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{"text": "- Holy crap. Trump just did this. If you had \"old man bleeding out of his ears had it coming\" on your bingo card, you win. He's a madman. He's a disinformation machine. The comparisons to Hitler losing his mind during the final days aren't that funny anymore. And he's getting his information from OANN!:\n- There's no limit to the amount of contempt I feel for that man. And if you support him, you own him. All of him. He is your leader. You have no excuses.\n- Now on to what I had written . . .\n- As the Coronavirus now fights to regain headlines over protesting for social justice, this post about the combination of the two made me laugh. He ain't wrong.\n- Wise County 'rona numbers: 55 total. 5 active. But we've had two new deaths hit the books which brings that total up to 5 as well.\n- Texas numbers for Monday was enough to cause the seven day average to trend upwards again. More importantly, we beat the record for the current number of hospitalizations which had been set on May 5th. So the numbers were enough for us to shut down in April, huh?\n- This report got lots of attention yesterday, but the headline also got roundly criticized as misleading. You might want to put it in your \"I'm not sure about that\" category -- a category which should be bulging at the seems.\n- You think the stock market makes any sense? Yesterday the S&P recovered to such a point that it's the same now as it was on December 31, 2019. So it's just like 2020 never happened.\n- It won't be a lot of peoples' cup of tea, but this week's episode of Last Week Tonight with John Oliver about policing in light of the murder of George Floyd is getting a lot of buzz -- especially the way the show ended. It's chilling. (Language warning.)\n- We are seeing lots of police departments doing lots of 180s on these arrests. And, note, they weren't arrested in Fort Worth for \"rioting\" they were arrested for being on the 7th Street Bridge and being tear gassed by police. One of them was from Bridgeport, but I never did get a name. (My Faithful Reader Army failed me.)\n- I might enjoy her more than Sarah Sanders because she's more likely to give us gold. From yesterday:\n- Man, Drudge loves sticking it to Trump.\n- The new Wall (no, not that one that hasn't been built which Mexico isn't paying for) really is ridiculous.\n- AG Bill Barr is probably in trouble this morning.\n- UT, which still plans on holding in-person classes this Fall, says students and instructors will wear masks. Assuming that fans are allowed at football games, how will that work out there?\n- A couple of screenshots from over the weekend.\n- The Colonial has the greatest field in its history this week. After experiencing the heat and humidity, most may never come back.\n- With Cary Bohn dropping out of the Decatur's mayoral race, Decatur's next mayor will be a graduate of Bridgeport High School. (The same year as me, by the way). I'm guessing that has never happened before."}
{"text": ".\nHello and welcome to the final Dash of Outrage on Series 12. This week, we’re doing something a little different. The final instalment will be broken up into a series of one-on-one chats that look closely at different aspects of the episode.\nCanon\nJacob Black (@jblacksomething) is a writer and preschool and after-school teacher in Seattle. He has written two stories for Obverse Books’ Faction Paradox series and has dabbled in submissions and editing of charity anthologies. His favourite Doctors are Paul McGann (the novels’ iteration, especially as written by Lance Parkin, Kate Orman, and Jon Blum), Patrick Troughton, Peter Capaldi, and William Hartnell. Jo Martin has already made quite the lovely and excitable impression.\nLoafers: We have Jake Black here to talk to us about timey-wimey canon malarkey. Jake, what did you think of the episode?\nJake: Well, right off the bat, I really liked it. I really, really liked it. I think it’s one of the most solid and believably tense episodes Chibnall’s curated, and even while I have hang-ups and disagreements with what he’s trying to do with the character of the Doctor (which I’m sure I’ll touch on later), I can’t help but be completely and utterly in love with the energy and the confidence. Comparing this to last season’s finale is also worth a good laugh. I joked the night of that it was “the most Me™ episode” ever broadcast, and while that doesn’t give me credit for the elements of the story I’d like to pick apart and disagree with, a few days to sit on it and simmer have confirmed that’s still pretty accurate.\nLoafers: I also enjoyed it a great deal. Although parts of it were sloppy on a nuts-and-bolts level, this is the most excited I’ve been about the show since… well, since Clara left, to be honest.\nJake: Completely agreed. Clara’s era and series 10 are still firmly holding onto my definitive “Best TV Who” award, and while I have been actively enjoying much that the Chibnall era has to offer, it was a struggle through series 11 to maintain the same passion and love. Series 12 has been consistently impressing me and giving me more and more hope, and now “The Timeless Children” has honestly made every creative decision of this series fit into place. I’m feeling very good about the show right now. It’s no peak-Capaldi, but I’m happily taking it.\nLoafers: Nothing is peak Capaldi except peak Capaldi! I’ve spent four years watching other shows and thinking “It’s not Capaldi but I guess it’s okay.” It’s time to move on. What are the implications of this for the shape of Doctor Who? And I don’t just mean the show.\nJake: You could make the argument that this retcon is going to be forgotten and moved past within two years, as is the nature of the beast, frankly. Our good friend Sam said something recently that has been rolling around in my head every day since… that the idea Doctor Who HAS to change every era, every Doctor, can be as much a detriment and liability as a narrative boon. Retcons don’t last, revelations don’t hold out… individual Doctors become defined by the changes and lore shakeups isolated to their three or four years of tenure. The Eleventh Doctor, for example, is an era all about deconstructing what the Doctor is in the face of the Silence, a horrible evil force that has Been There the Whole Time…. and then, of course, there hasn’t been a peep of them, their world, and what they brought to the series since Matt waved us goodbye.\nThe Twelfth Doctor set in stone the idea of the Doctor being a bad person living up to the ideal, trying hard every day to be kind and be the Doctor, while he redeemed his best friend and mortal enemy the Master, while his reasons for leaving Gallifrey were explained TWICE… and we have left all those revelations with him in his dust while the Thirteenth Doctor rushed headlong without them.\nSo whether or not the Timeless Children, and the rest of Chibnall’s “five-year plan” with the Timeless Child arc, have any effect on the show past his tenure, I think it’s best to view what all of this does for Doctor Who in the here and now… what this does for Thirteen. Retcons and revelations become the set dressing for individual eras in NuWho’s format, and currently, we are having the Doctor massively redefined before our eyes. When Thirteen started, we were adjusting to the character of a privileged aristocrat trying to be good and kind now taking the face of a much more zany, whimsical, arguably political centrist woman. Now, we are watching this Doctor realize she was never connected to the Time Lords’ entitlement or privilege… now, the ideal and name of the Doctor has to evolve around the Doctor being a refugee, a victim of the Time Lord society so formerly tied to the character’s logic and actions.\nThe rules of who the Doctor is and what the Doctor does are going to change, I think. And if that stays just with Thirteen or other possible Chibnall Doctors, I don’t find that a failure or a reason for cursing the idea. I find it the inevitable effect of NuWho’s style. Also, having random Doctors appear with no chronological explanation could be an era quirk, so that’s a rather hysterical possibility for future seasons.\nLoafers: In her review of the episode, Elizabeth Sandifer put forward that Chibnall has deliberately set this up as a reveal that must be reckoned with by future writers, that Chibnall has deliberately opened up a space too large to fill all by himself, and that, in doing so, the episode does permanent damage to Doctor Who. I’m getting the impression that you would disagree with this.\nJake: I do disagree if only because of the cycle of “new ideas, new directions! Oh, wait, no, new Doctor, new aesthetic, new showrunner, never mind, let’s put that on the backburner” that I genuinely can’t believe anyone could do anything to kill the show. Seven years ago, Matt Smith was bouncing around time and space trying to hold onto his parents-in-law while “Doctor Who” was being blasted on loudspeakers and questioned by mortal enemies. Three years ago, the Twelfth Doctor carried his philosophy and ideals of the Doctor, with the Hybrid’s revelations close behind, butted heads with a First Doctor telling companions that weren’t his to dust his TARDIS. These narrative changes and Big Showy Exciting alterations to the show are becoming facets of the era and the Doctor ONLY, so I don’t think the revelation of “The Timeless Children” is going to survive 13, much less Chibnall.\nAnd I do have complaints about it, mind you. As someone who predicted that the Timeless Child was the source of regenerations experimented on and tortured, revealing “‘TWAS THE DOCTOR ALL ALONG” is a safer and less interesting route, and retconning the Doctor into a refugee victim of the Time Lords’ hypocritical and temporally colonizing ways, as opposed to an aristocrat formerly complacent in the system and now actively trying to rebel against it, clashes with my perception of the Doctor something fierce. But I can’t complain because I’ve gotten my perception of the Doctor. Capaldi’s era, the Twelfth Doctor, the arcs he experienced and the character work he shouldered with Clara and Bill.\nI’ve also been so neck-deep in deep lore and EU ideas like The Timeless Children for a very long time. I discovered Cold Fusion and The Infinity Doctors (not to mention Lungbarrow, of course) before I had even watched the likes of, I dunno, “The Rescue”, “The Time Meddler.” Once you’ve read Kate Orman and Jon Blum’s sublime Unnatural History, where the Eighth Doctor looks at the assortment of his conflicting past and origins, all the impossible Others and looms and human mothers, and merely swats it all away with a “Doesn’t matter, I’m still the Doctor, that’s what matters right now,” scolds the villains, and wraps himself in those contradictions because he thinks it’s funny not to make sense, stuff like The Timeless Children sort of rolls off!\nLoafers: I still find it funny that the Doctor is canonically a member of An Garda Síochána.\nJake: I think what endears me to this finale so much is how it is an attempt to engage with the idea of “the Doctor being special, the Doctor being MORE than what we saw on TV” that dominated the Cartmel era and the VNAs, but in the way only a fan building on nostalgic memories of the 1970s could. Lance Parkin turned the Morbius Faces, the very concept of the Doctor existing before Hartnell, into ambiguous baggage of a romance story (very much in line with Moffat’s approaches to the Doctor and sexuality) that became centred and directly focused on the mysterious Patience rather than the pre-Hartnell Doctors. Marc Platt turned the Other and the “Cartmel Masterplan” (such as it was and wasn’t) into a blatant rejection from the Doctor himself that I can only compare to Steven Universe screaming “SHE’S GONE” to White Diamond and reclaiming himself.\nNow, we have Chibnall trying to actively make a story engaging with that energy, engaging with the reputations of these stories, trying to tell a story about why the Doctor shouldn’t be special, trying to push her in directions out of the Time Lords’ shadow. I genuinely think Chibnall’s point of the script, illustrated by Whittaker and Jo Martin’s Matrix discussion, of Thirteen declaring herself strengthened and still “the Doctor” through the new baggage, is an attempt to say why the Doctor doesn’t need to be special. Whether or not it works is in the eye of the beholder, naturally, but that’s what “The Timeless Children” is trying to do. We finally have an answer for what the Thirteenth Doctor is, we have understanding and ideas for what the Doctor is supposed to be, what the ideal stands for under Chibnall’s pen. Whether or not it meshes or shares ideas with mine, I feel the rest of the era (five-year plan, remember) is going to move forward with the confidence and self-assertion we’ve been missing.\nUnfortunate Implications\nMiranda Bonilla (@CarouselUnique) is an artist and is studying illustration and graphic design at university, you may know her as that one person using the moral high ground as a point to jump off of and fight people on Twitter over their opinions on this sci-fi show we all dedicate our lives to for some reason. If you watch My Little Pony though, you may also know her as a fan artist. Her favourite Doctor is Sylvester McCoy, or as she otherwise puts it ‘If Matt Smith and Peter Capaldi fused, so basically: Sylvester McCoy.’\nLoafers: Next up, we have Miranda Bonilla here to talk about the Chibnall Era’s knack for unfortunate implications. Chris should change his name to J Alfred Prufrock because that is NOT what he meant to say, that is not what he meant to say AT ALL! Miranda, how did you find the episode?\nMiranda: Upon a rewatch, I was able to acknowledge that it’s not the death knell a lot of us felt it was. That’s the power of popular opinion for you. But it remains the biggest disappointment of the season for me. However, it was a disappointment I could see coming from a ways away. See, I’ve complained about the previous series and several times on this very segment, about the biggest issue being how the show wasn’t thinking things through and bringing down some genuinely promising content as a result. This may not be the biggest example, but it feels like exactly where that sort of mistake leads.\nLoafers: Could you elaborate on what you mean concerning “The Timeless Child” in particular?\nMiranda: Well, I think it’s easiest to start with everyone’s favourite, the maiden, the myth, the legend: Ruthless Doctor herself. Great choice and amazing casting and a breath of fresh air do we agree?\nLoafers: We sure do!\nMiranda: Heck yeah! Anyway, the problem starts with her, unfortunately: you see, the Chibnall Era struggles with a serious issue of diversity for seemingly diversity’s sake – and this isn’t me coming in at Eleven o’Clock to suddenly become a ‘Not My Doctor’ team player. What I mean by that is, the appearance of the show has largely changed under Chris Chibnall’s watch. It’s, on the whole, the most diverse the look of the show has been, but with a lot of these unfortunate implications, it becomes muddled. For starters, Ruth has been Dumbledore’d into the story with other diverse incarnations – she, of course, shows up more, thank God, but her story very much belongs to the past and a past we never saw.\nNow, we might see more of her in the future of course, and by God, I hope we do, but her being a pre-franchise incarnation, at least for now (and we have a long time to wait so this is what we get, I’ll happily eat my words later if this changes) means that, yes, the Doctor’s past is filled with diversity. But it’s lore, it’s a footnote, it’s Big Finish fodder (no offence) – and all in the service of developing her current white counterpart.\nLoafers: I’m obliged to interject here and say that it hasn’t been spelt out precisely where Ruthless Doctor fits into the timeline. She could turn out to be a future Doctor yet. But I agree that it’s much more likely that she’s a pre-Hartnell Doctor.\nMiranda: Oh yeah, hence me happily eating my words if that changes. But every indication to me as a viewer places her as pre-Hartnell and until we’re confirmed that, it’s part of where my issues specifically lie. If she’s Fourteen, I’m buying my cosplay now.\nLoafers: Are there other problems like this in the episode? How’s our first non-white Master holding up?\nMiranda: … I’m assuming ‘Oof…’ isn’t a suitable enough answer? Right, right, save the quips for Twitter. Okay, so, I had a lot to say about him during “Spyfall – Part 2” as that played a lot more toward the realistic race tension of having our first Master of Colour masquerading as a Nazi in WWII for… it’s been months and I can’t find an answer other than: “WWII aesthetic sexy, what implications?”\nLoafers: That was the low point of the season for me. As far as I can tell, nothing quite that bad was in “Timeless Child.”\nMiranda: Here, it’s perhaps less noticeable than that. However, as is the big issue with a continuing story, things tend to colour each other. The last story, we’re left off with her leaving him in the clutches of the SS with his disguise off, showing his racial identity off to the worst possible people. This story has her “realize her genetic superiority” over the Master – once again leaving us with this genuinely uncomfortable imagery of her, this white woman, telling this man of colour that she’s “more” than him. Like, I genuinely am not trying to make some secret eugenic racist agenda here. I know they didn’t mean it that way, but that doesn’t fix it? It just makes it harder to argue against things that make me, and others I’m assuming, feel shitty.\nThe world around us doesn’t just stop having meaning because the show we like didn’t mean to put out some bad ideas – and the biggest issue I had watching “The Timeless Child” and the past two series was that it just wouldn’t stop making me have to think about just how bad some of this stuff comes across, ya know? Not to be cynical here but I don’t want to have to keep doing that when I have to do that all the time in the world as a rule of survival.\nLoafers: Of course. It must be exhausting and a show that touts diversity the way the Chibnall Era does ought to do better.\nMiranda: It leaves me wondering what am I supposed to do with this, it’s frustrating – on a fundamental moral level because I want the things I love to be better and on a cynical level because if you’re going to push the idea in my face that you’re diverse it shouldn’t be so… surface. It should mean something.\nThere’s one more point I feel should be brought up: the origin story. It doesn’t sit right with me – and not because of something-something-continuity either. The Doctor’s new origin story turns her into a refugee child of colour. On some level, I get this, I do; it’s quite a radical take for this era that Gallifrey’s genetic superiority was built off the back of a refugee child of colour and I can see how this could be effective in the future. Right now, with the show’s history still being so white, with regards to our lead, this story, again to shock and give a story to our white lead, leaves me so cold. It feels particularly exploitive to me. Like, we know exactly what will illicit the most sympathetic response, so we went with that – again, without thinking about what that means to have it attributed to white pain. All our memories of this character and the stories that make the idea of them being so used are with a white face attached. It feels like the entire legacy of the show we love is built on the pain of this young woman of colour.\nI also don’t love that this was our first big Jodie story, something about the abuse and use and discard angle doesn’t sit right with me that this was her first big story arc. That, with the kind of passive and withdrawn personality this Doctor has more often than I’d like, forces me into wondering if we’d be getting this same story with, say, David Tennant. I do enjoy more aspects of Whittaker Doctor this season, a far cry from where I was in “Spyfall” saying she was beyond redemption.\nBut I do think she and her team have been used in some ways that I question if this is supposed to be a “Space for All” – is it a “Space for All” if that ‘all’ calls so much into question, if that ‘all’ writes diversity into the Doctor so it makes the Doctor question herself, if we (until proven otherwise) have this amazing new Doctor of colour and other potentially cool diverse incarnations buried in the lore, if our first Master of colour is put into weirdly racially based situations where he’s framed as lesser than our white hero, if our now two season companions, two of whom are part of an unfortunately low statistic, still don’t have enough development, to the point of wanting at least one of them to leave in the special and if I have to now remember in the back of my mind that until the casting of a person of colour as the Doctor (and I mean as Fourteen or Onward) that this exploitation was for the development of another white character? … I can’t say. Well, I can for me at least.\nThis was an improved season of television. I mean that. There was a lot to enjoy about it and I think a lot of it is close to coming into its own. Certainly, you can no longer claim a lack of creativity or willingness to take the show out of the box. But this will not be a great show and live up to its claims of being a space for all until it gets some sensitivity training and critical thinking to maybe not make these mistakes. It is good to try to be diverse and inclusive. But it is not good enough if it doesn’t think about what that means to people enough to avoid these mistakes. Just because some people in the fandom claim the show has gone off the “SJW deep end of the PC pool” because it looks a bit more real life, doesn’t mean we should allow ourselves to overlook when it screws up at being a “Space for All”.\nIf I’m being honest, the revelation was like if “Heaven Sent” was the series 9 finale rather than “Hell Bent”, if Clara remained gone and if instead the weight was put on Twelve and his pain over losing her rather than her right to be who she wanted. “Heaven Sent” without “Hell Bent” could have been fine, just as I’m sure “The Timeless Children” was fine to others. However, Clara Oswald would have been a vessel to give Twelve manpain for development purposes, just as that child was used for Thirteen to have a bit of, well, whitepain for development purposes. It wouldn’t have been right to do that to Clara there and it isn’t right here. It’s, how you say, hella skeevy.\nLoafers: Someone write “Hell Bent: Timeless Child Edition.” Anything else to add before we finish?\nMiranda: … That one scene between Graham and Yaz was so good, it makes me wish they had a relationship among the team; Ruthless Doctor has the best costume among the whole regeneration lineage; and, if this is the kind of finale that marketing was leading up to, we were better off highlighting the individual episodes instead. Perhaps eighteen months, rather than simply a year, will be enough time to wrangle together a panel of people who can veto certain writing decisions that come off uncomfortably. My resume (which is mostly my Twitter) will be on Chibnall’s desk by Monday.\nLoafers: Speaking of writing decisions that come off uncomfortably: the fun doesn’t stop there!\nMessianic Racial Superiority\nS.A.H. is mostly known for doing some good tweets over at @Wackd and possibly for writing a handful of articles on Eruditorum Press forever ago. They’re also currently doing guest art for the seminal superhero comic Just a Sidekick and their strips will start running this September. Their favourite Doctor is Jenna Coleman, with Sylvester McCoy and Peter Capaldi as close seconds.\nLoafers: Before we dig into your topic, what did you make of the episode overall?\nS.A.H.: I think in terms of presentation, tone, whathaveyou, it’s firmly upper-middle-tier Chibnall. As a piece of television, it’s biggest functional flaw is being a bit narration-heavy, and I’m sure if you ran the numbers the men get more dialogue this episode than the ladies. But I was surprised watching it how quickly it zips by, and it has rare moments where the quips work. The Master’s speech about how becoming a robot isn’t very ambitious was fun.\nLoafers: I might be guilty of pigeonholing you as I expected you to be more down on it! I don’t like talking about Twitter arguments because they’re stupid, but there’s been a lot of negative buzz around the episode in our circles. I agree that it’s narration-heavy but find it no more poorly constructed than, say, “Arachnids in the UK”.\nS.A.H.: I mean, I’m fairly down on it! But not because it’s, on a surface-level, particularly messy. I mentioned way back in “Spyfall – Part 2” that I enjoyed it more than “Part 1” because, despite hating its politics, it felt more like a coherent piece of television. And “Timeless Children” definitely has that up on “Ascension of the Cybermen”.\nLoafers: It sure does! But, of course, you pitched me this topic.\nS.A.H.: Let’s start simply: I’m not fond of chosen-one narratives. They put me off shows I otherwise enjoy, like Farscape and Deep Space Nine. I’m simply not compelled by characters with external, forced motivations. But this go-around really got my ire, and it took me a while to figure it out, but ultimately the episode kind of reminded me of Christianity’s treatment of Judaism! It is, like most subtext in the Chibnall era, kind of muddled, incoherent, and probably accidental, but it’s there, and it’s got me deeply put off. I’m not bothered by retcons in and of themselves, but you have a deeply weird combination of factors here. The use of prior bits of canonical text to imply things they previously didn’t mean. The torment of a saviour figure by folks we thought were chosen but weren’t. The eradication of non-believers by a zealot, who, in the episode’s most deeply confused bit, also loathes this new text for removing his supposed privilege–the Master as both apostle and heretic.\nLoafers: That’s fascinating. So you’re reading the Time Lords as analogous to pre-Christ Judaism and the Timeless Child ‘retcon’ as analogous to Christianity’s ‘retcon’ of Judaism?\nS.A.H.: Basically. Whether that’s what Chibnall wrote is, to be clear, another matter. I think these things kind of seep into the cultural waters, you know, and no one pays them much mind.\nLoafers: Absolutely. Tropes all come from somewhere and we shouldn’t pretend they don’t have baggage. This wouldn’t be the Doctor’s first spin as a Christ figure – the ending of “Voyage of the Damned” still haunts me. In a way, it’s a better fit for an unusually faith-driven Doctor. But I’m uneasy about the show, uh, not thinking through its optics regarding genetics and how the Doctor and Master interact.\nS.A.H.: I think part of what bothers people – or me at least – is that even when the Doctor declared themself a god, that was an internal determination: a combination of acquired power and a shortage of other beings of equal influence. This is the universe validating that: only through the Doctor can you, for instance, gain eternal life.\nLoafers: And yet, at the same time, there’s the ‘catharsis’ (such as it is) where the Doctor stops freaking out about her identity and realises that, whatever her past, she’s the same person. Based on this, I don’t think that the show believes the Doctor to be special only by the circumstances of their birth. And yet, this particular episode places a great deal more weight on the circumstances of her birth in a way that will rub any Chosen-One-sceptic the wrong way.\nS.A.H.: In a sense, the Doctor’s feelings on it are immaterial. Jesus, if he existed, probably didn’t call himself the Son of God. And even if we take the Doctor’s feelings into account, we then need to seriously grapple with the previously mentioned messianic narratives that incarnations like Tennant and Smith perpetuated. This recontextualizes those as well. Capaldi was the first Doctor in a long time to declare himself not a saviour but an idiot, and even he had a nasty habit of distributing forgiveness and immortality like these meant something coming from him. If the Doctor is the same person she’s always been, then she is still a Christ allegory – just now with the facts on her side, and a conspicuous shortage of good people telling her it’s a bit fucked to perceive herself that way.\nLoafers: Ever since Moffat left his post, a running joke among his fans has been to look at some sketchy nonsense that Thirteen pulls and ask how Clara Oswald would respond if she found out. I think this applies here more than ever! I don’t think that “The Timeless Children” is the opposite of “Hell Bent” because I think that the latter only rejected ‘gun’ stories for the sake of its larger project of rejecting the Doctor’s masculine bluster and entitlement. But I do think that we’re now seeing that entitlement oddly validated. This semi-literally turns the Doctor into the central puzzle piece around which the entire universe revolves, much more so than anything Moffat wrote.\nS.A.H.: People have complained about Whittaker’s arbitrary morality. It’s not a new problem, but it’s one that’s exacerbated if there’s not even a cursory implication that the Doctor might be a bit shit. Something that occurred to me, pouring over this topic, is how deeply Jewish previous Doctors-as-God have been–the job of the companion stopping this all-powerful knob from getting too vengeful. If we want to talk about the Doctor’s masculine bluster and entitlement than there’s certainly a “half of all CEOs should be women” factor at play here–can’t subject our first female Doctor to the same scrutiny and judgement we did the male ones. (But we can, curiously, subject our first black Doctor to that. Hrg.)\nIf this is the path we’re going down, I think I’m done with new Doctor Who for the foreseeable future. Intentional or not, the things at play here are too uncomfortable for me to deal with, and it seems unlikely the show’s quality ceiling is going to get high enough for me to look past this nonsense. If this is the last time we talk here, and even if it’s not, thank thank you so much for having me, it’s been an honour and a privilege.\nLoafers: The privilege is all mine! I hope the site can have you back again next year but I completely understand if that’s not the case.\nPostcolonialism\nKevin Burnard (@scribblesscript) is a writer and filmmaker. He most recently wrote episode 3 of podcast series Verity Weaver, available now on iTunes, and helped form this site. His favourite Doctors are the scary ones.\nLoafers: We’ve heard some criticisms of the episode regarding its unfortunate implications and how it positions the Doctor as a messianic Chosen One. Now, we have another voice in its defence. Kevin, what did you think of the episode?\nKevin: Well, I genuinely loved it. And I’d strongly dispute that there’s much of a messianic chosen one vibe to the Doctor’s arc here. For me, it was something far more resonant, both in terms of global politics and, crucially, my own life. I don’t think that at any point in the episode, the Doctor is treated as special for her past. If anything, to me, this is a trauma narrative. On the macro scale, we have a kid exploited by a white explorer to build an empire. I find it impossible to read that as anything other than horrifying, and pointedly so. The Time Lords have long been a subject of reflexive critique in Doctor Who; there are loads of stories from the Wilderness Years about how corrupt and imperialistic Rassilon was, for example. But I think repositioning the Doctor’s relationship to that privilege of empire is very worth doing.\nNot only does this episode engage in what I think is a pretty solid critique of empire, set amongst its decay, it also repositions the Doctor’s role. Because Doctor Who has always been a narrative of empire. There have been engagements with that, most notably in the Capaldi era, which frequently called it out and showed a Doctor trying to escape that baggage and become a good man. But while that’s a beautiful and necessary story, it’s been told, and it doesn’t work as well once we want to start moving the Doctor away from being a British white man, which I think we can all agree we need to. Does changing the Doctor into a victim of imperial violence with a more complex relationship to privilege change the show’s past of being a tool of empire? No, of course not. “The Talons of Weng-Chiang” isn’t going anywhere. But I think a big sticking point for this finale is people fixating on what it means for the stories that exist, rather than what it means for what Doctor Who can be next.\nFor the first time in a long time, we have a genuinely new direction the character of the Doctor can go in, and one with very different but equally meaningful emotions and politics. I came out of this finale tremendously excited to find out what stories can come next, not just in Chris Chibnall’s tenure, but beyond.\nAlso, crucially, on the Chosen One note, I think it’s important to stress that the Timeless Child isn’t the founder of Time Lord society. Hell, she has nothing to do with the Time part of Time Lords, which is a lot more important to them than the regeneration! While the Doctor has been given a more prominent role in the mythology of the series, it’s not in the same way as something like the Other. The Doctor isn’t the foundational piece of this mythos. Not even of this story. They’re an exploited pawn finding their identity. And that is vastly more interesting to me than a Chosen One story.\nThere’s been a lot of takes, going off that, that the Doctor is too passive in “The Timeless Children.” I agree to some degree, but it’s also part of why this story landed for me. A fair few years ago now, some people close to me revealed a trauma I have no memory of from my past. I don’t know the details. I don’t know how far things went, or how much they’re impacting me now. I had no clue this hole even existed before. But the thing is, those are very internal challenges. The person responsible for my trauma, much like the Time Lords, is way out of my reach now, and what would I even do if I could reach them? What’s important is a story about the Doctor demanding her right to know about her traumas and realising that the horrors of her past don’t detract from the certainty she’s found within herself.\nLoafers: I’ve been letting you talk uninterrupted up to this point, but I have to interject to say: thank you for sharing that for the column. I’m glad you trust me and the community that much.\nKevin: I’m glad it’s appreciated. It’s a very personal thing, but I think as this episode shows, people have a right to be in touch with their pasts and to assert their identities. One thing that happened to me as a child doesn’t determine who I am, but it’s part of my story, and I’m trying to be more open with that, even if I don’t think I’ll ever understand it. I think “The Timeless Children” captures that confused search for self-expression beautifully.\nI love how this episode expresses the Doctor’s struggle to come to terms with it. The Thirteenth Doctor, for numerous reasons, is not an incarnation I’ve particularly connected with before. But here, she falls into place. Even her inaction at the climax, letting Ko Sharmus save the day, is meaningful to me. It’s a choice to restate her values and herself, which, given how much Ko Sharmus’ service was thematically contrasted with Brendan’s plot in “Ascension,” is very loaded. But more than that, it’s an assertion where she comes back into herself after genuine uncertainty. This is an episode where she pretty violently leaps onto the Master demanding to know about her past! In general, I think the pacifism works here in a way it hasn’t before because it’s challenged, both through her and Ko Sharmus’ battles with the Cybermen, and because it’s reinforced not because of what’s right or wrong but because of what makes her the Doctor.\nLoafers: This man just typed all that in about 20 minutes flat. The Devil works fast but Kevin works faster.\nKevin: Hah! Wish I could say that about my writing more often. I just have one more moment I want to discuss. The part that connected with me most of all in this was the sequence from her pep talk with Jo Martin’s Doctor to her escape from the Matrix. It’s a sort of meta-fictional emotional storytelling I’m used to associating with Moffat, not Chibnall, and I think it’s gorgeous.\nTHIRTEEN: All this, it means I’m not who I thought I was.\nRUTH: Because your memories aren’t compatible with what you learnt today?\nTHIRTEEN: Yes.\nRUTH: Have you ever been limited by who you were before?\nThat’s an exchange I desperately would have benefited from in my emotional health several years ago. I hope it helps people now.\nAnd on a purely aesthetic level, I love the inclusion of the Doctor Who theme as the way the Doctor expresses her identity in blowing the Matrix. I’m always a sucker for meta-fictional use of a series’ iconography, but recontextualizing that theme into an expression of who the Doctor is, in the face of and despite the trauma that has been repressed and stripped from her, makes the piece that much more iconic and beautiful to me.\nWhich I guess sums up my feelings on “The Timeless Children”: it shows how we can create new meanings to this old, wonderful show. Different ones, ones that might not match up with what’s come before, but vital and worth doing. I think that’s beautiful, and I’m extremely excited to see what stories remain to be told.\nLoafers here. Thank you so much for reading this year’s run of Dash of Outrage right to the very end. If you’d like to get me a coffee as thanks, you can do so on Ko-Fi. Other than that, one last time: you can support me on Patreon over here, or look at my site over there!"}
{"text": "The Shadowrun campaign has hit a hiccup the last few sessions and it looked like tonight was going to not happen as well. Life happens and this group has had an unusually long time of not having serious scheduling issues..\nI printed up the pregens from the Dungeons and Dragons website and used a copy of the Lost Mines of Phandelver. Before we started playing I covered some of the differences between the two editions, which didn’t seem to be too hard to catch onto. I’m sure there will be questions to come, but tonight was about mechanics.\nThe players selected a human variant cleric, a halfling rogue, and a drow rogue. I subtly tried to persuade the player from the drow as the daylight sensitivity drawback would be a hindrance for most activities during the day. However, since this was meant as a tutorial, we moved forward.\nI’m not the biggest user of published material, but I know this product is a good starting point. The first major encounter is an ambush by goblins. The players responded to the attack with what might be less than ideal practices. I also rolled well and quickly had knocked out Jade the halfling rogue. A lucky critical hit took out Jenn the drow rogue, who had been dealing well with having disadvantage on all her attacks. Jenn was the first character in 4 years that I’ve managed to kill. Selena the human tempest managed to hang on and kill off the last goblins.\nEveryone had fun and definitely found things the like about this edition. It was nice to be behind the screen again running something. It’s definitely got my juices flowing to do this again some more."}
{"text": "Master's Level School Counseling Program Interns\nThe School District of Lee County welcomes master's level school counseling program interns. Intern candidates from CACREP* accredited master’s level school counseling programs may apply and will be considered for required field experiences.\n*CACREP stands for the Council for Accreditation of Counseling and Related Educational Programs and is a program-specific accreditation in addition to the overall college/university accreditation.\nFor intern placement, School Counseling interns are required to contact:\nLori Brooks, Assistant Director, School Counseling Services\nPhone: 239-337-8348 Email: [email protected]\nor\nLisa Merola, Secretary, School Counseling Services\nPhone: 239-337-8132 Email: [email protected]\nAll site assignments must be facilitated through the District School Counseling Services Department. Current School District of Lee County employees are required to follow the process above and are not guaranteed an internship at their current school of employment. The School Counseling Services Department maintains a list of approved internship sites that have met the criteria to supervise master’s level school counseling interns. A staff member’s current school of employment may or may not be on the approved site list."}
{"text": "Thank Heaven for Little Girls Posted on July 25, 2015 by Joy Chicatelli Our Claire x Captain x Bardos baby girls made their first, short trip outside today (1 week). They really enjoyed the flower garden and the fresh air. Everyone is spoken for but we will be making an exciting announcement soon!"}
{"text": "Jersey We’d like to Chase: Spain is going to their first ever World Cup, and what better regulation hottie than the Spanish antional team captain Iker Casillas. Casillas is a goalkeeper and plays for Real Madrid. Casillas may have not faced a lot of shots from Germany in the semifinals but we’d still like to jersey chase him ; )\nRecap: In the semifinal game that would determine who would play the Netherlands in the World Cup Final, Spain beat Germany 1-0. The only goal of the game came in the 73rd minute from a header by Carles Puyol. Passing seemed to be Germany’s biggest challenge. Standout playmakers Bastian Schweinsteiger and Mesut Ozil only completed 76.5% and 78.0% passing respectively. This is Spain’s first World Cup Final, but the country has been the best team in Europe for the past 4-years. Since November 2006, Spain has only lost two games, which includes its group stage opener loss to Switzerland. Spain is just the fourth team to make it to the World Cup Final after losing its opening World Cup game. The World Cup Final will be on Sunday at 1:30ET as Spain faces the Netherlands."}
{"text": "Tishya Sponsorship transferred from Isaivani (Jun 17) in Sep 2019 Condition : Cerebral Palsy Date of birth : 22.08.2015 Date of Joining : 09.09.2016 Type of Rehab : Early Intervention Education : Sponsors : Anilkumar and Shanthi Menon Year of sponsorship : Sep 2019 Type of sponsorship : Endowment Reports for Tishya : Report for Jan 2020 Report for Jun 2019"}
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{"text": "Withdrawing from a Class\nWe understand life sometimes prevents you from finishing a class. If you must withdraw, follow these steps to make sure you get the best refund for you.\nHow to Withdraw\nIf you decide to drop a class, you must complete the Add-Drop-Withdrawal form and submit it to Admissions and Enrollment Services in person or via your mySTLCC email account. Keep the following in mind:\n- You must withdraw from a class formally. If you stop attending or don’t pay, you are still registered and will receive a letter grade.\n- The length of the class determines the deadline for withdrawing.\n- If you are withdrawn from a class, you may no longer attend the class.\n- The week ends on Friday. The week to withdraw from a class always ends on a Friday, regardless of what day of the week the class is held on.\n- You will be refunded for the class if you withdraw before the deadlines. Each semester has deadlines that will determine if you are refunded fully, partially or not at all.\n- Refunds are returned through a third party provider. If you withdraw from a class before the deadline, your refund will be processed from BankMobile.\n- Summer classes have their own refund schedule. You will receive a full refund of payments made if you withdraw before the first class.\n- If you have an outstanding debt with STLCC, refund of any payment made will be applied to that debt.\nWithdrawal Time Frames\nWithdrawal Refund Amount by Time of Withdrawal\nMedical leave\nIf you must withdraw from your class for medical reasons, you’ll need to complete the form and provide documentation. Contact the Admissions and Enrollment Services office at your campus for a detailed instruction sheet.\nMilitary leave\nYou will receive a refund if you’re called to active duty military service during the semester. To get the refund, you must complete the withdrawal procedures and supply a copy of the military orders.\nContact Admissions and Enrollment Services\nAdmissions and"}
{"text": "Hi, I'm wondering if it is possible to use the Garritan Orchestra that comes with Finale in Logic projects. I have Finale 2009 and Logic Studio Pro 8.02. Someone mentioned that since Finale uses the Native Instruments Kontakt as a shell for Garritan that it can't be used by other programs. When I attempt to load the Garritan instruments through Logic, I get the following message: KontaktPlayer2 There was an error trying to acquire a license for this patch! Error message: You haven't entered a serial # yet. Please use the Service Center to enter the correct serial #. I don't find \"Service Center\" when I search the Logic help. Any thoughts would be greatly appreciated. Thanks, John"}
{"text": "Devon's No.1 Independent\nLawn Care Service\nOur Treatment Programme\nCan Start At Anytime\nAchieving and Maintaining a beautiful lawn takes more than just cutting. Even if you have a green thumb, turf can very quickly become overwhelmed by Moss, Weeds and Pests. This is where we can help. Greenkeepers have been professionally treating lawns in Devon for over 20+ years.\nFrom our Head Office in Kingsbridge, we service thousands of lawns across Plymouth, Torquay and Exeter. While our North Devon hub cares for our clients across Barnstaple, Bideford, and Tiverton.\nFrom the Pebblebeds of East Devon, to the sea air of the South Hams, we know the Soil, the Climate, and the Weather Patterns across the County. We therefore don't apply a one size fits all approach to Lawn Care, offering a more tailored programme than the National Franchise Companies.\nWe can offer all aspects of Lawn Treatment, from Weedkilling, Fertilising and Moss Control to the more specialist procedures of Aeration, Scarification, Top Dressing, Seeding and Leatherjacket Control. So before you Re Turf - give us a call. we can renovate your lawn at a fraction of the cost."}
{"text": "November 1977\nii T ECHNOLOGY A SSESSMENT B OARD DANIEL DE SIMONE\nN o v e m b e r 23, 1 9 7 7\nEnclosure\n... IllForeword\nFew data are now available on the distribution and physical and chemical charac-teristics of the Devonian shales of the Appalachian Basin. A comprehensive assess-ment must therefore await the results of extensive drilling throughout the region. Inthe meantime, however, this report, which is based on plausible economic, geologic,and technological assumptions, provides reasonable estimates of the recoverable gasin the Basin.\nThe Devonian Brown shales of the Appalachian Basin, so-called because they ac-cumulated during the Devonian age, have the potential of contributing significantly tothe U.S. natural gas supply. It can reasonably be assumed that these shales contain asmuch as 15 to 25 trillion cubic feet of readily recoverable reserves that could be pro-duced economically over a 20-year period at prices of $2.00 to $3.00 per thousandcubic feet. These reserves could ultimately support a production rate of about 1 trillioncubic feet of natural gas per year, which is about 5 percent of the current level ofdomestic gas production. Such a production rate is likely to require extensive drilling(on the order of 69,000 wells), a considerable expansion of the gas pipeline collectingnetwork and, therefore, up to 20 years to achieve. These estimates are less optimisticthan some that have been reported by the Energy Research and Development Ad-ministration and others, but they are generally consistent with current work at the U.S.Geological Survey.\nThis report is another in the series of energy assessments that are being providedto the Congress for its consideration in the development of national energy policy.\nDANIEL DeSIMONE Acting Director Office of Technology Assessment\n.OTA EnergyAdvisory Committee\nvii Enhanced Oil and Gas Recovery Advisory Panel\nNOTE: The Advisory Panel provided advice, critique, and assistance throughout this assessment, for which the OTA staff is deeply grateful. The Advisory Panel, however, does not necessarily approve, disapprove, or en- dorse all aspects of this report. OTA assumes full responsibility for the report and the accuracy of its content.\nViiiOTA EnergyProgram Staff\nOTAPublicationsStaff\nChapter Page\n1. EXECUTIVE SUMMARY. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3\nFindings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 The Resource . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 Gas Potential. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 Policy Options To Encourage Shale Gas Production . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 Price Policies. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 Tax Policies. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 Research and Development . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 Information Collection and Dissemination . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 Conclusions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7\nIl. INTRODUCTION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 The Natural Gas Situation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11\nxi An Estimate of Readily Recoverable Resources . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59 General Observations and Findings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60\nPrice Policies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75 Tax Policies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76 Research and Development . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76 Information Collection and Dissemination . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77 Conclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77\nTableNumber Page\nLIST OF FIGURES\nFigureNumber Page\nXlli1. Executive Summary 1. Executive Summary\nDeclining domestic reserves of natural gas and seams of the Eastern United States, and Devoniana widening gap between domestic production shales of the Appalachian Basin.and demand has led to new interest in several un- This report examines the potential for produc-conventional or exotic sources of the fuel. These ing gas from one of these sources—the Devonianinclude the geopressurized zones off the gulf shales—Using existing technology under a varietycoast, the tight sands of the Western Basin, coal of economic assumptions.\nFindings\nA major finding of the analysis is that Devo- The findings are based on the followingnian shale, unlike the other exotic sources, can be assumptions:tapped for natural gas without the development ● there will be no significant changes in realof completely new production equipment or costs of drilling, stimulating the flow of gastechniques. or production; A second finding is that the so-called “Brown” ● the economic and production c h a r a c -Devonian shales of the Basin could yield between teristics of three regions analyzed in the15 trillion cubic feet* (Tcf) and 25 Tcf of natural assessment represent the more promisin ggas during the first 15 to 20 years of production. sources of natural gas from Devonian shale;Over an additional 10 to 30 years of production,the Brown shale could yield half again as much, ● wellhead prices for natural gas will be infor a total production of about 23 Tcf to about 38 the range of $2.00 to $3.00 per thousandTcf. cubic feet (Mcf);\nThe Resource\nThe darker layers of shale of Devonian age, southern New York, eastern Ohio, most of Westwhich are referred to throughout this report as Virginia, and eastern Kentucky. It also is exposedBrown shale, are found below ground throughout at the ground surface along the northern andthe Appalachian Basin. The Brown shale can be western sides of the Basin.reached by drill in southwestern Pennsylvania, The Brown shale is thickest and therefore more ● Natural gas is measured in cubic feet: Mcf = thousand likely to yield commercial quantities of naturalcubic feet, MMcf = million cubic feet, Bcf = billion cubic gas in the west-central region of the Basin. In thatfeet, Tcf = trillion cubic feet, area, it comprises between 30 and 40 percent of\n34 ● Ch. I—Executive Summary\nthe total mass of Devonian shale. To the west, “oil shale” like the shales of Colorado andthe Brown shale becomes thinner and to the east Wyoming but rather, it is coal-like.it splits into separate beds that eventually disap- Gas production from the shale is greatest frompear in a thick mass of coarser sediments. The highly fractured zones. Evidence suggests that theBrown shale originally formed as a black mud, gas that moves most readily in the Brown shale isrich in organic matter, on the floor of a Devonian in these fractures, and possibly in some of thesea. Individual beds of Brown shale are up to coarser-grained laminations. The vast bulk of the1,200 feet thick; maximum depth is about 12,000 gas is held in the shale mass itself, the “matrix,”feet. from which it will move into fractures and well bores at very slow rates, Initial production from The Brown shale consists of alternating paper- Brown shale wells is relatively high, as free gas inthin laminations of inorganic and organic matter. fractures moves to the well bore, but the flowThe inorganic layer consists of clay, quartz, and decreases steadily to that determined by the rateother common sedimentary minerals. The organic at which the gas in the shale matrix is released.layer consists of extremely fine particles of coal- Estimates of the total amount of gas in the BrownIike material and of minute shreds of coalified shale of the Appalachian Basin range up to manywoody matter. Thus the Brown shale is not an hundreds of Tcf.\nGas Potential\nIt appears that under plausible economic, stimulation, and production cost estimates aregeologic, and technological assumptions the based on actual operating experience in 1976. AllBrown shale of the Appalachian Basin contains at cost and price calculations are in constant 1976least 15 to 25 Tcf of readily recoverable gas.1 This dollars.is gas that would be producible in the first 15 to20 years of life of typical Brown shale wells. Shale There is a good deal of evidence that in a largegas production has a slow flow rate over a long oil and gas area the discovery wells tend to beperiod of time, so ultimate recoverable reserves drilled into the better structures and subsequentover the 30- to 50-year expected life of produc- drilling defines the geologic and economic limitstion could be 40 to 50 percent greater than the of the resource base. In a marginal resource base15 to 25 Tcf estimate. The recoverable gas poten- such as the Brown shale (where the extensivetial of the Brown shale depends on the (1) geologic existence of gas-bearing reservoirs is notwellhead price and production costs, (2) extent in doubt), the definition of “the better struc-of the Brown shale resource, and (3) the relative tures” includes the location relative to existingamounts of high-, medium-, and low-grade gas- production and pipelines. Except in southeasternproducing brown shales. Kentucky, the Brown shale has only recently become a primary target of drilling operations. The $1.42 to $3.00 per Mcf price assumptions Even if the current areas of Brown shale develop-(equivalent to oil at $6.90 to $14.50 per barrel) ment activity were initially byproducts of otherused in this study are consistent with general activity, the “better” Brown shale prospects aremarket conditions for both interstate and intra- probably already developed. But “better” as usedstate gas sales. The drilling, well completion, here includes the factor of location relative to ex- isting gathering lines. 1 Readily recoverable reserves” is not a category ineither the American Gas Association or U.S. Geological There may be additional areas which are asSurvey nomenclature. In the present context, “readilyrecoverable reserves” are resources which can be converted geologically promising as the localities examinedto proved reserves and actually produced in a 15- to 20-year in this study. These other areas, although moretime frame. remote relative to existing pipelines, probablybecome economically feasible at the $2.00 to resulting in a relatively slow pace of develop-$3.00 per Mcf price levels. ment because of the need to build a pipeline gathering system. T h i s s u g g e s t s t h a t t h e if higher-quality, gas-productive Brown shale economically feasible expansion of the gasaccounts for as much as 10 percent of the total pipeline network required to collect new gas pro-estimated extent of the shale (the currently pro- duction will be on an incremental basis. The loca-ducing area is less than 5 percent of the 163,000- tion of individual wells relative to potentialsquare-mile extent of the Appalachian Basin), pipeline connections (in addition to geologicthen a conservative estimate of the readily promise) will continue to be an important deter-recoverable gas is approximately 15 to 25 Tcf. If minant of the economic quality of Brown shalethere are 15 to 25 Tcf of readily recoverable gas, drilling prospects. Since Brown shale gas produc-then it is possible that shale gas production in tion is relatively well intensive and is likely to beOhio, West Virginia, New York, Kentucky, Ten- scattered over an extensive area, it is prudent tonessee, and Pennsylvania could account for as presume that Brown shale gas development willmuch as 1.0 Tcf per year in the future. proceed at a gradual pace, probably requiring at The estimates presented in this report are least 20 years to reach a 1.0 Tcf annual produc-based on the analysis of 490 producing wells in tion level (about 69,000 wells in the Brown shalethree localities. These 490 wells were drilled by a will be needed to produce 1.0 Tcf per year). If im-large number of operators with different financial provements in drilling or stimulation technologysituations and technical capabilities. Data from a are achieved and economic incentives provided,smaller number of wells drilled by a single opera- the time necessary for the development of thetor exhibit higher production than the 490 wells. gas potential of the Brown shale might beIf the production from these single-operator wells reduced. Therefore, the Congress may wish tois representative of a significant portion of the consider the desirability of some publicly sup-Brown shale of the Appalachian Basin, the Brown ported research and development activityshale might contain more than 15 to 25 Tcf of directed toward improvements in Brown shalereadiIy recoverable gas and a production drilling and stimulation technology.capability of greater than 1.0 Tcf per year. Thisgreater potential could result from either or both The potential impact of either (1) dramatically(1) greater average productivity per well, or (2) a better technology, or (2) improvements inlarger resource base which would permit a economic incentives beyond those examinedgreater number of wells of average productivity. here must be considered with caution. IfHowever, even under an optimal combination of economic incentives were twice as good as thosecircumstances (1 5-percent higher average pro- considered in this study, or if drilling and stimula-duction per well and a 50-percent increase in the tion technology were to improve so that theseareal extent of the quality shale resource), only operations would cost only half as much as theyabout 30 to 35 Tcf of readily recoverable reserves now do, it is unlikely that twice as great a quan-would be producible over 15 to 20 years. Under tity of reserves would become economicallythese optimal conditions, annual shale gas pro- feasible. This is because additional developmentduction from the Appalachian Basin might ap- efforts, which such economic or technologicalproach 1.5 to 2.0 Tcf. improvements would induce, would be pressing production of gas from the Brown shale is further and further into the poorer sites andlikely to be scattered over extensive areas, thus geologic prospects.6 ● Ch. I—Executive Summary\nPolicy options available to encourage produc- tial shale gas resource potential. Production ratetion of gas from the Brown shale fall into four limitations for eligibility for exemption from pricegeneric categories. These categories are: regulation might be more manageable, and also would apply to gas production from tight forma- . price incentives, tions in other parts of the country. Definition and ● tax policies, administration of a multitiered pricing system for ● research and development funding, and gas from the Brown shale could become arbitrary, . information collection and dissemination. complex, and cumbersome.\nallowance would have about the same effect as wells, and increase the gas production from wells,increasing the well head price of shale gas by $.50 could increase the- economic attractiveness ofper Mcf. Research and development efforts producing gas from the Brown shale of the Ap-which characterize the Brown shale resource, palachian Basin.decrease the cost of drilling and stimulation ofIl. Introduction Il. Introduction\nSince 1970, the United States has consumed interstate pipelines than is called for in firm con-natural gas faster than it has discovered new tracts (table 2). The shortages of gas for industrialreserves (table 1 and figure 1). Annual production use are the most serious, but supplies for resi-has declined steadily from a peak of 22.6 trillion dences and small businesses have also been cur-cubic feet (Tcf) in 1973 to a 1976 level of 19.5 tailed in some areas.Tcf; the decline is projected to continue in thefuture unless new gas is discovered and added to Three general changes in policy have beenthe Nation’s reserves (figure 2). Producers are cur- proposed by industry, Government, and inde-rently delivering 20 percent less natural gas to pendent analysts as ways to stem the decline in\n1112 Ž Ch.11—lntroduction\nTable 2 Figure 2. Projected U. S. Natural Gas U.S. Production of Natural Gas and Production, 1975-2000 Curtailments of Firm Customers, 1959-76 (assuming 8.0 Tcf reserve additions per year) Production Interstate Pipellne (Trillions of Curtailments Year cubic feet) (Trillions of cubic feet)\nproduction and narrow the gap between supply coast, and Devonian shales of the Ap-and demand for natural gas. They are: palachian region of the Eastern United States. 1. Decontrol natural gas prices so that in- This report examines the gas-productive po- creased costs would encourage consumers tential of the last of these unconventional to use less fuel and increased wellhead sources, the Devonian shales, which contain prices would encourage producers to inten- many hundreds of Tcf of natural gas, located in sify their efforts to locate new reserves. an area of the Nation where natural gas is in short supply. The report assesses the potential for pro- 2. Permit price increases under regulation to ducing natural gas from the Devonian shales of achieve some, but not all, of the stimulus of the Appalachian region and the impact on this production that is anticipated as a result of production potential of various policy options deregulation. available to Congress, Among all unconventional 3. Accelerate efforts to produce natural gas sources, the Devonian shales have the advantage from unconventional geologic formations, of being productive, at least locally, in the Ap- such as the tight sands of the Western palachian Basin without the development of Basins, coal seams in the Eastern United completely new and novel techniques for gas States, geopressurized zones off the gulf recovery. Ill. Regional Effects ofProducing Gas From Devonian Shale Ill. Regional Effects of Producing Gas From Devonian Shale The regional effects of the production of gas low. Of even greater importance is the growingfrom Devonian shale will depend largely on what number of people who are unable to buy naturalhappens to the price of natural gas. If the regu- gas at any price. Some consumers would benefitlated price were allowed to move closer to the greatly from an increase in the Nation’s supply oflevel that would be determined by prevailing natural gas, even if this gas were available in themarket forces, there undoubtedly would be an in- future only at substantially higher prices thancrease in investment in new wells in the Devo- those that have prevailed up to now.nian shale area. The same result would likely oc- In an economy in which prices are determinedcur if controls on gas prices were eliminated.1 by market forces—whether the markets are con- A significant addition to the available supply sidered to be “perfectly” competitive or not—of natural gas might reduce upward pressure on there will always be some shifting about of in-gas prices. The regions that would probably dustry. There have been major industrial migra-benefit most from reduced pressure on gas prices tions in the past, notably a shift of much of theare the New England, Middle Atlantic, East North textile and garment industries from north toCentral, and South Atlantic States. 2 These are south. These and other industrial migrations ofregions in which the price of natural gas has con- the past have been the result of interregionalsistently been above the national average, and labor cost differentials. Wage differentials havethey include the major industrial States east of been reduced in recent years, and as the impor-the Mississippi. Only four States in these tance of labor costs as locational determinantsregions—West Virginia, Virginia, Pennsylvania, have diminished, other costs which vary overand Illinois—are among the Nation’s 20 top space have become more important.energy-producing States. The other 18, and The cost of energy is likely to become an in-Washington, D. C., import most or all of the coal, creasingly important locational determinant for aoil, or natural gas they consume. fairly wide range of industrial activities, but States which have been hardest hit by the dra- equally important—and in some cases more im-matic rise in energy prices since 1973 are those portant —will be energy availability. Industrialistswhich are both heavily industrialized and largely in relatively energy-intensive activities—such asor entirely dependent on outside sources for their those producing various chemical, plastic, rub-energy supplies. These States were industrialized ber, and glass products —might be willing to relo-at a time when energy prices were low, relative cate, or at least to expand, in areas with knownto other prices, and when the costs of transport- reserves of natural gas. Indeed, one characteristicing or transmitting energy were also relatively of Devonian shale gas wells—their long pro- ductive Iives—could be considered a major ad- vantage by manufacturers anxious to avoid sup- 1See A V. K n ee Sc>, ‘ ‘ N a t u r a l R e s o u r c e s Pol i c y ,1976-1 986, ” In U. S E( ononIIc GroI$th Irorn 7976 [o 1986: ply interruptions over a long period of time. MostF’MMp(’( (5, Prob)emj, and Patt(’rn~, Vol 4, R e s o u r c e s a n d consumers of natural gas, including industrialEnergy, Congress of the United States., Joint Economic Com- consumers, buy their gas from a utility. But in anmittee p, 139, Nov. 16, 1976. era of supply uncertainty, however, with strong ‘The States Included In these regions are: New England: inflationary pressures which will guarantee risingM a Irre, Massac huset[s, C o n n e c t i c u t , V e r m o n t , N e w gas prices, there may be a growing incentive forHampshire, and Rhode Island; MIdd/e A(lan?/c: New York, industrial establishments to own their own gasNew Jersey, and Pennsylvania; East Norfh Central: Ohio, ln -diana, Illlnois, M i c h i g a n , a n d Wlsconsln; south A(/an(/c; wells and reserves. The availability of natural gasD e l a w a r e , M a r y l a n d (inc Iudlng D.C, ), Vlrglnla, W e s t could make the Devonian shale areas highly at-Virglnla, the Carolinas, Georgia, and Florida. tractive locations for energy-intensive activities.\n15IV. The Resource IV. The Resource\nGeographic Extent\nSedimentary rocks of the geological age contains dark brown or black shale, rich inknown as Devonian are present in the Ap- organic matter, that yields some natural gas atpalachian region from New York to Alabama, in present and reportedly has the potential of yield-an area of some 209,000 square miles. The region ing a great deal more. The area of the Ap-includes two geological provinces of unequal palachian plateaus is 163,000 square miles. 1size. in the smaller of these, an eastern belt These shales are covered by younger rocks butknown as the Valley and Ridge province, all rocks can be readily reached by the drill, and are lo-have been so intensely folded and faulted that cated in southwestern New York, western Penn-few geologists consider them important sources sylvania, eastern Ohio, most of West Virginia,of oil or gas, although recent studies indicate that and eastern Kentucky (figure 3). In addition,the southern part of the Valley and Ridge has Devonian dark brown or black shales outcrop atconsiderable potential for gas production. In the the surface or beneath a few feet of glaciallylarger area, the Appalachian Plateaus im- deposited debris in western New York, in a beltmediately to the west, the rocks are flat-lying or extending from Cleveland southward throughonly gently folded. Furthermore, the upper part central Ohio, and in a series of disconnected out-of the Devonian system of rocks in this province crops in north-central Kentucky.\nTerminology\nThe term Devonian shales refers to all the shale In this report, these terms are considered to bestrata that lie beneath a widespread younger for- synonymous.mation known as Berea sandstone and above anolder limestone termed Onondaga or Cor- The Devonian shales include strata that areniferous. The shales are found in one-half dozen gray, greenish gray, grayish brown, and deepAppalachian States; similar strata are known in brown to black. The deep brown to black shalesIndiana, Illinois, and Michigan. They occur in the contain much organic matter, and are locallysubsurface, where they are encountered in wells, productive of gas. In most reports, including thisand at the surface, where they have been one, they are called Brown shale. It is importantmapped and studied. Over time, they have ac- to keep in mind the distinction between thequired a variety of geographically based names: whole thickness of Devonian shales and thoseChattanooga shale in the Appalachian States; parts—the Brown shale—that are richer inMarcellus shale in New York; Ohio shale in Ohio; organic matter and of greater interest as a sourceand New Albany shale in Kentucky and Indiana. of gas.\nOrigin\nThe position of the Devonian shales in the Ap- can best be understood by looking briefly at theirpalachian Basin, and their relation to other rocks, origin. To do this, it is necessary to erase one’s mental image of present-day Appalachian NOTE: All references to footnotes in this chapter appear geography for a moment and substitute L a t eon page 27. Devonian geography of some 350 million years 1920 ● Ch. IV—The Resource\nIndex map.\n04”\n4 2“ I I I\n-+ago. To the east of the region shown in figure 3, much thicker and coarser deltaic rocks (figure 4).in a position roughly parallel to that of the pres- To the west, the black-mud bottomed sea was atent-day coastline, was a lofty range of moun- times restricted by a lowland area termed thetains. Erosion of these mountains produced im- Cincinnati arch, and at other times it floodedmense volumes of mud, silt, and sand, which across this feature to merge with seas in thewere carried westward by streams and deposited Michigan basin and the Illinois basin. Althoughin a great compound delta, the Catskill Delta. The Brown shale deposition of Late Devonian timeDelta was built out into a seaway that covered was not restricted to the Appalachian Basin, thisparts of what is now the Appalachian Basin. In region appears to be most important from thethis sea, black organic-rich muds accumulated. viewpoint of potential gas supply. In the longThe Devonian shoreline was not fixed: at times stretch of geologic time since the Devonianthe sea level rose and marine muds were spread period, both the deltaic rocks and the shales haveacross the seaward parts of the Delta; at other been buried by younger sediments. Around theirtimes deltaic sands and silts flooded westward edges they have been partially uncovered byinto the seaway, displacing the shoreline far to uplift and erosion, but they remain under coverthe west. As a result of these fluctuating condi- of younger rocks in much of the Appalachiantions, the Brown shale interfinger to the east with Basin.\nThickness\nIn common with the other rocks in the Ap- of 26 feet per mile. It places the top of the shalepalachian Basin, the Devonian shales have a gen- section at a depth of about 2,000 feet in thetle inclination, or dip, to the southeast. In eastern Ohio River Valley between Ohio and WestKentucky, for example, they dip southeast at 30 Virginia. A well in Carter County, northeasternto 50 feet per mile. 7 At the surface in central Kentucky, near the common corner of Kentucky,Ohio, the top of the shale section has an eleva- West Virginia, and Ohio, reached the top of thetion of about 800 feet, but in southeastern Ohio shale section at 1,173 feet; in Pike County,this surface is some 1,400 feet below sea Ievel. a easternmost Kentucky, the top of the shale lies atThis is a decline of 2,200 feet in 85 miles, or a dip about 5,000 feet; the top of the shale is 12,000 ● Figure 4. West-East Cross Section Across Central West Virginia n\nA’\no 5 10\nThickness of the total Devonian shales is about 2,000 feet at the west end of the section and 6,600 feet at the east end. Brown shales disappear into thicker strata toward the east. (Modified from Martin and Nuckols, 1976, ERDA Pub. MERC/SP-76/2. Fig. 4.) Ch. IV—The Resource . 2.3\nfeet below the surface of northeastern Penn- bearing strata. There are minor variations in thesylvania. At no place in the Appalachian Basin is southeastward dip, but these do not seem todepth to the shale too great to be reached by the have had a significant effect on accumulation ofdrill; indeed, many wells in parts of the Basin are gas.drilled through the shale to deeper oil- or gas-\nComposition\nThe basic unit of the Brown shale is a pair, or consists largely of “humic degradation prod-couplet, of microscopically thin layers: one rich ucts, ” which were washed into the sea fromin mineral matter and the other made up chiefly lands to the east and possibly from lowlands onof organic matter. The fineness of the resulting the Cincinnati arch. There must have been alamination is hard to appreciate. Samples of Ohio “density stratification “ in the waters of the Devo-shale taken from the outcrop in central Ohio nian Sea, a stagnant condition that inhibited ver-were found to have as many as 230 Iaminae tical circulation and prevented the organic matter(couplets) in a 5-inch thickness. 9 References to from being oxidized and destroyed as it accumu-“hairline bedding planes” and “paper-thin lated on the bottom. A reasonable assumption islaminations” in published descriptions of the that each couplet of mineral-rich and organic-richBrown shale from cores makes it clear that this sediment may represent an annual accumulation.characteristic persists in the subsurface as well. Organic matter typically makes up 10 to 20 per- cent of the rock by weight, or 40 to 60 percent by Core samples of dark brown organic-rich shale volume. 12from a producing gas well in the CottagevilleField, Jackson County, W.Va., were analyzed. 10 It should be noted that the Brown shale is notThe inorganic part of the rock was found to con- “oil shale” like that of Colorado and Wyoming. 13sist chiefly of clay minerals, mainly illite, with the The organic matter is not the type of kerogen thatextremely fine grain size that is typical of clay characterizes such oil shales; rather, as noted(less than 0.004 mm). Silt-size grains of quartz above, the Brown shale are coal-like.and feldspar were present in amounts of 5 per- At outcrops, shales almost always split intocent or more, and there were small amounts of thin flakes and plates parallel to the bedding.calcite, dolomite, and pyrite. Another core from Another interesting aspect of the Brown shale isthe same field analyzed at 60 percent clay their content of uranium. Little is known of theminerals, 35 percent quartz and feldspar, and the reasons for this, except that the association ofremainder mostly pyrite and dolomite. 11 T h e organic matter and uranium is evidently pri-grains of quartz and feldspar, mostly coarser than mary—the uranium was present at the time the0.004 mm, tend to occur in very thin Iaminae or muddy sediment was deposited, and was not in-lenses. troduced in later time.14 The uranium content of The organic fraction, reddish brown to choc- the Brown shale, which ranges from 0.005 per-olate brown in color, is made up of particles of cent to slightly more than 0.007 percent, has notcoal-like material in the micron size range (0.001 yet allowed them to be of use as a commercialmm). There are also minute shreds of coalified source of uranium, although it is conceivable thatwoody substance, and of spores and algae. The they may be of such use in the future. Theevidence from the organic material shows that it radioactivity of these shales, however, is a highlywas mostly derived from pIants, and this conclu- useful characteristic in the search for gas, as thesion is supported by carbon-isotope studies. In radioactivity makes Brown shale readily recog-the jargon of the coal petrologist the material nizable on gamma-ray logs of drilled wells.\nFractures\nA feature of the Devonian shales, which is of shale, is a system of near-vertical fractures (alsospecial significance in the gas-bearing Brown known as joints). Most of these are only a fraction24 ● Ch. IV—The Resource\nof a millimeter wide. In well cores, some fractures fractures, and the well had a natural flow of morehave been observed to be filled with brown than 1 million cubic feet (MMcf) of gas per day.crystalline dolomite, which helps make the frac- The core from the second well showed few frac-ture porous and permeable. Spacing of the frac- tures, and the well had no open flow at all. Thetures is variable, but they may occur close conclusion seems clear that here, as elsewhere inenough together so that two or more are often in- the Appalachian Basin, gas production from thetersected in a 6-inch well bore. The fractures are Brown shale is controlled largely by fractures,not randomly oriented, but occur in “sets” that with the production rate dependent on the num-are alined in certain directions. ber, length, openness, and direction of these frac- tures.17 The relationship between fractures and gasproduction is well shown by cores taken fromtwo wells in the Cottageville Field, Jackson Although mapping of fracture patterns and in-County, W. Va.15 16 The cores intersect numerous tersections may well be the best guide to gas ac-fractures and a study of the orientation of these cumulation, mapping is a very difficult task. Thefractures resulted in two important findings. First, cause of fracturing is not well understood, and atthe dominant direction of the fractures is North least nine theories have been suggested, 18 T h e40° to 50° East. This is the regional trend of the fracture systems may be related, for example, toAppalachian Mountains (though the significance the deformation that produced the Appalachianof the parallelism is not well understood); more Mountains; to settling above deep-lying faults,practically, it is also the direction in which the thousands of feet below the Devonian shalesmost productive gas wells in the Cottageville (figure 5); or to major zones of fracturing (“linea-Field are alined. This clearly suggests a relation ments”), scores or even hundreds of miles long,between gas production and this set of fractures. that are known or suspected to exist in theSecond, in the well from which the larger flow of region. Until the origin is known, a rational searchgas comes, there is a wide variation in fracture for fracture-controlled gas accumulations will bealinement. Only 21 percent of the fractures are difficult. A few fractures extend upward throughalined North 40° to 50° East; other preferred overlying rocks and reach the surface, and theirdirections are slightly west of north, slightly east patterns can be detected by remote-sensingof north, and nearly east-west. parts of the core techniques (LANDSAT imagery). This is probablyfrom this well are “completely shattered” by the best current approach to the problem.\nAlthough it has been known for more than 150 Louisville, Ky., with gas in the 1880’s.21 Two factsyears that shallow wells drilled into the Devonian about this early production stand out. First, theshales along their belt of outcrop would yield rate of gas production was low; only enough tonatural gas, the Brown shale was not generally supply a small local industry, or a small cluster ofconsidered a primary objective in exploration for households for heating and cooking could be ex-natural gas until recently. In most parts of the Ap- pected from a given well. Second, the wells werepalachian Basin, wells were drilled to deeper, very long-lived. Two wells at Fredonia, N.Y.—more promising formations. If those failed to pro- one drilled in 1821 and the other in 1850—had aduce, the wells were “plugged back” to the combined annual production of only 6 MMcfBrown shale and attempts were made to stimu- (16,400 cubic feet per day), but when plugged 60late enough gas from the formation to make a years later they were still producing 6 MMcf perproductive well,19 year. 22 It was clear from this early experience that there was gas in the shale, but that the shale Drilling for gas started in western New York as would yield it only at a low rate over a long timeearly as 1820, and moved westward along the period. Today we know that gas moves readilysouth shore of Lake Erie across northwestern only in fractures, and perhaps along some of thePennsylvania and into Ohio as far as Cleveland.20 more silty bedding surfaces. The vast bulk of theShallow wells in the Brown shale supplied gas is held in the shale mass, or “matrix,” from Ch. IV—The Resource • 25\nwhich it will move into fractures and well bores the ground. The history of production in 50at very low rates and over long time periods. Brown shale wells is indicated by the “decline curves” on figure 6. Initial production is relatively Estimates of the total amount of gas in the high, as free gas in fractures moves to the wellDevonian shales of the Appalachian Basin range bore, but the flow decreases steadily to somefrom a few Tcf to many hundreds of Tcf. 2 3 value determined by the slow rate at which theAlthough the magnitude of the total resource is gas in the shale matrix is released. Various tech-not known, there can be no doubt that it is large niques are being applied to the shale in an at-enough to be of potential importance to the tempt to create artificial fractures extending out-Eastern United States. ward from the well bore, thus potentially increas- Present-day wells producing gas from the ing the amount and rate of gas recovery by con-Brown shale recover only 2 to 10 percent of the necting more fracture systems to the well and ex-original gas in place; 90 to 98 percent is left in posing more surface area.\nSource Overbey, 1976, Energy Research and Development Admlnlstratlon Pub. MERCLSP-7612, Fig. 9 Figure 6. Averaged Production Decline Curves for 50 Devonian Shale Gas Wells\n240\n220\n200\n180\n160\n1 I 1 I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26 Time in Years\nLincoln, Mingo, and Wayne counties, West Virginia. Wells were metered on open flow after shooting or fracturing of the shale pay zone. Mcf = thousand cubic feet. (From Bagnall and Ryan, 1976, ERDA Pub. MERC/SP-76/2, Fig. 11; and W. D. Bagnall, personal communication.) FOOTNOTES\n‘Wallace deWitt, Jr., et al., “Oil and Gas Data From ‘3Maurice Deul, “Discussion, ” Natural Gas from Unc on-Devonian and Silurian Rocks in the Appalachian Basin, ” U.S. Sources, Nat, Acad. SCI. Pub. FE-2271 -1, ventiorral GeologicGee!. Survey Map I-91 7 B, 1975. p. 123, 1976.\n‘L,j. Provo, “Upper Devonian Black Shale—Worldwide “L.C, Conant and V.C. Swanson, “Chattanooga ShaleDistribution and What It Means (abstra( t) ,“ Dcvonlan Shak’ and Related Rocks of Central Tennessee and Nearby Areas, ”Produc-[fen and F’oterrt/a/, ERDA Pub. MERC’SP-76/2, pp. 1-3, U.S. Geological Survey, p. 357, 1961.1976, I sp Martin and E.B. Nuckols, Ill, “Ceoiogy and Oil and ‘A. Janssens, “Potential Reserves of Natural Gas In the Gas Occurrence in the Devonian Shales: Northern WestOhio Shale In Ohio, ” Ohio Ceol. Survey, prepared at the re- Virginia, ” Devonldn Shd/e /kxfuL(IwI dnu’ PotcInl Ia/, E R D Aquest of the Joint Select Committee on Energy of the Ohio P u b . MERC/SP-76/2, pp. 20-40, 1976.Legislature, p. 18, 1975. lbD.G. Patchen a n d R.E. Larese, “Stratlgraphy a n d ‘John Avlla, “Devonian Shale as Source of Gas, ” Natural Petrology of the Devonian ‘Brown’ Shale in West Virginia, ” D e v o n i a n Shale Production and Polcr_rtla/, E R D A P u b ,Gas from Unccmventlonal GeologIc Sources, Nat. Acad. SCI.Pub. FE-2271 -1, pp. 73-85, 1976. MERC/SP-7612, pp. 4-19, 1976.\n‘P,J. Brown, “Energy From Shale—A Little Used Natural ITW. D. Bagnall and W.M. Ryan, “The Geology, Reserves, F r o m Urrconvcn( iona/ CedoglcR e s o u r c e , Natura/ G a s and Production Characteristics of the Devonian Shale inSources, Nat. Acad. Sci. Pub. FE-2271 -1, pp 86-99, 1976. Southwestern West Virginia, ” Devon/an Sha/c Production and Potential, ERDA Pub. MERC/SP-76 /2, pp. 41-53, 1976. (,Wal lace dewitt, jr. personal communication, 1976. 18R.A. Hodgson, “Fracture Systems: Characteristics and ‘E. O. Ray, “Devonian Shale Development in Eastern Ken- Origin, ” DevomJn Shd/c> Producllon a n d POt(>n/Ia/, E R D Atucky, ” Nalura/ Gas from Unconvcntlona/ Geo/ogIc Sources, Pub. MERC/SP-76/2, pp. 54-74, 1976.Nat. Acad. Sci. Pub. FE-2271 -1, pp. 100-112, 1976. ‘qJohn Avila, “DevonIan Shale as Source of Gas, ” ,N’a[ural ‘A. Janssens, “Potential Reserves of Natural Gas in the Gas from Uncorivent~onal Geologfc Sources, Nat. Acad. Sci, Pub. FE-2271 -1, pp. 73-85, 1976.Ohio Shale in Ohio, ” Ohio Geol. Survey prepared at the re-quest of the Joint Select Committee on Energy of the Ohio ~[lwallace deWitt, Jr., “Current Investigation of DevonianLegislature, p. 18, 1975. Shale by the U.S. Geological Survey, ” Na(ural Gas from Urr- “J. M. Schopf. Personal communication, 1976. conven( ional Geo/og/c S o u r c e s , N a t . Acad. Sci. P u b . FE-2271 -1, pp. 113-115, 1976. loD. G . Patchen, a n d R.E. Larese, “Stratlgraphy a n d ~ljohn Avila, “Devonian Shale as Source of Gas, ” ,Na(uralPetrology of the Devonian ‘Brown’ Shale in West Virgin ia, ” Gas From Unconventional Geologic Sources, Nat. Acad, Sci.D e v o n / a n -Sha/e Production a n d Poten(lal, E R D A P u b . Pub. FE-2271-I pp. 73-85, 1976.MERC/SP-76/2, pp. 4-19, 1976. ~lwal l a c e deWitt, jr., “Current Investigation of Devonian I Ip, Martin, and E,B. Nuckols, Ill, “ G e o l o g y a n d Oil and Shale by the U.S. Geological Survey, Natural Gas from Un-Gas 0( currenc~ in the Devonian Shales: Northern West c o n v e n t /ona/ Geologic Sources, Nat. A cad. Sc i. Pub.Virgin ia, ” Devon/an Shale ProductIon and Potential, E R D A FE-2271-I , pp. 113-115, 1976.Pub, MERCISP-7612, pp. 20-40, 1976. ~]J.M, Foster, “A ‘New’ Gas Supply, ” SPE-AIME #5451, l~J.M. Schopf, Personal communication, 1976. 1975.V. GeneraI Reservoir Characteristics V. General Reservoir Characteristics\npounds per square inch) is generally obtainable less than would be expected in a normal oil orby multiplying the depth (in feet) below the sur- gas reservoir. The initial reservoir pressure is veryface of the ground by a factor of about 0.4. For important if the gas in the shale exists in aexample, an oil and gas reservoir at a depth of gaseous state, because the amount of gas in the3,300 feet in the Clinton sand in Ohio would be reservoir measured at atmospheric conditions isexpected to have an initial pressure of about proportional to the reservoir pressure. For exam-1,300 pounds per square inch (psi), Since Brown ple, all other things being equal, a reservoir withshale formations produce gas at very low rates, it a pressure of 2,000 pounds per square inch ab-is difficult to determine an accurate initial reser- solute (psia) will contain twice as much gas in avoir pressure. However, shale wells that are shut given volume of reservoir rock when measured atin for long periods often exhibit pressures in the atmospheric conditions as a similar reservoir atrange of 0.125 times the depth, which is much the same depth whose pressure is 1,000 psia.\nHydraulic Fracturing Hydraulic fracturing (“hydrofracturing”)became available in the Appalachian Basin in thelate 1950’s. This technique involves injectingfluid into the formation at a rate and pressure 7sufficient to shatter and fracture the formation.The plane of the resulting fractures is generallyvertical, except at very shallow depths (figure9). 31 This fracture greatly increases the capacityof a well to produce.32\nMost fracture treatments of the Brown shale are with the shale.47, 48 Mixing of appropriate chemi-now made using water-based fluids with chemi- cals with the treating water minimizes thecals added to minimize the effect of water on the damage to the shale. 49 Foam, a mixture ofclays or minimize reductions in permeability. nitrogen, water, and a foaming agent, tends to minimize the leak-off of the fracture fluids into It is very difficult to quantify the effect of frac- associated permeability zones.50turing on gas production, because most Brownshale wells produce little or no gas before treat- A properly compounded foam can shorten thement, Generally, increased gas production results time needed to recover fracture fluid after a treat-from fracturing Brown shale. merit. 51 When injected, the foam is compressed; after fracturing, it expands towards the lower Massive Hydraulic Fracturing ‘35,36, 37, 38.—A mas- pressure at the well bore and helps expel thesive hydraulic fracture is defined as one in which fracture fluid from the rock into the well. A time-more than 100,000 gallons of fluid are used in the and/or temperature-effective emulsion breakerfracture treatment. Some massive hydraulic frac- can be added to the foam so that by the time thetures have used over 1 million gallons of fluid. well is ready to produce, the foam has broken Questions continue to exist concerning the into a mixture of gas and liquid, which facilitateslateral extent of fractures resulting from massive cleaning the well bore. 52hydraulic treatment.39 In many cases, subsequent Fracturing WithI G a s53 .-Using a liquefied gasflow tests have not corroborated the formation of as a fracturing agent overcomes cleanupa large fracture. Conflicting opinions exist con- difficulties and potential damage to the forma-cerning the advisability of massive fracturing. A tion by liquids; no water is used and the liquefiedmajor difficulty has been the tendency of the gas vaporizes as the pressure in the well bore isfracture to leave the target area of a formation dropped, However, this technique is quite ex-and migrate into portions of a formation that do pensive.not contain oil or gas.40 Fluids moving into non-productive parts of the shale sequence will not Dendritic Fracturing54, —Instead of obtainingincrease gas production. This problem may be one long fracture, the Dendritic fracture methodminimal in Brown shale, since shale fractures attempts to form a fracture that branches in manymore readily than most formations above and directions. 55 After one small fracture has beenbelow it. created, the well system is placed on production for a very short time to reverse the stress in the Another difficulty with massive hydraulic frac- formation. Additional small fractures along thetures is the long cleanup time required. As much main fracture are thought to form due to thisas 6 months may be required to get all of the reversal of stress. When a new fracture force ismobile fracture fluid out of a well.41, 42 An addi- applied, one or more small fractures branchingtional problem is that more than an acre of sur- from the large fracture are extended. This pro-face space is needed to accommodate the equip- cedure of fracture-relaxation is continued toment required for a massive treatment. In hilly develop a Dendritic-shaped fracture.Appalachia, flat sites of more than an acre are noteasily found or constructed, particularly if the Assertions that such a Dendritic fracture canwell is located on a steep mountain side or in a actually be formed by this technique still requirenarrow gorge, confirmation. 56 If the technique does cause frac- In spite of all the problems inherent in massive tures to develop in a variety of directions andhydraulic fracturing, this stimulation technique thus intercept a large number of the naturalmay still have potential in the Brown shale. 43 parallel fractures in the Brown shale, the tech- nique might have potential for increasing gas pro- fracturing With Foam 44, 45, 46 .—There is con- duction from them.siderable question about the extent of thedamage done to Devonian shale formations Directional Drilling 57, 5 8 .—Directional drilling iswhen liquids, especially water, come in contact another production stimulation technique thatmay have potential in the Brown shale. Because most of these are techniques that have been usedmost natural fractures in the Brown shale appear to recover oil rather than gas.to be parallel vertical fractures, 59 it is theorized Microbial .—It has been proposed that bacteriathat a well drilled diagonally across this vertical could be introduced into oil reservoirs to formsystem of fractures would encounter more of the gases and/or change the interracial tension andfractures and thus result in substantially greater viscosities to make the trapped oil more mobile.production. Very little directional drilling has Microbial techniques do not appear to have greatbeen done in the potential producing area of the potential for gas recovery where the gas mobilityBrown shale.60 is limited by the tight matrix of the Brown shale. Considerable difficulty was encountered in an Although there are bacteria able to withstandexperiment with directional wells in the Brown temperatures and pressures found at a depth ofshale. 61 Although the mechanics of the drilling 3,000 to 4,000 feet, none are known that willoperation were successful (figure 1 O), gas pro- both successfully generate useful modifyingduction did not meet expectations and therefore products in sufficient amounts and also tolerateonly one of three planned wells was drilled. the chemical and thermal environments at those depths. The job of inoculating a large area of very low-permeability shale would be very difficult, if Figure 10. Deviated Wells and not impossible, unless a microbial hydrofracture Earth Fracture Systems Process technique could be perfected. Further, any strain of bacteria developed would need to be carefully screened for potential environmental impacts. Even should the conceptual process be feasible, it is unlikely that the necessary strains could be developed, field tested, and put into commercial operation within time to influence shale gas recovery by the year 2000.\nFOOTNOTES\nIP.J. Brown, “Energy From Shale—A Little Used Natural lzphase R e p o r t No. 1, “Massive Hydraulic Fracturing ofResource, ” Natural Gas from Unconventional Geologic the Devonian Shale, ’ C o l u m b i a / E R D A C o n t r a c t ESources, National Academy of Science Publ. FE-2271 -1, pp. (46-1 )-801 4, Research Department, Columbia Gas System,86-99, 1976. October 1976.\njphase R e p o r t No. 1 t “Massive Hydraulic Fracturing of 18J. I. Myung, “Fracture Investigations of the Devonianthe Devonian Shale, ” C o l u m b i a / E R D A C o n t r a c t E Shale Using Geophysical Well Logging Techniques, ” Proc.(46-1)-801 4, Research Department, Columbia Gas System, Appalachian Petroleum Geology Symp., Morgantown, W,October 1976. Va., 7:21 2-238, 1976.\n3H.C. Slider, “Practical Petroleum Reservoir Engineering 19J. D o u g l a s , Schlumberger Manger. Personal com-Methods, ” Petroleum Publishing Co., Tulsa, Okla., 1976. munication, 1976.\n4Carl Gal tin, “Petroleum Engineering: Drilling and Well 20E.J. Ranostaj, Colurnbja Gas System Service cow. per -Completion, ” Prentice Hall, Englewood Cliffs, N. J., 1960. sonal communication, 1976.\n~W. L. Pinnell, Consolidated Gas Supply Corp., Core Data 21J.1. Myung, “Fracture Investigations of the Devonianon Well #1 1440 and #1 2041. Personal communication, Shale Using Geophysical Well Logging Techniques, ” Proc.1976. Appalachian Petroleum Geology Symp., Morgantown, W. Va., 7:21 2-238, 1976. 6Final Report — W e l l # 7 2 3 9 , P e r r y C o u n t y , K y . , ERDA-MERC, ]UIY 1975. ‘2E.0. Ray, “Devonian Shale Development in Eastern Kentucky, ” N a t u r a l Gas From Uncorrverrtlonal G e o l o g i c ‘Phase Report No. 1, “Massive Hydraulic Fracturing of Sources, National Academy of Sciences Publ. FE-2271 -1, pp.the Devonian Shale, ” C o l u m b i a / E R D A C o n t r a c t E 100-112, 1976.(46-1 )-801 4, Research Department, Columbia Gas System,October 1976.\n~lW.K. Overbey, “Effect of In Situ Stress on Induced Frac- sonal communication, 1976.tures, ” Proc. Appalachian Petroleum Geology Symp., 2SC. Komar, ERDA Morgantown Energy Reserch Center.Morgantown, W. Va., 7:1 82-211, 1976. Personal communication, 1976. 1 IP, Martin and E.B, Nuckols, Ill, “Geology and oil and 29 ’’ Blasting: State-of -the-art,” U.S. Bureau of Mines inter-Gas Occurrence In the Devonian Shales: Northern West nal Document, San Francisco Research Office, 1969.Virginia, ” Proc, Appalachian Petroleum Geology Symp.,Morgantown, W. Va., 7:20-40, 1 9 7 6 . IOR. F. Lemon and H.F. Patel, “Formation Permeablllty and Gas Recovery at Project Gasbuggy,” /ourna/ of Pc/rolrum J~W.K. Overbey and W.M. Ryan, “Drilllng a Directionally Technology, Vol. 24, pp. 1199-1206, October 1972.Deviated Well to Simulate Gas ProductIon from a MarginalReservoir i n S o u t h e r n West V i rg I n i a, E R D A - ‘l W.K. Overbey, “Effect of [n Situ Stress on Induced Frac-MERCITPR-7613, 1976. tures, ” Proc. Appalachian Petroleum Geology Symp., Morgantown, W. Va., 7:182-211, 1976. I’Carl Galtin, “Petroleum Engineering: Drilling and WellCompletion, ” Prentice Hall, Englewood Cliffs, N. J., 1960. J2M. prats and J.S. Levine, “Effect of Vertical Fractures on Reservoir Behavior Incompressible Fluid Case,” )ourna~ d lbJ.l. Myung, “Fracture Investigations of the DevonIan Petroleum, Vol. 15, #1 O, pp. 1119-1126, October 1963.Shale Using Geophysical Well Logging Techniques, ” Pro{.Appalachian Petroleum Geology Symp., Morgantown, W, ] ‘E. J. Ranostaj, “Massive Hydraulic Fracturing the EasternVa., 7:21 2-238, 1976. Devon/an Shales, ” ERDA Contract No. E f46-1)-8014, 1976.42 • Ch. V—General Reservoir Characteristics\n47 “E.0. Ray, “Devonian Shale Development in Eastern E.0. Ray, “Devonian Shale Development in EasternKentucky, ” N a t u r a l G a s F r o m Ur)cor_rvent/or_ra/ Geologic Kentucky, ” Natura/ Gas From Unconventional/ GeologicSources, National Academy of Sciences Publ. FE-2271 -1, pp. Sources, National Academy of Sciences Publ. FE-2271 -1, pp.100-112, 1976. 100-112, 1976.\n‘~E. J. Ranostaj, “Massive Hydraulic Fracturing the Eastern ‘aE.]. Ranostaj, “Massive Hydraulic Fracturing the EasternDevonian Shales,” ERDA Contract No. E (46-1 )-8014, 1976. Devonian Shales,” ERDA Contract No. E (46-1 )-8014, 1976.\n#31 , p. 57, 1976. Deviated Well to Simulate Gas Production from a Marginal R e s e r v o i r i n S o u t h e r n W e s t V i r g i n i a , ” ERDA- ‘f>K.H. Frohne, “Comparison of Conventional Hydraulic MERC/TPR-76/3, 1976.and Water/Nitrogen Foam Fracturing in Two Ohio DevonianShale Gas Wells, ” MERCITPR 76/1, February 1976. fI I I b id. VI. Economics ofBrown Shale Gas Production VI. Economics of Brown Shale Gas Production There are three principal areas of uncertainty in duction profile information used in the ATNPVevaluating the commercial potential of natural calculations are the actual data for each of thegas production from the Devonian shales. These three Iocalities,2 and each locality is evaluatedbasic uncertainties are: separately. J The three were chosen as examples of high-, medium-, and lower-quality resources . economic for which adequate data were available on a ● technological, and consistent basis to support ATNPV calculations under alternative assumptions concerning the ● geologic. price and tax determinants of economic incen- The economic uncertainties involve primarily tives. It must be realized that these threeexpected well head prices and the tax treatment localities are situated in a small area of the Ap-of income from natural gas production, but palachian Basin which is known to be gas pro-economic uncertainty also intersects technologi- ductive. Therefore, the terms high-quality,cal uncertainty. The areas of intersection involve medium-quality, and low-quality resource arepossible progress in drilling technology and the relative to each other only, and production dataeffects of stimulation techniques on production. from these three localities cannot be extrapolatedThe principal geologic uncertainty involves the directly to the entire 163,000-square-mileextent ofBrown shale resource base, i.e., how much of the the Appalachian Basin.Brown shale is a high-quality, gas-productive Production data from 490 shale wells in theresource, how much is medium quality, and how gas-productive area of the Appalachian Basinmuch is low quality? As natural gas prices in- were used to estimate the potential productioncrease to reflect the value of this resource more from other areas of the Appalachian Basin whereclosely, it is reasonable to expect that relatively shale gas production might be economicallylarge amounts of shale gas might become feasible. This part of the analysis is the point ofeconomically attractive. What is not now ade- most crucial interest and the weakest link in thequately known, and can only be determined from overall analysis, Until substantially more drillingactual drilling and production experience over a has been done over a wide area, the amount ofwide geographic area, is the quantity of high-, the Brown shale resource with economic poten-medium-, and low-quality areas of Brown shale. ’ tial will not be known with any more confidence The approach used here is to deal with than the judgmentally plausible estimates used ineconomic uncertainty by considering a range ofwellhead prices and tax treatments. These rangesof price and tax cases are used to evaluate the zThe after. tax net-present value (A TNPV) calculationsafter-tax net-present values (ATNPV—Current were made with the aid of a computerized routineworth of a flow of income after taxes); of gas developed by Drs, Robert Kalter and Wallace Tyner. Thiswells drilled into the Brown shale in three ATNPV calculation routine is described in Wallace E, Tynergeographic localities in the Appalachian Basin. and Robert ]. Kalter, “A Simulation Model for ResourceThe drilling costs, dry-hole experience, and pro- Policy Evaluation, ” Cornell Agricultural Economics Staff Paper No. 76-35, November 1976.\n4546 • Ch. VI—Economics of Brown Shale Gas Production\nthis analysis. q The assumptions used here are ex- ● at wellhead prices for natural gas in theplicit, and are subject to sensitivity variation and $2.00 to $3.00 per Mcf range, it is notrevision as more actual drilling results b e c o m e unreasonable to conclude that the Brownavailable. shale of the Appalachian Basin may have a production potential in the neighborhood The general result of the analysis is relatively of 1 trillion cubic feet (Tcf) per year for aoptimistic: considerable future period. ● if 10 percent of the total Appalachian Basin shale is as attractive as the higher quality Such a level of production would require a resources examined here;5 substantial effort (69,000 wells), but the addi- tional supply is not inconsequential in the con- ● if there” is no improvement in drilling tech- text of the current and prospective U.S. natural nology or stimulation techniques; and gas situation. One trillion cubic feet (Tcf) per year . if current tax treatment of income from of Brown shale gas would be equivalent to about natural gas production continues; then, 5 percent of current U.S. production.\nprospective shale gas may be sold in intrastate therefore appropriate in the ATNPV calculationscommerce. prices in intrastate markets are in order to test the potential sensitivity of naturaltypically higher than those in interstate markets.8 gas production from the Brown shale to substan-For these two reasons —Btu adjustment and in- tially enhanced economic incentives. It must betrastate market sales—the current $1.42 Mcf ceil- emphasized, however, that these values are noting price may be considered a lower-limit base price projections or forecasts. For the purposes ofcase on wellhead prices, which will be a determi- the calculations reported herein, they are merelynant of the economic feasibility of Brown shale elements of the sensitivity analysis.production. 9 In addition, there are the prospects All prices are specified in constant 1976 dol-of higher FPC ceilings for new gas or of congres- lars. In each of the ATNPV calculations reportedsional deregulation of new gas sales. Both of below, if a price of $1.42 per Mcf (or $2.00,these later possibilities support treatment of $2.50, or $3.00) is specified that price is assumed$1.42 per Mcf as a lower limit base case. to hold in constant 1976 dollars for the life of The weighted average price per Mcf for na- production. D r i l l i n g , w e l l - c o m p l e t i o n , a n dtional natural gas sales in intrastate commerce for operating costs are also specified in constantnew contracts signed in the second quarter of 1976 dollars. These cost components are dis-1976 was $1.60 per Mcf. Many contracts were in cussed in more detail in the section on cost andthe neighborhood of $2.25 per Mcf. Prices in this technological considerations.range can be considered the leading edge of theintrastate gas market. Intrastate sales of gas from Tax AssumptionsBrown shale in Ohio and Kentucky have broughtprices of over $2.00 per Mcf, The recent trends of Four cases for the tax treatment of incomeboth interstate and intrastate wellhead prices from gas production are considered in thehave been upward. Current shortages suggest ATNPV calculations reported below. These are:these trends will continue. Leasing, drilling, andwell-completion decisions on the basis of price ● zero percentage depletion allowance andexpectations of $2.00 per Mcf or more for Brown no investment tax credit;shale gas in various areas are therefore not an ● 22-percent depletion allowance and no in-unreasonable assumption. The second alternative vestment tax credit;price is $2,00 per Mcf. ● zero percentage depletion allowance and a The third and fourth alternative prices are 10-percent investment tax credit; and,$2.50 and $3.00 per Mcf. The prices of alterna-tive fuels such as fuel oil, propane, synthetic ● 22-percent depletion allowance and a 10-natural gas (SNG), or liquefied natural gas (LNG) percent investment tax credit.are either at or substantially above these values The assumption of zero percentage depletionon a Btu basis. Use of prices in this range is allowance and no investment tax credit is consistent with the current treatment of income from natural gas production for producers with Ssee Federal Power Commission form 45 data. average daily output in excess of 2,000 barrels of qwellhead prices also reflect unit transportation c05ts to oil or 12 MMcf of natural gas. Relative to typicalend-use markets. Unit transportation costs are a decreasing lease output for Devonian shale production,function of the volume of shipments. Shale gas output per these are large amounts of natural gas. But mostproducing area may sometimes be small enough thatrelatively high unit transportation costs have an adverse U.S. oil and natural gas output is produced by theeffect on the wellhead netback from end-use markets. For very large number of operators (whether corpora-the purposes of the analysis here, we assume that the high- tions, partnerships, or sole proprietorships, etc.)quality Btu characteristics of Brown shale, its proximity to with production above these cutoff levels. Ifmajor markets, the possibility of intrastate sales, the form of economic incentives are sufficient to makepipeline and distribution company regulation, and the costof alternative supplies all operate to make the !$1 ,42 per Mcf Brown shale prospects an attractive investmentvalue a lower-limit base case. opportunity, and if the Brown shale resource is48 • Ch. VI—Economics of Brown Shale Gas Production\nextensive enough to allow significant volumes of The fourth tax case is a liberalized tax treat-production, then this tax treatment is relevant for ment of income from gas production. Percentagemany potential Brown shale operators. Together depletion is assumed at 22 percent and a 10-per-with the $1.42 per Mcf price assumption, this tax cent investment tax credit is allowed.treatment defines the lower-limit base case con- In all four tax cases considered, no change issidered here. assumed in the tax treatment for expensing of in- The 22-percent depletion allowance and zero tangible drilling costs.investment tax credit is the tax treatment rele- State income and severance taxes are assumedvant to many, perhaps most, current Brown shale to be equivalent to an average State income taxoperators. The small-producer exemption phases of 12 percent. Actual income and severance taxdown, on an allowable output basis over the rates in the Appalachian Basin States in which in-period 1976-80, to 1,000 barrels of oil or 6 creased Brown shale production may become amillion cubic feet of gas per day. Beginning in factor are typically Iower.11 However, experience1981, the applicable percentage depletion in Gulf Coast and Southwestern States, whereallowance rate begins to decrease on a phased severance taxes have been converted from a unitbasis from 22 percent until it reaches 15 percent to an ad valorem basis, suggests that it is prudentin 1983. However, a 22-percent depletion to use conservative State tax rates for the sen-allowance rate for production not in excess of sit vity analysis reported below,1,000 barrels of oil per day or 6 million cubic feetof natural gas per day will be allowed for produc-tion which results from enhanced or tertiary Other Economic Assumptionsrecovery. Because of the following reasons: The ATNPV calculations are also sensitive to a ● eligibility of small Brown shale operators for number of other factors. These include: 22-percent depletion allowance until 1981, ● the discount rate; ● importance of the early years’ receipts in the ● the lag between initial investment costs and net present value calculations, and the commencement of sales; ● possible classification of Brown shale opera- ● the time profile of production; tions as tertiary or enhanced recovery pro- duction; ● the amount of recoverable reserves per unit of investment cost; andthe second tax case is a relevant component ofthe sensitivity analysis for the economic ● operating costs.feasibility of Brown shale gas supplies. 10 The discount rate used in the ATNPV calcula- The third tax case considered puts the tax tions reported below is 10 percent in real termstreatment of income from gas production on after taxes. (“Real terms” means in constant dol-more of an equal footing with the tax treatment lars adjusted for inflation.) Many individualof other nonextractive investment opportunities entrepreneurs and corporate decision makers nowin the U.S. economy. In this third case, percent- require rates-of-return for project evaluationage depletion is set at zero and an investment tax which are substantially in excess of 10 percent,credit of 10 percent is assumed. but these higher rates are expressed in current\nlc)Con5ideratlon of this tax case is not an implicit recom- I IThe highest marginal rate for corporate income tax ismendation for differential tax treatment by size or status of 5.8 percent in Kentucky, 8 percent in Ohio, and 6 percent inoperator. Rather, it is simply a recognition of the current law West Virginia. Ad valorem and severance taxes for theseand the fact that different categories of operators focus their States are approximately 2,2 percent for Kentucky, 2.6 per-activities in different areas and on different types of cent for Ohio, and 10 percent for West Virginia of typicalprospects. gross revenues expected for a Brown shale well. Ch. VI—Economics of Brown Shale Gas Production • 49\ndollar terms and include an inflationary adjust- and actual production commences. In manyment. In addition, there is often substantial proc- cases, for example offshore production, this lagess or outcome risk associated with the projects may be measured in years. In proven onshorein question.12 There is considerable evidence that areas connecting a well to a pipeline networkthe petroleum industry has been willing to com- where no unusual drilling, well-completion, ormit substantial investment funds on an ongoing production problems arise, the lag may bebasis in situations in which the realized rate-of- relatively short. There are instances in which thereturn was in the neighborhood of 10 percent lag between the time when an Appalachian Basinafter taxes.13 For this reason, and also because the well to the Brown shale is spudded in and thelower-limit base case overstates the after tax start of production has been as short as 1 week.costs of smaller operators, a 1 O-percent after-tax The critical determinants of the lag between ini-discount factor is used. tial investment and the commencement of the revenues (if any) which justify the commitment There is commonly a lag between the time of the funds are:when initial investment expenses are incurred ● the distance from an existing pipeline;\nYear of Production\n100 ‘\n90 -\nSource. OCS production rates developed by Exxon, USA for the Federal Power Commtswon’s Natural Gas Survey. Rates for Brown shale production from over 200 wells in Kentucky and West Vlrglnla (Columbla Gas Company, Ray Resources Corp, and Consolidated Gas Co). Ch. Vi—Economics of Brown Shale Gas Product/on . 51\nnatural gas well is compared with those of two tion profile has a weaker positive effect upon thetypical Brown shale wells. In the first 15 years of ATNPV of the prospect. This production profile,production, only 38 to 54 percent of total together with the relatively small volume ofrecoverable shale gas reserves are produced, but reserves per unit of investment cost, has been theabout 85 percent of the reserves in the offshore principal reason that, until recently, Brown shalereservoir are produced. Production which is gas production has been economically sub-weighted toward the later years in the produc- marginal.\nTable 4 Production Statistics of Natural Gas From Brown Shale in Three Localities (Mcf Per Year)\nYear -1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36,318 17,989 17,858 21,250 18,750 11,400 6,800 2 29,490 20,227 16,053 20,850 15,880 10,900 5,000 3: : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : 23,883 17,978 12,342 20,600 13,600 9,200 5,600 4. .., . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20,071 18,570 11,001 17,700 11,480 9,600 5,100 5. ....., . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17,439 17,000 10,000 18,350 1-1,170 8,300 5,400 15,980 16,000 9,000 17,290 11,080 7,500 5,300 14,879 15,000 8,200 17,000 10,000 6,900 5,000 13,464 14,500 7,500 16,300 9,300 6,300 4,950 12,772 13,800 7,000 15,600 8,700 5,800 4,900 12,498 13,500 6,500 15,000 8,200 5,050 4,800 11,661 12,700 6,100 14,500 7,800 4,750 4,700 11,304 12,200 5,800 13,800 7,500 4,500 4,600 11,131 11,700 5,500 13,300 7,200 4,250 4,550 10,842 11,300 5,200 12,800 7,000 4,050 4,450 9,766 10,800 5,000 12,300 6,800 3,850 4,400\nSource: Production and cost data on Brown shale operations are “Hydrofracturlng IS commonly referred to as “frac, ” which WIIIaverages from over 200 wells In Kentucky and West Vlrglnla (Co- be used as an abbreviation in tables In this report,Iumbla Gas Co., Ray Resources Corp., and Consolidated Gas).52 . Ch. VI—Economics of Brown Shale Gas Production\nBecause of great, variability in the production stimulating wells in the localities. The differencesfrom the wells in the lower-quality location, the in drilling costs reflect differences in depth of thewells were separated into two groups-good and wells in the various portions of the Appalachianbad-based solely on their production rates. Basin and in the drilling costs per foot, which areShot and hydrofractured wells fell into both a function of the geologic and topographicgroups. Fifty-nine percent of the wells in this characteristics of the localities. Detailed costlocality fell into the good group, while the re- figures are presented in tables 13 through 17 atmaining 41 percent were in the bad group. One the end of this chapter.might be misled by looking only at the good Drilling costs in the lower-quality locality weregroups in this locality for comparison with the taken to be about $10 per foot, whereas theyhigh- and medium-quality locality, because one were about $9 per foot in the other localities. It isassumes a risk of having a bad well in this locality recognized that in some other areas these costs41 percent of the time. So, while one can get a may be as low as $6.50 per foot, but these areasgood well from the lower-quality locality, the in-- are readily accessible and have easily workedvestment potential on average is less attractive geologic formations. In light of the potential forthan in the other localities. technological advances in the drilling process, a In judging the investment potential of the low estimate is given in table 6, approximatelylocalities, there is concern regarding the costs reflecting a 10-percent reduction in actual drillingassociated with the production: the initial costs c o s t s . 15 The effect of lower drilling costs or offor drilling and stimulating the wells, the annual cheaper stimulation techniques on the invest-operating costs, and the indirect cost from the ment decision in the localities can be examinedrisk of drilling a “dry hole. ” Table 5 shows the by comparing the reduction in average and lowaverage of the direct initial costs for drilling and estimates with the ATNPV for the different scenarios as displayed in tables 8 through 11. Table 5 Direct investment Costs for Producing The effect of progress in drilling technology or Wells in Brown Shale of improvement in stimulation procedures, which reduces the initial investment cost per unit of (Dollars in thousands, 1976 constant) reserves, will be to extend the economically Average Cost feasible portion of the Devonian shale resource. A 10-percent decrease in real drilling costs, such Stimulation Intan- Tan- as that assumed for purposes of example in tableLocality Technique gible gible Total 6, would make some of the prospects in tables 8High Quality . . . . . . . Shot $ 80.5 $23.9 $104.4\nMedium Quality . . . . Frac 121.7 38.7 160.4 I jsee, for exarrrple, Franklin M. Fisher, “Technological Shot 98.9 20.8 119.7 Change and the Drilling Cost-Depth Relationship, 1960 -66,” in E.W. Erickson and L. Waverman, editors, TheLower Quality . . . . . . . Frac 115.9 40.0 155.9 Energy Question, Vol. 2, North America, University of Toron- Shot 94.3 27.4 121.7 to, 1974.\nTable 6 Effect of Reduction in Initial Investment Cost (Dollars in thousands, 1976 constant)\nChange in ATNPV Stimulation as a Result of Locality Technique Average Cost Low Estimate Reduced Costs\n● The only change In tax effect considered IS In the first-year writeoff of lntanglble~. Ch. VI—Economics of Bown Shale Gas Prodcution . 53\nthrough 11, which have small negative ATNPV cient to make the well profitable based on itsvalues, economically attractive.16 own operations. The decision to continue the final casing of the well would be based on the The average costs are separated into intangible additional cost of finishing the well rather thanand tangible items because of the impact of the the amount already invested. However, it is com-different tax treatment as to expensing and plicated not only by the uncertainty of the pricecapitalizing these costs. The intangible costswere set to include a management fee of about to be received for the gas but also by its useful- ness to the investors as a tax shelter for other in-15 percent and a contingency fee of 6 percent.While these figures may be high for some opera- come. In addition, under syndication, not only dotors at some locations, they are typical of current marginal tax rates vary among investors andcharges and are representative of anticipated operators, but which costs are sunk and which are incremental may be different to investors andcosts if an extensive effort to develop the Brown operators. Hence, wells which would beshale should occur. economically unattractive on a total basis may be The annual operating costs are set at $1,800 brought into production for personal financialper well. While some operators may use a sub- reasons of a key decisionmaker. This effect maystantially cheaper well-tending service, this figure also work in the opposite direction. Since it isprovides a cushion for expenses resulting from almost impossible to determine the impact ofequipment repair. these incentives on the number of “dry holes, ” An additional cost to be considered is that and some external incentives are likely to con-associated with the risk of a “dry hole. ” This risk tinue to affect the “produce or plug” decision,is difficult to assess because of the difficulty in the number of dry holes is taken to be thosedetermining which wells are in fact “dry holes.” which presently are not in actual productionOf course, the clearest case is the hole which regardless of the basis for the decision.produces no natural gas at all. The problem ariseswhen there is some gas but the flow is not suffi- As evident from table 7 there is great variability among the localities in the share of Ibsen-le of th e wells w i t h n e g a t i v e ATNPV values in ta- dry-hole costs for each producing well. Thisbles 8-11 would nevertheless be producers because drilling variability does not arise solely from the actualcosts are already committed and the returns on incrementalout-of-pocket completion, stimulation and production costs costs of a dry hole as shown in column 1, butare adequate to induce production. But these wells would rather in the ratio of number of dry holes to thenot return 10 percent after taxes on total Investment. number of producing wells in each locality. This Table 7 Effect of Dry Holes on the Cost of Producing Wells (Dollars in thousands, 1976 constant)\nColumn 1 Column 2 I Column 3 Column 4 Column 5 Share of After-Tax I Dry-Hole Cost for Cost of a Cost of Dry Hole- No. of No, of Each ProducingLocality Dry Hole Net of Tax Writeoff Dry Holes Producing Wells Well\nMedium Quality Frac . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97.9 29.6 1 27 1.5 Shot. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 96.1 38.4 1 150 0.3\n● This cal[ ulatlon I\\ ba~ed on a 48 percent marginal Federal tax rate and a 12 percent average State tax rate. It also IS bawd on the assump-tion that the taxpayer has at least this much income which would otherwise be taxable at the~e rates. To the extent the taxpayer is not at themarginal Federal and State tax rates, the average State tax rate IS less than 12 percent, or the taxpayer does not have Income which wouldotherwls~’ be taxable, the after-tax co~t of dry holes Increases —.\nheterogeneity probably arises not just from resource pool. The values of table 7 are includedgeologic differences but also from the operators’ as negative components of the ATNPV calcula-aggressiveness in drilling to the boundaries of the tions reported in tables 8 through 11.\nThe basic analytical results are presented in sands of dollars) based on the actual investmenttables 8 through 11. In each table, the four alter- and operating costs and production profiles innative price assumptions are the column head- the three localities under the assumed price andings. The resource quality examples are the row tax conditions and at a 10-percent discount fac-headings. For the medium-quality resource base tor. if the entry is positive, the investment has anexample, two alternative stimulation techniques internal rate of return in excess of 10 percent. Ifare displayed. For the lower-quality resource base the entry is negative, the investment has an inter-example, two stimulation techniques and two in- nal rate of return of less than 10 percent.ternal quality distinctions are displayed. Each ta- For example, in table 8 (depletion and invest-ble refers to a specific tax case: ment tax credit both equal to zero), only the ● Table 8; depletion allowance = zero, high-quality resource has a calculated ATNPV per investment tax credit = zero, well which is positive at an assumed price of $1.42 per Mcf. All the other situations have per- ● Table 9; depletion allowance = 22 percent, well ATNPVs which are negative. This may ap- investment tax credit = zero, pear anomalous because the actual localities ● Table 10; depletion allowance = zero, upon which these illustrative ATNPV calculations investment tax credit = 10 per- are based are all being developed. ” This continu- cent, ing development is presumably based on private business decisions involving expectations of ● Table 11; depletion allowance = 22 per- positive after-tax net present values. The fact that cent, investment tax credit = 10 per- cent. 1“It will be recalled that the high-quality case is based on operating experience in the Cottageville, W. Va., area; the The entries in the bodies of the tables are the medium-quality case on Clendenin, W. Va.; and the lower-after-tax net-present values (ATNPV; in thou- quality case on Perry County, Ky.\nTable 8 After-Tax Net-Present Value of Brown Shale Natural Gas Wells in Three Locations-Case A* (Dollars in Thousands, 1976 constant)\nLower Quality . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Good . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Frac –16 +13 +38 +63 Good . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Shot –22 –3 +13 +28 Bad . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Frac –55 –42 –31 –20 Bad . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Shot –48 –40 –32 –25\n“Assumptions: Depletion Allowance o Investment Tax Credit o Ch. VI—Economics of Brown Shale Gas Production . 55\nTable 9 After-Tax Net-Present Value of Brown Shale Natural Gas Wells in Three Locations-Case B\nLower Quality Good . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Frac +2 +39 +70 +102 Good . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Shot –lo +14 +35 +52 Bad . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Frac –50 –31 –17 –3 Bad . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Shot –45 –33 –23 –13\n● Asumptlons: Depletion Allowance 220/0 Investment Tax Credit o\nTable 10 After-Tax Net-Present Value of Brown Shale Natural Gas Wells in Three Locations-Case C\nLower Quality Good. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Frac –13 +16 +41 +66 Good . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Shot –20 – 1 +15 +32 Bad ., . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Frac –52 –39 –28 –17 Bad , . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Shot –46 –38 –30 –23\n“Assumption: Depletion Allowance o Investment Tax Credit 10“/056 . Ch. VI—Economics of Brown Shale Gas Production\nTable 11 After-Tax Net-Present Value of Brown Shale Natural Gas’ Wells in Three Locations-Case D*\nLower Quality Good . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Frac +6 +42 +74 +105 Good . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Shot –8 +16 +37 +58 Bad . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Frac –46 –28 –13 +1 Bad . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Shot –43 –31 –21 –11\n● Assumption: Depletion Allowance 220/0 Investment Tax Credit 10“/0\nthe lower-limit base case has negative ATNPVS is of special interest is the general pattern offor most situations is attributable to a number of results. As the wellhead price of gas increasesfactors: from $1.42 per Mcf to $2.00 per Mcf, it becomes economically feasible to produce shale gas from ● there is no Btu adjustment in the assumed some of the medium- and lower-quality sites of prices; the gas-productive area. The price change of ● some of the gas is sold in intrastate markets $1.42 per Mcf to $2.00 per Mcf appears to have a at higher prices; greater effect on making shale locations economically feasible than does the change from ● the assumed tax treatment is more severe than that actually experienced by many $2.00 to $2.50 per Mcf, or a change from $2.50 to $3.00 per Mcf. operators;\n● the assumptions concerning investment and For example, in table 8, under the most severe operating costs and well Iives were tax assumptions, at an assumed price of $2.00 per generally slightly tilted in the direction of Mcf, the pattern of ATNPV results is such that the adverse results; and high-quality resource area is a prime candidate ● the poorer situations in the lower-quality for development, the medium-quality resource resource area are legitimate losers. “ “ area is marginally attractive, and the best situa- tion in the lower-quality resource area is The lower-limit base case for $1.42 per Mcf in economically rewarding. At $2.50 per Mcf, bothtable 8 reflects the conservative nature of the situations in the medium-quality area becomeassumptions on which the ATNPV calculations economically attractive and the good locations inare based in all the price and tax cases analyzed. the lower-quality area have a positive ATNPV. The particular ATNPV figures reported in Because the areal extent of each of these gas-tables 8 through 11 are all of interest, 18 but what productive quality areas is not known, the actual impact on potential production cannot be deter- Iqf economic incentives are such that there is substantial mined.Devonian shale development under conditions of positiveATNPV per well, it can be expected that royalty payments, It is instructive to compare table 8 with tablelease bonuses, and lease rentals will absorb the major por- 11. Table 8 is the most severe tax case examined.tion of the difference between prospective expectedwellhead prices and costs. Table 11 is the most liberal (in terms of the Ch. VI—Economics of Brown Shale Gas Production . 57\ngenerosity with which income from gas produc- ment makes shale gas production from all threetion is treated) tax case examined. At $2.00 per localities in the gas-productive area economicallyMcf, two additional situations achieve positive feasible.ATNPV values in table 11 which did not achieve A comparison of data in table 8 with that in ta-positive ATNPV values in table 8. These are shot ble 9 shows that a 10-percent investment taxwells in the medium-quality resource area and credit would have little positive impact on shaleshot wells in the good area in the lower-quality gas development. However, a comparison of dataresource area. Note that the liberal tax treatment in table 8 with that in table 10 shows the positivedoes not increase the area of potential gas pro- impact of a 22-percent depletion allowance. Atduction, but does make shot wells economically $1.42 per Mcf, in addition to increasing the valuefeasible in the medium- and lower-quality good of wells in the high-quality locations, a 22-per-areas. A well head price of $2.50 per Mcf does not cent depletion allowance makes hydrofracturedincrease the potentially productive area of the wells in the medium- and lower-quality goodshale resource but it does increase the value of areas economically feasible. Basically, the 22-per-the wells and, like the $2.00 price, makes shot cent depletion allowance has about the samewells economically feasible. A wellhead price of positive effect as a $.50 per Mcf increase in$3.00 per Mcf under the most liberal tax treat- wellhead price.\nAs indicated in an earlier section, estimates of deposits. 19, 20 Second, the better-quality resourcesthe natural gas in the Brown shale are subject to tend to be developed first. 21 There being nogreat variability. The question involves not only strong evidence to the contrary, OTA assumesthe total resource present but also the portion that these principles apply to gas-bearing shalesthat can be economically produced. Until the of the Appalachian Basin.Brown shale resource of the Appalachian Basin is In a marginal resource base such as the Brownmore fully characterized, there will continue to shale, the definition of “better-quality resource”be great uncertainty in any attempt to estimate includes, as a determinant, location relative tothe extent of the Appalachian Basin which might existing production and pipelines. Until recently,sustain commercial development of shale gas the Brown shale have not been a primary target ofproduction. drilling except in the Big Sandy area. The current The ATNPV analyses indicate that under many areas of shale development were initiallyof the price and tax scenarios, drilling for andproducing shale gas from localities in the knownshale gas productive area is economically feasi- IYJ.W. McKie, “Market Structure and Uncertainty In Oilble. However, it is unrealistic to assume that the and Gas Exploration, ” Quarterly )ourna/ of Econom/cs, Vol. 74, pp. 543-571, November, 1960.current gas-productive area is representative of 20 G. Kaufman, “Statistical Declslon and Related Tech-the whole Appalachian Basin. A number of niques in Oil and Gas Exploration, ’ Prentice Hall,general observations about resource deposits are Englewood Cliffs, N. J., 1973, and J. Altchlson and J,A, C.relevant. First, the distribution of resource Brown, “The Lognormal Distribution, ” Cambridge universitydeposits in nature tend to be highly skewed, i.e., Press, New York, N. Y., 1957. ZIC. Kaufman, Y. Bulcer, and D. Kryt. “A Probabilisticthere are fewer very high-quality resource Model of Oil and Gas Discovery, ” Studies In CeOIOgy, VOI.deposits than medium-quality deposits, and 1, American Association of Petroleum Geologists, TUIM,fewer medium-quality deposits than low-quality Okla, pp. 113-142, 1975..58 . Ch. VI—Economics of Brown Shale Gas Production\nbyproducts of other activity. While it might ap- Based on the following information, OTA esti-pear that this fact would blunt the operation of mates that about 10 percent of the 163,000-the principle that the better prospects are drilled square-mile extent of the Appalachian Basinfirst, this is not the case. Even if the initial might be of high enough quality to produce shaleknowledge of Brown shale prospects was gas economically at a price of $2.00 to $3.00 perdeveloped as a byproduct of other activity, the Mcf.better Brown shale prospects (byproducts or not) 1. Production History. —The wells which haveare developed first. “Better” here, however, in- a potential of producing more than 240 tovolves a strong element of location relative to ex- 300 Mcf of shale gas over a 15- to 20-yearisting pipelines. This is particularly true for period tend to be clustered in a few loca-historical wellhead price levels. Evidence of this tions in the Appalachian Basin. This type ofis that much of the Brown shale production in distribution of commercially productiveWest Virginia is served by existing interstate wells indicates that not all of the Ap-pipelines. palachian Basin is composed of the same All of this suggests that there may be other resource quality. No doubt additional loca-areas which are geologically as promising as the tions exist which have commercial poten-three localities examined here. These other areas, tial, but it is unlikely that these areas willalthough more remote relative to existing comprise a significant portion of thepipelines, may become economically feasible at 163,000-square-mile extent of the Ap-the $2.00 to $3.00 per Mcf price levels examined palachian Basin.in the sensitivity analysis reported herein. 2. Shale Depth. —The Brown shale outcrops at There might be a temptation to extrapolate the the surface in central Ohio and is 12,000production results from the three sample loca- feet below the surface in northeastern Penn-tions in the currently productive, area directly to sylvania. Because drilling and stimulationthe entire Appalachian Basin. Results of such an costs increase with depth, commercial pro-extrapolation are not likely to be valid primarily duction of shale gas in the volumes encoun-because: tered in the best wells to date is generally limited to depths less than 5,000 feet. A ● the existing wells are not located randomly considerable extent of the Brown shale of in the Appalachian Basin, but rather are the Appalachian Basin is deeper than 5,000 clustered in a known producing area; feet and is therefore unlikely to sustain com- ● the gas-productive area sampled (98.6 mercial shale gas production under the square miles) is less than 0.06 percent of the economic conditions and technology con- 163,000-square-mile Appalachian Basin; sidered in this assessment.\n● the 490 sample wells are but a very small (5 3. Shale Thickness. —The total thickness of the percent) portion of the 10,000 producing gas-productive Brown shale sequence in the wells in the Appalachian Basin, and do not Devonian rocks varies from less than 100 represent a random sample; and feet to more than 1,000 feet across the Ap- palachian Basin (figure 3). It is not generally ● average production data from producing economical to stimulate Brown shale layers wells are biased because dry holes and which are less than 100 feet in thickness plugged and abandoned wells are not in- unless multiple layers in one well can be cluded in the “average production. ” treated. The Brown shale resource in a sig- OTA assumed that the production potential in nificant portion of the Appalachian Basinthe currently producing area is much higher than consists of thin layers of Brown shale whichis characteristic of the Appalachian Basin as a may not be amenable to modern hydrofrac-whole. ture techniques. Ch. VI—Economics of Brown Shale Gas Production ● 59\nThe Appalachian Basin has an areal extent of figure to 15 Tcf. The 20-year readily recoverableabout 163,000 square miles. If 10 percent of this reserves would approximate 11 and 19 Tcf,area is of high enough quality to be economically respectively. If 10 percent of the 163,000-square-attractive for shale gas production at prices of mile (1 6,300 square miles) gas-productive area $2.00 to $3.00 per Mcf, it provides a potential were all high-quality resource and all wells wereproduction area of 16,300 square miles. (The shot treated, the readily recoverable reservepresent gas-productive area is less than 5 percent would be about 17 Tcf over a 15-year period andof the 163,000-square-mile area. ) With a spacing about 20 Tcf over a 20-year period. Assumingof 150 acres per well, this area would support ap- that hydrofracturing results in a 50-percent in-proximately 69,000 wells. Production data pre- crease in shale gas production (as is suggested bysented in table 4 show that wells economically production data in table 4), 69,000 hydrofrac-feasible at $2.00 per Mcf will produce approx- tured wells on high-quality Brown shale sitesimately 240 million cubic feet of shale gas per might produce 26 Tcf of gas over a 15-yearwell over a 15-year period, and about 290 million period, and approximately 30 Tcf over a 20-yearcubic feet per well over 20 years. 22 R e a d i l y period.recoverable reserves were determined by It is highly unlikely that all of the undevelopedmultiplying the number of potential wells by the gas-productive Brown shale resource will be highaverage production per well as follows: quality, and also unlikely that all of it will be 15-year readily recoverable reserve medium or low quality. For this reason, a 15 to 25 69,000 wells x 240 MMcf/well = 16.6 Tcf Tct estimate of readily recoverable shale gas reserves appears justified until the Brown shale 20-year readily recoverable reserve resource base is more thoroughly characterized. 69,000 wells x 290 MMcf/well = 20.0 Tcf This range clearly indicates that the Brown shale If the entire undeveloped gas-productive area do in fact have a potential for making a significantwere a medium-quality resource and all wells contribution to the U.S. natural gas supply.were shot treated, the 15-year readily recovera- Because of the great uncertainty in the qualityble reserve would be 9 Tcf; use of hydrofractur- distribution of the shale resource, no attempt wasing rather than shot treatment would increase this made to undertake price elasticity studies in this assessment. The impact of a specific price change z~ln a Slmllar analysis for a smaller producing area, IJlti -mate recoverable reserves were used at levels ot 300, 350, on shale gas production will be impossible toand 400 MMcf per well, P. J, Brown, “Energy From Shale—A assess accurately until extensive resource charac-Little Used Natural Resource. ” Natural Gas From Unconven- terization studies are completed, This will requiretional Geo/og/c Sources, National Academy of Sciences, a large amount of drilling throughout the region.J 976.60 • Ch VI—Economics of Brown Shale Gas Production\nSome estimates of the total amount of gas-in- costs, taxes, and geologic formations. OTA’s 15place in the Brown shale range in the hundreds of to 25 Tcf estimate of readily recoverable reservesTcf. 23 However, such estimates of the resource is consistent with a total resource estimate ofbase should be distinguished from estimates of hundreds of Tcf because of the fact that underreadily recoverable reserves, which represent the present technology the average shale wellfraction of the total resource whose recovery is recovers only 3 to 8 percent of the calculated gasfeasible under reasonable assumptions about in place .24\nit appears that under plausible economic, From table 12 one sees the important role thatgeologic, and technological assumptions, the the Brown shale could play in national natural gasBrown shale of the Appalachian Basin contain as supply, If annual production were at 1.0 Tcf,26 themuch as 15 to 25 Tcf of readily 25 recoverable region would match some of the larger gas-pro-natural gas. This reserve would be producible in ducing States and make up almost 5 percent ofthe first 15 to 20 years of the production profile current national production.of typical reservoirs. Because one of the charac- Table 12teristics of Brown shale gas production is a slow Estimated Gross Production of Natural Gasflow rate over a very long period of time, ulti- of the five Largest Producing States, 1976mate recoverable reserves over the life of pro-duction would be greater. This 15 to 25 Tcf esti-mate critically depends on the price and costassumptions used, the total extent of the Brown State I Gross Production (Tcf/annum)\nTexas ., ., . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7.7shale resource, and the distributions of resource Louisiana . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7.1quality. Oklahoma . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.8 New Mexico . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.2 The price assumptions ($2.00 to $3.00 per Kansas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.8Mcf) realistically reflect the current opportunityvalue of additions to the U.S. natural gas supply Total U.S. . . . . . . . . . . 20.9and are consistent with general market condi- Source: Gas Facts 1976, American Gas Association (1977), p. 24.tions for both interstate and intrastate sales. Esti-mates of drilling, well completion, stimulation, The estimates presented in this report areand production costs are based on actual operat- based on the analysis of 490 producing wells ining experience. three gas-productive localities. These 490 wells The estimate of 15 to 25 Tcf of readily were drilled by a large number of operators withrecoverable reserves is based on the assumption different financial situations and technicalthat about 10 percent of the 163,000-square-mile capabilities. There are some data available from aAppalachian Basin has Brown shale of high smaller number of wells drilled by a single opera-enough quality to permit the production of shale tor. 27 If these single-operator data are, in fact,gas economically at prices of $2.00 to $3.00 per representative of the potential of the Brown shaleMcf. of the Appalachian Plateaus, this resource might ~ ~~a~ura/ Gas From Unconventional Geologic Sources, p.113, National Academy of Sciences, 1976. ~bThe 1.() Tcf is a central estimate based on the 15 to 25 ~qlbid., p, 86. Tcf range; therefore, one should keep in mind the variability Z5’’Readily recoverable reserves” is not a category in associated with the point estimate.either the American Gas Association or United States ~TK.1. Brooks, R.M. Forrest, and W.1. Morse, 1974. “GasGeological Survey nomenclature. In the present context, Reserves in the Devoniain Shale in the Appalachian Basin“readily recoverable reserves” are resources which can be the Operating Territory of the Columbia Gas System. ”converted to proved reserves and actually produced in a 15- (Mimeographed Report in the files of Columbia Gas Systemto 20-year time frame. Service Corporation, Columbus, Ohio.) Ch. VI—Economics of Brown Shale Gas Production ● 61\naccount for more than 1.0 Tcf per year of addi- The fact that potential shale gas production istional U.S. supply in the next 20 years. This larger likely to be scattered over extensive areas con-production could result from either or both (1) tributes to a relatively slow pace of developmentgreater average productivity per well, or (2) a because of the requirement that natural gas belarger resource base which would permit a shipped by pipelines. This suggests that thegreater number of wells of average productivity. economically feasible expansion of the gas-However, even under an optimal combination of pipeline network required to serve new shalecircumstances (1 5-percent higher average pro- development and production will be on an incre-duction per well and a 50-percent increase in the mental basis. This in turn suggests that locationareal extent of the quality shale resource), only relative to potential pipeline connections (in ad-about 30 to 35 Tcf of readily recoverable reserves dition to geologic promise) will continue to beanwould be producible over 15 to 20 years. For the important determinant of the economic qualityreasons cited previously, however, OTA con- of shale drilling prospects. As a result, gradualsiders such an optimal combination to be development is a prudent assumption.unlikely. The magnitude of the required drilling effort The 1.0 Tcf figure is a judgmental estimate does, however, have an important aspect. Thebased on the facts that: (1) much potential shale drilling of 3,450 wells per year in the Appalachiangas production is likely to spread over a wide Basin would be a significant addition to total U.S.area without immediate access to pipeline con- drilling activity. There has been an impressivenections, and (2) a large amount of drilling is re- record of technological progress in the U.S. drill-quired to generate I S to 25 Tcf of readily ing industry.29 This progress has been associatedrecoverable reserves. with deeper target horizons in the gulf coast and the Southwest. It is possible that a drilling effort Based on production data from the three of the magnitude required to develop Brownlocalities analyzed, creation of 15 to 25 Tcf of shale gas resources would sufficiently focus thereadily recoverable reserves will require drilling attention of the drilling industry so that substan-69,000 wells. In 1975, 38,498 wells were drilled tial technological progress in reducing shale drill-in the United States. 28 If drilling 69,000 wells with ing costs and improved deliverability wouldthe Appalachian Basin Brown shale as the target result. A comparison of table 6 with tables 8pay zone were spread over 20 years, this number through 11 indicates the potential of suchof new wells would average 3,450 wells per year. progress to extend the margin of economicThis drilling alone would represent a 9-percent in- feasibility for Brown shale development. Thecrease in drilling activity over the total U.S. 1976 possibility of improved drilling and completionlevel. The U.S. drilling industry has shown con- technology is not included in the 15 to 25 Tcfsiderable ability to respond to increased estimate.economic incentives. Between 1971 and 1975,total wells drilled increased by 45 percent (9 per- The comparison of table 6 with tables 8cent per year), from 26,532 to 38,498. Between through 11 is relevant to any technological ad-197I and 1975, total rotary-drilling rigs in opera- vance which improves the ratio of productivetion increased by 70 percent (15 percent per capacity to investment cost, All Brown shale gasyear), from 976 to 1,660. Because Brown shale production is artificially stimulated throughproduction is relatively well-intensive, and either hydrofracturing or shooting. 30 An improve-because it is likely to be scattered over extensive ment in stimulation technology would have anareas, it is prudent to assume that shale gas effect similar to that of an improvement in drill-development will proceed at a gradual pace, ing technology. The possibility of an improve-possibly spreading the required drilling effort ment in stimulation technology is not included inover 15 to 20 years. the 15 to 25 Tcf estimate.\nIf improvements in drilling or stimulation tech- cent increase in ultimate recovery, average out-nology are developed by drilling or well-service put in the first 20 years might increase by only 25contractors who can patent the techniques, it is percent.possible that the socially optimal amount ofeffort to develop such technology will be The 15 to 25 Tcf of readily recoverableforthcoming. But it is likely that much drilling, reserves and approximately 1.0 Tcf of yearly pro-well stimulation, and production will be done by duction reported here are based on the followingoperators who do not have a very large share of assumptions:total shale production. In addition, many techni- ● no significant changes in real drilling, wellcal improvements may not be readily patentable. stimulation, or production costs;Under these circumstances, the Congress maywish to consider the desirability of some publicly ● the economic and production charac-supported research and development activity teristics of the three localities analyzeddirected toward improvements in shale drilling represent the more promising sources ofand stimulation technology. natural gas from the Brown shale;\nThe possible effect of either (1) dramatically ● wellhead prices for natural gas in the $2.00improved technology, or (2) improvements in to $3.00 per Mcf range;economic incentives beyond those examined ● continuation of current tax treatment of in-here, must be considered with caution. This is come from natural gas production; andbecause of the likelihood that the developmenteffort which such possibilities would encourage ● approximately 10 percent of total now un-would be working against an increasingly developed Appalachian Basin Brown shalemarginal resource base. If economic incentives resource is of high enough quality to permitwere to be twice as good as those associated commercial development.with current tax treatment and wellhead prices of$2.00 to $3.00 per Mcf; or, alternatively, if drill- It is a well-known axiom that there is no sureing and stimulation technology were to improve proof of gas or oil production potential otherso that these operations cost only half as much as than the drillbit. It is possible that all of thethey do now, it is unlikely that twice as great a undrilled resource potential of the Devonianquantity of reserves would become economically shale has economic and production charac-feasible. This is because the additional develop- teristics similar to those of the bad situations inment efforts which such economic or technologi- the lower-quality resource area. In this case, therecal improvements would induce would be press- would be no incremental Brown shale gas pro-ing further and further into the margin of poorer duction which would be economically feasible,and poorer sites and geologic prospects. In addi- at wellhead prices in the range of $2.00 to $2.50tion, because poorer resource quality in the per Mcf. This appears unlikely, given theBrown shale is very much associated with slower geographic dispersion of Brown shale resources.flow rates per unit of ultimately recoverable There appears to be no practical way short ofreserves, the contribution to yearly output would creating the economic incentives necessary to in-be apt to increase relatively less than the increase duce an extensive drilling effort, to ascertainin reserves. For example, on a purely illustrative whether the Appalachian Basin shale might ac-basis, if a doubling of economic incentives or tually contribute more, or less, than 5 percent oftechnical productivity were to result in a 50-per- the total U.S. natural gas supply. Ch VI—Economics of Brown Shale Gas Producation • 63\nTable 13 Table 14 Typical Well Costs (1976 Constant Dollars) Typical Well Costs (1976 Constant Dollars) High-Quality Brown Shale Well Medium-Quality Brown Shale Well\nCottageville Area, Jackson County, W.Va. Blue Creek Area, Kanawha Co., W.Va.\nTable15 Table 16 Typical Well Costs (1976 Constant Dollars) Typical Well Costs (1976 Constant Dollars) Medium-Quality Brown Shale Well Lower-Quality Brown Shale Well\nBlue Creek Area, Kanawha Co., W.Va. Hazard Area, Perry County, Eastern Kentucky\nTable 17 Typical Well Costs (1976 Constant Dollars) Lower-Quality Brown Shale Well\nProducing Dry Well Hole\nIntangible Costs:Title work . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ 400 $ 400Well permit & bond . . . . . . . . . . . 350 350Stake location. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 350 350Other legal expenses. . . . . . . . . . . 300 300Right-of-way . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100 —Road & location costs . . . . . . . . . 5,500 5,500Hauling (except 4-1/2” casing & cement). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3,500 3,500Well logs (open hole) . . . . . . . . . . 3,000 3,000Centralizers & float equipment 1,800 1,800Cementing conductor & surface . 3,500 3,500Shooting 450 feet . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5,000 —install 2,000 feet of flow line. . . . 1,730 —Geologic & engineering service 2,800 1,400Drilling 3,900 feet @$10/ft. . . . . . 39,000 39,000Rig charges . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5,200 —Reclaim road & location . . . . . . . . 2,000 2,000 Subtotal. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74,530 61,100\nObstacles to gas production from the Brown reservoir analysis techniques, driIIingshale are of two types: (1) barriers to immediate methodology, and completion practices. Whiledevelopment of Brown shale reserves using these two aspects are treated separately in thisavailable drilling and completion techniques; and assessment, they are interrelated.(2) barriers to future production using improved\nThe major barrier to increasing production coal seams. The problems associated with drillingusing available technology is the present con- through minable coal seams will increase in thetrolled level of the interstate wellhead price of future due to the increased value of coal, andgas. Gas production is economically feasible more intensive exploration and development(greater than a 10-percent rate of return on in- efforts by coal operators. Additionally, leasingvestment) only in the very high-quality areas of and purchasing of coal mining rights by investorsBrown shale under current controlled price levels. far removed from the site will result in delays inCurrent development of the Brown shale is, acquiring approval to drill through coal seams. Totherefore, limited to seeking out the very high- gain approval to drill through a coal seam, a platquality areas of Brown shale. With this restriction, of the drill-site location must be submitted to thea significant expansion of exploration and operator holding the mining rights on the poten-development activity in the Appalachian Basin is tial drill-site property. If a drill site is approved byunlikely. the coal operator, that operator must agree to leave a pillar of coal around the drill hole to pro- Following a recent increase in prices for new vide an unbroken well bore through the seam.interstate gas ($.52 per Mcf to $1.42 per Mcf), This procedure results in a loss of recoverablethere was a noticeable increase in drilling activity coal. If, in areas of low- to medium-quality Brownin the higher-quality Brown shale of the Ap- shale, minable coal seams are numerous andpalachian Basin. thick, the amount of coal left as pillars around the well bore may have a greater value than the po- Development of the Brown shale using availa- tential gas from the proposed well and, therefore,ble technology is also hindered by problems the coal operator will refuse to permit a gas wellassociated with high local drilling costs, to be drilled through the coal seams.difficulties in lease acquisition, and titleclearance. Drilling costs are substantially higher Brown shale areas are notorious for propertyin southwestern West Virginia and eastern Ken- and title problems. For example, in eastern Ken-tucky because of the rugged terrain and poor tucky tax maps are nonexistent, courthouseroads, which make equipment movement records are poor, and many of the mountain peo-difficult and expensive and increase the costs of ple living on the land have no knowledge of theinstalling gas gathering and distribution systems. mineral ownership. problems in leasing and title clearance in such areas can be time consuming Areas with multiple minable coal seams re- and expensive. It is not unusual to invest 6quire additional casing for each coal seam which, months to 1 year to locate owners and clear thein turn, increases drilling rates per foot and tangi- title for a potential drilling site on the Ap-ble expenses for casing for wells that penetrate palachian Plateaus.\n69 70 . Ch. VII—Barriers to Brown Shale Gas Production\nEnvironmental constraints do not pose serious 73 rigs in the Appalachian area capable of drillingdeterrents to Brown shale development. Fluids shale wells. ’ After a well is drilled, rigs areproduced from wells must be contained by on- needed to stimulate and clean out the shalesite tanks to prevent stream pollution, all pits are wells; about 65 to 75 such completion rigs arerequired to be closed, disturbed land must be available in the Appalachian Basin. 2 A modernreseeded, and surface erosion from access roads drilling rig can drill about two shale wells perand the drilling site must be controlled by week, and stimulation rigs can complete aboutdrainage ditches. Recent legislation imposing one shale well every 10 days. Under favorablestringent controls on potential stream pollution conditions, the 73 drillings rigs could drill aboutand land degradation has increased drilling costs 7,600 holes per year and about 2,400 to 2,700 ofby $2,000 to $5,000 per well. This increase in these could be brought into production by the 65well cost is minimal, representing between 1 and to 75 completion rigs. Therefore, even if all of the4 percent of the cost of drilling and completing a rigs currently in the Appalachian Basin were usedtypical gas well in the Brown shale. exclusively to drill and complete new shale wells, it would not be possible to develop enough wells Shortages of drilling and well-completion rigs (69,000) to produce 1.0 Tcf per year of shale gascould pose a temporary constraint on develop- over the next 20 years, Favorable economicsment of gas production from the Brown shale of could possibly overcome the drilling and com-the Appalachian Basin, Currently, there are about pletion rig constraint over a 3 to 5 year period.\nprogram research efforts in stimulation tech- has been impossible to evaluate the effectivenessnology, logging methods, or any of the various of various techniques because basic reservoirsatellite research needs dependent on reservoir characteristics have not been adequately docu-characterization. mented. If more than 15 to 25 Tcf of gas is to become available from the Brown shale, -research In the past, efforts to produce gas from the programs must be aggressive, coordinated, andBrown shale have used every conceivable innovative.stimulation method known to man; however, it VIII. Policy Options ToEncourag .- , ion . VIII. Policy Options To Encourage Shale Gas Production\nPrice Policies\nBrown shale natural gas resource development Basin, a regional specification restricted to theis sensitive to price. The price of Brown shale gas Appalachian Plateaus might omit substantialsold in interstate commerce is currently restricted shale gas resource potential. Production rateby Federal Power Commission (FPC) ceiling price limitations for eligibility for exemption from priceregulation. There are three basic price strategies regulation might be more manageable, and alsowith respect to shale gas which could be pur- would apply to gas production from tight forma-sued. These are: tions in other parts of the country. Definition and administration of a multitiered pricing system for ● exempt shale gas from FPC price control or gas from the Brown shale probably would establish higher prices for gas from the become arbitrary, complex, and cumbersome. Brown shale; Deregulation of the wellhead price of all new ● deregulate the wellhead price of all new gas supplies would include prospective additions natural gas supplies; or to the U.S. natural gas supply from the Brown ● take no action, shale of the Appalachian Basin. Such a strategy would create price incentives in the range ($2.00 A policy which permits higher prices or ex- to $3.00 per Mcf) on which the analyses pre-empts Brown shale gas from FPC control would sented in this report are based. Such price incen-be analogous to a proposed policy to permit a tives might provide the stimulus necessary for anfree-market price for oil produced with enhanced extensive testing of the economic feasibility ofrecovery methods. The qualification for gas from Brown shale gas production. An expansion inBrown shale might be based on (1) geologic iden- drilling efforts could result in approximately 1.0tification of the Brown shale as the source of gas, Tcf per year of gas from the Brown shale of the(2) regional specification, (3) production rate Appalachian Basin.limitations, or some combination of these fac-tors. For Congress to take no action on prices would mean that existing prices would be the only in- Brown shale gas production is often com- centive to encourage gas production from Brownmingled with production from other geologic shale. Current maximum interstate gas prices en-zones. Therefore, a precise identification of gas courage gas production from only the high-production from the Brown shale could be ex- quality Brown shale areas. Therefore, continua-tremely difficult. tion of present gas-pricing policy could result in Because similar appearing gas-productive foregoing substantial additions to the U.S. naturalshales extend throughout many portions of the gas supply which may be available from theUnited States in addition to the Appalachian Brown shale of the Appalachian Basin.\n7576 . Ch. VIII—Policy Options To Encourage Shale Gas Production\nTax Policies\nThe tax policies available to Congress to en- The analysis reported here indicates that a 10-courage Brown shale gas production include: percent investment tax credit has little effect on shale gas production. Areas of lower resource ● restoration of the general percentage deple- quality did not become economically feasible for tion allowances; shale gas production when a 10-percent invest- ment tax credit was incorporated into the ● definition of Brown shale gas production as analysis. However, the addition of a 22-percent enhanced recovery so as to maintain the depletion allowance increased the after-tax net- depletion allowance for small producers; present value of shale wells and made shot- treated wells economically feasible in shales of ● retention of expensing of intangible drilling lower quality. Basically, a 22-percent depletion costs as a tax option; and allowance has about the same positive effect on the economics of shale gas production as a $.50 ● creation of an investment tax credit for the per Mcf increase in the wellhead price of shale Brown shale. gas.\nThere are several areas in which research and The most common techniques used to charac-development with special relevance to the Brown terize the Brown shale are those developed forshale of the Appalachian Basin might be fruitfully traditional oil and gas reservoirs. Development ofpursued. These include: special drilling techniques and equipment specifically for use in the Brown shale could ex- . defining resource characteristics; pedite the development of its gas potential. Because of the importance of well stimulation in ● development of drilling techniques and the production of gas from the Brown shale, im- equipment; and provement in the effectiveness and reduction in cost of stimulation techniques could make gas ● improvement of stimulation techniques. production more economically attractive. Price incentives can be expected to induce some pri- Even though about 10,000 wells produce gas vate activity in these research and developmentfrom the Brown shale of the Appalachian Basin, areas. However, because much drilling, wellfew quantitative data are available to character- stimulation, and production will be done byize adequately the resource potential of the operators who do not control large shares of163,000-square-mile Appalachian Plateaus. Until Brown shale resources, it is unlikely that thosethe Brown shale resource is adequately charac- operators will invest large amounts in aggressiveterized, specific targets for technology develop- research and development programs. Therefore,ment are not possible. A systematic, coordinated it appears prudent to commit public funds forinventory of the Brown shale should be one of research and development activity directedthe first steps in determining the gas potential of specifically toward improvements in shale drill-the Brown shale sequence. ing and stimulation technology. Ch, VIIl—Policy Options To Encourage Shale Gas Production . 77\nAlthough the Devonian shale is a geologic se- should be undertaken by a creditable publicquence distributed over a wide geographic area, group so that the results are available to theonly a small portion of it, the Brown shale, ap- public and private sectors alike, The informationpears to have potential as a commercial source of collection and dissemination efforts might in-gas. If the gas potential of the Brown shale is ex- clude public funding for conferences whereploited, a large number of independent operators research and development results and improvedare likely to be drilling a large number of wells in drilling and stimulation technologies aremany different locations on the Appalachian reported. If the Brown shale has a potential toPlateaus. Under these conditions, particularly in produce 1.0 Tcf of gas per year, and economic in-the early years of the development effort, it centives are provided, it is likely that private en-might be desirable to provide public funding for terprise will assume necessary research andthe collection, coordination, and dissemination development efforts within a comparatively shortof information and analyses detailing the results period of time.of actual operating experiences. This activity\nConclusion\nThere are a number of policy options available Mcf. Research and development programs whichwhich could encourage production of gas from characterize the Brown shale resource, decreasethe Brown shale of the Appalachian Basin. A sig- the cost of drilling and stimulation of wells, andnificant and substantial policy option is to permit increase the gas production from wells could in-free market prices for gas from Brown shale se- crease the economic attractiveness of producingquences. Restoration of the 22-percent depletion gas from the Brown shale of the Appalachianallowance would have the same effect as increas- Basin.ing the wellhead price of shale gas by $.50 perIX. Summary and Conclusions IX. Summary and Conclusions\nDark-colored shales of Devonian age (termed areas, thus resulting in a relatively slow pace ofBrown shale) which are present beneath the Ap- development, Construction of pipeline gatheringpalachian Basin are known to contain large systems coupled with the need to drill a greatamounts of natural gas. Gas production from the number of wells in the Appalachian Basin willshale is greatest from much-fractured zones; ini- retard the rapid development of Brown shale gastial production from Brown shale wells is even if adequate economic incentives are maderelatively high, but while the rate decreases available. It is prudent to expect that develop-steadily the life of production is normally 15 to ment of a 1.0 Tcf per year production potential50 years. Estimates of the total amount of gas in will require at least 15 to 20 years. Improvementsthe Brown shale of the Appalachian Basin range in drilling and stimulation technology andup to many hundreds of Tcf. economic incentives could reduce the timelag."}
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{"text": "Johns Hopkins Medicine Podcasts\nFrom the category archives:\nAll Podcasts, Cancer, Colon And Rectal Cancer, Exercise, Geriatrics, Kidney And Urinary Disorders, PodMed\nSeptember 29, 2016\nAll Podcasts, Cancer, Death and Dying, Diabetes, Geriatrics, Heart And Vascular, Kidney And Urinary Disorders, Obesity, PodMed, Surgery\nMay 26, 2016\nAll Podcasts, Alzheimer's Disease And Dementia, Emergency Medicine, Geriatrics, Heart And Vascular, Patient Care, PodMed, Safety, Sleep, Surgery, Surgical Care\nMay 5, 2016\nAll Podcasts, Cancer, Eye Care, Geriatrics, Infectious diseases, PodMed, Pregnancy\nMarch 3, 2016\nAll Podcasts, Geriatrics, Health Newsfeed\nFebruary 19, 2016\nAll Podcasts, Geriatrics, Heart And Vascular, Infectious diseases, Patient Care, PodMed, Reproductive Health\nOctober 9, 2015\n© The Johns Hopkins University, The Johns Hopkins Hospital, and Johns Hopkins Health System, All rights reserved. Legal Disclaimer"}
{"text": "Examining the Legibility of the Number '1' and the '÷' Symbol\nby Doug Fox, Barbara S. Chaparro, & Ed Merkle\nSummary. This article continues the investigation of number \"1\" and the \"÷\" symbol are discussed.\nINTRODUCTION\nThe legibility of individual characters is important in situations that involve codes, such as serial numbers, passwords, email addresses, air traffic controller displays, etc. Computer users are commonly frustrated when they are unable to install a program correctly because they cannot read the serial code, or type in the wrong email address because they are unable to decipher the characters in the address. In more serious situations, unclear characters on computer displays have been blamed for air traffic controllers directing planes into wrong sectors. A report by the Health and Safety Executive suggested one of the biggest safety issues for air traffic displays is the fonts used (newsscientisttech, 2002). For these reasons it is important to study the legibility of individual characters.\nIn the last issue of Usability News, we evaluated the legibility of two commonly confused characters, the number \"0\" and the letter \"e\". Classification tree analysis was used to analyze features which were most influential to zero and \"e\". From this research, recommendations can be made to typographers on the best way to design characters for optimal legibility.\nIn this article, two more problematic characters (the number \"1\" and the \"÷\" symbol) are examined. These characters were tested in the same conditions as the number \"0\" and the letter \"e\" (see Fox, Chaparro, & Merkle, 2007). Based on the frequency of misclassifications, these two characters were less legible than most characters. Using classification tree analysis, the features that influence the legibility of these two characters will be analyzed and discussed.\nMETHOD\nParticipants\nTen participants (6 male, 4 female) between the ages of 18-25 volunteered for this study. All participants had at least 20/20 vision. All were compensated $50 for their participation.\nMaterials\nA Dell Core 2 Duo laptop with a TrueLife™ display and ClearType™ font rendering was used. The screen resolution was 1920 x 1080 with 147 dpi. A program was written in C# to display the characters. Characters were displayed in a 10-point font size, and the laptop was positioned at a distance so that the characters, regardless of typeface, were viewed at a visual angle of .08°. Participants used a chinrest to stabilize their head and maintain a constant distance from the monitor. Twenty-six lowercase letters were used in combination with the digits 0-9 and 11 symbols frequently found in mathematical or scientific documents. The symbols used included: ÷ = + ? % ± $ # @ & !. The chosen symbols had a character height similar to the lowercase letters. of the characters and the typefaces was randomized. Characters were displayed in black type on a white background. Character identification was read aloud by the participants and accuracy was recorded by the experimenter.\nRESULTS\nPercent correct was calculated for all characters across the twenty typefaces. The order of percentage correct for the division symbol is shown in Table 1, and the number \"1\" in Table 2. The division sign was misclassified the most when presented in Bodoni (43.30%), and was misclassified the least when presented in Centaur, Garamond, Georgia, Rockwell, or Verdana (100%). The mean percentage correct for division signs across all 20 typefaces was 88% (SD=15.12). For the number one, the worst typeface was Centaur (36.70%), and the best typeface was Clearview Text (96.70%). The mean percentage correct for the number one was 66% (SD=19.78).\nTable 1. Percentage correct of identifications for the \"÷\" sign.\nTable 2. Percentage of correct identifications for the number \"1\".\n>>IMAGE (apex, area, complexity, contrast, height, midline, perimeter, stroke variation, weight, and width) to determine which feature contributed the most to misclassification.\nFigure 1. Example of classification tree (Lemon et al., 2003).\nThe Division Symbol\nClassification tree results for the division symbol (see Figure 2) suggest that the height between the stem and dot was the most influential feature. Typefaces that had a height between the stem and dot greater than or equal to 2.5 pixels were correctly identified 497 trials out of 540 presentations which yields a 92% correct identification rate. Conversely, if the height between the stem and dot was less than 2.5 pixels it was correctly identified 30 trials out of 60 presentations which yields a 50% correct identification rate.\nWhen the height between the stem and dot was less than 2.5 pixels, weight was the next most influential feature. When weight was greater than or equal to .91, the division symbol was correctly identified 17 out of 30 trials yielding a 57% correct identification rate. When weight was less than .91 there were 13 correct classifications out of 30 which yields a 43% correct identification rate.\nFigure 3 shows an example of a division symbol that was legible and one that was not legible. The Bodoni division symbol (left) has a height less than 2.5 pixels between the bottom of the dot and top of the stem, while the Rockwell division symbol has a height greater than 2.5 pixels between the dot and stem (right). Division symbols that had a height between the stem and dot greater than 2.5 pixels were more legible than those that did not.\nFigure 2. Classification tree for the division symbol.\nFigure 3. The Bodoni division symbol (left) has a height less than 2.5 pixels between the bottom of the dot and top of the stem, while the Rockwell division symbol has a height greater than 2.5 pixels between the dot and stem (right). Classification tree results suggest that had height less than 2.5 pixels were confused more.\nThe Number One\nClassification tree results for the number one (see Figure 4) suggest that perimeter is the most influential feature. A perimeter measure of 136 or greater had 163 correct identifications out of 180 which yields a 91% correct identification rate. On the other hand, a perimeter less than 136 had 233 correct identifications out of 420 which yields a 55% correct identification rate. Perimeter is the feature that measures the outside of the character. It is similar to the perimeter of a geometric shape, such as a square.\nIf perimeter was less than 136 then the apex of the one was influential in misclassification. If the apex was less than 1 then there were 165 correct classifications out 270 which yields a 61% correct identification rate. Typefaces that presented a one with an apex value greater than or equal to 1 had 68 correct identifications out of 150 presentations which yields a 45% correct identification rate.\nHeight was the next influential feature for number ones with an apex less than one. A height greater than or equal to 14.5 pixels had 17 correct identifications out of 30 which yields a 57% correct identification rate. A height less than 14.5 pixels had 51 correct identifications out of 120 which yields a 43% correct identification rate.\nIn Figure 5, the one on the left had a perimeter less than 136, and the one on the right had perimeter greater than 136. The Candara number one had a perimeter less than 136, and was perceived as less legible. The Clearview Text number one on the right had a perimeter greater than 136 and was perceived as more legible.\nFigure 4. Classification tree for the number one.\nFigure 5. The Candara number one (left) has a perimeter value less than 136 compared to the Clearview Text number one (right) that had a perimeter value greater than 136. Classification tree results suggest that a perimeter less than 136 results in a less legible\"1\".\nDISCUSSION\nResults from the classification trees suggest that the height between the stem and dot was the most influential feature for the legibility of the division symbol. A division symbol that had a height greater than or equal to 2.5 pixels was more legible than a division symbol with a height less than 2.5 pixels (see Table 3). Thus, clear separation between the dot and stem is needed for the division symbol to be legible. Otherwise, it will more than likely be mistaken for an addition symbol or possibly the letter \"t\".\nTable 3. Percent correct for identification for all typeface renderings of the division symbol. Division symbols that had a height between the dot and stem less than 2.5 pixels were less legible. The bold bar separates the division symbols that had a height less than 2.5 pixels and those had a height greater than 2.5 pixels.\nIn addition to the height between the stem and dot, weight was an influential feature for the division symbol. A weight greater than .91 was more legible than a weight less than .91. This suggest that the thickness and darkness of the bar and dot should be bolder to be perceived more legible. However, this is only a suggestion for the minimum of what the weight should be; the maximum weight that will yield a legible division symbol was not considered.\nFor the number one, perimeter was the most influential feature (see Table 4). A one with a perimeter greater than or equal to 136 was more legible than a one with a perimeter less than 136. Even though Centaur was the least legible typeface representation for the number one, the legibility of this character could not be contributed to the perimeter (even though it was less than 136) but rather the unusual shape of the character. However, the other representations of ones seem to follow the pattern that legibility is influenced by the perimeter. Results suggested that two features that contribute to the perimeter of the one, apex and height, influence legibility. Thus, it seems a number one that has larger perimeter will make it more distinguishable from characters like the letter \"l\".\nTable 4. Percent correct for identification for all typeface renderings of the number one. A number \"1\"with a perimeter less than 136 was less legible. The bold bar separates the number \"1\"'s that had a perimeter less than 136 and those had a had a perimeter value greater than 136.\nThe results from the classification tree analysis are helpful by defining the features that influence legibility the most. This is also helpful to practitioners who may be deciding which typeface to use for applications where users need to discern critical information that is displayed in alphanumeric codes.\nNote: A paper based on this work will be presented at the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society’s 52nd (2008) Annual Meeting in New York, NY.\nAcknowledgement: This study was funded by a grant from the Advanced Reading Technology team at Microsoft Corporation.\nReferences\nFox, D., Chaparro, B., & Merkle, E. (2007). Examining the Legibility of the Letter \"e\" and Number \"0\" Using Classification Tree Analysis. Usability News, 9.2. Retrieved May 27, 2008 from.\nLemon, S. C., Roy, J., Clark, M. A., Friedmann, P. D., & Rakowski, W. (2003). Classification and regression tree analysis in public health: Methodological review. Annals of Behavioral Medicine, 26(3), 172-181.\nUnclear displays lead to air traffic controller errors. (2002, May 23). Retrieved January 15, 2008, from NewScientistTech Website:"}
{"text": "IAC Survey – tell us what you think and win!\nRunning until Friday 19th February 2016, the third annual IAC survey has been designed to provide a picture of the apprentice community’s views on the key issues affecting vocational pathways.\nWe invite all our Apprentices to have their say especially as there is a chance to win a £250 voucher of their choice!"}
{"text": "Note: This message is displayed if (1) your browser is not standards-compliant or (2) you have you disabled CSS. Read our Policies for more information..\nSome of the common causes of overpayments include: income tax refunds and lottery winnings may be withheld and applied to the overpayment. DWD may also forward delinquent accounts to a legal collection agent authorized to apply levies, wage garnishments, etc...."}
{"text": "Moscow In The 90s And Today Photographs of Moscow made in the 90s and recently at the same perspective.\n5 thoughts on “Moscow In The 90s And Today”\nAh, the stylish 90’s! In the first photo, his hat and her hair are the same…or is it the other way around?\nLove seeing the changes from one time to another.\nThis is very interesting to see and think about. Russia or the CCCP as ot was called before is one of the few societies which has made a full revolution from one system to another and all the people with it. Mainly what has changed is the ownership of like everything which was public before and is private now. How was it possible and what has changed hands with what means and what is with the majority who is left without anything?\nOK, so instead of Pepsi, it is now Coca Cola and KFC?\nA no zmieniło się tak że ta większość teraz umiera z głodu albo już umarła , na raka alkoholizm lub na AIDS , a ci którzy wywołali bolszewicką rewolucje – żydzi- dziś są w tej biednej Rosji milionerami i dalej rządzą ."}
{"text": "Qualified Plastic Surgeons Ensure the Best Results, says Beverly Hills Physicians\nWhile everyone would like to save money, Beverly Hills Physicians warns patients that it's important to choose a qualified doctor for surgical procedures\nApr 25, 2014, 13:24 ET from Beverly Hills Physicians\nLOS ANGELES, April 25, 2014 /PRNewswire/ -- One trend that is unfortunately on the rise is choosing unqualified doctors simply because they charge less than accredited plastic surgery centers. This may entail going to developing countries with the goal of saving money on plastic surgery procedures like the mommy makeover or liposuction. As leading health and beauty experts in Southern California, Beverly Hills Physicians believes that saving money on a breast augmentation or tummy tuck is not worth the potential disfigurement, chronic pain, or even death. Patients seen in BHP's plastic surgery before and after photo galleries are a testament to the difference that high-quality work can make.\nThose looking for a qualified plastic surgeon have to do their homework to ensure they get desirable results. After all, not every plastic surgeon provides the same medical technology, experience, and modern techniques that ensure the best outcome. Luckily, Beverly Hills Physicians employs some of the finest board-certified plastic surgeons in the industry, who adhere to strict safety guidelines. Some of the qualities that make BHP stand out from the rest include:\n- Experience. The Beverly Hills Physicians medical network has a team of board-certified specialists with more than 100 years of experience between them.\n- Safety and knowledge. Every plastic surgery facility run by Beverly Hills Physicians is certified by the American Association for Accreditation of Ambulatory Surgery. The surgeons at Beverly Hills Physicians also practice the safest, most effective surgical methods, and keep current on new, cutting-edge patient care technology. What's more, all cosmetic procedures are performed entirely on an out-patient basis.\n- Desirable results. Whether it means refining the tip of a bulbous nose or performing a confidence-boosting breast augmentation, the patient's vision of beauty is met. BHP ensures the best results by performing thorough patient evaluations through FREE consultations, to fully understand the needs of each patient and to offer realistic expectations.\n- Integrity. Beverly Hills Physicians' goal is to increase their patients' self-esteem and confidence, and not just to run a profitable business. In fact, Beverly Hills Physicians offers financing options for patients, so they can pay for their procedures in a way that fits their budget. This way, nobody has to choose between quality plastic surgery and their safety.\nAs one of the largest networks of beauty and health care across Southern California, Beverly Hills Physicians is the right choice for patients who want stellar results and quality medical care. Even if your first procedure was botched by a less reputable plastic surgeon, BHP can help make it right the second time around. If you have any questions or would like to book a FREE consultation, simply visit or call 800-788-1416 today.\nPR Submitted by\nSOURCE Beverly Hills Physicians\nRELATED LINKS"}
{"text": "Marcus Frind started the Plentyoffish.com website as a side project. This site quickly grew into one of the largest free dating communities on the planet. He didn’t even try to compete with any of the premium dating sites. Instead, he simply kept things 100% free, built it up and sold it to a massive company. I learned all that when I started researching the company and website.\nIf your idea of online dating is to simply join a free site, hook up with tons of girls, slay booty day in and out, rinse and repeat for free then you’re nuts. SERIOUSLY.\nThat is not how it works. Most of the fake dating networks out the suck big time. They don’t deliver and they’re full of false promises. I took a stab at this network by obtaining a POF login. Guess what? I’m sharing my entire experience with you today. Keep reading to learn everything about POF and if it truly delivers like the best.\nPlentyofFish.com Isn’t What It Seems Like – My Review\nHere goes nothing and I’m not holding anything back today at all. Actually, before I get into things, I want to tell you one thing. This is NOT one of my top rated dating sites. If you’re looking for a list of the best – CLICK HERE.\nOkay, now on to the actual review…\nPlentyOfFish.com just seems off on so many levels that it’s probably a good idea to simply stay away from it and keep yourself safe. While is seems decent on paper and the fact they actually run expensive TV ads makes it jump out at you as being legitimate, although there are some sketchy things about it.\nProfile Creation\nFirst and foremost, if you’re expecting to fill out a profile and choose the options for what and who you’re looking for, you’ll be surprised to find that you don’t do that here. There’s no way to tune your search results at all and that really make using the place difficult. If you actually go through with joining, then you’re going to be spending most of your time browsing through profile after profile, rather than talking to anyone.\nNot Really Free At all\nAside from that, this free site isn’t really free. Yes, you can use it without paying, big deal. However, if you want access to the features that might actually help you find someone, then you have to open up your wallet. If you want to get actual matches like a normal functioning dating site, then you have to upgrade your membership.\nKeep in mind as well that once you pay to upgrade, they’re going to keep your information on file and continue to bill you in whichever amount of time you initially chose. That is unless you actively go ahead and tell them you’re no longer interested. You can find yourself out of a lot of money if something like this slips your mind at some point. Trust me, I’ve been burned by more dating companies than you can even imagine.\nCatfishing\nNow’s probably a good time to discuss the catfishing that occurs here on POF. The amount of catfishing that goes on here is unbelievable. Yes, it happens at other sites, but this one seems to be the worst of them. There have been tons of reports about this practice and no one ever seems to do anything about it.\nSince so many people can use the site for free, it’s a viper’s nest of men and women who will act interested in you and pretend to be something that they are very clearly not until the hammer falls. Then they try to either get your information or try to squeeze money out of you.\nYou can find this sort of thing everywhere, but if you have the choice between two hospitals, one of which has twice as many accidental infections than the other, which one would you choose? It doesn’t take a whole lot of brains to figure out that it’s a waste of time. That is, unless you’re looking for your Nigerian prince or princess in shining armor, lol.\nConclusion: Obtaining A POF Login Won’t Do Jack For You!\nI’m telling you right now, Plentyoffish.com went way downhill when Marcus sold it. It’s not a horrible site with nothing to offer. Furthermore, being the victim of a scam is more than enough reason to look for a different site – like this one.\nPOF may seem appealing, but there’s a lot going on that can really screw you over, not to mention the fact that you need to pay in order to get any results at all. Unless you’ve got hours upon hours to dedicate to browsing, you’re going to walk away without anything to show for your time. It’s just not worth the stress. Use a site that works, this one does not."}
{"text": " Attica ledger and tribune. (Attica, Ind.) 1921-1941\nAttica, Ind. (1921-1941)\n- Title:\n- The Attica ledger and tribune. : (Attica, Ind.) 1921-1941\n- Alternative Titles:\n- Ledger tribune\n- Place of publication:\n- Attica, Ind.\n- Geographic coverage:\n-\n- Publisher:\n- J. Frank McDermond, Jr.\n- Dates of publication:\n- 1921-1941\n- Description:\n- No. 143 (Aug. 19, 1921)-v. 90, no. 222 (Nov. 7, 1941).\n- Frequency:\n- Daily (except Sat. and Sun.) Jan. 8, 1934-1941\n- Language:\n- Notes:\n- \"Only daily newspaper in Fountain and Warren counties.\"\n- The masthead contains the words \"The Attica\" and \"and\" within the title ornament.\n- LCCN:\n- sn 87055407\n- OCLC:\n- 15204943\n- Preceding Titles:\n-\n- Succeeding Titles:\n-\n- Holdings:\nView complete holdings information"}
{"text": "Summary: section at the bottom of this page Click on it and buy her eBook if you follow her advice I promise you will not believe how much money you can make for your family using eHow Step4 If you have any questions about WriterGig s ebook feel free to send me a note It really did work for me and I m happy to spread the word Happy eHowing The link is in the Resources\nImage Dimensions: 458 x 570Image originally found here."}
{"text": "I believe that terrorism is not a political issue; it is a national security issue. To win the war against terrorism, we must be able to quickly adapt to ever-changing terrorist tactics. Congress and the Administration must work together in a bipartisan fashion to continue support for all elements of national security, to increase information sharing and collective security efforts around the globe, and to expand vital law enforcement partnerships. Our Constitution and laws exist to protect this nation -- they do not grant rights and privileges to enemies in wartime. In dealing with terrorists, our tax dollars should pay for weapons to stop them, not lawyers to defend them.\nSource:"}
{"text": "Peace would stem exodus, say Iraqi Christians\nPADDY AGNEW\nPEACE AND security in Iraq represents the only sure way to stop a wave of emigration that has seen the countryâ€™s Christian community fall from an estimated 1.5 million in the 1980s to about 400,000 today, according to a group of Iraqi Christians attending a Vatican synod on the Middle East.\nSpeaking to journalists on the margins of a two-week long synod entitled The Catholic Church in the Middle East, Communion and Witness, Fr Sameer Shaba Maroki, professor of eastern theology in Babel College, Ankawa, said the major reason for the mass emigration was fear of violence and kidnapping. â€œFear is the first cause. We lived through very difficult times during the embargo when people were earning as little as $1.50 per month but people stayed.\nâ€œNow they are frightened because of the kidnapping and the ransoms asked and the fact that people pay ransoms but do not recover the person . . . It is true as well that Christians are easy targets in todayâ€™s Iraqâ€.\nBishop Shlemon Warduni, the Chaldean patriarchal vicar of Baghdad, stressed that the climate of fear was â€œthe same for everyoneâ€, Christian or Muslim, given the unacceptable level of daily violence in the country."}
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{"text": "Sponsored Listings\nSearch Results\n- Our Lady Of Perpetual HelpView detailsAshton, IA\n- Our Lady Of Perpetual Help ChrView detailsAshton, IA\n- St Mary's KitchenView detailsAlton, IA\n- Pioneer U M C Of Rock ValleyView detailsRock Valley, IA\nSponsored Listings\nShowing 1-4 of 4\n1\nOnce you have determined the date of your party, start looking for venues in Boyden, Iowa. By choosing a party venue early, you'll be able to ensure you find a wonderful venue in Boyden on the date you want it. For weddings and larger events, it is especially important to book early as popular party locations fill up quickly. You'll also need to determine the size of your guest list and the feel f...Read more"}
{"text": "Snyder (Texas) quarterback and athlete Keenon Ward has led his team to a 5-1 record fresh off a 39-21 victory over Pampa this last weekend. Ward said the five hour drive made him and his teammates ...\nPremium Content\nSubscribe today to read the full article and get everything Rivals has to offer.\n- Member-only message boards\n- Exclusive highlights and recruiting interviews\n- Exclusive coverage of Rivals Camp Series\n- Breaking recruiting news"}
{"text": "Saina Nehwal powered into the final of the Swiss Open GP Gold on Saturday, making up for a disappointing show at the All England. Saina recovered from the loss of the second game to get past world No.9 Bae Young Joo of Korea 21-19 13-21 21-14 in just under an hour.\nThe Indian world No.5 will take on either Juliane Schenk of Germany or Sung Ji Hyun of Korea in the final.\nSaina had her hands full in the opening game, with Bae maintaining a lead throughout. At 14-6 in the Korean’s favour, it looked like she would coast ahead, but Saina fought to stay in the game and spectacularly caught up with her at 17-all. From then it was a close battle, with the Indian edging past 21-19.\nThe effort seemed to have taken its toll, as the Korean rocketed 11-3 ahead and maintained a steady lead to take the second game at 21-13. The third game however was the exact opposite, for it was Saina’s turn to create an early lead, and the closest Bae came was 13-15, but the Indian again stepped on the gas from there to take the set and game.\nEarlier, Saina had reached the semis with a 22-20 21-17 result over Bulgarian Petya Nedelcheva. Compatriot Ajay Jayaram’s impressive run into the quarterfinals came to an end when he ran into former Asian champion Park Sung Hwan, who beat him 21-19 21-19. The other Indians in action, Rupesh Kumar and Sanave Thomas, fell to Chinese Taipei pair Chin Min Fang/ Lee Sheng Mu 21-17 21-13. Rupesh and Sanave had earlier achieved one of their career’s best wins with a 17-21 21-15 21-15 victory over world No.23 pair Mads-Conrad Petersen and Jonas Rasmussen in the second round.\nResults:\nSaina’s route into the final:\nThe Swiss Open has been dominated by Koreans- I think Saina is the only non Korean in the singles final out there.\nFabulous achievement all the same, despite the fact that people would have expected her to get the better of Bae Youn Joo due to their head to head record."}
{"text": "dask_ml.metrics.mean_absolute_percentage_error\ndask_ml.metrics.mean_absolute_percentage_error¶\n- dask_ml.metrics.mean_absolute_percentage_error(y_true: dask_ml._typing.ArrayLike, y_pred: dask_ml._typing.ArrayLike, sample_weight: Optional[dask_ml._typing.ArrayLike] = None, multioutput: Optional[str] = 'uniform_average', compute: bool = True) dask_ml._typing.ArrayLike ¶\nMean absolute percentage error regression loss.\nNote here that we do not represent the output as a percentage in range [0, 100]. Instead, we represent it in range [0, 1/eps]. Read more in\n-’}.\n- computebool\nWhether to compute this result (default\nTrue)\n- Returns\n- lossfloat or array-like of floats in the range [0, 1/eps]\nIf multioutput is ‘raw_values’, then mean absolute percentage error is returned for each output separately. If multioutput is ‘uniform_average’ or\nNone, then the equally-weighted average of all output errors is returned. MAPE output is non-negative floating point. The best value is 0.0. But note the fact that bad predictions can lead to arbitarily large MAPE values, especially if some y_true values are very close to zero. Note that we return a large value instead of inf when y_true is zero."}
{"text": "Choose your preferred language. We speak English and 41 other languages.\nMost often used by people in the United States\nAll languages\nSaved to list\nSave to a list\nKitzbühel, Austria\nBichlstraße 15, 6370 Kitzbühel, Austria – Show map\nExcellent location – rated 9/10! (score from 349 reviews)\nRated by guests after their stay at Q! Hotel Maria Theresia.\nLow rates\nNo booking fees • Save money! Best price guarantee — enter dates to see these prices!\n104 properties in Kitzbühel\nIncluding hotels, apartments, villas and more.\n349 verified reviews\nWe verify all reviews from guests who have stayed at Q! Hotel Maria Theresia. Find out more.\nThey speak your language!\nQ! Hotel Maria Theresia's staff speaks: Italian, English, German\nBooking is safe\nWhen you book with us your details are protected by a secure connection.\nOutdoors\nTerrace, Sun Deck\nSki\nSki Storage, Ski Passes Available\nActivities\nGolf Course (within 2 miles), Skiing, Hiking, Cycling, Sauna, Spa, Massage, Turkish/Steam Bath, Bicycle Rental, Casino\nFood & Drink\nRestaurant, Bar, Special Diet Meals (upon request)\nInternet\nFree!\nWiFi is available in all areas and is free of charge.\nParking\nPrivate parking is available at a location nearby (reservation is not possible) and charges apply.\nServices\nRoom Service, Packed Lunches, Shuttle Service (surcharge), Airport Shuttle (surcharge), 24-Hour Front Desk, Currency Exchange, Tour Desk, Baggage Storage, Lockers, Laundry, Dry Cleaning, Ironing Service, Shoeshine, Hair/Beauty Salon, Honeymoon Suite\nGeneral\nNewspapers, Safe, Convenience Store (on site), Non-smoking Rooms, Family Rooms, Elevator, Heating, Hypoallergenic room available, Designated Smoking Area\nItalian, 75\n7.9\nComfort\n7.3\nLocation\n9\nFacilities\n7.1\nStaff\n8.2\nValue for money\n7.3\nWiFi\n7.2\nShow reviews from:\nSort by:\nAustria Trend Hotel Schloss Lebenberg Kitzbühel\nSchwarzer Adler Kitzbühel\nBest Western Premier Hotel Kaiserhof Kitzbühel\nWifi did not work...!\nI was really shocked by the beauty of the hotel, and the curtsey of the staff! The Rooms are really nice and clean!\nThere is no parking area, the free parking area is really far from the hotel.\nGreat hotel and friendly staff.will stay again . All very central and lovely view from room. Will recommend to friends.\nWi-Fi was only working now and then.\nbathroom- old style & small; room a bit small\nLast minute booking to avoid a cold dark campsite. Fantastic bar and lobby area. Amazing location. Breakfast was superb. Bargain price in summer. Free parking close by.\nNothing. Possibly pricy in winter?\nEverything was good. Very nice hotel,clean and cosy, friendly staff, excellent location.\nThe hotel itself, parking, location, breakfast and staff all great.\nLocation is good right around the corner from the city center. Staff is friendly and helpful. Breakfast was good.\nBedroom floor squeaked terribly, broken shower head and toilet roll holder on wall in bathroom. Note: the management took immediate action to fix them when brought to their attention.\nGreat location.... Staff was very professional and nice. Good breakfasts!\nDid not help very much with options of public parking\nStaff very friendly and helpful Good location Breakfast was plentiful and varied\nWrong sleeping arrangements in room despite booking what was required (hotel did sort this). No kettle in room\ninterior design, comfy lounge and bar area, location right next to center of town (mins walk)\nprice\nthe stile is not everyones liking - definetly not mine - the front to the road made the room noisy (therefore not good to sleep with open windows)\nreknown austrian quality\nplenty of cigarette smoke coming in the rooms from down below, where staff take breaks, or from the house next door, where residents smoke on the balconies\nLocation was great, and the link to the Element 3 ski hire, where you could get a good discount and leave your skis and boots was a bonus. Also staff were very good and competent. Spa was excellent.\nThe mature look with all that timber and artwork, giving an artistic impression\nnone\nWe really enjoyed the proximity of the hotel to the mountain. The staff at the reception were very helpful and the 2 waiters at the restaurant. All food, breakfast & dinner are delicious!\nCustomers should be advised that they need to be dressed when in the sauna. The 2 girls that work at the bar need to buy themselves a smile and be reminded that they work in the tourism industry, bad attitude makes for bad ratings! The rooms are a little on the small side, but I guess that's Europe!\nSpa facilities are very good. Location is fantastic also.\nNothing in particular.\nLocation is Perfect, 5-10 minutes walk to Gondola and all the restaurants and night life spots, Very nice and helpfull staff, hotel is very cozy just what you need in Kitzbuhel\nGreat location for Skiing or walking around the village. Breakfast buffet was well stocked. Lots of great extras like ski room, spa, lobby bar. Great place for a girl's weekend\nSmoking in lobby bar. I left there several times due to the smoking. I would prefer an entirely non-smoking facility.\nProbably best hotel around the area.\nThe fee for parking which is very hard to notice is too high.\nVery welcoming and friendly. Arranged some lovely extra touches like an agreement to leave ski equipment at a shop next to slopes for free, and set up ski lift passes at reception. Made the skiing short break so easy, we could concentrate on having fun\nIt was a very relaxed and friendly hotel\nMaybe the pillows could have been a bit bigger but no complaints\nSauna beds\nFemale staff\n- clean - very good breakfast - good service - nice lobby\nStandard room vey poor. Bathroom ugly!!! Pity that they didn't attached pictures on the webside We asked to be upgrated to suit. Room nice but not worth paying for this!\nVery welcoming hotel, friendly staff, good breakfast, good location, lovely lounge area, spacious rooms. Would highly recommend.\nWi-Fi didn't quite stretch to our room but otherwise."}
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{"text": "Best Deer Hunting Knife - Guide and Review\nDo you love to hunt deer? I do too. As avid deer hunters, we spend countless hours preparing our bows or rifles so we’re ready to make the shot when it counts. We try different ammos and arrows, we sight in our weapons and we spend a good amount of time target shooting to make sure everything’s perfect. If everything goes right, we get the chance to take the shot.\nYou took the shot and the deer is down, so now what? What is the most important tool you have on your body at this point? Your knife. I believe that selecting the right knife to take with you deer hunting is just as important as weapon selection and hunting strategy. Deer season is rapidly approaching, so I decided to do a little research on the best deer hunting knives available today. After hours of research, I narrowed my list down to five of the best performing knives for deer hunting. First, I’ll review the most important considerations for selecting a good deer hunting knife, and then we’ll go over my final five knives, with a short review of each one of them. Let’s get started:\n5 Best Deer Hunting Knife on the Market\nHow To Choose The Best Deer Hunting Knife\nBlade Material\nAny time you select a new knife, the first thing you should look at is the blade material. There are several varieties of stainless steel and high carbon steels that can be sharpened easily and will retain that sharpness for a good period of time. If you’re unsure of the properties of a metal, do a quick internet search to find out the major qualities, such as hardness, rust resistance, etc. Make sure your new deer hunting knife is made from quality metal, so it will perform how you need it to when you need it to. Blade material is the most important concern when knife shopping.\nBlade Shape\nThe next item to consider when looking for a good deer hunting knife is blade shape. Look for a blade with a straight back and a drop point. The straight back allows you to cut with precision, and the drop point allows you to cut in smaller, more critical areas when needed. Many hunters prefer a blade with a gut hook on top, which I must admit is a nice feature to have for field dressing. In addition to shape, I recommend buying fixed blade knives for deer hunting, but folders are alright if they lock.\nBlade Length\nAnother important consideration for your new knife is the length of the blade. Remember how you plan on using the knife and where you need to use it. Your deer hunting knife must be able to field dress your deer at a minimum, and skin and quarter it if necessary. When you field dress a deer, any knife with a blade length longer than 6 inches can be difficult to use inside the body cavity. For this reason, I recommend a knife with a blade length around 4 inches. Longer or shorter is fine, it’s a matter of personal preference and whatever makes you most comfortable. Just remember that your 14 inch bowie knife may look cool, but it’s pretty useless when you need to gut a deer.\nHandle Material and Guard\nThis is an area that most people tend to overlook when they shop for a new knife. Most of us concentrate on the blade and then take whatever handle material the knife company puts on it. This can be a dangerous mistake. When you field dress a deer, blood gets all over your hands and things get really slippery. Look for a handle material that is textured, so your hand doesn’t slip, and a hand guard is the best way to keep your hand from sliding forward onto the blade. Avoid smooth wood handles and knives without guards, because you will get cut!\nSheath Included\nWhenever you buy a fixed-blade knife or a large folding knife, make sure that it comes with a sheath. A sheath allows you to put your knife on your belt, where it can be easily reached and used. You don’t want to have to search through your pack for your knife when it should be right on your hip! Of course you want a leather sheath, but some knives come with sheaths made from different materials like nylon fabric. Cheaper materials will work fine in the short term, and the main thing is that you have a sheath to use your new knife safely. You can always have a leatherworker make you a nice sheath for your knife down the road.\n- Other features to consider are price, brand, total weight, and warranty available\nRecommended Best Deer Hunting Knife Reviews\nNow that we know what items to look for when shopping for the best deer hunting knife, here are my top five knives with brief reviews:\nFrontiersman Fixed Blade Knife\nEditor Rating:\nThis fixed blade knife from Buck Knives has a classic design that’s very functional as well.\nThe Metal\nThe Frontiersman is crafted from 420HC (high carbon) stainless steel that is a higher hardness than regular 420 stainless steel. This material retains edge shape and sharpness longer than other materials, so it’s ideal for a hunting knife.\nBuck Knives uses this material extensively for its premium knives for corrosion resistance, strength, and edge retention.\nThe Blade\nBuck gave the Frontiersman a 6 ¼” blade that has a straight back and a drop point. This bowie-style blade has a satin finish that looks nice and should be easy to clean. This is a full-tang knife for strength and durability. The length of this blade could be a little troublesome for gutting, but this is a very popular style of hunting knife.\nHandle and Guard\nThe handle material on the Frontiersman is black micarta, an extremely tough material that’s easy to clean. The hand guard, pins, and pommel are all polished aluminum, so they look really good against the black micarta handle material. This is a great-looking and functional knife.\nSheath\nIf you buy the Frontiersman from Buck, you won’t be disappointed in the sheath you get with it. It’s made from high-quality black genuine leather, and features a large metal snap to hold the knife firmly in place. It has heavy v-stitching and rivets in the corners, so it’s not going to fall apart. This is a quality sheath to go with a quality knife.\nGreat materials, looks, and sheath combined with Buck’s Forever Warranty make this knife that’s made right here in the U.S.A. a good value that will last a lifetime.\nSteep Country Hunter Fixed Blade Knife\nEditor Rating:\nThis hunting knife from industry leader Benchmade features a simple design and looks like a skinning machine!\nThe Blade\nThe Steep Country Hunter has a drop point blade that’s 3 ½” long. It has a straight back that features grooves for your thumb or forefinger to achieve more precise control when skinning.\nThis is a full-tang knife with a plain edge and satin finish, which looks great.\nThe Metal\nThe metal Benchmade uses for this knife is a little exotic. It’s made from CPM S30V, which is a 1.45% carbon content stainless steel that is widely recognized as a superior choice for knife making. This metal is usually reserved for surgical equipment and spaceship parts, but when you buy a Benchmade, you always get the best! If you want a sharper, tougher knife, this is the one for you.\nHandle and Guard\nThis knife doesn’t have a traditional metal hand/finger guard. Instead, Benchmade shaped the handle into a drastic curve to fit your forefinger which should prevent your hand from slipping forward. The handle material is Zytel, a durable polymer that can be formed and textured to provide a positive grip. You don’t have to worry about your hand slipping with the Steep Country Hunter.\nThe Sheath\nThe sheath that comes with this high-quality knife is made from Kydex. Kydex is a leather alternative that is waterproof, scratchproof, and holds its shape very well. The sheath has a large metal snap to hold the knife in place, and it has two bolts and a rivet to keep it all together. This is a lightweight yet durable sheath that matches this high-tech knife perfectly.\nMade in the U.S.A., Lifetime Warranty, and Benchmade’s free lifetime sharpening make this a knife that has everything deer hunters look for in a knife.\nPuma Skinner Stag Handle Hunting Knife\nEditor Rating:\nThe Skinner from Puma is a great knife that you might want to carry with you all year long. This is a knife from a brand that’s been around since 1769!\nThe Blade\nThis knife is a little different from the others included here in that it has a trailing point blade shape.\nTrailing point knives are good for slicing and skinning with their large curved cutting areas, so they work well for deer. The Skinner has a 4.7 inch blade, and an overall length of 9.4 inches. It’s a full-tang knife for maximum strength as well.\nThe Metal\nTo construct The Skinner, Puma chose to use 440C stainless steel. This metal is a premium type of stainless steel perfect for use in knife making because of its high resistance to corrosion and ability to be sharpened to razor sharp perfection! You’ll love how easy it is to sharpen this knife, and how long it manages to hold an edge.\nThe Sheath\nThe belt sheath you get with The Skinner is made from top-grain leather that has been tanned and finished. This leather not only looks great, it’s already prepared to last you over the long haul! This is a great quality sheath to match a great quality knife.\nHandle/Guard\nThe handle here is made from two scales of genuine stag that has dropped naturally, so no deer were harmed in the making of your new knife. A polished brass guard will protect your fingers, and two brass pins hold the handle in place. One feature you might like on this knife is the thumb indent on the top of the blade with grooves to allow for more precise control.\nHandmade with the best materials and a lifetime warranty make this knife from Puma a great choice for many hunters.\nCustom Damascus Handmade Hunting Knife\nEditor Rating:\nThis little hunting knife from Perkin Knives has the quality of knives that usually cost several hundred dollars more.\nThe Metal\nThe metal used to make this knife is simply a work of art. When they forged this blade, they took 1095 and 15N25 steel and folded and welded them together until they reached 200 layers!\nThat’s how they make Damascus steel, which has the different layers running through it like the grains in wood. When you realize how much work went into just forging this blade, I think you’ll be surprised at the price. Damascus blades have long been prized for their beauty, strength, and sharpness.\nThe Blade\nThis beautiful and unique Damascus blade is a drop point shape, full-tang, and the blade itself is 4 inches long. Overall length of this knife is 8 ¼ inches. This blade is perfectly sized and shaped for field dressing a deer, or even quartering it if you need to.\nHandle and Guard\nThe handle scales on this knife are beautiful burlwood, stained a dark mahogany and lacquered to a beautiful shine. Beautiful brass mosaic pins hold everything together, and a nice polished brass guard is there for your protection. Every part of this knife reflects the quality and care of making it by hand.\nThe Sheath\nPerkin didn’t let up when it came time to craft a sheath to go with this hunting knife. The included sheath is top-grain leather with double rows of heavy stitching and a sturdy leather belt loop to hold it on. The Perkin logo is embossed on the front, and the leather is beautifully formed to fit your knife like a glove. The leather is already tanned and treated so you don’t have to do it!\nFor the quality of materials and amount of work that went into making this knife and sheath, you’re really not going to believe the price they’re asking for it.\nBuck Zipper Fixed Blade Knife\nEditor Rating:\nThe Buck Zipper is an awesome fixed blade knife from Buck Knives made with field dressing a deer in mind.\nThe Blade\nThis knife has a modified drop point shaped blade, with a guthook on the backside a little ways back from the tip. If you haven’t tried one before, you’ll love how easy it is to use a guthook that really works to open up your deer.\nThis is a full-tang knife with a 4 ⅛ inch blade and overall length of 8 ½ inches. This blade length and style is the same as my own favorite skinner.\nBlade Material\nThe Buck Zipper is made from Buck’s famous 420HC stainless steel so it retains edge shape and sharpness longer than lower carbon varieties. Buck loves this material’s retention, strength, and corrosion resistance. You’ll love that it’s strong, stays sharp, and it’s easy to clean.\nHandle Material/Guard\nFor the handle material on the Buck Zipper, Buck chose to go with a textured rubber. From my personal experience, I’ve found that this style of handle gives you excellent grip when gutting, but can be pretty difficult to clean afterwards. The polished brass pommel and guard accent this knife very nicely.\nThe Sheath\nWhen it came to the sheath for the Buck Zipper, Buck Knives did a bit of a stumble. This sheath is “Heavy Duty” Nylon, with a plastic snap to hold in the knife. I personally don’t care for it, and would get something else. If this doesn’t bother you, you’re still getting a great knife!\nDon’t forget that Buck Knives are made in the U.S.A. and come with a Forever Lifetime Warranty. This is another great knife at a reasonable price.\nFinal Verdict\nOkay fellow deer hunters, here is the hard part. I always like to pick a winner when I research a product, and this is the toughest choice I’ve had so far. Seriously, all five of these knives are great quality and will work well for you, but there can be only one. The winner is the Custom Damascus Handmade Hunting Knife made by Perkin Knives. Hours of intense labor went into making this superior quality and wonderfully functional hunting knife, and you’re never going to believe how low the price is for Damascus steel. If you want an awesome knife to take deer hunting for the rest of your life, the Custom Damascus from Perkin is the best value you’ll find."}
{"text": "I've had Fedora on my desktop at work for a few months now, and now I'm thinking about dumping Windows at home too.\nExcept for a few apps like Quicken, and maybe a few games, I think I should be able to make the switch to Fedora at home pretty seamless. I might be able to get around that by using Wine, or maybe even doing the virtual machine thing. I will probably lose the cool function keys on my new keyboard though, unless I can find a way to make them work in Fedora.\nBefore I make the switch, I'll need to do some research and see if anybody out there has posted any experience with some of my more commonly used apps under Linux.\njoan\nHappy New Year!"}
{"text": "If you were to ask Mike Hogan why he’s been a Mercedes-Benz customer for almost 30 years, the answer is simple: Quality.\nHogan, who owns Papillion-based Hogan & Company, believes it’s important for businesses to focus on the quality customer since 1983 because he trusts the product—and as someone who’s been in the realty business over 35 years, trust means a lot to Hogan. “You would hope a company starts with a quality product and doesn’t cut corners,” Hogan professes. “I feel comfortable and safe with Mercedes-Benz. It’s something I’m proud to own.”\nHaving driven several Mercedes-Benz vehicles over the past few decades, Hogan currently spends his time on the road behind the wheel of a 2013 SL550 Roadster. As has been the case with his past few cars, Hogan’s Roadster is black, as he’s become quite fond of that choice of vehicular color over the years. “[Black] has a real nice look to it,” he says.\n“I feel comfortable and safe with Mercedes-Benz. It’s something I’m proud to own.”\nHogan enjoys the many high-end features of his SL550 Convertible, many of them standard. Some of his personal favorites: the push-to-start engine, the paddle shifters, the navigation system, and the ability to go top-up or top-down in just 14 seconds. The vehicle also contains an economy feature which shuts off the engine while the vehicle idles, another feature Hogan enjoys. No doubt the car’s 4.6L twin-turbo V-8 engine and 429 horsepower, as well as the sport lower-body styling are also appealing.\nPrior to purchasing his first Mercedes-Benz, Hogan remembers “having his eyes on their vehicles” for some time, but he never knew if it was something he would be able to afford someday. Fortunately for Hogan, his hard work in real estate allowed him to enjoy the luxury of obtaining his dream vehicle.\nOne of Hogan’s favorite drives in his convertible is the round trip to Lincoln, Neb., for Husker game days. And though he’d love to drive the car year-round, he’s a protective and practical owner. He doesn’t take the car out in snow and ice or more than 100 miles from home, opting for an alternative ride. Weather permitting, however, he’s rollin’ in the Roadster."}
{"text": "What we talk about when we talk about good writing.\nYears ago, I gave a presentation on writing during our then-annual Author Pow Wow. The conference was geared toward business authors—those who were and those who wanted to be—and we invited speakers and panel participants from all areas of the industry to offer guidance in regards to publishing, publicity, platform, etc. For the first two years, we also presented on how important good writing is to making a good business book, or rather, making a business book good. Surprisingly (or maybe unsurprisingly) we ended up cutting this part of the programming at future conferences because business writers didn't prove to be as engaged with the topic of good writing as they were about navigating the publishing and promotional seas post-printing. Still, we believe that good writing is truly one of the best sales tools an author can leverage. Good writing creates passionate fans, generates rave reviews, and stands the test of time. What creates word of mouth? An enjoyable read buoying useful information. How would you rather have your writing shared: via speed boat or life raft?\nBut what makes for good writing? That's a good question, largely because our individual tastes, our cultivated aesthetics, vary greatly. Maybe there aren't as many writing styles as there are snowflakes, but there is plenty breadth and depth. Brevity appeals to some while scholarship appeals to others; flourishes are like unearthed gems for some while adjectives and adverbs just muddy up clear waters for others. But sometimes good writing cannot be denied, and inspires a work to spread via social media not only for its topic but also the grace with which the topic is handled.\n*\nAnd that's what happened to me last week. I ran across some staggeringly good writing in this riveting (and worrying) article in The New Yorker, \"The Really Big One\", that kept me reading about a topic I would rarely tune in for: hypothetical geologic dangers. While I am a fan of memoir and biography, and of course I read a lot of nonfiction for work, I don't often dig into magazine articles because standouts are few and far between. And science articles? Even less often. As I read (not having taken a peep at the by-line because I'd clicked over from a Facebook recommendation), I realized that in the hands of another writer, this subject would not have been so engaging, nor would it have sparked such a nervous tension in me, but I couldn't stop. As a read, I found myself mentally clipping block quotes:\nDescribing the quake that became a tsunami:.\nDescribing why the ground beneath Seattle is the current danger zone:.\nDescribing how a place called the ghost forest reveals a great earthquake having happened hundreds of years earlier:.\n(Can I just highlight that last sentence? Leafless, branchless, barkless, they are reduced to their trunks and worn to a smooth silver-gray, as if they had always carried their own tombstones inside them.\" That there is better than the perfect bite of dessert to me.)\nDescribing, with addicting enthusiasm, the importance of learning of this earlier earthquake, which matches up with the early, but overlooked, oral stories in the region:.\nDescribing what will happen when the big one happens:.\n(That last line reminds me of something Joan Didion would style, perhaps in The White Album.)\nAt some point during my read, I scrolled up to take a peek at the author, assuming for some reason that it was a man (Maybe because all of the seismologists and scientists interviewed were men? Maybe because it seemed the topic—epic natural disaster—was the realm of film heroes like Pierce Brosnan or Will Smith? Or maybe because it reminded me of one of my favorite non-fiction writers, Charles Fishman?), and was pleased to read Kathryn Schultz's name, a journalist whose writing I have enjoyed before, especially her book Being Wrong: Adventures in the Margin of Error, which I reviewed back in 2010, writing:.\nNeedless to say, you should read this article, and her book, both for style and for substance. There is seismology jargon, yet the science is reimagined for us layfolk. You will get a strong sense of just how the earth below us behaves, and why that should change the way that we do. (The closing section on the safety--or lack thereof--of the school children in this area will give you the shivers.)\n*\nNow, circling back to the question of what makes good writing, I wonder as I always do, if there is a way to effectively explicate what good writing is. When we chose books for The 100 Best Business Books of All Time, or when we choose our annual winners of our book awards, we, as jury, select books we believe to be well-written. But of course that means more than there simply being completed sentences, colorful language, and the intelligent use of the semi-colon. Sometimes it means layering, using facts to support story which in turn supports fact. Sometimes it means evoking emotion; sometimes it means contradicting our knee-jerk emotional response to a subject. Always it means making a subject relatable, understandable, applicable, or digestible.\nI like to reference Charles Fishman's 2008 Fast Company article, \"Message in a Bottle\", as one of my favorite magazine articles because it made me understand a global problem on a personal level, largely because the writing was well-researched, but also detailed and impassioned. Our editorial director, Dylan, wrote this (also extremely well-written) about Fishman's work:.\nHere is a snippet from the opening of \"Message in a Bottle\" that I find particularly insightful in terms of fine writing. The style, you'll note, is similar to that of Kathryn Schulz's above. It's got detail, personality, a good balance of fact as well as well as contemporary references to make us feel like he is talking about us, our lives, something that is important to our lives, something we are co-conspirators with, something we can do something about if we just understand more about it..\nI can tell you, I feel pretty guilty about the empty plastic water bottles rattling around in my car, carelessly purchased during fast food and convenience stores stops, and that's only the beginning of Fishman's convincing argument against the purchasing of bottled water. Much like Schulz, who, without a doubt, had me worrying about my friends living out on the West Coast—certainly they need to be warned?!?—and sharing the article before even finishing it, which isn't something I typically do.\nThat's the power of good writing. Good writing changes minds, because good writing compels people to read, and keep reading, and desiring others to get that same visceral response from what has been read. Whether you are writing about economic trends, corporate succession plans, or even human resources regulations, good writing matters, and can elevate even the dullest subject (sorry HR!).\nIn my writing presentation, I stressed that business writers follow \" 7 Rs\" of Construction. (Some people call this process, but construction feels more concrete.) This is the SUBSTANCE:\nRead (Lots of writers you admire.)\nwRite (Words on a page…the crafting can come later. Turn off your inner editor.)\nRest (Set the piece aside, get interested in something else so you can obtain a sense of detachment and objectivity.)\nReread (Come back to your writing and read for missing information and apparent edits.)\nRewrite x2 (Correct the apparent problems and fill in the black spaces noted in reread. Here is a good place to just to CRAFT.)\nResponse (Give the piece to favored readers: “What makes you keep reading? What was boring?\" Revisit CRAFT here too.)\nRelease (Every writer could manipulate a piece to death…remember to give the piece life.)\nThe \"7Rs\" make sure that you actually do the writing. Writing isn't thinking, and writing isn't editing. Writing is placing one letter after another until you've completed a deliberate piece of work, whether it's a poem, a blog post, an article, a lesson, a novel, a business book.\nOnce you've done the writing, the construction, then look for opportunities to add these 5 valuable aspects of Craft. This is the STYLE.\nAccuracy & Authenticity (As in the Fishman piece, references to current events give the issue immediacy.)\nDetail (Re-read the quotes above from Schulz's article; it's the details that ignite our visceral response.)Detail (Re-read the quotes above from Schulz's article; it's the details that ignite our visceral response.)\nEmphasis (Again, in the Schulz piece, she is careful to stress that these warnings aren't just warnings, they are science.)Emphasis (Again, in the Schulz piece, she is careful to stress that these warnings aren't just warnings, they are science.)\nPrecision (Fishman uses specific numbers laid out over three paragraphs to express the breadth of the problem.)Precision (Fishman uses specific numbers laid out over three paragraphs to express the breadth of the problem.)\nStory (Schulz begins her article offering a real-live recollection of what it is like to experience a big one; she describes herself rowing out to the ghost forest.)Story (Schulz begins her article offering a real-live recollection of what it is like to experience a big one; she describes herself rowing out to the ghost forest.)\nThese added elements serve to humanize your writing. They enable your message to reach readers intimately. It's what gives your piece longevity and importance.\nGood writing—writing with substance and style—is memorable writing. It's what makes us open a conversation with a friend with, \"I read something the other day...\" or, \"You should really check out....\" And memorable writing can make a difference, a world of a difference, both in your own success as a writer, but also your reaction as a reader. (Excuse me while I go and fill my reuseable water bottle...)."}
{"text": "Address:, it’s never too late to go out! Bangkok‘s nightlife has quite a reputation of being wild. If you are looking for something mild, you could consider having the Sky Bar on your list!\nLocated on the 63rd floor of Lebua Hotels and Resorts, the Sky Bar is a perfect spot for a panoramic view of Bangkok City. But then again, because of space constraint, it tends to get a little overcrowded. A dazzling view it may be, it is not an ideal place to spend the entire night. Still, it is worth visiting. As far as the dress code is concerned, smart casual very much means – no singlets, bermudas, shorts or flip-flops. Dress gorgeous, people!\nHappy drinking everybody!"}
{"text": "Check Army Burn Hall College Abbottabad Admission Result Merit List for Class 1 to Class 5 from here. Test held on Tuesday, 11th February, 2020. Burn ‘Burn Hall’.\nThose students who appear in the test to take admission in Army Burn Hall College for boys Abbottabad. Now, waiting for their result. Here result as well as merit list is available after is announce by Army Burn Hall College Abbottabad authorities.\n"}
{"text": "CEA Line Shows Two Weeks Away\nPNY, Cyber Clean America, Edifier, Tocad and MoBeam added to show\nFacebook Facebook Twitter Twitter LinkedIn LinkedIn Email Email 0 Comments Comments\nThe CEA Line Shows event in New York is now only two weeks away. The tradeshow and conference, at 7 W. 34th St. in Manhattan, will feature a conference program, new product showcase and CEA's Mid-Year Conference Report.\nIna addition, several new participants have been added to the show in recent days, including PNY, Cyber Clean America, Edifier, Tocad and MoBeam, as well as Intel.\n"}
{"text": "Taye Diggs Chased Down Home Intruder After Returning From SAG Awards\nTaye Diggs had an uninvited guest when arriving home after attending Screen Actors Guild Awards Sunday night, January 27 at the Shrine Auditorium in Los Angeles. The actor found the intruder rummaging through their garage shortly after 11 P.M.\nAfter caught red-handed \"looking for items to steal\" at Taye's outside Studio City, California home, the man identified as 20-year-old Hassan Juma tried to run. The \"Private Practice\" actor chased him down and held him until authorities came.\nThere was also a getaway driver, but he managed to flee the scene before police arrived. Hassan was charged with burglary and taken into jail on $50,000 bail pending a court date. Taye himself was uninjured in the incident.\nTaye, 42, came to the SAG Awards with his actress wife Idina Menzel. He took the stage with \"Cougar Town\" star Busy Philipps to present this year's winner for Outstanding Performance by a Female Actor in a Drama Series.\nThe award went to Claire Danes for her role on \"Homeland\". She beat Michelle Dockery (\"Downton Abbey\"), Jessica Lange (\"American Horror Story\"), Maggie Smith (\"Downton Abbey\") and Julianna Margulies (\"The Good Wife\").\nBefore coming home, Taye took time to enjoy a post-award party that he gushed about on Twitter. \"Dee felt bloated, but I had a blast. My favorite part is the dance party afterwards. Dj Paesche kills it and everyone's on the dance floor,\" he"}
{"text": "Hack/Slash issue #4 5.25.2011\nHack/Slash issue #4 Written by Tim Seeley, Art by Daniel Leister, Colors and Letters by Crank! and Published by Image Comics\nReview Written by Shaun Daniels and Edited by Sharon Wong\nWith all of the horror elements in this book, the one thing often overlooked is the action. This is the last issue of the opening salvo of the ongoing series since it was reincarnated at Image. Right from the first page, this comic will have you at the edge of your seat all the way to the end which will leave you breathing into a paper bag.\nWhen we last saw Cassie and Vlad, they were hauling ass across the state to help Chris and the gang. Of course in true Hack/Slash fashion, it’s not that simple; the stowaway is none other than the Acid Queen. Using her newfound powers, she once again places Vlad under her control and a kick-ass fight ensues in the Hack/Slash battle wagon. On the brink of losing the fight, Cassie pulls out the one trick up her sleeve. To snap Vlad out of his acid daze, Cassie motorboats him…yes, the same motorboat made famous by Vince Vaughn in Wedding Crashers. Vlad, back on Cassie’s side, brings the battle wagon to a screeching halt at the “Intelligent Design Museum” (much like the Westboro Baptist Church’s “Haunted House”). The duo take care of the Acid Queen in the most fitting way as can be; let’s just say it involves Jesus riding a dinosaur and an explosive. Meanwhile, Chris and the gang are fighting off hordes of undead animals. Samhain dukes it out with Bobby Brunswick and a few things are revealed about Samhain. Sheriff Reilly makes a choice between her friends and the Black Lamp Society but at what cost is to be determined. The status quo is back with Hack/Slash if it could even be called status quo especially when your job is hunting and exterminating Slashers.\nMonth after month, Seeley makes us forget he is a superb artist by turning in fun exciting comic scripts we want to read. Whether its his love for these characters or the horror genre, it shows in the writing. Seeley mixes the interpersonal relationship of Vlad and Cassie, with Vlad being Cassie’s anchor to humanity, while the action and suspense makes this book more than just tits and blood.\nLeister deserves a round of applause for balancing horror, action and complex dichotomy that is Vlad and Cassie’s relationship. The man even makes the Acid Queen, the deadly slasher that she is, but also a being comprised of terror and pure sexiness.\nIf you are not reading this comic, you must not like fun.sharon@horrorhaven.com"}
{"text": "CHICAGO (WLS) --A Chicago woman who quit J.B. Pritzer's campaign over racially insensitive comments he made is speaking out. Pritzker's comments were caught on FBI recordings and are making race a significant issue in the Democratic primary.\nOne week ago, Pritzker came under fire for disparaging comments about Secretary of State Jesse White and former Senate President Emil Jones. The next day, one of Pritzker's campaign workers resigned in protest. Now, she's talking about that decision and why she had to make it.\n\"I was extremely disappointed and hurt definitely by the tapes,\" Kina Collins told ABC7.\nThe 26-year-old Austin resident joined Pritzker's campaign last November as an West Side organizer. But when she heard the tapes from 2009 where Pritzker and Rod Blagojevich were talking about possible candidates to fill Barack Obama's Senate seat and Pritzker called Jesse White the \"least offensive\" black candidate and Emil Jones too \"cr said.\nPritzker has since apologized to White and Jones for those comments and has had several meetings with African American pastors and other leaders trying to mend fences. Pritzker also reached out to Collins.\n\"He did call me and apologize to be transparent, in full disclosure, the apology did seem sincere, he did tell me he would try his best to earn my respect back in the respect of others as well,\" she said.\nCollins has since joined the campaign of Sameena Mustafa, who is challenging Mike Quigley in the 5th Congressional District. Collins says her decision to leave Pritzker's campaign was a statement about the importance of integrity.\n\"We need candidates and we need people who will not just make public statements but will defend against racism and sexism behind closed doors,\" Collins said.\nCollins said she has not made up her mind about who among the Democrats running for governor that she will support.\nThe Pritzker campaign did not immediately returned ABC7's requests for comment.\nPreviously, a spokeswoman said they respected Collins' feelings and were sad to see her go from the campaign."}
{"text": "With the appropriate interior décor, the most simple property can be turned into a dream home. But which style of decoration to choose? From fun, funky eclectic to warm, breezy Mediterranean, there are a whole host of modern styles that all have their good points. Thanks to homify, it is now easy for homeowners find the style that is right for them.\nInspiration can come from anywhere. The Internet is an obvious place to look, as are interior design magazines and blogs. Famous artworks, celebrated buildings, favourite holiday destinations can all get the creative juices flowing. Alternatively, simply sign up to homify, a platform that brings together over 50,000 interior design professionals just bursting with fresh, exciting ideas for apartment refurbishments.\nOne way is to assemble a scrapbook of photographs, pages torn from magazines and rough working sketches. A more high-tech approach is to collect images online on sites such as Pinterest. At homify, you can create your own virtual ideabook where you can save and annotate your favourite ideas.\nAfter settling on a style of decoration, it's important to work out a budget, being realistic about how hands-on or hands-off you want to be in doing up your flat. If you have skills and experience in this area, then that this something you can factor in. Otherwise, ask around locally for tips on reliable painters and decorators, or connect with reputable professionals through homify. Planning ahead, it's as well to consider details such as disposal of rubbish and ways of reducing annoyance to neighbours by restricting the renovation work to certain hours of the day. Also, make sure that any modifications comply with government red tape, leasehold agreements and so forth.\nYour approach to your renovation project is likely to depend upon your reasons for doing it. If the plan is to sell on the flat within a few years, it's sensible to limit the work to a few essential upgrades. Giving the walls a fresh lick of white paint and sprucing up the kitchen area with new cabinet doors and appliances - these simple measures can do wonders for an apartment's marketability. Installing a washer-dryer (especially a quiet model so the owner can still use it during unsociable hours), air conditioning and a fresh bathroom suite will also add value to the flat. If, on the other hand, the flat is to be a long-term home, then the heart should rule over the head as you plan your décor.\nWith a sprinkling of good interior décor, there is no reason for any flat to look ordinary and functional. Leave the dull everyday world at the door by hanging up bold printed wallpapers - Pop Art designs, exotic florals and animal prints can make the most utilitarian space feel luxurious. If a flat seems a little gloomy, place a mirror near the window to help direct light into the shadows, and brighten up the interior with shimmery metallic accessories.\nOne way of making the most of a large room is to break it into smaller areas of interest with different groupings of furniture. Thus you can avoid a situation where only one part of the room is used and the rest goes to waste. These smaller units can then be tied together into a unified whole by a shared colour scheme and aesthetic, with visual accents such as rugs, lamps and prints leading the eye around the space in an orderly, satisfying way. When choosing patterned fabrics and artworks, think about them in relation to the size of the space - will they still make an impact from across the room?\nWith small rooms, the key is to make them feel light, airy and welcoming. Having white or brightly coloured walls is the most obvious way of opening up up a confined space, but a bold choice of printed wallpaper can sometimes work just as well, creating an extra feeling of depth. Dark, bulky, heavily padded furniture that absorbs light and gets in the way should be avoided in favour of clean, bright fabrics, jazzy acrylics, transparent glass and shiny metallics. In addition, experiment with different groupings of furniture - simply placing them around the walls can result in a dead space in the centre of the room.\nThe first place to begin is with a lick of paint - an anonymous room can be given an instant lift with a vivid choice of colour. Another simple and inexpensive way of making a flat feel more like home is to put up curtains that reflect your personal taste, whether that's for flesh floral prints or some other trend. Likewise, replace dull old lampshades with colourful new ones - it won't cost much, and immediately the flat will feel more bright and fun. Use any nooks, crannies and shelves to display treasured belongings and decorative items. Lastly, consider adding a window box - a touch of greenery and a few blossoms can go a long way towards turning a cold, impersonal space into somewhere friendly and welcoming.\nWith a bit of imagination, it's easy to compensate for limited square footage. Bright colours and wall mirrors can help to make the proportions of the flat feel less cramped and confining. Wall-mounted shelves and cabinets can free up much-needed floorspace, while space-saving devices such as folding chairs, stacking tables and kitchen cupboards with lazy Susan-type revolving storage are not only practical but can also add to the distinctive style of your bijou apartment. Similarly, touches of luxury like a wallpapered bathroom or a bedroom with swagged curtains can help your petite pied-a-terre pack a punch.\nStudents are likely to limited as to time and money, as well as by the rules of their tenancy agreements, but there should still be scope to add a few attractive decorative touches to their dwellings. Even if it's not possible to repaint the walls, fresh, young colours can be introduced in other ways - for example, by dotting a few bright, vibrant decorative items around the room, by putting a patterned rug on the floor and by placing cheerful new throws over tired old furniture. Reclaimed second-hand items and heirlooms can be used for storage - a stack of vintage suitcases, for instance, can serve instead of a chest of drawers, while a few crates set on their side one on top of the other can be turned into a bookcase.\nThe great thing about decorating a large loft apartment is that it gives you a broad canvas to work with. When dreaming up a design concept, think about emphasising the scale of the property with oversized wallpaper prints, big artworks and extra-long counters and sofas. At the same time, it's important to make the most of any original industrial features such as metal struts by picking them with your lighting scheme and echoing them in your choice of appliances and furnishing materials.\nWhen assembling the décor for a modern home, you can't go wrong with a mixture of creamy whites, sophisticated neutral tones - beige, tan, camel, grey - and occasional accents of warm colour. Furniture should be clean-lined and unfussy, with luxury expressed in superior finishes and materials rather than any obvious ornateness - a modular wraparound sofa in soft suede for the living room, perhaps, and a king size bed with Egyptian cotton sheets in the master bedroom. Likewise, artworks and ceramics should be contemporary in feel and in tune with the overall aesthetic. An open plan kitchen and a family bathroom are the two areas of the home that should receive the most concentration in achieving a sleek, well-equipped design.\nDecorating a modern flat\nA typical flat in the modern style will usually have white walls, a wooden floor and discreet touches of colour, all adding up to a look that's fresh and clean. Key items of furniture are a sofa, a glass coffee table and a rug, all chosen for chic, understated design. A scattering of cushions and personal belongings displayed on open shelves can bring brightness and individuality to a modern-style apartment. It's the look to go for if you're doing up a flat with an eye to renting it out or selling it.\nScandinavian style furnishings\nThe Scandinavian style can range from the austere and minimalistic to the cosy and homey. Either way the atmosphere should be restful and quiet, with everything feeling well-coordinated and no single details fighting for attention. Other important elements are pale pine worktops and tables, shelves and storage to clear away clutter, and a keynote palette of warm greys and muted blues. Depending on how it is done, it's a style that is as suitable for city flats as it is for rural homes.\nCountry style furnishings\nThe country style is relaxed and reassuring, old-fashioned yet airy and fresh. It's a look that can be very simple and unpretentious, with painted wooden kitchen furniture and deep sofas and chairs made for comfort, but it can also accommodate busy floral wallpapers, rich fabrics and elaborately draped curtains. Evoking an easier pace of living away from the city, it's a look that can work well in chalet-style apartments, or in flats with traditional features such as exposed floorboards and roof-beams."}
{"text": "Greetings from the Mainland!\nIf you decide to come visit us here in Beijing, I suggest you bring an oxygen tank. For the last few weeks, we've been having \"blue sky days\" - the sort of fine, clear weather you find in Manitoba. The temperatures have varied, but have been pleasant. One or two days over 30, but most in the 20s.\nBut Beijing's reputation as a smoggy city is not entirely undeserved. All weekend they've been promising rain, and last night we finally had some. But it hasn't done much to clear the thick miasma that has been draped over the city the last few days. It's quite amazing to look out the window on morning and see the buildings across from you, only to look out the next and wonder where they went. On days like these, roads fade into obscurity.\nI've pulled a photo off the web that illustrates the point very well:\n(If you go to the link below, you can read an explanation behind these two photos.)\nI rode the subways this morning to go pick up our visas. I guess the air had been seeping down into the subway tunnels all night, because it was just as hazy down there as it was on the street. Except there, no breeze blew to take the edge off. It was positively caustic.\nAs if this weren't enough, it's pollen season, and the air is thick with it. Cars are dusty yellow in the mornings. The poplars have sent up an army of white fuzz, floating on the breeze like a hundred billion tiny paratroopers. It almost looks as if it might be snowing, except that snow doesn't float in through the bus window and get sucked up your nose.\nI feel that I should defend Beijing a bit, however. We really have had 20 days of beautiful weather, with air as clear as you could hope for (if only a little dusty). No burning lungs. No slime at the back of the throat. But today is a different story. So if you're sending a care package, a spare set of pink lungs might be good. Or an industrial-grade scrubber that I can affix to my lips.\n2 comments:\nyikes! I don't think Xi'an was ever that bad.\nHi guys! Leonard sent out your link, so I've enjoyed catching up on your adventures so far. All is well here. We're keeping dry!\nCindy & Gord"}
{"text": "Property Attributes\n- MLS#3743901\n- TypeSingle Family\n- CountyWARREN\n- CityHope Twp.\n- AreaHope Twp.\n- Zip07825\n- StyleColonial\n- Year Built2007\n- Taxes$ 19723\n- Price$ 1,750,000\n- Bedrooms5\n- Full Bathrooms3\n- Half Bathrooms0\n- Lot Size8.18 Acres\nListing Provided Courtesy Of:\nKL SOTHEBY'S INT'L. REALTY\nData Source:\nGarden State MLS (GSMLS) - 38 - NJ\nProperty Description\nJust five miles to Route 80 and 65 miles to Manhattan, this extraordinary home in Hope lives at the end of a long private drive on 8.18 acres with 15 acres of state land in back, overlooking valley views. Every detail, large and small, of this almost 7,000 sf estate was lovingly considered. a first-floor owners' suite with a massive walk-in dressing room/closet, luxurious bathroom with radiant heated floors, soaking tub, and private access to the back deck and hot tub; the home has an open-concept first floor with a kitchen built for a chef, boasting separate refrigerator, freezer, and ice maker that blend into the custom cabinetry; a second oven in the extra-long island- a baker's dream; and even a hidden stand mixer lift for maximum convenience. A double-height sun-drenched great room, to the fully operable window wall that opens the main living area to the massive porch and valley views below while still providing numerous tucked-away office spaces. Even more, there is a large, heated four car garage with a Tesla charging station; an auxiliary wood-powered heating system to compliment the efficient propane heating system, all the way to hidden charging stations and outlets tucked away throughout; there is not a corner that was not intentionally designed. and perhaps the most unexpected space of all- a 1000+ sf artist's studio, a stunning workspace that could double as a private office, dance or recording studio, playroom, or virtual-learning schoolhouse.\nGeneral Features\nInterior Features\nExterior Features\nAmenities\n- Foreclosure\n- Views\n- Short Sale\n- New Construction\n- Adult 55+\n- Lease To Own\n- No HOA Fees\n- Furnished\n- Primary On Main\n- Air Conditioning\n- Seller Finance\n- Green\n- Fixer Upper\n- Horse\n- Golf\n- Fireplace\n- Deck\n- Garage\n- Basement\n- Pool"}
{"text": "Steinberg announces the availability of the Cubase Pro 8.0.20/Cubase Artist 8.0.20 maintenance update.\nThe update resolves many bug fixes and improvements and is now available for download from the Steinberg website. For detailed information, please view the corresponding version history on the download page.\nDownload Cubase Pro 8.0.20\nDownload Cubase Artist 8.0.20"}
{"text": "Nuko Tools review by Wmpyr\nOn October of 2012 I received a Nuko Tools Punch Ring from Norman, owner of Nuko Tools. That was about 3 years ago, here I am to revisit Nuko Tools and update my review.\nWhether it's the Punch Ring or the Nuko Head, Nuko Tools is designed to go with your keys. From a self-defense point of view that makes total sense because it will most likely be in your hands right when you need it, rather than be tucked away somewhere that requires some fumbling around to get to. It's also perfectly normal to be walking about in public with your keys in your hand, however if you had a tactical flashlight in your hand at the grocery store, you would look out of place.\nCan you punch hard with this thing without hurting your hand? This is the most frequently asked question I get about Nuko Tools. The answer is no, you can't, you will hurt your hand. This is not designed to maximize your brawling ability. If you really want something that will let you punch something as hard as you can, you will need a padded glove like a Boxer.\nInstead Nuko Tools are designed for you to do quick light strikes to cause enough pain, to distract the enemy so that you can runaway. In self-defense, why would a college girl trying to stop a rapist repeatedly throw big haymaker punches? Instead she can do a quick flick towards the eyes and nose, create distance and get away.\nSome people say that something like this has no stopping power therefore is useless. This argument is actually silly because there is not a single Boxer in the world that doesn't practice the jab. The jab is a weaker quick strike which can be used to keep the distance and wear down (discourage) your opponent.\nNuko Tools can also be used as a flail where you fling the keys into the attacker's eyes. You can also hold onto your keys and fling the Nuko Tool into the attacker's eyes as well.\nThe original reason I contacted Norman was because I was making videos on a poor man's Karambit. This is where you get an ordinary knife and put a keyring into the lanyard hole at the bottom of the handle. Now you can flip the knife around as if it were a Karambit. The problem is that unlike a real Karambit the keyring can't be used for striking.\nWhen I saw the Nuko Tools Punch Ring, I thought maybe this would work! I contacted Norman, he was nice enough to send me the black G10 Punch Ring, and just as I suspected, it worked! You can use it to convert your plain knife into an improvised Karambit. Just like a real Karambit you will be able to strike with the ring, and the ring will actually be situated correctly for more realistic flipping.\nI have a Kubotan but I really like how Nuko Tools provide an alternative style of self-defense keychain. So, be sure to practice those jabs with your Nuko Tool! You can also slash and if you cut them in the face, it will only make it easier for the cops to identify the bad guy."}
{"text": "Dating someone from a different social class when your daughter is dating the wrong guy\nResearch also shows that people tend to be quite accurate in their assessment of their own and others' class rank, and that this self-assessment likewise predicts outcomes.For example, people who perceive themselves as lower in rank have worse health outcomes overall than those who see themselves as higher ranking, research finds.\nBut until the last decade or so, the concept of class has generally eluded psychological inquiry.Consider the person who can afford to have a contractor re-do her kitchen, versus someone who must borrow money for the job, try to do the job herself, or simply live with old equipment that doesn't function properly or is even dangerous.One outcome of these differences is that people of lower rank tend to be more emotionally attuned to others, these researchers contend.\n"}
{"text": "Not for Happiness: A Guide to the So-called Preliminary PracticesPaperback\n$13.31\nList price $23.55\nYou save $10.24 43% off\nFree delivery worldwide\nAvailable\nDispatched in 3 business days\nWhen will my order arrive?\n- Publisher: Shambhala Publications Inc\n- Format: Paperback \| 240 pages\n- Dimensions: 137mm x 211mm x 15mm \| 272g\n- Publication date: 29 October 2012\n- Publication City/Country: Boston\n- ISBN 10: 1611800307\n- ISBN 13: 9781611800302\n- Edition statement: Firsttion.\n- Sales rank: 45,706\nProduct description\nOther people who viewed this bought:\nOpen Heart, Open Mind\n$14.35 - Save $4.49 23% off - RRP $18.84\nNgondro for Our Current Day\n$11.69 - Save $7.95 40% off - RRP $19.64\nYoga Assists\n$24.54 - Save $14.72 37% off - RRP $39.26\nMindfulness in Plain English\n$10.29 - Save $6.98 40% off - RRP $17.27\nLiving Beautifully\n$12.29 - Save $6.55 34% off - RRP $18.84\nReconciliation\n$13.34 - Save $8.64 39% off - RRP $21.\nReview quote"}
{"text": "Hot Asian teenager went hardcore\nViewed: 517 Duration: 12:56 Added: May 2016 Download Flag Video\nThank you for your vote!\nYou have already voted for this video!\nHot Asian teenager went hardcoreA perfect teen, is what this perfect body oriental Asian teen is all about, this type of girls are very hard to find specially as hot as this.\nFrom: Admin\nRelated Videos\n"}
{"text": "Burke's Law (1963)\n7 mistakes\nStarring: Gary Conway, Gene Barry, Leon Lontoc, Regis Toomey\nGenres: Action, Adventure, Crime, Drama\nWho Killed Avery Lord? - S1-E23\nVisible crew/equipment: After the woman in the negligeé goes back into her apartment, a crew member's shadow appears on the corridor wall. (00:42:00)Jean G\nWho Killed the Rest? - S2-E25\nRevealing mistake: \"Who Killed the Rest?\" The boat we see speeding toward shore explodes - but in the brief shot of it just before the detonation, the substitution of a model is apparent. The two vessels don't look anything alike. (00:02:00)Jean G\nWho Killed the Rest? - S2-E25\nFactual error: It isn't catering to American tourists (the guests are from all over the globe), but the Posada Angelita Hotel in Mexico has only American flags out front. (00:03:15)Jean G)J)Jean G)J)Jean G\nJoin the mailing list\nSeparate from membership, this is to get updates about mistakes in recent releases. Addresses are not passed on to any third party, and are used solely for direct communication from this site. You can unsubscribe at any time."}
{"text": "One of the most encouraging signs from the Nov. 6 election were the decisions by voters in Colorado and Washington state to legalize the recreational use of marijuana, just the latest examples of average Americans having a better grasp of economics, the U.S. Constitution and common sense than government officials.\nFederal officials spend more than $40 billion a year prosecuting the drug war, according to a recent Wall Street Journal column by University of Chicago economists Gary Becker, a Nobel Prize winner, and Kevin Murphy. That war does little more than enrich drug traffickers, who benefit from the Prohibition-style policies that drive up the cost of illicit drugs and, thus, increase profits and reward the most ruthless cartels.\nThe time is right for the current administration to heed this reality check.\nFurthermore, drug-war policies have inflated both prison populations and prison budgets, the economists explain. These policies also wreak havoc on inner cities: “Many factors explain the high dropout rates, especially bad schools and weak family support. But another important factor in inner-city neighborhoods is the temptation to drop out of school in order to profit from the drug trade.”\nThe drug war also has resulted in increasingly militarized police departments, with a resulting erosion of civil liberties as authorities treat a social issue as if it were a military campaign. Unfortunately, federal officials seem unlikely to follow any sensible advice.\nThe president is gearing up to fight the will of voters in Colorado and Washington, just as he has been fighting California voters who approved, overwhelmingly, the Compassionate Use Act of 1996 (Proposition 215). “Marijuana use in both states continues to be illegal under the federal Controlled Substances Act,” reported the New York Times. “One option is to sue the states on the grounds that any effort to regulate marijuana is pre-empted by federal law.”\nThis should confound liberal voters, who tend to support efforts to decriminalize marijuana, and conservative voters, who want the federal government to respect the states-rights provisions in the 10th Amendment.\nUnfortunately, Republican and Democratic administrations alike have stepped up the drug war, convinced that they can stamp out drug addiction and its related ills by throwing government money at them. But the “war on drugs” hasn't worked any better than the “war on poverty” or any other government-sponsored war on social ills. It hasn't worked any better than the original Prohibition, intended 90 years ago to stamp out alcohol use.\n,” Becker and Murphy wrote, rebutting the idea that ending the drug war will lead to societal mayhem.\nThe economists see the Colorado and Washington votes as baby steps toward that more sensible decriminalization option. Let's hope that they are right, regardless of how poorly the Obama administration reacts to the most-recent."}
{"text": " Amal Clooney wears Maison Margiela Mari Davis Gugu Mbatha-Raw and Joana Vicente Wear Calvin Klein Collection at the Gotham Awards Mari Davis Bliss Lau wants us to have a Wardrobe of Jewelry Mari Davis THE X FACTOR Finals Behind the Scenes Team: Autumn Rowe Marienela Davis Lady Gaga Sports A Total Versace Look Sara Conde Seen & Heard: Darby Stanchfield in Donna Karan"}
{"text": "Project Description\nCASTELLI ROMANI\nSeveral archeological sites, medieval abbeys, a beautiful landscape with two volcanic lakes and a great offer of certified wine and food specialities…\nThe so-called “Roman Castles” are 13 hilly towns about 20 km south of Rome. The area is renowned for its wine production and the breeze from the Alban Hills where Romans escape during hot summer days. In fact, the region has been inhabited since prehistorical times and it became even more attractive when Rome enlarged its influence.\nIn the Middle Ages castles of various noble families were erected, giving them the name we still use today. The castles became spectacular residences from the Renaissance onwards, but they are mostly unaccessible to visitors.\nComplete your day trip:\nCurious Wanderers\nThe Papal Palace of Castel Gandolfo recently opened to the public.\nAlternatively you can visit the villa built by Bernini for the family Chigi in Ariccia.\nThe Abbey of Grottaferrata dates back to the year 1004 and it still houses Greek monks and a famous library.\narchaeo fans\nThe town of Albano hides an impressive Roman cistern and the remains of a Legionnaire’s Camp.\nNemi was devoted to goddess Diana and her sanctuary is next to the museum of Caligula’s ships: this story is just incredible!\nAnd finally Tusculum boasts ruins of a ghost town from the 4th century BC, partially covered by the vegetation now…!\nnature lovers and relax seekers\nLake Albano and the lake of Nemi are fascinating volcanic lakes that you can embrace in one glance. In the warm season, you can relax on the beach, swim in and hike around the lakes, or even explore them on a kayak!\nfoodies\nRomans love to relax where there’s great food! Like them, enjoy certified Genzano bread to famous porchetta (pork roasted with herbs), then salami and cheese to be tasted in cellars or at the typical fraschette (rough-and-ready booths along the roads) with a glass of fresh young wine produced in the local vineyard for centuries. To finish, a wild strawberry and cream tart will be the “cherry on top” of your day!"}
{"text": "The Pentagon will be extending the troop buildup in Afghanistan into next year instead of early spring of this year. All of this because they expect the Taliban to go on the offensive in the spring and the U.S. is waiting for more troops from some of our allies.. AP\nMaybe we should just take the extra troops needed for the Bush Escalation in Iraq and send them over to Afghanistan to help with the real war on terror. It would be nice to at least see one conflict resolved during my lifetime."}
{"text": "Random bit generator 32,638pages on this wiki Add New Page Edit Classic editor History Talk0 Share DefinitionEdit A random bit generator is “ [a] device or algorithm that can produce a sequence of random or pseudorandom bits that appears to be statistically independent and unbiased.[1] ” ReferencesEdit ↑ FIPS 186-3, Digital Signature Standard Proposed Revisions, at 2. See alsoEdit Random number Security Add category Cancel Save"}
{"text": "Ioanna feels that the study environment at KTH promotes science and development\nIoanna received her bachelor's degree in Chemistry from the University of Ioannina, a city in western Greece. Her interests range from exploring the nature and the city center to discussing philosophical problems and reading. She studied at KTH between 2016 and 2018.\nWhat made you choose KTH-Stockholm/Sweden and your specific programme?\nWhen I graduated from my home university, I wanted to go even deeper in the field of chemistry and learn more about my science. However, I needed a different approach, a technological one. KTH is one of the best institutes in Europe, on the edge of technological development. There are so many opportunities and contacts with industries in almost every field. Moreover, everyone in Stockholm speaks English fluently, which is very important while adapting to a new environment.\nOne of the main reasons I chose my program was the big variety of courses that I could choose. That way, I could adjust my schedule to my needs and interests, getting the most out of every course.\nWhat do you like the most about KTH?\nWhat I like most about KTH is the international, multicultural environment. Everyone is respected for his or her personality, culture and background. It is this environment that makes you feel welcome, that can promote science and development. People from all over the world meet here and exchange knowledge, opinions and cultural experiences.\nWhat are your impressions of Stockholm and Sweden?\nStockholm is a beautiful city. It is very easy to move around and explore its rich culture and history. People are calm, helpful and very polite. In addition, a wide variety of cultural events can satisfy even the more demanding. Stockholm is definitely an environmentally friendly city. People here have great respect for nature and are truly environmentally aware. One can easily \"escape\" to the nearest park or even small forests and the sea, which is very important when you live in a big city. However, the most important thing is that you can feel at home in Stockholm, even when you are far away from it.\nWhat do you like most about being here?\nAll the above make Stockholm an ideal place to live. Being welcomed and appreciated in a multicultural environment and very close to nature can help you evolve as a complete human being.\nWhat is your best memory so far from your time at KTH?\nBeing at KTH for a bit more than a year has filled me with cherished memories. If I have to choose the best one, I would have to go with the student welcome reception at the city hall. It was a ceremony just for us, to welcome and to celebrate the beginning of our new adventure at KTH. The music, the smiling faces, the student chapters and the inspiring talks really gave me a boost to start the academic year.\nWhat do you think are the differences between studying at KTH and your home university?\nThere are many differences between KTH and my home university. At KTH, the lecture hours are considerably less, and self-studying has the biggest part of the learning process. Students are encouraged to have conversations with the professors in a friendly way, much more informal than the one I was used to. The University of Ioannina gave me the tools to be here and appreciate a different, very interesting, approach to science.\nWhat would you like to say to students thinking of choosing KTH for master's studies?\nDefinitely come! It is, for sure, a life-changing experience. No words will be able to describe it, and why stay on narrations if you can be here and live it.\nRead the more:\nMolecular Science and Engineering"}
{"text": "The goal of marketing is to find and build relationships with customers, and the function of marketing sits at the interface between customers and the company that needs customers to build financial value.\nIn most markets, competitors are trying to build relationships with those same customers. As a result, in the process of going to market and positioning a product or service with the intent of appealing to prospects and converting them into loyal customers, marketers need to think about not only customers but also the company and existing and potential competitors.\nPositioning: Product-Market Fit (But What Is a Market?)\nOne of the main responsibilities of marketers is positioning a product by finding a “fit” between the market and the product/service they are selling.\nPart of the problem that marketers face in confirming the product/market fit is inherent in the “market” concept: A market is not a tangible thing, it's a social construct (you cannot see, feel, hear, or touch a market). As a result, some people in marketing have a tendency to focus on a product or service they can see—and think of those products and services as “the market.”\nWhen viewed that way, the market exists at a narrow category level or an industry level, leading marketers to immediately focus on some vague notion of a “target market” and then go directly to personas, audience types, SIC codes, verticals, messaging, and stories—without ever stopping to think about what a market really is.\nThat approach can further lead to the well-known problem of marketing myopia. The classic example of that is the buggy-whip industry and the way it was blindsided by the emergence of the automobile.\nBenefits vs. Features, Attributes, Characteristics (What Does the Market Want?)\nMoreover, once marketers limit their focus to products and services, they go on to focus on features, attributes, and characteristics.\nIt's perfectly natural to think that customers buy products and think about their features and characteristics. People do think about such things. But is that really why they buy something? As Theodore Levitt, the noted management and marketing legend said, “People don't want to buy a quarter-inch drill. They want a quarter-inch hole!”\nIn other words, people ultimately want the benefits of a product or service. And by “people” I'm not referring just to individual consumers, I'm referring to companies and divisions of companies, which also want benefits.\nIf you're not sure that's the case, look around the room you're in right now, find something you own and like, and ask yourself, “Why did I buy that?' Sure, it might have some appealing feature, but why did you want that feature? By repeatedly asking yourself “why?” you will understand Theodore Levitt's central message.\nWhen marketers focus on features, attributes, and characteristics, they are focusing their attention inward, on the company and its products, and away from customers. Whereas when they focus on benefits, they are focusing their attention outward—on what customers are really buying.\nIn fact, you can think of a market as “a group of customers who want or need varying types of benefits they derive from product/services that provides those benefits.”\nThe Benefits of Focusing on Benefits (What's in It for Marketers?)\nThere are other reasons to focus on benefits:\n- First, you start by being obsessed with what customers really want. We all talk about being “customer focused,” and this how you do it.\n- Second, you don't add features that customers don't want and won't pay for.\n- Finally, you avoid being blindsided by competitors and substitute products.\nThink about the taxi industry. Companies were happy to focus on taxis, territory, and other traditional facets of the industry. But along came Uber and Lyft, and they provided more benefits to customers. Uber and Lyft didn't create new benefits… they simply offered benefits people already wanted.\nNow, that doesn't mean features, attributes, and characteristics aren't important. They are. It's those aspects of products that ultimately deliver the benefits that customers want. But marketers should focus first on customer benefits… and only later on the critical product aspects necessary to providing those benefits.\nMarketers are often asked to focus attention on “vertical marketing,” certain-size companies, or other readily identifiable characteristic. You can still focus your attention on those characteristics, but you think of them as “descriptors” of a segment—not as a segment itself.\nA Unique and Defensible Position (Where Do You Fit in the Market?)\nIf you want to occupy a unique and defensible position, instead of starting from the company, its products, or some industry, start with the people who are going to be considering the purchase of your product. They reside out there—in the “market”! More precisely, they are the market.\nSo, how do you ensure you occupy a clear, unique, and defensible position in the market? Contact us at MarketingProfs, and we can help.\nMore Resources on Product Positioning and Market Fit\nPositioning in Crowded Markets: How to Make Any Product Obviously Awesome\nThe Key to Successful Positioning: ‘3Cs' Research\n26 Universal Questions for Brand Positioning (And Creating Your Brand Story)"}
{"text": "Top Suggestions E30 A C Compressor Wiring Schematic :\nE30 A C Compressor Wiring Schematic It should read 5 volts if it doesn t you have a wiring or computer problem using the wiring diagram check the pin at the computer that supplies the 5 volts use the t pins to probe the connector Is the breaker too large someone suggested running heavier wire 12 2 to the plug any suggestions i believe 14 gauge romex is only rated for 15 amps the lighting circuits in my house are 14 3 on 15 For example a technician arrives on the job and finds that the compressor is the only component of the system that is not running by studying the wiring diagram it can be quickly determined from.\nE30 A C Compressor Wiring Schematic I am pretty sure that the relay is only for the compressor try removing the relay and see if the blower motor and all controls work properly if that is the case you should be able to get to the I want to wire my garage lights up to a relay or something so they come on when i hit the garage door opener button i would use the wires to the light built in to the opener as the trigger wire yes I should start by saying there are many reasons why your car s a c can stop working but on the fusion if the a c compressor is not turning on you will need to change the evaporator discharge air.\nE30 A C Compressor Wiring Schematic This type of a c is ductless so all you have to do is install the cooling unit inside and the compressor and condenser unit outside refer to the unit s wiring diagram and make sure the cable The 50s wiring is what it s actually all about that particular schematic focusses on the tone pot volume but how the two are connected the modern way is to hook the tone pot up to the outer lug I agree that ford sucks when it comes to labeling fuse blocks they make you refer to the owners manual for everything in there is the descriptionany one thing i can help you figure out or you.\nBeen dealing with a nonopperational aux cooling fan and no a c so far if i apply voltage directly to the so i m thinking that my fuse is getting burnt because the low speed isn t going ac If the clutch does not engage the a c compressor may be broken and require replacement or it may just need to be filled with refrigerant check the wiring leading to the a c compressor most When measuring the amp draw of a compressor make sure to read only the amperage drawn by the compressor choose a location on the wiring diagram that will isolate the compressor from any other loads. :"}
{"text": "Here is the text of a Sunday Mirror article looking at the sad state of affairs in our Magistrates Courts:\nThe Sunday Mirror investigates \"chaos in our magistrates' courts\" which costs £173m a year. It warns \"BRITISH justice is in danger of collapse - as our criminal courts descend into farce.\"\nOne in three magistrates' court cases fail to go ahead because of needless adjournments, missing files and time-wasting, a Sunday Mirror investigation has revealed.\nWe sat in court and witnessed a catalogue of blunders and delays. Scarcely more than 40 per cent of cases reach a satisfactory conclusion on the day they are listed. Because of the chaos many defendants don't bother turning up, knowing that amid the confusion it may take the system weeks to catch up with them.\nOur findings come weeks after a National Audit Office survey revealed £173million was wasted last year on trials and hearings in magistrates' courts. Sitting in three courts last week, we witnessed how:\nOne defendant phoned the court to say she could not appear on a shoplifting charge because she was off on holiday to Thailand.\nA thief who had broken the terms of his jail parole laughed as he was freed from court and told to give himself up to police.\nA bored solicitor started planning her holiday wardrobe as she waited hours to ask for a simple adjournment.\nTake the case at Dartford Magistrates' Court in Kent of Simon Hull, a 20-year-old criminal let out of jail early on condition he behaved.\nBut he was caught damaging and stealing items from a car. All his defence said was that he was in \"a sorry state with alcohol and drug problems\".\nYou might think he would be sent straight back to jail. But it was explained to him that a warrant would be issued for his arrest. He was told he could go to a police station to be arrested or wait for police to catch him. He asked: \"So I have to get myself arrested?\" The court clerk said: \"Yes. The word 'daft' comes to mind.\"\nHull responded: \"I've never heard something so stupid in all my life.\" He added, to laughter: \"I'll do it Sunday. I'll enjoy my weekend then I'll give myself up.\"\nWe witnessed another example of the disdain in which our courts are held in Staines, Middlesex. Jessica Gibbs, 24, had phoned the court the day before she was due to appear on a shoplifting charge to say she couldn't make it because she was going on holiday to Thailand.\nWhen she did finally appear she admitted the offence, claiming she stole £500 worth of computer games from a newsagents because she owed her rent. Magistrates' chairman Mrs Vicky Royce told her: \"Your holiday fits a little oddly with you saying you could not pay your rent arrears.\"\nGibbs said the holiday had been a gift from her family. When asked if her family were prepared to help with the rent, she replied: \"No, they wasn't.\"\nGibbs was ordered to carry out 60 hours of community service and pay £50 costs. The cost of wasted court time was estimated at £687, according to figures from the National Audit Office.\nBack in Dartford, the court was due to hear a case against a 17-year-old youth charged with a string of offences. The woman defence solicitor was so bored she began to draw up a list of all the clothes she needed for a holiday she was about to go on.\nWhen she finally got the chance to put her case she said her client was too ill to attend court. She was finally able to leave after three hours.\nA spokesman for the National Audit Office said of the £173million wasted last year in magistrates courts, nearly £24million was due to the Crown Prosecution Service. \"The defence is responsible for more than half, while the CPS and the police are responsible for just over a fifth,\" he added.\nIt is calculated that 28 per cent of all pre-trial hearings in magistrates' courts do not go ahead on the scheduled day.\nTory MP Edward Leigh, chairman of the Public Accounts Committee, said: \"The innocent are kept in custody longer than necessary. And some guilty people must be getting away with their crimes.\"\nA spokeswoman for the CPS acknowledged there were too many \"ineffective hearings\" but said it was \"taking action\".\nEXHIBIT 1\n28 per cent of all pre-trial hearings in magistrates' courts do not go ahead on time\nEXHIBIT 2\nGirl charged with shoplifting doesn't turn up because she's on holiday in Thailand\nEXHIBIT 3\nA thief who broke his bail terms laughs when he's told it's up to him to hand himself in to cops\nEXHIBIT 4\nA man appeared twice, costing thousands, for stealing £15 of bacon from a Sainsbury's store\nCase 1: Staines\nTHERE were many mutterings of discontent during the frequent adjournments at Staines court.\nLawyers were overheard complaining to each other - and one said: \"Magistrates always slow things down.\"\nA defence solicitor added: \"One day they retired seven times, on a matter a two-year-old child could have decided on.\"\nThe same lawyer - looking at a tall stack of traffic offence paperwork - said: \"We will never get through that. It's ridiculous.\n\"There should be a special clerk at the police station to deal with that. There is no need for them to come to magistrates court.\"\nLawyers also expressed frustration at two cases that had to be adjourned because the police and court staff did not know where the defendants lived.\nIn the first, a doctor had been due to answer a charge of driving through a red light. Summonses had been issued to three different addresses and her case had already been adjourned to see if any had reached her.\nNone had - and the case was put off again, this time until April 5.\nIn the second, a man had been summoned to appear charged with driving at 70mph in a 50mph zone on the A3 at Esher, Surrey.\nThe prosecutor said: \"There have been various attempts to serve this notice.\n\"If he can't be found then we can't continue with this prosecution.\" The case was adjourned until April 11.\nAnother case was also adjourned because the Probation Service computer system had failed.\nOver two days, 62 cases came before the courts. Only 44 were heard through to the end.\nCases had to be dropped because no one could find the defendants\nCase 2: Manchester\nA CROWN Prosecution Service lawyer faced the wrath of a judge over delays at Manchester Magistrates' Court.\nIt happened when Alisha Kaur appeared before District Judge Alan Berg for the second time on charges of theft - and for the second time her CPS solicitor did not have the file.\nThe judge described it as a \"terrible situation\" and adjourned for 10 minutes to see if the file could be found.\nProsecutor Martin Fleming returned to say the file was still being held by the police, even though he had sent several memos asking for it. Judge Berg said: \"I've got a bee in my bonnet about this Mr Fleming, because this isn't a unique set of circumstances' it's happening daily. I'm at the end of my tether. You say you keep sending the police memorandums but they don't seem to be achieving anything, they just ignore them don't they? It's appalling.\"\nFinally he said: \"I want an explanation from you next time this case appears as to why these papers have taken so long to arrive and an explanation from the officer involved as well.\n\"This is the second time we've heard this case and we're no further forward. If you do not have the papers next time I may well have to let the matter proceed anyway.\" The next day CPS prosecutor Alison Cartmel faced the judge's wrath when it was realised files were missing in four of the 21 cases due to be heard.\nThe judge told her: \"Someone needs to tighten up the system.\n\"Defence solicitors are waiting here to have their cases heard and all you have to offer is that you haven't got the file.\"\nOn Thursday, a man appeared in court for the second time...for stealing £15 worth of bacon. Wayne Moore, who also admitted stealing £37.05 worth of goods from Sainsbury's, was ordered to pay the money back at £10 a fortnight.\nThe case will have cost hundreds of pounds to take to court.\nOn Friday, 21 cases were heard - and 10 had to be adjourned. Among them was that of Pole Marcin Wawrzyniak, who was charged with offences including drink driving.\nAs he barely speaks English, the judge was forced to order an adjournment until an interpreter is found.\n21 cases were due to be heard.. but 10 had to be put back to another day\nCase 3: Dartford\nJUST four defendants were due to have their cases heard in the Monday morning session at Dartford Magistrates Court, Kent.\nBut the court clerk told the magistrates NONE could go ahead. One defendant did not have a solicitor present.\nAnother phoned to say their transport had broken down. A third failed to turn up - and their solicitor couldn't find them.\nThe last said he did not want a solicitor, then changed his mind...and one could not be found. Typical was the case of Ryan James, charged with assault causing actual bodily harm. He did not turn up and when his solicitor tried his mobile a voice on the other end said he bought the phone from James a week ago. The magistrates had no option but to abandon the morning session.\nIt was a frustrating day as the court heard only six cases when it did finally swing into action in the afternoon.\nTuesday was more productive, with 18 cases heard, but many dragged on and the court rose an hour late at 5pm.\nOne prosecutor said: \"I have lost the will to live\". At the same time, a despairing social worker said: \"We will be here all night.\"\nWednesday was another late start because none of the defendants turned up. In the afternoon. just nine cases were heard. On Thursday it emerged the prosecution has lost yet another file - and a breach of the peace case which had already been adjourned twice was thrown out.\nThe cases dealt with on Friday included a Slovakian man charged with a sex attack who needed an interpreter.\nChair of the bench Elizabeth Brown asked the clerk why the interpreter had been awarded more than £100 in fees for less than 20 minutes work.\nShe was told interpreters can charge for three hours work - even if their involvement only three minutes.\nIn another case, Christopher Walker, 21, of Northfleet, Kent, was being held in custody and magistrates had to rule whether to grant him bail on two charges - actual bodily harm and attempted criminal damage.\nThe case was delayed for nearly 20 minutes because the prosecutor did not have details of the attempted criminal damage charge.\nThe prosecutor had to wait for his office to fax the papers through before Walker was finally granted bail.\nComplete morning wasted when NO cases actually make it into court.\n4 comments:\nCan I say that I notice that in all the cases mentioned the defence solicitor was not at fault?\nI notice that the generic 'the defence\" is used when giving numbers of adjournments caused by \"the defence.\" This will give the public the impression that it is defence lawyers who cause those delays. We should make it plain that there is a distinction between the lawyers and say their clients. This might make it clearer to the public that we do not cause anything like the number of abortive hearings that the police and CPS do.\nI agree with you. Defence solicitors should be aware these days that the perception the public has of them is not particularly good and we should not allow our reputation to be brought down by these fairly common reports of waste.\nIn my (admittedly limited) experience from the public gallery (some of which I've written up here), the prosecution are responsible for at least 75% of the delays. They in turn tend to be blame most of this on the police, or probation service. If you rule out the cases where the defendant just doesn't turn up and a bench warrant has to be issued, it's closer to 100%. The only cases I've seen where the defence \"causes\" the delay is where they haven't been supplied information they requested from the prosecution ...\nI was at the Magistrates Court today with only the one matter in the morning. The advance information was not available until 11.30. The prosecutor was not in a position to deal with the case until gone 12 noon. I had been there since 9.20 am hoping to get the matter on as quickly as possible. Sadly this was not a one-off and I experience this type of time wastage on a daily basis."}
{"text": ".\nChikungunya virus (CHIKV; Togaviridae: Alphavirus) is an arbovirus (arthropod-borne virus) vectored by Aedes mosquitoes to humans in tropical and subtropical regions of Africa and Asia (Fig. 1; reviewed in references 26 and 46). CHIKV has a single-stranded, positive-sense RNA genome of ∼12 kb and causes chikungunya fever (CHIK), a febrile illness associated with severe arthralgia and rash (2, 15, 31, 35); the name is derived from a Bantu language word describing the severe arthritic signs (32), which can persist for years. Thus, CHIK has enormous economic costs in addition to its public health impact (9). Because the signs and symptoms of CHIK overlap with those of dengue and because CHIKV is transmitted sympatrically in urban areas by the same mosquito vectors, it is grossly underreported in the absence of laboratory diagnostics (10, 37).\nDistribution of the CHIKV strains used in this study. The map, based on a world map template from, was edited with permission.\nCHIKV was first isolated during a 1953 outbreak in present-day Tanzania by Ross (48, 49). Since then, outbreaks have been documented in Africa and Asia, including the Indian subcontinent (Fig. 1) (1, 4). In 2005, CHIKV emerged from East Africa to cause an explosive urban epidemic in popular tourist island destinations in the Indian Ocean (Fig. 1; reviewed in reference 31). In late 2005, CHIKV spread into the Indian subcontinent, where millions of people have been affected (5). However, the geographic source of spread into India, from the mainland of Africa or from the Indian Ocean Islands, has not been delineated. India had seen large epidemics of CHIK in the past (reviewed in reference 30), but CHIKV apparently disappeared during the 1970s (5). Since 2006, CHIKV has been imported into Europe and the western hemisphere (including the United States) via many viremic travelers, and an epidemic was initiated in Italy by a traveler from India (4, 11, 47). The dramatic spread since 1980 of dengue viruses (DENV) throughout tropical America, via the same vectors, portends the severity of the public health problem if CHIKV becomes established in the western hemisphere.\nThe first phylogenetic analysis of CHIKV (45) (5, 12, 14, 27, 40, 51, 52). However, most CHIKV phylogenetic studies (1, 14, 28, 29, 38, 40, 41, 47, 52) have utilized only partial sequences from the envelope glycoprotein E1 gene, preventing a robust assessment of some of the relationships among strains and of their evolutionary dynamics.\nThe CHIKV strains represented in different geographic lineages apparently circulate in different ecological cycles. In Asia, CHIKV appears to circulate primarily in an urban transmission cycle involving the peridomestic mosquitoes Aedes aegypti and A. albopictus, as well as humans (25, 45). Asian epidemics typically infect thousands-to-millions of people over the course of several years (46). In contrast, African CHIKV circulates primarily in a sylvatic/enzootic cycle, transmitted by arboreal primatophilic Aedes mosquitoes (e.g., A. furcifer and A. africanus) and probably relies on nonhuman primates as reservoir hosts (reviewed in reference 16). Epidemics in rural Africa usually occur on a much smaller scale than in Asia, likely a result of the lower human population densities, and possibly more stable herd immunity. Although the assignments of “urban” and “sylvatic/enzootic” are based on the most common mode of transmission, CHIKV strains of African origin are capable of urban transmission by A. aegypti and A. albopictus, as evidenced by outbreaks in the Democratic Republic of the Congo (41), Nigeria (36), Kenya (27), and Gabon (42). The ecological differences between the sylvatic/enzootic (henceforth called enzootic) and urban/endemic/epidemic transmission cycles (henceforth called epidemic) such as seasonality of vector larval habitats, vertebrate host abundance and herd immunity, and vector host preferences, prompted us to hypothesize that the evolutionary dynamics of CHIKV may differ between the two transmission cycles. To test this hypothesis, to provide more robust estimates of the evolutionary relationships among the CHIKV strains including the sources of the recent epidemics, and to elucidate the temporal and spatial history of CHIKV evolution, we performed an extensive, genome-scale phylogenetic analysis, utilizing complete open reading frame (ORF) sequences of a large collection of 80 isolates with broad temporal, spatial, and host coverage.\nMATERIALS AND METHODS\nVirus samples.CHIKV strains listed in Table S1 in the supplemental material were either obtained from the World Reference Center for Emerging Viruses and Arboviruses at the University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, or from the Institut Pasteur de Dakar, Senegal. Viruses were passaged in C6/36 A. albopictus cells, concentrated with polyethylene glycol (7% [wt/vol]) and NaCl (2.3% [wt/vol]), and RNA was extracted by using either TRIzol (Invitrogen, Carlsbad, CA) or the QIAamp viral RNA minikit (Qiagen, Valencia, CA) according to the manufacturers' protocols.\nRT-PCR and sequencing.Eight or nine overlapping PCR amplicons were generated from viral RNA using the Titan One Tube reverse transcription-PCR system (Roche, Mannheim, Germany) according to the manufacturer's protocol. The amplicons were subsequently gel purified and sequenced by using a BigDye Terminator v3.1 cycle sequencing kit (Applied Biosystems, Foster City, CA). Sequencing was performed in an ABI Prism model 3100 genetic analyzer (Applied Biosystems, Foster City, CA), and the sequences were edited and assembled in Sequencher v4.9 (Gene Codes, Ann Arbor, MI), and deposited in the GenBank database (see Table S1 in the supplemental material). Primer sequences and specific PCR and sequencing protocols are available from the authors.\nPhylogenetic analyses.Newly generated CHIKV genomic sequences, as well as those available from the GenBank library (excluding vaccine and cloning vector strains), along with that of o'nyong-nyong virus (ONNV; strains Gulu, Igbo Ora, and SG650, used as an outgroup) were aligned by using MUSCLE (20) and manually adjusted in Se-Al (available at) according to amino acid sequence alignments to preserve codon homology. Due to the ambiguous alignments in the 3′ untranslated region (3′UTRs) and rapid evolution in the other UTR, only open reading frames (ORFs) were adopted in further analysis. This led to an alignment of 11,319 nucleotides, containing 80 CHIKV strains and 3 ONNV isolates. To search for any potential recombination event in CHIKV that could affect the phylogenetic structure, genomic sequences were screened exhaustively and triplet-by-triplet in RDP version 3.41 (34) and using a suite of different recombination detection methods using RDP (33), Chimaera (43), MaxChi (57), 3Seq (8), and GENECONV (39). Recombination with significantly positive hits was not found in our data set, including in the high passage isolates.\nPhylogenetic trees were inferred by using both the maximum-likelihood (ML) method in the PAUP* v4.0b package (58) and the Metropolis-coupled Markov Chain Monte Carlo (MCMCMC) method in MrBayes v3.1.2 (24). MODELTEST (44) was used to select the best-fit model for the ML analyses. MrBayes analyses used the GTR+I+Γ4 model; in addition, the nucleotide data were partitioned by three codon positions, and substitution parameters were allowed to vary across partitions. The analysis used three hot chains and one cold chain and ran for 10 million generations with 25% burnin; the “sump” command and Tracer v1.4.1 () were used to ensure samples were taken after likelihoods had stabilized.\nTo examine the possible advantage of using complete genome sequences in the phylogenetic study, we also inferred an ML tree based on the E1 gene and compared it to the ML phylogeny of complete ORF. To determine whether these trees differ significantly in topology, we used the Shimodaira-Hasegawa (SH) test implemented in PAUP.\nRates of nucleotide substitution and ttMRCA.We used the Bayesian Markov Chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) method available in BEAST v1.5.3 (18) to estimate evolutionary rates and times to the most recent common ancestors (tMRCA) for CHIKV overall and for each of the individual clades, namely, WAf, ECSA, Asian, and the recent epidemic group. To avoid artifacts due to laboratory adaptation, high-passage strains (Ross and S27) were excluded from this analysis, as well as those without clear sample year information (see Table S1 in the supplemental material). The strains Angola/M2022/1962, India/MH4/2000, and India/ALSA-1/1986 were also omitted because of the potential that they were the result of contamination or high passage, as suggested by either a suspicious terminal branch length or phylogenetic position (see Fig. S1 and S2 in the supplemental material). However, strains with low passage histories (<10) were used in analysis because previous studies with alphaviruses have shown that these small numbers of passages introduce few mutations (13, 62) and should therefore have little or no effect on coalescent studies. All strains were dated according to the year and month (if known) of their collection; strains with only a known collection year were assigned the median-year value for July. Due to the short time scale of the recent Indian Ocean basin epidemic group, only sequences with a known sample month were included in evolutionary rate and tMRCA estimations. This led to a total data set of 80 genomic CHIKV sequences, including 21 Asian, 11 WAf, 9 ECSA, and 39 recent epidemic strains. BEAST analysis was performed for the combined data set and for individual clades, based on a relaxed molecular clock (uncorrelated lognormal) and the SRD06 nucleotide substitution model that has been suggested to be superior to other models when used with ORFs in RNA viral genomes (54). All analyses also used a Bayesian skyline coalescent tree prior (19), which imposes the fewest demographic assumptions, and because estimating demographic history was not an aim of the present study. In each case, MCMC chains were run for a sufficient time to achieve convergence (accessed using the Tracer program;). Statistical uncertainty in parameter estimates is reflected as the 95% highest probability density (HPD) values. The maximum clade credibility tree across all of the plausible trees generated by BEAST was then computed by using the TreeAnnotator program available in BEAST package, with the first 10% of trees removed as burn-in. To assess the reliability of our substitution rate and tMRCA estimates and to determine the extent of the temporal structure of the sequence data, we also performed a regression analysis of tree root-to-tip genetic distance against sampling dates using the program Path-O-Gen () (17) for each lineage based on the corresponding phylogeny excised from the ML tree of 80 CHIKV strains.\nSelection pressures.To investigate the nature of selection pressures that may act on CHIKV, we estimated the average numbers of nonsynonymous (dN) and synonymous (dS) nucleotide substitutions per site (dN/dS ratio) for each clade using the “one-ratio” model from the CODEML program available within the PAML package (63), using the subtrees of the total ML tree indicated above. In addition, the selection pressures on external and internal branches of each ML phylogeny were estimated separately using the “two-ratio” model available in CODEML. Similarly, the numbers and locations of positively and negatively selected sites were estimated by using the internal fixed effects likelihood method available in the HYPHY package (42a).\nRESULTS\nGenetic diversity of CHIKV.Forty CHIKV genomes were sequenced and aligned with those available in GenBank. Excluding the 5′ and 3′ 20 nucleotides (nt) that were not sequenced, the genome length varied among and within geographic lineages, with those in the ECSA lineage being shorter (11,557 to 11,789 nt) than the WAf (11,843 to 11,881 nt) and Asian (11,777 to 11,999 nt) strains. Nucleotide differences were found in all genes, and the most variable genome regions included the 5′ and 3′ UTRs, as well as the 26S junction region. The ORFs were highly conserved, with occasional indels observed in high-passage strains. The highly divergent UTRs made accurate alignments impossible, and the UTRs were therefore excluded from the phylogenetic analyses. We found poly(A) insertions in the 3′UTRs of two ECSA strains (Fig. 2) in addition to the Ross strain (5). The insertion in the Senegal bat strain, which is located in the ECSA group, is in a different location from the other two, suggesting their independent generation.\nMaximum clade credibility (MCC) tree of 80 CHIKV strains. The four major lineages are highlighted with different branch colors, with the sample origin highlighted by the corresponding color. The estimated 95% HPD values for most recent common ancestors are labeled beside the node and are also indicated by the thick blue horizontal node bars. The numbers adjacent to nodes indicate Bayesian posterior probability values. For clarity, the 2004 to 2009 epidemic clade is shown enlarged in the inset at upper left. Sequences with internal poly(A) insertion in the 3′UTR are marked with an asterisk (). Strains are labeled as follows: location_strain name_date (year) of collection.\nOrigin and divergence of geographically related clades.Similar to previous findings (47), our phylogenetic trees (shown in Fig. 2 and see Fig. S1 and S2 in the supplemental material) all included three distinct CHIKV clades, namely, ECSA, West Africa, and Asian, with the recent Indian Ocean basin outbreak forming a monophyletic lineage descendant from the ECSA clade. The divergence of each distinct lineage reflected, to some extent, the path of global transmission and occasional outbreaks. According to our estimate, the currently circulating CHIKV strains have an ancestor that existed within the last 500 years, with 95% HPD values of the most recent common ancestor (MRCA) ranging from 169 to 436 years ago. Interestingly, despite their close geographic distance, the two African lineages did not cluster together, indicating limited genetic exchange between the two lineages in Africa. The only exception was a 1963 bat isolate from Senegal, which grouped in the ECSA clade. This finding is the first to suggest that the main West African and ECSA lineages may overlap spatially in the enzootic cycle, at least on occasion.\nThe divergence of the ECSA and Asian lineages occurred within the last 150 years (95% HPD: 1879 to 1927 AD), with the Asia group splitting into two clades: an Indian lineage, which likely went extinct (5, 30), and a Southeast Asian lineage, which is probably still circulating. The Southeast Asian lineage suggests a remarkable spatial and temporal pattern, spreading from Thailand to Indonesia, and then to the Philippines, and more recently to Malaysia (Fig. 2). This temporal branching pattern was similar to patterns observed in some DENV phylogenies (23) and in other alphaviruses such as eastern equine encephalitis virus in North America (6).\nSimilarly, the recent Indian Ocean basin outbreak that began in 2004 apparently originated from the ECSA group as shown in Fig. 2, with the MRCA dating back to about 2002 (95% HPD: December 2001 to December 2003). Two distinct lineages were identified for the Indian Ocean and Indian subcontinent strains (as well as strains exported from these regions). The Indian subcontinent clade was rooted by a mainland Kenya 2004 strain, while the Indian Ocean clade also contains a 2004 Kenyan strain (Lamu Island), indicating independent emergences from East Africa into the Indian Ocean and the Indian subcontinent.\nThe ECSA clade has been sampled in a broad geographic range since the first identification of CHIKV in 1953, with the MRCA of available isolates dating to from 1924 to 1943 (95% HPDs). In contrast to the clear pattern of geographic spread exhibited by the Asian lineage and the recent Indian Ocean epidemic clades, there was no clear geographic pattern of ECSA lineage spread. Due to the limited sample size, it is not clear in what mode and to what extent this lineage has been circulating in eastern, central, and southern Africa.\nInterestingly, a mosquito isolate, MH4 from 2000, which was collected in India, fell within the ECSA clade (see Fig. S1 and S2 in the supplemental material), suggesting a CHIKV introduction from Africa into India at least 5 years before the 2005 epidemic. However, the high (99.4%) nucleotide identity between Uganda/Ag4155/1982 and India/MH4/2000 was inconsistent with their nearly 20-year difference in collection dates, given our estimates of CHIKV nucleotide substitution rates (Table 1). Given the overall strong temporal pattern shown in the phylogenetic trees, we suspect that India/MH4/2000 might be the result of contamination.\nRates of nucleotide substitution of chikungunya virus\nEvolutionary patterns among CHIKV lineages.The evolutionary rates estimated by using the Bayesian MCMC method for the complete CHIKV data set and individual lineages are summarized in Table 1. The overall nucleotide substitution rate was estimated as 4.33 × 10−4 nucleotide substitutions per site per year (subs/nt/year). However, the rates estimated for each lineage exhibited considerable variation, with those for the epidemic lineages significantly higher than those estimated for the enzootic lineages. In particular, the Asian lineage exhibited a significantly higher substitution rate (i.e., nonoverlapping HPD values) (4.16 × 10−4 subs/nt/yr; 95% HPD: 3.26 to 5.02 × 10−4 subs/nt/year) than the WAf (2.39 × 10−4 subs/nt/year; 95% HPD: 1.98 to 2.84 × 10−4 subs/nt/year) and ECSA lineages (2.30 × 10−4 subs/nt/year; 95% HPD: 1.37 to 3.24 × 10−4 subs/nt/year). The Indian Ocean epidemic lineage yielded an even higher rate estimate (8.46 × 10−4 subs/nt/year; 95% HPD: 5.81 × 10−4 to 1.09 × 10−3 subs/nt/year). This widespread rate variation was confirmed by using root-to-tip linear regression, with all lineages showing strong clocklike behavior (as reflected in the correlation coefficient values; see Fig. S3 in the supplemental material).\nIt is possible, however, that the intensive sampling of sequences within a short time span from the recent epidemic may have included many transient deleterious mutations (i.e., sequence polymorphisms) that would later be purged by purifying selection and therefore not persist over longer time periods. This, in turn, would artificially increase the substitution rate for the Indian Ocean lineage. To test this hypothesis, we measured selection pressures among the four major CHIKV lineages. This analysis revealed a significantly higher overall dN/dS value in the Indian Ocean epidemic lineage (0.285) compared to the others (0.066 to 0.125), which is compatible with the presence of transient, mildly deleterious mutations in the former group. A similar hypothesis was proposed to explain the higher dN/dS values for swine-origin influenza A (H1N1) virus during the recent epidemic, compared to related swine influenza virus sequences (56). In further support of this hypothesis, the Indian Ocean epidemic sequences also exhibited an elevated number of nonsynonymous changes on external branches of the tree, reflected in a ratio of internal/external dN/dS values of 0.97, compared to the lower values observed in other groups (0.53 to 0.63; Table 2). In theory, transient deleterious mutations are more likely to fall in the external branches of trees (because they are short-lived), leading to a higher dN/dS value than seen for internal branches. Although dN/dS ratios have limited utility in identifying positively selected codons if unique, adaptive mutations occur, three positively selected codons were also observed in the epidemic lineage, comprising two codons in the capsid protein gene (codons 23 and 27) and one in the E1 envelope glycoprotein gene (codon 226); the latter plays a crucial role in CHIKV adaptation to A. albopictus (59, 61). However, these adaptive mutations can only partially explain the elevated dN/dS value in this lineage, since only 16 negatively selected codons were observed in the epidemic lineage, whereas many more (i.e., 64 to 96) were observed in other groups. Therefore, the elevated evolutionary rate in the Indian Ocean epidemic lineage is most likely due to the presence of transient deleterious mutations not seen in the other lineages. Finally, it was noteworthy that dN/dS was also elevated in the Asian group compared to the ECSA and WAf lineages (Table 2). This may indicate different selection pressures acting on the epidemic versus enzootic transmission cycles.\nSelection pressures acting on each lineage of chikungunya virus\nComparison of complete genomic and partial E1 sequences in phylogenetic reconstructions.Importantly, the ML tree based on E1 gene sequences revealed a topology different from that based on the complete ORFs, especially for the ECSA lineage, which did not form a monophyletic group in the former data set (see Fig. S3 in the supplemental material). A significant difference between the E gene and complete ORF tree topologies was also apparent in the SH test (P < 0.001). Since the complete ORFs tree is clearly more accurate, possessing more variable and phylogenetic informative sites, this analysis shows that the E gene alone is inadequate to fully resolve the phylogenetic history of CHIKV.\nDISCUSSION\nCHIKV origins.CHIKV has likely been circulating in Africa and Asia for hundreds of years or even longer. A suspected CHIK epidemic was reported in 1779 (10), and focal epidemics have been documented occasionally throughout the second half of the 20th century. Recently, large-scale outbreaks successively swept through eastern Africa, the western Indian Ocean islands, India, and southeastern Asia and also reached Australia and Europe. These epidemics demonstrate the threat of this reemerging arbovirus and indicate the need to better understand its evolutionary history and patterns and, particularly, whether lineages differ in transmission cycles and ecological conditions, which could affect emergence potential.\nPrevious studies suggested a likely African origin of CHIKV (45), where the virus circulates in an enzootic cycle between forest-dwelling Aedes species mosquitoes and nonhuman primates. However, due to the deep divergence of the WAf and ECSA lineages and the wide distribution in both East and West Africa of the closest relative, ONNV, it is unclear in which part of Africa CHIKV first evolved and, more intriguingly, what causes the nearly complete transmission barrier that separates evolution in the two geographic regions. This question deserves further study given that (i) there are no obvious geographical barriers or ecological differences and (ii) the two regions share the similar enzootic vector fauna and potential primate reservoirs and (iii) given the occasional but apparently nonpersistent mixing observed in the present study (the presence in Senegal of the ECSA clade, isolated from bats).\nEpidemic origins.Interestingly, the Asian lineage dating to ca. 1952 exhibits similar patterns of spread to the recent Indian Ocean outbreak lineage, with successive epidemics detected along an eastward path. This similarity suggests that the current Asian lineage may have also originated from an intercontinental transmission. Indeed, the tMRCA of the old Asian lineage (95% HPD: 1948 to 1956) almost immediately predates the Thailand outbreak of 1958, the first confirmed CHIK epidemic in Asia. However, our current samples do not reveal exactly where the progenitor of the 1953 Asian outbreak occurred, although it was probably an ECSA strain that diverged from the currently circulating and sampled ECSA strains in the beginning of the last century (95% HPD: 1879 to 1927).\nThe repeated CHIKV outbreaks that have occurred in India and Southeast Asia are particularly noteworthy. In addition to epidemics corresponding to the Asian and Indian Ocean lineages, CHIKV outbreaks probably have occurred in Asia for more than 200 years (10). These outbreaks were characterized by rapid progression, affecting hundreds to millions of people, and were followed by long, silent interepidemic periods. Interestingly, CHIKV apparently did not persist in these areas, with the new outbreaks usually caused by introduction of imported strains, probably on sailing ships. The permanent Asian establishment of CHIKV during the 1950s may be attributed to the increased human urbanization and expansion of A. aegypti populations after World War II (21). The succession of CHIKV outbreaks in India and Southeast Asia is likely related to the decline of herd immunity in human populations, as shown by the long epidemic interval (e.g., 33 years since the last Indian circulation). In contrast, CHIK in Africa is endemic/enzootic, associated with limited, sporadic outbreaks (46), probably due to the lower densities of human populations and their relative isolation in many cases, as well as more stable herd immunity from periodic enzootic spillover.\nVariation in evolutionary patterns.We hypothesized that the difference in vectors and amplification hosts between the epidemic and enzootic transmission cycles may influence CHIKV evolutionary rates, which was supported by our data. Although a previous analysis of evolutionary rates in DENV-2 virus, which also has ancestral enzootic and derived epidemic lineages, did not reveal faster evolution in the latter cycle, the number of enzootic DENV strains analyzed in this case was very small, with resultant broad 95% HPD values (60).\nA variety of factors could contribute to the variation in evolutionary rate that we observed for CHIKV, involving differences in intrinsic factors, such as the rates of mutation and replication, or extrinsic factors, such as the strength of natural selection or population transmission rates. Because there is no evidence for differences in either mutation or replication rates among CHIKV lineages, we propose that the differences in evolutionary rate between the enzootic and epidemic lineages are more likely due to the different transmission rates (as discussed below), which affect the total amount of replication per unit time, and/or differences in selection pressure.\nThe replication of alphaviruses in mosquitoes depends initially on ambient temperature (reviewed in reference 22) and is eventually modulated by poorly understood mosquito factors, including RNA interference (50). The resulting RNA replication shutdown presumably leads to virtual genetic stasis despite the continued ability of infected vectors to transmit. Therefore, the transmission rate directly influences the amount of viral replication and consequently the numbers of mutations produced during the transmission cycle. The differing dN/dS values we estimated among epidemic versus enzootic CHIKV lineages, which may reflect differences in mildly deleterious mutations sampled intensively during the recent CHIKV epidemics, could partially explain the higher evolutionary rate of this 2004 to 2008 epidemic lineage. However, different transmission patterns between the epidemic and enzootic cycles may be critical in regulating evolutionary rates in the two cycles (as illustrated in Fig. 3). In the relatively stable epidemic cycle, CHIKV is transmitted among humans via abundant peridomestic mosquitoes, A. aegypti and A. albopictus, which colonize artificial and natural water containers in suburban and rural areas (53). In contrast, transmission in the enzootic cycle differs dramatically between wet and dry seasons, with fluctuations in vector densities associated with rainfall. During the dry season, due to the low vector population sizes, horizontal transmission of CHIKV is probably maintained at a low level, whereas transovarial transmission may play a role in CHIKV maintenance, as shown for other arboviruses (7). In addition, lower vertebrate host availability in the enzootic cycle, where primate populations are less dense than are humans in most urban habitats, may also lead to a lower transmission rate. Moreover, greater herd immunity of reservoir hosts in the enzootic cycle could also reduce transmission efficiency.\nDifferences in the extrinsic incubation time may lead to different apparent rates of evolution. A model is depicted demonstrating how differences in vertebrate host density, availability, or herd immunity might lead to a longer extrinsic incubation time for the virus in enzootic mosquitoes, leading to less replication in the enzootic mosquitoes and resulting in the observed differences in the rate of nucleotide substitutions between enzootic and urban transmission cycles. This model assumes (i) a minimum extrinsic incubation of 1 week (blue arrows), (ii) an average intrinsic incubation (in vertebrates) of 2 days (green arrows), and (iii) downregulation of viral replication in the mosquito after 1 week (dashed arrow). (Upper panel) Sylvatic/enzootic circulation. Enzootic CHIKV is transmitted among sparsely populated or high herd immunity primates, so an infected mosquito is likely to downregulate viral replication before finding a subsequent blood-meal from a susceptible host. Less replication in a given time period results in slower evolution. (Lower panel) Urban circulation. The higher density of both competent vectors and susceptible humans that occurs in areas of urban CHIKV transmission results in more frequent transmission, meaning that an infected mosquito is likely to transmit before it downregulates viral replication. This could result in more viral RNA replication in serially infected hosts in a given time period, leading to faster evolution.\nIt is also possible that the lower evolutionary rates in enzootic lineages reflect stronger purifying selection, as suggested by the lower dN/dS values in the enzootic compared to the epidemic lineages (Table 2), which may in turn be related to the more diverse hosts and vectors used in the enzootic transmission cycle. Enzootic CHIKV probably circulates in several different nonhuman primates, and possibly in bats or other mammals, and is probably transmitted by several different Aedes mosquitoes in the Celia subgenus (shown in Fig. 2) (16). These diverse hosts and vectors may constrain the evolution and adaptation of enzootic CHIKV compared to the epidemic lineages that rely only on humans and 2 closely related Aedes (Stegomyia) vectors. Another possibility is that epidemic transmission involves more CHIKV population bottlenecks if humans generate lower viremia than nonhuman primates, leading to smaller numbers of virions establishing infection of the vector. However, if A. aegypti and/or A. albopictus are less susceptible than enzootic vectors, smaller numbers of virions may infect the midgut. Similar effects could occur if different amounts of virus are transmitted in the saliva of epidemic versus enzootic vectors. These bottlenecks could accelerate rates of sequence change by allowing the fixation of slightly deleterious mutations and reducing the effectiveness of positive selection. Clearly, experimental infections are needed to test this hypothesis. Theoretically, immune selection could also be involved in rates of positive selection, but alphaviruses generally induce life-long immunity (55); CHIKV reinfection is therefore probably not common.\nIn conclusion, different patterns of CHIKV evolution in the enzootic versus epidemic transmission cycles probably reflect important differences in their ecology. Understanding these differences may be critical in preventing and controlling future CHIK outbreaks.\nACKNOWLEDGMENTS\nWe thank Robert Tesh and Hilda Guzman for providing CHIKV isolates. We also thank Tommy Lam for useful comments and assistance on data analysis.\nS.M.V. was supported by the NIH training grant T32 AI007536. K.A.T. was supported by a James W. McLaughlin predoctoral fellowship award. P.D.M. and A.C.B. were supported by the Pacific Southwest Regional Center for Excellence U54 AI065359. SH was supported by NIH AI R21 AI073389. This study was funded by a grant to S.C.W. through the Western Regional Center of Excellence for Biodefense and Emerging Infectious Diseases (U54 AI057156) and by NIH grants AI082202 and AI069145.\nThe funding sources had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript.\nFOOTNOTES\n- Received 2 August 2009.\n- Accepted 29 March 2010.\n- ↵Corresponding author. Mailing address: University of Texas Medical Branch, 301 University Blvd., Galveston, TX 77555-0609. Phone: (409) 747-0758. Fax: (409) 747-2429. E-mail: sweaver{at}utmb.edu\n↵† S.M.V. and R.C. contributed equally to this study.\n↵§ Present address: Department of Biology, Our Lady of the Lake University, San Antonio, TX 78207.\n↵¶ Present address: Xiphophorus Genetic Stock Center, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Texas State University, San Marcos, TX 78666.\n↵‖ Present address: Division of Vector-Borne Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Fort Collins, CO 80521.\n↵▿ Published ahead of print on 21 April 2010.\n↵‡ Supplemental material for this article may be found at.\n- American Society for Microbiology"}
{"text": "Welcome to a new Week in Review. Here you will find out about all of our Pretty Sassy Cool and Swoony Boys Podcast posts of the week. Plus what we’ve been reading, watching, or thinking about.\nThis week, we were part of two blog tours:\nWe gave you three reasons to read:\nNext, we told you why we are Waiting On:\n- Cape Cod Dreams by Bella Andre & Melissa Foster (expected release January 15, 2016)\n- It’s All Your Fault by Paul Rudnick (January 26, 2016)\nWe also had the privilege of interviewing:\n- Piper Drake about Hidden Impact\n- And Characters: Tricia, Emerson, Angie, Brenda, & Brian from Liza M. Wiemer’s Hello?\nThen we revealed the cover of Ride Hard by Laura Kaye:\nLastly, we brought you reviews of:\n- His Contract by Rebecca Grace Allen ()\n- Hidden Impact by Piper Drake ()\n- Nightmares! by Jason Segel & Kirsten Miller ()\n- Love And Other Alien Experiences by Kerry Winfrey ()\n- Landline by Rainbow Rowell ()\n- Quicksand by Carolyn Baugh ()\n- REAP by Tillie Cole ()\nDon’t forget to check out our sweet giveaways on the sidebar of both sites!\nNow for what’s on our minds…\nKassiah: Wow it’s been a long time since I’ve updated what I’ve been reading. I can’t wait to see what ya’ll have been up to. Last weekend, my daughter had a dance camp, so I got to read a lot. It was fun! I finally read the Defy series by Sara B. Larson and OMG why did I wait so long to read? I was also able to finish up Compromising Her Position by Samanthe Beck, who you know is one of my favoritist authors. It was hot, ya’ll.\nfans self\nKatie: Well, being the slacker that I am, I only finished one book this week. I read The Choosing by Lucy Varna and it was a fun read really. Now though, I started on Throne of Glass and I am loving every bit of this book. It’s like a YA version of Game of Thrones so I am so enjoying this.\nKassiah: Katie, no one has ever told me that about Throne of Glass. I feel like I have to read now.\nKatie: I don’t know what the weather’s like where you are at, but here in Louisiana the weather is starting to get chilly! At least in the early morning and evenings it is. We have strange winter’s here, it’s like Louisiana is a bit behind. It feels more like Fall, but hey, I’ll take it.\nAlso, Thanksgiving is right around the corner! Less than two weeks away, and this will be the first Thanksgiving I’ve hosted so I’m nervous and excited about that. What dish do you look forward to the most at Thanksgiving?\nAnd I know I mentioned it last week, but man….where is Glenn?? It drives me crazy how they manage to fit several episodes between cliffhangers. Not cool AMC, not cool.\nDo you prefer to read the book before the movie? I do. In case you didn’t already know, the next Nicholas Sparks book to hit the big screen is The Choice and it’s one of my favorites. It won’t be in theaters until February 2016 but I wanted to give you a heads up in case you want to read the book first.\nKassiah: My favorite at Thanksgiving is Pumpkin Pie. I can’t help it! And all this talk about Glenn makes me glad that I don’t watch TV. I have been watching The Voice, and I have to say that I love it! I think Adam chose wrong though, which is not something that I ever thought I would say.\nAlso, I always read the book first. I can’t wait to see The Choice, and can you believe that it’s almost time for Mockingjay?!?! #tooexcited for words!\nWe hope you all had a great week, Pretties!"}
{"text": "The first Vigilantes of Love album on the Warner Brothers label is a retrospective of their first five CDs, which featured five different band lineups. Fittingly, singer-songwriter Bill Mallonee has recorded four new songs for the compilation with yet another new band. With the exception of the rock-hymn \"Double Cure,\" the new songs are the least interesting -- tuneful enough, but arranged blandly with familiar classic rock riffs. However, producer Dan Russell has made some excellent selections from the Vigilantes' past: the disc wisely focuses on Mallonee's pointedly poignant acoustic songs, and skips the juvenelia of his weakest album, Driving The Nails, altogether. V.O.L. is an excellent introduction to Mallonee's music.\nVigilantes of Love\nV.O.L.\nShare this page"}
{"text": "49 WEDNESDAY, NOVEMBER 20, 2013 • Twitter: @GuardianTT • Web: guardian.co.tt BRISBANE---Host broadcaster Channel 9 and developers of the real-time Snick- ometer have reached an agreement to include the technology among the Deci- sion Review System (DRS) tools avail- able for umpires during the Ashes series. Snickometer, previously used on TV broadcasts but not available to umpire reviews of disputed calls during Tests, will join Hot Spot, Eagle-Eye ball tracking and stump microphones as part of the DRS package, the International Cricket Council confirmed yesterday. Snickometer uses both sight and sound to determine whether a batsman has edged the ball but isn t on the ICC s approved list of DRS technologies. How- ever, the governing body in September began a process of evaluating it for inclu- sion in future series. \"Cricket Australia and the England and Wales Cricket Board have agreed to use the RTS as part of the DRS during the upcoming Ashes series,\" the ICC statement said. \"The ICC and the host broadcaster, the Nine Network, have sup- ported this initiative.\" (AP) Snickometer to be introduced for DRS in Ashes BRISBANE---For someone who grew up fighting, punching and kicking in endless rounds of ultra- competitive sporting clashes with his brothers in South Africa, reach- ing a milestone 100th Test cricket cap for England truly must be quite surreal. That s how Kevin Pietersen describes it, anyway, and he s the one who lived it. Apart from having an English mother, his link with England as a youth, as he recounts it, was wearing the white jersey in the not-so-playful rugby matches against his brothers. The four boys wore different jer- seys---South Africa, Australia, Eng- land, France---to avoid confusion. Two days ahead of the Ashes series opener in Brisbane, Pietersen was asked which country he d dreamed of representing when he was growing up in Natal. A fair ques- tion, even if it came from an Aus- tralian. \"You re not going to believe this, mate, I had an England jersey on whenever we played rugby on the front lawn,\" he said, \"And you can ask my brothers.\" The Pietersen brothers, as it transpired, just hap- pened to be en route to Brisbane. \"I know it s a leading question,\" he continued, after pausing for effect. \"No, where I ve ended up I would never have dreamt it, but I m so lucky and so proud to be where I am.\" He left South Africa for England as a disgruntled teen because \"I wanted to chase my dream of playing international sport.\" Now, he s set to become just the 10th England player to earn 100 Test caps. \"It was the furthest thing from my mind thinking that I d ever play for England, let alone play as much as I ve played,\" he said. \"We grew up incredibly competitive... it was an incredibly tough upbringing. Competition was all that mattered. \"I went to England as a spin bowler, I turned out to be a batter. So I can t sit here and say I wanted tobatNo3,or4,or5andwanted to score 10,000 Test runs, or what- ever I ve got, it just fell into place. I don t know.\" The arrival of the larger-than-life Pietersen in the Test squad in 2005 coincided with England s resurgence, particularly against old foe Australia. And while his presence has been fractious at times, he has certainly contributed to a successful combi- nation. The English squad heads into this series aiming to win the urn for a fourth straight time, and that is Pietersen s primary concern. \"At the moment I just see it as an Ashes series, the start of an impor- tant Ashes series---one which we ve come to win,\" Pietersen told a news conference yesterday. \"Talking about the 100th Test match is a weird feel- ing for me. It s hard for me to sit here and talk about myself.\" That kind of statement might sur- prise a few critics. Pietersen was greeted with a tor- rent of tabloid treatment from Bris- bane s daily newspaper, which described him as the \"walking ego of world cricket\" under a front-page photo. He responded with a few barbs, seen briefly by some of his 1.4 mil- lion-plus followers on Twitter, before removing the \"tongue-in-cheek\" posts so they wouldn t be too widely misinterpreted. Too late. More head- lines. \"I would have preferred a front page in Sydney but,\" he said to rau- cous laughter. Ever the showman, and sensing the mood, he continued: \"I respect the journalists in Australia for having a go at the English and trying to club me. That s what Ashes cricket is about.\" Pietersen is used to generating headlines. He spent time away from the team last year after sending com- ments about his teammates, includ- ing then skipper Andrew Strauss, to South African players. He said his \"reintegrating\" into the national team has been smooth. \"We re getting on really well, we re all winning together,\" he said. \"We ve all played a lot of cricket together. \"These things happen. You have it in all walks of life. You have ups and downs. We all make mistakes.\" Pietersen said he has learned from his mistakes---he even had lunch with Strauss this week---and it has helped prolong his career. \"There has been some real good stuff and I ve really enjoyed the jour- ney. Where my career is at now, I don t think I can be any happier,\" he said. \"Clearly there s been some bad stuff, which has been well doc- umented. As a person you grow when you make mistakes. That s where you learn the most. If I hadn t have learnt, I wouldn t be sitting here on the eve of my 100th Test.\" Pietersen has already accumulated 7,887 Test runs at an average of 48.38 and said he wants to reach 10,000 before retiring. He also wants to win the 2015 World Cup and score a cen- tury against South Africa in 2015- 16, to complete a set of home-and- away hundreds against all the Test teams. Accusations that he s arrogant are just mistaken interpretations of his confidence, he said. \"I ve got to be confident in my ability,\" he said. \"Clearly, as a South African coming into England, I had to really fight some tough battles and had to be single-minded in achieving what I ve had to try and achieve. \"I call it confidence. You guys call it arrogance, it makes for better headlines.\" His individual nature, bravado and unique style have divided opinion in England, where his talents as a batsman are highly valued, regard- less. Asked, by an Englishman, if he felt he was regarded differently by the public as an adopted rather than a native-born England player, Pietersen didn t quite know the answer. \"Good question. Not sure. Not 100 per cent sure,\" he said. \"I can t go either way on it. Some days I feel yes, some days I feel no.\" (AP) Pietersen ready for century in Test cricket England batsman Kevin Pietersen plays a shot on day two of their tour match against Cricket Australia's Invitational Xl in Sydney, Australia, last Thursday. AP PHOTO\nLinks\nArchive\nNovember 19th 2013\nNovember 21st 2013\nNavigation\nPrevious Page\nNext Page"}
{"text": "Sign in now to view, license and download this image or contact us to see this image without a watermark. Want to embed this image on a non-commercial website or blog? Learn more.\nShot of komodo national park underwater scenery. Indonesia. Lots of schooling fishes and healthy corals.\nSimilar imagesView all\nKeywords\nKomodo Wide Stock Photo\nAnimal Themes,Animals In The Wild,Beauty In Nature,Color Image,Coral,Day,Ecosystem,Fish,Horizontal,Indonesia,Komodo Island,Large Group Of Animals,Multi Colored,Nature,No People,Outdoors,Photography,Reef,School of Fish,Sea,Sea Life,Singapore,Undersea,UnderwaterPhotographer Singapore Photographer Imran AhmadCollection: Moment Copyright 2007 Imran AhmadShot of komodo national park underwater scenery. Indonesia. Lots of schooling fishes and healthy corals.\n"}
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{"text": "Cutting Out the Middleman: Sovereignty and Digital Asset Investments\nOne of the main selling points associated with domain names is represented by the sovereignty argument, by the fact that by building an online presence or business on a domain you control, you do not have to depend on a middleman who can pull the plug at any point and for whom you are nothing more than an insignificant statistic (yes, you might get lucky and end up a big enough deal to register on their radar to be on the receiving end of special treatment, but this is highly unlikely for the overwhelming majority of players).\nThe same way, bitcoin (and later on other cryptocurrencies) was enthusiastically adopted by those who were sick and tired of middlemen such as PayPal or banks which could simply cite some random sentence from their novel of a T&C section and close down accounts, with little or even nothing in the way of recourse... for your own protection, of course (to quote one of the most annoying terms used by the entities in question).\nThe Allure of the Middleman\nFreedom-oriented individuals have always been perplexed as to what on Earth could determine a business to set up shop through a Facebook page rather than their own website or why influencers would go all-in on their Instagram (for example) presence instead of setting up a nice website using their first plus last name and publishing content there.\nUnfortunately, the issue is far too complex to be reduced to a simple freedom-related narrative because middlemen have extremely effective ways of luring you in. For example:\n- Not having to worry about your website being down or about prohibitive hosting bills, everything is offered to you on a silver platter and in an intuitive plug and play manner\n- Receiving traffic from the platform in question, traffic which would have been quite hard or very expensive to come by. If your content is engaging enough, you tap into a behemoth of a traffic pool and best of all, can do so without having to reach for your wallet\n- Possible monetization perks, either a cut of whatever it is your platform earns for your content via advertising or platform-specific opportunities but which aren't provided by the platform itself, for example Instagram sponsorships through which influencers earn a small fortune for reviewing a gadget or taking a photo of themselves wearing a certain piece of clothing\n... the list could go on and on.\nAs such, make no mistake: it would be incredibly short-sighted to assume that the platforms in question offer zero value and are simply preying on innocent, unsuspecting content creators. That is most certainly not the case and on the contrary, the relationship is downright symbiotic when things are going well. Content creators receive free traffic and in some cases even hassle-free money, whereas the platforms have an army of creative individuals who are eager to provide value to their audience.\nThis Works... Until It Doesn't\nThe \"until it doesn't\" part can mean anything from a controversial piece of content getting you in trouble to the platform deciding to terminate accounts associated with certain industries altogether, even if you as a content creator never did anything wrong. For example, quite a few cryptocurrency enthusiasts have made a name for themselves on twitter (CT, as in CryptoTwitter) but would it really surprise anyone if the platform would all of a sudden decide to make @jack step aside and onboard someone who is keen on banning anything crypto-related?\nTo put it differently, middlemen offer an excellent deal in many instances but there is a price to pay: uncertainty. For an extended period of time, a let's call it \"honeymoon period\" for social media networks, this uncertainty hasn't exactly received all that much attention but fast-forward to the ultra-polarized world we live in today and it has become apparent that not being dependent on one middleman or another has its perks in terms of brand staying power.\nThe Implications for Digital Assets\nBefore digging in and analyzing the implications of the 2020 status quo as far as digital assets are concerned, it's vital to point out that we shouldn't kid ourselves: the average internet user does not care about \"grandiose\" concepts such as sovereignty, freedom and what not. For the most part, people just want to be spoon-fed content and that's pretty much it.\nThe elephant in the room is not represented by the Average Joe but rather by the ambitious few who understand such threats and take action by embracing domain names for brand sovereignty reasons, bitcoin as censorship-resistant money and the list could go on and on. Those who believe change can only materialize if 50% + 1 individuals embrace it couldn't be more wrong. A vocal and ambitious minority is more than enough to set mega-trends in motion.\nAs an example unrelated to digital assets, less than 2% of Americans are Jewish, yet over 40% of the packaged food sold in the US is kosher. Why? Simply because Jewish buyers would not have it any other way, whereas the average buyer couldn't care less and as such, many producers ended up deciding that making their products kosher is the rational thing to do... again, an active minority represents a force to be reckoned with no matter what it is advocating: an ideology, rights or in our case the importance of sovereignty.\nWill Changes Appear Overnight?\nMost definitely not. It would be childishly optimistic to assume that all of a sudden, there will be a monumental awakening of sorts in terms of people embracing sovereignty across all areas of their existence. But one step at a time and one industry at a time, the issue is being discussed and each such discussion should be considered a seed planted in the consciousness of the general public.\nAs an investor in domain names, cryptocurrencies or anything else for that matter, it would be wise to put your ear to the ground and position yourself accordingly because if you think the barrier to entry when it comes to sovereignty-facilitating assets is high now, you might end up shocked as to how high it can get once the mega-trends in question actually manifest themselves in a genuinely meaningful manner.\nFollow the Numbers\nAt the end of the day, being a good investor in no way involves having magical powers that enable you to predict the future. Nobody can do that and those who claim otherwise are deluded, liars... or perhaps both. A successful investor doesn't need or look for a crystal ball, all he has to do is diligently follow the numbers and in doing so, try to be at least one step ahead of the masses.\nThink about those who snagged absolute domain name gems in the nineties, for example Michael Saylor or Rick Schwartz. It would be incredibly short-sighted to assume they blindly went all-in on a gamble and got lucky, that is hardly the case. Watching interviews with them, for example Michael Saylor's recent DomainSherpa one, will reveal a lot about their data-driven modus operandi. Or to give a Rick Schwartz-related example, following the numbers led to monetizable type-in traffic in his case, monetization without which he most likely wouldn't have had nearly enough liquidity to build the portfolio he now has.\nCutting Out Middlemen: A Linear Path to Success?\nTo get right to the point... no, not quite. No matter how much potential a mega-trend has and no matter how great everything looks on paper (the previously mentioned numbers), there are hurdles associated with any destination worth getting to. For example, your country might introduce so much additional bureaucracy associated with let's say running your own website that compliance becomes a cost too steep to bear. Perhaps existing platforms themselves will do their best (from ethical approaches such as providing too much value for refusing them to be rational to questionable approaches like let's say lobbying) on that front as well.\nAt the end of the day, the only straightforward conclusion to this article could be the following: yes, it is quite likely that sovereignty will represent a far more important selling point in the mid to long-term than it does now but while it's always good to be optimistic in life, it's wise to be a pessimist when planning. As such, it might be a good idea to acknowledge that there will most likely be bumps along the way and position yourself accordingly. Whatever you do, avoid proverbially going all-in no matter how ideologically aligned you are with one strategy or another. By all means, be a dreamer but never forget to follow the numbers and embrace diligence as well as pragmatism."}
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{"text": "21\nGoldman floats the Big Lie that it’s “innocent,” and uses business journalists to pull it off (2 items)\nGoldman’s Disinformation Campaign: Drilling Down Into The Documents\nBy David Fiderer\nIn his latest Bloomberg column on Goldman Sachs, William Cohan makes an important point:\n“Goldman hasn’t made its internal analysis public, nor does it intend to, but it has showed the documents around town (including to me).”..\n***\nEx-Villain Goldman Is Reborn as Today’s Victim: William D. Cohan\nBy William D. Cohan – Jun 14, 2011\nYou didn’t really think Goldman Sachs Group Inc. (GS)\n- Early America\n- Writers Voice\n- AMERICAblog\n- Evil GOP Bastards\n- Meria\n- Richard Charnin\n- Mainstream Baptist\n- Buzzflash\n- opednews.com\n- Firedoglake\n- Attytood\n- Media Channel\n- History Unfolding\n- Fairness & Accuracy in Reporting\n- Citizens for Legitimate Government\n- Democrats.com\n- Thom Hartmann\n- Cody Lyon\n- Suburban Guerrilla\n- Online Journal\n- consortiumnews.com\n- Words of Power\n- The Ostroy Report\n- Veterans for Common Sense\n- BradBlog\nNeed a bigger font size?\nSponsored Links\n- Your link could be here too, contact us for pricing details."}
{"text": "GRAND Flash Album Gallery\nSkins for GRAND FlAGallery, Photo Galleries, Video Galleries\ndeveloped by CodEasily.com - WordPress Flash Templates, WordPress Themes and WordPress pluginsThe Flash Player and a browser with Javascript support are needed.\nVenky’s (India) Limited is a member of Venkateshwara Hatcheries Group (VH Group) established in 1971. Venky’s (India) has set up near Pune, a sophisticated, fully automated poultry processing and further processing plant. At Venkys, all the birds are bled as per Islamic Rites i.e.” Halal”.\nVenkys is the prominent supplier of chicken products to various International Quick Service Restaurant chains in India like Kentucky Fried Chicken, Pizza Hut, Domino’s, TGI Friday and Vista Foods.\nRight from its inception Venky’s has been engaged in research and development on a continuous basis to develop various innovative products to meet the latest trends and tastes of its clientele, resulting in the development of a whole range of Ready-to-eat, Freezer-to Fryer and Easy-to-Cook products based on three types of cooking, i.e. Flash fried, kettle cooked and oven cooked products.\nVenky’s is HACCP System certified from ISACert B.V., The Netherlands, and all Venky’s products conform to HACCP and ISO norms.\nVenkys is also certified with Certificate of Approval from Export Inspection Council of India, Ministry of Commerce and Industry, Government of India for export of fresh poultry meat and poultry meat products.\nAt Venkys, we understand the language of taste well, and, have honed it to perfection, to provide the best-tasting and hygienic products to our prestigious customers.\nIn the rapidly growing urban areas, where the life styles are fast, and people are “always-on-the move” Quick Service Restaurants (QSRs) are becoming increasingly popular – especially among the Generation Next. Within this group of customers, a niche market is emerging fast among health-conscious consumers, for less-fatty products.\nTo cater to this fast-growing segment of consumers, Venkys has entered the hospitality industry with the launch of “VENKYS XPRS” to serve their customers with a range of healthy, hygienically cooked, and yet reasonably priced chicken delicacies.\nThe first VENKY’S XPRS restaurant was opened on Jan 2010 at F. C. ROAD, PUNE. Products served here are, mainly, Roast & Grilled with minimum use of oil which helps to keep healthy & fit. The products are marinated with top-quality Indian spices to give an authentic Indian aroma and taste. The menu is designed in such a way that everyone can enjoy these mouthwatering delicacies. The interior of restaurant also reflects the new generations’ life style. Hygiene and cleanliness are the hallmark of VENKYS XPRS restaurants.\nAll in all, VENKY’S XPRS experience gives you the good and lasting impression Encouraged by the tremendous response from our customers; Venkys started two more restaurants, one at EAST STREET, CAMP and the other at KOREGAON PARK, PUNE. One more restaurant will soon be opened at Andheri near Lokhandwala Complex, Mumbai.\nVenkys is led by a team of highly professional managers, and motivated staff driven by enthusiasm, pride and skills to benefit from the opportunities that lie ahead. We are poised to grow, and expand the VENKYS XPRS network and open our restaurants all over India and overseas, in the near future.\n"}
{"text": "So lets start with this. I use Macs for: Adobe CS4 Master Apple Final Cut Pro Apple Logic Studio AutoDesk Maya ...mainly and for job reasons. I own a: Apple Mac Pro 8-Core 2.26GHz (Nehalem) Apple MacBook Pro 15\" 2.66GHz (Unibody) Apple 24\" LED Cinema Display Apple Time Capsule 1TB But since there is no version of Softimage for Mac OS X, i had to use Windows via Boot Camp and i don't know which version of Windows should i use to run Softimage flawlessly. I want my 8-Cores to run while i render."}
{"text": "\"Kwon has crafted a stylish hip hop dance musical brimming with visual flair and youthful heart. The film marks the arrival of a fresh and promising new voice.\"\nOur very own Christina Huntington shot the film \"Always Be Boyz\" by writer and 1st-time director, John Kwon, in Seoul, South Korea , and it has just been accepted into the Asian American Film Festival 2008 in San Francisco! It's the largest Asian film fest in the country.\nThe festival runs March 13-23, 2008 and you can check out specific details for our film HERE\nThe movie has been generating great word-of-mouth and tickets have already completely sold out!\nCongrats Christina!!\nChristina Huntington was awesome in this film, and it's a must see! Director John Kwon won the jury prize for Narrative Feature at the SFIAA Film Festival, and is now debuting in LA on May 7, 2008 @ 7pm. Here is his Trailer:\nPosted by: Anna \| April 16, 2008 at 02:04 AM"}
{"text": "Axion launches collaborative service for end-of-life batteries\n- 2018-08-31 06:58\n- Intertraffic\nResource recovery experts Axion has joined forces with two other partners in a major initiative aimed at reusing and recycling the growing volume of batteries used in electric vehicles and light automotive applications.\nThe joint initiative with Aspire Engineering Ltd, a specialist in sustainable circular economy Remanufacturing, Reuse, Recycle engineering and manufacturing solutions provider, and Aceleron, a lithium-ion battery reuse specialist, will tackle the growing market of electric vehicle battery systems at the end of initial life.\nThis service brings together the expertise in ‘three Rs’: batteries will be processed for remanufacturing, reuse and recycling by Aspire; tested and repurposed for second-life applications by Aceleron; and recycled by Axion. The service is aimed at cell suppliers, battery pack manufacturers as well as manufacturers of electric vehicles and power storage units. It is estimated that there could be more than 100,000 end-of-life batteries from electric vehicles that will need recycling or re-using over the next decade.\n“The drastic change to technology needed for an emission-free clean air solution needs partnerships like this to aid with solving the full circular economy business structure, enabling a complete sustainable solution. With this full service offer the three companies will support major OEMs with their end-of-life vehicle directive requirements.”."}
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{"text": "His Eminence, Metropolitan Pavlos of the Genuine Greek Orthodox Church of North & South America, (in the world, Peter Stratigeas) was born on Sept. 26, 1955 in Astoria, N.Y. His parents Panagiotis and Maria were devout people with great faith in God and deep spirituality. From his youth he lived in the bosom of the Church, where he was raised in Christian piety by his uncle, Bishop Petros of Astoria, who baptized him in 1956 in the newly-founded church of Saint Markella. His spiritual father was his other uncle, Archmandrite Niphon (Astyfides).\nHe completed elementary school in New York, after which he moved to Greece to study at the American Community School in Chalandri. In 1974 he entered the Theological School of the University of Athens, from which he graduated in 1978. On November 17, 1978 he joined the monastic brotherhood of St. Markella, and on Pentecost of 1979 he was tonsured a monk by Bishop Petros, who gave him the name Pavlos. A year later, on Pentecost 1980, he was ordained deacon, and in 1985, also on Pentecost, he was ordained priest and elevated to he rank of Archimandrite. He took active part in the teaching ministry at St. Markella's and participated in the pastoral work of the Diocese of Astoria.\nIn 1981, with the blessing of Bishop Petros, he began giving theological lectures every Monday night after Vespers, which have continued uninterrupted to this day. For many years he was a preacher for the Diocese of Astoria, and for twelve years he had a weekly television program that reached the Greeks of the diaspora in America.\nOn Feb. 6, 1998 he was elected Metropolitan of the Metropolis of the G.O.C. of North & South America by the Holy Synod in Greece under the presidency of His Beatitude, Chrysostomos II of Athens and All Greece. He was ordained in Greece on Feb. 13 by His Beatitude.\nIn 1999, he founded the Monastery of the Holy Ascension in Bearsville, N.Y., and served as the abbot.\nOn Sept. 15, 2000 at his request, the Holy Synod unanimously elected Archimandrite Christodoulos as Bishop of Theoupolis to serve as his auxiliary bishop. His Grace was consecrated on Sept. 20, 2000 by Metropolitan Pavlos in St. Menas Monastery in Attica, Greece.\nIn September 2012, His Eminence resigned as abbot of the Holy Ascension Monastery in Bearsville, N.Y., and in late 2013, he resigned from his position as Metropolitan of America. His Eminence, Metropolitan Demetrius is the current Metropolitan of America. Please view the following documents regarding His Eminence's resignation:..."}
{"text": "Consumer.\nPortfolio Managers\nAimun Malik\nAimun Malik is a senior in Wharton studying finance and strategic management. Aimun is from St. Louis and enjoys skiing, hiking, and kayaking. Professionally, Aimun has worked in JPMorgan's Prime Brokerage group, Morgan Stanley's Firm Strategy and Execution Group, and will be joining PJT Partners' Strategic Advisory Group full time.\ndavid pang\nDavid is a junior from Hawaii studying finance and accounting. He enjoys playing basketball, taking photos, making smoothies, and playing ukulele. He is constantly on the lookout for the perfect acai bowl.\nmarcus katz\nMarcus Katz is a senior in the Huntsman Program, majoring in Finance, International Studies, and Hispanic Studies. He grew up in Zurich, Paris, Detroit, and currently lives in Charlotte, North Carolina. Marcus is one of the senior Portfolio Managers for the Consumer/Retail Team, following two years as a member of the Consumer/Retail Investment Team. This past summer, Marcus interned in Ares Management’s Private Equity group in Los Angeles. He also has experience working at a middle market investment bank and a multi-strategy capital management firm. Outside of academics, Marcus enjoys photography, traveling, fashion, car racing, and football."}
{"text": "On Retail Orders of $25\nFIND OUT MORE\nQ: Do your Aromatherapy flower waters contain any alcohol ?\nA: No, we do not use alcohol in the creation of our Floral Waters. Also, here I should make a distinction between flower waters and hydrosols. The terms are often used interchangeably but sometimes mean different things. Hydrosols are always the by-product of the steam distillation of essential oils and are often called flower waters.\nSome flower waters are made with essential oils, a dispersant and distilled water. These \"manufactured\" flower waters often have similar but slightly different properties and quite often have a stronger aroma. Both are quite gentle and are nourishing to the skin. You should note that the shelf life of both hydrosols and manufactured flower waters are quite short, usually less than 1 year. We carry the manufactured flower waters that we make ourselves.\nReturn to Full List of FAQ Topics"}
{"text": "Wangoom VIC 3279, AustraliaEmail to\nHopkins Falls\nHopkins Falls Road, Wangoom\nOpen: Open 24 hours\nGateway Plaza\n154 RAGLAN PDE, Warrnambool\nOpen: Mon-Thu 9am-5:30pm; Fri 9am-9pm; Sat 9am-5pm; Sun 10am-4pm\nBP Warrnambool Cheese & Butter Factory\n5331 Great Ocean Road, Allansford\nOpen: Open daylight hours\nCramer Street\nCramer Street, Warrnambool\nOpen: Open 24 hours\nBP One Stop - Warrnambool\n98 Hopkins Highway, Warrnambool\nOpen: Open daylight hours\nBluehole Road\nBluehole Road, Warrnambool\nOpen: Open 24 hours\nBotanic Road\nCockman Street, Warrnambool\nOpen: Open daylight hours\nColes Express Ponderosa\n465 Raglan Street, Warrnambool\nOpen: 6am-12am\nAPCO Self Service\nPrinces Highway, Warrnambool\nOpen: Open 24 hours\nPoint Ritchie Road\nPoint Ritchie Road, Warrnambool\nOpen: Open daylight hours\nThere are more toilets that don't match your priorities and aren't displayed on the map. Show these toilets.\nThe toilets listed below don't match your priorities but are displayed on the map. Hide these toilets."}
{"text": "B2B marketing – 18 vital stats for those presenting at Ignite 2018\nAnd occasionally you finish a monster B2B marketing insights research piece just in time for the biggest B2B marketing event in the UK.\nYes, its that last one I’m talking about. See the lovely video version of the research here.\nNow, we all love a good quotable/tweetable stat at a marketing event – so for all the speakers at Ignite 2018, and in no particular order, here’s my top 18 for you to mercilessly rob and use in slides if you’re needing some last minute stats! Enjoy.\n#1\n58% do not trust claims made by B2B vendors – even the ones they buy from\n#2\n84% of buyers say they seek input from peers and existing users\n#3\n62% rely solely on digital content to set their selection criteria and finalise a vendor list\n#4\n75% of buyers say the winning vendor’s content had a significant impact on their buying decision\n#5\nAlthough 46% think they’re overwhelmed by the marketing content available\n#6\nUse of private media for sharing, like WhatsApp, Slack and email, now exceed public sharing via social media by a factor of 2-1\n#7\n96% say the customer experience directly affects the decision to buy again\n#8\nSuppliers that make buying easy are 62% likelier than other suppliers to win a high-quality sale\n#9\n97% of b2b buyers prefer prescriptive content that recommends solutions and tips\n#10\n77% of b2b purchasing decisions involve millennials\n#11\nWhile 64% of senior execs have final authority, 81% of non-senior staff have influence\n#12\nLonger blog posts not only rank better in search, they get 2x the shares and are seen as more authoritative\n#13\nWhen an employee shares company content, their CTR is two times higher than if their company were to share the same content.\n#14\nCompanies with aligned sales and marketing generated 208% more revenue from marketing\n#15\nB2B purchasers are almost 50% more likely to buy a product or service when they see personal value – such as opportunities for career advancement, confidence or pride in their choice\n#16\n50% of B2B search queries today are made on smartphones.1 BCG expects that figure to grow to 70% by 2020\n#17\n52% prefer mobile-optimised content\n#18\nThe CTR of first display ad in 1994 was 43%, the average CTR in 2017 is less than 0.1%\n(Source: Forrester)\n(Header image: Shutterstock)\nDownload our Vital Stats SlideShare now to learn even more about marketing to the modern business buyer.\n══════════════════"}
{"text": "Acknowledgements\nThe Science in the Real World: Microbes in Action program gratefully acknowledges the generous support of the following organizations.\n- The National Science Foundation\n- The Foundation for Microbiology\n- The Pfizer Foundation\n- The Coordination Board for Higher Education in Missouri\n- The University of Missouri St. Louis\n- Sigma-Aldrich Company\nThe following Scientists have generously contributed their expertise and time to the Science in the Real World: Microbes in Action program.\n- Bruce C. Hemming, PhD\nMicrobe Inotech Laborotories, Inc.\n- Judith O'Brien\nRalston Purina\n- Robert Reynolds\nSigma Chemical Company\n- Alastair Pringle\nAnheuser-Busch\n- David Corbin\nMonsanto\nMany of the activities of this program were developed with the help of St. Louis area high school teachers.\n- Jennifer Cosgrove - Francis Howell Central\n- Loretha Allen - Beaumont High School\n- Don Cohn - Kirkwood High School\n- Hazel Jensen - John Burroughs School\n- Elmer Kellmann - Parkway Central High School\n- Elaine Kilmer - John Burroughs School\n- Patricia Laird - Brentwood High School\n- Regina Lindsey-Lynch - Webster Groves High School\n- William Schwindt - Lindbergh High School\n- Mary Kebert Strawhun - Hazelwood West Senior High\n- Martha Thompson - Francis Howell North High School"}
{"text": "Changing build.prop values DOES NOT IN ANY WAY mean you are porting a ROM... If you release it, you WILL BE LAUGHED AT.\nKeep that in mind.\nI think you miss understood the conversation. I believe they are talking about changing the original build prop of the Blaze to say it's a GS2 to enable some apps in the market. It was off topic to the OP.\nSwyped, not typed, from my Digital Brick\nXDA Developers was founded by developers, for developers. It is now a valuable resource for people who want to make the most of their mobile devices, from customizing the look and feel to adding new functionality.\nAre you a developer?"}
{"text": "Ford Motor, Toyota Motor, Fiat Chrysler Automobiles (FCA), and Nissan Motor said on Friday they would slash vehicle production this month because of the shortage of semiconductors, becoming the recent automakers hit by a chip crunch as demand recovers from the coronavirus crisis.\nHonda Motor also said Friday its output in Japan could be affected by a shortage of semiconductors.\nAutomakers and electronic makers are dealing with a global shortage of chips as consumer demand has been recovering back from the coronavirus pandemic, causing manufacturing delays.\nMajor auto chip providers such as NXP Semiconductor said auto production rebounded faster than expected from the coronavirus crisis, leaving them struggling to catch up.\nOn the other hand, chip manufacturing capacity has been stretched thin worldwide as laptops fly off shelves for working from home, and PCs and gaming consoles sell heavily, leading chip companies such as Nvidia to warn of supply constraints.\nAnd a move by U.S. regulators to blacklist China’s Semiconductor Manufacturing International, has also led chip firms around the world to find new partners.\nFord Motor said it would idle its Louisville, Kentucky, assembly plant, which builds the Ford Escape and Lincoln Corsair SUVs, pulling before a scheduled week-off from later in the year.\nFiat Chrysler said it will delay the resuming the production at its Toluca, Mexico plant, where it builds the Jeep Compass, and idle its Brampton, Ontario factory that builds the Chrysler 300, Dodge Charger and Dodge Challenger cars.\nThe Mexican plant had been set to resume production this week, but now both plants will be shut through the end of the month, FCA said.\nToyota will slash production of its Tundra full-size pickup truck at its San Antonio, Texas, plant, but spokesman Scott Vazin did not immediately know how many units are going to be lost. “We’ll throttle back production,” he said, adding no other U.S. vehicles were affected.\nNissan said it planned to decrease the production of the Note, a hybrid electric car, at its Oppama Plant in Kanagawa prefecture, Japan but did not provide details of the scale of the output cut.\nThe Nikkei newspaper reported that Nissan would reduce its Note production at Oppama to about 5,000 units in January, from an initially planned 15,000 units.\nNot all automakers are going through this situation. General Motors and BMW AG said on Friday that they have not been affected by the chip shortage as of yet.\nOne thought on “Chip shortage forces Ford, Toyota, Nissan, FCA to cut car production”\nNo Chips!\nSounds fishy to me!"}
{"text": "Serving Software Downloads in 976 Categories, Downloaded 30.535.291 Times, their details and properties\n- custom documentation profile\nFeatures List :."}
{"text": "The Schoellkopf Memorial Well in Forest Lawn Cemetery, 1411 Delaware Avenue in Buffalo, New York, commemorates Paul A. Schoellkopf, Jr. (1917-2000). It is ringed by delicately-carved bronze, neoclassical figures dancing in a circle. The Schoellkopfs are a legendary Buffalo family dating back several generations to Jacob F. Schoellkopf, whose mastery of hydroelectric power on the Niagara River made him a fortune and led to the creation of the Niagara Mohawk Power Corp. Paul Schoellkopf, Jr. served on the boards of several prominent corporations, as well as the Buffalo Sabres ice hockey team.\nCategories\nHuman Fates\n"}
{"text": "Police are looking for a man who has been missing since Friday morning from the Albany Park neighborhood on the Northwest Side and may need medical attention.\nEllis Powell, 28, was last seen about 8 a.m. at his home in the 4000 block of North Mozart, according to Chicago police.\nHe had been acting erratically, police said, and may be in need of medical attention.\nLocal\nPowell is described as a 5-foot-11 white man weighing about 135 pounds with brown hair and brown eyes.\nHe was last seen wearing a white t-shirt with neon Batman designs on the front, black jeans, a khaki baseball hat with the letters “RL” on the front, black gym shoes. He had a gray sweatshirt wrapped around his shoulders and typically wears a red lanyard that says “dark horse comics” and has multiple keys on it, police said.\nAnyone with information is asked to contact Area North SVU detectives (312) 744-8266."}
{"text": "Hello, everyone my name is Eugene McQueen and I’m a compulsive fix-it-yourself problem solver! My wife is constantly catching me fixing one thing or another. I’ve been fixing things as long as I can remember. I do remember my mother finding the broken toaster under my bed torn apart as a child, along with other broken disassembled radios and clock parts. I tried fixing anything I could get my hands on!\nAnd that is how I arrived here…\nSo as I grew up continually repairing and fixing things. I continuously came across situations where I would reach a roadblock. I just couldn’t seem to find the answer I needed to complete certain repairs. So I would look and look until I realized that some answers are only within manuals. Then I would get online and search for manuals pertaining to my repair and to my surprise some information manuals would be impossible to find.\nThen it hit me!\nWhat if I could help someone else find the information or manual(s) they need for their repair. So I decided to take all of those years of research, information and manuals that I found and give them to someone who needed them. l would be able to help them solve their problem. I only ask that, if you find anything interesting or captures your own attention please get involved within the site! Comments are welcome and appreciated. I love to talk about repair and repairing different things. If you have anything interesting you’d like to share or any opinions of any of the content I have created on my site, please do speak up! I love feedback in every form.\nSo now – to us on our journey to repair!\nThanks for your interest in getting to know more about me…?\nEugene McQueen Sr. (a.k.a. The Manual King)\nInfo@letsdoitmanual.com\n4 Replies to “About”\nI will definitely be reading more in the event that you keep producing posts such as this one.\nThanks Pursey! You can bet on it!\nProper photographic technique, my friend. You don’t have to use a $3000 camera to get good pictures (even macro ones). As with nearly everything else in life, it’s knowing HOW to use the tools you have that makes all the difference.\nThat is very true Erald! Thanks for stopping by and leaveing a comment."}
{"text": "BT4600 DECT Big Button Cordless Handset Only\nStock Status: In Stock\nCondition: New\nDescription\nBT 4600 handset only - for use with the BT 4600 only, will not work with BT 4000 & BT 4500 correctly.16.99\n£14.16 (ex. VAT)View Details\nx2 AAA Rechargeable Batteries (750mAh)\n£8.99\n£7.49 (ex. VAT)View Details\nx4 AAA Rechargeable Batteries (750mAh)\n£13.99\n£11.66 (ex. VAT)View Details"}
{"text": "Hooky Charters\nAddress:\nUnited States\nAlaska\n2915 Clipper Cir, Kenai, AK 99611\nCoordinates:\nLatitude: 60.518103\nLongitude: -151.237857\nDave Goggia\n907-283-9026\n907-252-3503\nCommunication language\ndave@hookycharters.com\nWeb-site well.\n* Your comment will be displayed - after moderation"}
{"text": "When delivered through APIs, the benefits of eSignatures for businesses are two-fold: an improvement of internal processes and an improvement of external processes. Team-to-team and team-to-consumer — a huge gain for businesses customer experience and productivity.\nSo, with such a growth potential and opportunity for a business, the question isn’t whether your organization should adopt an eSignature solution, it’s which eSignature solution can improve both your team-to-customer experience and your team-to-team efficiency at once?\nThat’s why, instead of restricting your ability to customize your electronic signature process with a rigid structure, HelloSign’s API opens up the console for your developers to use our technology in the way that best fits your business.\nLet’s take a look at the 5 key features that make HelloSign the leading eSignature API.\n1. Create a seamless signing experience with embedded workflows\nNo internal efficiency gain is ever worth losing a customer over. Yet so many businesses prioritise their processes over their customers’ experience. And when this happens, customers don’t convert, and you leave money on the table.\nBut efficient processes and customer experience don’t have to be diametrically opposed. When you use the HelloSign API, you never have to settle for an experience that’s not designed exactly for you and your customers.\nWith the HelloSign API, customers sign documents directly on your website or app. So instead of forcing customers to use outdated paper documents or clunky third-party websites, they can safely and securely sign every document right there on your platform.\nBy customizing your user experience to particular customer journeys, you make your customers’ lives easier, and that, in turn, makes your team more productive and improves your chances of converting.\n2. Unleash the full brand experience with white-labeled signing\nMore than just making the signing process smooth and unified for prospects and future employees, you want them to know they’re in the right place.\nHelloSign’s white labeling puts the brand you’ve worked so hard to create at the front and center of every customer or new hire’s entire signing experience.\nHelloSign’s white labeling gives you the power to fully customize the eSignature app — you can change colors and copy, remove the “Powered by HelloSign” tagline, and, most importantly, add your own logo so the whole eSignature experience feels native to your website or app.\nAnd from what we’ve seen, it’s had a profound impact. Aaron Gibralter, Director of Product Engineering at Greenhouse says:\n\"The ability to white-label different solutions used throughout the onboarding process provides users with a cohesive experience. Removing this barrier allows new hires to focus on the company culture and team they’ve chosen to be a part of.\"\n3. Bulk sign and send templates with one click\nIf you or your team is sending 50, 100, 500 signatures requests out at one time, HelloSign’s API bulk request sending is your best friend.\nSimply upload your document template and a list with all of your recipients, and HelloSign’s API bulk send feature will distribute a customized document to every individual on a list of up to 200 with the click of a button.\nHelloSign’s Group Sign feature also allows teams to send a document to a group of recipients when only one signature is required. Casting a wider net returns a completed signature faster, rather than waiting for one person to respond.\nThis not only spares your team hours of tedious data entry, email-writing and time spent chasing for signed documents, but it also frees them up to focus on growth-minded work like prospecting and hiring new employees.\n4. Track signing statuses with timely notifications\nWhether you’re wondering if a prospect has ghosted you or a candidate has accepted another position, flying blind in HR or Sales is never enjoyable.\nKnowing exactly where a candidate or prospect is at in the signing process is a huge advantage. It gives you insight into whether they might need a push or whether your team can sit back.\nWith HelloSign’s eSignature API, status notifications are automatically sent out when someone a) opens a document, b) signs a document, and c) hasn’t signed a document and needs a reminder.\nOversight of the entire signing process is huge for your HR and sales teams because it’s the difference between them wondering what to do next and getting on with it.\n5. Fast implementation\nIt’s not about whether your engineering team could build an eSignature tool into your website or app. It’s about whether it’s worth their effort.\nSee, your engineering team could spend months developing a tool that does the job. But why bother when there’s already expertly built solutions on the market, backed by dedicated teams of experts in eSignature technology, security, and compliance? Plus, those teams of experts are entirely dedicated to keeping the technology up to date with legal changes and new functionality requirements.\nHelloSign’s API brings complete plug-and-play functionality to the table. One fast (like, industry-leading fast) integration and you’ve got a complete eSignature tool embedded right into your website and app.\nDon’t believe HelloSign’s API is that easy to integrate? Here’s what Brian Bristol, CTO and Co-Founder of Pigeon Loans has to say about it:\n“I’ve implemented other APIs and it usually takes about a week. HelloSign is using such forward-looking technology, along with clear and easy to understand documentation that I was able to do it in less than 3 hours. This was a record for me.\"\nReady to integrate HelloSign’s API into your ecosystem?\nGet in touch with a friendly HelloSign API expert. We will happily walk you through all of the HelloSign API’s features and integration, so you can start capturing eSignatures fast."}
{"text": "- Decor\n- Home Fragrance\n- Abbey & Sullivan Fragrance Oils: Lavender\nAbbey & Sullivan Fragrance Oils: Lavender\nProduct ID: AS-F03004-01\nLavender, a versatile fragrance oil, offers a clean and fresh floral scent.: Purple\nMaterial: Other\nProduct Type: Fragrance Oils\nShape: Other\nOur Price: $4.17\n1 piece per package."}
{"text": "Sorry I’ve been absent today. The boys spent part of the day with their Mom and I slept almost the entire time they were gone.\nI haven’t had a good nights sleep in some time and once the boys were gone, my body just sorta shut down. I only woke up when the boys came home and don’t remember much in between.\nI know that some of you can relate to that level of exhaustion because it’s certainly not unique to me alone.\nAnyway, the boys and I have an open house to go to at my sisters tonight. I also have a meeting later on and I’m not sure I have the energy to get this all done but I’m gonna try.\nI’m working up the energy to get ready and go but so far, it’s not going to well. lol\n1 Comment on \"I don’t remember much of today\"\nTests"}
{"text": "- Sterling Silver\n- Gold/Rose Gold Vermeil\n- Clear CZ Stones\n- Thickness: .5 MM\n- Eternity Band\n- Available in Size- 6.5 (LAST ONE)\n- Sold as a set\nHow to Measure Your Ring Size\n- Get a Tape Measure\n- Wrap the Tape Measure around the lower part of your select finger\n- Check for your size in CM (centimeter)\n- Example: 5cm. = Size 5 Ring\n- Ring Size Conversion Chart:."}
{"text": "Developing, prototyping, and manufacturing a diffraction grating involves more than just solving the grating equation\nmλ f = (n)2sinθ e- beam written gratings, 1st order diffraction efficiencies of better than 95% are obtainable in either transmission or reflection. However, in order to achieve these high efficiencies in manufacturing, proper modeling tools as well as intuition and experience are required.\nStray Light\nE-beam written gratings, that are blazed using Holographix’ proprietary ion beam milling process, offer lower stray light and structured noise than mechanically ruled gratings. replicated diffraction grating with enhanced aluminum, gold, silver, or multilayer dielectrics, care must be taken to avoid crazing, defects, voids, and artifacts. Coating recipes that work on conventional lenses and mirrors often must be redesigned to work on diffraction gratings.\nQuality\nWhen quality is important, avoid committing to catalog stock gratings produced as 5th or 6th generation replicas."}
{"text": "Iran Secondary Forex Market Trade Buoyant\nfrost crack sycamore\nWhile the unofficial currency market enters a bull run, a Central Bank of Iran official said trade in the Secondary Forex Market is increasing, with deals breaking a record on Tuesday.\nMehdi Kasraei-Pour, the head of CBI's Department for Forex Polices and Regulations, said in an interview with the state television late Tuesday that trade volume in the secondary market, which takes place through the online currency trade system locally known as Nima, hit €78 million on Tuesday–the highest figure since the market was first launched by the government on April 11.\nKasraei-Pour said the average exchange rate for the European currency since the market was liberalized on August 7 has been 89,000 rials.\ncrack blur pc Premium\ndownload crack fmrte 2012 download pemotong video crack to the Financial Tribune to continue reading this article or pop art studio con keygen to your account if you are already a subscriber.\ndirt crack Find out more about our subsciption plans flash mx 2004 keygen.\nAdd new comment"}
{"text": "3800 Amber Bay Loop Anchorage, AK 99515Single Family Residence\n3 Beds, 3 Baths, 1,820 sqft\n3800 Amber Bay Loop is a single family residence located in Anchorage, AK 99515. Built in 1981, this property features 3 bedrooms, 3 bathrooms, 8,674 sq ft lot, and 1,820: 3800 Amber Bay Loop\n- Single Family Residence\n- 3 beds, 3 baths\n- Home Size: 1,820 sqft\n- Lot Size: 8,674 sqft\n- Built in: 1981\n- Parcel Number: 01248233000\n- County: Anchorage\n- Subdivision: BAYSHORE WEST\n- Census: 4\n- Tract: 2711\n- Lot:00 Amber Bay Loop"}
{"text": "Kleine vissen tatoeages\nGerelateerde onderwerpen verkennen\nsmall gold fish tattoo\nsoo cute, actually never thought of this before\nSubtle koi fishes. South Korean tattooist Banul\n#concise fish #tattoo on the belly\nsmall fish tattoos on ankle\nTattoos of pisces fish designs - Tattoo designs\nSmall Tattoos\nSmall Koi Fish Tattoo Behind Ear\nSmall goldfish. Pisces tattoo. Wrong location but adorable!\nlove this koi...would look so cool to have two around my lotus tattoo."}
{"text": "Hi Fashion by Rene of Paris\nINDIA\n£198.50 £216.50\nAdd volume with this beautiful shoulder length style with side swept fringe and loose wavy layers.\nColour Showing: Honey Brown R\nColours Available: Dark Chocolate, Caramel Brown, Mocha Brown, Ginger Brown, Honey Brown R, Marble Brown LR, Ice Blonde, Spring Honey R, Rose Gold R, Creamy Toffee LR, Moccachino LR, Honeycomb Brown, Melted Sunset, Melted Marshmallow, Melted Ocean, Pastel Blue R, Pastel Pink, Silverstone, Smokey Grey R."}
{"text": "4-6 Person Auto Setup Waterproof Windproof Anti-mosquito Camping Tent\ncamping tent provides spacious and durable tents with enough features. Setup was fast and easy, it could be done within 3minutes by two persons. It could bring you a perfect experience in your tour for camping, hiking, fishing, or relaxing. We try our best to offer you an ideal durable family tent.\nFEATURES\n- Automatic. Simply lift up the top of the tent and it will automatic installation.\n- Special Black Coated, better UV protected.\n- Waterproof material prevents water from infiltrating into the tent.\n- Breathable mesh yarn gives you fresh air when staying in the tent.\n- Come in a convenient handled carry bag for compact storage and easy transport.\n- Suitable for beach, park outing, camping, indoor recreation.\nSPECIFICATION\n- Color: Green, Blue\n- External Tent Material: 210T Silver Coated + 210D Oxford Cloth\n- Pole Material: Fiberglass\n- Net Weight: 3.7KG\n- Open Size: 215215x142cm(LxWxH)\n- Package Size: 76x18cm(Lx Dia.)\n- Applicable Number :3-4 People\nPACKAGE INCLUDES\n- 1 x Tent\n- 6 x Windproof Ropes\n- 10 x Ground Nails\n- 1 x Storage Bag"}
{"text": "Home Aadhaar Card Contact Us\nURL Submission\nTour n Travel\nProducts\nPincode India Search India\nHerbalife Club\nRecipes\nIn year 2004 ,Gandhi Institute for Technological Avancement ,Bhubaneswar was established. This institute is affiliated to Biju Patnaik University of Technology, BPUT, Rourkela and courses offered by the institute is approved by the All India Council for Technical Education (AICTE), New Delhi. Placement facility is very good ,student placed many reputed companies.\nInstitute is accredited by National Assessment and Accreditation Council (NAAC) of UGC & ISO 9001- 2000 Certified Institute.\nFacilities:\nLibrary\nHostel for girls and boys\nComputer Center with internet\nSwimming Pool\nSports/games\nMedical facility\nTransport\nBank\nUnder Graduate Courses:\nB.Tech (Information Technology)\nB.Tech (Computer Science & Engineering)\nB.Tech (Electronics & Communication Engineering )\nB.Tech (Chemical Engineering)\nB.Tech (Civil Engineering)\nB.Tech (Mechanical Engineering)\nB.Tech (Electrical Engineering)\nB.Tech (Metallurgical Engineering)\nB.Tech (Bio-technology)\nB.Tech (Electronics & Instrumentation Engineering)\nPost Graduate Courses:\nM.Tech. (Computer Science & Engineering)\nM.Tech (CAD/CAM)\nM.Tech (Power Electronics)\nM.Tech (Electronics & Instrumentation Engineering)\nM.Tech (Industrial Engineering)\nM.Tech (Electronics & Communication Engineering )"}

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