubular acidosis)
J: None of the above. | J |
<Instruct>: Given the context 'Moreover, neural crest-specific deletion of the BMP type I receptors Alk2 and Alk3 has been shown to lead to defective aortico-pulmonary septation, among other cardiac defects [12,13].
', select the correct biomedical concept corresponding to 'cardiac defects'. Answer using one of the provided options. | <Options>: A: congenital cardiovascular anomaly (aka congenital anomaly of cardiovascular system)
B: heart, malformation of
C: congenital heart malformation (rare congenital non-syndromic heart malformation) (aka congenital heart malformation)
D: congenital heart defects (aka congenital heart disease)
E: None of the above. | D |
<Instruct>: Given the context 'Moreover, the mutant embryos display severe aortic sac and pharyngeal arch artery defects, and failed aortico-pulmonary septation leading to PTA.', select the correct biomedical concept corresponding to 'pta'. Answer using one of the provided options. | <Options>: A: progressive cerebello-cerebral atrophy (pcca (aka progressive cerebello-cerebral atrophy))
B: ta (aka takayasu arteritis) (aka takayasu arteritis)
C: ptad (aka pituitary gland adenoma) (aka pituitary gland adenoma)
D: at, complementation group e (aka ataxia telangiectasia)
E: ad prta (aka autosomal dominant proximal renal tubular acidosis)
F: transient ischemic attack (aka transient ischemic attack (disease))
G: rta, proximal type (aka proximal renal tubular acidosis)
H: pad (aka peripheral arterial disease) (aka peripheral arterial disease)
I: aaa (aka triple-a syndrome) (aka triple-a syndrome)
J: None of the above. | J |
<Instruct>: Given the context 'Results
Persistent truncus arteriosus and abnormal large vessels in mice lacking Alk5 in cardiac NCCs
To inactivate Alk5 in cardiac NCCs, mice homozygous for the floxed Alk5 allele (Alk5Flox/Flox)', select the correct biomedical concept corresponding to 'persistent truncus arteriosus'. Answer using one of the provided options. | <Options>: A: patent ductus arteriosus (patent ductus arteriosus familial (type)) (aka patent ductus arteriosus)
B: hemitruncus arteriosus (aka pulmonary artery coming from the aorta)
C: patent ductus arteriosus anomalies (aka arterial duct anomaly)
D: premature closure of the arterial duct (premature closure of the patent ductus arteriosus) (aka premature closure of the arterial duct)
E: pulmonary artery coming from patent ductus arteriosus
F: common truncus arteriosus (aka persistent truncus arteriosus (disease))
G: truncus arteriosus communis (aka conotruncal heart malformations)
H: congenital patent ductus arteriosus aneurysm
I: None of the above. | F |
<Instruct>: Given the context '1C–D), while corresponding Tgfbr2 mutant embryos (Fig. 1B) displayed interrupted aortic arch, as reported earlier [8].', select the correct biomedical concept corresponding to 'interrupted aortic arch'. Answer using one of the provided options. | <Options>: A: cervical aortic arch (aortic arch syndrome) (aka cervical aortic arch)
B: takayasu's arteritis (aka takayasu arteritis)
C: encircling double aortic arch
D: aortic arch interruption
E: first arch syndrome (aka goldenhar syndrome)
F: aortic arch anomaly with peculiar facies and mental retardation (aka aortic arch anomaly-facial dysmorphism-intellectual disability syndrome)
G: congenital atresia and stenosis of aorta (aka aorta atresia)
H: coarctation of the abdominal aorta (aka atypical coarctation of aorta)
I: right aortic arch (aka right aortic arch (disease))
J: interrupted aortic arch (aka conotruncal heart malformations)
K: None of the above. | D |
<Instruct>: Given the context 'To conclude, Alk5/Wnt1-Cre mutants consistently displayed PTA, which differed significantly from the characteristic interrupted aortic arch phenotype seen in Tgfbr2/Wnt1-Cre mutants [8,9].
', select the correct biomedical concept corresponding to 'pta'. Answer using one of the provided options. | <Options>: A: aaa (aka triple-a syndrome) (aka triple-a syndrome)
B: rta, proximal type (aka proximal renal tubular acidosis)
C: at, complementation group d (aka ataxia telangiectasia)
D: ta (aka takayasu arteritis) (aka takayasu arteritis)
E: ptad (aka pituitary gland adenoma) (aka pituitary gland adenoma)
F: tia (aka transient ischemic attack (disease)) (aka transient ischemic attack (disease))
G: progressive cerebello-cerebral atrophy (pcca (aka progressive cerebello-cerebral atrophy))
H: ad prta (aka autosomal dominant proximal renal tubular acidosis)
I: pad (aka peripheral arterial disease) (aka peripheral arterial disease)
J: None of the above. | J |
<Instruct>: Given the context 'To conclude, Alk5/Wnt1-Cre mutants consistently displayed PTA, which differed significantly from the characteristic interrupted aortic arch phenotype seen in Tgfbr2/Wnt1-Cre mutants [8,9].
', select the correct biomedical concept corresponding to 'interrupted aortic arch'. Answer using one of the provided options. | <Options>: A: alar cleft, isolated
B: aortic arch anomaly with peculiar facies and mental retardation (aka aortic arch anomaly-facial dysmorphism-intellectual disability syndrome)
C: aortic arch defects
D: aortic arch interruption
E: right aortic arch (aka right aortic arch (disease))
F: first arch syndrome (aka goldenhar syndrome)
G: ascending aorta anomaly
H: aorta atresia (congenital atresia and stenosis of aorta) (aka aorta atresia)
I: interrupted aortic arch (aka conotruncal heart malformations)
J: atypical coarctation of aorta (coarctation of the abdominal aorta) (aka atypical coarctation of aorta)
K: None of the above. | D |
<Instruct>: Given the context 'Figure 1
Abrogation of Alk5 in neural crest cells leads to persistent truncus arteriosus type A2.', select the correct biomedical concept corresponding to 'persistent truncus arteriosus'. Answer using one of the provided options. | <Options>: A: patent ductus arteriosus anomalies (aka arterial duct anomaly)
B: hemitruncus arteriosus (aka pulmonary artery coming from the aorta)
C: patent ductus arteriosus familial (type) (aka patent ductus arteriosus)
D: congenital patent ductus arteriosus aneurysm
E: premature closure of the patent ductus arteriosus (aka premature closure of the arterial duct)
F: pulmonary artery coming from patent ductus arteriosus
G: persistent truncus arteriosus (aka conotruncal heart malformations)
H: persistent truncus arteriosus (disease) (tac (aka persistent truncus arteriosus (disease)))
I: None of the above. | H |
<Instruct>: Given the context 'Control (A), Tgfbr2/Wnt1-Cre mutant [8] (B) demonstrating the PTA type A4 (= truncus arteriosus with interrupted aortic arch [30]) and Alk5/Wnt1-Cre mutants demonstrating the right-sided (C) and left-sided (D) arches of the truncus.', select the correct biomedical concept corresponding to 'pta'. Answer using one of the provided options. | <Options>: A: rta, proximal type (aka proximal renal tubular acidosis)
B: pcca (aka progressive cerebello-cerebral atrophy) (aka progressive cerebello-cerebral atrophy)
C: ta (aka takayasu arteritis) (aka takayasu arteritis)
D: tia (aka transient ischemic attack (disease)) (aka transient ischemic attack (disease))
E: pad (aka peripheral arterial disease) (aka peripheral arterial disease)
F: ptad (aka pituitary gland adenoma) (aka pituitary gland adenoma)
G: aaa (aka triple-a syndrome) (aka triple-a syndrome)
H: ad prta (aka autosomal dominant proximal renal tubular acidosis)
I: at, complementation group d (aka ataxia telangiectasia)
J: None of the above. | J |
<Instruct>: Given the context 'Control (A), Tgfbr2/Wnt1-Cre mutant [8] (B) demonstrating the PTA type A4 (= truncus arteriosus with interrupted aortic arch [30]) and Alk5/Wnt1-Cre mutants demonstrating the right-sided (C) and left-sided (D) arches of the truncus.', select the correct biomedical concept corresponding to 'interrupted aortic arch'. Answer using one of the provided options. | <Options>: A: cervical aortic arch (aortic arch syndrome) (aka cervical aortic arch)
B: aortic arch defects
C: aortic arch interruption
D: right aortic arch (disease) (right aortic arch) (aka right aortic arch (disease))
E: alar cleft, isolated
F: aorta atresia (congenital atresia and stenosis of aorta) (aka aorta atresia)
G: persistent fifth aortic arch
H: aortic arch anomaly with peculiar facies and mental retardation (aka aortic arch anomaly-facial dysmorphism-intellectual disability syndrome)
I: first and second branchial arch syndrome (aka goldenhar syndrome)
J: encircling double aortic arch
K: None of the above. | C |
<Instruct>: Given the context 'Ao, aorta; PT, pulmonary trunk; RSA, right subclavian artery; RCA, right carotid artery; LCA; left carotid artery; LSA, left subclavian artery; IAA, interrupted aortic arch; PTA, persistent truncus arteriosus.
', select the correct biomedical concept corresponding to 'iaa'. Answer using one of the provided options. | <Options>: A: acute insulin response (air (aka acute insulin response))
B: autoimmune disease, susceptibility to, 3 (aka ais3)
C: marsis (aka indifference to pain, congenital, autosomal dominant)
D: baiba (aka beta-aminoisobutyric acid, urinary excretion of)
E: amelogenesis imperfecta, type 3a (amelogenesis imperfecta, hypocalcification type, autosomal dominant) (aka amelogenesis imperfecta, type 3a)
F: amelogenesis imperfecta, type ia; ai1a (aka amelogenesis imperfecta type 1a)
G: congenital disorder of glycosylation, type iaa; cdg1aa (aka congenital disorder of glycosylation, type iaa)
H: abdominal aortic aneurysm (aortic aneurysm, familial abdominal 1) (aka abdominal aortic aneurysm)
I: abdominal aortic aneurysm (aka aortic aneurysm, familial abdominal, 1)
J: autoimmune disease susceptibility locus, chromosome 7-related (aka ais2)
K: None of the above. | K |
<Instruct>: Given the context 'Ao, aorta; PT, pulmonary trunk; RSA, right subclavian artery; RCA, right carotid artery; LCA; left carotid artery; LSA, left subclavian artery; IAA, interrupted aortic arch; PTA, persistent truncus arteriosus.
', select the correct biomedical concept corresponding to 'interrupted aortic arch'. Answer using one of the provided options. | <Options>: A: takayasu's arteritis (aka takayasu arteritis)
B: persistent fifth aortic arch
C: interrupted aortic arch (aka conotruncal heart malformations)
D: right aortic arch (aka right aortic arch (disease))
E: aortic arch anomaly with peculiar facies and mental retardation (aka aortic arch anomaly-facial dysmorphism-intellectual disability syndrome)
F: alar cleft, isolated
G: ascending aorta anomaly
H: aortic arch defects
I: aortic arch interruption
J: coarctation of the abdominal aorta (aka atypical coarctation of aorta)
K: None of the above. | I |
<Instruct>: Given the context 'Ao, aorta; PT, pulmonary trunk; RSA, right subclavian artery; RCA, right carotid artery; LCA; left carotid artery; LSA, left subclavian artery; IAA, interrupted aortic arch; PTA, persistent truncus arteriosus.
', select the correct biomedical concept corresponding to 'pta'. Answer using one of the provided options. | <Options>: A: progressive cerebello-cerebral atrophy (pcca (aka progressive cerebello-cerebral atrophy))
B: pad (aka peripheral arterial disease) (aka peripheral arterial disease)
C: transient cerebral ischaemia nos (aka transient ischemic attack (disease))
D: aaa (aka triple-a syndrome) (aka triple-a syndrome)
E: prta (aka proximal renal tubular acidosis) (aka proximal renal tubular acidosis)
F: at, complementation group e (aka ataxia telangiectasia)
G: ta (aka takayasu arteritis) (aka takayasu arteritis)
H: ptad (aka pituitary gland adenoma) (aka pituitary gland adenoma)
I: proximal renal tubular acidosis, autosomal dominant (aka autosomal dominant proximal renal tubular acidosis)
J: None of the above. | J |
<Instruct>: Given the context 'Ao, aorta; PT, pulmonary trunk; RSA, right subclavian artery; RCA, right carotid artery; LCA; left carotid artery; LSA, left subclavian artery; IAA, interrupted aortic arch; PTA, persistent truncus arteriosus.
', select the correct biomedical concept corresponding to 'persistent truncus arteriosus'. Answer using one of the provided options. | <Options>: A: patent ductus arteriosus anomalies (aka arterial duct anomaly)
B: hemitruncus arteriosus (aka pulmonary artery coming from the aorta)
C: patent ductus arteriosus familial (type) (aka patent ductus arteriosus)
D: persistent truncus arteriosus (aka conotruncal heart malformations)
E: tac (aka persistent truncus arteriosus (disease)) (aka persistent truncus arteriosus (disease))
F: congenital patent ductus arteriosus aneurysm
G: premature closure of the patent ductus arteriosus (aka premature closure of the arterial duct)
H: pulmonary artery coming from patent ductus arteriosus
I: None of the above. | E |
<Instruct>: Given the context 'Aortic sac and aortico-pulmonary septal defects in Alk5/Wnt1Cre mutant embryos
Septation of the outflow tract lumen begins in a cranial-to-caudal direction, starting distally in the aortic sac and proceeding toward the heart', select the correct biomedical concept corresponding to 'aortico-pulmonary septal defects'. Answer using one of the provided options. | <Options>: A: atrial septal defect (aka atrial heart septal defect)
B: avsd (aka atrioventricular septal defect) (aka atrioventricular septal defect)
C: aortopulmonary window (aortopulmonary septal defect) (aka aortopulmonary window)
D: congenital aortopulmonary septal defect (aka congenital aortopulmonary window)
E: partial atrioventricular canal (partial atrioventricular septal defects) (aka partial atrioventricular canal)
F: asd, sinus venosus type (aka atrial septal defect, sinus venosus type)
G: asd, coronary sinus type (aka atrial septal defect, coronary sinus type)
H: None of the above. | C |
<Instruct>: Given the context 'Recently, we showed that the NC-specific mutants of the related type I receptor, Alk2, display PTA as well [12].', select the correct biomedical concept corresponding to 'pta'. Answer using one of the provided options. | <Options>: A: pad (aka peripheral arterial disease) (aka peripheral arterial disease)
B: progressive cerebello-cerebral atrophy (pcca (aka progressive cerebello-cerebral atrophy))
C: transient cerebral ischaemia nos (aka transient ischemic attack (disease))
D: rta, proximal type (aka proximal renal tubular acidosis)
E: autosomal dominant proximal renal tubular acidosis (proximal renal tubular acidosis, autosomal dominant) (aka autosomal dominant proximal renal tubular acidosis)
F: ta (aka takayasu arteritis) (aka takayasu arteritis)
G: aaa (aka triple-a syndrome) (aka triple-a syndrome)
H: at, complementation group e (aka ataxia telangiectasia)
I: ptad (aka pituitary gland adenoma) (aka pituitary gland adenoma)
J: None of the above. | J |
<Instruct>: Given the context 'Using this approach, several studies have independently shown that the NC-specific deletion of the Tgfbr2 gene leads to a distinct set of calvarial, facial and cardiac defects [8,9,20,29].', select the correct biomedical concept corresponding to 'cardiac defects'. Answer using one of the provided options. | <Options>: A: congenital cardiovascular abnormality (aka congenital anomaly of cardiovascular system)
B: heart, malformation of
C: heart malformation (aka congenital heart disease)
D: disorder of heart development (aka congenital heart malformation)
E: None of the above. | C |
<Instruct>: Given the context 'While Tgfbr2/Wnt1-Cre mutants as well as mice deficient in Tgf-β2 display the PTA type A4 (truncus arteriosus with interrupted aortic arch', select the correct biomedical concept corresponding to 'pta'. Answer using one of the provided options. | <Options>: A: aaa (aka triple-a syndrome) (aka triple-a syndrome)
B: prta (aka proximal renal tubular acidosis) (aka proximal renal tubular acidosis)
C: ta (aka takayasu arteritis) (aka takayasu arteritis)
D: proximal renal tubular acidosis, autosomal dominant (aka autosomal dominant proximal renal tubular acidosis)
E: ptad (aka pituitary gland adenoma) (aka pituitary gland adenoma)
F: progressive cerebello-cerebral atrophy (pcca (aka progressive cerebello-cerebral atrophy))
G: transient ischemic attacks (aka transient ischemic attack (disease))
H: at, complementation group d (aka ataxia telangiectasia)
I: pad (aka peripheral arterial disease) (aka peripheral arterial disease)
J: None of the above. | J |
<Instruct>: Given the context 'While Tgfbr2/Wnt1-Cre mutants as well as mice deficient in Tgf-β2 display the PTA type A4 (truncus arteriosus with interrupted aortic arch', select the correct biomedical concept corresponding to 'interrupted aortic arch'. Answer using one of the provided options. | <Options>: A: atresia and stenosis of aorta (aka aorta atresia)
B: atypical coarctation of aorta (coarctation of the abdominal aorta) (aka atypical coarctation of aorta)
C: alar cleft, isolated
D: ascending aorta anomaly
E: persistent fifth aortic arch
F: aortic arch defects
G: takayasu's arteritis (aka takayasu arteritis)
H: interrupted aortic arch (aka conotruncal heart malformations)
I: right aortic arch (aka right aortic arch (disease))
J: aortic arch interruption
K: None of the above. | J |
<Instruct>: Given the context 'Moreover, the Alk5/Wnt1-Cre mutants display an abnormal patterning of the aortic sac and defective AP septation leading to PTA, reminiscent of type A2 (= truncus artriosus with no main pulmonary artery segment present [30]).', select the correct biomedical concept corresponding to 'pta'. Answer using one of the provided options. | <Options>: A: transient ischemic attack (aka transient ischemic attack (disease))
B: at, complementation group d (aka ataxia telangiectasia)
C: aaa (aka triple-a syndrome) (aka triple-a syndrome)
D: pad (aka peripheral arterial disease) (aka peripheral arterial disease)
E: ptad (aka pituitary gland adenoma) (aka pituitary gland adenoma)
F: proximal renal tubular acidosis, autosomal dominant (aka autosomal dominant proximal renal tubular acidosis)
G: rta, proximal type (aka proximal renal tubular acidosis)
H: pcca (aka progressive cerebello-cerebral atrophy) (aka progressive cerebello-cerebral atrophy)
I: ta (aka takayasu arteritis) (aka takayasu arteritis)
J: None of the above. | J |
<Instruct>: Given the context 'However, our results also demonstrate that significant hypoplasia of the aortic sac leads to a severe shortening of the ascending truncal arch, which masks possible defects in derivatives of the 4th PAAs, i.e., interruption of the aortic arch.', select the correct biomedical concept corresponding to 'interruption of aortic arch'. Answer using one of the provided options. | <Options>: A: aortic arch interruption
B: persistent fifth aortic arch
C: aortic arch defects
D: cervical artery dissection
E: aortic arch arteritis (aka takayasu arteritis)
F: encircling double aortic arch
G: cervical aortic arch (aortic arch syndrome) (aka cervical aortic arch)
H: aortic valve atresia (disease) (congenital atresia of aortic valve) (aka aortic valve atresia (disease))
I: aortic-pulmonary window (aka aortopulmonary window)
J: right aortic arch (disease) (right aortic arch) (aka right aortic arch (disease))
K: None of the above. | A |
<Instruct>: Given the context 'Although relevant Gdfs 8, 9 11 and 15 are not expressed in the developing heart, nor do the mice deficient in these Gdfs display developmental cardiac defects, we cannot exclude the possibility that circulating GDFs, perhaps in concert with TGF-βs may contribute to NCC survival during cardiac and pharyngeal morphogenesis.
', select the correct biomedical concept corresponding to 'cardiac defects'. Answer using one of the provided options. | <Options>: A: heart, malformation of
B: congenital heart malformation (rare congenital non-syndromic heart malformation) (aka congenital heart malformation)
C: heart, malformation of (aka congenital heart disease)
D: congenital cardiovascular anomaly (aka congenital anomaly of cardiovascular system)
E: None of the above. | C |
<Instruct>: Given the context 'Already at E10.5, we could see intense apoptosis among the postmigratory NCCs in the mesenchyme surrounding the aortic sac at the site where the prospective AP septum forms, i.e., this cell death precedes the AP septal defect seen in mutants.', select the correct biomedical concept corresponding to 'ap septal defect'. Answer using one of the provided options. | <Options>: A: atrioseptal defect (aka atrial heart septal defect)
B: aortopulmonary septal defect (aka aortopulmonary window)
C: congenital aortopulmonary septal defect (aka congenital aortopulmonary window)
D: congenital septal defect of heart (aka heart septal defect)
E: atrioventricular septal defect (avcd (aka atrioventricular septal defect))
F: None of the above. | B |
<Instruct>: Given the context 'Moreover, it has been suggested that deletion of Tgfbr2 in NCCs leads to other phenotypic features reminiscent of those seen in the velocardiofacial/DiGeorge syndrome (VCF/DGS)', select the correct biomedical concept corresponding to 'velocardiofacial syndrome'. Answer using one of the provided options. | <Options>: A: cerebro facio thoracic dysplasia (aka cerebrofaciothoracic dysplasia)
B: velocardiofacial syndrome (aka 22q11.2 deletion syndrome)
C: shprintzen vcf syndrome (aka velocardiofacial syndrome)
D: cardiocranial syndrome (aka cardiocranial syndrome, pfeiffer type)
E: velo-facial-skeletal syndrome (velofacioskeletal syndrome) (aka velo-facial-skeletal syndrome)
F: pharyngeal pouch syndrome (aka digeorge syndrome)
G: cranioacrofacial syndrome
H: None of the above. | C |
<Instruct>: Given the context 'Moreover, it has been suggested that deletion of Tgfbr2 in NCCs leads to other phenotypic features reminiscent of those seen in the velocardiofacial/DiGeorge syndrome (VCF/DGS)', select the correct biomedical concept corresponding to 'digeorge syndrome'. Answer using one of the provided options. | <Options>: A: digeorge syndrome (aka 22q11.2 deletion syndrome)
B: digeorge syndrome type 2 (aka distal monosomy 10p)
C: velocardiofacial syndrome (aka digeorge syndrome)
D: None of the above. | C |
<Instruct>: Given the context 'Moreover, it has been suggested that deletion of Tgfbr2 in NCCs leads to other phenotypic features reminiscent of those seen in the velocardiofacial/DiGeorge syndrome (VCF/DGS)', select the correct biomedical concept corresponding to 'vcf'. Answer using one of the provided options. | <Options>: A: vrcp (aka autosomal dominant vitreoretinochoroidopathy) (aka autosomal dominant vitreoretinochoroidopathy)
B: vcrl1 (aka vertebral, cardiac, renal, and limb defects syndrome 1)
C: cutaneous collagenous vasculopathy (ccv (aka cutaneous collagenous vasculopathy))
D: vcf-velocardiofacial syndrome (aka velocardiofacial syndrome)
E: velofacioskeletal syndrome (aka velo-facial-skeletal syndrome)
F: vcan-related vitreoretinopathy (aka wagner disease)
G: ventricular tachycardia, familial (ventricular tachycardia, familial polymorphic) (aka ventricular tachycardia, familial)
H: vmcm1 (aka multiple cutaneous and mucosal venous malformations)
I: familial polymorphic ventricular tachycardia (aka catecholaminergic polymorphic ventricular tachycardia)
J: syncope, familial vasovagal; vvs (aka vvs)
K: None of the above. | D |
<Instruct>: Given the context 'Moreover, it has been suggested that deletion of Tgfbr2 in NCCs leads to other phenotypic features reminiscent of those seen in the velocardiofacial/DiGeorge syndrome (VCF/DGS)', select the correct biomedical concept corresponding to 'dgs'. Answer using one of the provided options. | <Options>: A: chromosome 22q11.2 deletion syndrome (aka digeorge syndrome)
B: dgs2 (aka distal monosomy 10p) (aka distal monosomy 10p)
C: digeorge sequence (aka 22q11.2 deletion syndrome)
D: dgsx golabi-rosen syndrome (aka simpson-golabi-behmel syndrome type 1)
E: x-linked dysplasia gigantism syndrome (aka simpson-golabi-behmel syndrome)
F: None of the above. | A |
<Instruct>: Given the context '[9] caused by a deletion of the so called DiGeorge critical region (DGCR) on chromosome 22q11', select the correct biomedical concept corresponding to 'digeorge'. Answer using one of the provided options. | <Options>: A: digeorge's syndrome (aka digeorge syndrome)
B: digeorge syndrome type 2 (aka distal monosomy 10p)
C: digeorge syndrome (aka 22q11.2 deletion syndrome)
D: None of the above. | A |
<Instruct>: Given the context 'Our present results suggest that although many of the observed phenotypes seen in Alk5/Wnt1-Cre mutants superficially resemble those seen in VCF/DGS, a detailed examination shows that the NC-specific abrogation of Alk5 does not lead to VCF/DGS-like phenotypes.', select the correct biomedical concept corresponding to 'vcf'. Answer using one of the provided options. | <Options>: A: vcl familial isolated dilated cardiomyopathy (aka dilated cardiomyopathy 1w)
B: vcan-related vitreoretinopathy (aka wagner disease)
C: vcrl1 (aka vertebral, cardiac, renal, and limb defects syndrome 1)
D: uveomenigitic syndrome (aka vogt-koyanagi-harada disease)
E: vrcp (aka autosomal dominant vitreoretinochoroidopathy) (aka autosomal dominant vitreoretinochoroidopathy)
F: vcfs (aka 22q11.2 deletion syndrome) (aka 22q11.2 deletion syndrome)
G: cutaneous collagenous vasculopathy (ccv (aka cutaneous collagenous vasculopathy))
H: familial polymorphic ventricular tachycardia (aka catecholaminergic polymorphic ventricular tachycardia)
I: vcf syndrome (aka velocardiofacial syndrome)
J: vmcm1 (aka multiple cutaneous and mucosal venous malformations)
K: None of the above. | I |
<Instruct>: Given the context 'Our present results suggest that although many of the observed phenotypes seen in Alk5/Wnt1-Cre mutants superficially resemble those seen in VCF/DGS, a detailed examination shows that the NC-specific abrogation of Alk5 does not lead to VCF/DGS-like phenotypes.', select the correct biomedical concept corresponding to 'dgs'. Answer using one of the provided options. | <Options>: A: dgs (aka digeorge syndrome) (aka digeorge syndrome)
B: dgs2 (aka distal monosomy 10p) (aka distal monosomy 10p)
C: dgsx golabi-rosen syndrome (aka simpson-golabi-behmel syndrome type 1)
D: x-linked dysplasia gigantism syndrome (aka simpson-golabi-behmel syndrome)
E: digeorge sequence (aka 22q11.2 deletion syndrome)
F: None of the above. | A |
<Instruct>: Given the context 'Our present results suggest that although many of the observed phenotypes seen in Alk5/Wnt1-Cre mutants superficially resemble those seen in VCF/DGS, a detailed examination shows that the NC-specific abrogation of Alk5 does not lead to VCF/DGS-like phenotypes.', select the correct biomedical concept corresponding to 'vcf'. Answer using one of the provided options. | <Options>: A: vcrl1 (aka vertebral, cardiac, renal, and limb defects syndrome 1)
B: vcf syndrome (aka velocardiofacial syndrome)
C: cutaneous collagenous vasculopathy (ccv (aka cutaneous collagenous vasculopathy))
D: vcan-related vitreoretinopathy (aka wagner disease)
E: vcl familial isolated dilated cardiomyopathy (aka dilated cardiomyopathy 1w)
F: vcfs (aka 22q11.2 deletion syndrome) (aka 22q11.2 deletion syndrome)
G: vrcp (aka autosomal dominant vitreoretinochoroidopathy) (aka autosomal dominant vitreoretinochoroidopathy)
H: ventricular tachycardia, familial (ventricular tachycardia, familial polymorphic) (aka ventricular tachycardia, familial)
I: velofacioskeletal syndrome (aka velo-facial-skeletal syndrome)
J: uveomenigitic syndrome (aka vogt-koyanagi-harada disease)
K: None of the above. | B |
<Instruct>: Given the context 'Our present results suggest that although many of the observed phenotypes seen in Alk5/Wnt1-Cre mutants superficially resemble those seen in VCF/DGS, a detailed examination shows that the NC-specific abrogation of Alk5 does not lead to VCF/DGS-like phenotypes.', select the correct biomedical concept corresponding to 'dgs'. Answer using one of the provided options. | <Options>: A: dgs2 (aka distal monosomy 10p) (aka distal monosomy 10p)
B: 22q deletion syndrome(s) (aka digeorge syndrome)
C: digeorge sequence (aka 22q11.2 deletion syndrome)
D: dgsx golabi-rosen syndrome (aka simpson-golabi-behmel syndrome type 1)
E: x-linked dysplasia gigantism syndrome (aka simpson-golabi-behmel syndrome)
F: None of the above. | B |
<Instruct>: Given the context 'NCC ablation in the chick has been shown to lead to PTA and to a failure of addition of myocardium from the secondary heart field [40].', select the correct biomedical concept corresponding to 'pta'. Answer using one of the provided options. | <Options>: A: proximal renal tubular acidosis (prta (aka proximal renal tubular acidosis))
B: ptad (aka pituitary gland adenoma) (aka pituitary gland adenoma)
C: ischemic attack, transient (aka transient ischemic attack (disease))
D: ad prta (aka autosomal dominant proximal renal tubular acidosis)
E: pad (aka peripheral arterial disease) (aka peripheral arterial disease)
F: aaa (aka triple-a syndrome) (aka triple-a syndrome)
G: ta (aka takayasu arteritis) (aka takayasu arteritis)
H: at, complementation group d (aka ataxia telangiectasia)
I: progressive cerebello-cerebral atrophy (pcca (aka progressive cerebello-cerebral atrophy))
J: None of the above. | J |
<Instruct>: Given the context 'While the detected OFT phenotype in Alk5/Wnt1-Cre mutants shared many similarities with that seen in the chick NC ablation models, e.g., PTA and the hypoplastic aortic sac, our current results suggest that the secondary heart field is not severely affected in Alk5 mutants (data not shown).', select the correct biomedical concept corresponding to 'pta'. Answer using one of the provided options. | <Options>: A: ptad (aka pituitary gland adenoma) (aka pituitary gland adenoma)
B: transient ischemic attacks (aka transient ischemic attack (disease))
C: at, complementation group e (aka ataxia telangiectasia)
D: ta (aka takayasu arteritis) (aka takayasu arteritis)
E: proximal renal tubular acidosis (prta (aka proximal renal tubular acidosis))
F: autosomal dominant proximal renal tubular acidosis (proximal renal tubular acidosis, autosomal dominant) (aka autosomal dominant proximal renal tubular acidosis)
G: pad (aka peripheral arterial disease) (aka peripheral arterial disease)
H: aaa (aka triple-a syndrome) (aka triple-a syndrome)
I: progressive cerebello-cerebral atrophy (pcca (aka progressive cerebello-cerebral atrophy))
J: None of the above. | J |
<Instruct>: Given the context 'The cardiac and pharyngeal defects observed in the NC-specific Alk5 mutants differ significantly from those seen in corresponding mutants lacking the TGF-β type II receptor, suggesting that signaling mediated by ALK5 is not limited to the classical TGF-β ligands during cardiac/pharyngeal development.
', select the correct biomedical concept corresponding to 'cardiac defects'. Answer using one of the provided options. | <Options>: A: congenital cardiovascular abnormality (aka congenital anomaly of cardiovascular system)
B: abnormalities, heart (aka congenital heart disease)
C: heart, malformation of
D: congenital heart malformation (rare congenital non-syndromic heart malformation) (aka congenital heart malformation)
E: None of the above. | B |
<Instruct>: Given the context 'However, modeling most disease-associated mutations requires generating subtle mutations, not knock-outs or reduced expression alleles.', select the correct biomedical concept corresponding to 'disease'. Answer using one of the provided options. | <Options>: A: disorder of organism subdivision (aka disorder by anatomical region)
B: disease by infectious agent (aka infectious disease)
C: disease qualifier (aka disease characteristic)
D: disease of anatomical entity (aka disease by anatomical system)
E: disorder (aka disease or disorder)
F: None of the above. | E |
<Instruct>: Given the context 'A recent report disclosed an additional problem: the Hygromycin–Thymidine Kinase fusion gene used most frequently for positive/negative selection in RMCE, leads to mouse sterility, so that exchanges can only be performed in ES cells (16).
', select the correct biomedical concept corresponding to 'sterility'. Answer using one of the provided options. | <Options>: A: male infertility (infertility disorder of male reproductive system) (aka male infertility)
B: anovulation
C: fertility disorders (aka infertility disorder)
D: female reproductive system infertility disorder (aka female infertility)
E: None of the above. | C |
<Instruct>: Given the context 'The work was supported by NIH grants CA100845 and CA061449 to G.M.W. F.T. was supported in part by the Institut Pasteur and a fellowship from Association pour la Recherche sur le Cancer.', select the correct biomedical concept corresponding to 'cancer'. Answer using one of the provided options. | <Options>: A: neoplasia (aka neoplasm (disease))
B: epithelial carcinoma (aka carcinoma)
C: malignant tumor (aka cancer)
D: neoplastic disorder (aka neoplastic disease or syndrome)
E: None of the above. | C |
<Instruct>: Given the context 'The Flox targeting construct (below), the sequence which was verified before use (Materials and Methods), contains (i) a 3.4 kb-long 5′ homology region; (ii) 0.2 kb upstream of coding sequences, an EcoRI site and L3, a mutant loxP [loxP257, (14)]; (iii) p53 exons; (iv) 0.4 kb downstream, a puroΔTK fusion gene (puDTK) for positive/negative selection (21) and an inverted WT loxP (1L); (v) a 1.2 kb-long 3′ homology region and (vi) the diphteria α-toxin (DTA) gene for targeting enrichment.', select the correct biomedical concept corresponding to 'diphteria'. Answer using one of the provided options. | <Options>: A: diphallus (aka diphallia)
B: diprosopia (aka diprosopus)
C: dyschirias (aka allesthesia)
D: dysmelodia (aka tune deafness)
E: diphyllobothriasis (diphyllobothrium caused disease or disorder) (aka diphyllobothriasis)
F: hemidystonia
G: isolated arrhinia (aka arrhinia)
H: athelia (aka amastia)
I: tritanopia (aka blue color blindness)
J: hypohidrosis (oligohidrosis) (aka hypohidrosis)
K: None of the above. | K |
<Instruct>: Given the context 'Homozygosity for a null allele of the carbonic anhydrase II gene (Car2n) does not alter IOP while homozygosity for a mutation in the leptin receptor gene (Leprdb) that causes obesity and diabetes results in increased IOP.', select the correct biomedical concept corresponding to 'obesity'. Answer using one of the provided options. | <Options>: A: obesity, susceptibility to (aka distal 16p11.2 microdeletion syndrome)
B: genetic obesity (aka monogenic obesity)
C: leanness (aka obesity disorder)
D: obesity due to congenital leptin resistance
E: syndromic obesity (disease) (aka syndromic genetic obesity)
F: abdominal obesity-metabolic syndrome
G: abdominal obesity metabolic syndrome (aka metabolic syndrome x)
H: monogenic isolated obesity (aka genetic non-syndromic obesity)
I: obesity, morbid, nonsyndromic 1 (aka obesity due to congenital leptin deficiency)
J: overgrowth/obesity syndrome
K: None of the above. | C |
<Instruct>: Given the context 'Homozygosity for a null allele of the carbonic anhydrase II gene (Car2n) does not alter IOP while homozygosity for a mutation in the leptin receptor gene (Leprdb) that causes obesity and diabetes results in increased IOP.', select the correct biomedical concept corresponding to 'diabetes'. Answer using one of the provided options. | <Options>: A: non-insulin dependent diabetes mellitus (aka type 2 diabetes mellitus)
B: type 1 diabetes mellitus (insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus) (aka type 1 diabetes mellitus)
C: diabetes mellitus (aka diabetes mellitus (disease))
D: None of the above. | C |
<Instruct>: Given the context 'Albino C57BL/6J mice homozygous for a tyrosinase mutation (Tyrc-2J) have higher IOPs than their pigmented counterparts.
', select the correct biomedical concept corresponding to 'albino'. Answer using one of the provided options. | <Options>: A: ocular albinism (aka ocular albinism (disease))
B: dilution, pigmentary (albinoidism, oculocutaneous, autosomal dominant) (aka dilution, pigmentary)
C: oculocutaneous albinism type 1 (oculocutaneous albinism, tyrosinase negative) (aka oculocutaneous albinism type 1)
D: albinoidism (aka oculocutaneous albinism type 2)
E: partial albinism (aka piebaldism)
F: autosomal recessive ocular albinism (ocular albinism (disease), autosomal recessive) (aka autosomal recessive ocular albinism)
G: albinism
H: oculocutaneous albinism, tyrosinase-negative (aka oculocutaneous albinism type 1a)
I: oculocutaneous or ocular albinism
J: oca (aka oculocutaneous albinism) (aka oculocutaneous albinism)
K: None of the above. | G |
<Instruct>: Given the context 'Age, time of day, obesity and diabetes have effects on mouse IOP similar to those in humans and other species.', select the correct biomedical concept corresponding to 'obesity'. Answer using one of the provided options. | <Options>: A: severe obesity (aka morbid obesity)
B: genetic obesity (disease) (aka monogenic obesity)
C: genetic isolated obesity (aka genetic non-syndromic obesity)
D: obesity disease (aka obesity disorder)
E: obesity, morbid, nonsyndromic 1 (aka obesity due to congenital leptin deficiency)
F: abdominal obesity-metabolic syndrome
G: obesity due to congenital leptin resistance
H: obesity, susceptibility to (aka distal 16p11.2 microdeletion syndrome)
I: overgrowth/obesity syndrome
J: abdominal obesity metabolic syndrome (aka metabolic syndrome x)
K: None of the above. | D |
<Instruct>: Given the context 'Age, time of day, obesity and diabetes have effects on mouse IOP similar to those in humans and other species.', select the correct biomedical concept corresponding to 'diabetes'. Answer using one of the provided options. | <Options>: A: dm (aka diabetes mellitus (disease)) (aka diabetes mellitus (disease))
B: non-insulin dependent diabetes (aka type 2 diabetes mellitus)
C: insulin dependent diabetes (aka type 1 diabetes mellitus)
D: None of the above. | A |
<Instruct>: Given the context 'These studies demonstrate that mice are a practical and powerful experimental system to study the genetics of IOP regulation and disease processes that raise IOP to harmful levels.
', select the correct biomedical concept corresponding to 'disease'. Answer using one of the provided options. | <Options>: A: disease of anatomical entity (aka disease by anatomical system)
B: disease qualifier (aka disease characteristic)
C: disease by infectious agent (aka infectious disease)
D: disease of organism subdivision (aka disorder by anatomical region)
E: other disease (aka disease or disorder)
F: None of the above. | E |
<Instruct>: Given the context 'Background
Glaucoma is a leading cause of blindness but its molecular etiology is poorly understood.', select the correct biomedical concept corresponding to 'glaucoma'. Answer using one of the provided options. | <Options>: A: hereditary glaucoma (disease) (aka hereditary glaucoma)
B: primary congenital glaucoma (aka congenital glaucoma)
C: rare disease with glaucoma as a major feature
D: primary congenital glaucoma (aka primary congenital glaucoma (disease))
E: glaucoma (disease) (glaucoma) (aka glaucoma (disease))
F: angle closure glaucoma (aka angle-closure glaucoma)
G: open angle glaucoma (aka open-angle glaucoma)
H: poag (aka primary open angle glaucoma) (aka primary open angle glaucoma)
I: phacomorphic glaucoma (aka phacogenic glaucoma)
J: glaucoma, primary closed-angle (glcc (aka glaucoma, primary closed-angle))
K: None of the above. | E |
<Instruct>: Given the context 'Background
Glaucoma is a leading cause of blindness but its molecular etiology is poorly understood.', select the correct biomedical concept corresponding to 'blindness'. Answer using one of the provided options. | <Options>: A: blindness (aka blindness (disorder))
B: amblyopia (aka amblyopia (disease))
C: loss, hearing (aka hearing loss disorder)
D: cerebral visual impairment (cortical visual impairment) (aka cerebral visual impairment)
E: night blindness (nyctalopia) (aka night blindness)
F: visual agnosia (aka visual agnosia (disease))
G: anosmia (aka anosmia (disease))
H: disorder of visual system (aka vision disorder)
I: cortical blindness
J: None of the above. | A |
<Instruct>: Given the context 'Glaucoma involves retinal ganglion cell death and optic nerve damage that is often associated with elevated intraocular pressure (IOP)', select the correct biomedical concept corresponding to 'glaucoma'. Answer using one of the provided options. | <Options>: A: glaucoma, primary closed-angle (glcc (aka glaucoma, primary closed-angle))
B: congenital glaucoma (primary congenital glaucoma) (aka congenital glaucoma)
C: hypersecretion glaucoma
D: hereditary glaucoma (disease) (aka hereditary glaucoma)
E: acg - angle-closure glaucoma (aka angle-closure glaucoma)
F: open angle glaucoma (aka open-angle glaucoma)
G: primary congenital glaucoma (aka primary congenital glaucoma (disease))
H: glaucoma (disease) (glaucoma) (aka glaucoma (disease))
I: phacomorphic glaucoma (aka phacogenic glaucoma)
J: poag (aka primary open angle glaucoma) (aka primary open angle glaucoma)
K: None of the above. | H |
<Instruct>: Given the context 'It is becoming increasingly clear that many forms of glaucoma have a genetic component [6,7], and much current research is focused on identifying chromosomal regions and genes that contribute to glaucoma', select the correct biomedical concept corresponding to 'glaucoma'. Answer using one of the provided options. | <Options>: A: primary congenital glaucoma (aka primary congenital glaucoma (disease))
B: hereditary glaucoma (disease) (aka hereditary glaucoma)
C: glaucoma (aka glaucoma (disease))
D: acg - angle-closure glaucoma (aka angle-closure glaucoma)
E: primary congenital glaucoma (aka congenital glaucoma)
F: rare disease with glaucoma as a major feature
G: hypersecretion glaucoma
H: phacomorphic glaucoma (aka phacogenic glaucoma)
I: open angle glaucoma (aka open-angle glaucoma)
J: poag (aka primary open angle glaucoma) (aka primary open angle glaucoma)
K: None of the above. | C |
<Instruct>: Given the context 'It is becoming increasingly clear that many forms of glaucoma have a genetic component [6,7], and much current research is focused on identifying chromosomal regions and genes that contribute to glaucoma', select the correct biomedical concept corresponding to 'glaucoma'. Answer using one of the provided options. | <Options>: A: congenital glaucoma (primary congenital glaucoma) (aka congenital glaucoma)
B: primary congenital glaucoma (disease) (primary congenital glaucoma) (aka primary congenital glaucoma (disease))
C: poag (aka primary open angle glaucoma) (aka primary open angle glaucoma)
D: rare disease with glaucoma as a major feature
E: hereditary glaucoma (disease) (aka hereditary glaucoma)
F: glaucoma, primary closed-angle; glcc (aka glaucoma, primary closed-angle)
G: acg - angle-closure glaucoma (aka angle-closure glaucoma)
H: hypersecretion glaucoma
I: pigmentary glaucoma (aka open-angle glaucoma)
J: glaucoma (disease) (glaucoma) (aka glaucoma (disease))
K: None of the above. | J |
<Instruct>: Given the context 'Identifying such loci allows screening for individuals with an increased risk of developing glaucoma', select the correct biomedical concept corresponding to 'glaucoma'. Answer using one of the provided options. | <Options>: A: hereditary glaucoma (disease) (aka hereditary glaucoma)
B: pigmentary glaucoma (aka open-angle glaucoma)
C: glaucoma (aka glaucoma (disease))
D: glaucoma, primary closed-angle; glcc (aka glaucoma, primary closed-angle)
E: primary congenital glaucoma (aka congenital glaucoma)
F: poag (aka primary open angle glaucoma) (aka primary open angle glaucoma)
G: primary congenital glaucoma (disease) (primary congenital glaucoma) (aka primary congenital glaucoma (disease))
H: phacomorphic glaucoma (aka phacogenic glaucoma)
I: hypersecretion glaucoma
J: rare disease with glaucoma as a major feature
K: None of the above. | C |
<Instruct>: Given the context 'Identifying genes contributing to elevated IOP and glaucoma is only the first step, however, and animal models will provide systems for subsequent hypothesis testing and experimental dissection of pathogenesis.
', select the correct biomedical concept corresponding to 'glaucoma'. Answer using one of the provided options. | <Options>: A: rare disease with glaucoma as a major feature
B: primary congenital glaucoma (aka primary congenital glaucoma (disease))
C: acg - angle-closure glaucoma (aka angle-closure glaucoma)
D: glaucoma simplex (aka open-angle glaucoma)
E: glaucoma, primary closed-angle (glcc (aka glaucoma, primary closed-angle))
F: glaucoma (aka glaucoma (disease))
G: congenital glaucoma (primary congenital glaucoma) (aka congenital glaucoma)
H: phacomorphic glaucoma (aka phacogenic glaucoma)
I: hypersecretion glaucoma
J: hereditary glaucoma (disease) (aka hereditary glaucoma)
K: None of the above. | F |
<Instruct>: Given the context 'Due to conservation in mammalian physiology and the powerful tools of mouse genetics, mice are a very important experimental system for probing the functions (both in health and disease) of many genes recently identified by sequencing the human genome [12].', select the correct biomedical concept corresponding to 'disease'. Answer using one of the provided options. | <Options>: A: disease qualifier (aka disease characteristic)
B: anatomical system disease (aka disease by anatomical system)
C: diseases and disorders (aka disease or disorder)
D: disease of organism subdivision (aka disorder by anatomical region)
E: disease by infectious agent (aka infectious disease)
F: None of the above. | C |
<Instruct>: Given the context 'We have focused on developing the mouse system for IOP and glaucoma studies [13-19].', select the correct biomedical concept corresponding to 'glaucoma'. Answer using one of the provided options. | <Options>: A: phacomorphic glaucoma (aka phacogenic glaucoma)
B: poag (aka primary open angle glaucoma) (aka primary open angle glaucoma)
C: primary congenital glaucoma (aka primary congenital glaucoma (disease))
D: acg - angle-closure glaucoma (aka angle-closure glaucoma)
E: hypersecretion glaucoma
F: rare disease with glaucoma as a major feature
G: glaucoma, primary closed-angle (glcc (aka glaucoma, primary closed-angle))
H: open angle glaucoma (aka open-angle glaucoma)
I: glaucoma (disease) (glaucoma) (aka glaucoma (disease))
J: primary congenital glaucoma (aka congenital glaucoma)
K: None of the above. | I |
<Instruct>: Given the context 'Mice are expected to be extremely helpful in characterizing genes and mechanisms that affect IOP or the susceptibility of the optic nerve and retina to glaucomatous damage [20].
', select the correct biomedical concept corresponding to 'glaucomatous'. Answer using one of the provided options. | <Options>: A: hypersecretion glaucoma
B: phacomorphic glaucoma (aka phacogenic glaucoma)
C: rare disease with glaucoma as a major feature
D: hereditary glaucoma (disease) (aka hereditary glaucoma)
E: open angle glaucoma (aka open-angle glaucoma)
F: primary congenital glaucoma (disease) (primary congenital glaucoma) (aka primary congenital glaucoma (disease))
G: poag (aka primary open angle glaucoma) (aka primary open angle glaucoma)
H: glaucoma, primary closed-angle; glcc (aka glaucoma, primary closed-angle)
I: closed angle glaucoma (aka angle-closure glaucoma)
J: glaucoma (aka glaucoma (disease))
K: None of the above. | J |
<Instruct>: Given the context 'More than 20% of CBA/CaJ mice had IOPs of over 21 mmHg, which increases risk for glaucoma in humans.', select the correct biomedical concept corresponding to 'glaucoma'. Answer using one of the provided options. | <Options>: A: primary congenital glaucoma (disease) (primary congenital glaucoma) (aka primary congenital glaucoma (disease))
B: glaucoma (aka glaucoma (disease))
C: poag (aka primary open angle glaucoma) (aka primary open angle glaucoma)
D: hypersecretion glaucoma
E: pigmentary glaucoma (aka open-angle glaucoma)
F: glaucoma, primary closed-angle; glcc (aka glaucoma, primary closed-angle)
G: rare disease with glaucoma as a major feature
H: congenital glaucoma (primary congenital glaucoma) (aka congenital glaucoma)
I: angle closure glaucoma (aka angle-closure glaucoma)
J: hereditary glaucoma (disease) (aka hereditary glaucoma)
K: None of the above. | B |
<Instruct>: Given the context 'We aged a small group of these mice (n = 4) to 2 years and histologically analyzed their optic nerves and retinas but they did not develop glaucoma.
', select the correct biomedical concept corresponding to 'glaucoma'. Answer using one of the provided options. | <Options>: A: phacomorphic glaucoma (aka phacogenic glaucoma)
B: glaucoma (aka glaucoma (disease))
C: primary congenital glaucoma (aka congenital glaucoma)
D: primary congenital glaucoma (aka primary congenital glaucoma (disease))
E: glaucoma, primary closed-angle (glcc (aka glaucoma, primary closed-angle))
F: rare disease with glaucoma as a major feature
G: poag (aka primary open angle glaucoma) (aka primary open angle glaucoma)
H: open angle glaucoma (aka open-angle glaucoma)
I: hereditary glaucoma (disease) (aka hereditary glaucoma)
J: hypersecretion glaucoma
K: None of the above. | B |
<Instruct>: Given the context 'A low incidence of corneal scarring was noted in some strains and likely resulted from a scratched cornea.', select the correct biomedical concept corresponding to 'scarring'. Answer using one of the provided options. | <Options>: A: burn (burn(s)) (aka burn)
B: elastoderma
C: scleroderma (aka scleroderma (disease))
D: scarring (aka severe cutaneous adverse reaction)
E: keratopathy
F: cutaneous sclerosis
G: skin inflammation (aka dermatitis)
H: cutaneous tag (aka skin tag)
I: None of the above. | D |
<Instruct>: Given the context 'Previously described retinal degeneration [[81]] caused by homozygosity for the Pde6brd1mutation was noted in strains SB/Le, ST/bJ, BUB/BnJ, CBA/J, C3H/HeJ, SJL/J and SWR/J.
Strain differences are reproducible
To assess the consistency of IOP in specific strains, we measured IOP in different cohorts of each strain maintained under similar conditions at different times.', select the correct biomedical concept corresponding to 'retinal degeneration'. Answer using one of the provided options. | <Options>: A: retina, degeneration of (aka retinal degeneration)
B: degeneration of macula and posterior pole of retina (aka degeneration of macula and posterior pole)
C: eye disease of retina (aka retinal disease)
D: late-onset retinal degeneration (retinal degeneration, late-onset, autosomal dominant) (aka late-onset retinal degeneration)
E: peripheral retinal degeneration (peripheral degeneration of retina) (aka peripheral retinal degeneration)
F: macular degeneration of retina (aka macular degeneration)
G: degenerative disorder of eye (aka eye degenerative disease)
H: inherited retinal dystrophy (hereditary retinal degeneration) (aka inherited retinal dystrophy)
I: None of the above. | A |
<Instruct>: Given the context 'Although the effect of age has not been thoroughly assessed in other strains, no obvious age-related differences have been identified in other strains analyzed at multiple ages except for the glaucomatous DBA/2J and AKXD-28/Ty strains [14,19].
', select the correct biomedical concept corresponding to 'glaucomatous'. Answer using one of the provided options. | <Options>: A: phacomorphic glaucoma (aka phacogenic glaucoma)
B: rare disease with glaucoma as a major feature
C: pigmentary glaucoma (aka open-angle glaucoma)
D: hereditary glaucoma (disease) (aka hereditary glaucoma)
E: glaucoma, primary open angle (aka primary open angle glaucoma)
F: glaucoma, primary closed-angle; glcc (aka glaucoma, primary closed-angle)
G: glaucoma (aka glaucoma (disease))
H: hypersecretion glaucoma
I: angle closure glaucoma (aka angle-closure glaucoma)
J: primary congenital glaucoma (disease) (primary congenital glaucoma) (aka primary congenital glaucoma (disease))
K: None of the above. | G |
<Instruct>: Given the context 'Myoc alleles do not associate with the magnitude of IOP
Mutations in the myocilin gene (MYOC) cause human glaucoma.', select the correct biomedical concept corresponding to 'glaucoma'. Answer using one of the provided options. | <Options>: A: hereditary glaucoma (disease) (aka hereditary glaucoma)
B: primary congenital glaucoma (aka primary congenital glaucoma (disease))
C: rare disease with glaucoma as a major feature
D: open-angle glaucoma (pigmentary glaucoma) (aka open-angle glaucoma)
E: acg - angle-closure glaucoma (aka angle-closure glaucoma)
F: hypersecretion glaucoma
G: phacomorphic glaucoma (aka phacogenic glaucoma)
H: congenital glaucoma (primary congenital glaucoma) (aka congenital glaucoma)
I: poag (aka primary open angle glaucoma) (aka primary open angle glaucoma)
J: glaucoma (aka glaucoma (disease))
K: None of the above. | J |
<Instruct>: Given the context 'However, 4 months old males homozygous for the Lepr diabetes and obesity causing mutation (db) had significantly higher IOPs than their heterozygous age and sex matched littermates.', select the correct biomedical concept corresponding to 'diabetes'. Answer using one of the provided options. | <Options>: A: insulin dependent diabetes (aka type 1 diabetes mellitus)
B: diabetes, type 2 (aka type 2 diabetes mellitus)
C: diabetes (aka diabetes mellitus (disease))
D: None of the above. | C |
<Instruct>: Given the context 'However, 4 months old males homozygous for the Lepr diabetes and obesity causing mutation (db) had significantly higher IOPs than their heterozygous age and sex matched littermates.', select the correct biomedical concept corresponding to 'obesity'. Answer using one of the provided options. | <Options>: A: obesity, susceptibility to (aka distal 16p11.2 microdeletion syndrome)
B: obesity, morbid, nonsyndromic 1 (aka obesity due to congenital leptin deficiency)
C: monogenic isolated obesity (aka genetic non-syndromic obesity)
D: overgrowth/obesity syndrome
E: obesity (aka obesity disorder)
F: syndrome associated with obesity (disease) (aka syndromic genetic obesity)
G: abdominal obesity metabolic syndrome (aka metabolic syndrome x)
H: obesity due to congenital leptin resistance
I: morbid obesity (severe obesity) (aka morbid obesity)
J: monogenic obesity (genetic obesity (disease)) (aka monogenic obesity)
K: None of the above. | E |
<Instruct>: Given the context 'males of this age are almost always in the diabetic range whereas those of heterozygotes are not [[27]].', select the correct biomedical concept corresponding to 'diabetic'. Answer using one of the provided options. | <Options>: A: diabetes (aka diabetes mellitus (disease))
B: noninsulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (aka diabetes mellitus, noninsulin-dependent)
C: non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (aka type 2 diabetes mellitus)
D: immune mediated diabetes (aka type 1 diabetes mellitus)
E: None of the above. | A |
<Instruct>: Given the context 'Lepr
To test if genetic perturbations that cause obesity and diabetes can alter IOP, we compared mice that were genetically similar but were either homozygous or heterozygous for a leptin receptor mutation (db) that results in obesity and diabetes before 4 months of age on the C57BLKS/J strain background used [27].', select the correct biomedical concept corresponding to 'obesity'. Answer using one of the provided options. | <Options>: A: severe obesity (aka morbid obesity)
B: obesity, morbid, nonsyndromic 1 (aka obesity due to congenital leptin deficiency)
C: overgrowth/obesity syndrome
D: obesity, susceptibility to (aka distal 16p11.2 microdeletion syndrome)
E: syndromic genetic obesity (syndrome associated with obesity (disease)) (aka syndromic genetic obesity)
F: abdominal obesity metabolic syndrome (aka metabolic syndrome x)
G: abdominal obesity-metabolic syndrome
H: monogenic isolated obesity (aka genetic non-syndromic obesity)
I: obesity due to congenital leptin resistance
J: obesity disorder (obesity disease) (aka obesity disorder)
K: None of the above. | J |
<Instruct>: Given the context 'Lepr
To test if genetic perturbations that cause obesity and diabetes can alter IOP, we compared mice that were genetically similar but were either homozygous or heterozygous for a leptin receptor mutation (db) that results in obesity and diabetes before 4 months of age on the C57BLKS/J strain background used [27].', select the correct biomedical concept corresponding to 'diabetes'. Answer using one of the provided options. | <Options>: A: type 1 diabetes mellitus (insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus) (aka type 1 diabetes mellitus)
B: type 2 diabetes (aka type 2 diabetes mellitus)
C: diabetes (aka diabetes mellitus (disease))
D: None of the above. | C |
<Instruct>: Given the context 'Lepr
To test if genetic perturbations that cause obesity and diabetes can alter IOP, we compared mice that were genetically similar but were either homozygous or heterozygous for a leptin receptor mutation (db) that results in obesity and diabetes before 4 months of age on the C57BLKS/J strain background used [27].', select the correct biomedical concept corresponding to 'obesity'. Answer using one of the provided options. | <Options>: A: abdominal obesity-metabolic syndrome
B: obesity, susceptibility to (aka distal 16p11.2 microdeletion syndrome)
C: severe obesity (aka morbid obesity)
D: obesity due to congenital leptin resistance
E: abdominal obesity metabolic syndrome (aka metabolic syndrome x)
F: obesity, morbid, nonsyndromic 1 (aka obesity due to congenital leptin deficiency)
G: monogenic isolated obesity (aka genetic non-syndromic obesity)
H: syndromic genetic obesity (syndrome associated with obesity (disease)) (aka syndromic genetic obesity)
I: obesity disease (aka obesity disorder)
J: overgrowth/obesity syndrome
K: None of the above. | I |
<Instruct>: Given the context 'Lepr
To test if genetic perturbations that cause obesity and diabetes can alter IOP, we compared mice that were genetically similar but were either homozygous or heterozygous for a leptin receptor mutation (db) that results in obesity and diabetes before 4 months of age on the C57BLKS/J strain background used [27].', select the correct biomedical concept corresponding to 'diabetes'. Answer using one of the provided options. | <Options>: A: diabetes mellitus (disease) (dm (aka diabetes mellitus (disease)))
B: type 1 diabetes (aka type 1 diabetes mellitus)
C: adult onset diabetes (aka type 2 diabetes mellitus)
D: None of the above. | A |
<Instruct>: Given the context 'IOP was modestly but significantly elevated in obese, diabetic homozygous mutants (14.7 ± 0.3 mmHg) compared to non-obese, non-diabetic heterozygotes (13.4 ± 0.4 mmHg, P < 0.01, Figure 9).
', select the correct biomedical concept corresponding to 'obese'. Answer using one of the provided options. | <Options>: A: leanness (aka obesity disorder)
B: genetic isolated obesity (aka genetic non-syndromic obesity)
C: genetic obesity (aka monogenic obesity)
D: syndromic obesity (disease) (aka syndromic genetic obesity)
E: obesity, susceptibility to (aka distal 16p11.2 microdeletion syndrome)
F: abdominal obesity-metabolic syndrome type 3 (aka abdominal obesity-metabolic syndrome 3)
G: obesity, morbid, nonsyndromic 1 (aka obesity due to congenital leptin deficiency)
H: severe obesity (aka morbid obesity)
I: abdominal obesity metabolic syndrome (aka metabolic syndrome x)
J: abdominal obesity-metabolic syndrome
K: None of the above. | A |
<Instruct>: Given the context 'IOP was modestly but significantly elevated in obese, diabetic homozygous mutants (14.7 ± 0.3 mmHg) compared to non-obese, non-diabetic heterozygotes (13.4 ± 0.4 mmHg, P < 0.01, Figure 9).
', select the correct biomedical concept corresponding to 'diabetic'. Answer using one of the provided options. | <Options>: A: non-insulin dependent diabetes mellitus (aka type 2 diabetes mellitus)
B: noninsulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (aka diabetes mellitus, noninsulin-dependent)
C: diabetes mellitus (disease) (dm (aka diabetes mellitus (disease)))
D: type i diabetes (aka type 1 diabetes mellitus)
E: None of the above. | C |
<Instruct>: Given the context 'IOP was modestly but significantly elevated in obese, diabetic homozygous mutants (14.7 ± 0.3 mmHg) compared to non-obese, non-diabetic heterozygotes (13.4 ± 0.4 mmHg, P < 0.01, Figure 9).
', select the correct biomedical concept corresponding to 'obese'. Answer using one of the provided options. | <Options>: A: overgrowth/obesity syndrome
B: abdominal obesity metabolic syndrome (aka metabolic syndrome x)
C: obesity (aka obesity disorder)
D: abdominal obesity-metabolic syndrome type 3 (aka abdominal obesity-metabolic syndrome 3)
E: abdominal obesity-metabolic syndrome
F: genetic isolated obesity (aka genetic non-syndromic obesity)
G: morbid obesity (severe obesity) (aka morbid obesity)
H: obesity, morbid, nonsyndromic 1 (aka obesity due to congenital leptin deficiency)
I: obesity, susceptibility to (aka distal 16p11.2 microdeletion syndrome)
J: genetic obesity (disease) (aka monogenic obesity)
K: None of the above. | C |
<Instruct>: Given the context 'IOP was modestly but significantly elevated in obese, diabetic homozygous mutants (14.7 ± 0.3 mmHg) compared to non-obese, non-diabetic heterozygotes (13.4 ± 0.4 mmHg, P < 0.01, Figure 9).
', select the correct biomedical concept corresponding to 'diabetic'. Answer using one of the provided options. | <Options>: A: noninsulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (aka diabetes mellitus, noninsulin-dependent)
B: type i diabetes (aka type 1 diabetes mellitus)
C: type 2 diabetes (aka type 2 diabetes mellitus)
D: diabetes mellitus (disease) (dm (aka diabetes mellitus (disease)))
E: None of the above. | D |
<Instruct>: Given the context 'Tyr
To determine if albinism alters IOP, we analyzed B6 mice that were either pigmented or albino.', select the correct biomedical concept corresponding to 'albinism'. Answer using one of the provided options. | <Options>: A: ocular albinism (aka ocular albinism (disease))
B: autosomal recessive ocular albinism (ocular albinism (disease), autosomal recessive) (aka autosomal recessive ocular albinism)
C: albinism 1 (aka oculocutaneous albinism type 1a)
D: oculocutaneous albinism (non-syndromic oculocutaneous albinism) (aka oculocutaneous albinism)
E: autosomal dominant oculocutaneous albinism (oculocutaneous albinism, autosomal dominant) (aka autosomal dominant oculocutaneous albinism)
F: albinism
G: oculocutaneous or ocular albinism
H: atn (aka oculocutaneous albinism type 1) (aka oculocutaneous albinism type 1)
I: albinism, oculocutaneous, type ii (aka oculocutaneous albinism type 2)
J: None of the above. | F |
<Instruct>: Given the context 'Tyr
To determine if albinism alters IOP, we analyzed B6 mice that were either pigmented or albino.', select the correct biomedical concept corresponding to 'albino'. Answer using one of the provided options. | <Options>: A: oculocutaneous albinism, tyrosinase negative (aka oculocutaneous albinism type 1)
B: tyrosinase-negative oculocutaneous albinism (aka oculocutaneous albinism type 1a)
C: albinism, partial (aka dilution, pigmentary)
D: albinism, oculocutaneous (aka oculocutaneous albinism)
E: albinism
F: oculocutaneous albinism, tyrosinase-positive (aka oculocutaneous albinism type 2)
G: oculocutaneous or ocular albinism
H: partial albinism (aka piebaldism)
I: ocular albinism (aka ocular albinism (disease))
J: autosomal recessive ocular albinism (ocular albinism (disease), autosomal recessive) (aka autosomal recessive ocular albinism)
K: None of the above. | E |
<Instruct>: Given the context 'The albino mice were homozygous and coisogenic for a mutant allele of tyrosinase (Tyrc-2J) that arose on the otherwise pigmented B6 background.', select the correct biomedical concept corresponding to 'albino'. Answer using one of the provided options. | <Options>: A: oculocutaneous or ocular albinism
B: nonsyndromic oculocutaneous albinism (aka oculocutaneous albinism)
C: oculocutaneous albinism, tyrosinase-negative (aka oculocutaneous albinism type 1a)
D: oculocutaneous albinism type 1 (oculocutaneous albinism, tyrosinase negative) (aka oculocutaneous albinism type 1)
E: dilution, pigmentary (albinoidism, oculocutaneous, autosomal dominant) (aka dilution, pigmentary)
F: albinism
G: ocular albinism (aka ocular albinism (disease))
H: oculocutaneous albinism tyrosinase positive (aka oculocutaneous albinism type 2)
I: partial albinism (aka piebaldism)
J: aroa (aka autosomal recessive ocular albinism) (aka autosomal recessive ocular albinism)
K: None of the above. | F |
<Instruct>: Given the context 'In contrast to pigmented B6 mice (Figure 6), the IOPs of the albino B6 mice were not increased at measurement during the dark compared to light period of the day (P = 0.6, Figure 10B).
', select the correct biomedical concept corresponding to 'albino'. Answer using one of the provided options. | <Options>: A: albinoidism, oculocutaneous, autosomal dominant (aka dilution, pigmentary)
B: albinism, oculocutaneous (aka oculocutaneous albinism)
C: autosomal recessive ocular albinism (ocular albinism (disease), autosomal recessive) (aka autosomal recessive ocular albinism)
D: ocular albinism (aka ocular albinism (disease))
E: oculocutaneous albinism type 1 (oculocutaneous albinism, tyrosinase negative) (aka oculocutaneous albinism type 1)
F: oculocutaneous or ocular albinism
G: partial albinism (aka piebaldism)
H: oculocutaneous albinism, tyrosinase-negative (aka oculocutaneous albinism type 1a)
I: albinism
J: oculocutaneous albinism tyrosinase positive (aka oculocutaneous albinism type 2)
K: None of the above. | I |
<Instruct>: Given the context 'These are important approaches as they may allow the association of genes with IOP and glaucoma whose currently known functions do not suggest that they affect aqueous humor dynamics or do not immediately identify them as likely glaucoma candidates.
', select the correct biomedical concept corresponding to 'glaucoma'. Answer using one of the provided options. | <Options>: A: pigmentary glaucoma (aka open-angle glaucoma)
B: hereditary glaucoma (disease) (aka hereditary glaucoma)
C: congenital glaucoma (primary congenital glaucoma) (aka congenital glaucoma)
D: phacomorphic glaucoma (aka phacogenic glaucoma)
E: glaucoma (disease) (glaucoma) (aka glaucoma (disease))
F: angle closure glaucoma (aka angle-closure glaucoma)
G: rare disease with glaucoma as a major feature
H: hypersecretion glaucoma
I: primary congenital glaucoma (disease) (primary congenital glaucoma) (aka primary congenital glaucoma (disease))
J: glaucoma, primary closed-angle; glcc (aka glaucoma, primary closed-angle)
K: None of the above. | E |
<Instruct>: Given the context 'These are important approaches as they may allow the association of genes with IOP and glaucoma whose currently known functions do not suggest that they affect aqueous humor dynamics or do not immediately identify them as likely glaucoma candidates.
', select the correct biomedical concept corresponding to 'glaucoma'. Answer using one of the provided options. | <Options>: A: pigmentary glaucoma (aka open-angle glaucoma)
B: glaucoma (aka glaucoma (disease))
C: rare disease with glaucoma as a major feature
D: angle closure glaucoma (aka angle-closure glaucoma)
E: primary congenital glaucoma (aka primary congenital glaucoma (disease))
F: hereditary glaucoma (disease) (aka hereditary glaucoma)
G: primary congenital glaucoma (aka congenital glaucoma)
H: hypersecretion glaucoma
I: glaucoma, primary closed-angle (glcc (aka glaucoma, primary closed-angle))
J: poag (aka primary open angle glaucoma) (aka primary open angle glaucoma)
K: None of the above. | B |
<Instruct>: Given the context 'In that study, anesthesia had a minor effect on blood pressure during the first 15 minutes following injection but a strong hypotensive effect between 15 and 30 minutes that continued for more than an hour [35].', select the correct biomedical concept corresponding to 'hypotensive'. Answer using one of the provided options. | <Options>: A: intracranial hypotension
B: acute hypotension (hypotension (disease), acute) (aka acute hypotension)
C: resistant hypertension (drug resistant hypertension) (aka resistant hypertension)
D: orthostatic hypotension (aka orthostatic hypotension (disease))
E: neurally mediated hypotension
F: vascular insufficiency disorder (vascular insufficiency) (aka vascular insufficiency disorder)
G: primary hypotony of eye (aka primary eye hypotony)
H: hypotension (disease) (aka hypotensive disorder)
I: hypertensive disorder (vascular hypertensive disorder) (aka hypertensive disorder)
J: hypotony of eye (aka ocular hypotension)
K: None of the above. | H |
<Instruct>: Given the context 'Risk factors for increased IOP
Some epidemiological studies implicate factors such as diabetes, vascular hypertension, arterial hypotension, vasospasm, aberrant autoregulation of blood flow and sex in glaucoma.', select the correct biomedical concept corresponding to 'diabetes'. Answer using one of the provided options. | <Options>: A: diabetes (aka diabetes mellitus (disease))
B: t2dm - type 2 diabetes mellitus (aka type 2 diabetes mellitus)
C: type 1 diabetes (aka type 1 diabetes mellitus)
D: None of the above. | A |
<Instruct>: Given the context 'Risk factors for increased IOP
Some epidemiological studies implicate factors such as diabetes, vascular hypertension, arterial hypotension, vasospasm, aberrant autoregulation of blood flow and sex in glaucoma.', select the correct biomedical concept corresponding to 'vascular hypertension'. Answer using one of the provided options. | <Options>: A: secondary hypertension
B: hypertensive cardiopathy (aka hypertensive heart disease)
C: high blood pressure (aka hypertensive disorder)
D: renovascular hypertension (aka renovascular hypertension (disease))
E: malignant hypertension (accelerated-malignant hypertension) (aka malignant hypertension)
F: renovascular hypertension (aka renal hypertension)
G: primary hypertension (aka essential hypertension)
H: None of the above. | C |
<Instruct>: Given the context 'Risk factors for increased IOP
Some epidemiological studies implicate factors such as diabetes, vascular hypertension, arterial hypotension, vasospasm, aberrant autoregulation of blood flow and sex in glaucoma.', select the correct biomedical concept corresponding to 'hypotension'. Answer using one of the provided options. | <Options>: A: neurally mediated hypotension
B: intracranial hypotension
C: orthostatic hypotension (disease) (orthostatic hypotension) (aka orthostatic hypotension (disease))
D: hypotension (aka hypotensive disorder)
E: low blood glucose (aka hypoglycemia)
F: hypotony of eye (aka ocular hypotension)
G: postprandial hypotension
H: vascular insufficiency (aka vascular insufficiency disorder)
I: orthostatic hypotension (a symptom) (aka pure autonomic failure)
J: acute hypotension (disease) (aka acute hypotension)
K: None of the above. | D |
<Instruct>: Given the context 'Risk factors for increased IOP
Some epidemiological studies implicate factors such as diabetes, vascular hypertension, arterial hypotension, vasospasm, aberrant autoregulation of blood flow and sex in glaucoma.', select the correct biomedical concept corresponding to 'glaucoma'. Answer using one of the provided options. | <Options>: A: hypersecretion glaucoma
B: poag (aka primary open angle glaucoma) (aka primary open angle glaucoma)
C: hereditary glaucoma (disease) (aka hereditary glaucoma)
D: primary congenital glaucoma (aka primary congenital glaucoma (disease))
E: rare disease with glaucoma as a major feature
F: phacomorphic glaucoma (aka phacogenic glaucoma)
G: primary congenital glaucoma (aka congenital glaucoma)
H: acg - angle-closure glaucoma (aka angle-closure glaucoma)
I: glaucoma (aka glaucoma (disease))
J: glaucoma, primary closed-angle; glcc (aka glaucoma, primary closed-angle)
K: None of the above. | I |
<Instruct>: Given the context 'Other studies find no association between these factors and glaucoma', select the correct biomedical concept corresponding to 'glaucoma'. Answer using one of the provided options. | <Options>: A: closed angle glaucoma (aka angle-closure glaucoma)
B: congenital glaucoma (primary congenital glaucoma) (aka congenital glaucoma)
C: rare disease with glaucoma as a major feature
D: glaucoma, primary closed-angle; glcc (aka glaucoma, primary closed-angle)
E: open-angle glaucoma (pigmentary glaucoma) (aka open-angle glaucoma)
F: phacomorphic glaucoma (aka phacogenic glaucoma)
G: hereditary glaucoma (disease) (aka hereditary glaucoma)
H: glaucoma (disease) (glaucoma) (aka glaucoma (disease))
I: poag (aka primary open angle glaucoma) (aka primary open angle glaucoma)
J: primary congenital glaucoma (aka primary congenital glaucoma (disease))
K: None of the above. | H |
<Instruct>: Given the context 'Similarly, the effects of various factors including age, gender, blood pressure, obesity and diabetes have been variably associated with elevated IOP.', select the correct biomedical concept corresponding to 'obesity'. Answer using one of the provided options. | <Options>: A: severe obesity (aka morbid obesity)
B: obesity due to congenital leptin resistance
C: overgrowth/obesity syndrome
D: obesity, susceptibility to (aka distal 16p11.2 microdeletion syndrome)
E: abdominal obesity-metabolic syndrome
F: obesity, morbid, nonsyndromic 1 (aka obesity due to congenital leptin deficiency)
G: genetic obesity (aka monogenic obesity)
H: abdominal obesity metabolic syndrome (aka metabolic syndrome x)
I: obesity disease (aka obesity disorder)
J: syndromic genetic obesity (syndrome associated with obesity (disease)) (aka syndromic genetic obesity)
K: None of the above. | I |
<Instruct>: Given the context 'Similarly, the effects of various factors including age, gender, blood pressure, obesity and diabetes have been variably associated with elevated IOP.', select the correct biomedical concept corresponding to 'diabetes'. Answer using one of the provided options. | <Options>: A: non-insulin dependent diabetes mellitus (aka type 2 diabetes mellitus)
B: diabetes (aka diabetes mellitus (disease))
C: insulin dependent diabetes (aka type 1 diabetes mellitus)
D: None of the above. | B |
<Instruct>: Given the context 'We previously demonstrated that the glaucomatous strains DBA/2J and AKXD-28/Ty develop elevated IOP with age [14,19].
', select the correct biomedical concept corresponding to 'glaucomatous'. Answer using one of the provided options. | <Options>: A: phacomorphic glaucoma (aka phacogenic glaucoma)
B: hypersecretion glaucoma
C: glaucoma, primary closed-angle; glcc (aka glaucoma, primary closed-angle)
D: glaucoma, primary open angle (aka primary open angle glaucoma)
E: rare disease with glaucoma as a major feature
F: hereditary glaucoma (disease) (aka hereditary glaucoma)
G: angle closure glaucoma (aka angle-closure glaucoma)
H: glaucoma (disease) (glaucoma) (aka glaucoma (disease))
I: primary congenital glaucoma (disease) (primary congenital glaucoma) (aka primary congenital glaucoma (disease))
J: primary congenital glaucoma (aka congenital glaucoma)
K: None of the above. | H |
<Instruct>: Given the context 'Further studies are needed to determine if blood pressure correlates with IOP in males, and to determine the relationship between blood pressure and IOP in various mouse strains with age.
Obesity and diabetes
Obesity or higher body mass index have been implicated by some but not other studies as risk factors for increased IOP and glaucoma', select the correct biomedical concept corresponding to 'obesity'. Answer using one of the provided options. | <Options>: A: abdominal obesity-metabolic syndrome
B: obesity due to congenital leptin resistance
C: obesity, susceptibility to (aka distal 16p11.2 microdeletion syndrome)
D: syndromic genetic obesity (syndrome associated with obesity (disease)) (aka syndromic genetic obesity)
E: morbid obesity (severe obesity) (aka morbid obesity)
F: genetic obesity (aka monogenic obesity)
G: obesity, morbid, nonsyndromic 1 (aka obesity due to congenital leptin deficiency)
H: leanness (aka obesity disorder)
I: abdominal obesity metabolic syndrome (aka metabolic syndrome x)
J: overgrowth/obesity syndrome
K: None of the above. | H |
<Instruct>: Given the context 'Further studies are needed to determine if blood pressure correlates with IOP in males, and to determine the relationship between blood pressure and IOP in various mouse strains with age.
Obesity and diabetes
Obesity or higher body mass index have been implicated by some but not other studies as risk factors for increased IOP and glaucoma', select the correct biomedical concept corresponding to 'diabetes'. Answer using one of the provided options. | <Options>: A: immune mediated diabetes (aka type 1 diabetes mellitus)
B: type ii diabetes mellitus (aka type 2 diabetes mellitus)
C: diabetes mellitus (aka diabetes mellitus (disease))
D: None of the above. | C |
<Instruct>: Given the context 'Further studies are needed to determine if blood pressure correlates with IOP in males, and to determine the relationship between blood pressure and IOP in various mouse strains with age.
Obesity and diabetes
Obesity or higher body mass index have been implicated by some but not other studies as risk factors for increased IOP and glaucoma', select the correct biomedical concept corresponding to 'obesity'. Answer using one of the provided options. | <Options>: A: obesity, susceptibility to (aka distal 16p11.2 microdeletion syndrome)
B: obesity due to congenital leptin resistance
C: genetic obesity (disease) (aka monogenic obesity)
D: obesity disorder (obesity disease) (aka obesity disorder)
E: severe obesity (aka morbid obesity)
F: overgrowth/obesity syndrome
G: syndromic genetic obesity (syndrome associated with obesity (disease)) (aka syndromic genetic obesity)
H: obesity, morbid, nonsyndromic 1 (aka obesity due to congenital leptin deficiency)
I: abdominal obesity-metabolic syndrome
J: abdominal obesity metabolic syndrome (aka metabolic syndrome x)
K: None of the above. | D |
<Instruct>: Given the context 'Further studies are needed to determine if blood pressure correlates with IOP in males, and to determine the relationship between blood pressure and IOP in various mouse strains with age.
Obesity and diabetes
Obesity or higher body mass index have been implicated by some but not other studies as risk factors for increased IOP and glaucoma', select the correct biomedical concept corresponding to 'glaucoma'. Answer using one of the provided options. | <Options>: A: glaucoma (aka glaucoma (disease))
B: hereditary glaucoma (disease) (aka hereditary glaucoma)
C: rare disease with glaucoma as a major feature
D: poag (aka primary open angle glaucoma) (aka primary open angle glaucoma)
E: hypersecretion glaucoma
F: phacomorphic glaucoma (aka phacogenic glaucoma)
G: open-angle glaucoma (pigmentary glaucoma) (aka open-angle glaucoma)
H: glaucoma, primary closed-angle (glcc (aka glaucoma, primary closed-angle))
I: acg - angle-closure glaucoma (aka angle-closure glaucoma)
J: primary congenital glaucoma (aka congenital glaucoma)
K: None of the above. | A |
<Instruct>: Given the context 'Similarly, diabetes or the combination of diabetes and obesity have been variably associated with elevated IOP and glaucoma', select the correct biomedical concept corresponding to 'diabetes'. Answer using one of the provided options. | <Options>: A: type ii diabetes mellitus (aka type 2 diabetes mellitus)
B: type 1 diabetes mellitus (insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus) (aka type 1 diabetes mellitus)
C: dm (aka diabetes mellitus (disease)) (aka diabetes mellitus (disease))
D: None of the above. | C |
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