instruction stringlengths 138 1.12k | input stringlengths 76 2.01k | response stringclasses 11
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<Instruct>: Given the context 'The only relationship in the multivariate logistic models that approached statistical significance was between sperm motility and creatinine-adjusted 1N tertiles (1.0, 1.3, 1.7; p-value for trend = 0.08) and quintiles (1.0, 1.3, 1.6, 1.9, 1.8; p-value for trend = 0.07).', select the corre... | <Options>: A: creolin
B: creatol
C: creatine
D: hydrotalcit-ratiopharm (aka hydrotalcite)
E: cremophor, o(beta)-isomer (aka cremophor)
F: creatine ethyl ester
G: triolandren
H: r(acc) (aka adenylyl-(3'-5')-cytidylyl-(3'-5')-cytidine)
I: salt, creatinine sulfate (aka creatinine)
J: crenigacestat
K: None of the above. | I |
<Instruct>: Given the context 'The only relationship in the multivariate logistic models that approached statistical significance was between sperm motility and creatinine-adjusted 1N tertiles (1.0, 1.3, 1.7; p-value for trend = 0.08) and quintiles (1.0, 1.3, 1.6, 1.9, 1.8; p-value for trend = 0.07).', select the corre... | <Options>: A: 1-nitronaphthalene
B: 1-hnic (aka 1-(2-hydroxy-3-nonyl)imidazole-4-carboxamide)
C: nitrogen-11
D: 1-nitroso-2-naphthol
E: 12n radioisotope (aka nitrogen-12)
F: 2n3nad (aka nicotinamide 2-azidoadenine dinucleotide)
G: nucleotide (aka nucleotides)
H: 1-naphthyl deoxynucleoside
I: 1-neic (aka 1-(1-naphthyl)e... | K |
<Instruct>: Given the context 'No statistically significant associations were found between creatinine-adjusted metabolite levels and outcome measures in the multivariate linear regression analysis.', select the correct biomedical concept corresponding to 'creatinine'. Answer using one of the provided options. | <Options>: A: creatine riboside (aka 2-(2-(3,4-dihydroxy-5-(hydroxymethyl)oxolan-2-yl)-1-methylcarbamimidamido)acetic acid)
B: crenigacestat
C: creatinolfosfat (aka creatinol phosphate)
D: 5,7-dihydroxytryptamine creatinine
E: creatine
F: creatinine
G: triolandren
H: creatine ethyl ester
I: creolin
J: creosol
K: None o... | F |
<Instruct>: Given the context 'Specifically, we found statistically significant inverse dose–response relationships between 1N and sperm concentration and motility, as well as between 1N and VSL.', select the correct biomedical concept corresponding to '1n'. Answer using one of the provided options. | <Options>: A: 2n3nad (aka nicotinamide 2-azidoadenine dinucleotide)
B: nucleotide (aka nucleotides)
C: 1-hnic (aka 1-(2-hydroxy-3-nonyl)imidazole-4-carboxamide)
D: 15n isotope (aka nitrogen-15)
E: 10n radioisotope (aka nitrogen-10)
F: nitrogen-11
G: 1-naphthyl deoxynucleoside
H: 1-naphthylamide (aka 2-naphthylamide)
I:... | K |
<Instruct>: Given the context 'Specifically, we found statistically significant inverse dose–response relationships between 1N and sperm concentration and motility, as well as between 1N and VSL.', select the correct biomedical concept corresponding to '1n'. Answer using one of the provided options. | <Options>: A: 11n radioisotope (aka nitrogen-11)
B: 1-nphe-nociceptin-(1-13)-nh2 (aka nociceptin-(1-13)-nh2, nphe(1)-)
C: 12n radioisotope (aka nitrogen-12)
D: 2n3nad (aka nicotinamide 2-azidoadenine dinucleotide)
E: 1-neic (aka 1-(1-naphthyl)ethyl isocyanate)
F: g-1-n (aka glycerol-1-nitrate)
G: 3'nlm1 (aka 2-3-n-acet... | K |
<Instruct>: Given the context 'Suggestive associations were found between 1N and sperm morphology, VCL, and LIN and between TCPY and sperm concentration, motility, and VSL.', select the correct biomedical concept corresponding to '1n'. Answer using one of the provided options. | <Options>: A: 1-nphe-nociceptin-(1-13)-nh2 (aka nociceptin-(1-13)-nh2, nphe(1)-)
B: 1-neic (aka 1-(1-naphthyl)ethyl isocyanate)
C: 1-nitroso-2-naphthol
D: 15n isotope (aka nitrogen-15)
E: 12n radioisotope (aka nitrogen-12)
F: g-1-n (aka glycerol-1-nitrate)
G: 2n3nad (aka nicotinamide 2-azidoadenine dinucleotide)
H: 3'n... | K |
<Instruct>: Given the context 'Suggestive associations were found between 1N and sperm morphology, VCL, and LIN and between TCPY and sperm concentration, motility, and VSL.', select the correct biomedical concept corresponding to 'tcpy'. Answer using one of the provided options. | <Options>: A: cpt protocol
B: tkcpb (aka tetrakis(4-chlorophenyl)borate)
C: tubulin-tyrosine (aka tyrosine-tubulin)
D: 2,3,4-tcp (aka 2,3,4-trichlorophenol)
E: tcph-2 (aka s-(2-thiopyridyl)cysteine hydrazide)
F: peptide yy
G: neuropeptide y c-terminal flanking peptide
H: beta-cct (aka tert-butyl beta-carboline-3-carbox... | K |
<Instruct>: Given the context 'The present data were generally consistent with laboratory animal studies that have shown an association between exposure to carbaryl and decreased semen quality.', select the correct biomedical concept corresponding to 'carbaryl'. Answer using one of the provided options. | <Options>: A: 3-chloro-1-carbacephem
B: phenyl-n-methyl-n-benzylcarbamate
C: carbathione (aka methyldithiocarbamate)
D: carbaton
E: carbaryl
F: n-(hydroxymethyl)carbaryl
G: carbogal (aka dimethylperfluorocylohexane)
H: carbastat (aka carbachol)
I: carbidine (aka dicarbine)
J: 3-methylphenyl-n-methyl carbamate (aka meta... | E |
<Instruct>: Given the context 'In an earlier study, subacute and chronic reproductive effects of carbaryl were found in male rats (Rybakova 1966; Shtenberg and Rybakova 1968).', select the correct biomedical concept corresponding to 'carbaryl'. Answer using one of the provided options. | <Options>: A: carbyl (aka carbaryl)
B: carbicarb (aka sodium bicarbonate, sodium carbonate drug combination)
C: phenyl-n-methyl-n-benzylcarbamate
D: carbazeran
E: carbastat (aka carbachol)
F: 3-chloro-1-carbacephem
G: carbasugar (aka carbasugars)
H: carbaton
I: 3-carbomethoxy-beta-carboline (aka beta-carboline-3-carbox... | A |
<Instruct>: Given the context 'Limited animal studies have explored relationships between chlorpyrifos exposure and semen quality.', select the correct biomedical concept corresponding to 'chlorpyrifos'. Answer using one of the provided options. | <Options>: A: chloromethyl phosphine
B: fenchlorphos (aka ronnel)
C: chloracetophos
D: chlorpyrifos-ethyl-oxon
E: diethyl chlorophosphate (aka diethylchlorophosphate)
F: chloropyromorphite
G: chloroethyl phenylsulfone
H: chlorpyrifos
I: phosphoric acid, 2-chloro-1-(2,4-dichlorophenyl)ethenyl diethyl ester (aka chlorfen... | H |
<Instruct>: Given the context 'Decreased sperm production and motility was observed in Holstein bulls 6 months after dermal lice treatment with an unknown amount of chlorpyrifos', select the correct biomedical concept corresponding to 'chlorpyrifos'. Answer using one of the provided options. | <Options>: A: chloramidophos
B: chloropyromorphite
C: o-ethyl-o-phenylchlorothiophosphate
D: chlorpyrifos
E: chlorpyrifos oxon (aka o,o-diethyl o-3,5,6-trichloro-2-pyridyl phosphate)
F: chlorpyrifos-ethyl-oxon
G: chlorthiophos
H: chloromethyl phosphine
I: diethylchlorophosphate
J: chlorpyrifos-methyl
K: None of the abo... | D |
<Instruct>: Given the context 'Other animal studies found no associations between chlorpyrifos exposure and altered male reproductive health (ATSDR 1997;', select the correct biomedical concept corresponding to 'chlorpyrifos'. Answer using one of the provided options. | <Options>: A: diethylchlorophosphate
B: chlorpyrifos oxon (aka o,o-diethyl o-3,5,6-trichloro-2-pyridyl phosphate)
C: chloroethyl phenylsulfone
D: chloromethyl phosphine
E: chloracetophos
F: chloropyromorphite
G: chlorpyrifos
H: o-ethyl-o-phenylchlorothiophosphate
I: phosphoric acid, 2-chloro-1-(2,4-dichlorophenyl)ethen... | G |
<Instruct>: Given the context 'In the carbaryl studies, no change in rat testicular weight was reported for lower doses for which decreased semen quality was observed (Pant et al. 1995, 1996; Rybakova 1966).', select the correct biomedical concept corresponding to 'carbaryl'. Answer using one of the provided options. | <Options>: A: carbathione (aka methyldithiocarbamate)
B: 3-chloro-1-carbacephem
C: carbadox
D: phenyl-n-methyl-n-benzylcarbamate
E: 3-carbomethoxy-beta-carboline (aka beta-carboline-3-carboxylic acid methyl ester)
F: carbasugar (aka carbasugars)
G: 1-naphthyl-n-methylcarbamate (aka carbaryl)
H: carbazeran
I: carbazole
... | G |
<Instruct>: Given the context 'Human studies investigating exposure to carbaryl and chlorpyrifos and associations with male reproductive health are limited.', select the correct biomedical concept corresponding to 'carbaryl'. Answer using one of the provided options. | <Options>: A: 3-methylphenyl-n-methyl carbamate (aka metacrate)
B: carbaton
C: carbidine (aka dicarbine)
D: carbathione (aka methyldithiocarbamate)
E: 1-naphthalenol, methylcarbamate (aka carbaryl)
F: carbastat (aka carbachol)
G: carbogal (aka dimethylperfluorocylohexane)
H: 3-carbomethoxy-beta-carboline (aka beta-carb... | E |
<Instruct>: Given the context 'Human studies investigating exposure to carbaryl and chlorpyrifos and associations with male reproductive health are limited.', select the correct biomedical concept corresponding to 'chlorpyrifos'. Answer using one of the provided options. | <Options>: A: fenchlorphos (aka ronnel)
B: chloromethyl phosphine
C: chlorpyrifos
D: chloramidophos
E: chlorphenvinphos (aka chlorfenvinphos)
F: diethyl chlorophosphate (aka diethylchlorophosphate)
G: chlorthiophos
H: chlorpyrifos oxon (aka o,o-diethyl o-3,5,6-trichloro-2-pyridyl phosphate)
I: chloroethyl phenylsulfone... | C |
<Instruct>: Given the context 'Until recently, there were no known human male reproductive health studies that used biological measures of exposure to carbaryl and chlorpyrifos (ATSDR 1997).', select the correct biomedical concept corresponding to 'carbaryl'. Answer using one of the provided options. | <Options>: A: carbidine (aka dicarbine)
B: 3-carbomethoxy-beta-carboline (aka beta-carboline-3-carboxylic acid methyl ester)
C: 1-naphthyl-n-methylcarbamate (aka carbaryl)
D: carbasugar (aka carbasugars)
E: carbathione (aka methyldithiocarbamate)
F: carbogal (aka dimethylperfluorocylohexane)
G: phenyl-n-methyl-n-benzyl... | C |
<Instruct>: Given the context 'Until recently, there were no known human male reproductive health studies that used biological measures of exposure to carbaryl and chlorpyrifos (ATSDR 1997).', select the correct biomedical concept corresponding to 'chlorpyrifos'. Answer using one of the provided options. | <Options>: A: chloromethyl phosphine
B: chlorthiophos
C: chloropyromorphite
D: chlorpyrifos
E: pyraclofos
F: chlorpyrifos-methyl
G: chloroethyl phenylsulfone
H: chlorphenvinphos (aka chlorfenvinphos)
I: chlorpyrifos oxon (aka o,o-diethyl o-3,5,6-trichloro-2-pyridyl phosphate)
J: diethylchlorophosphate
K: None of the ab... | D |
<Instruct>: Given the context 'Swan et al. (2003) found elevated but nonsignificant ORs for low semen quality (sperm concentration, motility, and morphology below the population median) among 24 Missouri men with detectable 1N (OR = 2.7; 95% CI, 0.2–34.2) and TCPY levels (6.4; 95% CI, 0.5–86.3).', select the correct bi... | <Options>: A: 3'nlm1 (aka 2-3-n-acetylneuraminyl-1-3-galactosyl-1-3-n-acetylglucosyl-1-4-galactosyl-1-glucosylceramide)
B: 1-naphthylamide (aka 2-naphthylamide)
C: 1-naphthyl deoxynucleoside
D: 1-nitronaphthalene
E: mn 001 (aka 4-(6-acetyl-3-(3-(4-acetyl-3-hydroxy-2-propylphenylthio)propoxy)-2-propylphenoxy)butyric aci... | K |
<Instruct>: Given the context 'Swan et al. (2003) found elevated but nonsignificant ORs for low semen quality (sperm concentration, motility, and morphology below the population median) among 24 Missouri men with detectable 1N (OR = 2.7; 95% CI, 0.2–34.2) and TCPY levels (6.4; 95% CI, 0.5–86.3).', select the correct bi... | <Options>: A: neuropeptide y c-terminal flanking peptide
B: d-tcpl (aka tricalcium phosphate lysine)
C: tcp (antiseptic)
D: tcpt-2,3,7,8 cpd (aka 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorophenothiazine)
E: peptide yy
F: 2,3,4-tcp (aka 2,3,4-trichlorophenol)
G: 1,1,1,3-tcp (aka 1,1,1,3-tetrachloropropane)
H: beta-tcp (aka beta-tricalcium phos... | K |
<Instruct>: Given the context 'In a study among Chinese workers exposed to other organophosphate pesticides (ethylparathion and methamidophos), Padungtod et al. (2000) found significantly lower sperm concentration and sperm motility compared with nonexposed workers but no difference in sperm morphology.', select the co... | <Options>: A: compounds, organothiophosphorus (aka organothiophosphorus compounds)
B: organothiophosphonates
C: organic phosphates (aka organophosphates)
D: organophosphonates
E: organothiophosphates
F: organophosphate insecticide antagonists (aka cholinesterase reactivators)
G: compound, organophosphorus (aka organoph... | C |
<Instruct>: Given the context 'In a study among Chinese workers exposed to other organophosphate pesticides (ethylparathion and methamidophos), Padungtod et al. (2000) found significantly lower sperm concentration and sperm motility compared with nonexposed workers but no difference in sperm morphology.', select the co... | <Options>: A: methylethylthiophos
B: o-ethyl-s,s-diphenyl phosphorodithioate (aka edifenphos)
C: o-ethyl o-phenyl s-propyl phosphorothioate (aka heterofos)
D: o,o-diethyl-s-(2-(ethylsulfinyl)ethyl)phosphorodithioate (aka ethylthiometon sulfoxide)
E: o,o-diethyl,o-phenylphosphorothionate
F: methylparathion (aka methyl p... | J |
<Instruct>: Given the context 'In a study among Chinese workers exposed to other organophosphate pesticides (ethylparathion and methamidophos), Padungtod et al. (2000) found significantly lower sperm concentration and sperm motility compared with nonexposed workers but no difference in sperm morphology.', select the co... | <Options>: A: s-methyl-methylparathion, (r)-isomer (aka s-methyl-methylparathion)
B: methylethylthiophos
C: methylparathion (aka methyl parathion)
D: methioninamide
E: phosphoramidothioic acid, diammonium salt (aka phosphoramidothioic acid)
F: o,s-dimethylphosphoroamidothioate (aka methamidophos)
G: malathion
H: n-meth... | F |
<Instruct>: Given the context 'In the present study, the relationship between 1N and sperm concentration below the WHO reference value (WHO 1999) is consistent with two published reports on a cohort of carbaryl production workers (Whorton et al. 1979; Wyrobek et al. 1981).', select the correct biomedical concept corres... | <Options>: A: mn 001 (aka 4-(6-acetyl-3-(3-(4-acetyl-3-hydroxy-2-propylphenylthio)propoxy)-2-propylphenoxy)butyric acid)
B: 2n3nad (aka nicotinamide 2-azidoadenine dinucleotide)
C: nucleotide (aka nucleotides)
D: 1-mni (aka 1-methyl-2-nitrosoimidazole)
E: 10n radioisotope (aka nitrogen-10)
F: 12n radioisotope (aka nitr... | K |
<Instruct>: Given the context 'In the present study, the relationship between 1N and sperm concentration below the WHO reference value (WHO 1999) is consistent with two published reports on a cohort of carbaryl production workers (Whorton et al. 1979; Wyrobek et al. 1981).', select the correct biomedical concept corres... | <Options>: A: carbastat (aka carbachol)
B: carbasugar (aka carbasugars)
C: carbogal (aka dimethylperfluorocylohexane)
D: carbathione (aka methyldithiocarbamate)
E: 1-naphthalenol, methylcarbamate (aka carbaryl)
F: carbicarb (aka sodium bicarbonate, sodium carbonate drug combination)
G: 3-methylphenyl-n-methyl carbamate... | E |
<Instruct>: Given the context 'In contrast to the present study, Wyrobek et al. (1981) reported an association between carbaryl exposure and sperm morphology.', select the correct biomedical concept corresponding to 'carbaryl'. Answer using one of the provided options. | <Options>: A: carbastat (aka carbachol)
B: carbaryl
C: carbazole
D: 3-chloro-1-carbacephem
E: carbicarb (aka sodium bicarbonate, sodium carbonate drug combination)
F: carbidine (aka dicarbine)
G: carbathione (aka methyldithiocarbamate)
H: carbasugar (aka carbasugars)
I: carbaton
J: carbazeran
K: None of the above. | B |
<Instruct>: Given the context 'Because of logistical constraints, sperm motility was not measured in the published reports of the carbaryl production worker study.', select the correct biomedical concept corresponding to 'carbaryl'. Answer using one of the provided options. | <Options>: A: carbidine (aka dicarbine)
B: carbasugar (aka carbasugars)
C: carbazole
D: 3-chloro-1-carbacephem
E: carbaril (aka carbaryl)
F: carbicarb (aka sodium bicarbonate, sodium carbonate drug combination)
G: phenyl-n-methyl-n-benzylcarbamate
H: 3-methylphenyl-n-methyl carbamate (aka metacrate)
I: carbogal (aka di... | E |
<Instruct>: Given the context 'The role of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in male infertility has been suggested in studies that found higher seminal ROS levels in infertile men compared with fertile controls (Agarwal et al. 1994; Pasqualotto et al. 2000).', select the correct biomedical concept corresponding to 'reacti... | <Options>: A: free radical (aka free radicals)
B: reactive nitrogen species
C: oxidants
D: pro oxidant (aka reactive oxygen species)
E: peroxyl radical (aka perhydroxyl radical)
F: superoxides
G: None of the above. | D |
<Instruct>: Given the context 'The role of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in male infertility has been suggested in studies that found higher seminal ROS levels in infertile men compared with fertile controls (Agarwal et al. 1994; Pasqualotto et al. 2000).', select the correct biomedical concept corresponding to 'ros'. ... | <Options>: A: endogenous antioxidant (aka antioxidants)
B: singlet oxygen
C: oxygen radicals (aka reactive oxygen species)
D: peroxyl radical (aka perhydroxyl radical)
E: ros203 (aka 2-((2-(1h-imidazol-4-yl)ethyl)sulfanyl)-1,3-benzothiazole)
F: oxidants
G: free radicals
H: rosbin
I: rosin
J: None of the above. | C |
<Instruct>: Given the context 'The role of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in male infertility has been suggested in studies that found higher seminal ROS levels in infertile men compared with fertile controls (Agarwal et al. 1994; Pasqualotto et al. 2000).', select the correct biomedical concept corresponding to 'ros'. ... | <Options>: A: oxygen radicals (aka reactive oxygen species)
B: rosbin
C: rosin
D: peroxyl radical (aka perhydroxyl radical)
E: endogenous antioxidant (aka antioxidants)
F: free radicals
G: oxidants
H: singlet oxygen
I: ros203 (aka 2-((2-(1h-imidazol-4-yl)ethyl)sulfanyl)-1,3-benzothiazole)
J: None of the above. | A |
<Instruct>: Given the context 'Sperm cells do not have cytoplasmic defense enzymes (e.g., catalase) that serve as ROS scavengers.', select the correct biomedical concept corresponding to 'ros'. Answer using one of the provided options. | <Options>: A: oxidants
B: oxygen, singlet (aka singlet oxygen)
C: peroxyl radical (aka perhydroxyl radical)
D: free radical (aka free radicals)
E: endogenous antioxidant (aka antioxidants)
F: rosbin
G: active oxygen species (aka reactive oxygen species)
H: ros-203 (aka 2-((2-(1h-imidazol-4-yl)ethyl)sulfanyl)-1,3-benzot... | G |
<Instruct>: Given the context 'Consequently, sperm, which have a high content of polyunsaturated fatty acids, are more susceptible to the oxidative deterioration of polyunsaturated fatty acids known as lipid peroxidation (Sharma and Agarwal 1996).', select the correct biomedical concept corresponding to 'polyunsaturate... | <Options>: A: alkamides, polyunsaturated (aka polyunsaturated alkamides)
B: docosahexenoic acids (aka docosahexaenoic acids)
C: n-3 pufa (aka fatty acids, omega-3)
D: acid, polyunsaturated fatty (aka fatty acids, unsaturated)
E: None of the above. | D |
<Instruct>: Given the context 'Consequently, sperm, which have a high content of polyunsaturated fatty acids, are more susceptible to the oxidative deterioration of polyunsaturated fatty acids known as lipid peroxidation (Sharma and Agarwal 1996).', select the correct biomedical concept corresponding to 'polyunsaturate... | <Options>: A: alkamides, polyunsaturated (aka polyunsaturated alkamides)
B: n-3 pufa (aka fatty acids, omega-3)
C: acid, polyunsaturated fatty (aka fatty acids, unsaturated)
D: docosahexenoic acids (aka docosahexaenoic acids)
E: None of the above. | C |
<Instruct>: Given the context 'Consequently, sperm, which have a high content of polyunsaturated fatty acids, are more susceptible to the oxidative deterioration of polyunsaturated fatty acids known as lipid peroxidation (Sharma and Agarwal 1996).', select the correct biomedical concept corresponding to 'lipid'. Answer... | <Options>: A: oils
B: lipids
C: phospholipid (aka phospholipids)
D: lipid a
E: lipiderm
F: sterol (aka sterols)
G: cell membrane lipids (aka membrane lipids)
H: fats
I: lipidex
J: None of the above. | B |
<Instruct>: Given the context 'Lipid peroxidation causes the plasma membrane to lose its fluidity and integrity, ultimately leading to loss of sperm function (Aitken 1995).', select the correct biomedical concept corresponding to 'lipid'. Answer using one of the provided options. | <Options>: A: phospholipids
B: fats
C: lipiderm
D: sterol (aka sterols)
E: lipidex
F: lipid a
G: membrane lipid, cell (aka membrane lipids)
H: oils
I: lipids
J: None of the above. | I |
<Instruct>: Given the context 'Loss of membrane fluidity also impairs the cell membrane ion exchange that controls sperm movement (Rao et al. 1989).', select the correct biomedical concept corresponding to 'ion'. Answer using one of the provided options. | <Options>: A: ionol (aka butylated hydroxytoluene)
B: metal (aka metals)
C: ions
D: inorganic chemicals
E: electrolyte (aka electrolytes)
F: ionones (aka norisoprenoids)
G: ionogran (aka polymaleinate ionomer)
H: element (aka elements)
I: metalloids
J: ionic liquids
K: None of the above. | C |
<Instruct>: Given the context 'Carbaryl causes lipid peroxidation at low concentrations by either efficiently lowering the intracellular level of glutathione, which is associated with an increase in ROS, or through the inhibition of excision esterases (Soderpalm-Berndes and Onfelt 1988).', select the correct biomedical... | <Options>: A: phenyl-n-methyl-n-benzylcarbamate
B: 3-methylphenyl-n-methyl carbamate (aka metacrate)
C: carbathione (aka methyldithiocarbamate)
D: carbazeran
E: carbasugar (aka carbasugars)
F: carbazole
G: carbicarb (aka sodium bicarbonate, sodium carbonate drug combination)
H: carbaryl
I: carbidine (aka dicarbine)
J: ... | H |
<Instruct>: Given the context 'Carbaryl causes lipid peroxidation at low concentrations by either efficiently lowering the intracellular level of glutathione, which is associated with an increase in ROS, or through the inhibition of excision esterases (Soderpalm-Berndes and Onfelt 1988).', select the correct biomedical... | <Options>: A: membrane lipid, cell (aka membrane lipids)
B: lipiderm
C: fats
D: sterol (aka sterols)
E: lipid a
F: lipid (aka lipids)
G: lipidex
H: oils
I: phospholipids
J: None of the above. | F |
<Instruct>: Given the context 'Carbaryl causes lipid peroxidation at low concentrations by either efficiently lowering the intracellular level of glutathione, which is associated with an increase in ROS, or through the inhibition of excision esterases (Soderpalm-Berndes and Onfelt 1988).', select the correct biomedical... | <Options>: A: psi-glutathione
B: gamma-glutamylglycine
C: sl-glutathione
D: disulfide, glutathione (aka glutathione disulfide)
E: gamma-glu-gsh (aka gamma-glutamyl-glutathione)
F: glutathione amide
G: glutathione sulfinamide
H: n-formyl glutathione (aka n-formylglutathione)
I: glutathione, reduced (aka glutathione)
J: ... | I |
<Instruct>: Given the context 'Carbaryl causes lipid peroxidation at low concentrations by either efficiently lowering the intracellular level of glutathione, which is associated with an increase in ROS, or through the inhibition of excision esterases (Soderpalm-Berndes and Onfelt 1988).', select the correct biomedical... | <Options>: A: oxygen, singlet (aka singlet oxygen)
B: ros203 (aka 2-((2-(1h-imidazol-4-yl)ethyl)sulfanyl)-1,3-benzothiazole)
C: rosin
D: free radical (aka free radicals)
E: oxidant (aka oxidants)
F: endogenous antioxidant (aka antioxidants)
G: pro-oxidants (aka reactive oxygen species)
H: peroxyl radical (aka perhydrox... | G |
<Instruct>: Given the context 'Thus, it is biologically plausible that exposure to carbaryl may be associated with altered semen quality, particularly sperm motility and sperm motion.', select the correct biomedical concept corresponding to 'carbaryl'. Answer using one of the provided options. | <Options>: A: carbastat (aka carbachol)
B: carbogal (aka dimethylperfluorocylohexane)
C: carbazeran
D: carbathione (aka methyldithiocarbamate)
E: carbicarb (aka sodium bicarbonate, sodium carbonate drug combination)
F: phenyl-n-methyl-n-benzylcarbamate
G: carbaton
H: carbaril (aka carbaryl)
I: 3-chloro-1-carbacephem
J:... | H |
<Instruct>: Given the context 'For example, TCPY has an estimated half-life of 27 hr in humans (Nolan et al. 1984), and levels of both TCPY and 1N measured in urine reflect insecticide exposure in the previous 24–48 hr (Maroni et al. 2000).', select the correct biomedical concept corresponding to 'tcpy'. Answer using o... | <Options>: A: tkcpb (aka tetrakis(4-chlorophenyl)borate)
B: neuropeptide y c-terminal flanking peptide
C: peptide yy
D: beta-tcp (aka beta-tricalcium phosphate)
E: 2,3,4-tcp (aka 2,3,4-trichlorophenol)
F: 34-pro-peptide yy (aka peptide yy, pro(34)-)
G: cp-cct (aka n-(1-(2-carboxy-4-phenylbutyl)cyclopentylcarbonyl)trypt... | K |
<Instruct>: Given the context 'For example, TCPY has an estimated half-life of 27 hr in humans (Nolan et al. 1984), and levels of both TCPY and 1N measured in urine reflect insecticide exposure in the previous 24–48 hr (Maroni et al. 2000).', select the correct biomedical concept corresponding to 'tcpy'. Answer using o... | <Options>: A: peptide yy
B: tcp (antiseptic)
C: 2,3,4-tcp (aka 2,3,4-trichlorophenol)
D: d-tcpl (aka tricalcium phosphate lysine)
E: beta-cct (aka tert-butyl beta-carboline-3-carboxylate)
F: tcph-2 (aka s-(2-thiopyridyl)cysteine hydrazide)
G: cp-cct (aka n-(1-(2-carboxy-4-phenylbutyl)cyclopentylcarbonyl)tryptophan)
H: ... | K |
<Instruct>: Given the context 'For example, TCPY has an estimated half-life of 27 hr in humans (Nolan et al. 1984), and levels of both TCPY and 1N measured in urine reflect insecticide exposure in the previous 24–48 hr (Maroni et al. 2000).', select the correct biomedical concept corresponding to '1n'. Answer using one... | <Options>: A: 1-nitronaphthalene
B: 12n radioisotope (aka nitrogen-12)
C: 1-neic (aka 1-(1-naphthyl)ethyl isocyanate)
D: 15n isotope (aka nitrogen-15)
E: nucleotide (aka nucleotides)
F: 1-nphe-nociceptin-(1-13)-nh2 (aka nociceptin-(1-13)-nh2, nphe(1)-)
G: nitrogen-11
H: 1-naphthyl deoxynucleoside
I: 10n radioisotope (a... | K |
<Instruct>: Given the context 'A single urine sample correctly classified men in the highest 3-month exposure tertile with a sensitivity (specificity) of 0.6 (0.9) for SG-adjusted 1N and 0.5 (0.8) for SG-adjusted TCPY.', select the correct biomedical concept corresponding to '1n'. Answer using one of the provided optio... | <Options>: A: 1-neh cpd (aka (17beta,20r,22e,24r)-1-methyl-19-norergosta-1,3,5,7,9,14,22-heptaene)
B: 1-nitronaphthalene
C: 1-nphe-nociceptin-(1-13)-nh2 (aka nociceptin-(1-13)-nh2, nphe(1)-)
D: 12n radioisotope (aka nitrogen-12)
E: 1-hnic (aka 1-(2-hydroxy-3-nonyl)imidazole-4-carboxamide)
F: 1-naphthylamine
G: 3'nlm1 (... | K |
<Instruct>: Given the context 'A single urine sample correctly classified men in the highest 3-month exposure tertile with a sensitivity (specificity) of 0.6 (0.9) for SG-adjusted 1N and 0.5 (0.8) for SG-adjusted TCPY.', select the correct biomedical concept corresponding to 'tcpy'. Answer using one of the provided opt... | <Options>: A: tcpt-2,3,7,8 cpd (aka 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorophenothiazine)
B: beta-tcp (aka beta-tricalcium phosphate)
C: 1,1,1,3-tcp (aka 1,1,1,3-tetrachloropropane)
D: tcp (antiseptic)
E: d-tcpl (aka tricalcium phosphate lysine)
F: 34-pro-peptide yy (aka peptide yy, pro(34)-)
G: tcpobop (aka 1,4-bis(2-(3,5-dichloropyridyl... | K |
<Instruct>: Given the context 'Distributions of unadjusted and creatinine-adjusted TCPY and 1N levels in the present study were compared with those recently reported for males in the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) 1999–2000 (CDC 2003).', select the correct biomedical concept corresponding to ... | <Options>: A: triolandren
B: r(acc) (aka adenylyl-(3'-5')-cytidylyl-(3'-5')-cytidine)
C: crenigacestat
D: creatol
E: creatine
F: creatinol-o-phosphate (aka creatinol phosphate)
G: 5,7-dihydroxytryptamine creatinine
H: sulfate salt, creatinine (aka creatinine)
I: creat whole extract (aka andrographis paniculata extract)... | H |
<Instruct>: Given the context 'Distributions of unadjusted and creatinine-adjusted TCPY and 1N levels in the present study were compared with those recently reported for males in the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) 1999–2000 (CDC 2003).', select the correct biomedical concept corresponding to ... | <Options>: A: cpt protocol
B: cp-cct (aka n-(1-(2-carboxy-4-phenylbutyl)cyclopentylcarbonyl)tryptophan)
C: 1,1,1,3-tcp (aka 1,1,1,3-tetrachloropropane)
D: 2,3,4-tcp (aka 2,3,4-trichlorophenol)
E: tcp (antiseptic)
F: 34-pro-peptide yy (aka peptide yy, pro(34)-)
G: peptide yy
H: tkcpb (aka tetrakis(4-chlorophenyl)borate)... | K |
<Instruct>: Given the context 'Distributions of unadjusted and creatinine-adjusted TCPY and 1N levels in the present study were compared with those recently reported for males in the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) 1999–2000 (CDC 2003).', select the correct biomedical concept corresponding to ... | <Options>: A: 1-nitroso-2-naphthol
B: 1-nphe-nociceptin-(1-13)-nh2 (aka nociceptin-(1-13)-nh2, nphe(1)-)
C: mn 001 (aka 4-(6-acetyl-3-(3-(4-acetyl-3-hydroxy-2-propylphenylthio)propoxy)-2-propylphenoxy)butyric acid)
D: 3'nlm1 (aka 2-3-n-acetylneuraminyl-1-3-galactosyl-1-3-n-acetylglucosyl-1-4-galactosyl-1-glucosylcerami... | K |
<Instruct>: Given the context 'Unadjusted TCPY concentrations were slightly higher in the present study, with median and 95th percentile values of 2.69 and 10.6 μg/L, respectively, compared with 1.90 and 9.9 μg/L from NHANES 1999–2000.', select the correct biomedical concept corresponding to 'tcpy'. Answer using one of... | <Options>: A: tpspy (aka 1-(2,4,6-triisopropylbenzenesulfonyl)-5-(pyridin-2-yl)tetrazolide)
B: 34-pro-peptide yy (aka peptide yy, pro(34)-)
C: cp-cct (aka n-(1-(2-carboxy-4-phenylbutyl)cyclopentylcarbonyl)tryptophan)
D: tcph-2 (aka s-(2-thiopyridyl)cysteine hydrazide)
E: tcpobop (aka 1,4-bis(2-(3,5-dichloropyridyloxy))... | K |
<Instruct>: Given the context 'Median and 95th percentiles for unadjusted 1N concentrations were also higher in the present study (2.86 and 13.3 μg/L, respectively, vs. 1.40 and 11.0 μg/L from NHANES 1999–2000).', select the correct biomedical concept corresponding to '1n'. Answer using one of the provided options. | <Options>: A: 3'nlm1 (aka 2-3-n-acetylneuraminyl-1-3-galactosyl-1-3-n-acetylglucosyl-1-4-galactosyl-1-glucosylceramide)
B: 1-naphthylamine
C: 11n radioisotope (aka nitrogen-11)
D: 12n radioisotope (aka nitrogen-12)
E: 1-mni (aka 1-methyl-2-nitrosoimidazole)
F: 1-neh cpd (aka (17beta,20r,22e,24r)-1-methyl-19-norergosta-... | K |
<Instruct>: Given the context 'SG-adjusted TCPY and 1N distributions were not reported by NHANES 1999–2000 (CDC 2003).', select the correct biomedical concept corresponding to 'tcpy'. Answer using one of the provided options. | <Options>: A: tcap protocol
B: tcpt-2,3,7,8 cpd (aka 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorophenothiazine)
C: tcp (antiseptic)
D: tcph-2 (aka s-(2-thiopyridyl)cysteine hydrazide)
E: neuropeptide y c-terminal flanking peptide
F: 2,3,4-tcp (aka 2,3,4-trichlorophenol)
G: peptide yy-3 (aka peptide yy (3-36))
H: tpspy (aka 1-(2,4,6-triisopropy... | K |
<Instruct>: Given the context 'SG-adjusted TCPY and 1N distributions were not reported by NHANES 1999–2000 (CDC 2003).', select the correct biomedical concept corresponding to '1n'. Answer using one of the provided options. | <Options>: A: 10n radioisotope (aka nitrogen-10)
B: mn 001 (aka 4-(6-acetyl-3-(3-(4-acetyl-3-hydroxy-2-propylphenylthio)propoxy)-2-propylphenoxy)butyric acid)
C: 1-nitronaphthalene
D: 12n radioisotope (aka nitrogen-12)
E: 1-naphthylamide (aka 2-naphthylamide)
F: 3'nlm1 (aka 2-3-n-acetylneuraminyl-1-3-galactosyl-1-3-n-a... | K |
<Instruct>: Given the context 'In the present study, we obtained similar results using SG-adjusted or unadjusted urine metabolite levels, but our results were different for creatinine-adjusted levels.', select the correct biomedical concept corresponding to 'creatinine'. Answer using one of the provided options. | <Options>: A: creatinol phosphate
B: creatine riboside (aka 2-(2-(3,4-dihydroxy-5-(hydroxymethyl)oxolan-2-yl)-1-methylcarbamimidamido)acetic acid)
C: hydrotalcit-ratiopharm (aka hydrotalcite)
D: creatine
E: triolandren
F: creatine ethyl ester
G: creatinine
H: 5,7-dihydroxytryptamine creatinine
I: creolin
J: creatol
K: ... | G |
<Instruct>: Given the context 'The inability to detect associations using creatinine-adjusted values may reflect tubular secretion of 1N and thus excretion rates of 1N that are independent of urine flow through the glomerulus and not directly related to the amount of creatinine that is filtered (Boeniger et al. 1993).'... | <Options>: A: creatinolfosfat (aka creatinol phosphate)
B: creatol
C: creatinine sulfate salt (aka creatinine)
D: hydrotalcit-ratiopharm (aka hydrotalcite)
E: crenigacestat
F: cremophor, o(beta)-isomer (aka cremophor)
G: creolin
H: r(acc) (aka adenylyl-(3'-5')-cytidylyl-(3'-5')-cytidine)
I: creatine ethyl ester
J: crea... | C |
<Instruct>: Given the context 'The inability to detect associations using creatinine-adjusted values may reflect tubular secretion of 1N and thus excretion rates of 1N that are independent of urine flow through the glomerulus and not directly related to the amount of creatinine that is filtered (Boeniger et al. 1993).'... | <Options>: A: 1-naphthylamide (aka 2-naphthylamide)
B: 1-naphthylamine
C: 1-nphe-nociceptin-(1-13)-nh2 (aka nociceptin-(1-13)-nh2, nphe(1)-)
D: g-1-n (aka glycerol-1-nitrate)
E: 2n3nad (aka nicotinamide 2-azidoadenine dinucleotide)
F: 15n isotope (aka nitrogen-15)
G: nucleotide (aka nucleotides)
H: 1-neic (aka 1-(1-nap... | K |
<Instruct>: Given the context 'The inability to detect associations using creatinine-adjusted values may reflect tubular secretion of 1N and thus excretion rates of 1N that are independent of urine flow through the glomerulus and not directly related to the amount of creatinine that is filtered (Boeniger et al. 1993).'... | <Options>: A: g-1-n (aka glycerol-1-nitrate)
B: 1-nitroso-2-naphthol
C: mn 001 (aka 4-(6-acetyl-3-(3-(4-acetyl-3-hydroxy-2-propylphenylthio)propoxy)-2-propylphenoxy)butyric acid)
D: 1-nitronaphthalene
E: 1-neic (aka 1-(1-naphthyl)ethyl isocyanate)
F: 1-hnic (aka 1-(2-hydroxy-3-nonyl)imidazole-4-carboxamide)
G: nucleoti... | K |
<Instruct>: Given the context 'The inability to detect associations using creatinine-adjusted values may reflect tubular secretion of 1N and thus excretion rates of 1N that are independent of urine flow through the glomerulus and not directly related to the amount of creatinine that is filtered (Boeniger et al. 1993).'... | <Options>: A: creatine
B: sulfate salt, creatinine (aka creatinine)
C: creatine ethyl ester
D: hydrotalcit-ratiopharm (aka hydrotalcite)
E: r(acc) (aka adenylyl-(3'-5')-cytidylyl-(3'-5')-cytidine)
F: creolin
G: creatine riboside (aka 2-(2-(3,4-dihydroxy-5-(hydroxymethyl)oxolan-2-yl)-1-methylcarbamimidamido)acetic acid)... | B |
<Instruct>: Given the context 'Adjustment of 1N concentration by urinary dilution using creatinine may introduce additional nondifferential exposure measurement error, further limiting the ability to find associations between exposure and outcome.', select the correct biomedical concept corresponding to '1n'. Answer us... | <Options>: A: 1-naphthylamide (aka 2-naphthylamide)
B: nucleotide (aka nucleotides)
C: 1-nitroso-2-naphthol
D: 11n radioisotope (aka nitrogen-11)
E: 10n radioisotope (aka nitrogen-10)
F: 12n radioisotope (aka nitrogen-12)
G: 1-hnic (aka 1-(2-hydroxy-3-nonyl)imidazole-4-carboxamide)
H: mn 001 (aka 4-(6-acetyl-3-(3-(4-ac... | K |
<Instruct>: Given the context 'Adjustment of 1N concentration by urinary dilution using creatinine may introduce additional nondifferential exposure measurement error, further limiting the ability to find associations between exposure and outcome.', select the correct biomedical concept corresponding to 'creatinine'. A... | <Options>: A: r(acc) (aka adenylyl-(3'-5')-cytidylyl-(3'-5')-cytidine)
B: hydrotalcit-ratiopharm (aka hydrotalcite)
C: cremophor, o(beta)-isomer (aka cremophor)
D: creatinine sulfate salt (aka creatinine)
E: creatine
F: crenigacestat
G: creatinolfosfat (aka creatinol phosphate)
H: creolin
I: creat whole extract (aka an... | D |
<Instruct>: Given the context 'In conclusion, associations between 1N and sperm concentration and motility were found that are consistent with animal studies of carbaryl exposure.', select the correct biomedical concept corresponding to '1n'. Answer using one of the provided options. | <Options>: A: 1-mni (aka 1-methyl-2-nitrosoimidazole)
B: 1-neh cpd (aka (17beta,20r,22e,24r)-1-methyl-19-norergosta-1,3,5,7,9,14,22-heptaene)
C: 11n radioisotope (aka nitrogen-11)
D: 1-neic (aka 1-(1-naphthyl)ethyl isocyanate)
E: 1-naphthylamide (aka 2-naphthylamide)
F: 1-hnic (aka 1-(2-hydroxy-3-nonyl)imidazole-4-carb... | K |
<Instruct>: Given the context 'In conclusion, associations between 1N and sperm concentration and motility were found that are consistent with animal studies of carbaryl exposure.', select the correct biomedical concept corresponding to 'carbaryl'. Answer using one of the provided options. | <Options>: A: carbazeran
B: carbaril (aka carbaryl)
C: carbadox
D: carbaton
E: carbicarb (aka sodium bicarbonate, sodium carbonate drug combination)
F: carbidine (aka dicarbine)
G: 3-chloro-1-carbacephem
H: 3-methylphenyl-n-methyl carbamate (aka metacrate)
I: carbathione (aka methyldithiocarbamate)
J: 3-carbomethoxy-be... | B |
<Instruct>: Given the context 'The sperm motion parameter most strongly associated with urinary 1N was VSL, although suggestive associations of 1N with VCL and LIN were also found.', select the correct biomedical concept corresponding to '1n'. Answer using one of the provided options. | <Options>: A: 15n isotope (aka nitrogen-15)
B: nucleotide (aka nucleotides)
C: g-1-n (aka glycerol-1-nitrate)
D: 1-nphe-nociceptin-(1-13)-nh2 (aka nociceptin-(1-13)-nh2, nphe(1)-)
E: 2n3nad (aka nicotinamide 2-azidoadenine dinucleotide)
F: 10n radioisotope (aka nitrogen-10)
G: 1-neh cpd (aka (17beta,20r,22e,24r)-1-meth... | K |
<Instruct>: Given the context 'The sperm motion parameter most strongly associated with urinary 1N was VSL, although suggestive associations of 1N with VCL and LIN were also found.', select the correct biomedical concept corresponding to '1n'. Answer using one of the provided options. | <Options>: A: 3'nlm1 (aka 2-3-n-acetylneuraminyl-1-3-galactosyl-1-3-n-acetylglucosyl-1-4-galactosyl-1-glucosylceramide)
B: 2n3nad (aka nicotinamide 2-azidoadenine dinucleotide)
C: 1-mni (aka 1-methyl-2-nitrosoimidazole)
D: 1-naphthylamine
E: nucleotide (aka nucleotides)
F: 1-hnic (aka 1-(2-hydroxy-3-nonyl)imidazole-4-c... | K |
<Instruct>: Given the context 'There were also suggestive associations between TCPY and sperm concentration and motility, but they are difficult to interpret because there are currently limited human and animal data.', select the correct biomedical concept corresponding to 'tcpy'. Answer using one of the provided optio... | <Options>: A: 34-pro-peptide yy (aka peptide yy, pro(34)-)
B: 1,1,1,3-tcp (aka 1,1,1,3-tetrachloropropane)
C: beta-tcp (aka beta-tricalcium phosphate)
D: tcp (antiseptic)
E: tcpt-2,3,7,8 cpd (aka 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorophenothiazine)
F: cpt protocol
G: neuropeptide y c-terminal flanking peptide
H: tcpobop (aka 1,4-bis(2-(3... | K |
<Instruct>: Given the context 'For instance, our results suggest that an interquartile range increase in carbaryl metabolite levels in urine is associated with a 4% decrease in sperm motility.', select the correct biomedical concept corresponding to 'carbaryl'. Answer using one of the provided options. | <Options>: A: carbaril (aka carbaryl)
B: carbadox
C: n-(hydroxymethyl)carbaryl
D: carbicarb (aka sodium bicarbonate, sodium carbonate drug combination)
E: carbogal (aka dimethylperfluorocylohexane)
F: carbazole
G: 3-methylphenyl-n-methyl carbamate (aka metacrate)
H: carbastat (aka carbachol)
I: carbathione (aka methyld... | A |
<Instruct>: Given the context 'Adjusted ORs and 95% CIs for below-reference semen parameters by increasing quintiles of 1N for (A) sperm concentration (p-value for trend = 0.02), (B) motility (p-value for trend = 0.002), and (C) morphology (p-value for trend = 0.09).', select the correct biomedical concept correspondin... | <Options>: A: 11n radioisotope (aka nitrogen-11)
B: nucleotide (aka nucleotides)
C: 1-naphthyl deoxynucleoside
D: 1-naphthylamine
E: 1-naphthylamide (aka 2-naphthylamide)
F: 1-neic (aka 1-(1-naphthyl)ethyl isocyanate)
G: 2n3nad (aka nicotinamide 2-azidoadenine dinucleotide)
H: 3'nlm1 (aka 2-3-n-acetylneuraminyl-1-3-gal... | K |
<Instruct>: Given the context 'The quintiles of SG-adjusted 1N (μg/L) are as follows: Q1 (low), < LOD to 1.50; Q2, 1.50–2.67; Q3, 2.67–3.73; Q4, 3.73–5.86; Q5 (high), 5.86–159.7.', select the correct biomedical concept corresponding to '1n'. Answer using one of the provided options. | <Options>: A: 1-hnic (aka 1-(2-hydroxy-3-nonyl)imidazole-4-carboxamide)
B: 3'nlm1 (aka 2-3-n-acetylneuraminyl-1-3-galactosyl-1-3-n-acetylglucosyl-1-4-galactosyl-1-glucosylceramide)
C: 10n radioisotope (aka nitrogen-10)
D: g-1-n (aka glycerol-1-nitrate)
E: 1-nitroso-2-naphthol
F: 1-naphthylamine
G: 15n isotope (aka nitr... | K |
<Instruct>: Given the context 'Adjusted ORs and 95% CIs for below-reference semen parameters by increasing quintiles of TCPY for (A) sperm concentration (p-value for trend = 0.21), (B) motility (p-value for trend = 0.15), and (C) morphology (p-value for trend = 0.26).', select the correct biomedical concept correspondi... | <Options>: A: d-tcpl (aka tricalcium phosphate lysine)
B: beta-cct (aka tert-butyl beta-carboline-3-carboxylate)
C: tcph-2 (aka s-(2-thiopyridyl)cysteine hydrazide)
D: peptide yy
E: tkcpb (aka tetrakis(4-chlorophenyl)borate)
F: cp-cct (aka n-(1-(2-carboxy-4-phenylbutyl)cyclopentylcarbonyl)tryptophan)
G: tpspy (aka 1-(2... | K |
<Instruct>: Given the context 'The quintiles of SG-adjusted TCPY (μg/L) are as follows: Q1 (low), < LOD to 1.45; Q2, 1.45–2.72; Q3, 2.72–3.85; Q4, 3.85–5.59; Q5 (high), 5.59–40.69.', select the correct biomedical concept corresponding to 'tcpy'. Answer using one of the provided options. | <Options>: A: tcpt-2,3,7,8 cpd (aka 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorophenothiazine)
B: tcpobop (aka 1,4-bis(2-(3,5-dichloropyridyloxy))benzene)
C: tcph-2 (aka s-(2-thiopyridyl)cysteine hydrazide)
D: tkcpb (aka tetrakis(4-chlorophenyl)borate)
E: 1,1,1,3-tcp (aka 1,1,1,3-tetrachloropropane)
F: tpspy (aka 1-(2,4,6-triisopropylbenzenesu... | K |
<Instruct>: Given the context 'Distribution of insecticide (carbaryl and chlorpyrifos) metabolite levels in urine.', select the correct biomedical concept corresponding to 'carbaryl'. Answer using one of the provided options. | <Options>: A: carbaton
B: 1-naphthyl-n-methylcarbamate (aka carbaryl)
C: carbathione (aka methyldithiocarbamate)
D: phenyl-n-methyl-n-benzylcarbamate
E: carbazeran
F: carbastat (aka carbachol)
G: carbadox
H: n-(hydroxymethyl)carbaryl
I: carbidine (aka dicarbine)
J: carbazole
K: None of the above. | B |
<Instruct>: Given the context 'Distribution of insecticide (carbaryl and chlorpyrifos) metabolite levels in urine.', select the correct biomedical concept corresponding to 'chlorpyrifos'. Answer using one of the provided options. | <Options>: A: chloramidophos
B: chlorpyrifos
C: chloropyromorphite
D: o-ethyl-o-phenylchlorothiophosphate
E: phosphoric acid, 2-chloro-1-(2,4-dichlorophenyl)ethenyl diethyl ester (aka chlorfenvinphos)
F: chloracetophos
G: diethyl chlorophosphate (aka diethylchlorophosphate)
H: chlorpyrifos-methyl
I: chloromethyl phosph... | B |
<Instruct>: Given the context 'LOD for 1N = 0.40 μg/L; 99.7% of samples > LOD.', select the correct biomedical concept corresponding to '1n'. Answer using one of the provided options. | <Options>: A: 1-naphthylamine
B: nitrogen-11
C: 1-hnic (aka 1-(2-hydroxy-3-nonyl)imidazole-4-carboxamide)
D: 1-nitronaphthalene
E: 2n3nad (aka nicotinamide 2-azidoadenine dinucleotide)
F: 1-nphe-nociceptin-(1-13)-nh2 (aka nociceptin-(1-13)-nh2, nphe(1)-)
G: 1-naphthyl deoxynucleoside
H: 1-neic (aka 1-(1-naphthyl)ethyl ... | K |
<Instruct>: Given the context 'LOD for TCPY = 0.25 μg/L; 93.9% of samples > LOD.', select the correct biomedical concept corresponding to 'tcpy'. Answer using one of the provided options. | <Options>: A: tyrosine-tubulin
B: 34-pro-peptide yy (aka peptide yy, pro(34)-)
C: peptide yy-3 (aka peptide yy (3-36))
D: peptide yy
E: tkcpb (aka tetrakis(4-chlorophenyl)borate)
F: cpt protocol
G: 2,3,4-tcp (aka 2,3,4-trichlorophenol)
H: tcpobop (aka 1,4-bis(2-(3,5-dichloropyridyloxy))benzene)
I: tcp (antiseptic)
J: n... | K |
<Instruct>: Given the context 'Excluded 23 samples with creatinine > 300 or < 30 mg/dL.', select the correct biomedical concept corresponding to 'creatinine'. Answer using one of the provided options. | <Options>: A: creosol
B: creatinine
C: creolin
D: creatol
E: creatinol-o-phosphate (aka creatinol phosphate)
F: cremophor, o(beta)-isomer (aka cremophor)
G: creatine ethyl ester
H: creatine
I: creat whole extract (aka andrographis paniculata extract)
J: r(acc) (aka adenylyl-(3'-5')-cytidylyl-(3'-5')-cytidine)
K: None o... | B |
<Instruct>: Given the context 'SG-adjusted 1N tertiles: low, < LOD to 2.36 μg/L; medium, 2.36–4.02 μg/L; high, 4.02–159.7 μg/L.', select the correct biomedical concept corresponding to '1n'. Answer using one of the provided options. | <Options>: A: nitrogen-11
B: g-1-n (aka glycerol-1-nitrate)
C: 2n3nad (aka nicotinamide 2-azidoadenine dinucleotide)
D: 3'nlm1 (aka 2-3-n-acetylneuraminyl-1-3-galactosyl-1-3-n-acetylglucosyl-1-4-galactosyl-1-glucosylceramide)
E: 1-hnic (aka 1-(2-hydroxy-3-nonyl)imidazole-4-carboxamide)
F: mn 001 (aka 4-(6-acetyl-3-(3-(... | K |
<Instruct>: Given the context 'SG-adjusted TCPY tertiles: low, < LOD to 2.30 μg/L; medium, 2.30–4.42 μg/L; high, 4.42–40.7 μg/L.', select the correct biomedical concept corresponding to 'tcpy'. Answer using one of the provided options. | <Options>: A: d-tcpl (aka tricalcium phosphate lysine)
B: tcpt-2,3,7,8 cpd (aka 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorophenothiazine)
C: 2,3,4-tcp (aka 2,3,4-trichlorophenol)
D: tkcpb (aka tetrakis(4-chlorophenyl)borate)
E: 34-pro-peptide yy (aka peptide yy, pro(34)-)
F: tpspy (aka 1-(2,4,6-triisopropylbenzenesulfonyl)-5-(pyridin-2-yl)tet... | K |
<Instruct>: Given the context '1N IQR = 1.80–5.02 μg/L; TCPY IQR = 1.76–5.01 μg/L.', select the correct biomedical concept corresponding to '1n'. Answer using one of the provided options. | <Options>: A: 1-neic (aka 1-(1-naphthyl)ethyl isocyanate)
B: 1-nphe-nociceptin-(1-13)-nh2 (aka nociceptin-(1-13)-nh2, nphe(1)-)
C: 10n radioisotope (aka nitrogen-10)
D: mn 001 (aka 4-(6-acetyl-3-(3-(4-acetyl-3-hydroxy-2-propylphenylthio)propoxy)-2-propylphenoxy)butyric acid)
E: g-1-n (aka glycerol-1-nitrate)
F: 1-napht... | K |
<Instruct>: Given the context '1N IQR = 1.80–5.02 μg/L; TCPY IQR = 1.76–5.01 μg/L.', select the correct biomedical concept corresponding to 'tcpy'. Answer using one of the provided options. | <Options>: A: tcap protocol
B: beta-cct (aka tert-butyl beta-carboline-3-carboxylate)
C: cpt protocol
D: tcp (antiseptic)
E: 1,1,1,3-tcp (aka 1,1,1,3-tetrachloropropane)
F: tyrosine-tubulin
G: neuropeptide y c-terminal flanking peptide
H: peptide yy
I: 34-pro-peptide yy (aka peptide yy, pro(34)-)
J: 2,3,4-tcp (aka 2,3,... | K |
<Instruct>: Given the context '1N and TCPY were log transformed for regression analysis.', select the correct biomedical concept corresponding to '1n'. Answer using one of the provided options. | <Options>: A: 10n radioisotope (aka nitrogen-10)
B: 12n radioisotope (aka nitrogen-12)
C: 1-hnic (aka 1-(2-hydroxy-3-nonyl)imidazole-4-carboxamide)
D: g-1-n (aka glycerol-1-nitrate)
E: 1-nitronaphthalene
F: 1-mni (aka 1-methyl-2-nitrosoimidazole)
G: nitrogen-11
H: mn 001 (aka 4-(6-acetyl-3-(3-(4-acetyl-3-hydroxy-2-prop... | K |
<Instruct>: Given the context '1N and TCPY were log transformed for regression analysis.', select the correct biomedical concept corresponding to 'tcpy'. Answer using one of the provided options. | <Options>: A: 34-pro-peptide yy (aka peptide yy, pro(34)-)
B: beta-cct (aka tert-butyl beta-carboline-3-carboxylate)
C: tcph-2 (aka s-(2-thiopyridyl)cysteine hydrazide)
D: tkcpb (aka tetrakis(4-chlorophenyl)borate)
E: neuropeptide y c-terminal flanking peptide
F: tcpobop (aka 1,4-bis(2-(3,5-dichloropyridyloxy))benzene)... | K |
<Instruct>: Given the context 'The coefficient represents a multiplicative change in sperm concentration per IQR change in TCPY or 1N (1.0, no change in sperm concentration for an IQR change in insecticide metabolite concentration; < 1.0, a multiplicative decrease in sperm concentration for an IQR change in insecticide... | <Options>: A: 34-pro-peptide yy (aka peptide yy, pro(34)-)
B: d-tcpl (aka tricalcium phosphate lysine)
C: tubulin-tyrosine (aka tyrosine-tubulin)
D: cp-cct (aka n-(1-(2-carboxy-4-phenylbutyl)cyclopentylcarbonyl)tryptophan)
E: tcpobop (aka 1,4-bis(2-(3,5-dichloropyridyloxy))benzene)
F: tpspy (aka 1-(2,4,6-triisopropylbe... | K |
<Instruct>: Given the context 'The coefficient represents a multiplicative change in sperm concentration per IQR change in TCPY or 1N (1.0, no change in sperm concentration for an IQR change in insecticide metabolite concentration; < 1.0, a multiplicative decrease in sperm concentration for an IQR change in insecticide... | <Options>: A: 1-nphe-nociceptin-(1-13)-nh2 (aka nociceptin-(1-13)-nh2, nphe(1)-)
B: 1-hnic (aka 1-(2-hydroxy-3-nonyl)imidazole-4-carboxamide)
C: 12n radioisotope (aka nitrogen-12)
D: 15n isotope (aka nitrogen-15)
E: 1-mni (aka 1-methyl-2-nitrosoimidazole)
F: mn 001 (aka 4-(6-acetyl-3-(3-(4-acetyl-3-hydroxy-2-propylphen... | K |
<Instruct>: Given the context 'TCPY IQR = 1.76–5.08 μg/L; 1N IQR = 1.77–5.02 μg/L.', select the correct biomedical concept corresponding to 'tcpy'. Answer using one of the provided options. | <Options>: A: tcpt-2,3,7,8 cpd (aka 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorophenothiazine)
B: tcap protocol
C: tkcpb (aka tetrakis(4-chlorophenyl)borate)
D: peptide yy
E: cp-cct (aka n-(1-(2-carboxy-4-phenylbutyl)cyclopentylcarbonyl)tryptophan)
F: tyrosine-tubulin
G: beta-tcp (aka beta-tricalcium phosphate)
H: tcph-2 (aka s-(2-thiopyridyl)... | K |
<Instruct>: Given the context 'TCPY IQR = 1.76–5.08 μg/L; 1N IQR = 1.77–5.02 μg/L.', select the correct biomedical concept corresponding to '1n'. Answer using one of the provided options. | <Options>: A: 2n3nad (aka nicotinamide 2-azidoadenine dinucleotide)
B: 1-naphthylamide (aka 2-naphthylamide)
C: 15n isotope (aka nitrogen-15)
D: 1-neh cpd (aka (17beta,20r,22e,24r)-1-methyl-19-norergosta-1,3,5,7,9,14,22-heptaene)
E: 1-nphe-nociceptin-(1-13)-nh2 (aka nociceptin-(1-13)-nh2, nphe(1)-)
F: nitrogen-11
G: 1-... | K |
<Instruct>: Given the context 'Following LPS stimulation, apoE4-macrophages showed higher and lower concentrations of tumour necrosis factor alpha (pro-inflammatory) and interleukin 10 (anti-inflammatory), respectively, both at mRNA and protein levels.', select the correct biomedical concept corresponding to 'lps'. Ans... | <Options>: A: bcg-lps (aka bcg lipopolysaccharide)
B: protein-rich endotoxin
C: lipopolysaccharide (aka lipopolysaccharides)
D: lps-asd (aka 2-(4-azidosalicylamido)-1,3'-dithiopropionate-lipopolysaccharide)
E: lipopolysaccharide, proteus
F: lipopolysaccharide b
G: re lipopolysaccharide
H: deacylated lipopolysaccharides... | C |
<Instruct>: Given the context 'In addition to its paracrine effect on surrounding cells, apoE has also been shown to impact on macrophage function by promoting cholesterol efflux [10] and modulating NO production [11].', select the correct biomedical concept corresponding to 'cholesterol'. Answer using one of the provi... | <Options>: A: cholesterol glucoside (aka cholesteryl glucoside)
B: cholestin (aka red yeast rice)
C: cholest-7-en-3-ol (aka lathosterol)
D: cholestanes
E: dietary cholesterol (aka cholesterol, dietary)
F: cholestanol
G: cholesterol lipoprotein (aka lipoprotein cholesterol)
H: cholesteronil
I: cholesterol
J: cholesteryl... | I |
<Instruct>: Given the context 'In addition to its paracrine effect on surrounding cells, apoE has also been shown to impact on macrophage function by promoting cholesterol efflux [10] and modulating NO production [11].', select the correct biomedical concept corresponding to 'no'. Answer using one of the provided optio... | <Options>: A: nitronox (aka entonox)
B: acid, nitric (aka nitric acid)
C: nitrile (aka nitriles)
D: nitrol (aka nitroglycerin)
E: oxide, nitrogen (aka nitrogen oxides)
F: no+ ion (aka nitrosonium ion)
G: nitronyl nitroxide
H: noarg (aka nitroarginine)
I: nitrogen oxide (no) (aka nitric oxide)
J: n'-nitrosonornicotine-n... | I |
<Instruct>: Given the context 'Cells were cultured in Dulbecco’s modified Eagle’s medium supplemented with 10% foetal bovine serum, 4 mM l-glutamine, 100 U/ml penicillin and 100 μg/ml streptomycin and 100 μg/ml G-418.', select the correct biomedical concept corresponding to 'l-glutamine'. Answer using one of the provid... | <Options>: A: gamma-gln-ala (aka gamma-glutamylalanine)
B: glycyl-l-glutamine (aka glycylglutamine)
C: glutaminylglycine (aka glutaminyl-glycine)
D: n(2)-(1-carboxyethyl)-glutamine (aka heliopine)
E: gamma-gln-gly (aka gamma-glutamylglycine)
F: glutamine
G: alanyl-glutamine (aka alanylglutamine)
H: l-glutamic acid (aka... | F |
<Instruct>: Given the context 'Cells were cultured in Dulbecco’s modified Eagle’s medium supplemented with 10% foetal bovine serum, 4 mM l-glutamine, 100 U/ml penicillin and 100 μg/ml streptomycin and 100 μg/ml G-418.', select the correct biomedical concept corresponding to 'penicillin'. Answer using one of the provide... | <Options>: A: propicillin
B: pyrimidine penicillin g
C: penicillin g
D: penicillin x
E: cpe-penicillin (aka 3-chloro-3',3'-dimethyl-7'-oxo-3-((phenylamino)carbonyl)spiro(oxirane-2,6'-(4)thia(1)azabicyclo(3.2.)heptane)-2'-carboxylic acid)
F: phenethicillin
G: n-pyrrolylpenicillin
H: penicillin antibiotics (aka penicilli... | H |
<Instruct>: Given the context 'Cells were cultured in Dulbecco’s modified Eagle’s medium supplemented with 10% foetal bovine serum, 4 mM l-glutamine, 100 U/ml penicillin and 100 μg/ml streptomycin and 100 μg/ml G-418.', select the correct biomedical concept corresponding to 'streptomycin'. Answer using one of the provi... | <Options>: A: streptomycin sulfate (2:3), chlortetracycline monohydrochloride (aka streptocycline)
B: streptoseomycin
C: streptothricin (aka streptothricins)
D: d-streptamine, o-3-amino-3-deoxy-alpha-d-glucopyranosyl-(1-6)-o-(6-amino-6-deoxy-alpha-d-glucopyranosyl-(1-4))-n1-(4-amino-2-hydroxy-1-oxobutyl)-2-deoxy-, (s)-... | H |
<Instruct>: Given the context 'Cells were cultured in Dulbecco’s modified Eagle’s medium supplemented with 10% foetal bovine serum, 4 mM l-glutamine, 100 U/ml penicillin and 100 μg/ml streptomycin and 100 μg/ml G-418.', select the correct biomedical concept corresponding to 'g-418'. Answer using one of the provided opt... | <Options>: A: g 1460
B: g-800 (aka dabequin)
C: g 264 (aka 5-chloro-n-(3-hydroxypropyl)salicylanilide)
D: antibiotic 4181-a
E: tra-418 (aka tra418)
F: kp-418 (aka imidazolium tetrachlorobis(1h-imidazole)ruthenate(iii))
G: g 1616
H: 4181-b (aka antibiotic 4181-b)
I: g 526 (aka bemosat)
J: g 418 sulfate (aka antibiotic g... | J |
<Instruct>: Given the context 'Macrophages were grown in a humidified incubator at 37 °C and 5% CO2.', select the correct biomedical concept corresponding to 'co2'. Answer using one of the provided options. | <Options>: A: carbonic dichloride (aka phosgene)
B: carbonic acid
C: carbon dioxide, mixt. with nitrogen and oxygen (aka pneumoxide)
D: dioxide snow, carbon (aka dry ice)
E: co (aka carbon monoxide)
F: carbonic anhydride (aka carbon dioxide)
G: nitrogen dioxide
H: carbonic acid ions (aka bicarbonates)
I: c3o2 (aka carb... | F |
<Instruct>: Given the context 'Cells were incubated with lipopolysacharide (LPS) (Salmonella enteriditis, Sigma–Aldrich, Taufkirchen, Germany) for different time-periods depending on the outcome of interest.', select the correct biomedical concept corresponding to 'lipopolysacharide'. Answer using one of the provided o... | <Options>: A: lipopolysaccharide b
B: lipooligosaccharides (aka lipid-linked oligosaccharides)
C: lipopolysaccharides, deacylated (aka deacylated lipopolysaccharides)
D: lipopolysaccharide a
E: protein-rich endotoxin
F: bcg-lps (aka bcg lipopolysaccharide)
G: polysaccharide c-substance (aka polysaccharide c-substance (... | J |
<Instruct>: Given the context 'Cells were incubated with lipopolysacharide (LPS) (Salmonella enteriditis, Sigma–Aldrich, Taufkirchen, Germany) for different time-periods depending on the outcome of interest.', select the correct biomedical concept corresponding to 'lps'. Answer using one of the provided options. | <Options>: A: lipopolysaccharide b
B: re lipopolysaccharide
C: salmonella endotoxin (aka salmonella toxin)
D: lps receptor (aka lipopolysaccharide receptors)
E: lipopolysaccharides, deacylated (aka deacylated lipopolysaccharides)
F: lipopolysaccharides
G: tnp-lps (aka trinitrophenyl-lipopolysaccharide)
H: proteus lipop... | F |
<Instruct>: Given the context 'Cells were stimulated with increasing concentrations of LPS (0–10 μg/ml) for 4 h.', select the correct biomedical concept corresponding to 'lps'. Answer using one of the provided options. | <Options>: A: re lipopolysaccharide
B: proteus lipopolysaccharide (aka lipopolysaccharide, proteus)
C: tnp-lps (aka trinitrophenyl-lipopolysaccharide)
D: endotoxin (aka endotoxins)
E: lps 9
F: lipopolysaccharide (aka lipopolysaccharides)
G: deacylated lipopolysaccharides
H: lps-asd (aka 2-(4-azidosalicylamido)-1,3'-dit... | F |
<Instruct>: Given the context 'Cells were stimulated with LPS (1 μg/ml) for 1 h to determine TNFα mRNA levels and for 6 h to determine mRNA levels for IL1β, IL6, IL10, and MIP1α.', select the correct biomedical concept corresponding to 'lps'. Answer using one of the provided options. | <Options>: A: bcg-lps (aka bcg lipopolysaccharide)
B: protein-rich endotoxin
C: lipopolysaccharide a
D: salmonella endotoxin (aka salmonella toxin)
E: tnp-lps (aka trinitrophenyl-lipopolysaccharide)
F: lipopolysaccharides
G: lipopolysaccharide, proteus
H: lipopolysaccharides, deacylated (aka deacylated lipopolysacchari... | F |
<Instruct>: Given the context 'For HO-1, cells were stimulated with LPS (1 μg/ml) for 24 h and RNA was isolated by acid guanidinium thiocyanate–phenol–chloroform extraction and reverse transcription was carried out with oligo-dT primers for 1 h at 42 °C using MMLV reverse transcriptase, according to the manufacturer’s ... | <Options>: A: lipopolysaccharide, proteus
B: lps-asd (aka 2-(4-azidosalicylamido)-1,3'-dithiopropionate-lipopolysaccharide)
C: lipopolysaccharides
D: tnp-lps (aka trinitrophenyl-lipopolysaccharide)
E: lps receptor (aka lipopolysaccharide receptors)
F: salmonella endotoxin (aka salmonella toxin)
G: endotoxins
H: lipopol... | C |
<Instruct>: Given the context 'For HO-1, cells were stimulated with LPS (1 μg/ml) for 24 h and RNA was isolated by acid guanidinium thiocyanate–phenol–chloroform extraction and reverse transcription was carried out with oligo-dT primers for 1 h at 42 °C using MMLV reverse transcriptase, according to the manufacturer’s ... | <Options>: A: guancydine
B: big, guanidine (aka benzimidazolguanidine)
C: guanylurea (aka guanidine carboxamide)
D: guanidines
E: aa-guanidinium (aka anhydrous ammonioguanidinium(2+))
F: beta-guanidine propionic acid (aka guanidinopropionic acid)
G: aminoguanidine (aka pimagedine)
H: guanidinium chloride (aka guanidine... | H |
<Instruct>: Given the context 'For HO-1, cells were stimulated with LPS (1 μg/ml) for 24 h and RNA was isolated by acid guanidinium thiocyanate–phenol–chloroform extraction and reverse transcription was carried out with oligo-dT primers for 1 h at 42 °C using MMLV reverse transcriptase, according to the manufacturer’s ... | <Options>: A: mercuric thiocyanate (aka potassium mercuric thiocyanate)
B: allyl thiocyanate
C: methylene bis(thiocyanate)
D: thioallophanate
E: copper(ii) thiocyanate
F: methyl thiocyanate
G: potassium thiocyanate
H: thiocyanates
I: sodium thiocyanate
J: thiocyanate ion (1-) (aka thiocyanate)
K: None of the above. | J |
<Instruct>: Given the context 'For HO-1, cells were stimulated with LPS (1 μg/ml) for 24 h and RNA was isolated by acid guanidinium thiocyanate–phenol–chloroform extraction and reverse transcription was carried out with oligo-dT primers for 1 h at 42 °C using MMLV reverse transcriptase, according to the manufacturer’s ... | <Options>: A: carbolic acid (aka phenol)
B: phenylacetates
C: benzoic acid
D: aminophenols
E: benzilic acid
F: ethers, phenyl (aka phenyl ethers)
G: phenyl ether
H: phenacid
I: phenols
J: phenol ion (aka phenoxy radical)
K: None of the above. | A |
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