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https://new.kenyalaw.org/akn/ke/judgment/kemc/2025/94/eng@2025-05-15##chunk0
Republic v Chumba (Traffic Case E827 of 2025) [2025] KEMC 94 (KLR) (15 May 2025) (Sentence) Neutral citation: [2025] KEMC 94 (KLR) Republic of Kenya In the Nakuru Law Courts Traffic Case E827 of 2025 PA Ndege, SPM May 15, 2025 Between Republic Prosecution and Denis Cheruiyot Chumba Accused Sentence 1. The accused perso...
{ "title": "Republic v Chumba (Traffic Case E827 of 2025) [2025] KEMC 94 (KLR) (15 May 2025) (Sentence)", "url": "https://new.kenyalaw.org/akn/ke/judgment/kemc/2025/94/eng@2025-05-15", "type": "case_law", "chunk_index": 0, "total_chunks": 4, "citation": "", "court": "", "date": "May 15, 2025" }
https://new.kenyalaw.org/akn/ke/judgment/kemc/2025/94/eng@2025-05-15##chunk1
ed that on 9/05/2025 at about 1100hours along Nakuru-Nyahururu road at Kagoto area within Nakuru County, being the driver of a motor vehicle Reg No. KCY 292Z make Toyota Hiace matatu, he drove the said motor vehicle without a valid road service license issued by the National Transport and Safety Authority. 2. He is a f...
{ "title": "Republic v Chumba (Traffic Case E827 of 2025) [2025] KEMC 94 (KLR) (15 May 2025) (Sentence)", "url": "https://new.kenyalaw.org/akn/ke/judgment/kemc/2025/94/eng@2025-05-15", "type": "case_law", "chunk_index": 1, "total_chunks": 4, "citation": "", "court": "", "date": "May 15, 2025" }
https://new.kenyalaw.org/akn/ke/judgment/kemc/2025/94/eng@2025-05-15##chunk2
chool bus without road service license contrary to Section 26(1) as read with Section 26(7) of National Transport and Safety Authority Act . The Learned judge was careful to note that the applicant had pleaded guilty to the offence where he was convicted as such and that he was a first-time offender. Considering the ab...
{ "title": "Republic v Chumba (Traffic Case E827 of 2025) [2025] KEMC 94 (KLR) (15 May 2025) (Sentence)", "url": "https://new.kenyalaw.org/akn/ke/judgment/kemc/2025/94/eng@2025-05-15", "type": "case_law", "chunk_index": 2, "total_chunks": 4, "citation": "", "court": "", "date": "May 15, 2025" }
https://new.kenyalaw.org/akn/ke/judgment/kemc/2025/94/eng@2025-05-15##chunk3
IGNED AND DELIVERED AT NAKURU IN OPEN COURT THIS…15TH…. DAY OF……MAY………….,2025 ALOYCE-PETER-NDEGE SENIOR PRINCIPAL MAGISTRATE In the presence of; Court interpreter- Janet Prosecution counsel- Macharia Defence counsel- Simiyu Accused- Present
{ "title": "Republic v Chumba (Traffic Case E827 of 2025) [2025] KEMC 94 (KLR) (15 May 2025) (Sentence)", "url": "https://new.kenyalaw.org/akn/ke/judgment/kemc/2025/94/eng@2025-05-15", "type": "case_law", "chunk_index": 3, "total_chunks": 4, "citation": "", "court": "", "date": "May 15, 2025" }
https://new.kenyalaw.org/akn/ke/judgment/kemc/2025/181/eng@2025-07-10##chunk0
Republic v Joshua (Criminal Case 765 of 2018) [2025] KEMC 181 (KLR) (10 July 2025) (Ruling) Neutral citation: [2025] KEMC 181 (KLR) Republic of Kenya In the Makindu Law Courts Criminal Case 765 of 2018 YA Shikanda, SPM July 10, 2025 Between Republic Prosecution and Linex Kavoi Joshua Accused Ruling 1. Linex Kavoi Joshu...
{ "title": "Republic v Joshua (Criminal Case 765 of 2018) [2025] KEMC 181 (KLR) (10 July 2025) (Ruling)", "url": "https://new.kenyalaw.org/akn/ke/judgment/kemc/2025/181/eng@2025-07-10", "type": "case_law", "chunk_index": 0, "total_chunks": 26, "citation": "", "court": "", "date": "July 10, 2025" }
https://new.kenyalaw.org/akn/ke/judgment/kemc/2025/181/eng@2025-07-10##chunk1
le two N100 batteries, assorted spanners, one pressure pipe, one fan motor and 160 litres of diesel, all valued at Ksh. 163,400/= the property of David Sheldrick Wildlife Trust. The accused person was alternatively charged with the offence of Handling stolen goods contrary to section 322(1) and (2) of the Penal code . ...
{ "title": "Republic v Joshua (Criminal Case 765 of 2018) [2025] KEMC 181 (KLR) (10 July 2025) (Ruling)", "url": "https://new.kenyalaw.org/akn/ke/judgment/kemc/2025/181/eng@2025-07-10", "type": "case_law", "chunk_index": 1, "total_chunks": 26, "citation": "", "court": "", "date": "July 10, 2025" }
https://new.kenyalaw.org/akn/ke/judgment/kemc/2025/181/eng@2025-07-10##chunk2
not guilty. The matter was then set down for hearing. The Evidence 2. The entire prosecution case was heard by another Magistrate who was subsequently transferred. When the matter was placed before me, parties agreed and the court directed that the matter proceeds from where it had reached. The prosecution failed to c...
{ "title": "Republic v Joshua (Criminal Case 765 of 2018) [2025] KEMC 181 (KLR) (10 July 2025) (Ruling)", "url": "https://new.kenyalaw.org/akn/ke/judgment/kemc/2025/181/eng@2025-07-10", "type": "case_law", "chunk_index": 2, "total_chunks": 26, "citation": "", "court": "", "date": "July 10, 2025" }
https://new.kenyalaw.org/akn/ke/judgment/kemc/2025/181/eng@2025-07-10##chunk3
d a battery and some spanners were recovered from the accused person. It was alleged that the recovered items belonged to the complainant. The accused person was arrested and later charged. Main Issue For Determination 3. The main issue for determination at this stage is whether the prosecution has established a prima ...
{ "title": "Republic v Joshua (Criminal Case 765 of 2018) [2025] KEMC 181 (KLR) (10 July 2025) (Ruling)", "url": "https://new.kenyalaw.org/akn/ke/judgment/kemc/2025/181/eng@2025-07-10", "type": "case_law", "chunk_index": 3, "total_chunks": 26, "citation": "", "court": "", "date": "July 10, 2025" }
https://new.kenyalaw.org/akn/ke/judgment/kemc/2025/181/eng@2025-07-10##chunk4
case is defined in the Mozley and Whiteley’s Law Dictionary 11th Edition as: “ A litigating party is said to have a prima facie case when the evidence in his favour is sufficiently strong for his opponent to be called on to answer it. A prima facie case then is one which is established by sufficient evidence and can b...
{ "title": "Republic v Joshua (Criminal Case 765 of 2018) [2025] KEMC 181 (KLR) (10 July 2025) (Ruling)", "url": "https://new.kenyalaw.org/akn/ke/judgment/kemc/2025/181/eng@2025-07-10", "type": "case_law", "chunk_index": 4, "total_chunks": 26, "citation": "", "court": "", "date": "July 10, 2025" }
https://new.kenyalaw.org/akn/ke/judgment/kemc/2025/181/eng@2025-07-10##chunk5
the prosecution to prove its case beyond reasonable doubt, we cannot agree that a prima facie case is made out if, at the close of the prosecution, the case is merely one “which on full consideration might possibly be thought sufficient to sustain a conviction.” This is perilously near suggesting that the court would n...
{ "title": "Republic v Joshua (Criminal Case 765 of 2018) [2025] KEMC 181 (KLR) (10 July 2025) (Ruling)", "url": "https://new.kenyalaw.org/akn/ke/judgment/kemc/2025/181/eng@2025-07-10", "type": "case_law", "chunk_index": 5, "total_chunks": 26, "citation": "", "court": "", "date": "July 10, 2025" }
https://new.kenyalaw.org/akn/ke/judgment/kemc/2025/181/eng@2025-07-10##chunk6
A mere scintilla of evidence can never be enough: nor can any amount of worthless discredited evidence……. It may not be easy to define what is meant by a “prima facie case”, but at least it must mean one on which a reasonable tribunal, properly directing its mind to the law and the evidence could convict if no explanat...
{ "title": "Republic v Joshua (Criminal Case 765 of 2018) [2025] KEMC 181 (KLR) (10 July 2025) (Ruling)", "url": "https://new.kenyalaw.org/akn/ke/judgment/kemc/2025/181/eng@2025-07-10", "type": "case_law", "chunk_index": 6, "total_chunks": 26, "citation": "", "court": "", "date": "July 10, 2025" }
https://new.kenyalaw.org/akn/ke/judgment/kemc/2025/181/eng@2025-07-10##chunk7
ed by an accused person. In my considered view, for the court to find that a prima facie case has been made out against an accused person, the prosecution must have established the following: a. That the offence complained of was indeed committed; and b. That the evidence links the accused person to the offence complai...
{ "title": "Republic v Joshua (Criminal Case 765 of 2018) [2025] KEMC 181 (KLR) (10 July 2025) (Ruling)", "url": "https://new.kenyalaw.org/akn/ke/judgment/kemc/2025/181/eng@2025-07-10", "type": "case_law", "chunk_index": 7, "total_chunks": 26, "citation": "", "court": "", "date": "July 10, 2025" }
https://new.kenyalaw.org/akn/ke/judgment/kemc/2025/181/eng@2025-07-10##chunk8
such, the standard of proof that the prosecution must satisfy at the prima facie case stage is lower than that for proof that the accused is guilty, that is, lower than proof beyond reasonable doubt. In order to establish a prima facie case, a prosecutor need only offer credible evidence in support of each element of a...
{ "title": "Republic v Joshua (Criminal Case 765 of 2018) [2025] KEMC 181 (KLR) (10 July 2025) (Ruling)", "url": "https://new.kenyalaw.org/akn/ke/judgment/kemc/2025/181/eng@2025-07-10", "type": "case_law", "chunk_index": 8, "total_chunks": 26, "citation": "", "court": "", "date": "July 10, 2025" }
https://new.kenyalaw.org/akn/ke/judgment/kemc/2025/181/eng@2025-07-10##chunk9
eged robbery. On appeal, Nyamweya J (as she then was) held as follows: “ The prosecution must therefore prove theft as a central element of the offence of robbery with violence, as the offence is basically an aggravated form of theft............... As regards the phone that was stolen, Charles did not provide any evide...
{ "title": "Republic v Joshua (Criminal Case 765 of 2018) [2025] KEMC 181 (KLR) (10 July 2025) (Ruling)", "url": "https://new.kenyalaw.org/akn/ke/judgment/kemc/2025/181/eng@2025-07-10", "type": "case_law", "chunk_index": 9, "total_chunks": 26, "citation": "", "court": "", "date": "July 10, 2025" }
https://new.kenyalaw.org/akn/ke/judgment/kemc/2025/181/eng@2025-07-10##chunk10
s and irregularities noted in the evidence on the items that were alleged to have been stolen by the Appellants, this Court finds that the robbery was not proved beyond reasonable doubt." 9. The court quashed the conviction of Robbery with violence and set aside the sentence and substituted the same with the offence of...
{ "title": "Republic v Joshua (Criminal Case 765 of 2018) [2025] KEMC 181 (KLR) (10 July 2025) (Ruling)", "url": "https://new.kenyalaw.org/akn/ke/judgment/kemc/2025/181/eng@2025-07-10", "type": "case_law", "chunk_index": 10, "total_chunks": 26, "citation": "", "court": "", "date": "July 10, 2025" }
https://new.kenyalaw.org/akn/ke/judgment/kemc/2025/181/eng@2025-07-10##chunk11
lows: “ Did the appellant also steal personal items and money from the complainant? Without necessarily doubting the single-witness evidence on the charge of theft, it is to be noted that the proof placed before the Court had focused on the first count of the charge, while little had been shown to prove the theft charg...
{ "title": "Republic v Joshua (Criminal Case 765 of 2018) [2025] KEMC 181 (KLR) (10 July 2025) (Ruling)", "url": "https://new.kenyalaw.org/akn/ke/judgment/kemc/2025/181/eng@2025-07-10", "type": "case_law", "chunk_index": 11, "total_chunks": 26, "citation": "", "court": "", "date": "July 10, 2025" }
https://new.kenyalaw.org/akn/ke/judgment/kemc/2025/181/eng@2025-07-10##chunk12
ove authorities, I affirm the position that where there is no recovery of items alleged to have been stolen, there must be evidence to show that the items existed and were in the custody or possession of the complainant or other person before being stolen. The evidence may be in the form of purchase receipts, photograp...
{ "title": "Republic v Joshua (Criminal Case 765 of 2018) [2025] KEMC 181 (KLR) (10 July 2025) (Ruling)", "url": "https://new.kenyalaw.org/akn/ke/judgment/kemc/2025/181/eng@2025-07-10", "type": "case_law", "chunk_index": 12, "total_chunks": 26, "citation": "", "court": "", "date": "July 10, 2025" }
https://new.kenyalaw.org/akn/ke/judgment/kemc/2025/181/eng@2025-07-10##chunk13
process would be open to abuse such that a complainant would make all manner of allegations without bothering to prove them. 13. An accused person should not be found guilty of the offence of stealing just because the complainant alleges that he lost some property. Existence and prior possession of the property by the...
{ "title": "Republic v Joshua (Criminal Case 765 of 2018) [2025] KEMC 181 (KLR) (10 July 2025) (Ruling)", "url": "https://new.kenyalaw.org/akn/ke/judgment/kemc/2025/181/eng@2025-07-10", "type": "case_law", "chunk_index": 13, "total_chunks": 26, "citation": "", "court": "", "date": "July 10, 2025" }
https://new.kenyalaw.org/akn/ke/judgment/kemc/2025/181/eng@2025-07-10##chunk14
proof lies on the person who alleges the existence of facts upon which he desires the court to give judgment in his favour. It is not enough to allege that items were stolen, the allegation must be proved or established. 14. Other than mere oral testimony, no other evidence whether documentary or otherwise was adduced ...
{ "title": "Republic v Joshua (Criminal Case 765 of 2018) [2025] KEMC 181 (KLR) (10 July 2025) (Ruling)", "url": "https://new.kenyalaw.org/akn/ke/judgment/kemc/2025/181/eng@2025-07-10", "type": "case_law", "chunk_index": 14, "total_chunks": 26, "citation": "", "court": "", "date": "July 10, 2025" }
https://new.kenyalaw.org/akn/ke/judgment/kemc/2025/181/eng@2025-07-10##chunk15
ecution relies on the fact that the stolen items were recovered from the accused person. The evidence on recovery was given by PW 2 KWS Corporal Paul Maina. The record indicates that the items said to have been recovered from the accused person were marked for identification but the same were not produced in evidence. ...
{ "title": "Republic v Joshua (Criminal Case 765 of 2018) [2025] KEMC 181 (KLR) (10 July 2025) (Ruling)", "url": "https://new.kenyalaw.org/akn/ke/judgment/kemc/2025/181/eng@2025-07-10", "type": "case_law", "chunk_index": 15, "total_chunks": 26, "citation": "", "court": "", "date": "July 10, 2025" }
https://new.kenyalaw.org/akn/ke/judgment/kemc/2025/181/eng@2025-07-10##chunk16
eKLR , the court observed thus: “ I have also considered the evidence in respect of the recovery of other stolen items. As pointed out by the appellant counsel and admitted by the respondent’s counsel, the evidence in that respect was full of contradictions. It was said that the appellant led the police to his house i...
{ "title": "Republic v Joshua (Criminal Case 765 of 2018) [2025] KEMC 181 (KLR) (10 July 2025) (Ruling)", "url": "https://new.kenyalaw.org/akn/ke/judgment/kemc/2025/181/eng@2025-07-10", "type": "case_law", "chunk_index": 16, "total_chunks": 26, "citation": "", "court": "", "date": "July 10, 2025" }
https://new.kenyalaw.org/akn/ke/judgment/kemc/2025/181/eng@2025-07-10##chunk17
he case of Moses Macharia Kiarie v Republic [2014] eKLR, the court held as follows: “ The rest of the prosecution case appears to be that the Appellant led police officers from Kigumo Police Station to PW2 and PW4 to whom he had allegedly sold some of the stolen items, and from whom the police recovered those stolen it...
{ "title": "Republic v Joshua (Criminal Case 765 of 2018) [2025] KEMC 181 (KLR) (10 July 2025) (Ruling)", "url": "https://new.kenyalaw.org/akn/ke/judgment/kemc/2025/181/eng@2025-07-10", "type": "case_law", "chunk_index": 17, "total_chunks": 26, "citation": "", "court": "", "date": "July 10, 2025" }
https://new.kenyalaw.org/akn/ke/judgment/kemc/2025/181/eng@2025-07-10##chunk18
al trials the chain of evidence and sanctity thereof is absolutely important. In the present case a proper chain of evidence is lacking. To begin with, the persons who allegedly saw the Appellant breaking into the complainant’s house never testified, and no reasons were given why they did not. Secondly, the police offi...
{ "title": "Republic v Joshua (Criminal Case 765 of 2018) [2025] KEMC 181 (KLR) (10 July 2025) (Ruling)", "url": "https://new.kenyalaw.org/akn/ke/judgment/kemc/2025/181/eng@2025-07-10", "type": "case_law", "chunk_index": 18, "total_chunks": 26, "citation": "", "court": "", "date": "July 10, 2025" }
https://new.kenyalaw.org/akn/ke/judgment/kemc/2025/181/eng@2025-07-10##chunk19
never testified. It is also to be noted that there is no evidence of the complainant’s positive identification as his of the alleged stolen items that were recovered. They were all common household and personal goods readily available to anyone. With all the lacunas highlighted above, it is clear that the offences in ...
{ "title": "Republic v Joshua (Criminal Case 765 of 2018) [2025] KEMC 181 (KLR) (10 July 2025) (Ruling)", "url": "https://new.kenyalaw.org/akn/ke/judgment/kemc/2025/181/eng@2025-07-10", "type": "case_law", "chunk_index": 19, "total_chunks": 26, "citation": "", "court": "", "date": "July 10, 2025" }
https://new.kenyalaw.org/akn/ke/judgment/kemc/2025/181/eng@2025-07-10##chunk20
no evidence of recovery and ultimately, no evidence to link the accused person to the offence. The test in determining a prima facie case was laid down in Republic v Galbraith [1981] WLR 1039, in the following words: 1. If there is no evidence that the crime alleged has been committed by the defendant, there is no dif...
{ "title": "Republic v Joshua (Criminal Case 765 of 2018) [2025] KEMC 181 (KLR) (10 July 2025) (Ruling)", "url": "https://new.kenyalaw.org/akn/ke/judgment/kemc/2025/181/eng@2025-07-10", "type": "case_law", "chunk_index": 20, "total_chunks": 26, "citation": "", "court": "", "date": "July 10, 2025" }
https://new.kenyalaw.org/akn/ke/judgment/kemc/2025/181/eng@2025-07-10##chunk21
s highest, is such that a jury properly directed could not properly convict upon it, it is his duty, upon a submission being made, to stop the case. (b) where however the prosecution evidence is such that its strength or weakness depends on the view to be taken of a witnesses’ reliability, or other matters which are ge...
{ "title": "Republic v Joshua (Criminal Case 765 of 2018) [2025] KEMC 181 (KLR) (10 July 2025) (Ruling)", "url": "https://new.kenyalaw.org/akn/ke/judgment/kemc/2025/181/eng@2025-07-10", "type": "case_law", "chunk_index": 21, "total_chunks": 26, "citation": "", "court": "", "date": "July 10, 2025" }
https://new.kenyalaw.org/akn/ke/judgment/kemc/2025/181/eng@2025-07-10##chunk22
accused person. To this end, the prosecution must satisfy the key ingredients of the offence at a prima facie level before the accused person is called upon to offer an explanation. In my view, before the court places an accused person on their defence, there must be credible evidence to show that the offence complain...
{ "title": "Republic v Joshua (Criminal Case 765 of 2018) [2025] KEMC 181 (KLR) (10 July 2025) (Ruling)", "url": "https://new.kenyalaw.org/akn/ke/judgment/kemc/2025/181/eng@2025-07-10", "type": "case_law", "chunk_index": 22, "total_chunks": 26, "citation": "", "court": "", "date": "July 10, 2025" }
https://new.kenyalaw.org/akn/ke/judgment/kemc/2025/181/eng@2025-07-10##chunk23
he gaps or tie up the loose ends in the prosecution case. 19. I agree with the observation made by the High Court of Malaysia in Criminal Appeal No. 41LB-202-08/2013 – Public Prosecution v Zainal Abidin B. Maidin & Another that the defence ought not to be called merely to clear or clarify doubts. In the case of Public ...
{ "title": "Republic v Joshua (Criminal Case 765 of 2018) [2025] KEMC 181 (KLR) (10 July 2025) (Ruling)", "url": "https://new.kenyalaw.org/akn/ke/judgment/kemc/2025/181/eng@2025-07-10", "type": "case_law", "chunk_index": 23, "total_chunks": 26, "citation": "", "court": "", "date": "July 10, 2025" }
https://new.kenyalaw.org/akn/ke/judgment/kemc/2025/181/eng@2025-07-10##chunk24
on evidence, to rule that there is a case for the accused to answer.” 20. I may be curious to know what the accused person has to say about the allegations but curiosity is not a reason enough to place the accused person on his defence. The foregoing illustrates that the prosecution has failed to establish all the key ...
{ "title": "Republic v Joshua (Criminal Case 765 of 2018) [2025] KEMC 181 (KLR) (10 July 2025) (Ruling)", "url": "https://new.kenyalaw.org/akn/ke/judgment/kemc/2025/181/eng@2025-07-10", "type": "case_law", "chunk_index": 24, "total_chunks": 26, "citation": "", "court": "", "date": "July 10, 2025" }
https://new.kenyalaw.org/akn/ke/judgment/kemc/2025/181/eng@2025-07-10##chunk25
erson. In view of the foregoing, I make the following orders: a. The accused person has No Case To Answer in respect of the charge of Stealing contrary to section 275 of the Penal code ; b. The accused person has No Case To Answer in respect of the alternative charge of Handling stolen goods contrary to section 322(1) ...
{ "title": "Republic v Joshua (Criminal Case 765 of 2018) [2025] KEMC 181 (KLR) (10 July 2025) (Ruling)", "url": "https://new.kenyalaw.org/akn/ke/judgment/kemc/2025/181/eng@2025-07-10", "type": "case_law", "chunk_index": 25, "total_chunks": 26, "citation": "", "court": "", "date": "July 10, 2025" }
https://new.kenyalaw.org/akn/ke/judgment/kehc/2026/3775/eng@2026-03-23##chunk0
Quick Mart Limited v Wells Fargo Limited (Civil Suit E044 of 2024) [2026] KEHC 3775 (KLR) (Commercial and Tax) (23 March 2026) (Judgment) Neutral citation: [2026] KEHC 3775 (KLR) Republic of Kenya In the High Court at Nairobi (Milimani Commercial Courts) Commercial and Tax Civil Suit E044 of 2024 FG Mugambi, J March 23...
{ "title": "Quick Mart Limited v Wells Fargo Limited (Civil Suit E044 of 2024) [2026] KEHC 3775 (KLR) (Commercial and Tax) (23 March 2026) (Judgment)", "url": "https://new.kenyalaw.org/akn/ke/judgment/kehc/2026/3775/eng@2026-03-23", "type": "case_law", "chunk_index": 0, "total_chunks": 26, "citation": "", ...
https://new.kenyalaw.org/akn/ke/judgment/kehc/2026/3775/eng@2026-03-23##chunk1
ook the responsibility of transporting the plaintiff’s monies and other valuables from the plaintiff’s various business outlets to its designated bank, Family Bank. 2. The plaintiff avers that on or about the 4 th and 5 th days of November 2023, the defendant collected a total sum of Kshs. 94,918,750/= from its various...
{ "title": "Quick Mart Limited v Wells Fargo Limited (Civil Suit E044 of 2024) [2026] KEHC 3775 (KLR) (Commercial and Tax) (23 March 2026) (Judgment)", "url": "https://new.kenyalaw.org/akn/ke/judgment/kehc/2026/3775/eng@2026-03-23", "type": "case_law", "chunk_index": 1, "total_chunks": 26, "citation": "", ...
https://new.kenyalaw.org/akn/ke/judgment/kehc/2026/3775/eng@2026-03-23##chunk2
e being undertaken to remedy the situation. 3. As a consequence of the loss, the plaintiff states that it was compelled to secure a loan facility of Kshs. 95,000,000/= from Family Bank to bridge the sudden cash flow deficit. The plaintiff further contends that attempts to resolve the matter amicably with the defendant ...
{ "title": "Quick Mart Limited v Wells Fargo Limited (Civil Suit E044 of 2024) [2026] KEHC 3775 (KLR) (Commercial and Tax) (23 March 2026) (Judgment)", "url": "https://new.kenyalaw.org/akn/ke/judgment/kehc/2026/3775/eng@2026-03-23", "type": "case_law", "chunk_index": 2, "total_chunks": 26, "citation": "", ...
https://new.kenyalaw.org/akn/ke/judgment/kehc/2026/3775/eng@2026-03-23##chunk3
the monies to the designated banker. 4. For these reasons, the plaintiff prays that this Honourable Court enters judgment against the defendant for the sum of Kshs. 94,918,750/= as special damages, together with interest thereon from 6 th November 2023, costs of the suit, and interest on costs. 5. In support of its cas...
{ "title": "Quick Mart Limited v Wells Fargo Limited (Civil Suit E044 of 2024) [2026] KEHC 3775 (KLR) (Commercial and Tax) (23 March 2026) (Judgment)", "url": "https://new.kenyalaw.org/akn/ke/judgment/kehc/2026/3775/eng@2026-03-23", "type": "case_law", "chunk_index": 3, "total_chunks": 26, "citation": "", ...
https://new.kenyalaw.org/akn/ke/judgment/kehc/2026/3775/eng@2026-03-23##chunk4
the amount claimed for services rendered. 6. In opposition to the plaintiff’s claim, the defendant filed an Amended Statement of Defence and Set-off dated 4 th April 2024. At the outset, the defendant raised a preliminary objection, contending that the suit was premature for this Court’s determination, in view of the ...
{ "title": "Quick Mart Limited v Wells Fargo Limited (Civil Suit E044 of 2024) [2026] KEHC 3775 (KLR) (Commercial and Tax) (23 March 2026) (Judgment)", "url": "https://new.kenyalaw.org/akn/ke/judgment/kehc/2026/3775/eng@2026-03-23", "type": "case_law", "chunk_index": 4, "total_chunks": 26, "citation": "", ...
https://new.kenyalaw.org/akn/ke/judgment/kehc/2026/3775/eng@2026-03-23##chunk5
maintains that its liability was contractually capped at Kshs. 80,000,000/=, pursuant to Clause 4 of the Agreement, which expressly limited indemnity in the event of loss. On this basis, the defendant’s case was that it could not indemnify the plaintiff for any sums exceeding the contractual limit. 8. By way of set-of...
{ "title": "Quick Mart Limited v Wells Fargo Limited (Civil Suit E044 of 2024) [2026] KEHC 3775 (KLR) (Commercial and Tax) (23 March 2026) (Judgment)", "url": "https://new.kenyalaw.org/akn/ke/judgment/kehc/2026/3775/eng@2026-03-23", "type": "case_law", "chunk_index": 5, "total_chunks": 26, "citation": "", ...
https://new.kenyalaw.org/akn/ke/judgment/kehc/2026/3775/eng@2026-03-23##chunk6
ne witness, Peter Wathers, its General Manager. Analysis and Determination 9. Having considered the pleadings as well as the written submissions filed by the parties, the first preliminary issue that arises for determination is whether this suit is prematurely before the Court. The defendant contends that the parties h...
{ "title": "Quick Mart Limited v Wells Fargo Limited (Civil Suit E044 of 2024) [2026] KEHC 3775 (KLR) (Commercial and Tax) (23 March 2026) (Judgment)", "url": "https://new.kenyalaw.org/akn/ke/judgment/kehc/2026/3775/eng@2026-03-23", "type": "case_law", "chunk_index": 6, "total_chunks": 26, "citation": "", ...
https://new.kenyalaw.org/akn/ke/judgment/kehc/2026/3775/eng@2026-03-23##chunk7
ound to respect and give effect to such provisions, unless it is demonstrated that the mechanism has been exhausted or is incapable of yielding a resolution. Mediation, by its very nature, is a voluntary process that requires the concurrence and participation of both parties. The defendant has not shown that it invoked...
{ "title": "Quick Mart Limited v Wells Fargo Limited (Civil Suit E044 of 2024) [2026] KEHC 3775 (KLR) (Commercial and Tax) (23 March 2026) (Judgment)", "url": "https://new.kenyalaw.org/akn/ke/judgment/kehc/2026/3775/eng@2026-03-23", "type": "case_law", "chunk_index": 7, "total_chunks": 26, "citation": "", ...
https://new.kenyalaw.org/akn/ke/judgment/kehc/2026/3775/eng@2026-03-23##chunk8
existence of a mediation clause in a commercial agreement does not, in and of itself, oust the jurisdiction of the Court, particularly where one party has elected to approach the Court and the other has not insisted on referral to mediation. Accordingly, the objection that the suit is premature is without merit. 12. M...
{ "title": "Quick Mart Limited v Wells Fargo Limited (Civil Suit E044 of 2024) [2026] KEHC 3775 (KLR) (Commercial and Tax) (23 March 2026) (Judgment)", "url": "https://new.kenyalaw.org/akn/ke/judgment/kehc/2026/3775/eng@2026-03-23", "type": "case_law", "chunk_index": 8, "total_chunks": 26, "citation": "", ...
https://new.kenyalaw.org/akn/ke/judgment/kehc/2026/3775/eng@2026-03-23##chunk9
wledged that the defendant paid to the plaintiff an amount of Kshs. 80,000,000/=, which it asserts represents the contractual limit of its liability under Clause 4 of the Agreement. The central question is whether the defendant’s liability is strictly confined to the contractual limit of Kshs. 80,000,000/=, or whether ...
{ "title": "Quick Mart Limited v Wells Fargo Limited (Civil Suit E044 of 2024) [2026] KEHC 3775 (KLR) (Commercial and Tax) (23 March 2026) (Judgment)", "url": "https://new.kenyalaw.org/akn/ke/judgment/kehc/2026/3775/eng@2026-03-23", "type": "case_law", "chunk_index": 9, "total_chunks": 26, "citation": "", ...
https://new.kenyalaw.org/akn/ke/judgment/kehc/2026/3775/eng@2026-03-23##chunk10
is demonstrated that the same is illegal, unconscionable, or otherwise unenforceable. The principle is clear that parties are bound by the terms they freely negotiated, and the Court must refrain from importing obligations or liabilities not expressly provided therein. 14. Similarly, in Centurion Engineers & Builders ...
{ "title": "Quick Mart Limited v Wells Fargo Limited (Civil Suit E044 of 2024) [2026] KEHC 3775 (KLR) (Commercial and Tax) (23 March 2026) (Judgment)", "url": "https://new.kenyalaw.org/akn/ke/judgment/kehc/2026/3775/eng@2026-03-23", "type": "case_law", "chunk_index": 10, "total_chunks": 26, "citation": "", ...
https://new.kenyalaw.org/akn/ke/judgment/kehc/2026/3775/eng@2026-03-23##chunk11
held to their bargains, and that contractual limitation clauses, where freely entered into, must be respected unless they offend public policy or statutory law. Guided by these authorities, I am persuaded that the liability of the defendant must be construed strictly within the four corners of the Agreement of 8 th Feb...
{ "title": "Quick Mart Limited v Wells Fargo Limited (Civil Suit E044 of 2024) [2026] KEHC 3775 (KLR) (Commercial and Tax) (23 March 2026) (Judgment)", "url": "https://new.kenyalaw.org/akn/ke/judgment/kehc/2026/3775/eng@2026-03-23", "type": "case_law", "chunk_index": 11, "total_chunks": 26, "citation": "", ...
https://new.kenyalaw.org/akn/ke/judgment/kehc/2026/3775/eng@2026-03-23##chunk12
sponsibility" shall mean, in relation to each consignment of valuables or individual part thereof, the period commencing the moment such consignment or individual part thereof is physically handed over to the representative of The Company at the relevant collection point and the receipt thereof is signified in writing ...
{ "title": "Quick Mart Limited v Wells Fargo Limited (Civil Suit E044 of 2024) [2026] KEHC 3775 (KLR) (Commercial and Tax) (23 March 2026) (Judgment)", "url": "https://new.kenyalaw.org/akn/ke/judgment/kehc/2026/3775/eng@2026-03-23", "type": "case_law", "chunk_index": 12, "total_chunks": 26, "citation": "", ...
https://new.kenyalaw.org/akn/ke/judgment/kehc/2026/3775/eng@2026-03-23##chunk13
stipulate the parameters of the defendant’s liability in the following terms: “ If, pursuant to the provisions set out herein and subject to the following sub-clauses set out hereunder, any liability on the part of the Company shall arise (whether under the express or implied terms of this Contract, or at Common Law, ...
{ "title": "Quick Mart Limited v Wells Fargo Limited (Civil Suit E044 of 2024) [2026] KEHC 3775 (KLR) (Commercial and Tax) (23 March 2026) (Judgment)", "url": "https://new.kenyalaw.org/akn/ke/judgment/kehc/2026/3775/eng@2026-03-23", "type": "case_law", "chunk_index": 13, "total_chunks": 26, "citation": "", ...
https://new.kenyalaw.org/akn/ke/judgment/kehc/2026/3775/eng@2026-03-23##chunk14
not in any circumstances exceed a total of Kenya Shillings 80,000,000 in respect of any loss that may occur during any one period of the Company's responsibility’. (emphasis mine) 18. It is my considered opinion that the contractual provisions in question ought not to be construed in isolation. Rather, they must be re...
{ "title": "Quick Mart Limited v Wells Fargo Limited (Civil Suit E044 of 2024) [2026] KEHC 3775 (KLR) (Commercial and Tax) (23 March 2026) (Judgment)", "url": "https://new.kenyalaw.org/akn/ke/judgment/kehc/2026/3775/eng@2026-03-23", "type": "case_law", "chunk_index": 14, "total_chunks": 26, "citation": "", ...
https://new.kenyalaw.org/akn/ke/judgment/kehc/2026/3775/eng@2026-03-23##chunk15
of considerable significance, which is expressly styled as an ‘Important Notice’. It states as follows: “ The conditions set out below determine the extent to which the liability of the company, its servants and agents is limited and/or excluded. The client is advised to ensure that it obtains insurance cover that prov...
{ "title": "Quick Mart Limited v Wells Fargo Limited (Civil Suit E044 of 2024) [2026] KEHC 3775 (KLR) (Commercial and Tax) (23 March 2026) (Judgment)", "url": "https://new.kenyalaw.org/akn/ke/judgment/kehc/2026/3775/eng@2026-03-23", "type": "case_law", "chunk_index": 15, "total_chunks": 26, "citation": "", ...
https://new.kenyalaw.org/akn/ke/judgment/kehc/2026/3775/eng@2026-03-23##chunk16
he defendant company, its servants, and agents. In substance, therefore, the paragraph established the contractual framework within which liability was to be understood, and emphasized the parties’ intention that limitation and exclusion of liability were to be treated as a central feature of the Agreement. 21. The fir...
{ "title": "Quick Mart Limited v Wells Fargo Limited (Civil Suit E044 of 2024) [2026] KEHC 3775 (KLR) (Commercial and Tax) (23 March 2026) (Judgment)", "url": "https://new.kenyalaw.org/akn/ke/judgment/kehc/2026/3775/eng@2026-03-23", "type": "case_law", "chunk_index": 16, "total_chunks": 26, "citation": "", ...
https://new.kenyalaw.org/akn/ke/judgment/kehc/2026/3775/eng@2026-03-23##chunk17
should be assessed per outlet or per collection. 22. Upon a proper construction of the Agreement, I am not persuaded that such was the intention. Clause 4(a) of the Agreement expressly stipulated that liability would be a total of Kenya Shillings 80,000,000/=, which clearly means that the parties intended to place an ...
{ "title": "Quick Mart Limited v Wells Fargo Limited (Civil Suit E044 of 2024) [2026] KEHC 3775 (KLR) (Commercial and Tax) (23 March 2026) (Judgment)", "url": "https://new.kenyalaw.org/akn/ke/judgment/kehc/2026/3775/eng@2026-03-23", "type": "case_law", "chunk_index": 17, "total_chunks": 26, "citation": "", ...
https://new.kenyalaw.org/akn/ke/judgment/kehc/2026/3775/eng@2026-03-23##chunk18
ntemplate a replication of the ceiling for each and every collection or transaction. Additionally, the inclusion of the words “shall not in any circumstances exceed” emphasizes the absolute nature of the limitation. Against this background, if indeed the parties had intended that the ceiling of Kshs. 80,000,000/= shoul...
{ "title": "Quick Mart Limited v Wells Fargo Limited (Civil Suit E044 of 2024) [2026] KEHC 3775 (KLR) (Commercial and Tax) (23 March 2026) (Judgment)", "url": "https://new.kenyalaw.org/akn/ke/judgment/kehc/2026/3775/eng@2026-03-23", "type": "case_law", "chunk_index": 18, "total_chunks": 26, "citation": "", ...
https://new.kenyalaw.org/akn/ke/judgment/kehc/2026/3775/eng@2026-03-23##chunk19
riod of the Company's responsibility’ to mean: “ In relation to each consignment of valuables or individual part thereof, the period commencing the moment such consignment or individual part thereof is physically handed over to the representative of the Company at the relevant collection point." 25. Even if I was wrong...
{ "title": "Quick Mart Limited v Wells Fargo Limited (Civil Suit E044 of 2024) [2026] KEHC 3775 (KLR) (Commercial and Tax) (23 March 2026) (Judgment)", "url": "https://new.kenyalaw.org/akn/ke/judgment/kehc/2026/3775/eng@2026-03-23", "type": "case_law", "chunk_index": 19, "total_chunks": 26, "citation": "", ...
https://new.kenyalaw.org/akn/ke/judgment/kehc/2026/3775/eng@2026-03-23##chunk20
the subsistence of that singular period of responsibility. Both PW1 and DW1 testified that the monies that were collected were transported together in a single consignment. 26. Had the collections been treated as separate consignments, perhaps a different conclusion might have been warranted. Since the period of liabil...
{ "title": "Quick Mart Limited v Wells Fargo Limited (Civil Suit E044 of 2024) [2026] KEHC 3775 (KLR) (Commercial and Tax) (23 March 2026) (Judgment)", "url": "https://new.kenyalaw.org/akn/ke/judgment/kehc/2026/3775/eng@2026-03-23", "type": "case_law", "chunk_index": 20, "total_chunks": 26, "citation": "", ...
https://new.kenyalaw.org/akn/ke/judgment/kehc/2026/3775/eng@2026-03-23##chunk21
. 27. The defendant has urged this Court to adopt an interpretation of Clause 4(a) that is commercially viable and consistent with the principle that contracts should not be construed in a manner that renders them unconscionable or unreasonable. My interpretation of Clause 4(a) within the broader context of commercial ...
{ "title": "Quick Mart Limited v Wells Fargo Limited (Civil Suit E044 of 2024) [2026] KEHC 3775 (KLR) (Commercial and Tax) (23 March 2026) (Judgment)", "url": "https://new.kenyalaw.org/akn/ke/judgment/kehc/2026/3775/eng@2026-03-23", "type": "case_law", "chunk_index": 21, "total_chunks": 26, "citation": "", ...
https://new.kenyalaw.org/akn/ke/judgment/kehc/2026/3775/eng@2026-03-23##chunk22
plaintiff, being a corporate entity just like the defendant, cannot be said to have been coerced or misled into accepting the terms. On the contrary, the plaintiff was fully aware of the liability cap and had the contractual option to procure insurance to cover any excess risk beyond the agreed limit. Clause 4(a) went...
{ "title": "Quick Mart Limited v Wells Fargo Limited (Civil Suit E044 of 2024) [2026] KEHC 3775 (KLR) (Commercial and Tax) (23 March 2026) (Judgment)", "url": "https://new.kenyalaw.org/akn/ke/judgment/kehc/2026/3775/eng@2026-03-23", "type": "case_law", "chunk_index": 22, "total_chunks": 26, "citation": "", ...
https://new.kenyalaw.org/akn/ke/judgment/kehc/2026/3775/eng@2026-03-23##chunk23
eek additional cover as provided for in the agreement. The plaintiff’s failure to obtain such cover cannot be laid at the defendant’s door as it reflected the plaintiff’s own risk management choices. I am equally persuaded that Clause 4(a) cannot be impugned as unconscionable nor unreasonable. The loss, insofar as it e...
{ "title": "Quick Mart Limited v Wells Fargo Limited (Civil Suit E044 of 2024) [2026] KEHC 3775 (KLR) (Commercial and Tax) (23 March 2026) (Judgment)", "url": "https://new.kenyalaw.org/akn/ke/judgment/kehc/2026/3775/eng@2026-03-23", "type": "case_law", "chunk_index": 23, "total_chunks": 26, "citation": "", ...
https://new.kenyalaw.org/akn/ke/judgment/kehc/2026/3775/eng@2026-03-23##chunk24
ies for services rendered to the plaintiff by the defendant. The defendant bore the burden of proving it’s claim. There was however no evidence produced to support that claim and it must therefore fail. Disposition i. Accordingly, and for the reasons set out above, I find that the defendant’s liability was contractuall...
{ "title": "Quick Mart Limited v Wells Fargo Limited (Civil Suit E044 of 2024) [2026] KEHC 3775 (KLR) (Commercial and Tax) (23 March 2026) (Judgment)", "url": "https://new.kenyalaw.org/akn/ke/judgment/kehc/2026/3775/eng@2026-03-23", "type": "case_law", "chunk_index": 24, "total_chunks": 26, "citation": "", ...
https://new.kenyalaw.org/akn/ke/judgment/kehc/2026/3775/eng@2026-03-23##chunk25
claim for set-off in the sum of Kshs. 15,738/= is dismissed for want of proof. iii. In the circumstances, since both parties have failed in their respective additional claims, I make no order as to costs. DATED, SIGNED AND DELIVERED IN NAIROBI THIS 23 RD DAY OF MARCH 2026. F. MUGAMBI JUDGE Delivered in presence of: Mr ...
{ "title": "Quick Mart Limited v Wells Fargo Limited (Civil Suit E044 of 2024) [2026] KEHC 3775 (KLR) (Commercial and Tax) (23 March 2026) (Judgment)", "url": "https://new.kenyalaw.org/akn/ke/judgment/kehc/2026/3775/eng@2026-03-23", "type": "case_law", "chunk_index": 25, "total_chunks": 26, "citation": "", ...
https://new.kenyalaw.org/akn/ke/judgment/kemc/2025/222/eng@2025-09-11##chunk0
In re Estate of Paul Kamiri alias Ngari Kamiri alias Paul Ngari Kameri (Deceased) (Succession Cause E011 of 2021) [2025] KEMC 222 (KLR) (11 September 2025) (Ruling) Neutral citation: [2025] KEMC 222 (KLR) Republic of Kenya In the Maralal Law Courts Succession Cause E011 of 2021 AT Sitati, SPM September 11, 2025 IN THE ...
{ "title": "In re Estate of Paul Kamiri alias Ngari Kamiri alias Paul Ngari Kameri (Deceased) (Succession Cause E011 of 2021) [2025] KEMC 222 (KLR) (11 September 2025) (Ruling)", "url": "https://new.kenyalaw.org/akn/ke/judgment/kemc/2025/222/eng@2025-09-11", "type": "case_law", "chunk_index": 0, "total_chunks...
https://new.kenyalaw.org/akn/ke/judgment/kemc/2025/222/eng@2025-09-11##chunk1
he Applicant prayed for: a. That the Grant of Letters of Adminsitration Intestate to the above Estate granted to Monicah Wanjiru Murakaru, Jane Wangeci and Stephen Kamiri Ngari on 23rd May, 2021 and yet to be confirmed in this matter be revoked. b. That costs of this application be provided for. The grounds for revocat...
{ "title": "In re Estate of Paul Kamiri alias Ngari Kamiri alias Paul Ngari Kameri (Deceased) (Succession Cause E011 of 2021) [2025] KEMC 222 (KLR) (11 September 2025) (Ruling)", "url": "https://new.kenyalaw.org/akn/ke/judgment/kemc/2025/222/eng@2025-09-11", "type": "case_law", "chunk_index": 1, "total_chunks...
https://new.kenyalaw.org/akn/ke/judgment/kemc/2025/222/eng@2025-09-11##chunk2
the estate. 2. The 3 petitioners opposed the application through Grounds of Opposition dated 12th May, 2025. The 3 petitionersrespondents were represented by Kihoro Kimani & Associates Advocates while the ObjectorApplicant represented herself. The Applicant’s Case 3. The applicant attended court for the hearing and ado...
{ "title": "In re Estate of Paul Kamiri alias Ngari Kamiri alias Paul Ngari Kameri (Deceased) (Succession Cause E011 of 2021) [2025] KEMC 222 (KLR) (11 September 2025) (Ruling)", "url": "https://new.kenyalaw.org/akn/ke/judgment/kemc/2025/222/eng@2025-09-11", "type": "case_law", "chunk_index": 2, "total_chunks...
https://new.kenyalaw.org/akn/ke/judgment/kemc/2025/222/eng@2025-09-11##chunk3
ners did not obtain the consent of the children of their deceased siblings to the application for the grant of letters of administration. She confirmed that the said survivors of her deceased siblings had thereby been wholly excluded from the proceedings. She prayed for the revocation of the said grant of letters of Ad...
{ "title": "In re Estate of Paul Kamiri alias Ngari Kamiri alias Paul Ngari Kameri (Deceased) (Succession Cause E011 of 2021) [2025] KEMC 222 (KLR) (11 September 2025) (Ruling)", "url": "https://new.kenyalaw.org/akn/ke/judgment/kemc/2025/222/eng@2025-09-11", "type": "case_law", "chunk_index": 3, "total_chunks...
https://new.kenyalaw.org/akn/ke/judgment/kemc/2025/222/eng@2025-09-11##chunk4
– 1 shop to the Applicant, 7 houses & 2 shops to Monica, the home and hotel to Jane and Stephen was to get the farm. The other beneficiaries had been left out in this proposal the deceased had 10 children as follows Moffat Thangi Ngari Everline Wanjera Monica Murakaru Margaret Nyambura Mary Mwihaki Jane Wangeci Jecinta...
{ "title": "In re Estate of Paul Kamiri alias Ngari Kamiri alias Paul Ngari Kameri (Deceased) (Succession Cause E011 of 2021) [2025] KEMC 222 (KLR) (11 September 2025) (Ruling)", "url": "https://new.kenyalaw.org/akn/ke/judgment/kemc/2025/222/eng@2025-09-11", "type": "case_law", "chunk_index": 4, "total_chunks...
https://new.kenyalaw.org/akn/ke/judgment/kemc/2025/222/eng@2025-09-11##chunk5
nistratix and it was her being excluded from administration that was one of the reasons for filing the present application wrongly included. Similarly, Ephantus Kithenya had bene included yet he was a complete stranger to the estate. The Respondents’ Cases 5. The 3 petitionersrespondents wholly relied on the filed grou...
{ "title": "In re Estate of Paul Kamiri alias Ngari Kamiri alias Paul Ngari Kameri (Deceased) (Succession Cause E011 of 2021) [2025] KEMC 222 (KLR) (11 September 2025) (Ruling)", "url": "https://new.kenyalaw.org/akn/ke/judgment/kemc/2025/222/eng@2025-09-11", "type": "case_law", "chunk_index": 5, "total_chunks...
https://new.kenyalaw.org/akn/ke/judgment/kemc/2025/222/eng@2025-09-11##chunk6
t was only interested in delaying the conclusion of the suit At that stage the parties closed their respective cases. No submissions were lodged. Determination 6. The only issue for determination is whether or not there exists grounds for the revocation of the Grant of Letters of Administration issued to the 3 petition...
{ "title": "In re Estate of Paul Kamiri alias Ngari Kamiri alias Paul Ngari Kameri (Deceased) (Succession Cause E011 of 2021) [2025] KEMC 222 (KLR) (11 September 2025) (Ruling)", "url": "https://new.kenyalaw.org/akn/ke/judgment/kemc/2025/222/eng@2025-09-11", "type": "case_law", "chunk_index": 6, "total_chunks...
https://new.kenyalaw.org/akn/ke/judgment/kemc/2025/222/eng@2025-09-11##chunk7
ntation, whether or not confirmed, may at any time be revoked or annulled if the court decides, either on application by any Interested Party or of its own motion— (a) that the proceedings to obtain the grant were defective in substance; (b) that the grant was obtained fraudulently by the making of a false statement or...
{ "title": "In re Estate of Paul Kamiri alias Ngari Kamiri alias Paul Ngari Kameri (Deceased) (Succession Cause E011 of 2021) [2025] KEMC 222 (KLR) (11 September 2025) (Ruling)", "url": "https://new.kenyalaw.org/akn/ke/judgment/kemc/2025/222/eng@2025-09-11", "type": "case_law", "chunk_index": 7, "total_chunks...
https://new.kenyalaw.org/akn/ke/judgment/kemc/2025/222/eng@2025-09-11##chunk8
er due notice and without reasonable cause either— (i) to apply for confirmation of the grant within one year from the date thereof, or such longer period as the court order or allow; or (ii) to proceed diligently with the administration of the estate; or (iii) to produce to the court, within the time prescribed, any s...
{ "title": "In re Estate of Paul Kamiri alias Ngari Kamiri alias Paul Ngari Kameri (Deceased) (Succession Cause E011 of 2021) [2025] KEMC 222 (KLR) (11 September 2025) (Ruling)", "url": "https://new.kenyalaw.org/akn/ke/judgment/kemc/2025/222/eng@2025-09-11", "type": "case_law", "chunk_index": 8, "total_chunks...
https://new.kenyalaw.org/akn/ke/judgment/kemc/2025/222/eng@2025-09-11##chunk9
ed on by the court In re Estate of Prisca Ong’ayo Nande (Deceased) [2020] eKLR where it was stated that: “ Under section 76, a court may revoke a grant so long as the grounds listed above are disclosed, either on its own motion or on the application of a party. A grant of letters of administration may be revoked on thr...
{ "title": "In re Estate of Paul Kamiri alias Ngari Kamiri alias Paul Ngari Kameri (Deceased) (Succession Cause E011 of 2021) [2025] KEMC 222 (KLR) (11 September 2025) (Ruling)", "url": "https://new.kenyalaw.org/akn/ke/judgment/kemc/2025/222/eng@2025-09-11", "type": "case_law", "chunk_index": 9, "total_chunks...
https://new.kenyalaw.org/akn/ke/judgment/kemc/2025/222/eng@2025-09-11##chunk10
having made a valid will and then a grant or letters of administration intestate was made instead of a grant of probate, or vice versa. It could also be that the process was marred by fraud and misrepresentation or concealment of matter, such as where some survivors are not disclosed or the Applicant lies that he is a ...
{ "title": "In re Estate of Paul Kamiri alias Ngari Kamiri alias Paul Ngari Kameri (Deceased) (Succession Cause E011 of 2021) [2025] KEMC 222 (KLR) (11 September 2025) (Ruling)", "url": "https://new.kenyalaw.org/akn/ke/judgment/kemc/2025/222/eng@2025-09-11", "type": "case_law", "chunk_index": 10, "total_chunk...
https://new.kenyalaw.org/akn/ke/judgment/kemc/2025/222/eng@2025-09-11##chunk11
administration, or fails to render accounts as and when required. The third general ground is where the grant has become useless and inoperative following subsequent circumstances, such as where a sole administrator dies leaving behind no administrator to carry on the exercise, or where the sole administrator loses the...
{ "title": "In re Estate of Paul Kamiri alias Ngari Kamiri alias Paul Ngari Kameri (Deceased) (Succession Cause E011 of 2021) [2025] KEMC 222 (KLR) (11 September 2025) (Ruling)", "url": "https://new.kenyalaw.org/akn/ke/judgment/kemc/2025/222/eng@2025-09-11", "type": "case_law", "chunk_index": 11, "total_chunk...
https://new.kenyalaw.org/akn/ke/judgment/kemc/2025/222/eng@2025-09-11##chunk12
ed authority went on to rule: “ 38. In light of the above, I invoke the inherent powers of this court granted under Article 159 of the Constitution and Section 76 of the Law of Succession Act and make the order to revoke the letters of grant of administration issued to the Petitioner and subsequent confirmation as it w...
{ "title": "In re Estate of Paul Kamiri alias Ngari Kamiri alias Paul Ngari Kameri (Deceased) (Succession Cause E011 of 2021) [2025] KEMC 222 (KLR) (11 September 2025) (Ruling)", "url": "https://new.kenyalaw.org/akn/ke/judgment/kemc/2025/222/eng@2025-09-11", "type": "case_law", "chunk_index": 12, "total_chunk...
https://new.kenyalaw.org/akn/ke/judgment/kemc/2025/222/eng@2025-09-11##chunk13
tratices Administrator concealed the proceedings from the children of their 6 deceased siblings who are beneficially interested in the estate. The court notes that in their joint petitioner, nowhere were the children of the 6 deceased siblings involved and yet this was a mandatory requirement that could have bene compl...
{ "title": "In re Estate of Paul Kamiri alias Ngari Kamiri alias Paul Ngari Kameri (Deceased) (Succession Cause E011 of 2021) [2025] KEMC 222 (KLR) (11 September 2025) (Ruling)", "url": "https://new.kenyalaw.org/akn/ke/judgment/kemc/2025/222/eng@2025-09-11", "type": "case_law", "chunk_index": 13, "total_chunk...
https://new.kenyalaw.org/akn/ke/judgment/kemc/2025/222/eng@2025-09-11##chunk14
btain the consent of the Applicant who was also one of the rightful heiresses of her deceased father’s estate. She only learnt of the Grant 2 years after it had been made. Concealment of this fact was prejudicial to the applicant’s rights. 12. The court notes that only Martin Mwangi and Daniel Muringa signed the consen...
{ "title": "In re Estate of Paul Kamiri alias Ngari Kamiri alias Paul Ngari Kameri (Deceased) (Succession Cause E011 of 2021) [2025] KEMC 222 (KLR) (11 September 2025) (Ruling)", "url": "https://new.kenyalaw.org/akn/ke/judgment/kemc/2025/222/eng@2025-09-11", "type": "case_law", "chunk_index": 14, "total_chunk...
https://new.kenyalaw.org/akn/ke/judgment/kemc/2025/222/eng@2025-09-11##chunk15
r excluding the rightful beneficiaries. 14. The cumulative result of the foregoing was that the proceedings were defective in substance and the wholesale exclusion of the rightful beneficiaries gravely prejudiced the Applicant and the other surviving children of their siblings. By proposing to give third parties what t...
{ "title": "In re Estate of Paul Kamiri alias Ngari Kamiri alias Paul Ngari Kameri (Deceased) (Succession Cause E011 of 2021) [2025] KEMC 222 (KLR) (11 September 2025) (Ruling)", "url": "https://new.kenyalaw.org/akn/ke/judgment/kemc/2025/222/eng@2025-09-11", "type": "case_law", "chunk_index": 15, "total_chunk...
https://new.kenyalaw.org/akn/ke/judgment/kemc/2025/222/eng@2025-09-11##chunk16
petitioners herein is revoked and set aside. The 3 AdministraticesAdministrator are hereby ordered to surrender to the Court the said Letters of Administration dated 23rd MAY, 2022 for cancellation forthwith but not later than 14 days of this ruling. 2. The Court directs that the whole process shall start de novo withi...
{ "title": "In re Estate of Paul Kamiri alias Ngari Kamiri alias Paul Ngari Kameri (Deceased) (Succession Cause E011 of 2021) [2025] KEMC 222 (KLR) (11 September 2025) (Ruling)", "url": "https://new.kenyalaw.org/akn/ke/judgment/kemc/2025/222/eng@2025-09-11", "type": "case_law", "chunk_index": 16, "total_chunk...
https://new.kenyalaw.org/akn/ke/judgment/kemc/2025/222/eng@2025-09-11##chunk17
Maritim Sirorei (Deceased) [2025] KEHC 11880 ( KLR ) (Nyakundi J .) 3. Owing to the nature of the suit being a family matter, parties bear their respective costs. It is so ordered. Right of appeal is 30 days. DATED, READ AND SIGNED AT MARALAL THIS 11TH DAY OF SEPTEMBER, 2025 HON. T.A. SITATI SENIOR PRINCIPAL MAGISTRATE...
{ "title": "In re Estate of Paul Kamiri alias Ngari Kamiri alias Paul Ngari Kameri (Deceased) (Succession Cause E011 of 2021) [2025] KEMC 222 (KLR) (11 September 2025) (Ruling)", "url": "https://new.kenyalaw.org/akn/ke/judgment/kemc/2025/222/eng@2025-09-11", "type": "case_law", "chunk_index": 17, "total_chunk...
https://new.kenyalaw.org/akn/ke/judgment/kemc/2025/222/eng@2025-09-11##chunk18
out reflecting in the estate account. Ephantus Kithenya and Esther Njeri. I want the court to read the last date issued by the previous magistrate. It is true that the petitioners excluded real beneficiaries. Stephen has blocked the EQUITY Bank. Monica and Stephen MISS KAMUNYA : Court: * 3 Petitioners Must File Account...
{ "title": "In re Estate of Paul Kamiri alias Ngari Kamiri alias Paul Ngari Kameri (Deceased) (Succession Cause E011 of 2021) [2025] KEMC 222 (KLR) (11 September 2025) (Ruling)", "url": "https://new.kenyalaw.org/akn/ke/judgment/kemc/2025/222/eng@2025-09-11", "type": "case_law", "chunk_index": 18, "total_chunk...
https://new.kenyalaw.org/akn/ke/judgment/kehc/2026/4004/eng@2026-03-25##chunk0
In re KW (Minor) (Adoption Cause E023 of 2025) [2026] KEHC 4004 (KLR) (25 March 2026) (Judgment) Neutral citation: [2026] KEHC 4004 (KLR) Republic of Kenya In the High Court at Kisumu Adoption Cause E023 of 2025 A Mabeya, J March 25, 2026 IN THE MATTER OF AN ADOPTION KW - MINOR AND IN THE MATTER OF AN APPLICATION BY IA...
{ "title": "In re KW (Minor) (Adoption Cause E023 of 2025) [2026] KEHC 4004 (KLR) (25 March 2026) (Judgment)", "url": "https://new.kenyalaw.org/akn/ke/judgment/kehc/2026/4004/eng@2026-03-25", "type": "case_law", "chunk_index": 0, "total_chunks": 5, "citation": "", "court": "", "date": "March 25, 2026" }
https://new.kenyalaw.org/akn/ke/judgment/kehc/2026/4004/eng@2026-03-25##chunk1
he child and resident in Viva-Luzern Eichh, Switzerland. The Child is a female born on 5/5/2011. The child is a biological daughter of OCA, the applicant’s brother who also consented to the adoption. 3. The applicant has lived with and raised the child with her own biological children prior to her moving to Switzerland...
{ "title": "In re KW (Minor) (Adoption Cause E023 of 2025) [2026] KEHC 4004 (KLR) (25 March 2026) (Judgment)", "url": "https://new.kenyalaw.org/akn/ke/judgment/kehc/2026/4004/eng@2026-03-25", "type": "case_law", "chunk_index": 1, "total_chunks": 5, "citation": "", "court": "", "date": "March 25, 2026" }
https://new.kenyalaw.org/akn/ke/judgment/kehc/2026/4004/eng@2026-03-25##chunk2
al parameters for adoption. 5. The applicant contended that her husband, MTG, has no objection to the adoption and that they are financially stable to provide a more stable home for the child. 6. OCM, consented to be appointed as a Guardian ad Litem. 7. The provisions of sections 184 to 186 of the Children’s Act set ou...
{ "title": "In re KW (Minor) (Adoption Cause E023 of 2025) [2026] KEHC 4004 (KLR) (25 March 2026) (Judgment)", "url": "https://new.kenyalaw.org/akn/ke/judgment/kehc/2026/4004/eng@2026-03-25", "type": "case_law", "chunk_index": 2, "total_chunks": 5, "citation": "", "court": "", "date": "March 25, 2026" }
https://new.kenyalaw.org/akn/ke/judgment/kehc/2026/4004/eng@2026-03-25##chunk3
that the applicant is fit and suitable to be granted the prayers she seeks and that the provisions of the law cited above have been met. Further, I have considered that it is in the best interest of the Child that the orders sought be made. 10. Accordingly, I allow the Originating Summons and make the following orders...
{ "title": "In re KW (Minor) (Adoption Cause E023 of 2025) [2026] KEHC 4004 (KLR) (25 March 2026) (Judgment)", "url": "https://new.kenyalaw.org/akn/ke/judgment/kehc/2026/4004/eng@2026-03-25", "type": "case_law", "chunk_index": 3, "total_chunks": 5, "citation": "", "court": "", "date": "March 25, 2026" }
https://new.kenyalaw.org/akn/ke/judgment/kehc/2026/4004/eng@2026-03-25##chunk4
That the Registrar General do make the appropriate entry of this adoption in the Adopted Children’s Register accordingly. e. There shall be no orders as to costs. It is hereby so decreed. DATED AND DELIVERED AT KISUMU THIS 25 TH DAY OF MARCH , 2026 . A. MABEYA, FCI Arb JUDGE
{ "title": "In re KW (Minor) (Adoption Cause E023 of 2025) [2026] KEHC 4004 (KLR) (25 March 2026) (Judgment)", "url": "https://new.kenyalaw.org/akn/ke/judgment/kehc/2026/4004/eng@2026-03-25", "type": "case_law", "chunk_index": 4, "total_chunks": 5, "citation": "", "court": "", "date": "March 25, 2026" }
https://new.kenyalaw.org/akn/ke/judgment/keca/2026/644/eng@2026-03-25##chunk0
Roberts & another v Parsare & 5 others (Civil Appeal E004 of 2021) [2026] KECA 644 (KLR) (25 March 2026) (Judgment) Download DOCX (31.0 KB) Toggle dropdown Download PDF Report Report a problem Roberts & another v Parsare & 5 others (Civil Appeal E004 of 2021) [2026] KECA 644 (KLR) (25 March 2026) (Judgment) Copy citati...
{ "title": "Roberts & another v Parsare & 5 others (Civil Appeal E004 of 2021) [2026] KECA 644 (KLR) (25 March 2026) (Judgment)", "url": "https://new.kenyalaw.org/akn/ke/judgment/keca/2026/644/eng@2026-03-25", "type": "case_law", "chunk_index": 0, "total_chunks": 2, "citation": "", "court": "", "date": ...
https://new.kenyalaw.org/akn/ke/judgment/keca/2026/644/eng@2026-03-25##chunk1
anguage English Type Judgment Original source file Download DOCX (31.0 KB) Case action Judgment Skip to document content Loading PDF... This document is 31.0 KB. Do you want to load it? Load document ▲ To the top Cited documents 4 Act 4 1. Constitution of Kenya 44804 citations 2. Civil Procedure Act 30970 citations 3. ...
{ "title": "Roberts & another v Parsare & 5 others (Civil Appeal E004 of 2021) [2026] KECA 644 (KLR) (25 March 2026) (Judgment)", "url": "https://new.kenyalaw.org/akn/ke/judgment/keca/2026/644/eng@2026-03-25", "type": "case_law", "chunk_index": 1, "total_chunks": 2, "citation": "", "court": "", "date": ...
https://new.kenyalaw.org/akn/ke/judgment/keelrc/2026/888/eng@2026-03-31##chunk0
Simba Chai Savings and Credit Cooperative Society Limited & 3 others v Bii & another (Appeal E002 of 2025) [2026] KEELRC 888 (KLR) (31 March 2026) (Ruling) Download DOCX (54.6 KB) Toggle dropdown Download PDF Report Report a problem Simba Chai Savings and Credit Cooperative Society Limited & 3 others v Bii & another (A...
{ "title": "Simba Chai Savings and Credit Cooperative Society Limited & 3 others v Bii & another (Appeal E002 of 2025) [2026] KEELRC 888 (KLR) (31 March 2026) (Ruling)", "url": "https://new.kenyalaw.org/akn/ke/judgment/keelrc/2026/888/eng@2026-03-31", "type": "case_law", "chunk_index": 0, "total_chunks": 2, ...
https://new.kenyalaw.org/akn/ke/judgment/keelrc/2026/888/eng@2026-03-31##chunk1
urt Court station Employment and Labour Relations Court at Kericho Case number Appeal E002 of 2025 Attorneys M/S Bett & Company Advocates, M/S Ogaro Orayo & Company Advocates, Judges J Rika Judgment date 31 March 2026 Language English Type Judgment Original source file Download DOCX (54.6 KB) Case action Ruling Skip to...
{ "title": "Simba Chai Savings and Credit Cooperative Society Limited & 3 others v Bii & another (Appeal E002 of 2025) [2026] KEELRC 888 (KLR) (31 March 2026) (Ruling)", "url": "https://new.kenyalaw.org/akn/ke/judgment/keelrc/2026/888/eng@2026-03-31", "type": "case_law", "chunk_index": 1, "total_chunks": 2, ...
https://new.kenyalaw.org/akn/ke/judgment/kemc/2025/340/eng@2025-12-11##chunk0
Makokha & another (Suing as the administrators and personal representatives of the Estate of Annah Chemtai Makokha) v Ruiru Feeds Limited & another (Civil Suit E755 of 2023) [2025] KEMC 340 (KLR) (11 December 2025) (Judgment) Download DOCX (97.1 KB) Toggle dropdown Download PDF Report Report a problem Makokha & another...
{ "title": "Makokha & another (Suing as the administrators and personal representatives of the Estate of Annah Chemtai Makokha) v Ruiru Feeds Limited & another (Civil Suit E755 of 2023) [2025] KEMC 340 (KLR) (11 December 2025) (Judgment)", "url": "https://new.kenyalaw.org/akn/ke/judgment/kemc/2025/340/eng@2025-12-1...
https://new.kenyalaw.org/akn/ke/judgment/kemc/2025/340/eng@2025-12-11##chunk1
entatives of the Estate of Annah Chemtai Makokha) v Ruiru Feeds Limited & another [2025] KEMC 340 (KLR) Copy Media Neutral Citation [2025] KEMC 340 (KLR) Copy Court Magistrate's Court Court station Nakuru Law Courts Case number Civil Suit E755 of 2023 Judges PA Ndege Judgment date 11 December 2025 Language English Type...
{ "title": "Makokha & another (Suing as the administrators and personal representatives of the Estate of Annah Chemtai Makokha) v Ruiru Feeds Limited & another (Civil Suit E755 of 2023) [2025] KEMC 340 (KLR) (11 December 2025) (Judgment)", "url": "https://new.kenyalaw.org/akn/ke/judgment/kemc/2025/340/eng@2025-12-1...
https://new.kenyalaw.org/akn/ke/judgment/kehc/2026/3924/eng@2026-03-24##chunk0
Achieng v Attorney General (Civil Appeal E011 of 2025) [2026] KEHC 3924 (KLR) (24 March 2026) (Judgment) Download DOCX (41.5 KB) Toggle dropdown Download PDF Report Report a problem Achieng v Attorney General (Civil Appeal E011 of 2025) [2026] KEHC 3924 (KLR) (24 March 2026) (Judgment) Copy citation Document detail Cit...
{ "title": "Achieng v Attorney General (Civil Appeal E011 of 2025) [2026] KEHC 3924 (KLR) (24 March 2026) (Judgment)", "url": "https://new.kenyalaw.org/akn/ke/judgment/kehc/2026/3924/eng@2026-03-24", "type": "case_law", "chunk_index": 0, "total_chunks": 2, "citation": "", "court": "", "date": "" }
https://new.kenyalaw.org/akn/ke/judgment/kehc/2026/3924/eng@2026-03-24##chunk1
.5 KB) Case action Judgment Skip to document content Loading PDF... This document is 41.5 KB. Do you want to load it? Load document ▲ To the top Cited documents 1 Act 1 1. Evidence Act 14396 citations Documents citing this one 0
{ "title": "Achieng v Attorney General (Civil Appeal E011 of 2025) [2026] KEHC 3924 (KLR) (24 March 2026) (Judgment)", "url": "https://new.kenyalaw.org/akn/ke/judgment/kehc/2026/3924/eng@2026-03-24", "type": "case_law", "chunk_index": 1, "total_chunks": 2, "citation": "", "court": "", "date": "" }
https://new.kenyalaw.org/akn/ke/act/1989/17/eng@2025-12-11##chunk0
An Act of Parliament to establish a Capital Markets Authority for the purpose of promoting, regulating and facilitating the development of an orderly, fair and efficient capital market in Kenya and for connected purposes Part I – PRELIMINARY 1. Short title This Act may be cited as the Capital Markets Act. ( Act No. 3 o...
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https://new.kenyalaw.org/akn/ke/act/1989/17/eng@2025-12-11##chunk1
means a person authorized to deal in securities and operate in a specific market segment as may be prescribed by the Authority ; “Authority” means the Capital Markets Authority established by section 5 ; “beneficial owner” means a natural person who, whether alone or with associates, is the ultimate owner or controller...
{ "title": "Capital Markets Act", "url": "https://new.kenyalaw.org/akn/ke/act/1989/17/eng@2025-12-11", "type": "legislation", "chunk_index": 1, "total_chunks": 300 }
https://new.kenyalaw.org/akn/ke/act/1989/17/eng@2025-12-11##chunk2
d or traded on a securities exchange or directly between two or more parties for the purpose of raising funds for investment; “collective investment scheme” includes an investment company , a unit trust , a mutual fund or other scheme whether or not established or organized in Kenya which— (a) collects and pools funds ...
{ "title": "Capital Markets Act", "url": "https://new.kenyalaw.org/akn/ke/act/1989/17/eng@2025-12-11", "type": "legislation", "chunk_index": 2, "total_chunks": 300 }
https://new.kenyalaw.org/akn/ke/act/1989/17/eng@2025-12-11##chunk3
on promoter , but does not include— (i) a body corporate incorporated under any law in Kenya relating to building societies, co-operative societies, retirement benefit schemes, credit unions or friendly societies; (ii) an arrangement where each of the holders of the shares is a body corporate in the same group as the p...
{ "title": "Capital Markets Act", "url": "https://new.kenyalaw.org/akn/ke/act/1989/17/eng@2025-12-11", "type": "legislation", "chunk_index": 3, "total_chunks": 300 }
https://new.kenyalaw.org/akn/ke/act/1989/17/eng@2025-12-11##chunk4
utions from the holders of shares in the collective investment scheme constitutes the acceptance of deposits in the course of a business which is a deposit-taking business for the purpose of the Banking Act ( Cap. 488 ); (v) contracts of insurance; (vi) retirement benefits scheme; "commodity" means— (a) agricultural, l...
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https://new.kenyalaw.org/akn/ke/act/1989/17/eng@2025-12-11##chunk5
ract ; "commodity contract" includes— (a) spot commodity contract; (b) commodity futures contract ; and (c) such other contract or class of contracts as the Authority may, by regulations prescribe; "commodity market" means a market or facility licensed by the Authority or a facility, whether electronic or otherwise at ...
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https://new.kenyalaw.org/akn/ke/act/1989/17/eng@2025-12-11##chunk6
racts but does not include— (a) the office or facilities of a commodity dealer or broker; (b) the office or facilities of a clearing house; “company” means a company formed and registered under the Companies Act ( Cap. 486 ); “Compensation Fund” means the Investor Compensation Fund established by section 18 ; “credit r...
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vatives contracts whether or not he or she carries on any other business; “dealer’s representative” deleted by Act No. 3 of 2000 , s. 4 ; “dealing in securities” means making or offering to make with any person, or inducing or attempting to induce any person to enter into or to offer to enter into— (a) any agreement fo...
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https://new.kenyalaw.org/akn/ke/act/1989/17/eng@2025-12-11##chunk8
except in exchange-traded derivatives contracts; "derivatives exchange" means a securities exchange which has been granted a license to list exchange-traded derivative contracts by the Authority under the Act or approved for such purposes and in accordance with the regulations issued thereunder; “derivatives dealer” d...
{ "title": "Capital Markets Act", "url": "https://new.kenyalaw.org/akn/ke/act/1989/17/eng@2025-12-11", "type": "legislation", "chunk_index": 8, "total_chunks": 300 }
https://new.kenyalaw.org/akn/ke/act/1989/17/eng@2025-12-11##chunk9
asonably be expected to result, directly or indirectly, in the acceptance or making, respectively, of offers to sell, purchase or exchange-traded derivative contracts , whether through that place, facility or otherwise, but does not include— (a) the office or facilities of a derivatives broker; or (b) the facilities of...
{ "title": "Capital Markets Act", "url": "https://new.kenyalaw.org/akn/ke/act/1989/17/eng@2025-12-11", "type": "legislation", "chunk_index": 9, "total_chunks": 300 }
https://new.kenyalaw.org/akn/ke/act/1989/17/eng@2025-12-11##chunk10
s exchange ; "expert” in respect of a matter or an opinion, means a person whose profession, occupation, religious standing, expertise or reputation gives authority to a statement made by that person in relation to that matter or opinion; “financial instrument” includes securities , mortgage contracts, property contrac...
{ "title": "Capital Markets Act", "url": "https://new.kenyalaw.org/akn/ke/act/1989/17/eng@2025-12-11", "type": "legislation", "chunk_index": 10, "total_chunks": 300 }
https://new.kenyalaw.org/akn/ke/act/1989/17/eng@2025-12-11##chunk11
d by the Authority from time to time; "futures broker" means a body corporate admitted into the membership of a derivatives exchange and duly licensed by the Authority to engage in the business of trading in exchange-traded derivatives contracts as an agent for investors in return for a commission and on its own accoun...
{ "title": "Capital Markets Act", "url": "https://new.kenyalaw.org/akn/ke/act/1989/17/eng@2025-12-11", "type": "legislation", "chunk_index": 11, "total_chunks": 300 }
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