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STUDY ON THE MULTIDISCIPLINARY DESIGN FOR SIMULTANEOUS REDUCTION OF WIND NOISE AND SQUEAK OF THE INNER BELT WEATHERSTRIP OF DOORS IN ELECTRIC VEHICLES | Noise, vibration, and harshness (NVH) are becoming crucial performances in electric vehicles (EVs), particularly an external wind noise. A high initial contact load of the door inner belt weatherstrip should be applied to prevent the wind noise from entering the interior of the vehicle. This in turn may cause a squeaki... |
INTRODUCTION | The widespread electrification of automobiles has introduced a significant challenge in designing noise, vibration, and harshness (NVH) of vehicles. Particularly, wind noise is becoming a major noise source in electric vehicles (EVs) due to the removal of engine noise. To prevent wind noise, water, and dust from enteri... |
Composition of door inner belt weatherstrip | The structure of the inner belt weatherstrip can be divided into a carrier, upper and lower lip, and flocking for the upper and lower lips as shown in Figure 1(a). The carrier is fixed to the door body in white (BIW), and it is composed of polypropylene (PP) material. The lip contacts to the glass sealing the gap betwe... |
Determination of minimum overlap distance | There are manufacturing deviations for the overlap distance depending on the manufacturing quality of each part of the door systems. To calculate the manufacturing deviations, the conventional design methods of assembly tolerance allocation typically use the root sum square (RSS) tolerance analysis method (Lin et al., ... |
Determination of minimum contact load | Depending on the contact load, the amount of noise transmitted from the glass and the lower area of the lip can be determined. To estimate the minimum contact load (CLDmin), a few CAE methods have been studied and proposed (Saf et al., 2020). However, since these CAE methods produce inconsistent results, it is more rea... |
TPV AND FLOCKING MATERIAL DESIGN | A simple analytical model describing instable squeaking noise has been proposed, as shown in Figure 4(a) and Equation (8) (Eaton, 1975). The Figure of motion for mass M is given by,where X is the displacement of the mass (m) at time (t); ν is the drive velocity; c is the damping coefficient of dX/dt; k is the spring st... |
Viscoelastic characterization of TPV | Material damping in polymers comes from the intrinsic viscoelastic properties, which exhibit both elastic and viscous behaviors that are characterized by storage modulus and loss modulus, respectively, in dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA). The ratio between the loss and storage moduli, i.e., tanδ is generally used as a... |
EPDM and PP ratio design study | The EPDM and PP ratios were varied as shown in Table 3 to fabricate the TPV materials with Shore A hardness values of 60, 70, and 80. The compression set results according to the EPDM/PP ratio are also presented in Table 3. It was found that the compression set was proportional to the PP ratio. TPV 60 (35.35 %) with a ... |
EPDM crosslink density design study | To study the effect of the crosslink density of EPDM on the material properties of TPV, the ENB content was varied as presented in Table 4. The crosslink density was measured by swelling crumb TPV samples according to the ASTM D6815. It was observed that the crosslink density increased as ENB content increased in the T... |
Investigation of friction properties of flocking | To eliminate the squeaking noise, various methods have been proposed, such as adjusting the composition of the PE or PA materials or the diameter, length, and density of flocking. The application of a textile softener to the flocking surface has also been suggested (Oumohand and Sartoni, 2012; Choi et al. 2018). In thi... |
Surface quality of flocking | Before the friction test, the coating quality was checked by irradiating the surface with ultraviolet rays. The micrograph presented in Figure 8 shows that the coating solution was well attached to the surface of the flocking pile (Shiny area in Figure 8(b) is where the coating was applied). |
Friction coefficient measurement according to speed and normal force | In accordance with VDA 230-206 (VDA, 2007), the sample was prepared and attached to a semicircle aluminum jig with a length of 50 mm, using SSP-04 of Zins-Ziegler. The dynamic friction coefficient at a sliding speed of 1–150 mm/s was measured at normal loads of 2 N and 5 N.
According to the test results shown in Figur... |
Friction coefficient measurement under semi-wet condition | The inner belt weatherstrip typically generates noise on rainy days; it is closely related to humidity, particularly when the glass is wet (Ma et al., 2021). Under wet condition, the friction coefficient is lower than that in the dry condition. However, when the glass is repeatedly lowered and raised, the water dries, ... |
Friction induced vibration test | TPV 80, TPV 60 and ENB #3 TPV samples were subjected to friction tests with and without 5 g/m2 of Hwaseung Chemical’s coating according to the test conditions of the German Automobile Manufacturers Association (VDA 230-206, 2007), as shown in Figure 11, and acceleration (g) was measured.
As shown in Figure 12(a), when ... |
Sprag slip theory | The belt and glass have similar brake system structures at wheels (Lee and Jeong, 2017). The friction force (F_f) and normal force (F_N) from the sprag slip phenomenon are described in Equation (10), which was first defined by Spurr (1961). Self-excited vibration due to the sprag slip mechanism generates vibration even... |
Determination of angle from measured friction coefficients and sprag slip theory | From Figure 9, the change in the dry-state friction coefficient of the flocking sample without spray coating at a normal load of 2 N is approximately 1.61 ± 0.3. According to Equation (11), the angle θ of vibration due to the sprag slip mechanism is 27.6–37.4. If the angle of the inner belt weatherstrip is within thi... |
DEVELOPMENT OF CAE MODEL | The CAE model developed in this study was for the VDA 230-206 test machine to analyze the contact load and friction-induced vibration by reflecting the minimum overlap length and initial contact load that satisfy the requirements of preventing wind noise and squeaking noise. The model included the hyperelastic and visc... |
Hyperelastic material model | Cyclic tensile loading and unloading tests were performed to obtain a hyperelastic material model of the TPV. The fifth loading stress-strain curve was selected for fitting the model to remove the effect of stress-softening, so called Mullin’s effect, of the TPV material. Because TPV is a solid elastomer with compressi... |
Viscoelastic material model | Fisher et al. (2004) and Ghoreishy (2012) conducted viscoelastic modeling using the Prony series, and in this study, modeling was carried out according to Fisher’s research methodology.From the generalized Maxwell model of the linear viscoelastic model, the Prony series can be obtained using Equation (13).The Prony ser... |
Friction model | A linear friction Figure, Equation (15), was used to reflect Coulomb, Stribeck, and viscous friction in the CAE model. The fitted parameters from Figure (15) for the measured friction curves of each speed with 5 N normal force (Figure 9) are listed in Table 8. Despite the coefficient of determination being limited to 0... |
DEVELOPMENT OF CAE ANALYSIS MODEL AND VERIFICATION | The first step was based on the designed overlap distance, where the inner belt lip is pressed down by the rigid glass and the contact load is measured. In the second step, the acceleration was measured while sliding the glass at the same speed in the SSP-04 machine (Figure 14).To validate the CAE model, the results of... |
CAD MODEL DRAWING | According to the constraints of the DPs, CAD drawing was implemented as shown in Figure 16 and Table 10. To meet the design guide, the position of the boundary between PP and TPV and the shape of the lip were adjusted to decrease the lip angle and increase the overlap distance to 5.6 mm. Because the surface of flocking... |
VALIDATION TEST | The door inner belt weatherstrip was manufactured using the following supply chain: Hwaseung Chmical (Korea) supplied the coating solution to Industrias Tapla, S.L. which produced a flocking tape with a coating. Tapla subsequently supplied them to Sedong (Korea), the inner belt weatherstrip manufacturer. The TPV materi... |
Contact load and compression set | Before conducting the vehicle-level evaluation, the contact load distance and compression set were measured, which are component level tests. The compression set was measured under the condition of 80 ℃ and 45 h of soaking. As shown in Figure (5), additional tests were performed under typical manufacturing deviation (δ... |
Friction induced vibration test | To properly consider the actual product shape and manufacturing state, the semi-circular VDA 230-206 standard test jig was replaced with a jig capable of installing the inner belt weatherstrip, and the test equipment was set up considering the amount of overlap of the inner belt. The test speed applied was 1–40 mm/s to... |
Wind noise test | In the wind tunnel, the base and modified parts were installed on an EV (Hyundai Motor Company) to measure the cabin noise intercepted by the driver's inner ear and the proximity sound at a distance of 100 mm at a wind speed of 110 kph and a yaw angle of 10. Consequently, it was confirmed that the noise was improved t... |
Glass sliding squeaking noise test | For the same vehicle model, a glass sliding squeaking noise evaluation was conducted. The position of the microphone was the same as that in the proximity wind noise test, at the center of the belt at a distance of 100 mm. The measured noise was converted into an SPL color map for time and frequency in the spectrum ana... |
CONCLUSION | This study proposed a multidisciplinary design of the inner belt weatherstrip of automobiles for the simultaneous reduction of wind noise and squeak of the glass window. The conclusions drawn from this study are as follows.
Considering both the manufacturing deviation and deformation of the glass when stalled, we propo... |
Research on Stick & Sprag-slip phenomenon of door waist belts | The squeak noise generated during the moving of the door glass has a influence on the performance of vehicles felt by the consumer. In order to improve the noise, it is necessary to understand the principle of a friction vibration. In this paper, it is confirmed that the principle on the belt is most closely related to... |
Introduction | The noise / vibration generated at the descent of the door glass has a great influence on the performance of the goods which the consumer feels, and in order to improve this, it is necessary to understand the main mechanisms causing noise and vibration. Depending on the wet state between the door glass and the waist be... |
Coefficient of friction | The squeak noise generation on the waist belt is to cause friction-induced vibrations same as the brake system. As cited by Kinkaid (2) hypothesised that brake squeal originated because the dynamic friction coefficient is decreasing with increasing slipping velocity and leads to the steady state sliding becomes unstabl... |
Stick-slip Principle | Squeak noise is the noise generated by the stick-slip phenomenon in the relative movement between the glass and the waist belt. As shown in Figure 4, the maximum static friction is absorbed into the waist belt by the relative motion between the waist belt and the glass, and the lip is deformed to its maximum extent and... |
Sprag-slip Principle | As reported by Papinniemi(3), sprag-slip mechanism was first defined by Spurr(4). The mechanism causing the vibration between the two friction surfaces is not only stick-slip, but self-excited vibration generates vibration even if the coefficient of friction is constant. This phenomenon is caused by instability of the ... |
Principle Verification for Stick-slip phenomenon | As a result of implementing stick-slip using VBA with a MCK(mass, damper, coefficient) model between a spring(lip) and a block(glass), we were able to check various state variables related to the vibration surface of the block, and even though there is damping in the system. As shown in the Figure 9, it can be confirme... |
Principle Verification for Sprag-slip phenomenon | To confirm the vibrational behavior of the sprag-slip effect, modeling was carried out as shown in Figure 14. To predict the Sprag-slip, shear and normal stiffness must be known. Therefore, the value can be derived from the analysis according to the shape of the lip on the waist belt. First, normal force for each posit... |
Optimization Design of Waist belt | We have studied the basic principle of generating the squeak noise of the door waist belt. The major causes are the stick slip, which is a friction characteristic, and the Sprag slip, which is a structural feature. In this section, we propose an improvement way using the robust design using DFSS to optimize the frictio... |
Friction characteristic | The contact surface of the door belt uses flocking rather than coating because of the abrasion and glass scratch when glass moving. The material of the flocking are divided into two specifications: whether to use PA series material or PE series. And other design parameter of flocking is thickness, length, and density. ... |
Structural characteristic | In order to improve the structural characteristics of the Sprag slip, the shape of the waist belt should be optimized, and an orthogonal table is created as shown in Table 3 based on the material hardness and lip shape. The signal and output responses are the Sprag-delta (μF_N0)/((K_s-〖μK〗_SDNF ) ) and Sprag-slip inde... |
Performance verification result | Based on the optimized shape and flocking of the door waist belt, we predicted how it will change during glass moving. As shown in Figure 20, when the current waist belt is applied, it is confirmed that the sprag occurs, and it can be seen that the sprag is prevented by changing the shape of the lip. By reducing the fr... |
Conclusion | In this paper, the energy equation for Stick slip and Sprag slip is established through the study of basic principle of squeak noise in door glass operation, and the robust design optimization is carried out by using DFSS tool. In summary, to improve the stick-slip phenomenon of the flocking, which is the friction char... |
Research on Airborne Noise of Battery Electric Vehicles Based on Transfer Path Analysis | With the popularity of battery electric vehicles, the engine of the vehicle disappears, so the problem of road noise in cars is becoming more and more prominent. Road noise into the car can be divided into structure-borne noise and airborne noise, this paper only focuses on the airborne noise above 500Hz, completely ig... |
A Practical Approach towards Reducing the HVAC Flow Noise | Automotive heating ventilating and air conditioning (HVAC) noise is becoming a big concern area as the demand for acoustic comfort increases day by day. Vehicles are manufactured in recent years with quieter powertrain, reduced body leakage, better suspension. The other quieter technologies like electrification, hybrid... |
Rattle and Squeak Investigation on the Interior Components of Automobile | Automotive rattle and squeak performance is an important factor affecting passenger comfort and perceived quality. In the current work, finite element simulation is developed to analyze the noise potential of adjacent interior components. The statistical ?????limit is adopted to assess the rattle risk at adjacent surfa... |
Further Study of the Vehicle Rattle Noise with Consideration of the Impact Rates and Loudness | With the prevalent trend of the pure electric vehicle, vehicle interior noise has been reduced significantly. However, other noises become prominent in the cabin. Especially, the BSR noise generated by friction between parts and the clearance between components become the elements of complaints directly affect the qual... |
Development of Tearing Pattern Prediction Model of Laser Scored Region on Invisible Passenger Side Airbag Door | The tear seam of invisible passenger side airbag door is made on the back of an instrument panel by laser scoring method and it is not shown outside. One of the requirements for the invisible passenger side airbag door is that the airbag module should deploy with no fragmentation at hot, room and cold temperature condi... |
Airflow Simulation Relative to Door-Closing Operability | Easiness in closing a vehicle door has been often evaluated on a physical vehicle body, and in most cases, has not been fully studied by computer-aided engineering (CAE) in an earlier developing stage. The authors have developed a numerical method for reproducing the behavior of a closing door with a high fidelity. Cha... |
The Use of in Vehicle STL Testing to Correlate Subsystem Level SEA Models | For the assessment of vehicle acoustics in the early design stages of a vehicle program, the use of full vehicle SEA models is becoming the standard analysis method in the US automotive industry. One benefit is that OEM's and Tier 1 suppliers are able to cascade lower level acoustic performance targets for NVH systems ... |
Modular door system for side impact safety of motor vehicles | Side impact collision is one of the toughest safety challenges facing the Auto Industry today. Over thirteen thousand deaths, due to side impact, occurred during 1998 in the United States alone. The main difficulty in designing for side impact collisions is the limited crumple zone between the impacting vehicle and the... |
Simulation of Warm Forming Assisted Hemming to Study the Effect of Process Parameters on Product Quality | Current trends in the auto industry requiring tighter dimensional specifications combined with the use of lightweight materials, such as aluminum, are a challenge for the traditional manufacturing processes. The hemming process, a sheet metal bending operation used in the manufacturing of car doors and hoods, poses pro... |
Comparative Dimensional Quality of Doors: A Benchmarking Study | A comparative benchmarking study of the dimensional door quality 14 vehicles from Ford, General Motors, Daimler-Chrysler, Toyota, Nissan, BMW, Volvo, and Renault was conducted. Various aspects of the door design, manufacturing, assembly and hanging system were studied. This paper focuses on the dimensional quality of t... |
Comparative Datuming and Hanging Strategies of Doors: A Benchmark Study | This paper discusses the results of a door benchmark study performed on 14 vehicles. The major focus is on the selection of datums or reference points and its impact on the product quality of the door system. The results indicate that there can be a relationship between datum utilization and quality metrics at any stag... |
Conductive Plastics Leading Fuel Door Technology | This paper will discuss, compare, and contrast current materials, designs, and manufacturing options for fuel filler doors. Also, it will explore the advantages of using conductive thermoplastic substrates over other materials that are commonly used in the fuel filler door market today. At the outset, the paper will di... |
The Effect of Turbulence on Peak and Average Pressures on a Car Door | The influence of turbulence on automotive aerodynamics requires further investigation. This paper provides evidence that turbulence directly affects average and peak forces on the front door of a sedan automobile. Wind tunnel and several on-road test conditions were investigated. The results include instantaneous peak ... |
A Robust Solution for a Power-Train Mounting System for Automotive NVH Refinements | Production variations of a heavy duty truck for its vibrations were measured and then analyzed through an Ishikawa diagram. Noise and Control factors of the truck idle shake were indentified. The major cause was found to be piece to piece variations of its power-train (PT) rubber mounts. To overcome the same, a new nom... |
Structural Diffuse Field Excitation Synthesis by Synthetic Array (SFS-SA), Application to Cars Panels Contributions | Diffuse field or turbulent boundary layer excitations of vehicles are of huge interest in automotive industry. For such excitations reverberation chambers or wind tunnels are necessary, this means high cost experiments. The idea of sound field synthesis to create the acoustic effect corresponding to diffuse field or tu... |
Engine Sound Reduction and Enhancement Using Engine Vibration | Over the past decade, there have been many efforts to generate engine sound inside the cabin either in reducing way or in enhancing way. To reduce the engine noise, the passive way, such as sound absorption or sound insulation, was widely used but it has a limitation on its reduction performance. In recent days, with t... |
The Design of Wind Noise Transducers to Separate Acoustic and Turbulent Pressures | A four element wind noise transducer has been designed with surface mounted electret microphones in an array pattern which allows for the separate determination of the acoustic and turbulent pressures in wind noise. Three closely spaced transducers, defining an x-y coordinate system, are positioned to determine the vel... |
Prediction of Automotive Air-Handling System Flow Noise Sound Quality Using Sub-System Measurements | This paper presents the methodology of predicting vehicle level automotive air-handling system air-rush noise sound quality (SQ) using the sub-system level measurement. Measurement setup in both vehicle level and sub-system levels are described. To assess the air-rush noise SQ, both 1/3 octave band sound pressure level... |
A Unique Noise & Vibration Software Tool for Automotive Troubleshooting | A unique Matlab-based coded engineering software tool (Time-Frequency Analyzer Core짰) was developed that allows users to process acquired time data to help in identifying sources and paths of noise and vibration (in the experience of the authors). The Time-Frequency Analyzer Core (TFAC) software does not replace commer... |
Operational Determination of Car Window Damping | Wind noise can be a significant event for automotive design engineers. The greenhouse glass plays an important role in the wind noise process. Robust estimates of the greenhouse glass damping are necessary for both understanding and modeling the role of the glass in the wind noise process. One unanswered question is wh... |
An Experimental Study of Mechanism of Body Panel Vibration in Booming Noise Reduction of Passenger Vehicles | In a typical passenger vehicle, there can be different types of noises generated which are broadly categorized as Interior Noise and Exterior Noise. The interior noise sources can be further classified into noises which can be Structure Borne or Air Borne. One of the major sources of both structure borne and airborne n... |
The Effects of Unsteady Flow Conditions on Vehicle in Cabin and External Noise Generation | A vehicle driving on the road experiences unsteady flow conditions which are not generally reproduced in the development environment. This paper investigates the potential importance of this difference to aeroacoustics and hence to occupant perception and proposes a methodology to enable better ranking of designs by ta... |
Daimler Aeroacoustic Wind Tunnel: 5 Years of Operational Experience and Recent Improvements | Since 2013 the new Daimler Aeroacoustic Wind Tunnel (AAWT) is in operation at the Mercedes-Benz Technology Center in Sindelfingen, Germany. This construction was the second stage of a wind tunnel center project, which was launched in 2007 and started with the climatic wind tunnels including workshop and office areas. T... |
Surface treatment to reduce squeak noise in vinyl parts | It is a common practice of automotive industry to avoid dynamic contact between two surfaces with similar roughness for plastics and interior trim parts. That means reduce the friction and, consequently the squeak noise to the minimum level to meet zero noise level. Unfortunately, for design or economics reasons, that ... |
Designing In-Cab Sound of Vehicles as per the Customer Driving Pattern on Roads | Vehicle refinement from point of view reduction in its Noise, Vibrations and Harshness (NVH) affects customer?셲 buying decision and it also directly influences his/her driving experience on road at different speeds. Customer voice, however, indicates that a traditional process of developing design solutions is not alig... |
Low Frequency In-Cab Booming Noise Reduction in the Passenger Car | In-cab booming noise is low frequency (20 Hz??00 Hz) phenomenon excites the cabin structure, which occurs mainly due to excitations from the powertrain, exhaust system, road input, etc. Annoyance due to booming noise affects the In-cab sound quality, which results in passenger discomfort. A diesel passenger car observe... |
Investigation of Cabin Noise while Accelerating on Low Mu Track through Simulation Approach Using Full Vehicle ADAMS/Car Model | Cabin noise is a significant product quality criteria which enables the customers for product differentiation. There are various sources of cabin noise such as wind, structures(panels), engine, suspension, tire and roads. During product development phase, extensive tests has been conducted to improve vehicle dynamics b... |
Design of Super Silent Enclosure for Diesel Genset Using Statistical Energy Analysis (SEA) Technique | Diesel engine generators are commonly used as a power source for various industrial and residential applications. While designing diesel generator (DG) enclosures requirements of noise control, ventilation and physical protection needs to be addressed. Indian legislation requirement demands DG enclosure insertion loss ... |
Computational Aeroacoustics Based on a Helmholtz-Hodge Decomposition | Using existing aeroacoustic wave equations, we propose a general hybrid aeroacoustic method, based on compressible flow data. By applying the Helmholtz-Hodge decomposition on arbitrary domains, we extract the incompressible projection (non-radiating base flow) of the compressible flow velocity by solving the vector val... |
Numerical Design of Loudspeaker Systems in a Car Cabin | These days loudspeaker systems in vehicles are gaining more and more of importance. Usually quite a few speakers are installed and driven in combination in order to obtain a convincing sound environment for the occupants/customers. Sometimes even a 3D sound experience shall be reached, where up to 20 loudspeakers might... |
Correlation Analysis of Interior and Exterior Wind Noise Sources of a Production Car Using Beamforming Techniques | Beamforming techniques are widely used today in aeroacoustic wind tunnels to identify wind noise sources generated by interaction between incoming flow and the test object. In this study, a planar spiral microphone array with 120 channels was set out-of-flow at 1:1 aeroacoustic wind tunnel of Shanghai Automotive Wind T... |
An Analysis on Automotive Side Window Buffeting Using Scale Adaptive Simulation | Automotive window buffeting is a source of vehicle occupant?셲 discomfort and annoyance. Original equipment manufacturers (OEM) are using both experimental and numerical methods to address this issue. With major advances in computational power and numerical modelling, it is now possible to model complex aero acoustic pr... |
Acoustic Enclosure Optimization for a Higher Capacity Diesel Generator Set Using Statistical Energy Analysis (SEA) Based Approach | Diesel powered electric generators are used in a variety of applications, such as emergency back-up power, temporary primary power at industrial facilities, etc. As regulatory and customer requirements demand quieter designs, special attention is given to the design of acoustic enclosures to balance the need of noise c... |
Sound Quality Evaluation of a Brake and Clutch Pedal Assembly used for Automotive Applications | Sound Quality (SQ) of brake and clutch pedal assembly plays an important role in contributing to vehicle interior noise and perception of sound. Quiet operation of brake and clutch units also reflects the vehicle built and material quality. Noise emitted from these sub-assemblies has to meet certain acceptance criteria... |
A Study on the Vehicle Body Effect on Brake Noise | Creep groan noise occurs in a just moving vehicle by the simultaneous application of torque to the wheel and the gradual release of brake pressure in-vehicle. It is the low frequency noise giving the driver a very uncomfortable feeling. Recently, the field claims regarding the creep groan noise are increasing. So far, ... |
C-17 Cargo Ramp and Door Automated Drilling & Fastening System - Project Overview | To further reduce airframe costs associated with fastener installation, an Automated Drilling & Fastening System (ADFS) has been implemented on the C-17 Program to enhance current Mold Line attachment processes. The ADFS will automate up to 90% of all Cargo Ramp and Door Mold Line fastener installations. Implementation... |
Mechanical and Structural Aspects of the C-17 Cargo Ramp and Cargo Door ADFS | The cargo ramp and cargo door are two major C-17 components that are built in St. Louis, MO and shipped by rail for final assembly in Long Beach, CA. A major portion of the total build time for the ramp and door assemblies consisted of the hand installation of approximately 16,000 moldline fasteners and 19,400 moldline... |
A Direct Method for Designing Fuel Filler Door with Torsional Spring | A direct method is developed for designing a vehicle fuel filler door with torsional spring. The design parameters include the door's geometrical parameters and spring dimensions. The design requirements are based on the finger force curve during closing and opening, and the bending stress in the spring. An example is ... |
An Ultra-Light Thin Sliding Door Design - A Multi-Product Multi-Material Solution | Sliding door designs are applied to rear side doors on vans and other large vehicles with a trend towards dual sliding doors with power operation. It is beneficial for the vehicle user to reduce the weight of and space occupied by these doors. Alcoa, in conjunction with Ford, has developed a multi-product, multi-materi... |
Integrated Test Platforms: Taking Advantage of Advances in Computer Hardware and Software | Ongoing hardware, software, and networking advances in low-cost, general-purpose computing platforms have opened the door for powerful, highly usable, integrated test platforms for demanding industrial applications. With a focus on the automotive industry, this paper reviews the pros and cons of integrated test platfor... |
Optimal Design of Panel Reinforcing Material Using Practical Measurement Technique | Expandable reinforcing material such as that used for the outer panel of a door has been used to compensate for the lack of stiffness in automotive body panels. This material can improve panel stiffness and reduce vibration that causes radiated noise. Material properties in practical use have generally been evaluated b... |
Quantitative Assessment of Cosmetic and Structural Quality in Automotive Outer Body Panels Using ARAMIS Stereo Photogrammetry System | The methodology described enables high accuracy in the measurement of static and dynamic stiffness and dent resistance. Among the parameters being evaluated are: stiffness and dent resistance of the automotive outer body assembled panels ??under both static and dynamic loading and the effect of the stiffening features ... |
Visualization and Classification of Strategy for Entering Car | This paper proposes a method for visualizing and classifying the variation in the motions of a person when entering a passenger vehicle. Entering behaviors vary greatly between individuals, especially if the vehicle door is designed to have large clearance. The present study was conducted with the aim of supporting the... |
Development and Application of High-Strength Steel for Auto Outer Panel in Baosteel | The characteristics of China's automotive steel sheets and high strength steels (including bake-hardening, high strength IF and isotropic steel) developed recently by Baosteel for automotive outer panels are briefly reviewed. Among these steels, bake-hardening (BH) steel is often used to make outer panel parts, such as... |
Advanced High-Strength Steels and Hydroforming Reduce Mass and Improve Dent Resistance of Light Weight Doors In UltraLight Steel Auto Closures Project | In May 2000, the UltraLight Steel Auto Closure (ULSAC) Consortium unveiled a lightweight frameless steel door design that achieves 42 percent weight savings over the average benchmarked (1997 model year vehicles) frameless door and 22 percent savings over the lightest benchmark, a framed door. ULSAC was commissioned by... |
Economic Analysis of Two Different Door Architectures | In the past, materials selection for automotive components has been managed on a part-by-part basis. As a result, the economics of these selections have often been reduced to comparing material price/property ratios, rather than technological options. More recently, the debate around modular designs and their advantage... |
Open Bay Door Analysis Process for Hubble Space Telescope Servicing Mission 3B | During Servicing Mission 3B (SM3B) for the Hubble Space Telescope (HST) the Power Control Unit (PCU) will be replaced. The PCU was not originally designed to be replaced on orbit but was later identified as having the capability of being removed and replaced on orbit. The PCU has many connectors and bolts, some of whic... |
Passive Sensing of Driver Intoxication | A sensor that passively monitors the driver for intoxication has been demonstrated. The driver's blood alcohol concentration (BAC) is obtained by sensing alcohol and CO2 in air drawn from the vehicle cabin. With a legally drunk driver, the steady state alcohol concentration can be as low as 0.3 ppm, even with the doors... |
The Truck that Jack Built: Digital Human Models and their Role in the Design of Work Cells and Product Design | Henry Ford is credited with the invention of the assembly line and for 100 years now we have manufactured high quality cars and trucks. The process to bring cars and trucks into production has seen many changes with the introduction of new technology, however the principle is still the same; designers draw concept desi... |
Low Gloss ABS Advancements for Automotive Interior Components | Automotive Original Equipment Manufactures (OEM's) desire interior plastic components being used on consoles, doors, trim areas, and instrument panels to have very low gloss levels. In fact, some OEM's have specified a 2.0 or lower sixty degree Gardner gloss level for most first surface interior components molded in co... |
Child Safety via Anti-Trap Proximity Technology | Sir Galahad??anti-trap windows prevent injury and death, creating a new standard of care for automotive power closures. NHTSA estimates 500 people, approximately 50% of which are children, are treated in hospital emergency rooms each year for injuries related to power windows [11]. Sir Galahad??technology is easy to in... |
Tailor-Welded Aluminum Blanks for Liftgate Inner | Tailor welded steel blanks have long been applied in stamping of automotive parts such as door inner, b-pillar, rail, sill inner and liftgate inner, etc. However, there are few known tailor welded aluminum blanks in production. Traditional laser welding equipment simply does not have the capability to weld aluminum sin... |
Use of SEA for Vehicle Target Setting and Efficient Realization of Vehicle Acoustic Goals | Statistical Energy Analysis (SEA) is an established technique for predicting vehicle NVH. Since SEA is more sensitive to certain parameters such as material properties, damping, absorption, and treatment thickness and coverage than to fine details of geometry, using SEA is especially practical and can be particularly a... |
A New Approach for Best Fit Assembly Based on the Behaviour of Components | Best fit assembly is now a widely spread assembly technique that consists in finding an optimal position of measured components in order to get an assembly that fits its tolerance specifications. The rigid body assumption does not apply for compliant assemblies that can be slightly deformed and for which the geometrica... |
Two-Reference Beam Double-Pulsed Holographic Interferometry with Direct Phase Measurement in Transient Processes Study | Holographic interferometry has been successfully employed to characterize both static and dynamic behavior of diverse types of structure under stress. Double-exposure pulsed holographic interferometry has been extensively used in performing the vibration analysis and qualitative investigations of deformation of the non... |
Active vibration control of automotive like panels | Automotive panels can be great transmitter of undesired sound from external sources. The ability of controlling the noise and vibration performance of such panels is critical to the perceived quality of a vehicle. Passive vibration systems are currently used in vehicles, but they tend to be heavy in nature and capable ... |
Analysis of Determining Parameters of Acoustical Comfort Inside Vehicles | The description of subjectively perceived acoustical comfort inside vehicle compartments is a complex challenge. On the one hand, it depends on physically measurable events like acoustical stimuli with a defined sound pressure level and frequency distribution. On the other hand, it is also strongly dependent on further... |
Research on the Application of Aluminum Door Beam for Automobiles | Door beams are attached inside car doors as one way to protect passengers from shock when the car is side impacted. Though door beams made of high tensile strength steel predominate now, the use of aluminum is growing rapidly to reduce weight. The effects of cross-section and types alloy on the performance of aluminum ... |
A Magnetorheological Door Check | Several shortcomings of mechanical door checks are overcome using a magnetorheological damper. Because the damper is electrically actuated, it can check in any desired position. The logical decision to activate or release the door check can be made either by passive circuitry based on input signals from switches attach... |
Enhanced Security Flight Deck Doors-Commercial Airplanes | In the wake of the 9/11/2001 hijacking events, the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) has emphasized the need for enhanced flight deck doors on commercial airplanes. The paper describes enhanced flight deck door, which meets the new FAA requirements for intrusion resistance and ballistic protection. In addition, the... |
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