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2 long tons ) as designed and 6 @,@ 705 t ( 6 @,@ 599 long tons ) at combat load .
The ships ' hulls were constructed with longitudinal and transverse steel frames ; a single layer of wood planks were used for the hull . A later of Muntz metal sheathing extended up to 1 m ( 3 ft 3 in ) above the waterline to protect against fouling of the hull . This sheathing was later removed from Victoria Louise , Hertha , and Freya . The hull was divided into twelve watertight compartments , which were later reduced to eleven , with the exception of Freya . The hull also incorporated a double bottom that extended for 60 percent of the length of the hull . The ships ' design set a precedent for later armored cruisers , with large , bulky sides and a combined clipper bow and ram .
The ships ' standard crew was 31 officers and 446 enlisted men , with an additional 9 officers and 41 enlisted while serving as a second command flagship . After their reconstruction into training ships , the crew was substantially enlarged to incorporate the trainees , with 26 officers and 658 sailors , 75 of whom were naval cadets and 300 others were cabin boys . The ships carried a number of smaller boats , including three picket boats , one launch , one pinnace , two cutters , two yawls , and three dinghies . After their modernization , the boats were significantly revised ; the number of picket boats was reduced to one , a barge and a launch were added , the dinghies were removed , and five more cutters were added .
The ships were good sea boats ; they had an easy motion and were dry as a result of their high forecastles . They had a tendency to pitch when steaming downwind , however , and made severe leeway in heavy winds because of their large superstructures . They were difficult to maneuver without the center shaft engaged . They lost only around ten percent speed in a head sea or with the rudder hard over . In addition , as the lower coal bunkers were emptied , the ships became increasingly unstable ; with empty bunkers , the ships could heel over as much as fifteen degrees in a hard turn . The modernization of the ships between 1905 and 1911 rectified this problem . They had a transverse metacentric height of .56 to .73 m ( 1 ft 10 in to 2 ft 5 in ) . As built , the ships were very hot , and ventilation had to be improved before they were commissioned .
= = = Machinery = = =
The propulsion system of all five ships consisted of three vertical 4 @-@ cylinder triple expansion engines built by AG Vulcan . Steam was provided by twelve coal @-@ fired boilers from different manufacturers , with the exception of Hansa . Victoria Louise and Vineta had boilers from Dürr AG , Freya had Niclausse boilers , and Hertha had Belleville boilers . Hansa was equipped with eighteen transverse Belleville boilers . The Niclausse boilers in Freya proved to be particularly troublesome , which led the Navy to use only Schulz @-@ Thornycroft or Marine @-@ type boilers in future vessels . In the modernizations between 1905 and 1911 , the ships were re @-@ equipped with transverse Marine @-@ type boilers . The ships originally had three funnels , but after their refits , the boilers were trunked into two funnels .
The ships ' engines were rated at 10 @,@ 000 indicated horsepower ( 7 @,@ 500 kW ) top speed of 19 @.@ 5 knots ( 36 @.@ 1 km / h ; 22 @.@ 4 mph ) for the first three ships and 18 @.@ 5 knots ( 34 @.@ 3
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km / h ; 21 @.@ 3 mph ) for the last two vessels . As built , the ships carried up to 950 t ( 930 long tons ; 1 @,@ 050 short tons ) of coal , which gave them a cruising range of 3 @,@ 412 nautical miles ( 6 @,@ 319 km ; 3 @,@ 926 mi ) at a speed of 12 knots ( 22 km / h ; 14 mph ) . The more efficient Marine @-@ type boilers installed in 1905 – 1911 increased cruising range to 3 @,@ 840 nmi ( 7 @,@ 110 km ; 4 @,@ 420 mi ) at the same speed . Victoria Louise and Hertha were equipped with four electricity generators with a combined output of 224 to 271 kilowatts ( 300 to 363 hp ) at 110 Volts ; the last three ships had three generators with a total output of 169 to 183 kW ( 227 to 245 hp ) at 110 V. Steering was controlled by a single large rudder .
= = = Armament and armor = = =
The ships ' primary armament consisted of two 21 cm SK L / 40 guns in single gun turrets , one forward and one aft . The guns were supplied with 58 rounds of ammunition each . They had a range of 16 @,@ 300 m ( 53 @,@ 500 ft ) . Eight 15 cm SK L / 40 guns rounded out the offensive gun armament . Four of these guns were mounted in turrets amidships and the other four were placed in casemates . These guns had a range of 13 @,@ 700 m ( 44 @,@ 900 ft ) . Two of the 15 cm guns were removed in the refit .
The ships also carried ten 8 @.@ 8 cm SK L / 30 guns , and an eleventh was added during the modernization . Three longer @-@ barreled 8 @.@ 8 cm SK L / 35 guns were also added at that time . The gun armament was rounded out by ten machine guns , which were removed during the refit . The ships were also equipped with three 45 cm ( 18 in ) torpedo tubes with eight torpedoes , two launchers were mounted on the broadside and the third was in the bow , all below the waterline . In 1916 , all of the ships of the class were disarmed , with the exception of Freya , which was re @-@ equipped with a single 15 cm gun , four 10 @.@ 5 cm SK L / 45 guns , and fourteen 8 @.@ 8 cm guns of both the L / 30 and L / 35 versions , for use as a gunnery training ship .
Armor protection for the ships was composed of Krupp steel . The main deck was 40 mm ( 1 @.@ 6 in ) thick with 100 mm ( 3 @.@ 9 in ) thick slopes . The forward conning tower had 150 mm ( 5 @.@ 9 in ) thick sides and a 30 mm ( 1 @.@ 2 in ) thick roof . The aft conning tower was given only splinter protection , with just 12 mm ( 0 @.@ 47 in ) thick sides . The 21 cm and 15 cm gun turrets had 100 mm thick sides and 30 mm thick roofs . The casemate guns were also given 100 mm worth of armor protection . The ships were also equipped with cork cofferdams .
= = Construction = =
Victoria Louise was laid down at the AG Weser shipyard in Bremen in 1895 , under construction number 116 . She was launched on 29 March 1897 and was commissioned into the fleet on 20 February 1899 . She cost the Imperial government 10 @,@ 714 @,@ 000 gold marks . Construction of Hertha began in 1895 at the AG Vulcan dockyard in Stettin , under construction number 233 . She was launched on 14 April 1897 and was commissioned on 23 July 1898 , the first ship of the class to enter service . Her construction cost 9 @,@ 932 @,@ 000 marks . The keel @-@ laying of Freya followed in 1895 at the Imperial Dockyard in Danzig . She was launched on 27 April 1897 and was commissioned on 20 October 1898 , at the cost of 11 @,@ 094 @,@ 000 marks .
Vineta was laid down at the Imperial Dockyard in Danzig in 1896 . She was launched on 9 December 1897 and was commissioned into the fleet on 13 September 1899 . She cost 10 @,@ 714 @,@ 000 marks . Hansa , the last ship of the class , was laid down in 1896 at AG Vulcan under construction number 235 . She was launched on 12 March 1898 and was commissioned on 20 April 1899 , at the cost of 10 @,@ 270 @,@ 000 marks . Victoria Louise and Hansa were rebuilt at the Imperial Dockyard in Kiel in 1906 – 1908 and 1907 – 1909 , respectively . The other three ships were modernized at the Imperial Dockyard in Danzig : Hertha in 1906 – 1908 , Freya in 1905 – 1907 , and Vineta in 1909 – 1911 . Freya was again modified at the Imperial Dockyard in Danzig in 1911 – 1913 , and Hansa was rebuilt in 1915 at the Imperial Dockyard in Kiel .
= = Service history = =
= = = Victoria Louise = = =
Victoria Louise served with the fleet for the first seven years of her career . During this time , she represented Germany during the funeral of Queen Victoria in 1901 . In 1906 , she was modernized and after 1908 , used as a training ship for naval cadets . In 1909 , she visited the United States , and at the outbreak of World War I , was mobilized into the 5th Scouting Group . She was attacked unsuccessfully by the British submarine HMS E1 in October 1914 , and at the end of the year she was withdrawn from service . She was used as a minelayer and barracks ship based in Danzig for the rest of the war . Victoria Louise was sold in 1919 and converted into a freighter the following year , though she served in this capacity until 1923 , when she was broken up for scrap .
= = = Hertha = = =
Hertha served abroad in the German East Asia Squadron for the first six years of her career ; she served briefly as the Squadron flagship in 1900 . She contributed a landing party to the force that captured the Taku Forts during the Boxer Rebellion in 1900 . After returning to Germany in 1905 , she was modernized and used as a training ship in 1908 , following the completion of the refit . She conducted a series of training cruises , and several notable officers served aboard the ship as cadets , including Karl Dönitz and Ernst Lindemann . At the outbreak of World War I , Hertha was mobilized into the 5th Scouting Group , but served in front @-@ line duty only briefly . She was used as a barracks ship after 1915 , and ultimately sold for scrapping in 1920 .
= = = Freya = = =
Freya served in the German fleet for the initial years of her career , unlike her sister ships ,
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all of which served abroad on foreign stations . As a result , she led a fairly uneventful career in the fleet . After a modernization in 1905 – 1907 , Freya was used as a school ship for cadets , one of whom was Günther Lütjens . While visiting Canada in 1908 , she accidentally rammed and sank a Canadian schooner , killing nine sailors . At the outbreak of World War I , Freya was mobilized into the 5th Scouting Group , but served in front @-@ line duty only briefly . She was used as a barracks ship after 1915 , and ultimately sold for scrapping in 1921 .
= = = Vineta = = =
Vineta served abroad in the American Station for the first several years of her career . While on station in the Americas , she participated in the Venezuela Crisis of 1902 – 1903 and bombarded several Venezuelan fortresses . She returned to Germany in 1905 and was used as a torpedo training ship in 1908 . She was modernized in 1909 – 1911 , after which she was used as a school ship for naval cadets . In November 1912 , she participated in an international naval protest of the First Balkan War . At the outbreak of World War I , Vineta was mobilized into the 5th Scouting Group like her sisters , but served in front @-@ line duty only briefly . She was used as a barracks ship after 1915 , and ultimately sold for scrapping in 1920 .
= = = Hansa = = =
Hansa served abroad in the East Asia Squadron for the first six years of her career . Along with Hertha , she contributed a landing party to the force that captured the Taku Forts during the Boxer Rebellion . In August 1904 , she participated in the internment of the Russian battleship Tsesarevich after the Battle of the Yellow Sea during the Russo @-@ Japanese War . After returning to Germany in 1906 , she was modernized and used as a training ship in 1909 , following the completion of the refit . At the outbreak of World War I , Hansa was mobilized into the 5th Scouting Group , but served in front @-@ line duty only briefly . She was used as a barracks ship after 1915 , and ultimately sold for scrapping in 1920 .
= Pride & Prejudice ( 2005 film ) =
Pride & Prejudice is a 2005 British romantic drama directed by Joe Wright and based on Jane Austen 's novel of the same name , published in 1813 . The film depicts five sisters from an English family of landed gentry as they deal with issues of marriage , morality and misconceptions . Keira Knightley stars in the lead role of Elizabeth Bennet , while Matthew Macfadyen plays her romantic interest Mr Darcy . Produced by Working Title Films in association with StudioCanal , the film was released on 16 September 2005 in the United Kingdom and Ireland and on 11 November in the United States .
Screenwriter Deborah Moggach initially attempted to make her script as faithful to the novel as possible , writing from Elizabeth 's perspective while preserving much of the original dialogue . Wright , who was directing his first feature film , encouraged greater deviation from the text , including changing the dynamics within the Bennet family . Wright and Moggach set the film in an earlier period and avoided depicting a " perfectly clean Regency world " , presenting instead a " muddy hem version " of the time . It was shot entirely on location in England on a 15 @-@ week schedule . Wright found casting difficult due to past performances of particular characters . The filmmakers had to balance who they thought was best for each role with the studio 's desire for stars . Knightley was well @-@ known in part from her work in the Pirates of the Caribbean film series , while Macfadyen
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had no international name recognition .
The film 's themes emphasise realism , romanticism and family . It was marketed to a younger , mainstream audience ; promotional items noted that it came from the producers of 2001 's romantic comedy Bridget Jones 's Diary before acknowledging its provenance as an Austen novel . Pride & Prejudice earned a worldwide gross of approximately $ 121 million , which was considered a commercial success . Pride & Prejudice earned a rating of 82 % from review aggregator Metacritic , labeling it universally acclaimed . It earned four nominations at the 78th Academy Awards , including a Best Actress nomination for Knightley . Austen scholars have opined that Wright 's work created a new hybrid genre by blending traditional traits of the heritage film with " youth @-@ oriented filmmaking techniques " .
= = Plot = =
During the late 18th century , the Bennet family , consisting of Mr. and Mrs. Bennet and their five daughters — Jane , Elizabeth , Mary , Kitty and Lydia — live in comparative financial independence as gentry on a working farm in rural England . As Longbourn is destinhomed to be inherited by Mr. Bennet 's cousin , Mr. Collins , Mrs. Bennet is anxious to marry off her five daughters before Mr. Bennet dies . Wealthy bachelor Charles Bingley has recently moved into Netherfield , a large , nearby estate . He is introduced to local society at an assembly ball , along with his haughty sister Caroline and reserved friend , Mr. Darcy , who " owns half of Derbyshire . " Bingley is enchanted with the gentle and beautiful Jane , while Elizabeth takes an instant dislike to Darcy after he coldly rebuffs her attempts at conversation and she overhears him insult her . When Jane becomes sick on a visit to Netherfield , Elizabeth goes to stay with her , verbally sparring with Caroline and Darcy .
Later the Bennets are visited by Mr. Collins , a pompous clergyman who talks of little but his patroness , Lady Catherine de Bourgh . After learning from Mrs. Bennet that Jane is expected to become engaged soon , Collins decides to pursue Elizabeth . Meanwhile , the handsome and charming Lieutenant Wickham of the newly @-@ arrived militia captures the girls ' attention ; he wins Elizabeth 's sympathy by telling her that Darcy had cheated him of his inheritance . At a ball at Netherfield , Elizabeth , startled by Darcy 's abrupt appearance and request , accepts a dance with him , but vows to her best friend Charlotte Lucas that she has " sworn to loathe him for all eternity . " During the dance , she attacks him with witty sarcasm and Darcy responds in kind . At the same ball , Charlotte expresses concern to Elizabeth that Jane 's behaviour to Mr. Bingley is too reserved and that Bingley may not realise she loves him . The next day , at Longbourn , Collins proposes to Elizabeth , but she declines . When Bingley unexpectedly returns to London , Elizabeth dispatches a heartbroken Jane to the city to stay with their aunt and uncle , the Gardiners , in hopes of re @-@ establishing contact between Jane and Bingley . Later , Elizabeth is appalled to learn that Charlotte will marry Collins to gain financial security and avoid remaining a spinster .
Months later , Elizabeth visits the newly @-@ wed Mr. and Mrs. Collins at Rosings , Lady Catherine 's manor estate ; they are invited to dine there , and meet Darcy and Colonel Fitzwilliam , who it transpires are Lady Catherine 's nephews . Here Darcy shows greater interest in Elizabeth , especially when she replies to Lady Catherine 's jabs with spirited wit . The next day , not realizing that Jane is Elizabeth 's sister , Colonel Fitzwilliam lets slip to Elizabeth that Darcy had separated Bingley from Jane . Distraught , she flees outside , but Darcy chooses that moment to track her down and propose marriage . He claims that he loves her " most ardently , " despite her " lower rank . " Elizabeth refuses him , citing his treatment of Jane and Bingley and of Wickham ; they argue fiercely , with Darcy explaining that he had been convinced that Jane did not return Bingley 's love . Darcy leaves angry and heartbroken . He finds Elizabeth later and presents her with a letter , which alleges Wickham is a gambler who demanded and received cash in lieu of the position intended for him by Darcy 's father . It is further claimed that upon being refused more money , Wickham had attempted to elope with Darcy 's 15 @-@ year @-@ old sister , Georgiana , in order to obtain her £ 30 @,@ 000 inheritance , but abandoned her upon learning that he would never receive the money .
The Gardiners take Elizabeth on a trip to the Peak District and visit Darcy 's estate , Pemberley , believing that he is away travelling . Elizabeth is stunned by its wealth and beauty and hears nothing but good things about Darcy from his housekeeper . There , she accidentally runs into Darcy , who has arrived home early . He invites her and the Gardiners to meet his sister . His manners have softened considerably and Georgiana takes an instant liking to Elizabeth . When Elizabeth learns that her immature and flirtatious youngest sister Lydia has run away with Wickham , she tearfully blurts out the news to Darcy and the Gardiners before returning home . Her family expects social ruin for having a disgraced daughter , but they are soon relieved to hear that Mr. Gardiner had discovered the pair in London and that they had married . Lydia later reveals to Elizabeth that Darcy had found them and had paid for the marriage .
When Bingley and Darcy return to Netherfield , Jane accepts Bingley 's proposal . The same evening , Lady Catherine unexpectedly visits Elizabeth and insists that she renounce Darcy , as he is supposedly engaged to her own daughter , Anne . Elizabeth refuses and , unable to sleep , walks on the moor at dawn . There , she meets Darcy , also unable to sleep after hearing of his aunt 's behaviour . He admits his continued love and Elizabeth accepts his proposal . Mr. Bennet gives his consent after Elizabeth assures him of her love for Darcy . In the U.S. release of the film , an additional last scene shows the newlyweds outside of Pemberley showing affection for each other .
= = Cast = =
= = Production = =
= = = Conception and adaptation = = =
As with several recent Jane Austen adaptations , Pride & Prejudice was an Anglo @-@ American collaboration , between British studio Working Title Films ( in association with French company StudioCanal ) and its American parent company Universal Studios . Working Title at the time was known for mainstream productions like Bridget
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and they lost their gold to " Crazy " Luke Graham and Ripper Collins . In 1977 Tony Charles was replaced by Don Kent and the two reunited for a tour of Puerto Rico with the World Wrestling Council ( WWC ) . In Puerto Rico , the Kangaroos arrived billed as the WWC World Tag Team Champions , once more to give a newly created title legitimacy . They dropped the titles to Carlos Colón and Jose Rivera on 12 March 1977 . The Kangaroos remained in the WWC till 1978 , chasing , but never regaining the WWC World Tag Team Championship . After their tour in Puerto Rico ended , Don Kent returned to singles wrestling , and Costello refocused on managing .
= = = Don Kent and Bruno Bekkar = = =
In 1981 , Don Kent donned the bush hat and picked up the boomerang once more after not having worked as a Kangaroo since 1974 , except for the short run in 1977 . Costello asked Kent to team up with Bruno Bekkar , who was mostly known from working in his native New Zealand and Australia . Kent and Bekkar worked a tour for the WWC while Costello served as their manager . The team won the WWC North American Tag Team titles from Jack and Jerry Brisco on 22 October 1981 . They then lost the titles to Invader I and Super Gladiator but quickly gained them back before dropping the titles for good to Invader and Gladiator on 26 January 1982 . The Kent and Bekkar team only lasted through one tour of the Caribbean , after which Bruno Bekkar returned to Australia and New Zealand to work for the local promotions there .
= = = Don Kent and Johnny Heffernan = = =
After Bekkar went back to Australia , Kent found a new partner to create yet another version of the Fabulous Kangaroos that turned out to be the last incarnation of the team . In mid 1982 , Kent teamed up with Lutte Internationale mainstay Bob Della Serra , who took the wrestling name " Johnny Heffernan " ( or " Bobby Heffernan " at times ) - a storyline cousin of Roy Heffernan . The team ended Terry and Dory Funk , Jr . ' s year and a half run with the WWC World Tag Team championship on 1 May 1982 . Kent and Heffernan held the gold for less than two months before losing the WWC World Tag Team titles to Invader I and Pierre Martel . After a tour in Puerto Rico , Costello Kent and Heffernan returned to work for Championship Wrestling from Florida ( CWF ) , a promotion the Kangaroos last worked for in 1962 . On 5 January 1983 , the Kangaroos defeated Barry Windham and Ron Bass to win the NWA Florida Global Tag Team Championship . They held the titles four times between January and 13 April 1983 , losing to and winning titles from such teams as Terry Allen and Scott McGhee , Terry Allen and The Midnight Rider , and Terry Allen and Brad Armstrong . The final storyline involving The Fabulous Kangaroos saw Al Costello bring in J.J. Dillon to act as his short term replacement while he was " away on business " . When Costello returned from his business trip , Dillon ( kayfabe ) refused to give up the Kangaroos contracts and was backed up by both Kent and Heffernan . The angle was designed to write Al Costello out of The Fabulous Kangaroos ' storyline , and allow him to retire from wrestling altogether . Not long after Costello retired , Kent and Della Serra went their separate ways . Don Kent retired in 1986 , but made guest appearances in the ring from time to time as late as 1992 .
= = = New Fabulous Kangaroos = = =
After retiring from wrestling , Al Costello became the head of security at College Harbor , Florida . In 1992 , at the age of 71 , Costello retired from his job in Florida and began teaching wrestling . He also started to manage " The New Fabulous Kangaroos " in 1993 consisting of Mickey Doley and Denny Kass who worked for " Motor City Wrestling " ( MCW ) . By the fall of 1993 Mickey Doyle had been replaced by a young wrestler by the name of Al Snow , and with Costello 's help The New Fabulous Kangaroos defeated " Canadian Lighting " ( Otis Apollo and " Irish " Bobby Clancy ) on 29 December 1993 to win the MCW Tag Team Championship . On 14 May 1994 , after Al Snow had started working for the World Wrestling Federation ( WWF ) , Kass and Snow defeated Canadian Lighting to win the Border City Wrestling ( BCW ) Can @-@ Am Tag Team Championship , unifying the two tag team championships . A week later , The New Fabulous Kangaroos lost both sets of titles to Scott D 'Amore and " Irish " Bobby Clancy . After losing the unified MCW / BCW Tag Team championships , The New Kangaroos split up . Snow focused on his WWF career , while Costello retired for good .
= = = Kangaroo legacy = = =
The Fabulous Kangaroos are considered by many in the wrestling world as one of the best tag @-@ teams in the history of wrestling . In fact , many people in the past held the mistaken belief that The Fabulous Kangaroos invented tag team wrestling , which was not true since tag team wrestling had been seen as early as 1936 . The reason for this belief lies in the fact that The Kangaroos were one of the first teams to popularize tag team wrestling , and because tag teaming was often referred to as " Australian rules " or " Australian tag team " . The Kangaroos themselves were not slow to play off this belief , often claiming ( kayfabe ) that they were such a well coordinated tag team because " Amateur team wrestling was very popular in Australia " . The term " Australian rules " had been coined long before 1957 debut of The Kangaroos . Records indicate that tag team wrestling was already being referred to as " Australian rules " already in the mid @-@ 1940s . The Fabulous Kangaroos were among the first people in wrestling to play up the sports entertainment elements in professional wrestling ; beyond being talented wrestlers , Costello especially was also very good at playing up their characters . The Kangaroos showed their " advertising " skills through promotional literature , which stated that The Fabulous Kangaroos had " fashioned a razor @-@ edged aluminum boomerang to cut the jugular of a Kodiak bear from afar " . They also frequently threw cardboard boomerangs with their name and pictures on them into the crowd as they walked to the ring . The team carried a huge Australian banner with the name " The Fabulous Kangaroos " on it as part of their entrance rituals as well .
= = = Kangaroos today = = =
Roy Heffernan died on 24 September 1992 in his home in Sydney , Australia from a heart attack . Don Kent died on 14 June 1993 after a long battle with Leukemia . On 22 January 2000 , the last of the original Fabulous Kangaroos died . Costello had been suffering from pneumonia , and was diagnosed with heart problems , the combination of which took his life at age 80 .
Only Bruno Bekkar and Johnny Heffernan remain alive , with managers Red Berry , George Cannon and Dudley Clement having passed on as well . Ray St. Clair , whose birth name was Ramon Napolitano , died on 14 July 2013 .
In 2003 , the Professional Wrestling Hall of Fame inducted Al Costello and Roy Heffernan collectively as The Fabulous Kangaroos , the first tag team to be inducted into the Hall of Fame . Since that
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= = = Norges Statsbaner = = =
NSB uses Gardermobanen for express and some regional trains north of Oslo . This includes five daily departures to Trondheim ( including one NSB Night Train ) . There are two regional services northbound along the railway , including the Type 70 service between Lillehammer and Vestfold , as well as Type 72 used between Eidsvoll and Kongsberg . Both these have one hour headway , and are only capable of 160 kilometres per hour ( 99 mph ) on the line due to limitations with the rolling stock . The southernmost part of the line is used by commuter trains heading to the Kongsvinger Line . These trains divert from the Gardermo Line at Lillestrøm . Also the commuter trains operating to Dal along the Hoved Line use the Gardermoen Line until Lillestrøm .
= = = Other services = = =
Because there is a parallel line , the Hoved Line running all the way from Oslo S to Eidsvoll , some trains can choose to use this line instead . This is primarily done by some commuter trains , as well as all freight trains . The only exception to this are trains hauling jet fuel to the airport , who have to use the Gardermoen Line from Kløfta . This service is provided by CargoNet .
The Swedish state railways , SJ also operate on the southern part of Gardermoen on their intercity services X 2000 . This was for some years provided by Linx , a joint venture between SJ and NSB , using X2 stock , but the company was later dissolved .
= = Stations = =
= Stephen I of Hungary =
Stephen I , also known as King Saint Stephen ( Hungarian : Szent István király ; Latin : Sanctus Stephanus ; Slovak : Štefan I. or Štefan Veľký ; c . 975 – 15 August 1038 AD ) , was the last Grand Prince of the Hungarians between 997 and 1000 or 1001 , and the first King of Hungary from 1000 or 1001 until his death in 1038 . The year of his birth is uncertain , but many details of his life suggest that he was born in or after 975 in Esztergom . At his birth , he was given the pagan name Vajk . The date of his baptism is unknown . He was the only son of Grand Prince Géza and his wife , Sarolt , who was descended from the prominent family of the gyulas . Although both of his parents were baptized , Stephen was the first member of his family to become a devout Christian . He married Gisela of Bavaria , a scion of the imperial Ottonian dynasty .
After succeeding his father in 997 , Stephen had to fight for the throne against his relative , Koppány , who was supported by large numbers of pagan warriors . He defeated Koppány mainly with the assistance of foreign knights , including Vecelin , Hont and Pázmány , but also with help from native lords . He was crowned on 25 December 1000 or 1 January 1001 with a crown sent by Pope Sylvester II . In a series of wars against semi @-@ independent tribes and chieftains — including the Black Hungarians and his uncle , Gyula the Younger — he unified the Carpathian Basin . He protected the independence of his kingdom by forcing the invading troops of Conrad II , Holy Roman Emperor , to withdraw from Hungary in 1030 .
Stephen established at least one archbishopric , six bishoprics and three Benedictine monasteries ; thus the Church in Hungary developed independently of the archbishops of the Holy Roman Empire . He encouraged the spread of Christianity with severe punishments for ignoring Christian customs . His system of local administration was based on counties organized around fortresses and administered by royal officials . Hungary , which enjoyed a lasting period of peace during his reign , became a preferred route for pilgrims and merchants traveling between Western Europe and the Holy Land or Constantinople .
He survived all of his children . He died on 15 August 1038 and was buried in his new basilica , built in Székesfehérvár and dedicated to the Holy Virgin . His death caused civil wars which lasted for decades . He was canonized by Pope Gregory VII , together with his son , Emeric , and Bishop Gerard of Csanád , in 1083 . Stephen is a popular saint in Hungary and the neighboring territories . In Hungary , his feast day ( celebrated on 20 August ) is also a public holiday commemorating the foundation of the state .
= = Early years ( c . 975 – 997 ) = =
Stephen 's birth date is uncertain because it was not recorded in contemporaneous documents . Hungarian and Polish chronicles written centuries later give three different years : 967 , 969 and 975 . The unanimous testimony of his three late 11th @-@ century or early 12th @-@ century hagiographies and other Hungarian sources , which state that Stephen was " still an adolescent " in 997 , substantiate the reliability of the later year ( 975 ) . Stephen 's Lesser Legend adds that he was born in Esztergom , which implies that he was born after 972 because his father , Géza , Grand Prince of the Hungarians , chose Esztergom as royal residence around that year . Géza promoted the spread of Christianity among his subjects by force , but never ceased worshipping pagan gods . Both his son 's Greater Legend and the nearly contemporaneous Thietmar of Merseburg described Géza as a cruel monarch , suggesting that he was a despot who mercilessly consolidated his authority over the rebellious Hungarian lords .
Hungarian chronicles agree that Stephen 's mother was Sarolt , daughter of Gyula , a Hungarian chieftain with jurisdiction either in Transylvania or in the wider region of the confluence of the rivers Tisza and Maros . Many historians — including Pál Engel and Gyula Kristó — propose that her father was identical with " Gylas " , who had been baptized in Constantinople around 952 and " remained faithful to Christianity " , according to Byzantine chronicler John Skylitzes . However , this identification is not unanimously accepted ; historian György Györffy states that it was not Sarolt 's father , but his younger brother , who was baptized in the Byzantine capital . In contrast with all Hungarian sources , the Polish @-@ Hungarian Chronicle and later Polish sources state that Stephen 's mother was Adelhaid , an otherwise unknown sister of Duke Mieszko I of Poland , but the reliability of this report is not accepted by modern historians .
Stephen was born as Vajk , a name derived from the Turkic word baj , meaning " hero " , " master " , " prince " or " rich " . Stephen 's Greater Legend narrates that he was baptized by the saintly Bishop Adalbert of Prague , who stayed in Géza 's court several times between 983 and 994 . However , Saint Adalbert 's nearly contemporaneous Legend , written by Bruno of Querfurt , does not mention this event . Accordingly , the date of Stephen 's baptism is unknown : Györffy argues that he was baptized soon after birth , while Kristó proposes that he only received baptism just before his father 's death in 997 .
Stephen 's official hagiography , written by Bishop Hartvic and sanctioned by Pope Innocent III , narrates that he " was fully instructed in the knowledge of the grammatical art " in his childhood . This implies that he studied Latin , though some scepticism is warranted as few kings of this era were able to write . His two other late 11th @-@ century hagiographies do not mention any grammatical studies , stating only that he " was brought up by receiving an education appropriate for a little prince " . Kristó says that the latter remark only refers to Stephen 's physical training , including his participation in hunts and military actions . According to the Illuminated Chronicle , one of his tutors was a Count Deodatus from Italy , who later founded a monastery in Tata .
According to Stephen 's legends , Grand Prince Géza convoked an assembly of the Hungarian chieftains and warriors when Stephen " ascended to the first stage of adolescence " , at the age of 14 or 15 . Géza nominated Stephen as his successor and all those present took an oath of loyalty to the young prince . Györffy also writes , without identifying his source , that Géza appointed his son to rule the " Nyitra ducate " around that time . Slovak historians , including Ján Steinhübel and Ján Lukačka , accept Györffy 's view and propose that Stephen administered Nyitra ( now Nitra , Slovakia ) from around 995 .
Géza arranged Stephen 's marriage , to Gisela , daughter of Henry the Wrangler , Duke of Bavaria , in or after 995 . This marriage established the first family link between a Hungarian ruler and a Western European ruling house , as Gisela was closely related
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it largely eclipsed . Monotype also created a second , much more eccentric italic for it to the design of calligrapher Alfred Fairbank , which also did not receive the same attention as the normal version of Bembo .
Since its creation , Bembo has enjoyed continuing popularity as an attractive , legible book typeface . Prominent users of Bembo have included Penguin Books , the Everyman 's Library series , Oxford University Press , Cambridge University Press , the National Gallery , Yale University Press and Edward Tufte . Bembo has been released in versions for phototypesetting and in several revivals as digital fonts by Monotype and other companies .
= = History = =
The regular ( roman ) style of Bembo is based on Griffo 's typeface for Manutius . Griffo , sometimes called Francesco da Bologna ( of Bologna ) , was an engraver who created designs by cutting punches in steel . These were used as a master to stamp matrices , the moulds used to cast metal type .
Manutius at first printed works only in the Greek language . His first printing in the Latin alphabet , in February 1496 ( 1495 by the Venetian calendar ) , was a book entitled Petri Bembi de Aetna Angelum Chabrielem liber . This book , usually now called De Aetna , was a short 60 @-@ page text about a journey to Mount Etna , written by the young Italian humanist poet Pietro Bembo , later a Cardinal and secretary to Pope Leo X.
Griffo was the one of the first punchcutters to fully express the character of the humanist hand that contemporaries preferred for manuscripts of classics and literary texts , in distinction to the book hand humanists dismissed as a gothic hand or the everyday chancery hand . One of the main characteristics that distinguished Griffo 's work from most of the earlier " Venetian " tradition of roman type by Nicolas Jenson and others is the horizontal cross @-@ stroke of the " e " , although he was not the first to introduce this style . Modern font designer Robert Slimbach described Griffo 's work as a breakthrough leading to an " ideal balance of beauty and functionality " . The style is sometimes known as the " Aldine roman " after Manutius ' name .
In France , his work inspired many French printers and punchcutters such as Geoffroy Tory and Claude Garamond from 1530 onwards , even though the typeface of De Aetna with its original capitals was apparently used in only about twelve books between 1496 and 1499 . Historian Beatrice Warde suggested in the 1920s that this may have been due to the high quality of printing shown in the original De Aetna volume , perhaps created as a small pilot project . De Aetna was printed using a mixture of alternate characters , perhaps as an experiment , which included a lower @-@ case p in the same style as the capital letter with a flat top . In 1499 , Griffo recut the capitals , changing the appearance of the typeface slightly . This version was used to print Manutius ' famous illustrated volume Hypnerotomachia Poliphili .
Griffo 's roman typeface , with several replacements of the capitals , continued to be used by Manutius 's company until the 1550s , when a refresh
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2013 . The route is currently 1 @.@ 66 mi ( 2 @.@ 67 km ) in length .
Major intersections
The entire route is in Hillsborough Township , Somerset County .
= = = Related routes = = =
U.S. Route 6
U.S. Route 106
= Mitchell Red Cloud , Jr . =
Mitchell Red Cloud , Jr . ( 2 July 1925 – 5 November 1950 ) was a Marine in the United States Marine Corps during World War II , and later a soldier in the United States Army during the Korean War . Corporal Red Cloud posthumously received the Medal of Honor for his actions near Chonghyon , North Pyongan Province , North Korea on 5 November 1950 .
Born in Hatfield , Wisconsin , Red Cloud , a Ho @-@ Chunk Native American , dropped out of high school to enlist in the US Marines during World War II . He served first with Carlson 's Raiders during the Battle of Guadalcanal before health problems forced him stateside to recover . Red Cloud avoided discharge , and served with the 6th Marine Division during the Battle of Okinawa .
Red Cloud enlisted in the US Army shortly before the beginning of the Korean War . Serving with the 24th Infantry Division , he was among the troops who fought the first battles of the war , being pushed back with the 19th Infantry Regiment during the Battle of Taejon and the Battle of Pusan Perimeter . He was then a part of the Eighth United States Army advance into North Korea . On the night of 5 November 1950 , Red Cloud was manning a forward observation post when he spotted an imminent surprise attack by Chinese forces . Red Cloud singlehandedly held off the Chinese forces despite being shot eight times , at one point ordering his men to tie him to a tree because he was too weak to stand by himself . His company found him the next morning , surrounded by dead Chinese troops . He was credited with alerting his company to the ambush and saving them from being overrun . For these actions , he was posthumously awarded the Medal of Honor .
= = Early life = =
Mitchell Red Cloud , Jr. was born on 2 July 1925 in Hatfield , Wisconsin . He was the eldest son of Mitchell Red Cloud and Lillian Red Cloud . The family were ethnic members of the Ho @-@ Chunk Native American tribe . Red Cloud attended Nellsville High School in Black River Falls , Wisconsin . The school taught primarily Native American students , a large portion of whom joined the military after finishing school . At age 16 , Red Cloud dropped out of high school and , with his father 's approval , decided to enlist in the United States Marine Corps . He entered service on 11 August 1941 , the earliest date on which he was legally allowed to enlist . The family may have relocated to Merrillan , Wisconsin , which was where Red Cloud enlisted .
= = Career = =
= = = World War II = = =
With World War II looming , Red Cloud joined " Carlson 's Raiders , " the 2nd Marine Raider Battalion under the command of Lieutenant Colonel Evans Carlson . As a light infantry special forces unit , the raiders held high standards of physical and mental fitness , and was known to perform very well with this unit . His only major deployment with the raiders was the Battle of Guadalcanal . Red Cloud landed on Guadalcanal on 6 November 1942 . The 2nd Raider Battalion conducted a number of mopping up operations to assist in the clearance of the island and to cut off troops from the Empire of Japan who had been attempting to escape . However , his time on Guadalcanal was plagued by several bouts of tropical disease , and he left the island a month later , on 4 December 1942 .
Red Cloud contracted diseases frequently during his time overseas , and he was returned to the United States to recuperate . The US Marine Corps offered him a medical discharge , but Red Cloud refused . Instead , he recovered from illness and requested reassignment to a combat unit . This request was granted , with Red Cloud subsequently assigned to the 29th Marine Regiment , 6th Marine Division . In this unit , he participated in the invasion of Okinawa on 1 April 1945 . In the ensuing Battle of Okinawa , his unit saw intense fighting in the campaign to secure the island . After several months of fighting , the unit was withdrawn to Guam to prepare for Operation Coronet , the second phase of the anticipated invasion of mainland Japan . However , these plans were scrapped following the surrender of Japan . Red Cloud left the Marine Corps in 1946 during the demobilization that followed the war . He left the military as a Sergeant .
= = = Inter @-@ war years = = =
In December 1945 , Red Cloud published an article in the Wisconsin Archaeologist , an account from his tribe 's traditional stories about the 1832 surrender of Sauk leader Black Hawk to US authorities after the short Black Hawk War . In the article , he expressed support for historical theories that Black Hawk had voluntarily surrendered . He also assisted anthropologist Nancy Lurie , informing her studies of how childcare customs among Native Americans were changing over time .
Red Cloud decided to return to the military two years after he left , in 1948 . He enlisted in the United States Army and was assigned to E Company , 2nd Battalion , 19th Infantry Regiment , 24th Infantry Division . The regiment was part of the Occupation of Japan , and Red Cloud was assigned to Kyushu . During this time , training opportunities were limited , many of the troops were inexperienced and their equipment was of low quality due to budget cuts . On joining the army , Red Cloud was not permitted to retain his sergeant rank from the Marine Corps .
In the inter @-@ war years , Red Cloud married and had a daughter , Annita .
= = = Korean War = = =
With the outbreak of the Korean War in June 1950 , the 24th Infantry Division was the closest unit to the Korean Peninsula , and so Red Cloud 's company was among the first units into the country . The division was heavily engaged throughout July 1950 by North Korean troops as it attempted to stem their invasion of South Korea , and the 19th Infantry saw action in the Battle of Taejon , fighting at the Kum River before being forced out of Taejon .
The unit subsequently moved back to the Naktong River , and was involved in the subsequent Pusan Perimeter campaign during August and September 1950 . During the First Battle of Naktong Bulge , the 19th Infantry was moved up from reserve positions in to combat the NK 4th Division , which was attempting to break through their lines . Having been badly mauled in these fights , the division was moved into reserve along the Pusan Perimeter on 23 September . It was replaced by units of the US 2nd Infantry Division . In the subsequent Great Naktong Offensive , the 19th Infantry served as a reserve force to help units under attack in the Second Battle of Naktong Bulge . It would later participate in the Battle of Kyongju , assisting troops of the Republic of Korea Army to help push back North Korean troops from the Kyongju area . During these battles , Red Cloud 's experience as a combat veteran made him a valued member of his unit for leading the less experienced troops .
Following the Battle of Inchon and subsequent Second Battle of Seoul , the North Korean Army was largely defeated , and the 19th Infantry was one of the units of the Eighth United States Army which pursued the fleeing North Koreans north of the 38th Parallel with the intention of reuniting the country . However , beginning in October 1950 , the People 's Republic of China conducted the First Phase Offensive , a surprise attack against the advancing United Nations forces , which were unprepared to counter the offensive . By early November , Red Cloud and his unit had advanced to the Ch 'ongch 'on River .
= = = Medal of Honor action = = =
On the night of 5 November , 2nd Battalion was holding positions on Hill 123 , near Chonghyon , just north of the river . Red Cloud , then a Corporal , was manning a forward listening post in front of E Company 's position .
In the middle of the night , he began hearing suspicious noises , before spotting a number of Chinese troops intent on surprising the Americans . Red Cloud raised an alarm and began firing on the advancing Chinese troops with an M1918 Browning Automatic Rifle . The Chinese returned fire , wounding him . In spite of these wounds , he refused to withdraw from his post , continuing to attack the Chinese troops with accurate fire which caused significant casualties among their advancing force . Crucially , his actions alerted the American troops to the impending attack , preventing an ambush . Red Cloud propped himself against a tree to continue firing , exposing himself to intense Chinese fire . He was shot at least eight times in this battle . Suffering from severe injuries , he ordered his troops to tie him upright to the tree , as he was too weak
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to support himself , before he ordered them to withdraw to the main positions . Eventually , the Chinese overran his position .
Red Cloud 's actions gave E Company time and warning to blunt the Chinese offensive , eventually repelling the attack . His actions are also credited with allowing the company to evacuate several others wounded in the attack . When the troops of E Company returned to his position the next morning , his body was reportedly surrounded by a large number of dead Chinese troops .
= = Burial and honors = =
In April 1951 , Red Cloud 's mother received the Medal of Honor from General of the Army Omar Bradley in a ceremony at The Pentagon in Washington , D.C .. Red Cloud was initially buried at a UN cemetery in Korea . However , in 1955 , his body was exhumed and moved to Wisconsin where he was buried in accordance with Ho @-@ Chunk tribal customs . He was interred at the Decorah Cemetery at Winnebago Mission , Wisconsin , and in 1967 a monument was erected for him in the cemetery . Another plaque honoring Red Cloud was subsequently erected in Black River Falls . In La Crosse , Wisconsin , a park was dedicated in Red Cloud 's honor in 1957 . A memorial park was also dedicated in his memory that year , the Red Cloud Highway Memorial Park adjacent to the Black Hawk Powwow Grounds in Komensky , Wisconsin . A portion of Wisconsin Highway 54 was also renamed Red Cloud Highway . The American Legion post in Adams , Wisconsin was renamed for him . The Ho @-@ Chunk Nation observes Corporal Mitchell Red Cloud Jr . Day on July 4 .
On Armed Forces Day , 18 May 1957 , the United States Army named Camp Red Cloud after him , in recognition of his actions . Additionally , in 1999 the United States Navy named the newly commissioned USNS Red Cloud ( T @-@ AKR @-@ 313 ) , a Watson @-@ class vehicle cargo ship and Large , Medium @-@ Speed Roll @-@ on / Roll @-@ off ship , in his honor . The ship was christened by his daughter Annita , who was dressed in traditional regalia . It was attended by several men who served alongside her father as well as several flag officers .
= = Finnigan 's War = =
Mitchell Red Cloud Jr. is one of the featured Korean War heroes honored in the 2013 documentary " Finnigan 's War " directed by Conor Timmis . Actor Mark Hamill narrates Red Cloud 's Medal of Honor citation in the film .
= = Awards and decorations = =
Red Cloud 's awards and decorations include :
= = = Medal of Honor citation = = =
Red Cloud was the third of four Native Americans to be awarded the Medal of Honor in Korea . Charles George of the Cherokee and Raymond Harvey of the Chickasaw were also awarded medals . Woodrow W. Keeble of the Sisseton Wahpeton Oyate was also honored with the Medal of Honor in 2007 , after a long campaign by members of his family .
Cpl. Red Cloud , Company E , distinguished himself by conspicuous gallantry and intrepidity above and beyond the call of duty in action against the enemy . From his position on the point of a ridge immediately in front of the company command post he was the first to detect the approach of the Chinese Communist forces and give the alarm as the enemy charged from a brush @-@ covered area less than 100 feet from him . Springing up , he delivered devastating pointblank automatic rifle fire into the advancing enemy . His accurate and intense fire checked this assault and gained time for the company to consolidate its defense . With utter fearlessness he maintained his firing position until severely wounded by enemy fire . Refusing assistance he pulled himself to his feet and , wrapping his arm around a tree , continued his deadly fire again , until he was fatally wounded . This heroic act stopped the enemy from overrunning his company 's position and gained time for reorganization and evacuation of the wounded . Cpl. Red Cloud 's dauntless courage and gallant self @-@ sacrifice reflects the highest credit upon himself and upholds the esteemed traditions of the U.S. Army .
= Great hammerhead =
The great hammerhead ( Sphyrna mokarran ) is the largest species of hammerhead shark , belonging to the family Sphyrnidae , attaining a maximum length of 6 @.@ 1 m ( 20 ft ) . It is found in tropical and warm temperate waters worldwide , inhabiting coastal areas and the continental shelf . The great hammerhead can be distinguished from other hammerheads by the shape of its " hammer " ( called the " cephalofoil " ) , which is wide with an almost straight front margin , and by its tall , sickle @-@ shaped first dorsal fin . A solitary , strong @-@ swimming apex predator , the great hammerhead feeds on a wide variety of prey ranging from crustaceans and cephalopods , to bony fishes , to smaller sharks . Observations of this species in the wild suggest that the cephalofoil functions to immobilize stingrays , a favored prey . This species has a viviparous mode of reproduction , bearing litters of up to 55 pups every two years .
Although potentially dangerous , the great hammerhead rarely attacks humans . It sometimes behaves inquisitively toward divers and should be treated with respect . This shark is heavily fished for its large fins , which are extremely valuable on the Asian market as the main ingredient of shark fin soup . As a result , great hammerhead populations are declining substantially worldwide , and it has been assessed as Endangered by the International Union for Conservation of Nature ( IUCN ) .
= = Taxonomy and phylogeny = =
The great hammerhead was first described as Zygaena mokarran in 1837 by the German naturalist Eduard Rüppell . The name was later changed to the current Sphyrna mokarran . However , for many years the valid scientific name for the great hammerhead was thought to be Sphyrna tudes , which was coined in 1822 by Achille Valenciennes . In 1950 , Enrico Tortonese determined that the specimens illustrated by Valenciennes were in fact smalleye hammerheads , to which the name S. tudes then applied . As the next most senior synonym , Sphyrna mokarran became the great hammerhead 's valid name . The lectotype for this species is a 2 @.@ 5 m ( 8 @.@ 2 ft ) long male from the Red Sea .
Older studies based on morphology have generally placed the great hammerhead as one of the more derived members of its family , reflecting the traditional view that cephalofoil size gradually increased over the course of hammerhead shark evolution . However , this view has been refuted by phylogenetic analyses using nuclear and mitochondrial DNA , which found that the great hammerhead and the smooth hammerhead ( S. zygaena ) form a clade that is basal to all other Sphyrna species . These results also show that the first hammerheads to evolve had large rather than small cephalofoils .
= = Distribution and habitat = =
The great hammerhead inhabits tropical waters around the world , between the latitudes of 40 ° N and 37 ° S. In the Atlantic Ocean , it is found from North Carolina to Uruguay , including the Gulf of Mexico and the Caribbean Sea , and from Morocco to Senegal , and the Mediterranean Sea . It is found all along the rim of the Indian Ocean , and in the Pacific Ocean from the Ryukyu Islands to Australia , New Caledonia , and French Polynesia , and from southern Baja California to Peru . It may occur off Gambia , Guinea , Mauritania , Sierra Leone , and Western Sahara , but this has not been confirmed . Great hammerheads may be found from inshore waters of less than 1 m ( 3 @.@ 3 ft ) deep , to a depth of 80 m ( 260 ft ) offshore . They favor coral reefs , but also inhabit continental shelves , island terraces , lagoons , and deep water near land . They are migratory ; populations off Florida and in the South China Sea have been documented moving closer to the poles in the summer .
= = Description = =
The streamlined body of the great hammerhead with the expanded cephalofoil is typical of the hammerhead sharks . Adult great hammerheads can be distinguished from the scalloped hammer
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head and the smooth hammerhead by the shape of the cephalofoil , which has a nearly straight front margin ( as opposed to arched ) , with prominent medial and lateral indentations . The width of the cephalofoil is 23 – 27 % of the body length . The teeth are triangular and strongly serrated , becoming more oblique towards the corners of the mouth . There are 17 tooth rows on either side of the upper jaw with 2 – 3 teeth at the symphysis ( the midline of the jaw ) , and 16 – 17 teeth on either side of the lower jaw and 1 – 3 at the symphysis .
The first dorsal fin is distinctive , being very tall and strongly falcate ( sickle @-@ shaped ) , and originates over the insertions of the pectoral fins . The second dorsal fin and anal fin are both relatively large , with deep notches in the rear margins . The pelvic fins are falcate with concave rear margins , in contrast to the straight @-@ margined pelvic fins of the scalloped hammerhead . The skin is covered with closely placed dermal denticles . Each denticle is diamond @-@ shaped , with 3 – 5 horizontal ridges leading to marginal teeth in smaller individuals , and 5 – 6 in larger ones . The great hammerhead is dark brown to light gray to olive above , fading to white on the underside . The fins are unmarked in adults , while the tip of the second dorsal fin may be dark in juveniles .
The average great hammerhead measures up to 3 @.@ 5 m ( 11 ft ) long and weighs over 230 kg ( 510 lb ) . A small percentage of the population , mostly or all females , are much larger . The longest great hammerhead on record was 6 @.@ 1 m ( 20 ft ) . The heaviest known great hammerhead is a 4 @.@ 4 m ( 14 ft ) long , 580 kg ( 1 @,@ 280 lb ) female caught off Boca Grande , Florida in 2006 . The weight of the female was due to her being pregnant with 55 near @-@ natal pups .
= = Biology and ecology = =
The great hammerhead is a solitary , nomadic predator that tends to be given a wide berth by other reef sharks . If confronted , they may respond with an agonistic display : dropping their pectoral fins and swimming in a stiff or jerky fashion . Juveniles are preyed upon by larger sharks such as bull sharks ( Carcharhinus leucas ) , while adults have no major predators . Yellow jacks ( Carangoides bartholomaei ) have been seen rubbing themselves against the hammerhead 's flanks , possibly to rid themselves of parasites . Schools of pilot fish ( Naucrates ductor ) sometimes accompany the great hammerhead . The great hammerhead is parasitized by several species of copepods , including Alebion carchariae , A. elegans , Nesippus orientalis , N. crypturus , Eudactylina pollex , Kroyeria gemursa , and Nemesis atlantica .
= = = Feeding = = =
An active predator with a varied diet , known prey of the great hammerhead include invertebrates such as crabs , lobsters , squid , and octopus , bony fishes such as tarpon , sardines , sea catfishes , toadfish , porgies , grunts , jacks , croakers , groupers , flatfishes , boxfishes , and porcupine fishes , and smaller sharks such as smoothhounds . At Rangiroa Atoll , great hammerheads prey opportunistically on grey reef sharks ( Carcharhinus amblyrhynchos ) that have exhausted themselves pursuing mates . The species is known to be cannibalistic .
The favorite prey of the great hammerhead are rays and skates , especially stingrays . The venomous spines of stingrays are frequently found lodged inside its mouth and do not seem to bother the shark as one specimen caught off Florida had 96 spines in and around its mouth . Great hammerheads primarily hunt at dawn or dusk , swinging their heads in broad angles over the sea floor so as to pick up the electrical signatures of stingrays buried in the sand , via numerous ampullae of Lorenzini located on the underside of the cephalofoil . The cephalofoil also serves as a hydrofoil that allows the shark to quickly turn around and strike at a ray once detected . Off Florida , large hammerheads are often the first to reach newly baited sharklines , suggesting a particularly keen sense of smell .
Another function of the cephalofoil is suggested by an observation of a great hammerhead attacking a southern stingray ( Dasyatis americana ) in the Bahamas : the shark first knocked the ray to the sea bottom with a powerful blow from above , and then pinned it with its head while pivoting to take a large bite from each side of the ray 's pectoral fin disc . This effectively crippled the stingray , which was then picked up in the jaws and sawed apart with rapid shakes of the head . A great hammerhead has also been seen attacking a spotted eagle ray ( Aetobatus narinari ) in open water by taking a massive bite out of one of its pectoral fins . The ray thus incapacitated , the shark once again used its head to pin it to the bottom and pivoted to take the ray in its jaws head @-@ first . These observations suggest that the great hammerhead seeks to disable rays with the first bite , a strategy similar to that of the great white shark ( Carcharodon carcharias ) , and that its cephalofoil is an adaptation for prey handling .
= = = Life history = = =
As with other hammerhead sharks , great hammerheads are viviparous : once the developing young use up their supply of yolk , the yolk sac is transformed into a structure analogous to a mammalian placenta . Unlike most other sharks , which mate on or near the sea bottom , great hammerheads have been observed mating near the surface . In one account from the Bahamas , a mating pair ascended while swimming around each other , mating when they reached the surface . Females breed once every two years , giving birth from late spring to summer in the Northern Hemisphere and from December to January in Australian waters . The gestation period is 11 months . The litter size ranges from 6 – 55 pups , with 20 – 40 being typical . The young measure 50 – 70 cm ( 19 @.@ 5 – 27 @.@ 5 in ) at birth ; males reach maturity at 2 @.@ 3 – 2 @.@ 8 m ( 7 @.@ 5 – 9 @.@ 2 ft ) long and 51 kg ( 112 lb ) and the females at 2 @.@ 5 – 3 @.@ 0 m ( 8 @.@ 2 – 9 @.@ 8 ft ) and 41 kg ( 90 lb ) . The young differ from the adults in having a rounded frontal margin on the head . The typical lifespan of this species is 20 – 30 years ; the record Boca Grande female was estimated to be 40 – 50 years old .
= = Human interactions = =
With its large size and cutting teeth , the great hammerhead could seriously injure a human and caution should be exercised around them . This species has a ( possibly undeserved ) reputation for aggression and being the most dangerous of the hammerhead sharks . Divers underwater have reported that great hammerheads tend to be shy or nonreactive toward humans . However , there have been reports of great hammerheads approaching divers closely and even charging them when they first enter the water . As of 2011 , the International Shark Attack File lists 34 bites , 17 of them unprovoked and none fatal , attributable to hammerhead sharks of the genus Sphyrna . Due to the difficulty in identifying the species involved , it is uncertain how many were caused by great hammerheads . This shark has been confirmed to be responsible for only one ( provoked ) bite .
The great hammerhead is regularly caught both commercially and recreationally in the tropics , using longlines , fixed bottom nets , hook @-@ and @-@ line , and trawls . Though the meat is rarely consumed , their fins are becoming
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09 it had become the most popular metformin combination . In 2005 , all current stock of Avandamet was seized by the FDA and removed from the market , after inspections showed the factory where it was produced was violating good manufacturing practices . The drug pair continued to be prescribed separately , which was available again by the end of that year . A generic formulation of metformin / rosiglitazone from Teva received tentative approval from the FDA , and was expected to reach the market in early 2012 . However , following a meta @-@ analysis in 2007 that linked the drug 's use to an increased risk of heart attack , concerns were raised over the safety of medicines containing rosiglitazone . In September 2010 the European Medicines Agency ( EMA ) recommended that the drug be suspended from the European market because the benefits of rosiglitazone no longer outweighed the risks . It was withdrawn from the market in the UK and India in 2010 , and in New Zealand and South Africa in 2011 . From November 2011 until November 2013 the FDA in the U.S. did not allow rosiglitazone or metformin / rosiglitazone to be sold without a prescription ; moreover , people were required to be informed of the risks associated with its use , and the drug had to be purchased by mail order through specified pharmacies . In November 2013 , the FDA lifted its earlier restrictions on rosiglitazone after reviewing the results of the 2009 RECORD clinical trial ( a six @-@ year , open label randomized control trial ) , which failed to show elevated risk of heart attack or death associated with the drug .
The combination of metformin and pioglitazone remains available in U.S. and Europe .
= = = = DPP @-@ 4 inhibitors = = = =
Dipeptidyl peptidase @-@ 4 inhibitors inhibit dipeptidyl peptidase @-@ 4 and thus reduce glucagon and blood glucose levels .
DPP @-@ 4 inhibitors combined with metformin include a sitagliptin / metformin combination ( Janumet ) and a saxagliptin combination ( Komboglyze / Kombiglyze ) , and with alogliptin as Kazano .
In Europe , Canada , and elsewhere metformin combined with linagliptin is now sold under the trade name Jentadueto .
= = = = Sulfonylureas = = = =
Sulfonylureas act by increasing insulin release from the beta cells in the pancreas . Metformin is available combined with the sulfonylureas glipizide ( Metaglip ) and glibenclamide ( US : glyburide ) ( Glucovance ) . Generic formulations of metformin / glipizide and metformin / glibenclamide are available ( the latter being more popular ) .
= = = = Meglitinide = = = =
Meglitinides are similar to sulfonylureas . A repaglinide / metformin combination is sold as Prandimet .
= = = = Thiazolidinedione = = = =
The thiazolidinedione pioglitazone may be used in combination with metformin ( Actoplus Met , Piomet , Politor ) .
= = Research = =
Metformin has been studied in non @-@ alcoholic fatty liver disease ( NAFLD ) and premature puberty ; however these uses are still experimental .
Tentative evidence supports an anti @-@ cancer effect for metformin .
As of 2015 metformin was under study for its potential effect on slowing aging in the worm C.elegans and the cricket . Its effect on otherwise healthy humans is unknown .
= Treehouse of Horror IX =
" Treehouse of Horror IX " is the fourth episode of the tenth season of The Simpsons . It first aired on the Fox network in the United States on October 25 , 1998 . This is the ninth Treehouse of Horror episode , and , like the other " Treehouse of Horror " episodes , contains three self @-@ contained segments : In " Hell Toupée " , Homer gets a hair transplant and is possessed by the spirit of an executed criminal ; in " Terror of Tiny Toon " , Bart and Lisa are trapped in a special , extremely violent episode of The Itchy & Scratchy Show ; and in " Starship Poopers " , Marge reveals that Maggie is the product of a one @-@ night stand with the alien Kang .
" Treehouse of Horror IX " was written by Donick Cary , Larry Doyle and David S. Cohen , and directed by Steven Dean Moore . " Terror of the Tiny Toon " includes a live @-@ action segment starring Regis Philbin and Kathie Lee Gifford . Jerry Springer and Ed McMahon also appear in the episode , voicing themselves , while Robert Englund provides the voice of Freddy Krueger from the Nightmare on Elm Street film series . The episode also features Jason Voorhees from the Friday the 13th series while various characters visit the talk shows Live with Regis and Kathie Lee and The Jerry Springer Show .
In its original airing on the Fox Network , the episode had an 8 @.@ 6 Nielsen rating . In 1999 , composer Alf Clausen was nominated for a Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Music Composition for a Series for his work on the episode .
= = Plot = =
= = = Hell Toupée = = =
Snake is arrested for smoking inside the Kwik @-@ E @-@ Mart . Chief Wiggum explains that as this is Snake 's third strike , he will be executed in accordance with the new law . Before hauling Snake away , Chief Wiggum helpfully points out that Apu , Moe , and Bart are all witnesses ; Snake vows to kill all of them . Snake is executed in the electric chair on World 's Deadliest Executions , hosted by Ed McMahon and proudly broadcast on Fox , while Homer , who 's watching on TV , complains that they only do crucifixitions during sweeps . Chief Wiggum sends the body to the hospital to be used up for organ donations ( Barney calls out " dibs on the liver " ) .
Shortly afterward , Homer visits Dr. Nick , who transplants Snake 's hair onto Homer 's head . When Homer goes to sleep the following night , it plants its roots in Homer 's brain . With the hair controlling his mind , Homer ( who begins to speak with Snake 's voice ) murders Apu by drowning him in his own Squishee machine . The next day , Homer goes to Moe 's Tavern , where he removes Moe 's heart with a corkscrew . Bart realizes that the other two witnesses have been killed , and Homer vows to protect him . Homer locks himself and Bart in a room , but Snake 's hair takes control of him . Homer tries to kill Bart with a sledgehammer . Bart begs Homer to fight the hair and , after a struggle , Homer rips the hair off his head . The hair tries to smother Bart ( like the Facehugger ) and Homer tries defending Bart by punching the hair , though due to it being attached to his face , all this does is hurt Bart.
Wiggum bursts through the door with the intention of arresting Homer for the murder of Moe ( not being able to say Apu 's last name , he settled for just the murder of Moe ) . Homer states the hair is the killer , and it makes a jump for the window . Wiggum opens fire and the hair is shot dead . Maggie picks up the hair and cuddles it close like a stuffed animal . Chief Wiggum jokes " now that 's a bad hair
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day " ; everyone laughs except Marge who reminds everyone that two well known people of Springfield have been murdered , only to suddenly get the joke , and joins in with the laughter .
= = = The Terror of Tiny Toon = = =
When Marge leaves , Bart finds a small piece of highly unstable plutonium in Homer 's toolbox and hammers it into the remote 's battery slot . When they use the remote , the kids actually enter the world of Itchy and Scratchy after they accidentally press the Enter button while Lisa tries to get the remote control from Bart. They watch Itchy decapitate Scratchy and use his head as a jack @-@ o ' -lantern . While the two laugh , Scratchy 's head asks why Bart and Lisa are laughing to which Itchy replies that they are laughing at his pain . Because of this , Scratchy reattaches his head and forms a partnership with Itchy to " teach them a lesson " . Back in the Simpson house , Homer enters the living room and watches the show . Bart and Lisa go through life @-@ death situations such as Itchy lighting up a cannon while Scratchy loads it with various weapons . Homer ( oblivious to what he sees on the TV ) decides to change the channel , and Bart , Lisa , Itchy and Scratchy wind up on Live with Regis and Kathie Lee . Afterward , they end up back at Itchy 's house and urge Homer from inside the TV to use the remote to get them out . While Homer is figuring out which button to press , Itchy and Scratchy unleash a hose full of piranhas at Bart , which eat away at his body until it is a skeleton ( although his head remains uneaten ) . Homer finally picks the right button and zaps them both out and Lisa then presses the rewind button to return Bart 's body to normal . Unfortunately , Itchy and Scratchy also escape from the TV into the real world , armed with axes . At first , the family is screaming , but realize how small the two characters are ( the size of a regular mouse and cat respectively ) and decide to keep them as pets . Itchy ends up in a hamster cage and Scratchy has fallen in love with Snowball II .
= = = Starship Poopers = = =
When Maggie refuses to eat her oatmeal , the Simpsons discover she has gotten her first baby tooth , which appears to be a sharp fang . Later , when Homer is playing ' This Little Piggy ' with Maggie , her legs fall ( which Homer believes she lost her ' baby legs ' ) before growing green tentacles and climbing onto the ceiling while hissing , swinging Homer around the room when he tries to get her down with a broom . Dr. Hibbert , who can 't explain what 's happening to Maggie , prescribes lots of fire to Homer and Marge ( which Marge says is his cure for everything ) .
As Lisa comments that she wish Maggie could tell them what was happening to her , Maggie begins sucking on her pacifier in a rhythmic way , which is actually a message to the alien duo , Kang and Kodos to inform them her larval stage is complete . They arrive at the Simpson house , coming to retrieve Maggie . Marge reveals that Kang is Maggie 's real father , much to Homer 's shock and anger ( and worry that Kang was a better lover ) . Marge retells the story : Kang and Kodos abducted her while she was doing laundry , selecting Marge for a cross @-@ breeding program . She says the aliens used mind @-@ control techniques on her . In reality , the entire process consisted of Marge and Kang sitting on a couch , Kang quoting terrible pick @-@ up lines only to suddenly pull a " look @-@ over @-@ there " and use a ray which impregnates Marge as she looks . She recalls that nine months after the abduction , Maggie was born .
Kang and Kodos demand that the Simpsons give Maggie to them , and Kang and Homer start to fight over Maggie until Bart stops them and tells them there is only one place where something this bizarre can be resolved : The Jerry Springer Show , where the episode is entitled " My Daddy is a Space Monster " . On the set , Homer and Kang continually fight , throw chairs , and curse ( which is naturally bleeped out ) . When an audience member criticizes Kang for not being around for Maggie after he impregnated Marge , Kang vaporizes her , much to Jerry 's chagrin , and when he says that Kang can 't do that to his audience , Kang takes it as a challenge and vaporizes the rest of the audience and the film crew . During Jerry 's " final thought " , Maggie attacks Jerry Springer , upon which he swears at the baby , resulting in an angry Kang beating him to death while Homer continues to punch Kang .
After leaving the studio , Kang and Kodos threaten to destroy every politician in Washington unless given Maggie . Marge and the Simpsons slyly imply that the aliens could not possibly destroy every politician , and they fly off to do so .
= = Production = =
Like the other Treehouse of Horror episodes to that point , the segments of " Treehouse of Horror IX " were credited to different writers . " Hell Toupee " was written by Donick Cary . " Terror of Tiny Toon " was written by Larry Doyle . " Starship Poopers " was written by David S. Cohen and was the last writing credit he ever received for the show . The episode continues the Treehouse of Horror tradition of having the credits re @-@ written as " scary names " . David S. Cohen 's executive producer credit is " David ' Watch Futurama ' Cohen " is a reference to the show Futurama , created by Cohen and Matt Groening , which premiered the following year .
" The Terror of Tiny Toon " includes a live @-@ action segment starring Regis Philbin and Kathie Lee Gifford of Live with Regis and Kathie Lee . The segment was directed by Donick Cary . In the sequence , Itchy , Scratchy , Bart and Lisa fall into a pot of soup that Regis and Kathie Lee are making . The soup splash was created by dropping an item into the pot , then adding the animated characters over it . The taping of this segment took longer than expected , so a broadcast of WABC @-@ TV 's Eyewitness News that was to take place ( the show was and continues to be taped at the facilities of WABC in New York , where it originated in 1983 ) had to be moved to another studio . Jerry Springer also guest stars in the episode as himself . His lines were recorded by Julie Thacker .
Much of the animation in " Hell Toupée " was worked on by assistant director Chris Clements . Moe 's death scene was originally more violent , but it was toned down at the request of Mike Scully . The animators looked forward to working on " The Terror of Tiny Toon " because they were fans of Itchy & Scratchy .
In " Starship Poopers " , there is a shot of sound waves emanating from Springfield . At one point , there is a shot of North America and it appears that Springfield is located in Louisiana . The mystery of the location of Springfield is a running joke in The Simpsons , and a number of fans assumed that Louisiana was where the family lived . However , the animators had drawn the waves so that there were coming from the center of the screen , and they never intended to have them emanate from a specific location . In one scene , Marge is abducted by Kang and Kodos , who lasso her then pull her into the ship . According to David Cohen , it is a running gag that Kang and Kodos ' abduction methods are never the same . Maggie has a line at the end of the episode , where she sounds like Kang . She was voiced by Harry Shearer .
Poochie from the Simpsons episode " The Itchy & Scratchy & Poochie Show " is seen during the " Terror of the Tiny Toon " segment . Also , the title of the segment " Terror of the Tiny Toon " , is a reference of the Animated television series Tiny Toon Adventures , as well as the movie The Terror of Tiny Town . The couch gag features Freddy Krueger from the Nightmare on Elm Street film series and Jason Voorhees from the Friday the 13th series . Freddy is voiced by Robert Englund , who portrayed the character in eight films . Two talk shows appear in the episode . Bart , Lisa , Itchy and Scratchy accidentally visit Live with Regis and Kathie Lee , while the Simpson family and Kang appear on The Jerry Springer Show . The title of the third segment , " Starship Poopers " , is a reference to the film Starship Troopers . David X. Cohen is credited as " David ' Watch Futurama ' Cohen " . Futurama , an animated science fiction sitcom also created by Matt Groening and executive produced by Cohen , premiered on Fox in 1999 .
= = Reception = =
In its original airing on the Fox Network , the episode had an 8 @.@ 6 Nielsen rating and was viewed in approximately 8 @.@ 5 million homes . It finished the week ranked 35th . It was the fifth highest rated show on
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want to thoroughly listen to the music .
= = Album listing = =
= AMX @-@ 30E =
The AMX @-@ 30E ( E stands for España , Spanish for Spain ) is a Spanish main battle tank based on France 's AMX @-@ 30 . Although originally the Spanish government sought to procure the German Leopard 1 , the AMX @-@ 30 was ultimately awarded the contract due to its lower price and the ability to manufacture it in Spain . 280 units were manufactured by Santa Bárbara Sistemas for the Spanish Army , between 1974 and 1983 .
First acquired in 1970 , the tank was to supplement Spain 's fleet of M47 and M48 Patton United States tanks and to reduce Spain 's reliance on American equipment in its army . The first 19 AMX @-@ 30 tanks were acquired from France in 1970 , while another 280 were assembled in Spain . It was Spain 's first mass @-@ produced tank and developed the country 's industry to the point where the government felt it could produce a tank on its own , leading to the development of the Lince tank project in 1985 . It also offered Santa Bárbara Sistemas the experience which led to the production of the Leopard 2E in late 2003 . Although final assembly was carried out by Santa Bárbara Sistemas , the production of the AMX @-@ 30E also included other companies in the country . Total production within Spain amounted to as much as 65 % of the tank .
Spain 's AMX @-@ 30E fleet went through two separate modifications in the late 1980s , a modernization program and a reconstruction program . The former , named the AMX @-@ 30EM2 ( 150 tanks ) , sought to modernize and improve the vehicle 's automotive characteristics , while the latter , or the AMX @-@ 30EM1 ( 149 tanks ) , resulted in a more austere improvement of the tank 's power plant by maintaining the existing engine and replacing the transmission . Both programs extended the vehicle 's lifetime . Spain 's fleet of AMX @-@ 30EM1s was replaced in the late 1990s by the German Leopard 2A4 , and the AMX @-@ 30EM2s were replaced by Centauro wheeled anti @-@ tank vehicles in the early 21st century .
Although 19 AMX @-@ 30Es were deployed to the Spanish Sahara in 1970 , the tank never saw combat . In 1985 Indonesia expressed interest in the AMX @-@ 30E , while in 2004 the Spanish
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he thought it would make the album " exotic " from other Spanish @-@ language albums that were released at that time . " Tengo Ganas de Llorar " was the last song recorded and included on Selena .
= = Release = =
Selena was released on October 17 , 1989 through EMI Latin . In its first week on the U.S. Billboard Regional Mexican Albums chart ( December 2 , 1989 ) , it was positioned at number 17 . It peaked at number seven on March 24 , 1990 . It was on the chart for another three weeks . On May 5 , 1990 , it reentered the chart at number 14 , after the release of Ven Conmigo ( 1990 ) . However , it slipped off the charts once again . It reentered the chart again two times in August 1990 . " Contigo Quiero Estar " , " Mentiras " , and " Sukiyaki " were released as singles . The lead single , " Contigo Quiero Estar " peaked at number eight on the U.S. Billboard Hot Latin Tracks chart . The album was a moderate success for Selena .
At the 1990 Tejano Music Awards , Selena won Female Vocalist of the Year and Female Entertainer of the Year . " Amame , Quiéreme " , a duet with Astudillo , was nominated for " Vocal Duo of the Year " at the 1990 Tejano Music Awards . On August 27 , 2002 , Selena was re @-@ released as part of the 20 Years of Music series . It had one bonus track ( " La Bamba " ) and spoken liner notes by the singer 's family , friends , and former band .
= = Legacy and reception = =
Her album Selena performed better than albums from other female Tejano singers . Lee Stacy wrote in her book Mexico and the United States ( 2002 ) , that Selena " achieved reasonable success " . According to Billboard magazine , Selena 's recordings were not successful until she signed with EMI Latin in 1989 and released her debut album with them . Manuel Pena wrote in his book Música Tejana : The Cultural Economy of Artistic Transformation , that after 1989 , Selena 's popularity increased and she became a sex icon following her album 's release . According to Latin Style magazine , the tracks " Sukiyaki " , " Contigo Quiero Estar " , and " Besitos " , were " pivotal " recordings that showcased Selena 's " mixed rhythm and sound " which the magazine attributed it as being her " trademark " .
= = Track listing = =
= = Credits = =
Credits are taken from the album 's liner notes .
Selena — vocals
Pete Astudillo — backing vocals
Ricky Vela — keyboardist , synthesizer
Jose " Pepe " Ojeda — keyboardist
Suzette Quintanilla — drums
Roger Garcia — guitarist
A.B. Quintanilla III — bass guitar , backing vocalist , music producer , songwriter , music arranger
Manny Rodriguez Guerra — recording engineer
Brian " Red " Moore — co @-@ producer
Lisette Lorenzo — cover designer ( 2002 re @-@ issue )
= = Charts = =
= = = Weekly charts = = =
= = Books = =
Peña , Manuel ( 2002 ) . Música tejana : the cultural economy of artistic transformation . Texas A & M Univ . Pr . ISBN 9 @-@ 7808 @-@ 90968 @-@ 888
Stacy , Lee ( 2002 ) . Mexico and the United States . Marshall Cavendish . ISBN 0761474021 .
= Brian Wilson ( baseball ) =
Brian Patrick Wilson ( born March 16 , 1982 ) is a former American professional baseball relief pitcher . He has pitched in Major League Baseball ( MLB ) for the San Francisco Giants and Los Angeles Dodgers . He stands 6 feet 2 inches ( 1 @.@ 88 m ) tall and weighs 205 pounds ( 93 kg ) . He throws and bats right @-@ handed . He throws a four @-@ seam fastball , a cutter , a slider , and a two @-@ seam fastball .
Wilson pitched collegiately at Louisiana State University . His college career ended during his junior
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-@ 17 ) . After the season , Thome filed for free agency , eventually signing with the Minnesota Twins .
= = = Minnesota Twins ( 2010 – 2011 ) = = =
Thome hit his first home run with the Twins on April 8 , during the Twins ' season @-@ opening road trip . The Twins opened Target Field , their new home stadium , on April 12 , 2010 . This was the third time in Thome 's career that his team had opened a new stadium – the 1994 Cleveland Indians when they opened Jacobs Field , and the 2004 Philadelphia Phillies when they opened Citizens Bank Park . On July 3 , Thome hit two home runs , passing fellow Twin Harmon Killebrew for tenth on the all @-@ time home run list . The game was stopped and the Twins played a pre @-@ recorded message from Killebrew congratulating Thome on the accomplishment , during which Killebrew noted he was happy Thome did it while a member of the Twins . Thome hit the first walk @-@ off hit in Target Field on August 17 , a 445 @-@ foot two @-@ run home run in the bottom of the 10th inning against the White Sox . It was the 12th walk @-@ off home run of his career , tying him for the most all time ( a record he subsequently broke ) . On September 4 , Thome again hit two home runs in a single game to tie and then pass Mark McGwire for the ninth spot on the career home run list . Thome surpassed Frank Robinson 's home run total on September 11 , when he hit his 587th career home run in the top of the 12th inning in Cleveland . Toward the end of the season , Thome commented that playing with the Twins made him feel rejuvenated . He finished the 2010 season with a .283 average , 25 home runs and 59 RBIs . Thome posted his best slugging percentage since 2002 .
In January 2011 , Thome accepted a one @-@ year , $ 3 million contract with incentives to continue playing for the Twins . On July 17 , Thome hit the longest home run ever at Target Field , a 490 @-@ foot ( 150 m ) home run into the upper deck in right @-@ center field . He hit his 599th and 600th career home runs ( in two straight at bats ) at Comerica Park in Detroit on August 15 , making him only the eighth player to achieve that home run total .
= = = Second stint with Cleveland ( 2011 ) = = =
On August 26 , 2011 , Thome waived his contractual no @-@ trade clause to return to his first team , the Cleveland Indians , in exchange for future considerations for the Twins . On September 18 , the clubs announced that Minnesota had received $ 20 @,@ 000 for him , which Aaron Gleeman of NBC Sports called " silly " and " nothing " ; Paul Hoynes of The Plain Dealer wrote that ticket and jersey sales alone from re @-@ acquiring Thome covered the money they paid to acquire him . On September 23 , Cleveland held a ceremony to honor Thome , and revealed plans to erect a statue depicting him in Heritage Park . In the game , he hit a home run that landed near the proposed location for his statue . While with Cleveland in 2011 , Thome played in 22 games , predominantly hitting fifth in the batting order , and he posted a .296 batting average with 3 home runs and 10 RBIs . Through 2011 , he was second among all active major leaguers in career home runs ( 604 ; behind Alex Rodriguez ) and RBIs ( 1 @,@ 674 ; Rodriguez ) , and fifth in career slugging percentage ( .556 ; behind Albert Pujols , Rodriguez , Ryan Braun , and Howard ) . Thome was the Indians ' all @-@ time leader in home runs ( 337 ) , walks ( 1 @,@ 008 ) , and strikeouts ( 1 @,@ 400 ) .
= = = Second stint with Philadelphia ( 2012 ) = = =
After the 2011 season , Thome agreed to a one @-@ year , $ 1 @.@ 25 million deal that returned him to Philadelphia . He called coming back to Philadelphia a " no @-@ brainer " in his news conference . He also mentioned that , due to Ryan Howard 's Achilles tendon injury , he would " spend the offseason preparing himself to play first base once or twice a week " , despite not having played defensively since 2007 . Thome started his first game at first base since 2007 on April 8 , 2012 , during which he started a 3 – 6 – 3 double play .
Thome experienced stiffness in his lower back in the Phillies ' game against the Chicago Cubs on April 28 , and early in May , he was placed on the 15 @-@ day disabled list with a strained lower back . At the time , he was batting only .100 . Thome returned to the club in early June , and prepared for interleague play against the Baltimore Orioles as the DH . Thome finished the nine @-@ game interleague road trip with four home runs and 14 RBIs .
On June 17 , Thome became the fourth major league player to hit 100 home runs with three different teams , joining Reggie Jackson , Darrell Evans and Rodriguez . Six days later , Thome hit a pinch @-@ hit walk @-@ off home run in the ninth inning off of Jake McGee to beat the Tampa Bay Rays , 7 – 6 . This was Thome 's 609th home run , tying Sammy Sosa for seventh all @-@ time in home runs while also setting the new record for most walk @-@ off home runs ( 13 ) in the modern era . Thome 's last game as a Phill
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was brainy and cranky and the show itself awkward , funny and idiosyncratic ( as you 'd expect from the creator , writer and director David Renwick ) . " The Daily Telegraph ' Gerard O 'Donovan agreed that the episode felt " comfy and familiar " , but also found its run @-@ time overstretched , writing that it :
... might have made for terrifically good , refreshingly unsentimental fun had it not been for the fact that the episode was commissioned to run for two hours . That 's a good 30 minutes longer than the show 's ever been stretched before , and an hour beyond its natural span . Expanding to fit necessitated getting Creek and Joey to stall , stumble and scratch their bonces ineffectually at each other all the time while writer David Renwick desperately padded out the story with ever more unlikely twists and turns , zig @-@ zagging down incredible subplots involving the magician 's scheme to kidnap and murder his assistant , and the terrible betrayal that lay behind his mother 's acquisition of an oil painting by Hieronymus Bosch . In the end , by the time the secret of the original mystery was unlocked , the only room one really feared never being able to escape from was the one with the telly in it .
Of Smith 's performance as Joey , O 'Donovan opined that : " For most drama series the presence of a key new character would have a tangible impact . But not Jonathan Creek , where characterisation has never been done in anything but the broadest brush strokes . Both Caroline Quentin and Julia Sawalha have previously filled the generic role of Creek 's pushy , inquisitive partner pretty much interchangeably . Smith was no different . Ten minutes in and we 'd forgotten she was anyone new . " In contrast , Mark Wright , reviewing the episode for The Stage , praised Smith 's performance as Joey , deeming her to be " a much more satisfying sidekick " than Julia Sawalha 's Carla Borrego . He enjoyed the on @-@ screen relationship between the two lead actors , writing that : " it ’ s the interplay between Davies and Smith that makes this really special . " Scotland on Sunday 's Chitra Ramaswamy discussed the nostalgia invoked by the series ' return , alongside The Royle Family , Blackadder and Shooting Stars — other major shows which returned for 2008 Christmas specials . Ramaswamy wrote : " all the comforting , well kent faces are back to soothe us through these dismal times . In a culture that is becoming more and more risk @-@ averse , it 's the oldies but goodies that we trust . " Sian Brewis for the Leicester Mercury also considered this nostalgia angle , but concluded that : " Jonathan Creek is the sort of auld acquaintance you ’ re happy to see once a year – any more than that , you feel , and his mannerisms would start to grate . " She deemed the episode : " Less a blast from the past as a shuffling " excuse me " . Conversely , Anne Pickles for the News and Star wrote that a one @-@ off special was not enough , and " what we really wanted was a brand new series " . Pickles said of the episode : " It ’ s the gentle , facially expressive , deeply sceptical , somehow slightly daft performance of Davies as Creek that makes this sleuthing drama such a glory . But a one @-@ off ? Oh come on ... you can do better than that . "
= Greek ironclad Spetsai =
Spetsai ( Greek : Θ / Κ Σπέτσαι ) was a Greek ironclad battleship of the Hydra class that served in the Royal Hellenic Navy from 1890 until 1920 . She was named after the Saronic Gulf island of Spetses , which played a key role in the war at sea during the Greek War of Independence . Spetsai she was ordered in 1885 in response to a crisis in the Balkans and Ottoman naval expansion . The ship was launched in 1889 and delivered to Greece by 1902 . She was armed with a main battery of three 10 @.@ 8 inches ( 270 millimetres ) guns and five 5 @.@ 9 inches ( 150 millimetres ) guns , and had a top speed of 17 knots ( 31 kilometres per hour ; 20 miles per hour ) .
Spetsai and her sisters saw extensive service with the Greek Navy . They participated in the Greco – Turkish War in 1897 until the Great Powers intervened and prevented the Greek Navy from capitalizing on their superiority over the Ottoman Navy . Psara saw action in the First Balkan War at the Naval Battle of Elli and was present at the Naval Battle of Lemnos , but was too slow to actively engage the Ottoman forces . She did not see action during World War I , and was used as a naval communications school until 1929 , when she was sold for scrapping .
= = Construction = =
In 1885 , Greece ordered three new ironclads of the Hydra class . Spetsai was ordered from the Société Nouvelle des Forges et Chantiers de la Méditerranée shipyard in Le Havre , France during the premiership of Charilaos Trikoupis . The ship , named for the island of Spetsai , was launched on 26 October 1889 , and by 1892 , she and her sister @-@ ships Hydra and Psara were delivered to the Greek fleet . The ship was 334 feet 8 inches ( 102 @.@ 01 m ) long between perpendiculars and had a beam of 51 ft 10 in ( 15 @.@ 80 m ) and a mean draft of 18 ft ( 5 @.@ 5 m ) . She displaced 4 @,@ 808 metric tons ( 4 @,@ 732 long tons ; 5 @,@ 300 short tons ) as built . She was powered by a pair of steam engines of unknown type ; they were rated at 6 @,@ 700 indicated horsepower ( 5 @,@ 000 kW ) and provided a top speed of 17 knots ( 31 km / h ; 20 mph ) . Coal storage amounted to 500 t ( 490 long tons ; 550 short tons ) .
Spetsai 's main battery consisted of three 10 @.@ 8 @-@ inch ( 274 mm ) guns . Two guns were mounted forward in barbettes on either side of the forward superstructure ; these were L / 34 guns . The third gun , a L / 28 gun , was placed in a turret aft . The secondary battery consisted of four 5 @.@ 9 @-@ inch ( 150 mm ) L / 36 guns in casemates were mounted below the forward main battery , and a fifth 5 @.@ 9 @-@ inch gun was placed on the centerline on the same deck
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by past events or aesthetically by plan or physical development . A district may also comprise individual elements separated geographically but linked by association or history .
Districts established under U.S. federal guidelines generally begin the process of designation through a nomination to the National Register of Historic Places . The National Register is the official recognition by the U.S. government of cultural resources worthy of preservation . While designation through the National Register does offer a district or property some protections , it is only in cases where the threatening action involves the federal government . If the federal government is not involved , then the listing on the National Register provides the site , property or district no protections . For example , if company A wants to tear down the hypothetical Smith House and company A is under contract with the state government of Illinois , then the federal designation would offer no protections . If , however , company A was under federal contract the Smith House would be protected . A federal designation is little more than recognition by the government that the resource is worthy of preservation .
In general , the criteria for acceptance to the National Register are applied consistently , but there are considerations for exceptions to the criteria and historic districts have influence on some of those exceptions . Usually , the National Register does not list religious structures , moved structures , reconstructed structures , or properties that have achieved significance within the last 50 years . However , if a property falls into one of those categories and are " integral parts of districts that do meet the criteria " then an exception allowing their listing will be made . Historic district listings , like all National Register nominations , can be rejected on the basis of owner disapproval . In the case of historic districts , a majority of owners must object in order to nullify a nomination to the National Register of Historic Places . If such an objection occurred , then the nomination would become a determination of National Register eligibility only .
= = State @-@ level = =
Most U.S. state governments have a listing similar to the National Register of Historic Places . State listings can have similar benefits to federal designation , such as granting qualification and tax incentives . In addition , the property can become protected under specific state laws . The laws can be similar or different from the federal guidelines that govern the National Register . A state listing of a historic district on a " State Register of Historic Places , " usually by the State Historic Preservation Office , can be an " honorary status , " much like the National Register . For example , in Nevada , listing in the State Register places no limits on property owners . In contrast , state law in Tennessee requires that property owners within historic districts follow a strict set of guidelines , from the U.S. Department of Interior , when altering their properties . Though , according to the National Historic Preservation Act of 1966 , all states must have a State Historic Preservation Office , not all states must have a " state historic district " designation . As of 2004 , for example , the state of North Carolina had no such designation .
= = Local @-@ level = =
Local historic districts usually enjoy the greatest level of protection legally from any threats that may compromise their historic integrity because many land @-@ use decisions are made at the local level . There are more than 2 @,@ 300 local historic districts in the United States . Local historic districts can be administered at the county or the municipal level ; both entities are involved in land use decisions .
Local historic districts are identified by surveying historic resources and delineating appropriate boundaries that comply with all aspects of due process . Depending on local ordinance or State law , property owners permission may be required ; however all owners are to be notified and given a chance to share their opinion . Most local historic districts are constricted by design guidelines that control changes to the properties included in the district . Many local commissions adopt specific guidelines for the " tout ensemble " of each neighborhood , although some smaller commissions rely on the Secretary of Interior Standards . For most minor changes , homeowners can consult with local preservation staff at the municipal office and receive guidance on and permission for the changes . Major changes however , require homeowners to apply for a Certificate of Appropriateness ( COA ) , and the changes may be decided upon by the historic commission or architectural review board . The COA process is carried out with all aspects of due process , with formal notification , hearings , and fair and informed decision making .
According to the National Park Service , historic districts are one of the oldest forms of protection for historic properties . The city of Charleston , South Carolina is credited with beginning the modern day historic districts movement . In 1931 Charleston enacted an ordinance which designated an " Old and Historic District " administered by a Board of Architectural Review . Charleston 's early ordinance reflected the strong protection that local historic districts often enjoy under local law . It asserted that no alteration could be made to any architectural features which could be viewed by the public from the street . Local historic districts , as in New Orleans and Savannah , Georgia , predate the Register by 10 years or more as well .
Local historic districts are most likely to generate resistance because of the restrictions they tend to place on property owners . Local laws can cause residents " to comply with ( local historic district ) ordinances . "
The issue of local historic districts and the impact on property values is a concern to many homeowners . The effects have been extensively studied using multiple methodologies including before @-@ and @-@ after analysis and evaluating comparable neighborhoods with and without local designation status . Recent factual analysis has been conducted by independent researchers in a number of states , including New Jersey , Texas , Indiana , Georgia , Colorado , Maryland , North and South Carolina , Kentucky , Virginia , and elsewhere . As stated by economist Donovan Rypkema , " the results of these studies are remarkably consistent : property values in local historic districts appreciate significantly faster than the market as a whole in the vast majority of cases and appreciate at rates equivalent to the market in the worst case . Simply put – historic districts enhance property values . " In a 2011 study Connecticut Local Historic Districts and Property Values , it was found that “ property values in every local historic district saw average increases in value ranging from 4 % to over 19 % per year . ” Similarly , in New York City between 1980 @-@ 2000 , local historic district properties on a price per square foot basis increased in value significantly more than non @-@ designated properties . Equally important , local historic district property values were found to resist market downturns better than historic non @-@ designated properties . A recent study investigating the data on single @-@ family residential mortgage foreclosures and comparable non @-@ designated neighborhoods found that designated properties were significantly less likely to experience foreclosure . Local historic district designation has proven to protect property values from wild fluctuations and provides stability in the housing market .
= = Significance = =
The original concept of an American historic district was as a protective area surrounding more important , individual historic sites . As the field of historic preservation progressed , those involved came to realize that the structures acting as " buffer zones " were actually key elements of the historic integrity of larger , landmark sites . Preservationists came to the view that districts should be more encompassing , blending together a mesh of structures , streets , open space and landscaping to define the historical character of a historic district .
As early as 1981 the National Trust for Historic Preservation identified 882 American cities and towns that had some form of " historic district zoning " in place ; local laws meant specifically to protect historic districts . Before 1966 , historic preservation in the United States was in
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.@ 5 million . The Fund was criticized in October 2007 for having made two of the McCanns ' mortgage payments when they were unable to work , before they were made arguidos .
Madeleine 's Fund hired several firms of private investigators , which caused friction with the Portuguese police . Shortly after the disappearance , an anonymous benefactor paid for the services of a British security company , Control Risks . Brian Kennedy hired a Spanish agency , Método 3 , for six months for £ 50 @,@ 000 a month . The company had 35 investigators on the case in Europe and Morocco , and Kennedy went to Morocco himself in 2007 to look into one sighting .
Investigators working for the McCanns attempted to question a British paedophile , Raymond Hewlett , in May 2009 ; he denied involvement , declined to speak to them , and died of cancer in Germany in December that year . Dave Edgar , a retired detective working for the McCanns , released an e @-@ fit in August 2009 of a woman said to have asked two British men in Barcelona , Spain , shortly after the disappearance , whether they were there to deliver her new daughter . Other private initiatives included a Portuguese lawyer financing the search of a reservoir near Praia da Luz in February 2008 , and the use of ground radar by a South African property developer , Stephen Birch , who said in 2012 that scans showed there were bones beneath the driveway of a house in Praia da Luz .
= = = Oakley International = = =
In 2008 Madeleine 's Fund hired Oakley International , a Washington , D.C.-registered detective agency , for over £ 500 @,@ 000 for six months . The company owner , Kevin Halligen , was arrested in 2009 in connection with an unrelated fraud allegation . Oakley sent a five @-@ man team to Portugal . Led by Henri Exton , a former British police officer who had worked for MI5 , the team engaged in undercover operations within the Ocean Club and among paedophile rings and the Roma community .
Exton questioned the significance of the Tanner sighting of a man carrying a child at 21 : 15 near apartment 5A , and focused instead on the Smith sighting at 22 : 00 . The Oakley team produced e @-@ fits based on the Smiths ' description . This was a sensitive issue , because in September 2007 Martin Smith had watched footage of the McCanns arriving in the UK from Portugal , and believed he recognized Gerry McCann as the man he had seen with the child at 22 : 00 in Praia da Luz . Smith came to accept that he was mistaken : at 22 : 00 witnesses placed Gerry McCann in the tapas restaurant . Nevertheless , the publication of the Smith e @-@ fits , which bore some resemblance to Gerry , would have fed the conspiracy theories about the McCanns .
Exton submitted his report to Madeleine 's Fund in November 2008 , but the Fund told Exton that the report and its efits had to remain confidential . The relationship between the company and the Fund soured , in part because of a dispute over fees , and in part because the report was critical of the McCanns and their friends ; it suggested that Madeleine may have died in an accident after leaving the apartment herself through its unlocked patio doors . The Fund passed the e @-@ fits to the police – the Polícia Judiciária and Leicestershire police had them by October 2009 , and Scotland Yard received them when they became involved in August 2011 – but did not otherwise release them . Kate McCann did not include them with the other images of suspects in her book , Madeleine ( 2011 ) , although she suggested that both the Tanner and Smith sightings were crucial . Scotland Yard released the e @-@ fits in 2013 for a BBC Crimewatch reconstruction .
= = Further police inquiries ( 2011 – present ) = =
= = = Operation Grange = = =
At the request of the British Home Secretary Alan Johnson , the Home Office began discussions in 2010 with the Association of Chief Police Officers about setting up a new investigation . In May 2011 , under Home Secretary Theresa May , Scotland Yard launched an investigative review , Operation Grange , with a team of 29 detectives and eight civilians . The inquiry , which by June 2015 had cost £ 10.1m , was financed by a government contingency fund at the request of Prime Minister David Cameron , reportedly after News International persuaded the government to involve the British police .
The team was led by Commander Simon Foy . Detective Chief Inspector ( DCI ) Andy Redwood of Scotland Yard 's Homicide and Serious Crime Command was the first senior investigating officer , reporting to Detective Chief Superintendent Hamish Campbell . Redwood retired in December 2014 and was replaced by DCI Nicola Wall . The investigation was scaled back in October 2015 and the number of officers reduced to four . The Home Office funded the final months of the investigation in 2016 to the tune of £ 95 @,@ 000 .
The Operation Grange team had tens of thousands of documents translated , released an updated age @-@ progressed image of Madeleine , and investigated 560 lines in inquiry and 8 @,@ 685 potential sightings of Madeleine . By 2015 they had taken 1 @,@ 338 statements , collected 1 @,@ 027 exhibits , and investigated 60 persons of interest , as well as 650 sex offenders .
= = = Burglary theory = = =
By 2013 Scotland Yard were focusing on the theory that Madeleine was taken during a burglary gone wrong . There had been a fourfold increase in burglaries in the area between January and May 2007 . They included two in the McCanns ' block , during which intruders entered through apartment windows , in the three weeks before the disappearance . In October that year Scotland Yard and the BBC 's Crimewatch staged a reconstruction — broadcast in the UK , Netherlands and Germany — during which they released several e @-@ fits , including Oakley International 's e @-@ fit of the Smith sighting and of men seen near the McCanns ' apartment on and around the day of the disappearance .
Days after Crimewatch aired , Portugal 's attorney general reopened the Portuguese investigation , citing new evidence . Mobile @-@ phone tracking techniques showed that the phone of a former Ocean Club restaurant worker had been used near the resort on the evening of the disappearance . He was identified in the media as originally from Cape Verde , West Africa , who had died in 2009 in a tractor accident after being fired from the Ocean Club in 2006 for theft ; the suspicion was that he had been breaking into apartments to finance a drug habit .
In June 2014 Scotland Yard and the Polícia Judiciária , accompanied by archaeologists and sniffer dogs , searched drains and dug in 60 @,@ 000 sq metres of wasteland in Praia da Luz . Several interviews took place in Praia da Luz in July and December 2014 , conducted by the Polícia Judiciária at the request of Scotland Yard , with the latter in attendance . In July four Portuguese citizens were interviewed ; one , an associate of Robert Murat ( an arguido in 2007 ) , was first questioned shortly after the disappearance . Eleven people were interviewed in December . They included Robert Murat , his wife and her
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formulation , and the Sutherland @-@ Helen plot illustrates the idea that religious speculation and infidelity inevitably lead to immorality .
= = Reception = =
The Nemesis of Faith raised a scandal at its first release , being referred to as " a manual of infidelity " in the Morning Herald . It was publicly burned by William Sewell in his class at Exeter College . Soon after , Froude resigned his fellowship at Oxford .
The Nemesis of Faith also drew criticism on literary grounds as being melodramatic and sentimental . Froude himself wrote to his friend Charles Kingsley that " I cut a hole in my heart and wrote with the blood " . Thomas Carlyle complained of the novel " Froude ought to consume his own smoke and not trouble other people 's nostrils . " Although recent critics tend to be more positive about the novel 's depiction of Sutherland 's speculative crisis , they have maintained the weakness of the ending , attributing it to Froude 's inability to come to terms with his own doubts .
By contrast , the novel was positively reviewed by such literary figures as George Eliot and Mrs. Humphrey Ward , whose 1888 novel Robert Elsmere was significantly influenced by the novel and by Froude 's life . In a review in the Coventry Herald Eliot wrote that in reading The Nemesis of Faith " we seem to be in companionship with a spirit who is transfusing himself into our souls , and so vitalising them by his superior energy , that life , both outward and inward , presents itself to us in higher relief , in colours brightened and deepened . "
In an effort to reconcile with Oxford , Froude refused to allow republication of The Nemesis of Faith following its second edition , and in 1858 he formally repudiated the novel .
= = Historical context and allusions = =
The 1840s were a turbulent decade in the Church of England . Following the earlier German Higher Critics , who argued for a historical approach to religious texts , David Strauss published Leben Jesu or The Life of Jesus , Critically Examined which argued that the events of the New Testament were not historical but rather mythical . In 1846 George Eliot published an English translation of Leben Jesu which became a source of religious doubts for Froude and many of his contemporaries . Critics have also identified Thomas Carlyle 's novel Sartor Resartus and Spinoza as sources of Sutherland 's doubts , and those of many of his contemporaries .
Meanwhile , the Oxford Movement , headed by John Henry Newman as well as Froude 's brother Richard Hurrell Froude , was attacking the Church 's move towards liberalism and secularism , advocating instead a greater emphasis on Catholic doctrine . The Movement provided a serious challenge to Protestant beliefs , with Newman later converting to Roman Catholicism . Although Froude was devoted to Newman for several years , and maintained a sentimental affection for the man ( which he expressed in his essays on Newman and the Oxford Movement ) , he ultimately repudiated his beliefs .
The novel was influenced by Goethe 's Elective Affinities , which Froude later translated and published anonymously . Froude borrowed much of his novel 's ending from Goethe , and also used the scientific metaphor underlying Goethe 's novel to illustrate the relation of an individual to the church .
= New Jersey Route 41 =
Route 41 is a state highway in the U.S. state of New Jersey . It runs 14 @.@ 08 mi ( 22 @.@ 66 km ) from the five @-@ way intersection of Route 47 ( Delsea Drive ) , County Route 603 ( Fairview @-@ Sewell Road / Blackswood @-@ Barnsboro Road ) , and County Route 630 ( Egg Harbor Road ) , also known as Five Points , in Deptford Township , Gloucester County to the southern terminus of County Route 611 in Maple Shade , Burlington County , just north of the Route 41 's interchanges with Route 38 and Route 73 . The route is a two- to four @-@ lane suburban road that passes through several communities , including Runnemede , Haddonfield , and Cherry Hill Township . Between the intersection with Route 168 in Runnemede and Route 154 in Cherry Hill Township , Route 41 is maintained by Camden County and is also signed as County Route 573 .
Route 41 was legislated in 1927 to run from Route 47 in Fairview , Deptford Township to Route 38 in Moorestown . Originally , the route was intended to bypass Haddonfield , however this bypass was never fully completed and Route 41 was signed along a temporary county @-@ maintained alignment that also became County Route 573 . The northern part of this bypass was completed and became Route 154 in 1953 . The road has seen many changes including the replacement of the traffic circle with Routes 38 and 73 with an interchange that involved realigning Route 41 around the original circle in 1960 and the replacement of the Ellisburg Circle at Routes 70 and 154 with a signalized intersection in the early 1990s . The temporary alignment of Route 41 along County Route 573 was made permanent in the early 2000s .
= = Route description = =
Route 41 heads north from the Five Points intersection with Route 47 , County Route 603 , and County Route 630 in Deptford Township , Gloucester County on a two @-@ lane , undivided road called Hurffville Road . The route intersects County Route 621 ( County House Road ) and then intersects County Route 534 ( Good Intent Road ) . The route continues north and meets Deptford Center Road , which provides access to the Deptford Mall and Route 55 , and a ramp to southbound Route 42 . Route 41 comes to an interchange with Route 42 , with access provided to and from northbound Route 42 . Past Route 42 , Route 4
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deputy Foreign Minister Hamzah Zainuddin said that families of seven passengers received $ 50 @,@ 000 advance compensation from Malaysia Airlines , but that full payout would come after the aircraft is found or officially declared lost ( which later occurred in January 2015 ) .
= = = Malaysia = = =
Questions and criticisms were raised by air force experts and the Malaysian opposition about the state of Malaysia 's air force and radar capabilities . The failure of the Royal Malaysian Air Force to identify and respond to an unidentified aircraft ( later determined to be Flight 370 ) flying through Malaysian airspace was criticised by many . The Malaysian military became aware of the unidentified aircraft only after reviewing radar recordings several hours after the flight 's disappearance . The failure to recognise and react to the unidentified aircraft was a security breach , and was also a missed opportunity to intercept Flight 370 and prevent the time @-@ consuming and expensive search operation .
The Malaysian Prime Minister , Najib Razak , responded to criticism of his government in an opinion piece published in the The Wall Street Journal in which he acknowledged mistakes had been made , and said time would show that Malaysia had done its best , had helped co @-@ ordinate the search , and would continue to support . Najib went on to emphasise the need for the aviation industry to " not only learn the lessons of MH370 but implement them , " saying in closing that " the world learned from [ Air France Flight 447 ] but didn 't act . The same mistake must not be made again . "
Opposition leader Anwar Ibrahim criticised the Malaysian government regarding its response to Flight 370 's disappearance and the military 's response when Flight 370 turned back over the Malay Peninsula ; he called for an international committee to take charge of the investigation " to save the image of the country and to save the country . " Malaysian authorities have accused Anwar — who was jailed on contentious charges the day before Flight 370 disappeared — of politicising the crisis . Flight 370 's captain was a supporter of Anwar and the two knew each other .
Questioned about why Malaysia did not scramble fighter jets to intercept the aircraft as it tracked back across the Malay Peninsula , he noted that it was deemed a commercial aircraft and was not hostile , remarking : " If you 're not going to shoot it down , what 's the point of sending [ a fighter jet ] up ? "
The response to the crisis and lack of transparency in the response brought attention to the state of media in Malaysia . After decades of having tight control of media , during which government officials were accustomed to passing over issues without scrutiny or accountability , Malaysia was suddenly thrust to the forefront of global media and unable to adjust to demands for transparency .
On the second anniversary of the disappearance , 8 March 2016 , Razak said that he was hopeful that the missing Flight 370 would be found . The Malaysian Parliament observed a moment of silence to mark the anniversary . Razak said in a statement that the search had been " the most challenging in aviation history " , but that he remained committed to completing it .
= = = China = = =
Chinese Deputy Foreign Minister Xie Hangsheng reacted sceptically to the conclusion by the Malaysian government that the aircraft had gone down with no survivors , demanding " all the relevant information and evidence about the satellite data analysis " , and said that the Malaysian government must " finish all the work including search and rescue . " The following day , 25 March , Chinese president Xi Jinping sent a special envoy to Kuala Lumpur to consult with the Malaysian government over the missing aircraft .
= = = = Relatives of passengers = = = =
On 25 March , around two hundred family members of the Chinese passengers protested outside the Malaysian embassy in Beijing . Relatives who had arrived in Kuala Lumpur after the announcement continued with their protest , accusing Malaysia of hiding the truth and harbouring the murderer . They also wanted an apology for the Malaysian government 's poor initial handling of the disaster and its " premature " conclusion of loss , drawn without physical evidence . An op @-@ ed for China Daily said that Malaysia was not wholly to be blamed for its poor handling of such a " bizarre " and " unprecedented crisis , " and appealed to Chinese people not to allow emotions to prevail over evidence and rationality . The Chinese ambassador to Malaysia defended the Malaysian government 's response , stating that the relatives ' " radical and irresponsible opinions do not represent the views of Chinese people and the Chinese government " . The ambassador also strongly criticised Western media for having " published false news , stoked conflict and even spread rumours " to the detriment of relatives and of Sino – Malaysian relations . On the other hand , a US Department of Defense official criticised China for what he perceived as providing apparently false leads that detracted from the search effort and wasted time and resources .
The day before the second anniversary of the disappearance , 7 March 2016 , twelve Chinese families with relatives aboard the missing flight , filed a lawsuit in a Beijing , one day before the deadline for pursuing litigation against the carrier . In Kuala Lumpur , lawyer Ganesan Nethi reported that he had filed a joint lawsuit on behalf of the families of 32 passengers on 3 March 2016 , explaining that most were Chinese , along with an American and a few Indians .
= = = = Boycotts = = = =
Some Chinese have boycotted all things Malaysian , including holidays and singers , in protest of Malaysia 's handling of the Flight 370 investigation . Bookings on Malaysia Airlines from China , where the majority of passengers were from , were down 60 percent in March . In late March , several major Chinese ticketing agencies — ELong , LY.com , Qunar and Mango — discontinued the sale of airline tickets to Malaysia and several large Chinese travel agencies reported a 50 percent drop in tourists compared to the same period the year before . China is the third largest source of visitors for Malaysia , accounting for 1 @.@ 79 million tourists . One market analyst predicted a 20 – 40 percent drop in Chinese tourists to Malaysia , resulting in a loss of 4 – 8 billion yuan ( RM2.1 – 4 @.@ 2 billion ; US $ 650 million @-@ 1 @.@ 3 billion ) .
The boycotts have largely been led or supported by celebrities . Film star Chen Kun posted a message to Weibo — where he has 70 million followers — stating that he would be boycotting Malaysia until their government told the truth . The post was shared over 70 @,@ 000 times and drew over 30 @,@ 0
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00 comments . Over 337 @,@ 000 people retweeted a tweet from TV host Meng Fei , which said he would join the boycott .
China and Malaysia had dubbed 2014 to be the " Malaysia – China Friendship Year " to celebrate 40 years of diplomatic relations between the two countries .
= = = Air transport industry = = =
The fact that , in a digitally @-@ connected world , a modern aircraft could disappear has been met with surprise and disbelief by the public ; and while changes in the aviation industry often take years to be implemented , airlines and air transport authorities have responded swiftly to take action on several measures to prevent a similar incident from occurring .
= = = = Aircraft tracking = = = =
The International Air Transport Association — an industry trade organisation representing over 240 airlines ( representing 84 percent of global air traffic ) — and the International Civil Aviation Organization ( ICAO ) — the United Nations ' civil aviation body — are working on implementing new measures to track aircraft in flight in real time . The IATA created a task force ( which includes several outside stakeholders ) to define a minimum set of requirements that any tracking system must meet , allowing airlines to decide the best solution to track their aircraft . The IATA 's task force plans to come up with several short- , medium- , and long @-@ term solutions to ensure that information is provided in a timely manner to support search , rescue , and recovery activities in the wake of an aircraft accident . The task force was expected to provide a report to the ICAO on 30 September 2014 , but on that day said that the report would be delayed , citing the need for further clarification on some issues . In December 2014 , the IATA task force recommended that , within 12 months , airlines track commercial aircraft in no longer than 15 @-@ minute intervals , although it still has not released its report and full details of proposed changes . The IATA itself did not support the deadline , which it believes cannot be met by all airlines , but the proposed standard has the support of the ICAO . Although the ICAO can set standards , it has no legal authority and such standards must be adopted by member states .
The ICAO has adopted a standard that , by November 2018 , all aircraft over open ocean report their position every 15 minutes . In March 2016 , the ICAO approved an amendment to the Chicago Convention requiring new aircraft manufactured after 1 January 2021 to have autonomous tracking devices which can send location information at least once per minute in distress circumstances .
In May 2014 , Inmarsat said it would offer its tracking service for free to all aircraft equipped with an Inmarsat satellite connection ( which amounts to nearly all commercial airliners ) . Inmarsat has also changed the time period for handshakes with their terminals from one hour to 15 minutes .
= = = = Transponders = = = =
There was a call for automated transponders after the 11 September 2001 terrorist attacks ; no changes were made as aviation experts preferred flexible control , in case of malfunctions or electrical emergencies . In the wake of Flight 370 , the air transport industry is still resistant to the installation of automated transponders , which would likely entail significant costs . Pilots have also criticised changes of this kind , insisting on the need to cut power to equipment in the event of a fire . Nonetheless , new types of tamper @-@ proof circuit breakers are being considered .
= = = = Flight recorders = = = =
The frenzied search for the flight recorders in early April , due to the 30 @-@ day battery life of the underwater locator beacons ( ULBs ) attached to them , brought attention to the limitations of the ULBs . The battery life of the ULBs is limited , and the distance the signal from the ULBs can be detected from is 2 @,@ 000 – 3 @,@ 000 m ( 6 @,@ 600 – 9 @,@ 800 ft ) , or 4 @,@ 500 m ( 14 @,@ 800 ft ) under favourable conditions . Even if the flight recorders are located , the cockpit voice recorder memory has capacity to store only two hours of data , continuously recording over the oldest data . This length complies with regulations and it is usually only data from the last section of a flight that is needed to determine the cause of an accident . The events which caused Flight 370 to divert from its course and disappear happened more than two hours before the flight ended . Given these limitations and the importance of the data stored on flight recorders , Flight 370 has brought attention to new technologies that enable data streaming to the ground .
A call to increase the battery life of ULBs was made after the unsuccessful initial search in 2009 for the flight recorders on Air France Flight 447 , which were not located until 2011 . The ICAO did not make such a recommendation until 2014 , with implementation by 2018 . The European Aviation Safety Agency has stated its new regulations require that the transmitting time of ULBs fitted to aircraft flight recorders must range from 30 to 90 days . The agency proposed a new underwater locator beacon with a larger transmitting range to be fitted to aircraft flying over oceans .
In March 2016 , the ICAO adopted several amendments to the Chicago Convention to address issues raised by Flight 370 's disappearance . For aircraft manufactured after 2020 , cockpit voice recorders will be required to record at least 25 hours of data , so that they record all phases of a flight . Aircraft designs approved after 2020 will need to have a means to recover the flight recorders , or the information they contain , before the recorders sink below water . This provision is performance @-@ based so that it can be accomplished by different techniques , such as streaming flight recorder data from aircraft in distress or using flight recorders which eject from aircraft and float on the water 's surface . The new regulations will not require modifications to existing aircraft .
= = = = Safety recommendations = = = =
In January 2015 , the US NTSB cited Flight 370 and Air France Flight 447 when it issued eight safety recommendations related to locating aircraft wreckage in remote or underwater locations and repeated recommendations for a crash @-@ protected cockpit image recorder and tamper @-@ resistant flight recorders and transponders .
= = In popular culture = =
The disappearance of Malaysia Airlines Flight 370 has been dubbed one of the greatest aviation mysteries of all time .
Several documentaries have been produced about the flight . The Smithsonian Channel aired a one @-@ hour documentary about the flight on 6 April 2014 , titled Malaysia 370 : The Plane That Vanished . The Discovery Channel broadcast a one @-@ hour documentary about Flight 370 on 16 April 2014 titled Flight 370 : The Missing Links .
An episode of the television documentary series Horizon titled " Where is Flight MH370 ? " was broadcast on 17 June 2014 on BBC Two . The programme , narrated by Amanda Drew , documents how the aircraft disappeared , what experts believe happened to it , and how the search has unfolded . The programme also examines new technologies such as flight recorder streaming and automatic dependent surveillance @-@ broadcast ( ADS @-@ B )
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Take That Away " was emphasized at Top 40 Mainstream radio stations and " Crybaby " at mainstream urban stations . It was intended that the former would chart on the US Billboard Hot 100 and the latter would focus on the R & B charts . The songs had very limited airplay , and because Billboard magazine rules at that time stipulated that the song from a double A @-@ side with the most airplay ( in this case , " Crybaby " ) would be credited only , " Crybaby " was eligible to chart . Double A @-@ sided singles were credited together on the charts until 1998 , when the Hot 100 changed from a " singles " chart to a " songs " chart , and consequently every song was credited individually . " Crybaby " did not appear on the Billboard Hot 100 Airplay chart . It debuted on the Hot 100 at number 28 only after its release as a commercial single , but its minimal airplay prevented it from ascending the Hot 100 . It remained in the top forty for two weeks and on the chart for just seven weeks , becoming Carey 's first single to miss the US top twenty .
= = Music video = =
The song 's music video was directed by Sanaa Hamri , who also directed the video for " Can 't Take That Away ( Mariah 's Theme ) . " Both videos were shot back to back , and were released simultaneously to music programs and channels for immediate circulation . The video begins with Carey lying in her bed , as she receives a text message from Snoop Dogg reading " Yo what 's happening ? What you crying for ? Now you know you look 2 damn good 2 be crying ... Come here ... Holla at a playa DPG style ... Ya know , " to which Carey responds " I can 't sleep . " As the video progresses as the lyrics continue , it appears to be 5 AM , and Carey is still unable to sleep . She lies in bed with the lamp on , pondering on thoughts of a past lover until she takes a bath . Afterwards , she makes her way to the kitchen , and begins pouring an abundant amount of cereal and milk into a bowl , spilling it over the counter in a restless rage . As the scene finishes , Snoop 's face is seen on a small monitor , directing his verse to Carey in the video . As the last chorus plays , Carey becomes restless and tosses a champagne glass and bottle at a large window , shattering it and sending glass around the living room . The video ends with Carey lying down on
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. " She called the Black Panthers " our revolutionary vanguard ... we must support them with love , money , propaganda and risk . " She has been involved in the feminist movement since the 1970s , which dovetails with her activism in support of civil rights .
= = = Opposition to Vietnam War = = =
In April 1970 , Fonda , with Fred Gardner and Donald Sutherland formed the FTA tour ( " Free The Army " , a play on the troop expression " Fuck The Army " ) , an anti @-@ war road show designed as an answer to Bob Hope 's USO tour . The tour , described as " political vaudeville " by Fonda , visited military towns along the West Coast , with the goal of establishing a dialogue with soldiers about their upcoming deployments to Vietnam . The dialogue was made into a movie ( F.T.A. ) which contained strong , frank criticism of the war by servicemen and servicewomen ; it was released in 1972 .
On May 4 , 1970 , Fonda appeared before an assembly at the University of New Mexico , in Albuquerque , to speak on GI rights and issues . The end of her presentation was met with a discomforting silence . The quiet was broken when Beat poet Gregory Corso staggered onto the stage . Drunk , Corso challenged Fonda , using a four @-@ letter expletive : Why hadn 't she addressed the shooting of four students at Kent State by the Ohio National Guard , which had just taken place ? Fonda in her autobiography revisited the incident : " I was shocked by the news and felt like a fool . " On the same day , she joined a protest march on the home of university president , Ferrel Heady . The protestors called themselves " They Shoot Students , Don 't They ? " — a reference to Fonda 's recently released film , They Shoot Horses , Don 't They ? , which had just been screened in Albuquerque .
In the same year , Fonda spoke out against the war at a rally organized by Vietnam Veterans Against the War ( VVAW ) in Valley Forge , Pennsylvania . She offered to help raise funds for VVAW and , for her efforts , was rewarded with the title of Honorary National Coordinator . On November 3 , 1970 , Fonda started a tour of college campuses on which she raised funds for the organization . As noted by The New York Times , Fonda was a " major patron " of the VVAW .
= = = = Controversial visit to Hanoi = = = =
Fonda visited Hanoi in July 1972 to witness firsthand the bombing damage to the dikes . After touring and photographing dike systems in North Vietnam , she said the United States had been intentionally targeting the dike system along the Red River . Columnist Joseph Kraft , who was also touring North Vietnam , said he believed the damage to the dikes was incidental and was being used as propaganda by Hanoi , and that , if the U.S. Air Force were " truly going after the dikes , it would do so in a methodical , not a harum @-@ scarum way " .
Fonda was photographed seated on a anti @-@ aircraft gun ; the controversial photo outraged a number of Americans , and earned her the nickname " Hanoi Jane " . In her 2005 autobiography , she wrote that she was manipulated into sitting on the battery ; she had been horrified at the implications of the pictures and regretted they were taken . In a 2011 entry at her official website , Fonda explained :
It happened on my last day in Hanoi . I was exhausted and an emotional wreck after the 2 @-@ week visit ... The translator told me that the soldiers wanted to sing me a song . He translated as they sung . It was a song about the day ' Uncle Ho ' declared their country 's independence in Hanoi 's Ba Dinh Square . I heard these words : " All men are created equal ; they are given certain rights ; among these are life , Liberty and Happiness . " These are the words Ho pronounced at the historic ceremony . I began to cry and clap . These young men should not be our enemy . They celebrate the same words Americans do . The soldiers asked me to sing for them in return ... I memorized a song called " Day Ma Di " , written by anti @-@ war South Vietnamese students . I knew I was slaughtering it , but everyone seemed delighted that I was making the attempt . I finished . Everyone was laughing and clapping , including me ... Here is my best , honest recollection of what happened : someone ( I don 't remember who ) led me towards the gun , and I sat down , still laughing , still applauding . It all had nothing to do with where I was sitting . I hardly even thought about where I was sitting . The cameras flashed ... It is possible that it was a set up , that the Vietnamese had it all planned . I will never know . But if they did I can 't blame them . The buck stops here . If I was used , I allowed it to happen ... a two @-@ minute lapse of sanity that will haunt me forever ... But the photo exists , delivering its message regardless of what I was doing or feeling . I carry this heavy in my heart . I have apologized numerous times for any pain I may have caused servicemen and their families because of this photograph . It was never my intention to cause harm .
Fonda made radio broadcasts on Hanoi Radio throughout her two @-@ week tour , commenting on her visits to villages , hospitals , schools , and factories damaged in the war and denouncing U.S. military policy in Vietnam . Fonda has defended her decision to travel to North Vietnam and her radio broadcasts . During the course of her visit , Fonda visited American prisoners of war ( POWs ) , and brought back messages from them to their families . When stories of torture of returning POWs were later being publicized by the Nixon administration , Fonda called the returning POWs " hypocrites and liars and pawns " , adding about the prisoners she visited , " These were not men who had been tortured . These were not men who had been starved . These were not men who had been brainwashed . " In addition , Fonda told The New York Times in 1973 , " I 'm quite sure that there were incidents of torture ... but the pilots who were saying it was the policy of the Vietnamese and that it was systematic , I believe that 's a lie . " Her visits to the POW camp led to persistent and exaggerated rumors which were repeated widely in the press and continued to circulate on the Internet decades later . Fonda , as well as the named POWs , have personally denied the rumors , and subsequent interviews with the POWs showed these rumored allegations to be false as the persons named had never met Fonda .
In 1972 , Fonda helped fund and organize the Indochina Peace Campaign , which continued to mobilize antiwar activists across the nation after the 1973 Paris Peace Agreement , through 1975 , when the United States withdrew from Vietnam .
Because of her tour of North Vietnam during wartime and the subsequent rumors circulated about her visit , resentment against her among some veterans and currently serving U.S. military still exists . For example , when U.S. Naval Academy plebes , who had not yet been born when Fonda protested the Vietnam war , shouted out " Goodnight , Jane Fonda ! " , the company replied " Goodnight , bitch ! " This practice has since been prohibited by the academy 's Plebe Summer Standard Operating Procedures . In 2005 , Michael A. Smith , a U.S. Navy veteran , was arrested for disorderly conduct in Kansas City , Missouri , after he spat chewing tobacco in Fonda 's face during a book @-@ signing event for her autobiography , My Life So Far . He told reporters that he " consider [ ed ] it a debt of honor " , adding " she spit in our faces for 37 years . It was absolutely worth it . There are a lot of veterans who would love to do what I did . " Fonda refused to press charges .
= = = = Regrets = = = =
In a 1988 interview with Barbara Walters , Fonda expressed regret for some of her comments and actions , stating :
I would like to say something , not just to Vietnam veterans in New England , but to men who were in Vietnam , who I hurt , or whose pain I caused to deepen because of things that I said or did . I was trying to help end the killing and the war , but there were times when I was thoughtless and careless about it and I 'm very sorry that I hurt them . And I want to apologize to them and their families . [ ... ] I will go to my grave regretting the photograph of me in an anti @-@ aircraft gun , which looks like I was trying to shoot at American planes . It hurt so many soldiers . It galvanized such hostility
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much bargaining , the Sinai Interim Agreement ( Sinai II ) , was formally signed on September 1 , and aid resumed .
= = = = Vietnam = = = =
One of Ford 's greatest challenges was dealing with the continued Vietnam War . American offensive operations against North Vietnam had ended with the Paris Peace Accords , signed on January 27 , 1973 . The accords declared a cease fire across both North and South Vietnam , and required the release of American prisoners of war . The agreement guaranteed the territorial integrity of Vietnam and , like the Geneva Conference of 1954 , called for national elections in the North and South . The Paris Peace Accords stipulated a sixty @-@ day period for the total withdrawal of U.S. forces .
The accords had been negotiated by United States National Security Advisor Kissinger and North Vietnamese politburo member Lê Đức Thọ . South Vietnamese President Nguyen Van Thieu was not involved in the final negotiations , and publicly criticized the proposed agreement . However , anti @-@ war pressures within the United States forced Nixon and Kissinger to pressure Thieu to sign the agreement and enable the withdrawal of American forces . In multiple letters to the South Vietnamese president , Nixon had promised that the United States would defend Thieu 's government , should the North Vietnamese violate the accords .
In December 1974 , months after Ford took office , North Vietnamese forces invaded the province of Phuoc Long . General Trần Văn Trà sought to gauge any South Vietnamese or American response to the invasion , as well as to solve logistical issues , before proceeding with the invasion .
As North Vietnamese forces advanced , Ford requested Congress approve a $ 722 million aid package for South Vietnam , funds that had been promised by the Nixon administration . Congress voted against the proposal by a wide margin . Senator Jacob K. Javits offered " ... large sums for evacuation , but not one nickel for military aid " . President Thieu resigned on April 21 , 1975 , publicly blaming the lack of support from the United States for the fall of his country . Two days later , on April 23 , Ford gave a speech at Tulane University . In that speech , he announced that the Vietnam War was over " ... as far as America is concerned " . The announcement was met with thunderous applause .
1 @,@ 373 U.S. citizens and 5 @,@ 595 Vietnamese and third country nationals were evacuated from the South Vietnamese capital of Saigon during Operation Frequent Wind . In that operation , military and Air America helicopters took evacuees to U.S. Navy ships off @-@ shore during an approximately
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closet , leaving McBrayer to begin his fantasy with her . The first scene is of Carey wearing a tight pink number , laying seductively on the bed , as the computer employee plays with an electric guitar . He joins her on the bed , and she begins playfully spanking him as the two enter a pillow fight . Another scene is interspersed , of Carey sporting a mini silver dress , with tall socks and heels , flaunting her body . The fantasy then adapts to a new scenery , of the pair dressed in medieval clothing , while walking a unicorn , followed by the duo in a large room in the mansion , racing electronic cars . As they proceed to play laser tag , they are shown outside , laying on a picnic bed , with Carey dressed in a " naughty school girl outfit " . They both get up , and begin to throw a frisbee , before relocating in front of the main stairwell in the mansion . The final scenes of the fantasy are of Carey , wearing a shortened red gown , standing atop the staircase , and McBrayer climbing on his knees while carrying flowers . All the scenes begin to fade , with the last being Carey feeding him by hand by the refrigerator , as he wakes up with Carey , now dressed , poking him . She tells the employee that security will let him out when he is finished , and leaves him while he is still fantasizing about her .
= = = Promotion and reception = = =
The music video won in the category of " Best Comedic Video " at the 2008 BET Awards , and won the " MTV Video Vanguard Award " at the 2008 MTV Video Music Awards Japan . Additionally , the video was nominated for " Best Female Video " at the 2008 MTV Video Music Awards in the United States . As the MTV Video Music Award is the only industry award for which Carey has not yet received even one trophy , she jokingly expressed to MTV News her feelings regarding the video for " Touch My Body " :
I have faith in my fans . I believe they will come through for me , because they always have . My house is not complete without an American Moonman , and I would say ' Touch My Body ' deserves one . Brett Ratner directed it , I have a unicorn in there , I have [ ' Guitar Hero ' ] in there — who else has that ? "
Carey appeared on several music video programs in promotion for the video 's debut . She appeared on MTV 's Total Request Live and BET 's 106 & Park on February 27 , 2008 , to premiere the video for " Touch My Body " ; BET also played the video all day , every hour on the hour , until 106 & Park aired . VH1 posted a 45 @-@ second sneak peek on their blog on February 26 , and subsequently posted the video in its entirety at midnight on February 27 , 2008 .
= = Live performances = =
Following the song 's digital release , Carey promoted the song on several live televised appearances and programs throughout the world . Only days prior to being released digitally , Carey was announced as the musical guest on an episode of Saturday Night Live , taking over for Janet Jackson who caught the flu and was unable to perform . Hosted by Jonah Hill , Carey performed both " Touch My Body " , as well as live rendition of " Migrate " alongside T @-@ Pain . Following the set , Carey and her manager at the time , Benny Medina , met with Lee Daniels , who then offered Carey a role in his film adaptation of Precious ( 2008 ) , in which Carey would later star and earn acclaim for her acting . After reaching the top of the Billboard charts , the Empire State Building was lit up in Carey 's motif colors , white , pink and lavender , for the entire week . On March 25 , 2008 , Carey was featured as the special guest performer at The Hills season premiere party , an event marking the start of a span of ten episodes airing in between season three and four . Carey , dressed in a black skirt and gold top , performed " Touch My Body " , " I 'm That Chick " and " We Belong Together " , before exiting the stage to a standing ovation . After the performance , Carey received strong praise from the program 's cast members , with Lauren Conrad saying " I 've always been a huge Mariah fan , and she 's just so beautiful and talented ' , while Whitney Port and Audrina Patridge referred to Carey as " an amazing singer " , while claiming to have listened to her music from a young age .
On April 25 , 2008 , Carey opened the Good Morning America " Summer Concert Series " with a live performance in Times Square . Carey , wearing a pink mini @-@ skirt , began the set with " Touch My Body " in front of thousands of fans . During the song , Carey 's backing vocals began to malfunction , causing it to repeat phrases and play during her main vocal moments . In order to let the sound engineer know of the problem , she substituted part of the lyrics for " stop singing my part now baby " , and completed the final chorus . She continued on with " I 'm That Chick " , and completed the three @-@ song set @-@ list with her follow @-@ up single , " Bye Bye " . After marking the album 's stateside launch with her appearance on Good Morning America , Carey took to Europe to perform on several programs . She began with an interview on the British radio station , BBC Radio 1 , and continued onto a live rendition of " Touch My Body " on
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memorabilia with Elokeshi 's name printed or inscribed on them were made . A balm for headache was advertised as using the oil made by the mahant in the jail oil press . Such commemorative items were still in sale in as late as 1894 . These items were unique in the sense that they were the only such commemorative items modelled on an event .
= = In the arts = =
At least 34 farces were published by the " popular press " on the events of the Tarakeswar affair — the rape , the murder and the trial . At least four of these were reprinted several times . This is the largest number of 19th @-@ century farces in Bengal created in response to a contemporary event . Farces and plays of the era were often inspired by the real courtroom drama . At least 19 plays were also based on the scandal , all of which became very popular and big money @-@ makers ; especially Mohanter Ei ki Kaj ! became a huge hit on stage . Plays written as late as 1924 referred to the affair as if it was common public knowledge .
Numerous Kalighat paintings and Battala woodwork prints — created in the decade after the scandal — depicted the " immoral " affair , the gruesome murder and the resultant trial . According to Chattopadhyay ( author of Representing Calcutta : modernity , nationalism , and the colonial uncanny ) , it was the popularity of the plays combined with " the rhetoric of sin and morality " that inspired Kalighat painters to present this " tragedy as a spectacle " . Kalighat painters often chose to paint mythological themes and Bengali day @-@ to @-@ day life ; the paintings on the Tarakeswar affair were a unique exception .
Often painted as a series , the Kalighat paintings depict various scenes related to the affair : the mahant riding on an elephant howdah ; The Meeting of Elokeshi and the mahant — Elokeshi goes to the temple with her sister and meets the mahant ; The Seduction — Elokeshi offering paan ( betel nut leaf ) , the mahant fans Elokeshi and / or the mahant offering her childbirth medicine in order to drug her before raping her ; Elokeshi embracing Nobin and asking his forgiveness ; the three stages of the murder such as The Fatal / First Blow ( Nobin about to decapitate Elokeshi with a fish knife ) and After the murder ( Nobin with the decapitated body of Elokeshi ) . The Kalighat paintings also depict a courtroom scene of the trial of the mahant followed by the mahant in jail , enduring rigorous labour turning an oil press or working as a jail gardener , while jail guards or the superintendent watch over him .
The plays and the paintings suggested the theme of loss of traditional Indian culture in the face of colonialism .
= = Assessment and portrayal of the characters = =
Most accounts agree that Nobin loved his wife dearly , evidenced by the fact that he was ready to accept his wife at first and run away with her , even after knowledge of the affair . In an era where the chastity of a wife was highly valued , Nobin 's blind love and acceptance of a guilty wife were deemed inappropriate by a large section of society . Her murder was considered justifiable . Some songs criticise Nobin 's stupidity of trying to save his adulterous wife and thereby risking his own life . Police reports , confirming Nobin 's love , read that after the murder , Nobin rushed to the police saying : " Hang me quick . This world is wilderness to me . I am impatient to join my wife in the next [ world / life ] " , a line reported verbatim in newspapers as well as used in plays and songs . Some public petitions argued that given a choice to leave Elokeshi in the arms of the mahant to live a life
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of dishonour — which was worse than death — and to kill her , like a true husband , Nobin chose the latter to end her misery . However , some plays portray that Nobin has a mistress in town so leaves his wife in the village .
Most of the plays were named to suggest the main crime was not Elokeshi 's murder by Nobin , but the immoral activities of the mahant . The mahant is portrayed as the root cause of Elokeshi 's death , which was an " inevitable conclusion " of the mahant ' s activities . Elokeshi , " the object of desire " , had to be killed by Nobin to restore his honour . Titles of such plays reinforce the theme and focus on the mahant 's crime . Examples include : Mohanter Chakrabhraman , Mohanter Ki Saja , Mohanter Karabash and Mohanter Ei Ki Dasha .
The Kalighat paintings and Battala woodcuts often depict the mahant as a womaniser and the temple as " a haven for pimps " . He was also described as " a vile seducer " . The Tarakeswar shrine was a famed cure for barren women . The mahant was rumoured to seduce women like Elokeshi who came to him for childbirth medicine and appropriate them with the help of his goons . After being raped , the women could not return to their family and languished in the brothels of Tarakeswar . In most plays , the mahant is described as drugging Elokeshi — by offering fake childbirth medicine — and then raping her . In the play Mohanter Dafarafa , a rare exception to the general theme of immorality in plays where the mahant misuses Elokeshi , his love is portrayed to be genuine and her seduction by him a resultant after @-@ effect . However , later he is repentant .
The Bengalee , a reformist newspaper , presents a rare view of the true victim Elokeshi being forgotten in the debate of the trial and sympathy towards Nobin . In the First Meeting painting , Elokeshi is sometimes depicted as a courtesan , indicating that she is the one who seduces the mahant . She is often described as unchaste and to have developed the adulterous affair and even lived with him for some time despite the fact that he first rapes her . In one play , Elokeshi 's character is debated by village wives and prostitutes . The wives vilify Elokeshi as an unchaste woman , question her devotion for Nobin and express the belief that a woman cannot be raped without her consent . The prostitutes empathise with Elokeshi , another victim of male lust and lament her fall from grace , which for them illustrates the brittle status of a wife . Some plays depict Elokeshi as having no choice but to surrender to the mahant 's lust on her father 's command . Such plays concentrate more on scenes where Elokeshi gives in to her father 's orders than on the depiction of rape .
One farce depicts a divine trial of not only Elokeshi and the mahant , but also of her parents , who are portrayed as being equally guilty . Elokeshi is condemned for seducing the mahant and tarnishing the name of the holy shrine of Tarakeswar . The mahant is punished for misusing the authority and money of the temple . One newspaper describes Elokeshi 's father as " the still worse scoundrel ( worse than the mahant ) who bartered his daughter 's virtue " . In many plays , Elokeshi 's father , who is now sexually incompetent , is driven by the greed of Elokeshi 's young stepmother and he resorts to pleasing his wife by giving gifts like jewellery , for which he sells off his daughter to the mahant . Elokeshi 's staying at her parents ' home — and not with her husband — is also blamed for their excessive control over her .
= NAD 3020 =
The NAD 3020 is an iconic stereo integrated amplifier by NAD Electronics , considered to be one of the most important components in the history of high fidelity audio . Launched circa 1978 , this highly affordable product delivered a good quality sound , which acquired a reputation as an audiophile amplifier of exceptional value . By 1998 , the NAD 3020 had become the most well known and best @-@ selling audio amplifier in history .
= = History = =
Launched circa 1978 – 79 in an era where the principal preoccupation of hi @-@ fi manufacturers was power output , the sub- £ 80 ( US $ 135 ) low @-@ powered solid state amplifier , created and marketed by a then little @-@ known manufacturer , very rapidly acquired a reputation for excellent sound quality and exceptional value . Stereophile magazine called the NAD 3020 " ridiculously inexpensive " . It was the first integrated amplifier built with convincing ability to drive difficult loudspeaker loads , and a sound quality that far exceeded other integrated amplifiers at its price point for the time .
In an era when the NAD 's rated power output of 20 watts per channel continuous into 8 ohms was considered anaemic , the manufacturer claimed it could deliver much stronger power output into lower impedances under dynamic conditions ( music or peak power output ) . Indeed , it is capable of delivering 40 watts into 8 ohm , 58 watts into 4 ohm , and 72 watts into 2 ohm loads for a limited time if pushed . The amplifier 's main appeal was its inherent musicality , its ability to drive difficult speaker loads , and to allow audiophile grade source components to excel . Launching the product in the US at the Consumer Electronics Show , the company wired up a battery of loudspeakers in a way which presented an impedance of 1 @.@ 1 ohm , and the amplifier experienced no problems . Similarly , at its London launch , NAD successfully demonstrated it driving the Linn Isobarik , whose impedance characteristics are known to be very challenging for amplifiers . It was the best @-@ known and best @-@ selling amplifier in the annals of hi @-@ fi . The NAD 3020 revolutionised the amplifier segment of the hi @-@ fi industry .
= = = Design principles = = =
Bjørn Erik Edvardsen , NAD 's director of advanced development , set out to create an " inexpensive amplifier ... easily capable of driving the very best loudspeakers " . NAD eschewed the laboratory test equipment thinking , which was prevalent at the time , and instead aimed to make their amplifiers capable of properly driving " real loudspeakers " under realistic conditions . This paradigm shift gave rise to an amplifier that cost less and sounded better . NAD was able to achieve a low cost base by foreign manufacture . The company designed the product in Europe and had
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, raisins , dates , walnuts , hazelnuts , allspice , cinnamon and nutmeg among others . Lemon juice may be used on the avocado to prevent browning from occurring . Avocado cake can be prepared as a vegetarian and vegan dish . Chocolate cake and pancakes may be prepared with avocado as an ingredient in the batter .
= = Variations = =
= = = Raw avocado cake = = =
Avocado cake may be prepared as an uncooked cake using raw avocados and other raw ingredients , which are blended together into a smooth consistency and then chilled . A food processor may be used to blend the ingredients . Raw avocado cake prepared with a significant amount of avocado may contain substantial amounts of vitamin E and essential fatty acids , which are derived from avocado .
= = = Avocado brownies = = =
Avocado brownies are brownies prepared using avocado as a primary ingredient . The use of overripe avocados may contribute to the gooey , fudge @-@ like consistency of the dish . Black beans may be used in the dish , and may be used in the place of flour .
= = = Avocado cheesecake = = =
Avocado cheesecake is a style of cheesecake prepared using avocado as a main ingredient . Raw avocados may be used in its preparation , and it may have a creamy texture and consistency . Avocado cheesecake was featured in an episode of the television show MasterChef in March 2015 .
= = Avocado @-@ based cake toppings = =
Avocado cakes may be topped with an avocado @-@ based fool . A fool is a pressed fruit mixture or fruit purée that is mixed with cream or custard . The term " fool " in this context dates to the 16th century , and was also a synonym for " a trifling thing of small consequence . "
Some milk sponge cakes may be topped with avocado crazy , a food in Sri Lankan cuisine . Avocado crazy may be prepared with avocado , cream , sugar and lemon juice . Rum may also be added . Avocado crazy may have a creamy texture and flavor .
= Kingston upon Hull =
Kingston upon Hull ( / ˌkɪŋstən əpɒn ˈhʌl / KING @-@ stən ə @-@ pon HUL , local / ˈhʊl / ) , usually abbreviated to Hull , is a city and unitary authority in the East Riding of Yorkshire , England . It lies upon the River Hull at its junction with the Humber estuary , 25 miles ( 40 km ) inland from the North Sea , with a population of 257 @,@ 710 ( mid @-@ 2014 est . ) .
The town of Hull was founded late in the 12th century . The monks of Meaux Abbey needed a port where the wool from their estates could be exported . They chose a place at the junction of the rivers Hull and Humber to build a quay .
The exact year the town was founded is not known but it was first mentioned in 1193 . Renamed Kings @-@ town upon Hull by King Edward I in 1299 , Hull has been a market town , military supply port , trading hub , fishing and whaling centre , and industrial metropolis .
Hull was an early theatre of battle in the English Civil Wars . Its 18th @-@ century Member of Parliament , William Wilberforce , played a key role in the abolition of the slave trade in Britain .
The city is unique in the UK in having had a municipally owned telephone system from 1902 , sporting cream , not red , telephone boxes .
After suffering heavy damage in the Second World War ( the ' Hull Blitz ' ) , Hull weathered a period of post @-@ industrial decline , gaining unfavourable results on measures of social deprivation , education and policing .
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, from 29 April to 5 May , Hull Fashion Week took place with various events happening in venues in and around Hull 's City centre . It finished with a finale on 5 May at Hull Paragon Interchange , when recently reformed pop group Atomic Kitten appeared in a celebrity fashion show .
On 3 August 2013 , the second Humber Street Sesh Festival took place celebrating local music talent and arts , with several stages showcasing bands and artists from the Fruit Trade Music Label , Humber Street Sesh and Purple Worm Records .
= = Parks and green spaces = =
Hull has a large number of parks and green spaces . These include East Park , Pearson Park , Pickering Park , Peter Pan Park ( Costello Playing fields ) , and West Park . West Park is home to Hull 's KCOM Stadium . Pearson Park contains a lake and a ' Victorian Conservatory ' housing birds and reptiles . East Park has a large boating lake and a collection of birds and animals . East Park and Pearson Park are registered Grade II listed sites by Historic England . The city centre has the large Queen 's Gardens parkland at its heart . This was originally built as formal ornamental gardens used to fill in the former Queen 's Dock . It is now a more flexible grassed and landscaped area used for concerts and festivals , but retains a large ornamental flower circus and fountain at its western end .
The streets of Hull 's suburban areas also lined with large numbers of trees , particularly the Avenues area around Princes Avenue and Boulevard to the west . Many of the old trees in the Avenues district have been felled in recent years with the stumps carved into a variety of ' living sculptures ' . Other green areas include the University area and parts of Beverley Road to the north .
West Hull has a district known as ' Botanic ' . This recalls the short @-@ lived Botanic Garden that once existed on the site now occupied by Hymers College . Elephants once lived nearby in the former Zoological Gardens on Spring Bank and were paraded in the local streets . The land has since been redeveloped . There was also a former Botanic Garden between Hessle Road and the Anlaby Road commemorated by Linnaeus Street .
= = Media = =
Hull 's only local daily newspaper is the longstanding Hull Daily Mail , whose circulation area covers much of the East Riding of Yorkshire too . A free paper , The Hull Advertiser , used to be issued weekly by the same publisher . The city was once served by three competing daily newspapers , all operating from the Whitefriargate area Eastern Morning News , Hull News and Hull and East Yorkshire Times . On 17 April 1930 the last edition of Evening News was published after the paper was taken over by its longstanding rival the Hull Daily Mail .
Local listings and what 's @-@ on guides include Tenfoot City Magazine and Sandman Magazine ( combined into single volume covering all of England , print version then made defunct in favour of online site ) . The BBC has its Yorkshire and Lincolnshire regional headquarters at Queen 's Gardens , from which the regional news programme Look North is broadcast .
Radio services broadcasting from the city are Hull 's community radio station 106 @.@ 9 West Hull FM ( formerly 106.9FM WHCR ) and the BBC 's regional station BBC Radio Humberside , as well as commercial stations Viking FM , KCFM and Viking 2 ( radio ) formally Magic 1161 although all but it 's breakfast show are not broadcast from Hull . There is also the smallest station in Hull , Kingstown Radio , a hospital @-@ based radio station founded in 1961 , all of which broadcast to the wider East Riding of Yorkshire and Lincolnshire area . The Hull University Union 's student radio station Jam 1575 , stopped broadcasting on MW due to funding cuts , but has recently ( in 2014 ) re @-@ launched as JamRadio , as an online only station , aimed at students at the University
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valleys . The tightly packed lakes in the narrow valleys are long and narrow , and they orient from the east to west . The cliffs in these narrow valleys are the habitat to several rare plants which prefer living in narrow cliff areas in a sub @-@ Arctic climate . In Ontario the Rove Formation is overlain by a thick diabase cap .
= = Location = =
The Rove Formation is in the Arrowhead Region of northeastern Minnesota , U.S. , and extends into Ontario , Canada . In Minnesota it occurs along the U.S.-Ontario border from Gunflint Lake to Pigeon Point ( both in northeastern Cook County ) and northward into Canada . Pigeon Point is the most eastern part of Minnesota ; it is a diabase sill about 152 m ( 500 ft ) thick . Both the north and south coasts of the point expose Rove slates under and over the sill . Within the sill , rates of cooling and gravity have created an interesting distribution of rock types .
The visible formation is in Minnesota and contains many east @-@ west oriented ridges and valleys . Many lakes in this 5 to 8 km ( 3 to 5 mi ) wide band along the Canadian border are in the elongated east @-@ west valleys ; included are Caribou , Clearwater , Crocodile , Daniels , Duncan , Dunn , Hungry Jack , Iron , Loon , Moose , Pine , Portage and South . In Ontario the Rove Formation is overlaid by a thick diabase sill .
= = Geologic history = =
= = = Archean Eon = = =
The Archean Eon lasted from 3 @,@ 800 million years ago until approximately 2 @,@ 500 million years ago .
The Algoman orogeny occurred 2800 to 2 @,@ 500 million years ago , and it marks the end of the crust @-@ building Archean Eon . There were several episodes of continental collision , compression and subduction which resulted in mountain building during this time . Orogenic events are characterized by extensive metaphorism , granitic extrusions and unconformities . The Algoman orogeny added landmass along a border from South Dakota to the Lake Huron region ; this boundary is the Great Lakes tectonic zone ( GLTZ ) .
Northeast Minnesota has 2700 @-@ million @-@ year @-@ ago exposed rocks formed during volcanic activity that was in the form of seepage of lava from rifts in the sea floor . These lava flows began to rise up out of the ancient ocean to form the Superior craton ; the Superior craton later assembled into the Canadian shield , which became part of the North American craton . The Superior province is the largest preserved fragment of Archean crust , and the Canadian shield is the nucleus of the North American craton .
= = = Proterozoic Eon = = =
The Proterozoic Eon lasted from 2 @,@ 500 million years ago until 570 million years ago
= = = = Animikie Group = = = =
The Animikie Basin , measuring 700 x 400 km ( 420 mi x 240 mi ) , is an elongated oval straddling the North Shore of Lake Superior , mainly in Minnesota . Approximately the northwestern two @-@ thirds lies to the northwest of the shoreline ; the southeastern third lies to the southeast of the shoreline ( so is under Lake Superior 's waters ) .
During the Middle Precambrian a shallow inland sea covered much of the Lake Superior region and formed the Animikie Group , which are layers of sedimentary rocks which unconformably overlies 2700 @-@ million @-@ year @-@ old Archean rocks . This group contains both the Rove and Gunflint Iron formations . The Rove Formation is the youngest of the many Animikie layers ; it consists of gently tilted fine @-@ grained sediments . It is composed of greywackes and black shale , and contains lower concentrations of iron and ta
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conite than the underlying Gunflint Iron Formation does .
The Rove Formation consists of a lower argillite unit , a middle transition unit and an upper thin @-@ bedded greywacke unit . The lower argillite unit is about 150 m ( 490 ft ) thick ; this layer contains fine @-@ grained greywacke , and silty and graphitic argillites . Greywacke is a sedimentary rock composed of a mixture of poorly sorted grains of sand , silt and clay particles . Argillite is a fine @-@ grained sedimentary rock composed primarily of clay particles ; they are essentially lithified muds and oozes . Greywacke is abundant in the middle unit and dominates the upper unit . The complete thickness of the upper two units is about 900 m ( 3 @,@ 000 ft ) .
Gunter Faure and Jack Kovach , using Rb @-@ Sr dating , determined the age to be 1635 ± 24 million years old . The Resident Geologist Program , Geology of the Thunder Bay South District , reports an age of 1800 million years old .
= = = = Penokean orogeny = = = =
The Penokean Mountain Range formed in the Penokean orogeny 1880 to 1830 million years ago , when an oceanic island arc called the Pembine – Wausau terrane collided with the southern margin of the Superior craton . From 1880 to 1850 million years ago , the region was volcanically active . This volcanism ceased 1850 million years ago when a fragment of Archean crust arrived from the South at the subduction zone . Collision of this Archean crust in the south with the Superior craton in the North caused a period of intense crustal shortening . Rocks of the Pembine – Wassau terrane were thrust up over and onto the Superior craton , forming a mountain range that covered all but the northernmost portion of Lake Superior , crossed parts of three US states ( south @-@ central Minnesota , northern Wisconsin , and the Upper Peninsula of Michigan ) , and continued to the southernmost tip of Ontario , Canada . Loading of the lithosphere by these thrust sheets caused it to flex downwards , forming a foreland basin at around 1850 million years ago in the south and 1835 million years ago in the north . The Rove Formation was deposited in the northern basin . In the southern basin , crustal thickening caused high @-@ grade metamorphism of the sedimentary fill by 1830 million years ago . A series of post @-@ orogenic plutons intruded into the overlying rocks 1830 million years ago , ; these plutons mark the end of the Penokean orogeny .
= = = = Sudbury impact ejecta = = = =
At the base of the Rove Formation , between the Rove and the underlying Gunflint Iron Formation , there is a lateral layer of shocked quartz and feldspar grains found within accretionary lapilli , accreted grain clusters and spherule masses . These pieces of debris indicate that the layer contains hypervelocity impact ejecta . Zircon geochronologic data shows that this layer formed 1878 to 1836 million years ago ; the Sudbury Impact event occurred 1 @,@ 850 ± 1 million years ago . Because of the closeness in dating and the nearness of the crater , the Sudbury Impact event is the likely source for the ejecta ; these are the oldest ejecta linked to a specific event on Earth . In the Rove area this layer is about 7 @.@ 6 m ( 25 ft ) thick ; this thin layer very likely represents the catastrophic events of a single day nearly 1 @,@ 850 million years ago .
Evidence indicates a 16 km ( 10 mi ) diameter meteorite collided with Earth in the current @-@ day vicinity of Sudbury , Ontario , Canada , about 1 @,@ 850 million years ago . The meteorite vaporized and created a 240 km ( 150 mi ) wide crater ( this is the second @-@ largest impact depression on Earth ) . This impact is 770 km ( 480 mi ) east of the Minnesota @-@ Ontario border of the Rove Formation . Earthquakes shattered the ground hundreds of miles away and within seconds ejecta ( cloud of ash , rock fragments , gases and droplets of molten rock ) began to spread around the globe . It is estimated that at ground zero the earthquake would have registered 10 @.@ 2 on the Richter scale . Seas covered the Rove Formation area and the Sudbury impact generated huge tsunamis .
To put the Sudbury meteorite impact in perspective , the Chicxulub impact on the Yucatán Peninsula occurred 66 million years ago from an object perhaps 60 % the size of the Sudbury impactor ; the results of this impact caused the worldwide extinction of many species ( including dinosaurs ) .
The Sudbury Impact would have had global ramifications ; it is conjectured that this caused the end of the iron deposits . The impact fundamentally affected concentrations of dissolved oxygen in the sea ; the accumulation of marine sediments ( known as banded @-@ iron formations ) were almost instantaneously shut down . Banded @-@ iron formations are massive deposits rich in iron oxides ; they accumulated at several periods in the Earth 's geologic past . One extended episode of banded @-@ iron formation buildup suddenly ended about 1 @,@ 850 million years ago . In northeastern Minnesota these banded @-@ iron formations lie immediately under the ejecta layer . Minnesota 's Iron Range is composed of this layer of banded @-@ iron formation .
Most of the impact layer in the Rove area consists of beccia , a mixture of rock fragments which ripped loose from the sea floor during the earthquakes . The tsunamis jumbled the loosened bedrock and ejecta together ; over time this layer was buried by younger sediments , cemented together and fused by molten rock to form a solid layer . Ejecta from the Sudbury Impact was found in May 2007 on the Gunflint Trail in Cook County , Minnesota . Geologists Mark Jirsa and Paul Weiblen from the University of Minnesota took advantage of the burnt @-@ over landscape resulting from the intense , hot Ham Lake fire to explore the newly exposed geology along the Gunflint Trail .
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Jirsa picked up some rocks which turned out to be ash and debris from the 1 @,@ 100 km ( 680 mi ) distant impact site ; this is the farthest distance that Sudbury detrita has been found .
= = = = Midcontinent Rift = = = =
The Midcontinent Rift ( also known as the Keewenawan Rift ) began about 1 @,@ 100 million years ago ; it lasted for about 20 million years . After the Penokean Mountains had eroded away , the proto @-@ North American continent nearly split in half along this rift zone . The 2 @,@ 000 km ( 1 @,@ 200 mi ) bow @-@ shaped rift extended from northeastern Kansas , through the southeastern corner of Nebraska , diagonally northeast through Iowa , through Minnesota along the current Minnesota @-@ Wisconsin border , arced through the present @-@ day Lake Superior basin and angled southeasterly through Michigan .
The Midcontinent Rift is the largest @-@ known continental rift in the world . The rift began as a hot spot of basaltic magma underneath the Lake Superior region ; it extruded layers of lava up to 20 km ( 12 mi ) thick and extending up to 100 km ( 60 mi ) on either side of the rift . The deposited lava along the North Shore of Lake Superior is 7 @,@ 620 m ( 5 mi ) thick .
This was a fast @-@ spreading rift ; the resulting basalts show little interaction with the then @-@ existing rock . These immense volumes of mafic lava were generated in two major pulses , mostly via a hot mantle plume . Along the North Shore of Lake Superior , one can see the solidified lava ( igneous rock ) most everywhere . In the Rove region the magma didn 't reach the surface ; it intruded into fractures in the formation and slowly cooled to become diabase ( rather than basalt ) . These solidified bodies are the Pigeon River and Logan Intrusion diabases .
The continent didn 't split into two because the Grenville province ( a microcontinent ) was converging with the proto @-@ North American continent to the east . This convergence applied compressional forces to the rift , preventing the complete splitting apart of the proto @-@ North American continent .
This rift was the last of volcanic or mountain @-@ building activity in present @-@ day Minnesota . The solidified lava flows have sagged , tilted and faulted ; this created a basin up to 5 @,@ 000 m ( 16 @,@ 000 ft )
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my dream came true . "
This was followed by the concert , beginning with " Dress You Up " . The performances of " Angel " , " Borderline " and " Burning Up " were removed from the track list of the video , as Kleinman believed that Madonna 's performance was not her best in them . While shooting the tour on May 25 , during the performance of " Like a Virgin " , a fan suddenly came up on the stage and tried to get hold of Madonna , but was swiftly whisked away by security . Kleinman decided to keep the shot , as he felt that it illustrated the fanaticism which had grown around Madonna , and her popularity . The live performances of " Like a Virgin " and " Dress You Up " were released as music video on MTV to promote the video album . Both videos were nominated for " Best Choreography " at the 1986 MTV Video Music Awards . However , Madonna lost the award to Prince and The Revolution with their video " Raspberry Beret . "
= = Reception = =
= = = Critical response = = =
The video received mixed reviews from critics . Annie Temple from Philadelphia Daily News said that the release was " not so flattering " and " was a sloppy job " . Dennis Hunt from Los Angeles Times said that " the video is sometimes distracting and blurry , wonder what went wrong during recording . The angles are awkward , especially when the audience members are shown touching Madonna 's hand . Was it really necessary to show a fan coming unannounced on the stage ? " Terry Atkinson from the same paper said , " This follows the typical concert video format of putting you in the best seat in the hall and letting the aura of a superior performer encaptivate your senses . " Sylvia Chase from The Wichita Eagle said that " seeing Madonna live in an arena and seeing her up , close and personal in the tour cassette is totally different . The energy , the movements , the provocation — all captures you more . " Stephen Holden from The New York Times gave it a positive review , stating " filmed with abrupt , swooping camera movements that accentuate the singer 's flouncing , slightly ungainly style of dancing , Madonna Live vividly captures the contradictory elements that have made the performer into a cultural icon in spite of a shrill , limited singing voice . In close @-@ up , Madonna 's provocative pouts , wiggles and come @-@ hither glances become a more than half @-@ deliberate burlesque of erotic centerfold photography . Both her post @-@ disco music and defiant strut suggest a child 's parody of grown @-@ up posturing . "
= = = Commercial performance = = =
The release debuted at 14 on Billboard 's Top Music Videocassettes chart , on December 7 , 1985 and reached a peak of 11 , the next week . The video started a slow climb on the chart , and on the issue dated January 18 , 1986 , it reached the top of the chart , replacing Prince & The Revolution : Live by The Revolution . On May 24 , 1986 , the video again climbed back in the top ten of the chart , at position two . It was present on the chart for a total of 65 weeks . Madonna Live : The Virgin Tour was the top selling music videocassette for 1986 . The video was certified two times platinum by the Recording Industry Association of America ( RIAA ) for shipment of 200 @,@ 000 copies and received a " Video Software Dealers Award " for the Most Popular Music Video , in September 1986 .
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this period , who had commanded a fire ship , the Anne and Christopher . It was recorded by David Ogg that this captain and his ship had been separated from their squadron whilst out at sea and so docked at Málaga to purchase goods that could be taken back to Britain and sold for a profit . For this action , Haddock was brought before an admiralty tribunal in 1674 , where he was ordered to forfeit all profits from the transaction and suspended from his command for six months .
= = = Publication = = =
Le Secret De La Licorne began serialisation as a daily strip in newspaper Le Soir from 11 June 1942 . As with previous adventures , it then began serialisation in the French Catholic newspaper Cœurs Vaillants , from 19 March 1944 . In Belgium , it was then published in a 62 @-@ page book format by Editions Casterman in 1943 . Now fully coloured , the book included a new cover design created by Hergé after he had completed the original serialisation of the story , along with six large colour drawings . The first printing sold 30 @,@ 000 copies in Francophone Belgium .
The Secret of the Unicorn and Red Rackham 's Treasure were the first two Adventures of Tintin to be published in English @-@ language translations for the British market . Published by Casterman , these two editions sold poorly and have since become rare collector 's items . Both stories would be republished for the British market seven years later , this time by Methuen with new translations provided by Michael Turner and Leslie Lonsdale @-@ Cooper . In the English translation , Sir Francis Haddock was described as serving the British monarch Charles II , in contrast to the original French version , in which he serves French king Louis XIV .
The series ' Danish publishers , Carlsen , later located a model of an early @-@ 17th @-@ century Danish ship called the Enhjørnigen ( The Unicorn ) which they gave to Hergé . Constructed in 1605 , Enhjørnigen had been wrecked in an attempt to navigate the Northwest Passage .
= = Critical analysis = =
The Secret of the Unicorn resembled the earlier Adventures of Tintin in its use of style , colour and content , leading Harry Thompson to remark that it " unquestionably " belongs to the 1930s , considering it to be " the last and best of Hergé 's detective mysteries . " He asserted that this story and Red Rackham 's Treasure marked the third and central stage of " Tintin 's career " , also stating that here , Tintin has been converted from a reporter into an explorer to cope with the new political climate . He further added his opinion that it was " the most successful of all Tintin 's adventures " . Jean @-@ Marc Lofficier and Randy Lofficier asserted that Sir Francis Haddock was " the best realised character " in the story , conversely describing the Bird Brothers as " relatively uninspired villains " . They went on to state that The Secret of the Unicorn @-@ Red Rackham 's Treasure arc represents " a turning point " for the series as it shifts the reader 's attention from Tintin to Haddock , who has become " by far , the most interesting character " . They praised the " truly outstanding storytelling " of The Secret of the Unicorn , ultimately awarding it a rating of four out of five .
Phillipe Goddin commented on the scene in the story in which Haddock relates the life of his ancestor , stating that the reader is " alternately projected into the present and the past with staggering mastery . Periods interlocked , enriched one another , were amplified and married in a stunning fluidity . Hergé was at the height of his powers . "
Hergé biographer Benoît Peeters asserted that both The Secret of the Unicorn and Red Rackham 's Treasure " hold a crucial position " in The Adventures of Tintin as they establish the " Tintin universe " with its core set of characters . Focusing on the former comic , he described it as one of Hergé 's " greatest narrative successes " through the manner in which it interweaves three separate plots . He felt that while religious elements had been present in previous stories , they were even stronger in The Secret of the Unicorn and its sequel , something which he attributed to Van Melkebeke '
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, Ophelia rushes to her father , telling him that Hamlet arrived at her door the prior night half @-@ undressed and behaving crazily . Polonius blames love for Hamlet 's madness and resolves to inform Claudius and Gertrude . As he enters to do so , the king and queen finish welcoming Rosencrantz and Guildenstern , two student acquaintances of Hamlet , to Elsinore . The royal couple has requested that the students investigate the cause of Hamlet 's mood and behavior . Additional news requires that Polonius wait to be heard : messengers from Norway inform Claudius that the King of Norway has rebuked Prince Fortinbras for attempting to re @-@ fight his father 's battles . The forces that Fortinbras conscripted to march against Denmark will instead be sent against Poland , though they will pass through a portion of Denmark to get there .
Polonius tells Claudius and Gertrude his theory regarding Hamlet 's behavior , and speaks to Hamlet in a hall of the castle to try to uncover more information . Hamlet feigns madness but subtly insults Polonius all the while . When Rosencrantz and Guildenstern arrive , Hamlet greets his friends warmly , but quickly discerns that they are spies . Hamlet becomes bitter , admitting that he is upset at his situation but refusing to give the true reason why , instead commenting on " what a piece of work " humanity is . Rosencrantz and Guildenstern tell Hamlet that they have brought along a troupe of actors that they met while traveling to Elsinore . Hamlet , after welcoming the actors and dismissing his friends @-@ turned @-@ spies , plots to stage a play featuring a death in the style of his father 's murder , thereby determining the truth of the Ghost 's story , as well as Claudius 's guilt or innocence , by studying Claudius 's reaction .
Act III
Polonius forces Ophelia to return Hamlet 's love letters and tokens of affection to the prince while he and Claudius watch from afar to evaluate Hamlet 's reaction . Hamlet is walking alone in the hall as the King and Polonius await Ophelia 's entrance , musing whether " to be or not to be " . When Ophelia enters and tries to return Hamlet 's things , Hamlet accuses her of immodesty and cries " get thee to a nunnery , " though it is unclear whether this , too , is a show of madness or genuine distress . His reaction convinces Claudius that Hamlet is not mad for love . Shortly thereafter , the court assembles to watch the play Hamlet has commissioned . After seeing the Player King murdered by his rival pouring poison in his ear , Claudius abruptly rises and runs from the room : proof positive for Hamlet of his uncle 's guilt .
Gertrude summons Hamlet to her room to demand an explanation . Meanwhile , Claudius talks to himself about the impossibility of repenting , since he still has possession of his ill @-@ gotten goods : his brother 's crown and wife . He sinks to his knees . Hamlet , on his way to visit his mother , sneaks up behind him , but does not kill him , reasoning that killing Claudius while he is praying will send him straight to heaven while the Ghost is stuck in purgatory . In the queen 's bedchamber , Hamlet and Gertrude fight bitterly . Polonius , spying on the conversation from behind a tapestry , makes a noise . Hamlet , believing it is Claudius , stabs wildly , killing Polonius , but pulls aside the curtain and sees his mistake . In a rage , Hamlet brutally insults his mother for her apparent ignorance of Claudius 's villainy , but the Ghost enters and reprimands Hamlet for his inaction and harsh words . Unable to see or hear the Ghost herself , Gertrude takes Hamlet 's conversation with it as further evidence of madness . After begging the queen to stop sleeping with Claudius , Hamlet leaves , dragging Polonius 's corpse away . Hamlet jokes with Claudius about where he has hidden Polonius 's body , and the king , fearing for his life , sends Rosencrantz and Guildenstern to accompany Hamlet to England with a sealed letter to the English king requesting that Hamlet be executed immediately .
Act IV
Demented by grief at Polonius 's death , Ophelia wanders Elsinore . Laertes arrives back from France , enraged by his father 's death and his sister 's madness . Claudius convinces
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prequels to Hamlet . This section is limited to those written for the stage .
The best @-@ known is Tom Stoppard 's 1966 play Rosencrantz and Guildenstern Are Dead , which retells many of the events of the story from the point of view of the characters Rosencrantz and Guildenstern and gives them a backstory of their own . Several times since 1995 , the American Shakespeare Center has mounted repertories that included both Hamlet and Rosencrantz and Guildenstern , with the same actors performing the same roles in each ; in their 2001 and 2009 seasons the two plays were " directed , designed , and rehearsed together to make the most out of the shared scenes and situations " .
W.S. Gilbert wrote a short comic play titled Rosencrantz and Guildenstern , in Hamlet 's play is presented as a tragedy written by Claudius in his youth of which he is greatly embarrassed . Through the chaos triggered by Hamlet 's staging of it , Guildenstern helps Rosencrantz vie with Hamlet to make Ophelia his bride .
Lee Blessing 's Fortinbras is a comical sequel to Hamlet in which all the deceased characters come back as ghosts . The New York Times reviewed the play , saying it is " scarcely more than an extended comedy sketch , lacking the portent and linguistic complexity of Tom Stoppard 's Rosencrantz and Guildenstern Are Dead . Fortinbras operates on a far less ambitious plane , but it is a ripping yarn and offers Keith Reddin a role in which he can commit comic mayhem . "
Heiner Müller 's postmodern drama The Hamletmachine was first produced in Paris by director Jean Jourdheuil in 1979 . This play in turn inspired Giannina Braschi 's dramatic novel United States of Banana , which takes place at the Statue of Liberty in post @-@ 9 / 11 New York City . In it , Hamlet , Zarathustra , and Giannina are on a quest to free the Puerto Rican prisoner Segismundo from the dungeon of Liberty , where Segismundo 's father , Basilio , the King of the United States of Banana , imprisoned him for the crime of having been born . The work intertwines the plots and characters of Pedro Calderón de la Barca 's Life Is a Dream with Shakespeare 's Hamlet .
Caridad Svich 's 12 Ophelias ( a play with broken songs ) includes elements of the story of Hamlet but focuses on Ophelia . In Svich 's play , Ophelia is resurrected and rises from a pool of water , after her death in Hamlet . The play is a series of scenes and songs , and was first staged at public swimming pool in Brooklyn . Heidi Weiss of the Chicago Sun @-@ Times said of the play , " Far more surreal and twisted than Tom Stoppard 's Rosencrantz and Guildenstern are Dead , 12 Ophelias is a reminder of just how morphable and mysterious Shakespeare 's original remains . " Other characters are renamed : Hamlet is Rude Boy , Rosencrantz and Guildenstern are androgynous helpers known simply as R and G , Gertrude is the madam of a brothel , Horatio becomes H and continues to be Hamlet 's best friend / confidante , and a chorus of Ophelias serves as guide . A new character , Mina , is introduced , and she is a whore in Gertrude 's brothel .
David Davalos ' Wittenberg is a " tragical @-@ comical @-@ historical " prequel to Hamlet that depicts the Danish prince as a student at Wittenberg University ( now known as the University of Halle @-@ Wittenberg ) , where he is torn between the conflicting teachings of his mentors John Faustus and Martin Luther . The New York Times reviewed the play , saying , " Mr. Davalos has molded a daft campus comedy out of this unlikely convergence , " and nytheatre 's review said the playwright " has imagined a fascinating alternate reality , and quite possibly , given the fictional Hamlet a back story that will inform the role for the future . "
= = = Editions of Hamlet = = =
= Kevin Kolb =
Kevin Benjamin Kolb ( / ˈkɒb / ; born August 24 , 1984 ) is a former American football quarterback . He was drafted by the Philadelphia Eagles in the second round of the 2007 NFL Draft . He has also been a member of the Arizona Cardinals and the Buffalo Bills . He played college football for the Houston Cougars .
Kolb attended Stephenville High School in Stephenville , Texas , where he was a three @-@ year starter at quarterback . He moved on to the University of Houston where he earned Conference USA Offensive Most Valuable Player of the Year honors in 2006 . Kolb started for two games in place of the injured Donovan McNabb during the 2009 NFL season for the Eagles , and earned NFC Player of the Week honors following his week 3 performance against the Kansas City Chiefs . Following McNabb 's trade to the Washington Redskins in April 2010 , Kolb became the starting quarterback for the Eagles . However , after suffering a concussion in week 1 against the Green Bay Packers , Kolb was replaced at quarterback by Michael Vick . Vick suffered a rib cartilage injury in week four and Kolb was named the starter . When Vick returned after week eight , Kolb was relegated to a backup role . Kolb was traded to the Arizona Cardinals prior to the start of the 2011 season . Kolb was released by the Cardinals on March 15 , 2013 .
= = Early years = =
While attending Stephenville High School in Stephenville , Texas , Kolb became the starting quarterback for the Yellow Jackets during his sophomore year . He was a two @-@ time UIL District 8 @-@ 4A offensive MVP . His most outstanding year was his senior year , 2002 , in which he completed 206 of 321 passing attempts for 3 @,@ 357 yards and 29 touchdowns , as well as rushing for 197 yards . At the end of the 2002 season , he earned honorable mention All @-@ State and second @-@ team Academic All @-@ State honors .
= = College career = =
Kolb initially committed to Oklahoma State to play college football but rescinded this commitment when Houston hired head coach Art Briles , a former head coach at Stephenville High School . Kolb was also recruited by TCU , Oklahoma and Texas Tech .
= = = 2003 = = =
One day before the season @-@ opener in 2003 , Kolb was named the starter in Houston as a true freshman , the first true freshman quarterback to
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000 dinars and thrown into prison , where he died in 883 / 4 . In the rest of the provincial administration , however , he largely left the people who had served under Amajur in place . Only the governor of Aleppo , Sima al @-@ Tawil , resisted , and fled to Antioch . Ibn Tulun laid siege to the city until Sima was killed , reportedly by a local woman . He then continued on to Tarsus , where he began preparing for a campaign against the Byzantines . The presence of his numerous soldiers , however , led to a rapid rise in prices , causing great hostility among the Tarsians , who demanded that he either leave or reduce his army . At this juncture , news arrived from Egypt that his son Abbas , whom he had left as his regent , was preparing to usurp his position under the influence of his entourage . Ibn Tulun hastily withdrew from Tarsus , but as more information about the situation in Egypt began to arrive , clarifying that Abbas posed no real threat , Ibn Tulun decided to spend more time in Syria and consolidate his authority . He redressed the injustices of Sima , installed troops in Aleppo ( under his ghulam Lu 'lu ' ) and Harran , secured the co @-@ operation of the Banu Kilab tribe and their leader Ibn al @-@ Abbas , and captured the rebel Musa ibn Atamish . At some point after his takeover of Syria , Ibn Tulun ordered the refortification of Akka , a task undertaken by Abu Bakr al @-@ Banna , the grandfather of al @-@ Muqaddasi , who provides a detailed description of the work .
Only then , in April 879 , did Ibn Tulun return to Egypt . Abbas fled west with his supporters , and from Barqa tried to take over Ifriqiya . Defeated by the Ifriqiyans ( probably in the winter of 880 – 881 ) , he retreated back east to Alexandria , where he was finally confronted and captured by Ibn Tulun 's forces . After being publicly paraded seated on a mule , Ibn Tulun ordered his son to execute or mutilate his companions , who had driven him to rebel . Ibn Tulun reportedly secretly hoped that his son would refuse to do such a dishonourable act , but he agreed . Weeping , Ibn Tulun had Abbas whipped and imprisoned . He then named his second son , Khumarawayh , as his heir @-@ apparent .
= = = Final years and death = = =
Following his return from Syria , Ibn Tulun added his own name to coins issued by the mints under his control , along with those of the Caliph and heir apparent , al @-@ Mufawwad . In the autumn of 882 , the Tulunid general Lu 'lu ' defected to the Abbasids . At the same time , the Tulunid @-@ appointed governor of Tarsus and the Thughūr died , and his replacement , Yazaman al @-@ Khadim , with popular backing , refused to acknowledge Tulunid rule . Ibn Tulun immediately left in person for Syria — taking the chained Abbas with him as a precaution — and headed for Tarsus . At Damascus , he received a message from al @-@ Mu 'tamid informing him that the by now nearly powerless Caliph had escaped Samarra and was heading for Syria . Taking custody of al @-@ Mu 'tamid would have immensely boosted Ibn Tulun 's standing : not only would the sole source of political legitimacy in the Muslim world reside under his control , but he would also be able to pose as the " rescuer " of the Caliph . Ibn Tulun therefore decided to halt and await al @-@ Mu 'tamid 's arrival . In the event , however , the Caliph was overtaken at al @-@ Haditha on the Euphrates by the governor of Mosul , Ishaq ibn Kundaj , who defeated the caliphal escort and brought him back to Samarra ( February 883 ) and thence south to Wasit , where al @-@ Muwaffaq could better control him . This opened anew the rift between the two rulers : al @-@ Muwaffaq nominated Ishaq ibn Kundaj as governor of Egypt and Syria — in reality a largely symbolic appointment — while Ibn Tulun organized an assembly of religious jurists at Damascus which denounced al @-@ Muwaffaq as a usurper , condemned his maltreatment of the Caliph , declared his place in the succession as void , and called for a jihād against him . Only three participants , including the chief qāḍī of Egypt , Bakkar ibn Qutayba , refused to pronounce the call for jihād publicly . Ibn Tulun had his rival duly denounced in sermons in the mosques across the Tulunid domains , while the Abbasid regent responded in kind with a ritual denunciation of Ibn Tulun . Despite the belligerent rhetoric , however , neither made moves to confront the other militarily .
After his failure to take control of the Caliph , Ibn Tulun turned on Tarsus . He appointed Abdallah ibn Fath in Lu 'lu 's place in Aleppo , and marched in person to Cilicia . The Egyptian ruler laid siege to Tarsus in autumn 883 , but Yazaman diverted the local river , inundating the Tulunid camp and forcing Ibn Tulun to retreat . Ibn Tulun fell ill on his return to Egypt , and was carried to Fustat on a wheeled vehicle . In the same year , a campaign to take over the two holy cities of Islam , Mecca and Medina , also failed . Back in Egypt , he ordered Bakkar to be arrested and replaced him with Muhammad ibn Shadhan al @-@ Jawhari . A thorough examination of Bakkar 's accounts while head of the charitable endowments , however , revealed no misappropriations . Although Ibn Tulun ordered him released , the elderly and sick qāḍī refused to leave his cell . At the same time , the illness of Ibn Tulun himself worsened . " Muslims , Christians and Jews , including women and children , converged separately upon the flank of the Muqattam to implore God to save him " , as Bianquis writes , but Ibn Tulun died at Fustat on 10 May 884 and was interred on the slopes of the Muqattam . According to al @-@ Balawi , Ibn Tulun left his heir 24 @,@ 000 servants , 7 @,@ 000 men and 7 @,@ 000 horses , 3 @,@ 000 camels , 1 @,@ 000 mules , 350 ceremonial horses , and 200 fully equipped warships .
At Ibn Tulun 's death , Khumarawayh , with the backing of the Tulunid elites , succeeded without opposition . Ibn Tulun bequeathed his heir " with a seasoned military , a stable economy , and a coterie of experienced commanders and bureaucrats " . Khumarawayh was able to preserve his authority against the Abbasid attempt to overthrow him at the Battle of Tawahin and even made additional territorial gains , but his extravagant spending exhausted the treasury , and his assassination in 896 began the rapid decline of the Tulunid regime . Internal strife sapped Tulunid power . Khumarawayh 's son Jaysh was a drunkard who executed his uncle , Mudar ibn Ahmad ibn Tulun ; he was deposed after only a few months and replaced by his brother Harun ibn Khumarawayh . Harun too was a weak ruler , and although a revolt by his uncle Rabi 'ah in Alexandria was suppressed , the Tulunids were unable to confront the attacks of the Qarmatians who began at the same time . In addition , many commanders defected to the Abbasids , whose power revived under the capable leadership of al @-@ Muwaffaq 's son , Caliph al @-@ Mu 'tadid ( r . 892 – 902 ) . Finally , in December 904
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U.S. missile defense assets in Europe . The Arrow system is being incorporated into U.S. anti @-@ ballistic capability in Europe , they said .
In a June 2011 interview Lieutenant General Patrick J. O 'Reilly said that Arrow 2 will be integrated into a regional defense array planned by the U.S. in the Middle East . According to the interview , it may also protect Arab countries who are allies of the U.S. but with which Israel has no diplomatic ties . By October 2015 , the countries of the Gulf Cooperation Council ( GCC ) had become interested in procuring the Arrow system for themselves .
= Cyclone Waka =
Severe Tropical Cyclone Waka ( Fiji Meteorological Service designation : 03F , Joint Typhoon Warning Center designation : 07P ) was one of the most destructive tropical cyclones ever to affect the South Pacific Kingdom of Tonga . Waka originated within the near @-@ equatorial trough in mid @-@ December 2001 , although the system remained disorganized for more than a week . The storm gradually matured and attained tropical cyclone status on December 29 . Subsequently , Waka underwent rapid intensification in which it attained its peak intensity as a Category 4 severe tropical cyclone ( Australian tropical cyclone intensity scale ) on December 31 , with winds of 185 km / h ( 115 mph ) . Shortly thereafter , it passed directly over Vava 'u , Tonga , resulting in widespread damage . By January 1 , 2002 , the cyclone began to weaken as it underwent an extratropical transition . The remnants of Waka persisted for several more days and were last observed near the Southern Ocean on January 6 .
Although the storm affected several countries along its path , Waka left the most significant losses in Tonga , where it killed one person and wrought 104 @.@ 2 million paʻanga ( $ 51 @.@ 3 million USD ) in damage . Hundreds of structures , including 200 in the island 's largest city , and much of the nation 's agriculture were destroyed . Winds in excess of 185 km / h ( 115 mph ) battered Vava 'u , defoliating nearly every tree on the island . In addition to infrastructural and public losses , the environment was also severely affected ; a native species of bat lost roughly 80 % of its population due to the lack of fruit . Following the storm , Tonga requested international aid to cope with the scale of damage . Due to the severity of damage , the name Waka was later retired and replaced with Wiki . According to a study by Janet Franklin et al . , storms similar in intensity to Waka , on average , strike Tonga once every 33 years .
= = Meteorological history = =
In mid @-@ December 2001 , at the end of a Madden – Julian oscillation pulse , twin equatorial monsoonal troughs developed in the Northern and Southern Hemispheres . Although warm sea surface temperatures of 30 ° C ( 86 ° F ) in the region favored development of a tropical cyclone , the southern trough developed substantially slower than the northern one . On December 19 , the southern component was classified as Tropical Depression 03F by the Regional Specialized Meteorological Center in Nadi , Fiji ( Fiji Meteorological Service ) ; at this time the depression was situated just east of the Solomon Islands . The northern component eventually developed into Typhoon Faxai , an extremely powerful Category 5 equivalent cyclone . Unlike Faxai , the precursor to Cyclone Waka developed slowly , mainly because of moderate wind shear in the region . Moving southeastward , the system gradually became more organized . On two occasions , the Joint Typhoon Warning Center ( JTWC ) issued a Tropical Cyclone Formation Alert ; however , the agency later canceled them both times . By December 27 , the depression had entered a region of lesser shear , favoring significant development of the system . The following day , the JTWC classified the system as Tropical Depression 07P , when the storm was situated roughly 640 km ( 400 mi ) northwest of Pago Pago , American Samoa .
Tracking towards the southwest in response to a mid @-@ level ridge to the southeast , the depression quickly intensified , attaining gale @-@ force winds on December 29 . Upon doing so , it was upgraded to a tropical cyclone and given the name Waka . Shortly thereafter , the storm underwent rapid intensification ; roughly 24
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Avatar , suggesting the plot borrows heavily from the film Dances with Wolves and comparing Avatar 's blue aliens to the cartoon Smurfs . The episode " W.T.F. " parodied professional wrestling in general and World Wrestling Entertainment in particular , highlighting the soap opera aspects of wrestling storylines and fans who believe the stories are real .
= = = Music = = =
Several original songs written by Parker and Stone were featured in the 13th season . The episode " Fatbeard " features a song , " Somalian Pirates , We " , in which Cartman and his crew of pirates sing in the style of the Golden Age of Piracy . In response to fan requests , the full 90 @-@ second version of the song was made available for download on South Park Studios the week the episode aired . The season finale , " Pee " , features a tune sung by Cartman , " ( Too Many Minorities ) Not My Water Park " , in which he despairs over the large number of African @-@ American , Hispanic @-@ American and Asian @-@ American patrons at his water park . Among other topics , Cartman expresses his anger about long lines full of minorities and park employees speaking Spanish rather than English . The episode " Eat , Pray , Queef " features " Queef Free " , a charity single recorded by the men of South Park after they realize women should be free to queef just as men are free to fart . The song has been described as a parody of such celebrities @-@ for @-@ charity songs as " We Are The World " .
The 13th season also featured or spoofed real @-@ life songs and bands . The episode " Fishsticks " , which prominently featured rapper Kanye West , includes a two @-@ and @-@ a @-@ half minute song , " Gay Fish " , that parodies West 's " Heartless " . " Gay Fish " satirizes the rapper 's tendency to rely on audio processing to correct his mistakes in pitch . After " Fishsticks " aired , the full song was made available for download on South Park Studios . Several fake Jonas Brothers songs , with lyrics about the band members ' physical attractiveness , were written for " The Ring " . Some songs also emphasize the band 's belief in sexual abstinence , with lyrics like , " Who needs sex and drugs and partying when we can cook a meal and sit around and watch Netflix ? " The strongly erotic reactions of the young girls at their concert parody the frenzied female fan reactions the Jonas Brothers tend to elicit , even though their image projects wholesomeness and chastity . In the episode " Whale Wars " , Cartman plays the video game Rock Band and performs a rendition , praised by critics , of the Lady Gaga song " Poker Face " . On March 16 , 2010 , Rock Band developer Harmonix released this version of the song ( along with the original version ) as downloadable content for the game . In " W.T.F. " , during an audition for the boys ' professional wrestling league , one of the participants sings a Broadway @-@ style number — parodying the song " Nothing " from A Chorus Line — about why he wants to be a wrestler . The episode " Fatbeard " received considerable press attention after Ike stated in a letter he would " vomit his balls out through his mouth " if he had to hear anything more about Susan Boyle , the Scottish amateur singer who had recently gained worldwide attention for her performance of " I Dreamed a Dream " on Britain 's Got Talent .
= = Reception = =
= = = Reviews = = =
Ramsey Isler of IGN said South Park continued to be the " best animated comedy show on TV " during its 13th season . He said the season had some low points , particularly " Eat , Pray Queef " , but that episodes like " The F Word " and " Dances with Smur
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no longer working . Randall heads outside to check the power transformers , and is attacked by a large creature ( Ross Sturlin ) hiding in the underbrush around the station . Randall fires a few shots at the creature with his pistol and escapes unscathed . Although he did not get a good look at the creature , he describes it to the rest of the team as similar in size to a bear . Later , the team finds the infirmary has been trashed and Corcoran 's body is gone . They initially believe the creature has broken in and stole the corpse , but are shocked to instead find Corcoran has mysteriously regained consciousness . Upon checking his blood again , there is no trace of the mysterious cells from before , but after investigating Corcoran 's body , they find the cells have changed into lizard @-@ like fetuses and entered into his abdominal cavity . The creature later breaks into the lab again , this time beheading Dr. Wyman . Randall and Dunlap are initially suspicious that Corcoran was involved in the death , which he denies , but it appears he has some sort of telepathic connection with the creature . Despite Wyman 's death , Corcoran does not believe the creature is evil , but rather simply misunderstood . He implores the others to give the creature a chance to explain its actions , and asks that they not condemn it as a monster simply because it is different .
As the others plot to destroy the creature with improvised gas bombs and flares , Corcoran flees the station and finds the creature in a nearby cave . After consuming Wyman 's brain , the creature is now able to speak with the scientist 's voice and has absorbed his knowledge . Corcoran asks whether Wyman 's death was needed , but the creature insists it was a necessary sacrifice . The others arrive to destroy the creature , but hesitate because Corcoran will not step aside and let them throw their bombs . The creature insists it is not an evil monster , but an intelligent alien who has come to Earth to save the human race from its own self @-@ destructive tendencies . It explains that Corcoran 's body has been implanted with its embryos , which will allow the alien species to multiply and take over the human race , which the creature claims is the only way to truly save humanity . Upon realizing the creature is forcing the will of its species on the human race , Corcoran concludes the creature is evil after all and commits suicide so its embryos cannot come to fruition . The others then throw their explosives and kill the creature , which in its dying breaths warns that others from his species are waiting in space and will return one day to conquer humanity .
= = Cast = =
John Baer ... Steve Dunlap
Angela Greene ... Dr. Julie Benson
Ed Nelson ... Dave Randal
Georgianna Carter ... Donna Bixby
Michael Emmet ... Maj. John Corcoran
Tyler McVey ... Dr. Alex Wyman
Ross Sturlin ... The Creature
= = Production = =
= = = Writing = = =
Night of the Blood Beast was one of several films produced by B movie filmmaker Roger Corman and his brother , Gene Corman . The two also partnered together in making Hot Car Girl ( 1958 ) , Beast from Haunted Cave ( 1959 ) , Attack of the Giant Leeches ( 1959 ) and The Premature Burial ( 1962 ) . Jerome Bixby , the science fiction screenwriter who wrote It ! The Terror from Beyond Space ( 1958 ) , was originally approached for the job , but Bixby was working on another project and recommended his close friend Martin Varno for the job . Varno , the son of veteran actor Roland Varno , was 21 years old at the time . He met with Roger and Gene Corman , who discussed with him what Varno called " some sort of a weird idea for the picture " . They offered Varno a couple hundred dollars for the job , which was below the minimum compensation rates known as " scale " , but Varno was not part of the Writers Guild of America at the time and did not know about the guidelines . He accepted the offer and signed a contract . Although Varno had a rough idea it would be a low @-@ budget film , he said the Cormans set no specific guidelines for him : " I gave them the impression that I knew pretty much what I was doing , and they sort of got the idea that I wasn 't going to use 50 @,@ 000 extras and things . "
It took about six weeks to write the Blood Beast script . It was written under the working title Creature from Galaxy 27 , which was conceived by Varno , but the Corman brothers later changed it to Night of the Blood Beast . Gene Corman received film credit for conceiving the film 's story , but Varno claimed he wrote the film almost entirely himself and that Corman had little to do with the story : " He had some rambling ideas but they didn 't have very much to do with the movie that became Night of the Blood Beast . " Varno also said of him : " Gene didn 't open his mouth , really , until Roger told him he could . " Varno said he wrote the screenplay alone and showed parts of it to Roger and Gene Corman as he went along . Varno researched medical and aerospace technology at a library in Hollywood near Vine Street . The story , which fictionally portrays America 's manned voyage into space , was heavily influenced by the real life Space Race ongoing between the United States and Soviet Union at the time . Gene Corman said another major inspiration was The Thing from Another World ( 1951 ) , a Howard Hawks @-@ directed science fiction film about a group of soldiers and scientists threatened by an alien creature in a remote Arctic research outpost . He said of the film , " How could you not be [ influenced ] ? We had to be , if only indirectly or subconsciously . That was a classic film then , a classic film today . " However , Varno said any influence from The Thing was only subconscious : " I loved some of the scenes in The Thing and I 'm sure that crept in one way or another , but not overtly . "
Varno said he received uncredited assistance from his friends and fellow screenwriters Jerome Bixby and Harold Jacob Smith , the latter of whom won an Academy Award for Best Original Screenplay for the film The Defiant Ones ( 1958 ) . Varno ran lines and ideas by both men and sought advice . Smith in particular inspired lines for the speech made by the monster at the end of the film , in which the creature discusses how the human characters consider him the embodiment of evil simply because he is different from them . Varno said much of that dialogue from Smith , however , ended up getting cut from the final film . One of the primary themes of the film , as embodied in John Corcoran 's attempts to defend the alien creature , was that simply because someone or something is ugly or different does not necessarily make it evil . However , the script also followed a common trait of most horror films of the 1950s that even somewhat understandable monsters are not entirely sympathetic , and the Blood Beast creature proves itself evil by impregnating Corcoran against his will and pursuing world domination .
= = = Casting = = =
The Cormans cast the film together with director Bernard L. Kowalski , who was 28 years old at the time . Kowalski also directed Roger Corman 's Hot Car Girl . Night of the Blood Beast was one of Kowalski 's first directorial credits and his first science fiction film , although he later went on to direct Attack of the Giant Leeches . For the Blood Beast cast , they mostly selected actors that had worked on other Roger Corman films . Michael Emmet had worked with Kowalski on the Western television series Boots and Saddles , where Kowalski directed most of the episodes Emmet had a major role in and was impressed with the actor 's work ethic . Emmet later starred in the Roger Corman film Attack of the Giant Leeches . Ed Nelson also worked on several Roger Corman films , including Swamp Women ( 1955 ) , Attack of the Crab Monsters ( 1957 ) , Teenage Doll ( 1957 ) and She Gods of Shark Reef ( 1958 ) . When asked what Nelson remembered about the film during a 2003 interview , he admitted , " Not much " , but he said Roger and Gene Corman were very knowledgeable about film and treated the material " light @-@ heartedly " .
= = = Filming = = =
The film was shot over seven days with
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the area is .
The moisture classification includes climatic classes with descriptors such as hyperhumid , humid , subhumid , subarid , semi @-@ arid ( values of − 20 to − 40 ) , and arid ( values below − 40 ) . Humid regions experience more precipitation than evaporation each year , while arid regions experience greater evaporation than precipitation on an annual basis . A total of 33 percent of the Earth 's landmass is considered either arid of semi @-@ arid , including southwest North America , southwest South America , most of northern and a small part of southern Africa , southwest and portions of eastern Asia , as well as much of Australia . Studies suggest that precipitation effectiveness ( PE ) within the Thornthwaite moisture index is overestimated in the summer and underestimated in the winter . This index can be effectively used to determine the number of herbivore and mammal species numbers within a given area . The index is also used in studies of climate change .
Thermal classifications within the Thornthwaite scheme include microthermal , mesothermal , and megathermal regimes . A microthermal climate is one of low annual mean temperatures , generally between 0 ° C ( 32 ° F ) and 14 ° C ( 57 ° F ) which experiences short summers and has a potential evaporation between 14 centimetres ( 5 @.@ 5 in ) and 43 centimetres ( 17 in ) . A mesothermal climate lacks persistent heat or persistent cold , with potential evaporation between 57 centimetres ( 22 in ) and 114 centimetres ( 45 in ) . A megathermal climate is one with persistent high temperatures and abundant rainfall , with potential annual evaporation in excess of 114 centimetres ( 45 in ) .
= = Record = =
= = = Modern = = =
Details of the modern climate record are known through the taking of measurements from such weather instruments as thermometers , barometers , and anemometers during the past few centuries . The instruments used to study weather over the modern time scale , their known error , their immediate environment , and their exposure have changed over the years , which must be considered when studying the climate of centuries past .
= = = Paleoclimatology = = =
Paleoclimatology is the study of past climate over a great period of the Earth 's history . It uses evidence from ice sheets , tree rings , sediments , coral , and rocks to determine the past state of the climate . It demonstrates periods of stability and periods of change and can indicate whether changes follow patterns such as regular cycles .
= = Climate change = =
Climate change is the variation in global or regional climates over time . It reflects changes in the variability or average state of the atmosphere over time scales ranging from decades to millions of years . These changes can be caused by processes internal to the Earth , external forces ( e.g. variations in sunlight intensity ) or , more recently , human activities .
In recent usage , especially in the context of environmental policy , the term " climate change " often refers only to changes in modern climate , including the rise in average surface temperature known as global warming . In some cases , the term is also used with a presumption of human causation , as in the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change ( UNFCCC ) . The UNFCCC uses " climate variability " for non @-@ human caused variations .
Earth has undergone periodic climate shifts in the past , including four major ice ages . These consisting of glacial periods where conditions are colder than normal , separated by interglacial periods . The accumulation of snow and ice during a glacial period increases the surface albedo , reflecting more of the Sun 's energy into space and maintaining a lower atmospheric temperature . Increases in greenhouse gases , such as by volcanic activity , can increase the global temperature and produce an interglacial period . Suggested causes of ice age periods include the positions of the continents , variations in the Earth 's orbit , changes in the solar output , and volcanism .
= = = Climate models = = =
Climate models use quantitative methods to simulate the interactions of the atmosphere , oceans , land surface and ice . They are used for a variety of purposes ; from the study of the dynamics of the weather and climate system , to projections of future climate . All climate models balance , or very nearly balance , incoming energy as short wave ( including visible ) electromagnetic radiation to the earth with outgoing energy as long wave ( infrared ) electromagnetic radiation from the earth . Any imbalance results in a change in the average temperature of the earth .
The most talked @-@ about applications of these models in recent years have been their use to infer the consequences of increasing greenhouse gases in the atmosphere , primarily carbon dioxide ( see greenhouse gas ) . These models predict an upward trend in the global mean surface temperature , with the most rapid increase in temperature being projected for the higher latitudes
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us Magazine remembered the first time that he heard the songs from the album and commented , " Lots of critics think something similar occurred when Madonna followed her eponymous debut with Like a Virgin , helmed by Nile Rodgers with all the fixin 's — too calculated next to the ' raw passion ' of the debut . This is nonsense ; it misses how Madonna conflated notions of spontaneity and calculation . Rodgers is the ideal collaborator . " Stephen Holden from The New York Times said : " With a tough @-@ cookie voice that 's both coy and streetwise , Madonna 's singing harks back to the rock @-@ and @-@ roll girl @-@ group tradition that preceded the Beatles . But where girl groups , from the Shirelles to the Ronettes , worshipfully extolled their boyfriends ' cars , haircuts and rebel poses , Madonna 's point of view is decidedly more self @-@ interested . In matters of love , she is a comparison shopper with a shrewd sense of her own market value . The words ' shiny and new ' describe not only the way the love @-@ smitten singer feels in the title song but the sound of the album . "
Matt Damsker from Los Angeles Times commented : " Madonna 's beating vibrato sometimes makes her sound so robotic in the album . " Lou Papineau , while writing for The Providence Journal , said that " In Like a Virgin , Madonna proves she 's shallow , but spunky . " Sal Cinquemani from Slant Magazine gave a positive review , saying " Though not as innovative as her debut , Like a Virgin stands as one of the most definitive pop artifacts from the indulgent Reagan Era . The mid @-@ tempo ballad ' Shoo @-@ Bee @-@ Doo ' and a soulful cover of Rose Royce 's ' Love Don 't Live Here Anymore ' proved Madonna could churn out more than just novelty hits , while the sugary ' Angel ' and the irresistible ' Dress You Up ' contributed to the singer 's record @-@ breaking list of consecutive Top 5 hits ( 16 in all ) . The retro @-@ infused ' Stay ' and the percussive ' Over and Over ' are the album 's hidden gems . " Ed Stevenson from People felt that " Madonna does have a sense of humor , though she is buried under so many layers of self @-@ parody it 's hard to tell sometimes .... She is backed on this by the reliable rhythmic touch of veteran Nile Rodgers , whose contributions have helped her create a tolerable bit of fluff . Hugo Mistry from Chicago Tribune felt that " Like a Virgin was Madonna 's breakthrough , playing off her self @-@ conscious campiness with a series of hot dance tracks , attention @-@ grabbing lyrics and steam
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y videos . "
= = Chart performance = =
Like a Virgin was recorded and finished by September 1984 , but the release of the album was held up , much to Madonna 's frustration , by the continuing sales of her debut album , which was approaching two million sales in United States . Like a Virgin debuted at number 70 on the Billboard 200 issued for December 1 , 1984 . The album reached the top ten of the Billboard 200 on December 8 , 1984 , and after one month reached the top of the chart on February 9 , 1985 , where it stayed for three weeks . It also reached a peak of ten on the Top R & B / Hip @-@ Hop Albums chart . By July 1985 , Like a Virgin became the first album by a female artist to be certified for sales of five million units in the United States . It was eventually certified ten times platinum ( diamond ) by the Recording Industry Association of America ( RIAA ) , for shipment of ten million copies of the album . It placed at three on the year @-@ end chart for 1985 , with Madonna becoming the top pop artist for the year . After the advent of the Nielsen SoundScan era in 1991 , the album sold a further 574 @,@ 000 copies . In Canada , the album debuted at number 78 on the RPM Albums Chart , on November 10 , 1984 . It reached a peak of number three , on February 16 , 1985 . The album was present for a total of 74 weeks on the chart , and was certified diamond by the Canadian Recording Industry Association ( CRIA ) , for shipment of one million copies of the album . Like a Virgin ranked sixth on the RPM Top 100 Albums for 1985 .
In the United Kingdom , Like a Virgin debuted at number 74 on the UK Albums Chart , on January 12 , 1985 . However , the album fluctuated on the chart for the next eight months and it was only in September that it finally reached the top of the chart . It remained at the top for two weeks , and a total of 152 weeks on the chart . The album was certified three times platinum by the British Phonographic Industry ( BPI ) for shipment of 900 @,@ 000 copies of the album . In France , the album debuted at number five on the French Albums Chart on October 6 , 1985 , staying there for eight weeks , then descending down the chart . It was certified two times platinum by the Syndicat National de l 'Édition Phonographique ( SNEP ) for shipment of 600 @,@ 000 copies . In Australia , the album debuted and peaked at two on the Kent Music Report albums chart , and was certified seven times platinum by the Australian Recording Industry Association ( ARIA ) for shipment of 490 @,@ 000 copies of the album . It reached the top of the New Zealand Albums Chart and was certified five times platinum by the Recording Industry Association of New Zealand ( RIANZ ) for shipment of 75 @,@ 000 copies . Elsewhere , Like a Virgin reached number one in Germany , Italy , Netherlands and Spain , while peaking within the top five in many other countries , including Austria , Japan , Sweden and Switzerland . It also became Madonna 's first number @-@ one album on the European Top 100 Albums , reaching the summit on November 23 , 1985 , for two weeks . Like a Virgin has sold more than 21 million copies worldwide as of August 2008 and became one of the best @-@ selling albums of all time .
= = Legacy = =
After the release of Like a Virgin , Stephen Holden from The New York Times commented : " No phenomenon illustrates more pointedly how pop music history seems to run in cycles than the overnight success of the 24 @-@ year @-@ old pop siren known as Madonna . The month before Christmas , Madonna 's second album , Like a Virgin sold more than two million copies . Teen @-@ agers were lining up in stores to purchase the album the way their parents had lined up to buy Beatles records in the late 60 's . " Madonna proved she was not a one @-@ hit wonder with the release of the album which sold 12 million copies worldwide at the time of its release .
Taraborrelli felt that " Like a Virgin is really a portrait of Madonna 's uncanny pop instincts empowered by her impatient zeal for creative growth and her innate knack for crafting a good record . " He added that the success of the album made it clear what was Madonna 's real persona . " She was a street @-@ smart dance queen with the sexy allure of Marilyn Monroe , the coy iciness of Marlene Dietrich and the cutting and protective glibiness of a modern Mae West " . Although the album received mixed reviews , Taraborrelli believed that the " mere fact that at the time of its release so many couldn 't resist commenting on the record was a testament to the
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continuous , growing fascination with Madonna ... Every important artist has at least one album in his or her career whose critical and commercial success becomes the artist 's magic moment ; for Madonna , Like a Virgin was just such a defining moment " Chris Smith , author of 101 Albums That Changed Popular Music believed that it was with Like a Virgin that Madonna was able to steal the spotlight towards herself . She asserted her sexuality as only male rock stars had done before , moving well beyond the limited confines of being a pop artist , to becoming a focal point for nationwide discussions of power relationships in the areas of sex , race , gender , religion , and other divisive social topics . Her songs became a lightning rod for both criticism by conservatives and imitation by the younger female population .
" Like a Virgin " was her first song to attract the attention of organizations who complained that the video and the song promoted sex without marriage and undermined family values , offering an unsavory image of Madonna as a whore . Outraged moralists condemned her as a sex kitten and sought to ban it . Conservatives were angered that Madonna dared to portray the virginal wedding attire in a sexual context . While one section of the population were outraged at the scandal , other were taking joy at the very notion of a virginal Madonna , who retorted by saying ,
I was surprised by how people reacted to " Like a Virgin " because when I did that song , to me , I was singing about how something made me feel a certain way — brand @-@ new and fresh — and everyone interpreted it as I don 't want to be a virgin anymore . Fuck my brains out ! That 's not what I sang at all . " Like a Virgin " was always absolutely ambiguous .
The song 's influence was most profound on the younger generation . Madonna 's public persona of an indomitable , sexually unashamed , supremely confident woman struck a chord with them . Biographer Andrew Morton noted that most of Madonna 's admirers were females , who were born @-@ and @-@ brought @-@ up with an image of old @-@ fashioned stereotypes of women as virginal brides , or as whores , or with feminist values that rejected the use of a woman 's looks for her self @-@ advancement . Author William McKeen of Rock and roll is here to stay : an anthology commented that with the song , Madonna intermixed such middle @-@ class ideas of femininity with examples of what femininity meant to her , which was having equal opportunity . In addition , at a time when eighties fashions were promoting flat @-@ chested , stick @-@ thin women as ideals of beauty , the more curvaceous Madonna made average girls feel that it was fine to be in the shape they were . The term " Madonna wannabe " was introduced to describe the thousands of girls who tried to emulate Madonna 's style . At one point , Macy 's allotted an entire floor area for the sale of clothes styled according to Madonna 's fashion . University professors , gender @-@ studies experts and feminists earnestly started discussing her role as a post @-@ modernist style and cultural icon . According to author Debbi Voller , " Like a Virgin " gave rise to the icon Madonna .
Madonna has stated that the song she most regrets recording is " Material Girl " and if she had known that the label would be attached to her for decades , she would probably never have done so . After making the video , Madonna said she never wanted to be compared to Monroe , despite posing like her and recreating many of Monroe 's signature poses for various photos shoots , most notably in a 1991 issue of Vanity Fair . Guilbert commented that " material girl " designated a certain type of liberated women , thus deviating from its original coinage which meant a girl who is tangible and accessible . Author Nicholas Cook said that the meaning and impact of " material girl " was no more circumscribed by the video , rather by its song . Its influence was seen later among such diverse groups such as female versus male , gay versus straight , and academic versus teenage . In 1993 , a conference was held at the University of California at Santa Barbara , with the subject as Madonna : Feminist Icon or Material Girl ? The conference pondered on the duality of Madonna as both of them and deduced that the question of Madonna 's feminism is not easy to decide . Some of the feminists left the conference , citing that they had not been able to make up their minds .
" Dress You Up " was also the subject of much media attention , when it was included on the Parents Music Resource Center 's ( PMRC ) " Filthy Fifteen " list , for the perceived sexual content of its lyrics . The Center 's founder Tipper Gore had heard her daughter listening to the song , and considered the line " Gonna dress you up in my love " as exemplifying " vulgar music " . The PMRC called upon the Recording Industry Association of America ( RIAA ) to give parents a consumer @-@ friendly means of identifying rock records unsuitable for minors — a rating system based on lyrical content . " Dress You Up " received a rating of " S " , for " sex and obscenity " , from the RIAA .
= = Track listing = =
Notes
All songs produced by Nile Rodgers , except " Into the Groove " , produced by Madonna and Stephen Bray .
" Into the Groove " is only available on the 1985 re @-@ issue outside North America . It is not included on the 2001 remastered version .
= = Credits and personnel = =
Credits adapted from the album 's liner notes .
= = Charts = =
= = Certifications = =
= TNA World Tag Team Championship =
The TNA World Tag Team Championship is a professional wrestling world tag team championship owned by the Total Nonstop Action Wrestling ( TNA ) professional wrestling promotion . It is primarily contested within TNA 's tag team division . It was created and debuted on May 14 , 2007 at the taping of TNA 's primary television program , TNA Impact ! . It was officially introduced worldwide on the May 17 , 2007 edition of TNA 's online podcast TNA Today . Like most professional wrestling championships , the title is won as a result of a pre @-@ determined match .
= = History = =
The Total Nonstop Action Wrestling promotion formed in May 2002 . Later that same year , TNA were granted control over the NWA World Heavyweight and World Tag Team Championships by the National Wrestling Alliance ( NWA
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later and departing on 9 February for the Clyde , where she arrived on 21 February .
Empire Endurance departed on 23 February for Swansea , Glamorgan , arriving on 1 March . She sailed on 9 March for Avonmouth , Somerset , arriving the next day . She departed on 29 March for Cardiff , Glamorgan , arriving the next day and sailing on 2 April for Newport , Monmouthshire , where she arrived later that day . She sailed on 13 April for Milford Haven , Pembrokeshire , where she arrived on 15 April .
On 19 April , Empire Endurance departed from Milford Haven , bound for Cape Town , South Africa and Alexandria , Egypt . She was manned by 90 crew and had five passengers on board . Amongst her cargo were the Fairmile B motor launches ML @-@ 1003 and ML @-@ 1037 . At 03 : 32 ( German time ) on 20 April , Empire Endurance was hit amidships by a torpedo fired by U @-@ 73 , under the command of Helmut Rosenbaum . At the time she was south west of Rockall at 53 ° 05 ′ N 23 ° 14 ′ W. A coup de grâce was fired at 03 : 57 which hit just under the bridge , breaking her in two . Empire Endurance sank with the loss of 65 crew and one passenger . Among the crew members lost was the captain , Fred J.S. Tucker of the Royal Naval Reserve . On 21 April , the Canadian Flower class corvette HMCS Trillium picked up twenty crew and four passengers at 52 ° 50 ′ N 22 ° 50 ′ W. They were landed at Greenock , Renfrewshire on 25 May . On 9 May , five crew were rescued by the British cargo liner Highland Brigade . They were landed at Liverpool . Those lost on board Empire Endurance are commemorated on the Tower Hill Memorial , London .
= Satoshi Kon =
Satoshi Kon ( 今 敏 , Kon Satoshi , October 12 , 1963 – August 24 , 2010 ) was a Japanese film director , animator , screenwriter and manga artist from Sapporo , Hokkaidō and a member of the Japanese Animation Creators Association ( JAniCA ) . He was a graduate of the Graphic Design department of the Musashino Art University . He is sometimes credited as " Yoshihiro Wanibuchi " ( 鰐淵良宏 , Wanibuchi Yoshihiro ) in the credits of Paranoia Agent . He was the younger brother of guitarist and studio musician Tsuyoshi Kon .
= = Biography = =
= = = Early life = = =
Satoshi Kon was born on October 12 , 1963 . Due to his father 's job transfer , Kon 's education from the fourth elementary grade up to the second middle school grade was based in Sapporo . Kon was a classmate and close friend of manga artist Seihō Takizawa . While attending Hokkaido Kushiro Koryo High School , Kon aspired to become an animator . His favorite works were Space Battleship Yamato ( 1974 ) , Heidi , Girl of the Alps ( 1974 ) , Future Boy Conan ( 1978 ) and Mobile Suit Gundam ( 1979 ) , as well as Katsuhiro Otomo 's Domu : A Child 's Dream . Yasutaka Tsutsui served as an influence on Kon 's drawings . Kon graduated from the Graphic Design course of the Musashino Art University in 1982 . During that time , Kon viewed numerous foreign films and enthusiastically read Yasutaka Tsutsui 's books .
= = = Early career = = =
While in college , Kon made his debut as a manga artist with the short manga Toriko ( 1984 ) and earned a runner @-@ up spot in the 10th Annual Tetsuya Chiba Awards held by Young Magazine ( Kodansha ) . Afterward , he found work as Katsuhiro Otomo 's assistant . After graduating from college in 1987 , Kon authored the one @-@ volume manga Kaikisen ( 1990 ) and wrote the script for Katsuhiro Otomo 's live @-@ action film World Apartment Horror . In 1991 , Kon worked as an animator and layout artist for the animated film Roujin Z. Kon worked as a supervisor for Mamoru Oshii 's Patlabor 2 : The Movie along with other animated films . He then worked on the manga Seraphim : 266 @,@ 613 @,@ 336 Wings with Oshii , it was published in 1994 in Animage . In 1995 , Kon served as the scriptwriter , layout artist and art director of the short film Magnetic Rose , the first of three short films in Katsuhiro Otomo 's omnibus Memories . Kon 's work afterward would be distinguished by the recurring theme of the blending of fantasy and reality .
= = = Directing = = =
In 1993 , Kon scripted and co @-@ produced the fifth episode of the original video animation JoJo 's Bizarre Adventure . In 1997 , Kon began work on his directorial debut Perfect Blue ( based on Yoshikazu Takeuchi 's novel of the same name ) . A suspense story centered on a pop idol , it was the first film by Kon to be produced by Madhouse . Kon was initially unsatisfied with the original screenplay written by the author and requested to make changes to it . Aside from maintaining three elements of the novel ( " idol " , " horror " and " stalker " ) , Kon was allowed to make any changes he desired . The screenplay was written by Sadayuki Murai , who worked in the idea of a blurred border between the real world and imagination .
Following Perfect Blue , Kon considered adapting the Yasutaka Tsutsui novel Paprika ( 1993 ) into his next film . However , these plans were stalled when the distribution company for Perfect Blue ( Rex Entertainment ) went bankrupt . Coincidentally , Kon 's next work would also feature the theme of the blending of imagination and reality . In 2002 , Kon 's second film ( Millennium Actress ) was released to the public . The film centers on a retired actress who mysteriously withdraws from the public eye at the peak of her career . Having the same estimated budget as Perfect Blue ( approximately 120 @,@ 000 @,@ 000 yen ) , Millennium Actress garnered higher critical and financial success than its predecessor and earned numerous awards . The screenplay was written by Sadayuki Murai , who utilized a seamless connection between illusion and reality to create a " Trompe @-@ l 'œil kind of film " . Millennium Actress was the first Satoshi Kon film to feature Susumu Hirasawa , of whom Kon was a long @-@ time fan , as composer .
In 2003 , Kon 's third work ( Tokyo Godfathers ) was announced . The film centers on a trio of homeless persons in Tokyo who discover a baby on Christmas Eve and set out to search for her parents . Tokyo Godfathers cost more to make than Kon 's previous two films ( with a budget of approximately 300 @,@ 000 @,@ 000 yen ) , and centered on the themes of homelessness and abandonment , with a comedic touch worked in . The screenplay was written by Keiko Nobumoto .
In 2004 , Kon released the 13 @-@ episode television series Paranoia Agent , in which Kon revisits the theme of the blending of imagination and reality , as well as working in additional social themes . The series was created from an abundance of unused ideas for stories and arrangements that Kon felt were good but did not fit into any of his projects .
In 2006 , Paprika was announced , after having been planned out and materializing for several years . The story centers on a new form of psychotherapy that utilizes dream analysis to treat mental patients . The film was highly successful and earned a number of film awards . Kon summed up the film with " Kihonteki na story igai wa subete kaeta " ( 基本的なストーリー以外は全て変えた ) — roughly , " Everything but the fundamental story was changed . " Much like Kon 's previous works , the film
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analysis . She even name checks Sigmund Freud and throws out countless questions . Who am I ? Where am I going ? What does it all mean ? Much of the album is suffused with sarcasm : right from the disaffected ennui of the title track to the stroppiness of ' Nobody Knows Me ' , Madonna is kicking against the claustrophobic effect of celebrity worship . "
A remix of the song was featured in Madonna 's 2003 compilation Remixed & Revisited . Other remixes by Peter Rauhofer , Mount Sims and Above & Beyond were serviced to dance clubs . In 2004 , Madonna released a book entitled Nobody Knows Me which was available exclusively for one month only via Madonna 's official website for $ 24 each . It included 52 pages of rare and unseen shots " commented by an Icon and her angels " .
= = Recording and composition = =
" Nobody Knows Me " was written and produced by Madonna and Mirwais Ahmadzaï . The recording sessions for American Life started at late 2001 , then was put on hold as Madonna filmed Swept Away in Malta and starred in the West End play Up for Grabs . She returned to the Olympic Recording Studios in late 2002 and finished off the sessions . The mixing for the track was done by Mark " Spike " Stent at the Westlake Recording Studios in West Hollywood , California , while Tim Young did the mastering of the song at Metropolis Studios in London . Ahmadzaï played the guitars , and also did the necessary programming . Two machines were used for the vocal editing in songs like " Hollywood " and " Nobody Knows Me " . Madonna preferred the Antares Auto @-@ Tune plug in , while Ahmadzaï chose an AMS pitch shifter . Madonna chose Auto @-@ Tune because she wanted " Nobody Knows Me " to have a more dance @-@ like feel to it , although Ahmadzaï was against it .
" Nobody Knows Me " has vocoder effects , spacey synths , bubbly bass . IGN Music 's Spencer D. described that the song blips , glurgs , and shuffles with a Jetsons ' styled disco ebb and flow and sounds like as an outtake from Music ( 2000 ) . It begins with vocoder treated vocals over a bleeping synth , on a minor chord . Heavy drum hits stress the melody during the verse . " Nobody Knows Me " is written in common time with a moderately fast tempo of 120 beats per minute . It is composed in the key of C major with Madonna 's voice spanning from B3 to C5 . The song follows a basic sequence of C – Am – D – Am – A – E as its chord progression . Lyrically , she rejects tabloid culture 's " social disease " , denouncing both TV and magazines . The chorus features repeated echo shifts of " nobody knows me " while she ponders thoughts like , " It 's no good when you 're misunderstood , but why should I care what the world thinks of me ? " . O 'Brien described it as a trancey track with a sense of childlike defiant lyrics , dismissing critics who have no knowledge of her " jealously guarded inner self " .
= = Critical reception = =
The song received generally favorable reviews from music critics . Stephen Thomas Erlewine from Allmusic praised the song as one of the best tracks of the album , calling it " infectious " . Sean O 'Brien from The People praised " Nobody Knows Me " as " the best song of the album " and her " one of her best ever " .
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He also said that the song is one of the reasons why Madonna is queen of pop . Jon Pareles from The New York Times considered it as the album 's most danceable song . Lucy O 'Brien in her book Madonna : Like an Icon , called the song " dazed @-@ sounding " . Metro Times described Ahmadzai 's programming as " by far the best thing on the album " . James Hannaham from Spin compared " Nobody Knows Me " to Donna Summer 's " I Feel Love " , and deemed it as a highlight from the album . Alan Braidwood from BBC Music felt that the song was " insane " with its electronic , chaotic , fast and manic pounding synths . " There is so much going on here several it 'll take several plays to really get it , but it 's ace . " Ken Tucker from Entertainment Weekly described " Nobody Knows Me " as the " downright thrilling " and " deploys a shrewd little form @-@ versus @-@ content paradox " .
Spence D. from IGN Music commented that the song is the coolest song on the album up to this point . Paul Rees from Q magazine complemented the track as a " conventional rock song , filled with drama , darkness and surprises " . USA Today 's Edna Gunderson said that the " funkified " synth @-@ pop of " Nobody Knows Me " attests to Madonna 's " undiminished " skills as a shrewd pop composer . Yahoo ! Music 's Dan Genoe commented that Madonna has a personality crisis in the song . Jessica Winter from The Village Voice gave the song a mixed review , writing : " It mutes slightly the slaphappy beats of Mirwais 's own club hit " Disco Science " to make vague digs at the press and defensively vow self @-@ improvement . Madonna 's voice is mixed and diced into baby gurgles , which might have been cute if it weren 't so redundant . " John Payne from LA Weekly deduced that even within the synth sounds of the song , he could see " real feeling deeply ingrained in this particular icon . ' Why should I care what the world thinks of me ? ' That is , yes , she does care what the world thinks of her . She says she ’ ll just withdraw from the public eye , ’ cause who needs this , huh ? " Conversely , Rikky Rooksby , author of The Complete Guide to the Music of Madonna , gave a negative review saying that " Nobody Knows Me " might be the silliest track that Madonna had ever recorded .
= = Chart performance = =
The song , along with " Nothing Fails " , topped the Hot Dance Singles Sales while the Peter Rauhofer remix peaked at number four on the Hot Dance Club Play chart . According to Fred Bronson , the single release of the remixes of the song debuted at number @-@ one on the Hot Singles Sales and Hot Dance Single Sales chart , on the issue dated December 27 , 2003 , the same week it also moved up to the top @-@ twenty of the Dance Club Play chart . " Me Against the Music " by Britney Spears , on which Madonna was featured , and " Nobody Knows Me " , both were also present in the top @-@ twenty , making Madonna the only artist to have three
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songs within the top @-@ twenty on the chart simultaneously . At the year @-@ end Hot Dance Singles Sales recap , " Nothing Fails / Nobody Knows Me " was at number two position , while " Me Against the Music " and " Love Profusion " was at numbers one and three respectively . Billboard reported that Madonna was the first artist in its chart history to have the top three Dance Sales song . In Australia , the Peter Rauhofer / Above & Beyond Remix debuted at number 80 on the ARIA Club Tracks , peaking at number 49 the next week .
= = Live performances = =
Madonna performed the song during the 2004 Re @-@ Invention World Tour , as the second song on the opening segment of the show . " Nobody Knows Me " was rehearsed with the Peter Rauhofer 's Private Life remix . According to Dirk Timmerman , author of Madonna Live ! Secret Re @-@ inventions and Confessions on Tour , Madonna lip @-@ synched the performance . During this section , the singer wore a jewel encrusted corset , created by designer Christian Lacroix . After the opening number , " Vogue " , she started an energetic version of the song , on a conveyor belt with some laser light words appearing on the backdrop screens behind her . It also features a giant catwalk lowered from the ceiling . After this performance , she performed " Frozen " alone on stage . The performance of " Nobody Knows Me " was included in the I 'm Going to Tell You a Secret live album and documentary .
The song was later added as a video interlude on The MDNA Tour in 2012 , as a tribute to Tyler Clementi and other teens who had committed suicide due to bullying . The film , which was created by Swedish director Johan Söderberg , morphed Madonna 's face with a number of famous figures , including then @-@ Chinese President Hu Jintao , US Republican former presidential candidate Sarah Palin and Pope Benedict XVI . The face of French far right politician Marine Le Pen appeared on the screen with a swastika superimposed on her forehead , before it morphed into the face of Adolf Hitler . Le Pen was infuriated by the video , and threatened to sue Madonna should this happen during her concert in France on July 14 , 2012 , also known as Bastille Day , the French National Day . Socialist French government spokesperson Najat Vallaud @-@ Belkacem had also expressed her disappointment . However , Madonna kept the video unchanged on this date , prompting Le Pen to file a lawsuit against her . A spokesman for Le Pen said a lawsuit for " public insult " would be lodged with the Paris courts in the next few days . Madonna responded to the lawsuit saying " I know that I made a certain Marine Le Pen very angry with me . And it 's not my intention to make enemies . " She later explained in an interview with Brazilian network Rede Globo , Madonna explained that the sequence was about " intolerance that we human beings have for one another . And how much we judge people before knowing them . That 's why it 's done in the song ' Nobody Knows Me . ' " During her concert in Nice , France , the swastika was removed and was replaced by an interrogation mark .
= = Formats and track listings = =
= = Credits and personnel = =
Madonna – lead vocals , background vocals , songwriter , producer
Mirwais Ahmadzaï – songwriter , producer , guitars , programming
Tim Young – audio mastering
Mark " Spike " Stent – audio mixing
Credits for " Nobody Knows Me " are adapted from American Life liner notes .
= = Charts = =
= Final Fantasy XIII @-@ 2 =
Final Fantasy XIII @-@ 2 ( ファイナルファンタジーXIII @-@ 2 , Fainaru Fantajī Sāt
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record companies ... Suddenly now we have a quite different situation which it seems to me , artists understand much better than record companies do ... [ Y ] oung artists are very comfortable with starting their careers on Facebook or MySpace or something like that — and they 're way ahead of the record companies in some respects . "
Byrne has written for Wired , outlining the relative merits of different distribution models with this one reflecting his " self @-@ distribution model " in which " the artist stands to receive the largest percentage of income from sales per unit — sales of anything . A larger percentage of fewer sales , most likely , but not always . Artists doing it for themselves can actually make more money than the massive pop star , even though the sales numbers may seem minuscule by comparison . " The motivation for creating and marketing this album directly came in part from the very article Byrne wrote as well as Eno 's belief that music fans want more than just the music on an album and prefer collectible deluxe editions as well as the live performances that promote them . A month after releasing the album , Byrne was skeptical of market saturation claiming " I sense that a lot of people don 't know we have a record out " and hoped to counterbalance that ignorance with his tour . He also described the digital music market as " so infinite [ that ] it 's easy for music to get lost out there " and has noted that this business model would not work for performers who are not already established .
The duo enlisted a music marketing startup company — Topspin Media — to design their site , delivery options for the digital music , and promotional web widgets . Like the entirety of the recording process , the marketing was self @-@ financed and controlled by the artists , with Topspin taking a portion of the money made from digital sales . This allowed the artists to control creative aspects of producing music as well as the overhead costs associated with marketing an album . The company used viral marketing techniques to collect potential customers ' e @-@ mail addresses and encourage them to post the album streaming on their blogs . By early November , the collected e @-@ mail addresses amounted to 37 percent of the album sales . Topspin has also created a Flickr pool encouraging users to upload screenshots of the widget posted to web sites . No advertisements were taken out for the album .
Byrne and Eno were praised by Fast Company for their innovative use of Internet marketing and distribution for this album as well as several other releases and the promotion of this album has been lauded as a way of undermining copyright infringement . Key to their success was the software that Topspin Media developed and later commercially released as a bundle for other companies and artists to use , explaining that " In the first eight weeks following the launch of the David Byrne and Brian Eno self @-@ released record , Everything That Happens Will Happen Today , the Topspin platform helped us generate Direct @-@ to @-@ Fan revenue at the very least the equivalent to what we would have expected from a label advance , " that went directly to Byrne and Eno . Based in part on the success of marketing this album , representatives of Topspin were invited to teach a course on music marketing at Berklee College of Music in September 2009 and Ian C. Rogers led a panel discussion at South by Southwest on options for independent music artists . The album 's multiple formats have been praised as a method of incentivizing buying physical copies of albums .
= = = Songs of David Byrne and Brian Eno Tour = = =
Byrne assembled a band to tour for the album , performing music throughout the latter half of 2008 and early 2009 across North America , Europe , and Australasia . He hired more singers than he had on previous tours to reproduce the complex vocal harmonies of the album and was inspired to bring along dancers after seeing Sufjan Stevens promote the album Illinois as well as the Japanese films Funky Forest and The Taste of Tea . Byrne was initially uninvolved in the choreography , but made more suggestions as the tour went on and after he saw a live performance by Deerhoof that incorporated dancing with instruments . He began booking tour dates before the album was completed and continued writing his book The Bicycle Diaries throughout the tour .
In planning the set lists for the tour , Byrne initially considered only promoting this album but decided to include songs from his previous collaborations with Eno as well , including the Talking Heads albums More Songs About Buildings and Food , Fear of Music , and Remain in Light and Byrne 's The Catherine Wheel soundtrack . By playing music from all of their collaborations , Byrne hoped to " draw a line linking this new material with what we did 30 years ago " with the goal of clarifying the connection between all of the duo 's previous work . In reviewing their past music , he found that " [ t ] here might be more continuity than I imagined , which I hope is going to work in my favor . " Although Eno was invited to participate and early reports indicated that he would , Eno ultimately chose not to tour with Byrne , letting Byrne decide how to present this music live .
= = = Everything That Happens Will Happen on This Tour = = =
On May 11 , 2009 , the live EP Everything That Happens Will Happen on This Tour – David Byrne on Tour : Songs of David Byrne and Brian Eno was released digitally through Todo Mundo to benefit Amnesty International . The album features four songs recorded in December 2008 on the tour . Topspin Media offered the same digital download options to purchase the EP and the company created a second embeddable media player to promote the album .
= = = Ride , Rise , Roar = = =
On February 11 , 2010 , it was announced that a documentary film entitled Ride , Rise , Roar chronicling the tour would be released to the 2010 film festival circuit . The debut was at South by Southwest on March 15 , 2010 , where it was screened in all three media categories — film , interactive , and music . Byrne attended some British screenings for question and answer sessions .
Ride , Rise , Roar is the feature @-@ length directorial debut by Hillman Curtis — Byrne approached him after his satisfaction with the short film that accompanies the deluxe edition of Everything That Happens Will Happen Today . The documentary includes concert footage , film of the planning and rehearsals for the tour , and exclusive interviews with Byrne , Eno , and the supporting musicians and dancers . Curtis was initially contacted to document the tour with no clear objective for the film and decided to focus on the collaboration between Byrne and his tour mates as well as the unique challenge of combining popular music with modern dance .
= = Track listing = =
All lyrics written by David Byrne ; all music by Byrne ( vocals ) and Brian Eno ( instrumentation ) , except " Strange Overtones " co @-@ written by Leo Abrahams .
" Home " – 5 : 06
" My Big Nurse " – 3 : 21
" I Feel My Stuff " – 6 : 25
" Everything That Happens " – 3 : 46
" Life Is Long " – 3 : 45
" The River " – 2 : 30
" Strange Overtones " – 4 : 17
" Wanted for Life " – 5 : 06
" One Fine Day " – 4 : 55
" Poor Boy " – 4 : 19
" The Lighthouse " – 3 : 46
Japanese release
" Poor Boy " ( Eno & Leo Abrahams Remix ) – 3 : 51
Deluxe Edition bonus tracks
" Never Thought " – 4 : 08
" Walking Along the River " – 4 : 38
" The Eyes " – 3 : 29
" The Painting " – 4 : 33
= = Personnel = =
= HMS Hood =
HMS Hood ( pennant number 51 ) was the last battlecruiser built for the Royal Navy . Commissioned in 1920 , she was named after the 18th @-@ century Admiral Samuel Hood . One of four Admiral @-@ class battlecruisers ordered in mid @-@ 1916 , Hood had serious design limitations , though her design was drastically revised after the Battle of Jutland and improved while she was under construction . For this reason she was the only ship of her class to be completed . As one of the largest and , ostensibly , the most powerful warships in the world , Hood was the pride of the Royal Navy and , carrying immense prestige , was known as ‘ The Mighty Hood ’ .
Hood was involved in several showing the flag exercises between her commissioning in 1920 and the outbreak of war in 1939 , including training exercises in the Mediterranean Sea and a circumnavigation of the globe with the Special Service Squadron in 1923 and 1924 . She was attached to the Mediterranean Fleet following the outbreak of the Second Italo @-@ Abyssinian War . When the Spanish Civil War broke out , Hood
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The morning of Taron " ( Տարոնի առավոտը ) as " magnificently ornamented " .
In the seven @-@ thousand @-@ line long poem " Ever @-@ Tolling Bell Tower " ( « Անլռելի զանգակատուն » ) Paruyr Sevak mentions the monastery and its well @-@ known bells . The poem , published in 1959 , is dedicated to Komitas , who was among those intellectuals who were deported on April 24 , 1915 during the genocide . It is recognized as " one of the most powerful literary responses to the Armenian Genocide . "
In the historical novel The Call of Plowmen ( « Ռանչպարների կանչը » , published in 1979 ) , Khachik Dashtents describes a winter scene at the monastery .
In October 2010 during the discussion of a bill in the Armenian Parliament that would formally recognize the Nagorno @-@ Karabakh Republic , opposition MP Raffi Hovannisian ended his speech saying " Let us be guided by Msho Sultan Surb Karapet " ( Մշո սուլթան Սուրբ Կարապետ մեզի լինի օգնական ) .
= = Silver cross = =
In August 2013 an Armenian @-@ style silver cross attributed by the seller to the Surb Karapet Monastery appeared on the Russian auction website Bay.ru and was valued at $ 70 @,@ 000 . The Mother See of Holy Etchmiadzin said that they were trying " to verify the details regarding the news reports about the auction . " Art historian Levon Chookaszian noted the seller did not provide much information . He added that " All we can see is that it is delicate silver work and nothing else is known [ about it ] . "
= Makoto Yuki ( Persona ) =
Makoto Yuki ( 結城 理 , Yūki Makoto ) is a fictional character introduced in the Shin Megami Tensei : Persona 3 role @-@ playing video game developed by Atlus . In the game , Makoto is an orphan who transfers to Gekkoukan High School in Iwatodai City and discovers a phenomenon called the Dark Hour during which supernatural entities called Shadows roam freely . After awakening an ability within himself called Persona , Makoto finds himself intertwined in the ongoing struggle against the Shadows with his new schoolmates .
He was designed by Shigenori Soejima , who aimed to create an ordinary youth who the player could relate to . In the manga adaptation , he goes by the name Minato Arisato ( 有里 湊 , Arisato Minato ) . His character was reworked for the animated film adaptation where director Noriaki Akitaya explained pressure in giving the silent character his own personality . He was then given the name Makoto Yuki to further distinguish him from his previous portrayals . Makoto later appeared the spin @-@ off game : Persona Q : Shadow of the Labyrinth as well . Critical reception to Makoto 's character has been generally positive for both his role in the games for how he handles his social life . His development in the film gathered similar responses . He is voiced by Akira Ishida in Japanese and by Yuri Lowenthal in English .
= = Design and characterization = =
The Persona 3 protagonist was the first character Shigenori Soejima designed for the game . Early designs of the character made him look mature and collected since the artist viewed him as a " cliche [ ed ] cool guy . " Soejima took longer to design the protagonist than any other character as the game 's other characters would be made to complement his design . In Art of Persona 3 , Soejima remarked that " Initially , he looked more honest , like an ordinary , handsome young man . But , I worked to achieve greater ambiguity in his expression . " He further noted that the character managed to have a " hidden coolness . " In retrospect , he found that the character was not ambiguous enough and thus when creating the Shin Megami Tensei : Persona 4 protagonist , Soejima made Yu Narukami with the idea that his entire personality be decided and portrayed by the player 's in @-@ game actions and decisions .
Director Noriaki Akitaya had faced a similar dilemma for his animated film version . He explained that one of his biggest challenges was , " .. getting the protagonist , who is the player in the game , and making him into a character named Makoto Yuki for the film , then figuring out how to integrate him [ Makoto ] into the story . " This led Akitaya to be extremely careful about how he went about constructing the character in terms of his speech , gestures and behavior all the while staying true to what was already established in the game . Akitaya admitted that he would not have been able to meet the expectations of the individual fans of the game since they were able to choose their own unique name and personality for the Protagonist . Instead Akitaya took the route of incorporating the most general traits of fan reactions to the Protagonist to form Yuki 's character .
Akitaya stated that his favorite scene in the film occurred when Makoto summoned his Persona for the first time . He elaborated that Makoto 's maniacal laugh and heavy breathing helped bring depth to the scene and establish animation director Keisuke Watabe 's character designs as being one of the main attractions of the film . Akitaya had joked that during initial pre @-@ production the Protagonist 's name was still not determined and instead proposed the placeholder " Tsukitarō Yamada " ( 山田 月太郎 , Yamada Tsukitarō ) until the first draft was developed . However even as Jun Kumagai began working on the screenplay , the placeholder went unchanged for the next four to five months and Akitaya found himself growing attached to it despite eventually changing it .
Akira Ishida voiced Makoto in this Japanese adaptation . He noted that since he was presented with the roles of both Pharos and Makoto , recording the scene of Makoto 's initial meeting with Pharos was something he enjoyed . In the English version of Persona 3 the role of both Makoto and Ryoji is taken by Yuri Lowenthal . As with his previous role as protagonist of the Digital Devil Saga games , Lowenthall did not have extensive dialogue lines . His main task was shouting out the names of Personas : localization editor Yu Namba was initially worried about his performance , but Lowenthall managed to pronounce the names correctly . He attributed this
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on August 21 , 2007 . The film was produced in Canada and directed by Terry Ingram . Mickey Hardt reprises his role as Max Havoc , who comes to Seattle to do a photoshoot of a tennis champion played by Christina Cox , but has to deal with a street gang and organized crime , while Dean Cain plays the main antagonist . Max Havoc : Ring of Fire received mixed @-@ to @-@ negative reviews , being called a " run of the mill B @-@ movie . " On September 30 , 2009 , both films were released as a double feature on Blu @-@ ray in Germany .
= = Reception = =
Max Havoc : Curse of the Dragon received mostly negative reviews . Reviewers were mostly focused on the film 's lacking plot and rampant cliché use . David Cornelius of DVD Talk described it as " the kind of moronic C @-@ level action flick that always stars some former martial arts champ " , noting that the controversy behind the funding of the film was more interesting than the film itself , and finishing with the advice to skip the film . Albert Valentin of Kung Fu Cinema was less critical of the film , praising choreography and Mickey Hardt 's performance in action sequences . Combustible Celluloid 's Jeffrey M. Anderson gave the film a neutral @-@ to @-@ positive review , mentioning " the overall ridiculousness of the film charmed [ him ] " , and commenting positively on the chemistry between Hardt 's and Krupa 's characters . Gene Park of Guam 's Pacific Daily News was , however , jarred by inaccuracies in the plot . He called the film a " guilty pleasure without the pleasure . " He thought the action editing was " epileptic " and compared the whole film to a travelogue . As of 2015 , review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes counts one positive and one negative review of the film .
Author Camilla Fojas later criticized Max Havoc : Curse of the Dragon for its shortcoming as a promotional vehicle for Guam and its film industry , noting the colonialistic portrayal of Guam , especially in the parting scene where U.S. mainland @-@ based characters bid farewell to Chamorro people in a cliché fashion .
= = Litigation = =
At the request of producer John F.S. Laing and director Albert Pyun , the Guam Economic Development and Commerce Authority gave an $ 800 @,@ 000 loan guarantee to Laing and his company Guam Motion Pictures Company ( GMPC ) to secure a third party loan from Comerica Bank in order to finance the film . GMPC was created by Laing on Guam to produce Max Havoc : Curse of the Dragon , while Laing 's stateside company , Rigel Entertainment , was to handle distribution . GMPC was also supposed to produce a further theatrical film and two travel documentaries . In June 2006 , Laing defaulted on the loan to Comerica and the guarantee was forfeited . The rights to the film were subsequently auctioned by Comerica . A newly formed Canadian company , Up North Entertainment , Inc . , bought the film for $ 83 @,@ 000 . Laing was listed as one of three directors of Up North Entertainment . Guam 's share of the foreclosure sale money was $ 9 @,@ 090 .
The film has been mired in litigation on Guam and in California . Laing filed a case in California against the Government of Guam , alleging that he agreed to guarantee the collateral , but that the agreement was procured under duress , and that he was underpaid by Guam government for a series of public service announcements featuring Carmen Electra . In March 2008 , the case was dismissed and Laing was ordered to pay Guam 's legal fees . Laing appealed twice and lost both appeals . GEDCA called Laing 's California lawsuit a " tactical maneuver " . Laing was also sued by the Government of Guam for fraud . Matthew Borden , attorney for the GEDCA , accused Laing of coming to the island with intention to defraud the government and people of Guam . In a retort , Laing claimed the Government of Guam pledged $ 3 million in loans and other incentives if he were to come to the island and make Max Havoc : Curse of the Dragon there . Guam officials denied making such a pledge and Laing admitted he did not possess any written agreements on the matter .
= = = Settlement = = =
A trial began in Guam Superior Court on February 13 , 2012 . After six years of litigation on Guam , a settlement was reached on May 11 . The GEDCA Board of Directors approved Laing 's offer of $ 350 @,@ 000 in place of paying back the original $ 800 @,@ 000 guarantee . The agreement stipulated that Laing would make a payment of $ 250 @,@ 000 on June 30 , with the remainder paid by September 30 .
By the June deadline , Laing had made a payment of $ 200 @,@ 000 . GEDCA requested the outstanding $ 50 @,@ 000 along with the $ 100 @,@ 000 remaining balance to be paid by Laing by the September deadline . When asked by a local talk radio station if the Max Havoc : Curse of the Dragon settlement money would be a windfall for GEDCA and could be used for future economic development projects on Guam , GEDCA administrator Karl Pangelinan stated that the money would barely pay for the legal fees incurred during the years of legal fighting with Laing . In September , Rigel Entertainment declared bankruptcy . On October 26 , GEDCA board met and established that Laing had made a partial late payment of $ 75 @,@ 000 on the $ 150 @,@ 000 still outstanding . A new deadline was set for January 31 , 2013 . Laing missed the January deadline , but in late February , GEDCA reported receiving the money , thus bringing the lawsuit to a close .
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Paul III claimed some rights in Klis , and in September , 1536 , there was talk in the Curia of strengthening the defenses of the fortress . The Pope notified Ferdinand that he was willing to share the costs of maintaining a proper garrison in Klis . Ferdinand did send aid to Klis and was apparently hopeful of holding the fortress , when the Ottomans again laid siege to it . Ferdinand recruited men from Trieste and elsewhere in the Habsburg lands , and the Pope sent soldiers from Ancona . There were about 3 @,@ 000 infantry in the reinforcements , which made a sizeable relief force , that were commanded by Petar Kružić , Niccolo dalla Torre , and a papal commissioner Jacomo Dalmoro d 'Arbe . On 9 March 1537 they disembarked near Klis , at a place called S. Girolamo , with fourteen pieces of artillery . After Ibrahim 's death , Suleiman sent 8 @,@ 000 men under the command of Murat @-@ beg Tardić ( Amurat Vaivoda ) , a Croatian who had been born in Šibenik , to go and lay siege to Klis fortress ( Clissa ) , and fight against Kružić . An initial encounter of the Christian relief force with the Ottomans was indecisive , but , on 12 March they were overwhelmed by the arrival of a great number of Ottomans .
The attempts to relieve the citadel ended in farce . Badly @-@ drilled reinforcements sent by the Habsburgs fled in fear of the Ottomans , and their attempts to re @-@ board their boats at Solin Bay caused many vessels to sink . Niccolo dalla Torre and the papal commissioner managed to escape . Kružić himself – who had left the fortress to make contact with the reinforcements - was captured and executed ; the sight of his head on a stick overwhelmed the remaining defenders of Klis , who were now willing to give up the fortress in return for safe passage north . After Kružić 's death , and with a lack of water supplies , the Klis defenders finally surrendered to the Ottomans in exchange for their freedom , on 12 March 1537 . Many of the citizens fled the town , while the Uskoci retreated to the city of Senj , where they continued fighting the Ottoman army .
= = Aftermath = =
During the Ottoman wars in Europe , Klis Fortress became an administrative centre or sanjak ( Kilis Sancağı ) of the Bosnia Eyalet , and would remain so for a century . As the first Sanjak @-@ Beg of Klis , Murat @-@ beg Tardić built a notable mosque inside the Klis Fortress . That same year , the Ottoman forces took Vrana , while Nadin and Perušić fell in 1538 .
Months after the fall of Klis , the Ottoman – Venetian War of 1537 @-@ 1540 started , and in that war , as well as the Ottoman – Venetian War of 1570 @-@ 1573 , the Ottomans took much of the Dalmatian hinterland near Šibenik and Zadar . On 7 April 1596 , Split noblemen Ivan Alberti and Nikola Cindro , along with Uskoci , Poljičani , and Kaštelani irregulars , organized a liberation of Klis . Assisted by dissident elements of the Ottoman garrison , they succeeded . Mustafa @-@ beg responded by bringing more than 10 @,@ 000 soldiers under the fortress . General Ivan Lenković , leading 1 @,@ 000 Uskoci , came in relief of the 1 @,@ 500 Klis defenders . During the battle , Ivan Lenković and his men retreated after he was wounded in battle , and the fortress was lost to the Ottomans , on 31 May . Nevertheless , this temporary relief resounded in Europe and among the local population .
The Venetians fought for decades before they finally managed to re @-@ take Klis . During the Cretan War of 1645 @-@ 1669 , the Venetians in Dalmatia enjoyed the support of the local population , particularly the Morlachs ( Morlacchi ) . Venetian commander Leonardo Foscolo seized several forts , retook Novigrad , temporarily captured the Knin Fortress , and managed to compel the garrison of Klis Fortress to surrender .
= The Mrs. Carter Show World Tour =
The Mrs. Carter Show World Tour was the fifth concert tour by American singer Beyoncé . Announced in February 2013 with initial dates in Europe and North America , the tour contained seven legs and 132 shows . It began in Belgrade , Serbia on April 15 , 2013 and concluded in Lisbon , Portugal on March 27 , 2014 . Its title is a reference to her marriage with American rapper Shawn " Jay @-@ Z " Carter , who made multiple guest appearances throughout the tour .
The tour featured royal themes with the singer emulating different queens through her fashion
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49 % of the company , which culminated in the production of a new title using Alias and SGI technology and the addition of Rare as a second @-@ party developer . The Stampers expressed interest in making a game based on Donkey Kong and were given Nintendo 's permission .
Rare assembled a team of twelve to work on the game , and according to product manager Dan Owsen , a total of 20 people worked on Donkey Kong Country over an 18 @-@ month development cycle – the most that Rare had ever assembled for one project at that point . When Rare presented the first playable version of the game to Nintendo , Nintendo directed them to significantly reduce the difficulty , as they wanted the game to appeal to a broad audience and felt that the game 's numerous secrets would provide sufficient challenge to hardcore gamers . Designer Gregg Mayles was tasked with re @-@ arranging the stages so that the player could " go first time " past obstacles and would eventually slow down into more difficult stages as the game progressed . At this point Donkey Kong creator Shigeru Miyamoto , though otherwise uninvolved with the project , also made some last @-@ minute suggestions which were incorporated into the final game , such as Donkey Kong 's hand slap move .
The Donkey Kong character was redesigned with a distinct , three @-@ dimensional physical appearance . While borrowing the red necktie introduced in 1994 's Game Boy version of Donkey Kong , the character featured a new look that would become the standard that continues to be used in nearly all games featuring him . Until Microsoft 's purchase of Rare in 2002 , all Nintendo games featuring Donkey Kong ( including Mario Kart 64 , Super Smash Bros. , and the Mario Party series ) credited Rare for the use of their Donkey Kong model . To develop Donkey Kong 's movements in the game , Rare staff spent hours at nearby Twycross Zoo observing and videotaping real gorillas . However , they found that on the rare occasions when the gorillas moved , their movements were " completely unsuitable for a fast @-@ paced videogame " , and so Donkey and Diddy Kong 's animations were instead loosely based on how a horse gallops .
Initially , Rare created Diddy Kong 's model with the intent that it be their update of Donkey Kong Jr . Nintendo felt that the model was too great a departure from Donkey Kong Jr . ' s original look , and insisted that Rare either re @-@ work it to match Donkey Kong Jr . ' s original appearance or present it as a new character entirely . Mayles decided that a new character suited the updated universe of Donkey Kong so he kept Donkey Kong Jr . ' s redesigned model and initially renamed the character " Dinky Kong " , but after legal advice Rare changed it to Diddy Kong .
Donkey Kong Country was one of the first games for a mainstream home video game console to use pre @-@ rendered 3D graphics . It was a technique that was also used in the earlier 1993 Finnish game Stardust for the Amiga , and later in Rare 's Killer Instinct . Many later 3D video games also used
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to be in " , but summarized ; " she 'll just have to get over it " . Orlando was worried whether Todd deserved Kate saying that ; " the jury is still out on Todd " . She praised how this storyline turned out to be a " great bonding moment " between Megan and Lacey , saying she " liked " that Megan was honest with Lacey adding , " I like it when adults actually act like adults " .
This episode was nominated at the 21st Annual Environmental Media Awards , an " organization dedicated to harnessing the power of the entertainment industry and the media to educate the global public on environmental issues and motivate sustainable lifestyles " . Under the category " Television Episodic Drama " , " Broken Home " was nominated alongside the The Good Wife episode " Real Deal " and the winner , the CSI : Crime Scene Investigation episode " Fracked " .
= Paul Conrad =
Paul Francis Conrad ( June 27 , 1924 – September 4 , 2010 ) was an American political cartoonist and winner of three Pulitzer Prizes for editorial cartooning . In the span of a career lasting five decades , Conrad provided a critical perspective on eleven presidential administrations in the United States . He is best known for his work as the chief editorial cartoonist for the Los Angeles Times during a time when the newspaper was in transition under the direction of publisher Otis Chandler , who recruited Conrad from the Denver Post .
At the conservative Times , Conrad brought a more liberal editorial perspective that readers both celebrated and criticized ; he was also respected for his talent and his ability to speak truth to power . On a weekly basis , Conrad addressed the social justice issues of the day — poverty in America , movements for civil rights , the Vietnam War , the Israeli – Palestinian conflict , and corporate and political corruption were leading topics . His criticism of president Richard Nixon during the Watergate scandal landed Conrad on Nixon 's Enemies List , which Conrad regarded as a badge of honor .
= = Early life = =
Conrad was born to Robert and Florence Conrad . He was raised in a conservative , Catholic family with his identical twin brother James and older brother Bob in Cedar Rapids , Iowa . He attended St. Augustin Elementary School in Des Moines , where he first began to show interest in art by writing on the bathroom wall . He was left @-@ handed , but was forced by teachers to favor his right hand . Up until the age of 12 , Conrad stuttered . At an early age , Conrad was exposed to the work of Jay Norwood Darling , more popularly known as " Ding Darling " , whose conservative cartoons were featured in local newspapers and who became a " childhood role model " for Conrad .
After graduating Roosevelt High School , he and his brother spent time working construction jobs in Valdez , Alaska . Conrad also honed his talent as a musician while playing piano in a bordello . With World War II raging , Conrad and his brother enlisted . Because of his poor eyesight , Conrad was initially found to be unfit for military service , but he later served as a truck driver with the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers in the Pacific Theater of Operations at Guam and Okinawa , where he was given the nickname of " Con " . He originally planned to attend Iowa State University after the war in 1945 , but instead taught himself to play bass and joined a big band .
When the band did not work out , Conrad enrolled at the University of Iowa in 1946 , where he studied art . He first got the idea to become a cartoonist while hanging out at a local bar in Iowa City . At the bar , his friend Charlie Carroll , then the editor for the school 's newspaper , the Daily Iowan , told Conrad that they needed a cartoonist , and he invited Conrad to give it a try . One of his first cartoons for the Daily Iowan depicted Herbert Hoover , the 31st President of the United States . Conrad was soon creating six cartoons a week . Impressed with Conrad 's cartoons , his professors sent the Denver Post copies of his work .
= = Denver Post = =
After graduating from the University of Iowa with a degree in art in 1950 , Conrad joined the Denver Post , where he drew cartoons for the next 14 years . Early in his career , Conrad sought out the then retired Ding Darling in Florida for advice , and showed him copies of his work from the Daily Iowan . Unimpressed , Ding told Conrad to " get into another line of work " . This discouragement from his childhood role model pushed Conrad to work harder at the Post . At the newspaper he received support and encouragement from his editor , Palmer Hoyt , although he occasionally ran into trouble , especially when he attracted attention for creating critical , unflattering cartoons of Dwight D. Eisenhower , the 34th President of the United States . In 1960 , Time magazine recognized Conrad 's talent , saying that he was " probably the nation 's hottest new cartooning property " . Conrad received the Pulitzer Prize for editorial cartooning in 1964 . His cartoons for the Post were distributed through the Register and Tribune Syndicate in 81
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newspapers .
Previously , in December 1963 , lead cartoonist Bruce Russell of the Los Angeles Times died of a heart attack . Russell had worked for the conservative paper since 1927 . Publisher Otis Chandler , in an attempt to replace Russell and to improve the reputation of the Times , recruited Paul Conrad with the help of editor Nick Boddie Williams . Conrad took the offer of an initial three @-@ year contract and was later replaced at the Post in August 1964 by Australian cartoonist Pat Oliphant from the Adelaide Advertiser . Conrad also lectured at the Denver Art Museum in 1964 under a sponsorship from the Cooke @-@ Daniels Lecture Fund .
= = Los Angeles Times = =
Conrad moved his family to southern California , and for three decades , from 1964 to 1993 , he worked as the chief editorial cartoonist for the Los Angeles Times . His cartoons were now syndicated to hundreds of newspapers worldwide . In April 1967 , Conrad drew the cover for Time magazine in an issue about the potential candidates for the 1968 United States presidential election . The cover art depicts the upcoming election as a horse race with the candidates as jockey 's weighing @-@ in . Caricatures of Lyndon B. Johnson , Bobby Kennedy , Hubert Humphrey , Richard Nixon , Ronald Reagan , George Romney , Nelson Rockefeller , and Charles Percy grace the cover .
During the Watergate scandal , Conrad drew numerous cartoons about Richard Nixon 's downfall . One cartoon showed Nixon , during his last days as president , nailing himself to a cross . Conrad later described the cartoon as one of his all @-@ time favorites . In 1973 , the Associated Press contacted Conrad to inform him that he had been added to Nixon 's Enemies List . Unperturbed , Conrad considered his place on this list as a badge of honor , but members of the list were exposed to greater scrutiny by the government and subject to investigation . His tax returns were subsequently audited by the IRS several times , but no changes were made .
Conrad accepted an early retirement from the Times on April 1 , 1993 , but continued to draw four cartoons a week in syndication for the Los Angeles Times Syndicate . Editorial cartoonist Michael Ramirez replaced Conrad at the Times with a conservative approach .
= = Sculptures = =
Conrad first became interested in sculpture in the mid @-@ 1970s . After working on a drawing of a crucifix depicting the Christian doctrine of the Trinity , he decided to use steel to create it . He spent time at the public library learning to make welded sculpture and three months later emerged with a 272 @-@ kilogram ( 600 lb ) sculpture titled The Trinity , which was installed at Marymount College . Although it was made from steel , Conrad gave The Trinity a verde patina to give it the appearance of copper . The sculpture was restored in 2012 .
After working with large sculpture , Conrad began creating small bronze sculptures of famous Americans , beginning with Richard Nixon . Additional sculptures followed , including caricatures of Jerry Brown , Ronald Reagan , Jimmy Carter , Gerald Ford , John F. Kennedy , Ted Kennedy , and Martin Luther King Jr . Six of these sculptures were featured in an exhibition at the Los Angeles County Museum of Art in 1979 . In the 1980s , Conrad often donated smaller bronze sculptures for fundraisers . Later sculptures included Golda Meir , Abraham Lincoln , Bill Clinton , and George W. Bush . Writer Grady Miller of the Canyon News , who met and visited with Conrad at his home in the late 1990s , recalled that Conrad " was specially proud of his bronze sculptures , which could be taken as a illustration of both his artistic range and his political beliefs " .
Conrad also created several other works of public art : Risen Christ , an altar piece located at Saint John Fisher Catholic Church in Rancho Palos Verdes , California ; Otis Chandler , a bust of the publisher installed in the Los Angeles Times building ; and Chain Reaction , a peace monument in the shape of a mushroom cloud located in the Santa Monica Civic Center .
= = Awards = =
Conrad earned the Pulitzer Prize for Editorial Cartooning three times , once for his work at the Denver Post in 1964 , and twice more for his work at the Los Angeles Times , in 1971 and 1984 . The Society of Professional Journalists / Sigma Delta Chi ( SDX ) honored him seven times with the Distinguished Service Awards for Editorial Cartooning , in 1962 , 1968 , 1970 , 1980 , 1981 , 1987 , and 1996 . Conrad also won two Overseas Press Club awards ( 1981 and 1970 ) and received the Robert F. Kennedy Journalism Award four times , in 1985 , 1990 , 1992 , and 1993 . He received the Lifetime Achievement Award from the Association of American Editorial Cartoonists in 1998 , and the Lifetime Public Service Award from the Edmund G. " Pat " Brown Institute of Public Affairs at California State University , Los Angeles in 2000 .
= = Controversies = =
As an editorial cartoonist who openly editorialized from a liberal point of view on the issues of the day , Conrad was involved in many publicized political and religious disputes over his cartoons . In one dispute , he angered conservatives when he compared them to white supremacist Buford Furrow in a cartoon . Conrad 's cartoons often made fun of the governorship of Ronald Reagan , leading his wife , Nancy Reagan , to phone publisher Otis Chandler and complain about how the cartoons were ruining her husband 's breakfast . The calls were so frequent , Chandler had no choice but to stop taking them . In another dispute , members of the Jewish community of Los Angeles took issue with Conrad 's portrayal of the Israeli – Palestinian conflict .
In the late 1970s , Pope Paul VI expressed his opinion against the ordination of women , saying that priests must represent the image of Christ . This led Conrad to draw a cartoon of the pope holding a baby who resembled a miniature version of the pope in his image . Cardinal Timothy Manning complained to Conrad , but Conrad defended his work , arguing that what the " human soul " has in common is far more important that its appearance in the form of a man or woman . Conrad also criticized the Catholic church for not letting priests marry and for treating their nuns poorly . " This is the type of church Christ had in mind ? " he asked the National Catholic Reporter in 2001 .
= = Personal life = =
Conrad was an imposing man with a powerful voice who was often seen smoking a pipe while working on his cartoons . James Rainey of the Los Angeles Times described Conrad as a " towering , practically invulnerable figure " standing at " 6 feet 2 , [ with ] his large head framed by thick , black @-@ rimmed glasses " , his demeanor " loud and often profane in person " . The Library of Congress described him as " a tall Midwesterner with long hair swept straight back from his forehead [ who ] displayed a trait that he said he often wished for in his subjects : the ability to laugh at oneself " .
Conrad married Kay King , the Post 's society editor , in 1953 . As his wife , Kay became one of only two people ( along with his editor at the Times , Edwin O. Guthman ) who could influence his work .
Although he was raised as a Republican and a Catholic , his views changed as he aged . By 1960 , the media was comparing his point of view to an " Adlai Stevenson Democrat " . Conrad voted for only one Republican in his life , Dwight D. Eisenhower , but said he later regretted it . He remained a devout Catholic and his belief in social justice informed his work . According to Matt Schudel of The Washington Post , " Conrad considered himself an unabashed political liberal , except for his long @-@ held opposition to abortion . He changed his views in the 1980s , when he came to believe that it was a matter of private choice . "
= = Death = =
Conrad died at home in Rancho Palos Verdes at the age of 86 . His funeral was held at Saint John Fisher Catholic Church in Rancho Palos Verdes on September 11 , 2010 , with eulogies delivered by journalist Robert Scheer and editorial cartoonist Tony Auth . Conrad was survived by his wife , Kay King , two sons , two daughters , and one grandchild .
= = Legacy = =
Many publishers and journalists describe Conrad as one of the finest political cartoonists of the 20th century . According to the Associated Press , " Southern California political junkies for decades would start their day either outraged or delighted at a Conrad drawing . " He was one of only several post @-@ war cartoonists to have won a total of three Pulitzers for his work
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best administered and most exact in its manoeuvres .
During the initial phase of the campaign , Nansouty 's division was at first attached to Marshal Louis Nicolas Davout 's III Corps , with which it crossed the Rhine and then the Danube , before rejoining Murat 's cavalry reserve . Nansouty had a first opportunity to lead his men into combat at the Battle of Wertingen , where his men were noted for their excellent manoeuvring . Detaching his two Carabiniers @-@ à @-@ Cheval regiments , which he had to leave with Murat , Nansouty and his reduced division followed the Emperor at Augsburg , where he was attached to Marshal Jean Lannes 's V Corps . In this capacity , they supported Walther 's division at the Battle of Schöngrabern . Then , at the Battle of Wischau on 25 November 1805 , the 9th Cuirassiers participated in a major cavalry action , alongside d 'Hautpoul 's cuirassier division , Walther 's dragoons and Bessières 's Grenadiers à Cheval and Chasseurs à Cheval of the Guard cavalry .
= = = = Charge at Austerlitz = = = =
Having advanced the bulk of his army deep into Austrian territory , Napoleon faced a massed enemy army of some 85 @,@ 000 men in the vicinity of the town of Austerlitz . Combat began before dawn on 2 December 1805 , and Nansouty had his entire division reunited under his command and again placed in the Cavalry Reserve , under Murat . Nansouty was positioned on the left wing of the army and his command included his usual six regiments of three @-@ squadrons each : Brigadier General Piston 's 1st and 2nd Carabiniers @-@ à @-@ Cheval ( 205 and 181 men respectively ) , Brigadier General La Housaye 's 2nd and 9th Cuirassiers ( 304 and 280 men respectively ) and Brigadier General Saint @-@ Germain 's 3rd and 12th Cuirassiers ( 333 and 277 men respectively ) . Additionally , a horse battery from the 4th company of the 2nd horse artillery regiment was also a part of his division . These men were at first positioned on two lines , behind Caffarelli 's infantry division of Lannes 's V Corps .
At around 10 : 00 , after battle had been joined all along the front , Russian General Pyotr Bagration , who had won the cavalry action a few days earlier at Wissau , pulled his forces back from the advancing enemy infantry from the V Corps . Meanwhile , the Austrian Prince Johann I Joseph , Prince of Liechtenstein threw his 4 @,@ 000 @-@ sabre Austro @-@ Russian cavalry reserve into combat against Murat 's 6 @,@ 000 sabres . The Austro @-@ Russians did not provide infantry or artillery support to the cavalry attack , while Murat 's cavalrymen were able to cooperate with Lannes 's infantry and artillery . Taking immense casualties after a first series of actions against Lannes 's infantry , elements of the Coalition cavalry withdrew and were reformed by their commanders . Joined by Bagration 's own cavalry , they set off again , this time aiming directly at Murat 's command centre . As the Austro @-@ Russian cavalry was closing in on its target , they were steadily met by four of Nansouty 's regiments ( the two Carabiniers regiments and the 2nd and 3rd Cuirassiers ) . The sounds of the two massed cavalries colliding could be heard
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home win against the Los Angeles Clippers represented a season @-@ high in points for the Raptors . Within the same week , Bosh 's career @-@ high 41 points in a win against the Orlando Magic prompted an unheard of event at the Air Canada Centre — chants of " MVP " by the home fans . This chant was repeated in a win against Vince Carter 's New Jersey Nets ten days later — to the disbelief of Carter — a game which also saw the team break franchise records for most number of home wins and highest home winning percentage entering the All @-@ Star break .
After the break , Colangelo traded Jones for Juan Dixon , a versatile guard . Luke Jackson was also signed to provide depth to Toronto 's bench . Following a win against the Charlotte Bobcats on 1 April 2007 , Toronto clinched a playoff berth for the first time in five years . They then claimed their first division title when they defeated the Philadelphia 76ers five days later , winning the Atlantic Division crown . Another franchise record was set when Toronto won the next game against the Bulls , this time for most home wins .
The Raptors were eventually seeded third in the Eastern Conference , marking one of the biggest turnarounds in NBA history in terms of league standing and defensive ranking . Throughout the season , they were lauded for playing solid defense and good sharing and moving of the ball . José Calderón , Bargnani , Dixon and Morris Peterson turned in reliable performances from the bench while Ford and Bosh ran the offence with consistent numbers . And in Parker and Garbajosa , the Raptors had two very versatile players who could both defend and attack . Furthermore , in contrast to previous seasons , the Raptors were able to win games despite injuries to key players such as Bosh , Bargnani , Parker , Ford and Garbajosa . Colangelo , Gherardini and Mitchell were also largely credited for transforming Toronto 's fortunes .
= = = Standings = = =
= = Playoffs = =
As third seed , the Raptors played sixth seed New Jersey Nets in the first round of the 2007 NBA Playoffs . The series drew much media attention as Vince Carter , a former Raptor who left Toronto under acrimonious circumstances two seasons ago , was now back at the ACC as a Net . In the opening game , while Carter was constantly booed by the home crowd and was not an offensive threat , Toronto 's inexperience was evident as they too struggled offensively and were down 65 – 78 going into the fourth quarter . A late rally by Toronto in the fourth quarter was not enough as they eventually lost 91 – 96 . The Raptors won game 2 89 – 83 at the ACC to tie the series 1 – 1 , as Bosh recorded 25 points and a game @-@ high 13 rebounds . The Nets won games 3 and 4 to lead 3 – 1 , but Toronto forced a game 6 when they narrowly won 98 – 96 in game 5 . In that game , the Raptors set two post @-@ season franchise records : most number of points going into halftime and biggest lead for a half . The attendance for the game was also a franchise record for a playoff game . In game 6 , however , New Jersey won 98 – 97 , sealing the series 4 – 2 and sending Toronto out of the first round .
In recognition of being the chief architects of Toronto 's turnaround season , on 24 April 2007 , Mitchell was named 2006 – 07 NBA Coach of the Year , the first Raptors coach to receive this honour ; Colangelo was later named 2006 – 07 Executive of the Year .
= = Game log = =
= = = Playoffs = = =
= North Philadelphia station =
North Philadelphia station is an intercity rail and regional rail station on the Northeast Corridor , located on North Broad Street in the North Philadelphia neighborhood of Philadelphia , Pennsylvania , United States . The Southeastern Pennsylvania Transportation Authority 's ( SEPTA ) Regional Rail Trenton Line and Chestnut Hill West Line account for most of the station 's service ; five Amtrak trains also stop each weekday .
The station opened in the 1870s and was known as New York Junction and Germantown Junction . A new station , which ushered in the Beaux @-@ Arts style for large train stations , was built from 1896 to 1901 . After a 1912 – 1915 enlargement , it was renamed as North Philadelphia . Despite several other renovations , its use declined in the mid and late 20th century ; in 1991 , Amtrak constructed a smaller replacement station across the tracks . The building was renovated once more in 1999 and is now used as commercial space . It was added to the National Register of Historic Places the same year .
= = Layout and service = =
Two high @-@ level island platforms serve three of the four Northeast Corridor passenger tracks ; there is a center passing track , as well as a fifth track on the south side that is only used by CSX freights . Most SEPTA Trenton Line trains and five daily Amtrak trains ( two northbound and three southbound ) stop at these platforms . Two low @-@ level platforms , a short distance to the west , serve the diverging SEPTA @-@ owned Chestnut Hill West Line . North Philadelphia has been a flag stop on the line since 1993 . The station has relatively low inbound boardings ; however , it is used by riders from the Chestnut Hill West Line transferring to SEPTA and Amtrak trains to reach jobs in New Jersey and New York .
The station is within a few blocks of the North Broad station on SEPTA 's Main Line ( formerly belonging to the Reading Company ) , and the North Philadelphia subway station on SEPTA 's Broad Street Line .
= = History and architecture = =
= = = Germantown Junction = = =
The Pennsylvania Railroad ( PRR ) built the Connecting Railway in 1867 to connect its main line to the Philadelphia and Trenton Railroad . By the early 1870s , New York Junction station was established where the Connecting Railway crossed over the Philadelphia and Reading Railroad mainline in North Philadelphia . A signal tower , still extant , was constructed around this time .
By the early 1880s , the PRR station was known as Germantown Junction , while the Reading had its 16th Street station a block to the northwest ( and after
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1890 , Huntingdon Street station to the southeast ) . Germantown Junction station was a two @-@ story Queen Anne style building located between the diverging lines ; its large gables acted as shelters for passengers .
= = = A new station needed = = =
By the mid 1890s , the station was frequently overcrowded and North Philadelphia and the northern suburbs grew in population . The completion of the Delair Bridge in 1896 allowed passengers to ride trains directly to the summer resorts of southern New Jersey ( rather than taking a ferry to Camden ) further increased traffic on the line . George B. Roberts , president of the railroad , used his social connections to hire Theophilus Parsons Chandler , Jr. to construct a new station . The new station was constructed on a former freight yard on the south side of the tracks ( across from the previous station ) , where there was more space for the station . The site also provided better connections for passengers using newly electrified streetcars on Glenwood Avenue and North Broad Street to reach the station .
Foundation construction began in May 1896 . However , work was stopped when Roberts took ill in August ; he died the next January . The Panic of 1896 led Roberts ' successor , Frank Thomson , not to continue work . When Thomson died in 1899 , Alexander Cassatt was recalled to the PRR to serve as president . Cassatt immediately began a major capital improvement program , which included both adding capacity to mainlines and constructing large stations including Washington Union Station and New York Penn Station . Work resumed in 1900 with an enlarged floor plan , and the new station was complete in April 1901 .
= = = Architecture = = =
Previous PRR stations were generally in the picturesque eclectic style common among 19th century railroads stations , like the Victorian eclectic Overbrook station and the Furness @-@ style Broad Street Station . Germantown Junction was the first station along the Northeast Corridor to be constructed in the Châteauesque style , and it ushered in the Beaux Arts style used by the Pennsylvania and other railroads during the early 20th century .
As constructed , the main facade of the station faced Glenwood Avenue . The two @-@ story entrance loggia consisted of seven arched bays , with a three @-@ bay wing to the northeast and a two @-@ bay wing to the southwest , and acted as a transition point between the street and the station interior . The first floor ( at track level ) featured a large waiting room occupying the entire center block , with vault lights providing natural illumination and a fountain set into the western wall . Restrooms , a kitchen , and a cafe occupied the wings .
The basement housed the boiler room , a smaller waiting room , kitchen storerooms , and baggage rooms . The station appears to have had two side platforms serving four tracks , accessed through a basement @-@ level tunnel that was reached from the main waiting room by a staircase . The steep roof over the center block had several dormers , some of which were later removed . A covered ramp from the west wing , which had direct access from the south platform , led to a small trolley station on Glenwood Avenue .
= = = North Philadelphia = = =
After construction , the station served as Philadelphia 's sole stop for most long @-@ distance east @-@ west Main Line traffic to avoid a reverse move into Broad Street Station ( and later 30th Street Station ) . It also served local trains from Fort Washington , Chestnut Hill , Bustleton , and Trenton , as well as a variety of services from the PRR @-@ owned West Jersey and Seashore Railroad system . Within a decade of completion , the station was already overcrowded . On June 22 , 1912 , the PRR signed a million @-@ dollar contract for massive renovations to the station . Designed by PRR architect William H. Cookman , the modifications reflected the latest in passenger station design .
The ground was lowered by a full story on the south and east sides of the station , exposing what had formerly been the basement to improve access for taxis and private automobiles . A marquee to shelter arriving and departing passengers spanned the seven central bays of the lower level , with a more ornate version on the north end of the pedestrian tunnel . The lower waiting room was expanded , a ticket office constructed , and a larger staircase to the main waiting room was built . The floor was covered with terrazzo and green marble , with white marble wainscoting on the walls . Three bays were added to the west wing for additional functional space , removing direct track access from the ramp . Cast iron streetlights with the PRR Keystone motif in their base were located around the driveway and grounds .
The original side platforms were replaced with high @-@ level island platforms , long enough to permit level boarding for twelve @-@ car trains . The platforms and platform supports were constructed of cast @-@ in @-@ place concrete . The line was widened to eight tracks through the station , with the platforms between the 2nd and 3rd tracks and the 6th and 7th tracks . The center non @-@ platform tracks were reserved for through freights , with the outside non @-@ platform tracks used by local freights . Each platform had a 10 @-@ foot ( 3 @.@ 0 m ) -wide waiting room , 60 feet ( 18 m ) long on the eastbound ( south ) platform and 80 feet ( 24 m ) long on the westbound platform . The waiting rooms were covered in copper sheathing and had large skylights . The railroad constructed full @-@ length steel platform canopies in their own shops . A separate baggage tunnel , west of the main passenger tunnel , connected with freight elevators to the platforms . When the renovations were complete in 1915 , the station was renamed as North Philadelphia .
= = = Decline = = =
North Philadelphia continued to grow during the early 20th century as a popular residential area for the nouveau riche rejected by old money society . Two ballparks ( Baker Bowl and Shibe Park ) were located nearby , as were new cultural institutions and automotive industry
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buildings . In 1928 , the Broad Street Subway was opened with a station at North Philadelphia , offering more frequent service to downtown . Its northern entrances were located at the intersection of Glenwood Avenue and North Broad Street , with an underground passage offering an easy connection to the PRR station . The Reading Company replaced Huntingdon Avenue station with North Broad Street station , a massive Classical Revival structure rivaling the PRR station in grandeur . 30th Street Station opened in 1933 , reducing North Philadelphia 's importance for north @-@ south services . However , North Philadelphia continued to serve heavy commuter traffic and east @-@ west long @-@ distance trains .
An interior rearrangement was completed around 1942 . The women 's room for the main waiting room was moved from the east side to the west side , with one bay added to the west wing . A new dining area was constructed , occupying one @-@ third of the waiting room , with its kitchen occupying the former bathroom space . The lunch cafe and staircases were also modified .
After World War II , North Philadelphia suffered from the failure of its industries , and the PRR reduced both local and long @-@ distance service due to competition from private autos , further reducing the importance of the station . Escalators and a new drop ceiling were added around 1955 , the former due to the insistence of the city council . The surrounding parking lots and ground were rearranged in 1968 .
After a March 1976 fire , 1977 Amtrak undertook a $ 314 @,@ 000 rehabilitation of the station . The roof and portico were rebuilt , two of the three dormers removed , new restrooms added , and the platform and waiting room repaired . The loggia , windows , and other openings were covered with cinderblocks and brick .
= = = New station and reuse = = =
In the 1980s , the city and Amtrak attempted to fund a second renovation with a private partner , but plans fell through . In 1991 , Amtrak constructed a rectangular concrete and glass station building on the north side of the tracks , in front of the passenger tunnel . Access from the south was blocked off . In 1999 , the original station building was renovated at a cost of $ 7 million for use as commercial space . The front parking lot was expanded on a slope to the west ; it covered much of the ground level ( similar to the station before 1915 ) . The mechanical building and the covered ramp to the trolley station were removed . A strip mall was built just to the east , with balustrades and archways referencing the historic station . The passageway from the subway station , long closed , was likely buried at this time . The 1901 @-@ built station building was listed on the National Register of Historic Places on July 8 , 1999 .
The Amtrak ticket office was closed in April 2001 as part of austerity measures . Vandalism also forced the closure of elevators . The same year , SEPTA proposed closing the station because it served few inbound commuters . However , advocacy from the Delaware Valley Association of Rail Passengers , which showed that the station was more heavily used by commuters from the Chestnut Hill West Line changing to SEPTA Trenton Line trains and Amtrak Clockers to Trenton and New York , succeeded in persuading SEPTA to keep the station open for the time being . By 2005 , no official decision had been made to permanently keep the station , but SEPTA planned repairs to the deteriorated platforms .
In 2010 , a renovation of North
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set up a printing shop near Shoe Lane , while at around the same time Richard Pynson set up as publisher and printer next to St. Dunstan 's church . More printers and publishers followed , mainly supplying the legal trade in the four Law Inns around the area , but also publishing books and plays .
In March 1702 , London 's first daily newspaper , the Daily Courant , was published in Fleet Street . It was followed by the Morning Chronicle . The publisher John Murray was founded at No. 32 Fleet Street in 1762 and remained there until 1812 , when it moved to Albemarle Street . The popularity of newspapers was restricted due to various taxes during the early 19th century , particularly Paper Duty . Peele 's Coffee @-@ House at No. 177 – 8 Fleet Street became popular and was the main committee room for the Society for Repealing the Paper Duty in 1858 . The society was successful and the duty was abolished in 1861 . Along with the repealing of the Newspaper Tax in 1855 , this led to a dramatic expansion of newspaper production in Fleet Street . The " penny press " ( newspapers costing one penny ) became popular during the 1880s and the initial number of titles had consolidated into a few nationally important ones .
By the 20th century , Fleet Street and its surrounding area was dominated by the national press and related industries . The Daily Express relocated to No. 121 – 8 Fleet Street in 1931 , into a building designed by Sir Owen Williams . It was the first curtain wall building in London , and survived the departure of the newspaper in 1989 and was restored in 2001 . The Daily Telegraph was based at No. 135 – 142 . These premises are both Grade II Listed . In the 1930s , No. 67 housed 25 separate publications ; by this time the majority of British households bought a daily paper produced from Fleet Street .
In 1986 , News International owner Rupert Murdoch caused controversy when he moved publication of The Times and The Sun away from Fleet Street to new premises in Wapping , East London . Murdoch believed it was impossible to produce a newspaper profitably on Fleet Street and the power of the print unions , the National Graphical Association ( NGA ) and the Society of Graphical and Allied Trades ( SOGAT ) , was too strong ( an opinion endorsed by the Prime Minister , Margaret Thatcher ) . All Fleet Street print staff were sacked and new staff from the Electrical , Electronic , Telecommunications and Plumbing Union were brought in to operate the presses at Wapping using modern computer @-@ operated technology , rendering the power of the old unions obsolete . The resulting Wapping dispute featured violent protests at Fleet Street and Wapping that lasted over a year , but ultimately other publishers followed suit and moved out of Fleet Street towards Canary Wharf or Southwark . Reuters was the last major news outlet to leave Fleet Street in 2005 . The same year , The Daily Telegraph and Sunday Telegraph announced they were returning to the centre of London from Canary Wharf to new premises in Victoria in 2006 .
Some publishers have remained on Fleet Street . The London office of D.C. Thomson & Co . , creator of The Beano , is at No. 185 . The Secretariat of the Commonwealth Broadcasting Association is at No. 17 , as is Wentworth Publishing , an independent publisher of newsletters and courses . The Associated Press has an office in Fleet Street as did The Jewish Chronicle until 2013 when it moved to Golders Green . The British Association of Journalists is based at No. 89 while Metro International , publishers of the free newspaper Metro , are at No. 85 .
Though many prominent national newspapers have moved away from Fleet Street , the name is still synonymous with the printing and publishing industry . In the adjacent St. Brides Lane is the St Bride Library , holding a specialist collection relating to the type and print industry and providing courses in
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printing technology and methods . On the wall of Magpie Alley , off Bouverie Street , is a mural depicting the history of newspapers in the area .
= = = Modern history = = =
Despite the domination of the print industry , other businesses were also established on Fleet Street . The Automobile Association was established at No. 18 Fleet Street in 1905 . Since the post @-@ Wapping migration , Fleet Street is now more associated with the investment banking , legal and accountancy professions . For example , The Inns of Court and barristers ' chambers are down alleys and around courtyards off Fleet Street itself and many of the old newspaper offices have become the London headquarters for various companies ; e.g. Goldman Sachs is in the old Daily Telegraph and Liverpool Echo buildings of Peterborough Court and Mersey House .
C. Hoare & Co , England 's oldest privately owned bank , has been operating in Fleet Street since 1672 . Child & Co , now a wholly owned subsidiary of Royal Bank of Scotland , claims it is the oldest continuous banking establishment in the United Kingdom . It was founded in 1580 and has been based at No.1 Fleet Street , adjacent to Temple Bar , since 1673 . The law firm Freshfields moved to No. 65 Fleet Street in 1990 .
= = Notable buildings = =
In the High Middle Ages senior clergymen had their London palaces in the street . Place @-@ names surviving with this connection are Peterborough Court and Salisbury Court after their respective Bishops ' houses here ; apart from the Knights Templars ' establishment the Whitefriars monastery is recalled by Whitefriars Street and the remains of its undercroft have been preserved in a public display area . A Carmelite church was established on Fleet Street in 1253 , but it was destroyed during the Reformation in 1545 .
Today three churches serve the spiritual needs of the three ' communities ' associated with the area of the street . Temple Church was built by the Knights Templar in 1162 and serves the Legal profession . St Bride 's Church was established as early as the 6th century and was later designed by Sir Christopher Wren in a style the complemented St Mary Le Bow further east in the City . It remains the London church most associated with the print industry . St Dunstan @-@ in @-@ the @-@ West also dates from the 12th century supplements these as the local parish ( as opposed to guild church ) and is the London home for the Russian Orthodox church .
To the south lies an area of legal buildings known as the Temple , formerly the property of the Knights Templar , which at its core includes two of the four Inns of Court : the Inner Temple and the Middle Temple . There are many lawyers ' offices ( especially barristers ' chambers ) in the vicinity . To the west , at the junction with Strand are the Royal Courts of Justice whilst at the eastern end of the street the Old Bailey is near Ludgate Circus .
As a principal route leading to and from the City , Fleet Street was especially noted for its taverns and coffeehouses . Many notable persons of literary and political fame such as Samuel Johnson frequented these , and journalists would regularly meet in pubs to collect stories . Some , such as Ye Olde Cock Tavern at No. 22 and Ye Olde Cheshire Cheese at No. 145 , have survived to the 21st century and are Grade II listed . The El Vino 's wine bar moved to No. 47 in 1923 , quickly becoming popular with lawyers and journalists . Women were not allowed in the bar until 1982 , and then only because of a court order .
Since 1971 , the southern side of the street has been part of the Fleet Street Conservation Area , which ensures buildings are regularly maintained and the character of the street is preserved . The area expanded to the north side in 1981 .
= = Monuments and statues = =
The area around Fleet Street contains numerous statues and memorials to prominent public figures . At the north @-@ eastern corner is a bust of Edgar Wallace , and a full @-@ length representation of Mary , Queen of Scots in a first @-@ floor niche at No. 143 – 144 by John Tollemache Sinclair . Above the entrance to the old school @-@ house of St Dunstan 's is a statue of Queen Elizabeth I provided for the then new Ludgate in 1586 by William Kerwin ; it was moved to here following the gate 's demolition in 1776 . Adjacent to this is a bust of Lord Northcliffe , the newspaper proprietor , co @-@ founder of the Daily Mail and the Daily Mirror . At No. 72 is a bust of the Irish journalist and MP TP O 'Connor , constructed in 1934 by F. W. Doyle @-@ Jones .
On the southern side of the street nearby memorials and monuments include the Temple Bar . The current Temple Bar marker was designed by Sir Horace Jones in 1880 following the demolition of the older bar . In the Inner Temple Gardens is a memorial to Charles Lamb . In Salisbury Square there is an obelisk commemorating Robert Waithman , mayor of London between 1823 and 1833 , and a blue plaque commemorating the birthplace of diarist and naval secretary Samuel Pepys .
= = Notable residents = =
Several writers and politicians are associated with Fleet Street , either as residents or regulars to the various taverns , including Ben Jonson , John Milton , Izaak Walton , John Dryden , Edmund Burke , Oliver Goldsmith and Charles Lamb . The lexicographer Samuel Johnson lived at Gough Square off Fleet Street between 1748 and 1759 ; the building has survived into the 21st century . The cartographer John Senex owned a map store , The Sign of the Globe , on Fleet Street between 1725 and his death in 1736 . Wynkyn de Worde was buried in St. Bride 's Church in 1535 , as was poet Richard Lovelace in 1657 , while Samuel Pepys was baptised there in 1633 .
The Royal Society was based in Crane Court from 1710 to 1782 , when it moved to Somerset House on the Strand .
= = Cultural references = =
The barber Sweeney Todd is traditionally said to have lived and worked in Fleet Street in the 18th century , where he would murder customers and serve their remains as pie fillings . An urban myth example of a serial killer , the character appears in various English language works starting in the mid @-@ 19th century . Adaptations of the story include the 1936 George King film , the 1979 Stephen Sondheim musical , and the 2007 Tim Burton film based on the musical , all titled Sweeney Todd : The Demon Barber of Fleet Street .
Fleet Street is mentioned in several of Charles Dickens '
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heavily promote the album through live appearances , several tracks from Long Distance were featured in various television series and films . " Edge of the Ocean " was used in the movies Angel Eyes , Music and Lyrics and Shallow Hal , and the television series Grey 's Anatomy and Veronica Mars . " Worry About You " served as the theme song for the ABC drama series Kingdom Hospital , and was featured on the CBS sci @-@ fi series The 4400 , and its soundtrack . " Lucy Doesn 't Love You " was played in the similarly titled 2002 film I 'm With Lucy , while " One More Last Kiss " was in the 2002 movie Insomnia .
" Digging Your Scene " was released as a radio single and sent to modern rock radio in June 2001 . In 2002 , the single received a proper release to promote Ivy 's fourth studio album , Guestroom . Ivy visited various record stores throughout the US and Japan to promote the album , including at Sam Goody locations and in West Village ; Ivy 's touring schedule coincided with the rereleased version of Apartment Life , on September 18 , 2001 .
= = = Singles = = =
Ivy released four singles from Long Distance . In late 2000 , " Lucy Doesn 't Love You " was released as the album 's lead single . Two CD singles were issued in Japan , the first contained B @-@ side track " Blame It on Yourself " , while the second additionally contained " Digging Your Scene " . The track received favorable reviews from critics , and a music video was filmed in 2000 to promote the song . The album 's second single , " Disappointed " , was released as a radio single on July 10 , 2001 . Similarly , the track received positive feedback , and was promoted by an live performance on Late Night with Conan O 'Brien in 2001 .
Third single " Edge of the Ocean " was also released on July 10 , 2001 in the US . Compared to their previous work , the single was both a critical and commercial success , appearing in several television series and films , and peaking at No. 160 on the UK Singles Chart . Its accompanying music video became Ivy 's most @-@ watched clip on the video @-@ sharing website YouTube . The album 's fourth and final single , " I Think of You " , was released on November 9 , 2001 .
= = Critical reception = =
Long Distance received positive reviews upon release . At Metacritic , which assigns a normalized rating out of 100 to reviews from mainstream critics , the album received an average score of 68 , based on nine reviews . Jonathan Cohen from Billboard commented that " Durand 's sensual vocals are beguiling as ever " and favored singles " Disappointed " and " Edge of the Ocean " . A critic from Resonance magazine praised the album for " stay [ ing ] true to the belief that guitar pop can have cool , utopian sounds without bringing in a truckload of keyboards and sequencers " . A Launch.com reviewer stated that " no one else stateside is currently making pop quite this lush and lovely " , but disapproved of the track " Undertow " for being " short of perfection " . One of E ! Online 's music critics declared " Lucy Doesn 't Love You " a summer anthem and predicted that Long Distance would increase Ivy 's popularity .
Critics from both Rolling Stone and Blender made strong comparisons between Long Distance and the English musical duo Everything but the Girl . The former stated that " any fan on Everything but the Girl , Saint Etienne or vintage Blondie should find plenty to swoon over " , while the latter called the sound " cloudy and distant , [ but ] takes tentative steps toward Everything but the Girl " . In a more mixed review , a critic from SonicNet stated that " Ivy specialize [ s ] in nebulously oriented dream @-@ pop : too ethereal for straight pop fans , too structured for the 4AD crowd " . In a divided review , Michaelangelo Matos of City Pages noted that he preferred Ivy 's previous releases , but stated , " If your band had spent four years getting dropped and picked up and dropped again by record labels , you 'd sound tired too " . Similarly , a reviewer from Alternative Press was negative , expressing that " the 13 tracks here are improbably edgeless , all love @-@ me @-@ do / love @-@ me @-@ don 't plaints that evaporate on impact " .
= = Track listing = =
All tracks written by Ivy except " Digging Your Scene " , written by Dr. Robert .
= = Credits and personnel = =
Credits adapted from the album 's liner notes .
= = Release history = =
= Kaundinya =
Kauṇḍinya ( Sanskrit ; Pali : Koṇḍañña ) also known as Ājñātakauṇḍinya , Pali : Añña Koṇḍañña ) was a Buddhist monk follower of Gautama Buddha and the first to become an arhat . He lived during the 6th century BCE in what is now Uttar Pradesh and Bihar , India .
= = Life = =
Kaundinya was a brahmin who first came to prominence as a youth due to his mastery of the Vedas and was later appointed as a royal court scholar of King Suddhodana of the Sakyas in Kapilavastu . There Koṇḍañña was the only scholar who unequivocally predicted upon the birth of Prince Siddhartha that the prince would become an enlightened Buddha , and vowed to become his disciple . Koṇḍañña and four colleagues followed Siddhartha in six years of ascetic practice , but abandoned him in disgust after Siddhartha gave up the practice of self @-@ mortification . Upon enlightenment , Siddartha gave his first dharma talk to Koṇḍañña 's group . Koṇḍañña was the first to comprehend the teaching and thus became the first bhikkhu and arahat .
Koṇḍañña was regarded as the foremost of the five initial disciples of the Buddha and later travelled around India spreading the dharma . Among his notable converts was his nephew Puṇṇa , who the Buddha acknowledged as the foremost preacher of the dharma . In his final years , he retreated to the Himalayas and predeceased the Buddha .
Koṇḍañña 's previous rebirths are described in many accounts in Buddhist literature . These accounts show that he had vowed in previous existences to be the first to comprehend the dharma when it was to be proclaimed by an enlightened Buddha . They also document that the seeds of his relationship with Gautama Buddha as the first arahant were sown in previous existences in which they had crossed paths .
= = Early years = =
Koṇḍañña was born before the time of Siddhartha to a wealthy brahmin family in a town named in Donavatthu , near Kapilavastu , and was known by his family name . When he was growing up , he mastered the three Vedas at a young age and excelled in the science of physiognomy ( lakhana @-@ manta ) .
Koṇḍañña became a young Brahmin scholar in Kapilavastu in the Sakya kingdom of King Suddhodana . He was one among the group of scholars who were invited to the royal court to predict the destiny of Crown Prince Siddhartha at his naming ceremony . Siddhartha was
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another unspecified Cedar Fair property . Moving the ride would take some time , as the final sections of track and supports wouldn 't be removed until March 2007 .
= = = Kings Island ( 2007 – present ) = = =
On January 22 , 2007 , green Vekoma track resembling the track of X @-@ Flight was spotted at Kings Island , a Cedar Fair park in Mason , Ohio . On February 5 , 2007 , Kings Island officially announced Firehawk as the former X @-@ Flight roller coaster from Geauga Lake . Construction was scheduled to begin later that month , and the opening was set for Memorial Day weekend later that year . X @-@ Flight 's neon green track and dark blue supports were re @-@ painted red and steel gray , respectively . It was built in an area next to Flight of Fear , creating a new area named X @-@ Base which connects to nearby area Coney Mall . Firehawk officially opened as scheduled on May 26 , 2007 . It was the first roller coaster to be introduced at the park since Cedar Fair purchased it from Paramount Parks in 2006 . The first 2 @,@ 500 riders received commemorative Firehawk T @-@ shirts .
= = Ride experience = =
= = = Track = = =
The steel track is 3 @,@ 340 feet ( 1 @,@ 020 m ) in length , and the height of the lift is 115 feet ( 35 m ) . There are approximately 300 sections of track colored red with steel gray supports . When the ride operated at Geauga Lake , the track was neon green with dark blue supports .
Firehawk has a total of five inversions - one vertical loop , two inline twists , and four 180 @-@ degree inline twists that are each counted as a half inversion . These 180 @-@ degree inline twists are also known as " Lie to Fly " and " Fly to Lie " elements , in which riders on their backs are flipped to face the ground or vice versa .
= = = Layout = = =
Once riders are seated and restrained , the train is tilted backwards into a ' lay @-@ down ' position and dispatched . The train travels backwards out of the station , turns left and travels up the 115 @-@ foot ( 35 m ) lift hill at a 33 degree angle . Once the train reaches the top of the lift hill , it dips down into a twist ( called a " Lie @-@ to @-@ Fly " ) that turns the trains upside down into a flying position where riders face the ground . After the twist , the train travels down the first drop , reaching speeds of 51 mph ( 82 km / h ) . Riders then proceed through an over banked Horseshoe Curve element , passing the queue area . Following the Horseshoe , the train enters a " Fly @-@ to @-@ Lie " element that turns riders back to a lay @-@ down position . After the banked turn , the ride enters the 66 @-@ foot ( 20 m ) tall vertical loop , where riders experience 4 @.@ 3 G 's . The train then goes into another " Lie @-@ to @-@ Fly " element . Following the loop , riders enter another turn and hit two consecutive inline twists . Following the inline twists , the train enters the final helix followed by the final " Fly @-@ to @-@ Lie " element . Afterwards , the train is slowed to a stop on the brake run before returning to the station .
= = = Station = = =
The coaster features a dual station which is connected to the main track using a switch track segment ( similar to a railroad switch ) . Dual @-@ station operation allows for two trains to be loaded simultaneously for more efficient operation . This configuration existed since the ride debuted at Geauga Lake .
= = = Trains = = =
Firehawk currently operates with two trains . There are six cars with four seats in each row for a total of 24 riders per train . There were three trains during the ride 's first year at Geauga Lake , however only two have been used since . The third train became a parts donor for the first two . Originally , riders reclined on
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to office as " a foot soldier in the Reagan Revolution . " Reagan 's most famous statement regarding the role of smaller government was that " Government is not a solution to our problem , government is the problem . "
Reagan has become an iconic figure in the Republican Party , with praise for his accomplishments part of the standard GOP rhetoric a quarter century after his retirement . Washington Post reporter Carlos Lozada notes how in the 2016 presidential race the main Republican contenders have adopted " standard GOP Gipper worship , " including even Donald Trump , who previously had been skeptical .
The period of American history most dominated by Ronald Reagan and his policies concerning taxes , welfare , defense , the federal judiciary and the Cold War is known today as the Reagan Era , and emphasizes that the conservative " Reagan Revolution , " led by Reagan , had a permanent impact on the United States in domestic and foreign policy . The Clinton presidency ( 1993 – 2001 ) is often treated as an extension of the Reagan Era , as is the Bush presidency ( 2001 – 09 ) . Historian Eric Foner noted that the Obama candidacy in 2008 " aroused a great deal of wishful thinking among those yearning for a change after nearly thirty years of Reaganism . "
Campaigning for the Democratic nomination in 2008 , Barack Obama , an American liberal , interpreted how Reagan changed the nation 's trajectory :
I think Ronald Reagan changed the trajectory of America in a way that Richard Nixon did not and in a way that Bill Clinton did not . He put us on a fundamentally different path because the country was ready for it . I think they felt like with all the excesses of the 1960s and 1970s and government had grown and grown but there wasn 't much sense of accountability in terms of how it was operating . I think that people ... he just tapped into what people were already feeling , which was we want clarity , we want optimism , we want a return to that sense of dynamism and entrepreneurship that had been missing .
= = = Cultural and political image = = =
According to columnist Chuck Raasch , " Reagan transformed the American presidency in ways that only a few have been able to . " He redefined the political agenda of the times , advocating lower taxes , a conservative economic philosophy , and a stronger military . His role in the Cold War further enhanced his image as a different kind of leader . Reagan 's " avuncular style , optimism , and plain @-@ folks demeanor " also helped him turn " government @-@ bashing into an art form . "
As a sitting president , Reagan did not have the highest approval ratings , but his popularity has increased since 1989 . Gallup polls in 2001 and 2007 ranked him number one or number two when correspondents were asked for the greatest president in history . Reagan ranked third of post – World War II presidents in a 2007 Rasmussen Reports poll , fifth in an ABC 2000 poll , ninth in another 2007 Rasmussen poll , and eighth in a late 2008 poll by United Kingdom newspaper The Times . In a Siena College survey of over 200 historians , however , Reagan ranked sixteenth out of 42 . While the debate about Reagan 's legacy is ongoing , the 2009 Annual C @-@ SPAN Survey of Presidential Leaders ranked Reagan the 10th greatest president . The survey of leading historians rated Reagan number 11 in 2000 .
In 2011 , the Institute for the Study of the Americas released the first ever UK academic survey to rate U.S. presidents . This poll of UK specialists in U.S. history and politics placed Reagan as the 8th greatest U.S. president .
Reagan 's ability to connect with Americans earned him the laudatory moniker " The Great Communicator . " Of it , Reagan said , " I won the nickname the great communicator . But I never thought it was my style that made a difference — it was the content . I wasn 't a great communicator , but I communicated great things . " His age and soft @-@ spoken speech gave him a warm grandfatherly image .
Reagan also earned the nickname " the Teflon President , " in that public perceptions of him were not tarnished by the controversies that arose during his administration . According to Congresswoman Patricia Schroeder , who coined the phrase , and reporter Howard Kurtz , the epithet referred to Reagan 's ability to " do almost anything wrong and not get blamed for it . "
Public reaction to Reagan was always mixed ; the oldest president was supported by young voters , and began an alliance that shifted many of them to the Republican party . Reagan did not fare well with minority groups , especially African @-@ Americans . This was largely due to his opposition to affirmative action policies . However , his support of Israel throughout his presidency earned him support from many Jews . He emphasized family values in his campaigns and during his presidency , although he was the first president to have been divorced . The combination of Reagan 's speaking style , unabashed patriotism , negotiation skills , as well as his savvy use of the media , played an important role in defining the 1980s and his future legacy .
Reagan was known to joke frequently during his lifetime , displayed humor throughout his presidency , and was famous for his storytelling . His numerous jokes and one @-@ liners have been labeled " classic quips " and " legendary . " Among the most notable of his jokes was one regarding the Cold War . As a microphone test in preparation for his weekly radio address in August 1984 , Reagan made the following joke : " My fellow Americans , I 'm pleased to tell you today that I 've signed legislation that will outlaw Russia forever . We begin bombing in five minutes . " Former aide David Gergen commented , " It was that humor ... that I think endeared people to Reagan . "
= = = Honors = = =
Reagan received a number of awards in his pre- and post @-@ presidential years . After his election as president , Reagan received a lifetime gold membership in the Screen Actors Guild , was inducted into the National Speakers Association Speaker Hall of Fame and received the United States Military Academy 's Sylvanus Thayer Award .
In 1981 , Ronald Reagan was inducted as a Laureate of The Lincoln Academy of Illinois and awarded the Order of Lincoln ( the state 's highest honor ) by the Governor of Illinois in the area of Government .
In 1989 , Reagan was made an Honorary Knight Grand Cross of the Order of the Bath , one of the highest British orders ( this entitled him to the use of the post @-@ nominal letters " GCB " but , as a foreign national , not to be known as " Sir Ronald Reagan " ) ; only two American presidents have received this honor , Reagan and George H.W. Bush . Reagan was also named an honorary Fellow of Keble College , Oxford . Japan awarded him the Grand Cordon of the Order of the Chrysanthemum in 1989 ; he was the second American president to receive the order and the first to have it given to him for personal reasons ( Dwight D. Eisenhower received it as a commemoration of U.S.-Japanese relations ) .
On January 18 , 1993 , Reagan 's former Vice @-@ President and sitting President George H. W. Bush awarded him the Presidential Medal of Freedom ( awarded with distinction ) , the highest honor that the United States can bestow . Reagan was also awarded the Republican Senatorial Medal of Freedom , the highest honor bestowed by Republican members of the Senate .
On Reagan 's 87th birthday , in 1998 , Washington National Airport was renamed Ronald Reagan Washington National Airport by a bill signed into law by President Bill Clinton . That year , the Ronald Reagan Building and International Trade Center was dedicated in Washington , D.C. He was among 18 included in Gallup 's List of Widely Admired People of the 20th century , from a poll conducted in the U.S. in 1999 ; two years later , USS Ronald Reagan was christened by Nancy Reagan and the United States Navy . It is one of few Navy ships christened in honor of a living person and the first aircraft carrier to be named in honor of a living former president .
In 1998 the U.S. Navy Memorial Foundation awarded Reagan its Naval Heritage award for his support of the U S Navy and military in both his film career and while he served as president .
Congress authorized the creation of the Ronald Reagan Boyhood Home National Historic Site in Dixon , Illinois in 2002 , pending federal purchase of the property .
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role of its navy was solely to defend the nation 's coast .
Monarch had an overall length of 99 @.@ 22 meters ( 325 ft 6 in ) , a beam of 17 meters ( 55 ft 9 in ) and a draft of 6 @.@ 4 meters ( 21 ft 0 in ) . Her two 4 @-@ cylinder vertical triple @-@ expansion steam engines produced a total of 8 @,@ 500 indicated horsepower ( 6 @,@ 300 kW ) using steam from five cylindrical boilers . These gave the ship a maximum speed of 17 @.@ 8 knots ( 33 @.@ 0 km / h ; 20 @.@ 5 mph ) . Monarch 's maximum load of 500 metric tons ( 490 LT ) of coal gave her a range of 3 @,@ 500 nautical miles ( 6 @,@ 500 km ; 4 @,@ 000 mi ) at a speed of 9 knots ( 17 km / h ; 10 mph ) . She was manned by 26 officers and 397 enlisted men , a total of 423 personnel .
The armament of the Monarch class consisted of four 240 @-@ millimeter ( 9 @.@ 4 in ) Krupp K / 94 guns mounted in two twin @-@ gun turrets , one each fore and aft of the superstructure . The ships carried 80 rounds for each gun . Their secondary armament was six 150 @-@ millimeter ( 6 in ) Škoda guns located in casemates in the superstructure . Defense against torpedo boats was provided by ten quick @-@ firing ( QF ) 47 @-@ millimeter ( 1 @.@ 9 in ) Škoda guns and four 47 @-@ millimeter QF Hotchkiss guns . The ships also mounted two 450 @-@ millimeter ( 18 in ) torpedo tubes , one on each broadside . Each torpedo tube was provided with two torpedoes .
The ship 's nickel @-@ steel waterline armor belt was 120 – 270 millimeters ( 4 @.@ 7 – 10 @.@ 6 in ) thick and the gun turrets were protected by 250 millimeters ( 9 @.@ 8 in ) of armor . The casemates had 80 millimeters ( 3 @.@ 1 in ) thick sides while the conning tower had 220 millimeters ( 8 @.@ 7 in ) of armor . Monarch 's deck armor was 40 millimeters ( 1 @.@ 6 in ) thick .
The Monarch @-@ class ships were ordered in May 1892 , with Monarch to be built at the Pola Naval Arsenal ( Seearsenal ) . The ship was laid down on 31 July 1893 , and she was launched on 9 May 1895 by Archduchess Maria Theresa , wife of Archduke Karl Ludwig . She was commissioned on 11 May 1898 .
= = Service history = =
Monarch and her sisters formed the Navy 's 1st Capital Ship Division ( I. Schwere Division ) in 1899 , and the division made a training cruise to the Eastern Mediterranean where they made port visits in Greece , Lebanon , Turkey and Malta later that year . In early 1902 , they made another training cruise to the Western Mediterranean with port visits in Algeria , Spain , France , Italy , Corfu , and Albania . The ship was fitted with a Siemens @-@ Braun radio early the following year . The ships of the division were inspected by Archduke Franz Ferdinand , the heir to the throne , in March 1903 at Gravosa . In 1904 , the Monarch @-@ class ships formed the 2nd Capital Ship Division , and they took part in the 1904 cruise of the Adriatic and Mediterranean Seas as well as training exercises in which the three Habsburg @-@ class battleships engaged the Budapest and her sisters in simulated combat . Those maneuvers marked the first time two homogeneous squadrons consisting of modern battleships operated in the Austro @-@ Hungarian Navy . In the summer of 1905 , Wien ran aground during a night exercise off Meleda Island ; it took two tries by Budapest and Habsburg to pull her off .
The Monarchs were relegated to the newly formed Reserve Squadron on 1 January 1906 , and were only recommissioned for the annual summer exercises . They participated in a fleet review by Archduke Franz Ferdinand , conducted in the
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size of the orbits of Mars and the Earth . He noted that the edge of the disk of Mars appeared fuzzy because of its atmosphere , which limited the precision he could obtain for the planet 's position .
In August 1877 , the American astronomer Asaph Hall discovered the two moons of Mars using a 660 mm ( 26 in ) telescope at the U.S. Naval Observatory . The names of the two satellites , Phobos and Deimos , were chosen by Hall based upon a suggestion by Henry Madan , a science instructor at Eton College in England .
= = Martian canals = =
During the 1877 opposition , Italian astronomer Giovanni Schiaparelli used a 22 cm ( 8 @.@ 7 in ) telescope to help produce the first detailed map of Mars . These maps notably contained features he called canali , which were later shown to be an optical illusion . These canali were supposedly long straight lines on the surface of Mars to which he gave names of famous rivers on Earth . His term canali was popularly mistranslated in English as canals . In 1886 , the English astronomer William F. Denning observed that these linear features were irregular in nature and showed concentrations and interruptions . By 1895 , English astronomer Edward Maunder became convinced that the linear features were merely the summation of many smaller details .
In his 1892 work La planète Mars et ses conditions d 'habitabilité , Camille Flammarion wrote about how these channels resembled man @-@ made canals , which an intelligent race could use to redistribute water across a dying Martian world . He advocated for the existence of such inhabitants , and suggested they may be more advanced than humans .
Influenced by the observations of Schiaparelli , Percival Lowell founded an observatory with 30 @-@ and @-@ 45 cm ( 12 @-@ and @-@ 18 in ) telescopes . The observatory was used for the exploration of Mars during the last good opportunity in 1894 and the following less favorable oppositions . He published books on Mars and life on the planet , which had a great influence on the public . The canali were found by other astronomers , such as Henri Joseph Perrotin and Louis Thollon using a 38 cm ( 15 in ) refractor at the Nice Observatory in France , one of the largest telescopes of that time .
Beginning in 1901 , American astronomer A. E. Douglass attempted to photograph the canal features of Mars . These efforts appeared to succeed when American astronomer Carl O. Lampland published photographs of the supposed canals in 1905 . Although these results were widely accepted , they became contested by Greek astronomer Eugène M. Antoniadi , English naturalist Alfred Russel Wallace and others as merely imagined features . As bigger telescopes were used , fewer long , straight canali were observed . During an observation in 1909 by Flammarion with a 84 cm ( 33 in ) telescope , irregular patterns were observed , but no canali were seen .
= = Refining planetary parameters = =
Surface obscuration caused by yellow clouds had been noted in the 1870s when they were observed by Schiaparelli . Evidence for such clouds was observed during the oppositions of 1892 and 1907 . In 1909 , Antoniadi noted that the presence of yellow clouds was associated with the obscuration of albedo features . He discovered that Mars appeared more yellow during oppositions when the planet was closest to the Sun and was receiving more energy . He suggested windblown sand or dust as the cause of the clouds .
In 1894 , American astronomer William W. Campbell found that the spectrum of Mars was identical to the spectrum of the Moon , throwing doubt on the burgeoning theory that the atmosphere of Mars is similar to that of the Earth . Previous detections of water in the atmosphere of Mars were explained by unfavorable conditions , and Campbell determined that the water signature came entirely from the Earth 's atmosphere . Although he agreed that the ice caps did indicate there was water in the atmosphere , he did not believe the caps were sufficiently large to allow the water vapor to be detected . At the time , Campbell 's results were considered controversial and were criticized by members of the astronomical community , but they were confirmed by American astronomer Walter S. Adams in 1925 .
Baltic German astronomer Hermann Struve used the observed changes in the orbits of the Martian moons to determine the gravitational influence of the planet 's oblate shape . In 1895 , he used this data to estimate that the equatorial diameter was 1 / 190 larger than the polar diameter . In 1911 , he refined the value to 1 / 192 . This result was confirmed by American meteorologist Edgar W. Woolard in 1944 .
Using a vacuum thermocouple attached to the 2 @.@ 54 m ( 100 in ) Hooker Telescope at Mount Wilson Observatory , in 1924 the American astronomers Seth Barnes Nicholson and Edison Pettit were able to measure the thermal energy being radiated by the surface of Mars . They determined that the temperature ranged from − 68 ° C ( − 90 ° F ) at the pole up to 7 ° C ( 45 ° F ) at the midpoint of the disk ( corresponding to the equator ) . Beginning in the same year , radiated energy measurements of Mars were made by American physicist William Coblentz and American astronomer Carl Otto Lampland . The results showed that the night time temperature on Mars dropped to − 85 ° C ( − 121 ° F ) , indicating an " enormous diurnal fluctuation " in temperatures . The temperature of Martian clouds was measured as − 30 ° C ( − 22 ° F ) . In 1926 , by measuring spectral lines that were redshifted by the orbital motions of Mars and Earth , American astronomer Walter Sydney Adams was able to directly measure the amount of oxygen and water vapor in the atmosphere of Mars . He determined that " extreme desert conditions " were prevalent on Mars . In 1934 , Adams and American astronomer Theodore Dunham , Jr. found that the amount of oxygen in the atmosphere of Mars was less than one percent of the amount over a comparable area on Earth .
In 1927 , Dutch graduate student Cyprianus Annius van den Bosch made a determination of the mass of Mars based upon the motions of the Martian moons , with an accuracy of 0 @.@ 2 % . This result was confirmed by the Dutch astronomer Willem de Sitter and published posthumously in 1938 . Using observations of the near Earth asteroid Eros from 1926 to 1945 , German @-@ American astronomer Eugene K. Rabe was able to make an independent estimate the mass of Mars , as well as the other planets in the inner Solar System , from the planet 's gravitational perturbations of the asteroid . His estimated margin of error was 0 @.@ 05 % , but subsequent checks suggested his result was poorly determined compared to other methods .
During the 1920s , French astronomer Bernard Lyot used a polarimeter to study the surface properties of the Moon and planets . In 1929 , he noted that the polarized light emitted from the Martian surface is very similar to that radiated from the Moon , although he speculated
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pump plants , some shared with the California State Water Project ( SWP ) . Many CVP water users are represented by the Central Valley Project Water Association .
In addition to water storage and regulation , the system has a hydroelectric capacity of over 2 @,@ 000 megawatts , provides recreation , and provides flood control with its twenty dams and reservoirs . It has allowed major cities to grow along Valley rivers which previously would flood each spring , and transformed the semi @-@ arid desert environment of the San Joaquin Valley into productive farmland . Freshwater stored in Sacramento River reservoirs and released downriver during dry periods prevents salt water from intruding into the Sacramento @-@ San Joaquin Delta during high tide . There are eight divisions of the project and ten corresponding units , many of which operate in conjunction , while others are independent of the rest of the network . California agriculture and related industries now directly account for 7 % of the gross state product for which the CVP supplied water for about half .
Despite the benefits of the Project , many CVP operations have resulted in disastrous environmental and historical consequences . The salmon population in four major California rivers have declined as a result , and many natural river environments , such as riparian zones , meanders and sandbars no longer exist . Many archaeological and historic sites , as well as Native American tribal lands , now lie submerged under reservoirs for the CVP , which has received heavy criticism for promoting high @-@ water @-@ demand irrigated industrial farming that in turn has polluted rivers and groundwater . USBR has also been known to stretch the boundaries of many state and federal regulations in its operations of the CVP . The Central Valley Project Improvement Act , passed in 1992 , intends to alleviate some of the problems associated with the CVP with programs like the Refuge Water Supply Program .
In recent years , a combination of drought and regulatory decisions passed based on the Endangered Species Act of 1973 have forced Reclamation to turn off much of the water for the west side of the San Joaquin Valley in order to protect the fragile ecosystem in the Sacramento @-@ San Joaquin Delta and keep alive the dwindling fish populations of Central Valley rivers .
= = Overview = =
= = = Operations = = =
The CVP stores about 13 @,@ 000 @,@ 000 acre feet ( 16 @,@ 000 @,@ 000 dam3 ) of water in 20 reservoirs in the foothills of the Sierra Nevada , the Klamath Mountains and the California Coast Ranges , and passes about 7 @,@ 400 @,@ 000 acre feet ( 9 @,@ 100 @,@ 000 dam3 ) of water annually through its canals . Of the water transported , about 5 @,@ 000 @,@ 000 acre feet ( 6 @,@ 200 @,@ 000 dam3 ) goes to about 3 @,@ 000 @,@ 000 acres ( 1 @,@ 200 @,@ 000 ha ) of irrigated agricultural fields , 600 @,@ 000 acre feet ( 740 @,@ 000 dam3 ) supplies municipal uses , and 800 @,@ 000 acre feet ( 990 @,@ 000 dam3 ) is released into rivers and wetlands in order to comply with state and federal ecological standards .
Two large reservoirs , Shasta Lake and Trinity Lake , are formed by a pair of dams in the mountains north of the Sacramento Valley . Water from both of these lakes are released into the Sacramento River , which flows to the Sacramento @-@ San Joaquin Delta , at controlled rates . There , before it can flow on to San Francisco Bay and the Pacific Ocean , some of the water is intercepted by a diversion channel and transported to the Delta @-@ Mendota Canal , which conveys water southwards through the San Joaquin Valley , supplying water to San Luis Reservoir ( a SWP @-@ shared facility ) and the San Joaquin River at Mendota Pool in the process , eventually reaching canals that irrigates farms in the valley . Friant Dam crosses the San Joaquin River upstream of Mendota Pool , diverting its water southwards into canals that travel into the Tulare Lake area of the San Joaquin Valley , as far south as the Kern River . Finally , New Melones Lake , a separate facility , stores water flow of a San Joaquin River tributary for use during dry periods . Other smaller , independent facilities exist to provide water to local irrigation districts .
= = = History = = =
Despite the rich soils and favorable weather of the 42 @,@ 000 @-@ square @-@ mile ( 110 @,@ 000 km2 ) Central Valley , inhabitants of the valley who were unfamiliar with its natural rainfall patterns and started to practice intense irrigated agriculture on the arid land soon found themselves troubled by frequent floods in the Sacramento Valley and a general lack of water in the San Joaquin Valley . The Sacramento River , which drains the northern part , receives between 60 @-@ 75 % of the precipitation in the Valley , despite the Sacramento Valley covering less area than the much larger San Joaquin Valley , drained by the San Joaquin River , which receives only about 25 % of the rainfall . Furthermore , cities drawing water from the Sacramento @-@ San Joaquin Delta faced problems in dry summer and autumn months when the inflowing water was low . In order to continue to sustain the valley 's economy , there needed to be systems to regulate flows in the rivers and equally distribute water among the north and south parts of the valley .
In 1873 , Barton S. Alexander completed a report for the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers that was the first attempt at creating a Central Valley Project . In 1904 , the Bureau of Reclamation ( then the Reclamation Service ) first became interested in creating such a water project , but did not get far involved until a series of droughts and related disasters occurred in the early 1920s . The State of California passed the Central Valley Project Act in 1933 , which authorized Reclamation to sell revenue bonds in order to raise about $ 170 million for the project . Unfortunately , because of insufficient money in the state 's treasury and the coincidence with the Great Depression , California turned to the national government for funding to build the project . This resulted in several transfers of the project between California and the federal government , and between Reclamation and the Army Corps of Engineers . The first dams and canals of the project started going up in the late 1930s , and the last facilities were completed in the early 1970s . Other features of the project were never constructed , some lie partly finished , or are still awaiting authorization .
= = Facilities in the Sacramento Valley = =
= = = Sacramento River = = =
Shasta Division consists of a pair of large dams on the Sacramento River north of the city of Redding . The Shasta Dam is the primary water storage and power generating facility of the CVP . It impounds the Sacramento River to form Shasta Lake , which can store over 4 @,@ 500 @,@ 000 acre feet ( 5 @,@ 600 @,@ 000 dam3 ) of water , and can generate 680 MW of power . Shasta Dam functions to regulate the flow of the Sacramento River so that downstream diversion dams and canals can capture the flow of the river more efficiently , and to prevent flooding in the Sacramento @-@ San Joaquin Delta where many water pump facilities for San Joaquin Valley aqueducts are located . The Keswick Dam functions as an afterbay ( regulating reservoir ) for the Shasta Dam , also generating power .
The Sacramento Canals Division of the CVP takes water from the Sacramento River much farther downstream of the Shasta and Keswick Dams . Diversion dams , pumping plants , and aqueducts provide municipal water supply as well as irrigation of about 98 @,@ 000 acres ( 4 @,@ 000 @,@ 000 dam2 ) . The Red Bluff Diversion Dam diverts part of the Sacramento River into the 110 @-@ mile ( 180 km ) Tehama @-@ Colusa Canal , the 21 @-@ mile ( 34 km ) Corning Canal and a small reservoir formed by Funks Dam . Five pump plants take water from the canal and feed it to the Colusa County water distribution grid .
= = = Trinity River = = =
Trinity River Division is the second large CVP department for the northern Sacramento Valley . The primary purpose of the division is to divert water from the Trinity River into the Sacramento River drainage downstream of Shasta Dam in order to provide more flow in the Sacramento River and generating peaking power in the process . Trinity Dam forms Trinity Lake , the second largest CVP water @-@ storage reservoir , with just over half the capacity of Shasta and a generating capacity of 140 MW . Lewiston Dam , downstream of Trinity Dam , diverts water into the Clear Creek Tunnel , which travels to empty into a third reservoir , Whiskeytown Lake on Clear Creek , a tributary of the Sacramento River , generating 154 MW of power in the
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Dearborn Street . A new four @-@ story office building — designed by the architectural firm of Daniel Burnham — was built on this location in 1912 and expanded during 1913 – 14 with an additional six stories . This building was later listed on the National Register of Historic Places on February 29 , 1996 , maintained by the United States Department of the Interior and its National Park Service .
At a time when women had trouble finding work and workers were often oppressed , Boyce felt their rights were important : his businesses employed many women and he supported labor unions . His newspapers often carried stories about the " nobility of labor " . His businesses were able to pay out wages and benefits during the Panic of 1893 , a time when many businesses were laying off workers and cutting wages . During the Pullman Strike of the Pullman Palace Car Company in 1894 , which spread to 20 companies in over half the states , Boyce called Eugene V. Debs , the socialist labor national leader of the American Railway Union , a " great labor leader " and industrialist George Pullman , inventor of the railroad passenger and sleeping car , the man " who caused all the trouble " ( then current labor and social / political strife of the 1890s ) . In 1901 when the Boyce Paper Manufacturing Company in Marseilles , Illinois , burned down , he paid the workers immediately and then hired them back as construction workers to rebuild the paper mill so they would not lose income . Yet , he was also protective of his money . In late 1894 , when two of his workers were injured by a fallen smokestack and won $ 2 @,@ 000 each in a court judgment , Boyce appealed the case all the way to the Supreme Court of Illinois , and lost . He was also persistent in getting what he wanted ; in 1902 , he sued the Marseilles Land and Power Company for not supplying enough water power to his mills and won a $ 65 @,@ 300 judgment . By 1903 , the Marseilles Land and Power Company fell into receivership and Boyce bought the company up .
Boyce hired his son , Ben , when he was 20 years old , giving him high @-@ level positions in his water and power businesses in and around Marseilles and Ottawa . However , their relationship was often strained by Boyce 's high expectations and Ben 's carelessness with his funds in activities such as betting on horse races .
During June – August 1906 , the government proposed quadrupling the postage rate for second @-@ class mail , which included newspapers , from one cent to four cents per pound . In response , Boyce proposed buying the Post Office Department for $ 300 million ( USD ) , claiming that he would reduce postal rates by half , eliminate chronic deficits by applying business methods to postal operations , establish a rural postal express , pay rent to the United States Department of the Treasury for postal buildings , and return profits over seven percent . This offer was rejected by the government , but it did halt their planned second @-@ class postage rate increase .
Boyce was a multi @-@ millionaire by the early 1900s and by 1909 became more interested in civic affairs and less in finance . He also began to travel , often as part of hunting expeditions . He leased hunting lodges at Fort Sisseton , South Dakota , where he had hunted as a young man . He often hosted friends and relatives , especially his son , for activities such as hunting , fishing , dinner , poker , and plentiful liquor . These changes may have been in part caused by the destruction of his Ottawa mansion by fire in early 1908 , which was soon rebuilt , followed three months later by the sale of his Marseilles paper mill due to a new law that prevented railroads from negotiating with shippers , and his September 1908 announcement that he and his wife , Mary Jane , were separating .
In 1914 Boyce bought two more newspapers , the " Indianapolis Sun " , which he renamed the " Indianapolis Daily Times " , and the " Inter Ocean Farmer " , which he renamed " The Farming Business " . By 1920 , the majority of Americans lived in cities instead of rural areas . Lone Scout , " Saturday Blade " , and " Chicago Ledger " all focused on rural customers and began to falter . Boyce launched " Home Folks Magazine " in an attempt to regain customers . By June 1925 , sales had slipped so much that he merged the latter two titles into the " Blade and Ledger " , which caused sales to rise again . This encouraged Boyce to start " Movie Romances " , one of the first tabloid magazines about movie star romances .
Boyce 's success in the publishing business lay in his ability to organize the administration of a business and delegate details to subordinates . He eventually amassed a fortune of about $ 20 million USD . Boyce 's life paralleled Theodore Roosevelt 's in many ways : Both men were products of the Progressive Era , internationally prominent , had concern for children , supported Scouting , were adventurers and outdoorsmen , ( modern @-@ day " environmentalists " ) , and were interested in civic reform . Although Boyce admired and sought to surpass Roosevelt , his only foray into politics was the 1896 Republican primary for a United States Representative ( congressman ) in the U.S. House of Representatives — a bitterly fought campaign which he lost to first @-@ term incumbent George E. Foss . In all likelihood , Boy
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2002 , and was replaced with Nuri in 2004 .
= Francis Bok =
Francis Piol Bol Bok ( born February 1979 ) , a Dinka tribesman and native of South Sudan , was a slave for ten years but is now an abolitionist and author living in the United States . On May 15 , 1986 , he was captured and enslaved at the age of seven during an Arab militia raid on the village of Nyamlel in South Sudan during the Second Sudanese Civil War . Bok lived in bondage for ten years before escaping imprisonment in Kurdufan , Sudan , followed by a journey to the United States by way of Cairo , Egypt .
Bok was aided by people of diverse cultures and faiths in his journey to freedom . His earliest steps towards the United States were helped by a Northern Sudanese Muslim family that believed that slavery was wrong and provided him a bus ticket to Khartoum . Upon arriving in Khartoum , Bok was aided by a fellow Dinka tribesman and members of the Fur people , and his trip to the United States was paid for by members of the Lutheran church . His first point of contact in the United States was a refugee from Somalia who helped him get settled in Fargo , North Dakota .
Bok has testified before the United States Senate and met with George W. Bush , Madeleine Albright and Condoleezza Rice , telling them his story of slavery . He has been honored by the United States Olympic Committee , the Boston Celtics and colleges and universities throughout the United States and Canada . Francis now lives in the U.S. state of Kansas , where he works for the American Anti @-@ Slavery Group ( AASG ) and Sudan Sunrise , an organization that works for peace in Sudan . Bok 's autobiography , Escape from Slavery : The True Story of My Ten Years in Captivity and My Journey to Freedom in America , published by St. Martin 's Press , chronicles his life , from his early youth , his years in captivity , to his work in the United States as an abolitionist .
= = Childhood and abduction = =
Francis Bok was raised in a large Catholic family of cattle herders in the Dinka village of Gurion in Southern Sudan . His father , Bol Buk Dol , managed several herds of cattle , sheep and goats . When Bok was captured at the age of 7 on May 15 , 1986 , he could not count beyond 10 and knew very little of the outside world .
Bok was captured after
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his mother , Adut Al Akok , had sent him to the village of Nyamlell to sell eggs and peanuts in the village market with some older siblings and neighbors . This was Bok 's first trip to the village without his mother , and it was the first time he was allowed to sell some of the family 's goods at the market .
Bok went to the market , where he heard adults say that they had seen smoke coming from nearby villages and had heard gunfire in the distance . People began fleeing the market as Francis saw horsemen with machine guns . The gunmen surrounded the market and shot the men in Nyamlell . The raiders were part of an Islamic militia from the northern part of Sudan that conducted periodic raids on the villages of their Dinka neighbors , who were Christians or animists of Sub @-@ Saharan African descent .
= = Life as a slave = =
Seven @-@ year @-@ old Bok was captured by Giemma , a member of the slave hunting militia , who forced him to join a caravan of slaves , stolen produce , livestock and wares that the militia had captured in their raid of the Dinka settlement . When the members of the militia split up to return to their homes , Bok was taken by Giemma . Upon arriving at Giemma 's residence , Francis was beaten by his captor 's children with sticks and was called abeed . The word literally means " slave " and the stereotype is that of an inferior , demeaned , Negroid race . Francis was given quarters in a hovel near the pens of Giemma 's livestock .
Bok began a ten @-@ year period of slavery at the hands of Giemma and his son Hamid . He was forced to tend the family 's herds of livestock . He had to take them to pastures in the area and to local watering holes , where he saw other Dinka boys who were also forced to tend herds of livestock . He began to suspect that his life was going to change forever and that his father was not going to be able to save him . His attempts to speak to the other Dinka boys were futile , as they were speaking Arabic , which he could not understand ; they also seemed afraid to speak to him .
According to Bok , as he grew older , Giemma and Hamid began to place more trust in his abilities as a herdsman . Care of the cattle , horses and camels was passed to Bok and he was able to spend more time alone with the animals . Previously he had been under the careful supervision of Hamid and sometimes Giemma . In addition to having him serve as his slave , Giemma forced Francis to convert to Islam and to take the Arabic name of Abdul Rahman , meaning " servant of the compassionate one . " In his autobiography , Francis states that although he was forced to convert to Islam , that he never stopped praying to God for strength to get him through his ordeal .
Bok tried twice to flee from slavery at the age of 14 . The first instance happened early one morning after he had been sent out with the cattle . Bok blindly ran down a road for several miles before he was captured by one of Giemma 's fellow militia members . Giemma 's peer returned Francis to the Giemma 's compound , where he was beaten with a bullwhip . Bok attempted to escape once again just two days later , when he fled in the opposite direction of his previous escape . He once again fled for several miles , this time keeping to the forest . He stopped for water at a local stream crossing , where he was spotted by Giemma who happened to be there as well . Giemma forced Francis back to his home , this time promising to kill him . Francis was beaten again , but Giemma chose not to kill him , as Francis had become too valuable to the family as a slave .
= = Escape = =
Francis Bok waited three years , until 1996 , before he tried to escape again . During the intervening three years he tended to the herds and regained Giemma 's trust . Giemma regularly praised Bok 's work with the animals yet still forced him to live a life of slavery .
Bok finally escaped from Giemma when he was 17 years old by walking through the forest to the nearby market town of Mutari . Bok went to the local police department to seek help , and asked the police to help him find his people . Instead of helping him , the police made him their slave for two months . Bok escaped from the police by simply taking their donkeys to the well , tying them , and leaving them behind as he walked into the crowded marketplace .
Bok asked a man with a truck to give him a ride out of Mutari . The man , a Muslim named Abdah , agreed to help him . Abdah thought that slavery was wrong and agreed to transport Bok to the town of Ed @-@ Da 'Ein in the back of his truck amongst his cargo of grain and onions . Bok stayed with Abdah , his wife and two sons for two months while Abdah tried to find a way to take Bok to Khartoum , the capital city of Sudan . When he could not find a friend to provide passage to Khartoum , Abdah bought a bus ticket to Khartoum for Bok . Francis Bok arrived in Khartoum with no money , no place to go , and did not know where to turn . Fortunately for Francis , another stranger helped him find his way to his fellow Dinka tribespeople in Khartoum in the Jabarona settlement .
= = Journey to the United States = =
Jabarona was filled with Dinka refugees who had fled the fighting in the south of Sudan and were forced to live together in sub @-@ standard conditions . Bok settled among people who were from the Aweil area of North Bahr al Ghazal and began using his Christian name of Francis once again . Bok was quickly arrested by the Sudanese police for telling his friends and neighbors that he was a slave . Slavery in Sudan is a subject that was largely denied by the government in Khartoum and anybody that spoke of it could be arrested or even killed . Francis was interrogated numerous times while he was imprisoned and each time he denied that he was a slave . He was finally released from prison after seven months . Once he was released Bok decided that he must leave Sudan . Through the help of some Dinka tribesman he was able to acquire a Sudan
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ese passport on the black market and obtain a ticket for passage to Cairo .
Upon arriving in Cairo in April 1999 , Bok was directed to Sacred Heart Catholic Church . This church was well known among the Dinka in Khartoum as a place of refuge in Cairo . While staying at Sacred Heart , Bok began to learn some English and made important contacts among the Dinka population of Cairo . He also began practicing his Christian faith without fear of reprisal . He eventually moved out of the church compound and into an apartment with other Dinka who were also seeking UN refugee status in order to leave Africa for the United States , Great Britain or Australia .
Bok applied for and received UN refugee status on September 15 , 1999 , and after several months of waiting , the United States Immigration and Naturalization Service agreed to allow Francis to move to the U.S. Bok flew from Cairo to New York City on August 13 , 1999 , and from there he flew to Fargo , North Dakota . His journey was sponsored by Lutheran Social Services and a United Methodist Church , both worked together to provide an apartment for Francis in Fargo and helped him find a job . Bok worked several jobs , making pallets and plastic knobs for the gearshift of cars . He heard of a large population of Dinka in Ames , Iowa , and moved to Ames after several months in Fargo . It was while living in Ames that he was contacted by Charles Jacobs , founder of the American Anti @-@ Slavery Group based in Boston , Massachusetts .
= = Work as an abolitionist = =
Jesse Sage , associate director of the American Anti @-@ slavery Group , and Jacobs persuaded Bok to move to Boston to work with the AASG . He was initially hesitant to leave his new friends in Ames , but according to Bok , the people at AASG were persistent . He arrived in Boston on May 14 , 2000 , AASG helped him find an apartment . A week after moving to Boston , he was invited to speak at a Baptist church in Roxbury and was interviewed by Charles A. Radin of The Boston Globe . Two days after his speech in Roxbury , Bok was asked to meet with supporters of AASG on the steps of the United States Capitol in Washington , D.C. He returned to Washington on September 28 , 2000 , and became the first escaped slave to speak before the United States Senate Committee on Foreign Relations . Francis was invited to Washington again in 2002 for the signing of the Sudan Peace Act and met with President George W. Bush . It was during this trip to the White House that Bok became the first former slave to meet with a U.S. President since the 19th century .
Francis Bok has spoken at churches and universities throughout the United States and Canada and he has helped launch the American Anti @-@ Slavery Group 's website iAbolish.org at a Jane 's Addiction concert before an audience of 40 @,@ 000 on April 28 , 2001 . Perry Farrell was a key early supporter of the iAbolish movement . Bok has also been honored by the Boston Celtics and was chosen to carry the Olympic Torch past Plymouth Rock prior to the 2002 Winter Olympics . His autobiography , Escape from Slavery : The True Story of My Ten Years in Captivity and My Journey to Freedom in America , was published in 2003 by St. Martin 's Press .
Bok currently lives with his wife , Atak , and their two young children , Buk and Dhai , in Kansas . He is now working in the AASG 's first extension office in Kansas . He also works with Sudan Sunrise , a Lenexa , Kansas @-@ based organization that seeks to work for peace and unity in Sudan .
= Ray Emery =
Ray Emery ( born September 28 , 1982 ) is a Canadian professional ice hockey goaltender who is currently an unrestricted free agent . Emery was chosen 99th overall by the National Hockey League ( NHL ) Ottawa Senators in the 2001 NHL Entry Draft . During the 2006 – 07 season , he led the Ottawa Senators to the Stanley Cup finals in 2007 . It was the Senators ' first appearance in the finals since 1927 . His teammates and fans often refer to him as " Razor " or " Sugar Ray " for his aggressive playing style . He won a Stanley Cup with the Chicago Blackhawks in 2013 .
Emery has received numerous awards and accolades . In April 2013 , he won the William M. Jennings Trophy along with teammate Corey Crawford , awarded to the goaltender or goaltenders who give up the fewest goals in the season . Emery finished the season with a 1 @.@ 94 goals against average and a 0 @.@ 922 save percentage . His 17 wins included 12 straight to start the year , the best such streak in NHL history . Emery is a two @-@ time Bill Masterton Memorial Trophy finalist for his dedication and perseverance .
= = Early life = =
Emery was born in Cayuga , Ontario . His parents are Sharlene and Paul Emery . He has two younger brothers . He grew up in a century @-@ old farmhouse , he excelled in school , being offered a scholarship and sports . He played many sports other than hockey , including golf , baseball , and soccer . In ice hockey , he originally played defence , but switched to goaltender at nine years old due to a shortage of goaltenders in his league .
= = Playing career = =
= = = Pre @-@ NHL = = =
Emery decided to commit to hockey on the advice of his mother , after a potential scholarship during his pursuit for higher education pushed him to take advantage of his natural ability . At 16 years old , Emery landed with OJHL team Junior C Dunnville Terriers after unsuccessful trying out for eight different junior teams . Emery was named the league 's " Rookie of the Year "
Emery was drafted by Ontario Hockey League ( OHL ) ' s Sault Ste . Marie Greyhounds in the fifth round of the 1999 OHL Draft . Emery split the 1999 – 2000 season between the Welland Cougars of the OHA and the Greyhounds in the OHL . In 2000 – 01 with the Greyhounds . During his last season in junior , 2001 – 02 , Emery gained notoriety for his fighting ability . He was named OHL 's " Goaltender of the Year " , setting a record of 33 wins and a GAA of 2 @.@ 73 .
In 2001 , Emery was drafted by the Ottawa Senators after enjoying his most successful OHL season in 2001 – 02 .
In 2002 – 03 , Emery joined the Binghamton Senators of the American Hockey League ( AHL ) and immediately assumed the position of starting Goaltender for his first professional season with the team . He was named to the AHL All @-@ Star team , made the league 's all @-@ rookie team & became Binghamton 's MVP .
Emery was suspended twice for on @-@ ice incidents the same season . Once for bumping a referee which suspended him for three games . The other incident was an altercation with Denis Hamel of the Rochester Americans when Hamel admittedly uttered a racial slur . Emery retaliated and was suspended for three games . Emery and Hamel later became teammates in Binghamton , and Hamel apologized " for not thinking about what I was saying , in the heat of a game "
= = = Ottawa Senators ( 2005 – 2008 ) = = =
Emery was chosen 99th overall by the Senators in the 2001 NHL Entry Draft . During the 2006 – 07 season , Em
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a war correspondent ) and productions of Patience , Pirates , Claude Duval and Billee Taylor in association with J. C. Williamson in Australia , among other things .
Carte also introduced the practice of licensing amateur theatrical societies to present works for which he held the rights , increasing the works ' popularity and the sales of scores and libretti , as well as the rental of band parts . This had an important influence on amateur theatre in general . Cellier and Bridgeman wrote in 1914 that , prior to the creation of the Savoy operas , amateur actors were treated with contempt by professionals . After the formation of amateur Gilbert and Sullivan companies licensed to perform the operas , professionals recognised that the amateur societies " support the culture of music and the drama . They are now accepted as useful training schools for the legitimate stage , and from the volunteer ranks have sprung many present @-@ day favourites . " Cellier and Bridgeman attributed the rise in quality and reputation of the amateur groups largely to " the popularity of , and infectious craze for performing , the Gilbert and Sullivan operas " . The National Operatic and Dramatic Association was founded in 1899 . It reported , in 1914 , that nearly 200 British societies were producing Gilbert and Sullivan operas that year .
After Patience , Carte produced Iolanthe , which opened in 1882 . During its run , in February 1883 , Carte signed a five @-@ year partnership agreement with Gilbert and Sullivan , obliging them to create new operas for him upon six months ' notice . Sullivan had not intended to immediately write a new work with Gilbert , but he suffered a serious financial loss when his broker went bankrupt in November 1882 and must have felt the long @-@ term contract necessary for his security . Gilbert scholar Andrew Crowther comments , " Effectively , [ the contract ] made [ Gilbert and Sullivan ] Carte 's employees – a situation which created its own resentments . " The partnership 's next opera , Princess Ida , opened in January 1884 . Carte soon saw that Ida was running weakly at the box office and invoked the agreement to call upon his partners to write a new opera . The musical establishment constantly pressured Sullivan to abandon comic opera in favour of serious music , and after he was knighted in 1883 , the pressure only increased . He soon regretted having signed the five @-@ year contract . In March 1884 , Sullivan told Carte that " it is impossible for me to do another piece of the character of those already written by Gilbert and myself . "
During this conflict and others during the 1880s , Carte and Helen Lenoir frequently worked to smooth over the partners ' differences using a mixture of friendship and business acumen . Sullivan asked to be released from the partnership on several occasions . Nevertheless , Carte was able to coax eight comic operas out of his partners in the 1880s . When Princess Ida closed after a comparatively short run of nine months , for the first time in the partnership 's history , the next opera was not ready . Gilbert first suggested a plot in which people fell in love against their wills after taking a magic lozenge – a scenario that Sullivan had previously rejected . Gilbert eventually came up with a new idea and began work in May 1884 .
Carte produced the first revival of The Sorcerer , together with Trial by Jury , and matinees of The Pirates of Penzance played by a cast of children , while he waited for his partners to finish writing the new work . This became the partnership 's most successful opera , The Mikado , which opened in March 1885 . The piece satirised British institutions by setting them in a fictional Japan and took advantage of the Victorian craze for the exotic and " picturesque " Far East . The Mikado became the partnership 's longest @-@ running hit , lasting for 672 performances at the Savoy Theatre , and supplanting Patience as the second @-@ longest @-@ running work of musical theatre up to that time . It was extraordinarily popular in the US and worldwide and remains the most frequently performed Savoy Opera .
The partnership 's next opera was Ruddigore , which opened in January 1887
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ast since this collection 's US release . " Jon Caraminica of The New York Times described " The Climb " as an " appealing new single [ that ] is just the sort of demure , inspirational country @-@ rock that could easily be mistaken for self @-@ reckoning . " While reviewing a concert performance , James Reed of The Boston Globe called the song " bland but inspirational fare " .
= = = Awards and nominations = = =
" The Climb " won " Best Song from a Movie " at the 2009 MTV Movie Awards and " Music Choice : Single " at the 2009 Teen Choice Awards . At the 52nd Grammy Awards , " The Climb " received a nomination for the Best Song Written for a Motion Picture , Television or Other Visual Media , a songwriter 's award . However , Walt Disney Records withdrew the song from consideration because the song was not " written specifically for a motion picture , television or other visual media " , as the Grammy eligibility rules dictated . According to Rolling Stone magazine , " The Climb " was submitted for consideration by mistake . The National Academy of Recording Arts and Sciences ( NARAS ) , the presenters of the Grammy Awards , released a statement stating , " Walt Disney Records was proactive and forthcoming to our awards department and verified that the song was not written specifically for the film Hannah Montana : The Movie . Based on this information , the Academy has complied with the label 's request . " NARAS replaced the nomination with the song with the next highest initial vote count , " All is Love " , which was written by Karen O and Nick Zinner for the film Where the Wild Things Are . Dan Milliken of Country Universe gave the song a D + . His review consisted solely of two motivational posters : one reading " Life : Its [ sic ] not about the destination , but the journey " to describe the song 's content , and a mock poster reading " Success : Everything is easy when you 're cute " for his actual review . He later expanded his review , calling it " a soulless rephrasing of an extremely famous philosophical message ( so famous it borders on cliche ) that doesn ’ t provide an emotionally coherent context or justification " . Milliken gave the song a higher grade because " she ’ s a pretty good singer for someone her age " .
= = Commercial performance = =
On the week ending March 7 , 2009 , " The Climb " debuted at number 48 on Billboard 's Hot Country Songs . It was , incidentally , the same week that " Back to Tennessee " , by Cyrus 's father , Billy Ray Cyrus , debuted at number 59 , the first time a father and daughter had separate charting songs on the chart since Johnny and Rosanne Cash charted in 1990 with " Silver Stallion " and " One Step over the Line " , respectively . " The Climb " eventually peaked at number 25 on the country @-@ genre chart . For the week ending March 21 , 2009 , the song debuted at number six on the Billboard Hot 100 due to sales of 166 @,@ 000 digital downloads , thus making " The Climb " Cyrus 's highest @-@ charting effort at the time , surpassing her previous best @-@ charting effort " 7 Things " , which peaked at number nine in July 2008 . For the week ending May 2 , 2009 , the song reached its peak at number four on the Hot 100 . " The Climb " also peaked at number seven on the Pop 100 chart , 42 on Hot Christian Songs , and at number one for 15 consecutive weeks on Hot Adult Contemporary Tracks . Cyrus became the youngest artist to top Adult Contemporary since LeAnn Rimes entered the chart in 1997 with " How Do I Live " . According to Billboard , " The Climb " was the eighth best selling digital single of 2009 . The single was certified triple platinum by the Recording Industry Association of America ( RIAA ) for the sales of over two million copies . As of January 2014 , " The Climb " has sold 3 @,@ 709 @,@ 000 copies in the United States . In Canada , " The Climb " entered at number 17 and eventually peaked at number five . The single was certified triple platinum by Music Canada for the sales of 240 @,@ 000 digital downloads .
" The Climb " was also a success in Australia and New Zealand . The song made its debut on the Australian Singles Chart at number 46 on April 19 , 2009 . After ten weeks on the chart , " The Climb " reached number five on the chart , where it stayed for two consecutive weeks . " The Climb " was placed at number 84 on the decade @-@ end Australian Singles Chart . The song has been certified platinum by the Australian Recording Industry Association ( ARIA ) for sales above 70 @,@ 000 . " The Climb " debuted in the New Zealand Singles Chart at number 25 on April 13 , 2009 and reached its peak at number 12 on June 15 , 2009 . On September 4 , 2009 , it was certified gold by the Recording Industry Association of New Zealand ( RIANZ ) for sales exceeding 7 @,@ 500 copies .
In the UK Singles Chart , " The Climb " made its entry at number 82 on March 28 , 2009 and reached its peak at number 11 on June 16 , 2009 . With its peak at number 11 , it tied for Cyrus 's best @-@ charting effort on the chart with " See You Again " from October 2008 . The single was certified silver by the British Phonographic Industry ( BPI ) for the shipment of over 200 @,@ 000 copies . In Ireland , the song also peaked at number 11 . In mainland Europe , the song peaked at number 23 on Eurochart Hot 100 Singles , number eleven on Belgian Tip Singles Chart ( Flanders ) , and number five on Norwegian Singles Chart . The song experienced similar commercial outcomes throughout the rest of Europe ; it appeared within the top 30 of charts in Austria , Belgium ( Wallonia ) , and France .
= = Music video = =
Matthew Rolston directed the music video for " The Climb " , which premiered on Cyrus 's Myspace page on February 11 , 2009
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50 . MD 16 was relocated at Williston Lake shortly after the construction of a new bridge across the lake 's outlet , Mill Creek , in 1968 . The state highway was straightened out through Madison in 1970 , leaving behind Old Madison Road .
= = Junction list = =
= = Auxiliary route = =
MD 16A is the designation for the 0 @.@ 04 @-@ mile ( 0 @.@ 064 km ) section of Beauchamp Branch Road between MD 16 and its old alignment , MD 617 , just south of Williston Lake near Williston .
= The Make @-@ Up =
The Make @-@ Up was an American post @-@ punk band from Washington , D.C. formed in 1995 , consisting of ex @-@ Nation of Ulysses frontman Ian Svenonius on vocals , James Canty on guitar and organ , Steve Gamboa on drums , and Michelle Mae on bass guitar . The Make @-@ Up were joined in late 1999 by a fifth member , Alex Minoff ( of the groups Golden and Extra Golden ) , who played guitar with the group until the band 's dissolution in early 2000 .
The Make @-@ Up combined garage rock , soul , and a self @-@ styled liberation theology to make a new genre they called " Gospel Yeh @-@ Yeh " . This style led to an emphasis on live performances and interaction between the band and their audience , incorporating the audience into the performances as a " fifth member " , creating what one reviewer described as " " highly energetic and participatory live shows " . Parallel to the band 's gospel musical stylings , the Make @-@ Up produced music under a communism @-@ influenced political philosophy that they saw as counter to the capitalist form of modern rock and roll and pop music .
The Make @-@ Up released four studio albums , two live albums , a compilation release collecting several singles and B @-@ sides , and a number of vinyl singles , all released on independent record labels such as Dischord Records , K Records , and Southern Records . Svenonius , Mae , and Minoff are now part of the group Weird War . Svenonius has since released a solo album under the pseudonym David Candy . Canty went on to play with Ted Leo and the Pharmacists and French Toast . The Make @-@ Up , after much prodding by Les Savy Fav , reformed in 2012 to perform at I 'll Be Your Mirror .
= = History = =
Before the formation of the Make @-@ Up , Svenonius , Canty , and Gamboa were members of The Nation of Ulysses and the short @-@ lived Cupid Car Club . Before joining the Make @-@ Up , Mae played with the Northwest group The Frumpies . In a post @-@ Nation of Ulysses interview , Svenonius explained the formation of the Make @-@ Up from the ashes of his former band : " Nation of Ulysses broke up because the epoch changed with the advent of digital music and the Nirvana explosion . We were faced with what 's now known as indie rock , a sort of vacuous form . We had to determine our next move and this [ the forming of Make @-@ Up ] is it " . The Make @-@ Up released records through many independent record labels , most notably Dischord Records , K Records , Southern Records , and their own Black Gemini Records . On their numerous releases , the Make @-@ Up recorded with a number of producers , including Brendan Canty , Calvin Johnson , Guy Picciotto , Royal Trux ( " Adam and Eve " ) , John Loder , and Ian MacKaye . They toured extensively with many groups such as Dub Narcotic Sound System , Royal Trux , Sonic Youth , Fugazi , Ted Leo , Slant 6 , Lungleg , Mr. Quintron , Les Savy Fav , Blonde Redhead , among others .
In 2000 , after releasing their fifth studio album , the Make @-@ Up dissolved , reportedly " due to the large number of counter @-@ gang copy groups which had appropriated their look and sound and applied it to vacuous and counter @-@ revolutionary forms " . Svenonius also added in retrospect , " [ The Make @-@ Up ] went on for five years . We had a five year plan like Stalin . It was becoming redundant and people were copying us . That 's fine . We don 't have to do it anymore because they can " .
= = Recordings = =
During the Make @-@ Up 's five years of activity , they released four studio albums , a live album , a compilation of singles and B @-@ sides ,
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Swaminarayan sect . It contains views on dharma ( moral conduct ) , jnana ( understanding of the nature of the self ) , vairagya ( detachment from material pleasure ) , and bhakti ( pure , selfless devotion to God ) , the four essentials Hindu scriptures describe as necessary for a jiva ( soul ) to attain moksha ( salvation ) .
Satsangi Jeevan
Satsangi Jeevan is the authorised biography of Swaminarayan . The book contains information on the life and teachings of Swaminarayan . It is written by Shatanand Swami and completed in Vikram Samvat 1885 . Swaminarayan decided to make Gadhada his permanent residence on the insistence of Dada Khachar and his sisters.Swaminarayan instructed Shatanand Swami to write a book on his life and pastimes .
To enable Shatanand swami to write from His childhood , Swaminarayan had blessed Shatanand Swami with Sanjay Drishti - special power to see the entire past right from His childhood .
Once written by Shatanand Swami , this book was verified and authenticated by Swaminarayan . He was much pleased to read the book . Swaminarayan then asked his disciples to do Katha of Satsangi Jeevan
= = Relations with other religions and the British Government = =
Swaminarayan strived to maintain good relationships with people of other religions , sometimes meeting prominent leaders . His followers cut across religious boundaries , including people of Muslim and Parsi backgrounds . Swaminarayan 's personal attendants included Khoja Muslims . In Kathiawad , many Muslims wore kanthi necklaces given by Swaminarayan . He also had a meeting with Reginald Heber , Lord Bishop of Calcutta and a leader of Christians in India at the time . Bishop Heber mentions in his account of the meeting that about two hundred disciples of Swaminarayan accompanied him as his bodyguards mounted on horses and carrying Matchlocks and swords . Bishop Heber himself had about a hundred horse guards accompanying him ( fifty horses and fifty muskets ) and mentioned that it was humiliating for him to see two religious leaders meeting at the head of two small armies , his being the smaller contingent . As a result of the meeting , both leaders gained mutual respect for one another .
Swaminarayan enjoyed a good relationship with the British Imperial Government . The first temple he built , in Ahmedabad , was built on 5 @,@ 000 acres ( 20 km2 ) of land given by the government . The British officers gave it a 101 gun salute when it was opened . It was in an 1825 meeting with Reginald Heber that Swaminarayan is said to have intimated that he was a manifestation of Krishna.Template : Rp = 81 In 1830 , Swaminarayan had a meeting with Sir John Malcolm , Governor of Bombay ( 1827 to 1830 ) . According to Malcolm , Swaminarayan had helped bring some stability to a lawless region . During the meeting with Malcolm , Swaminarayan gave him a copy of the Shikshapatri . This copy of the Shikshapatri is currently housed at the Bodleian Library at University of Oxford . Swaminarayan also encouraged the British Governor James Walker to implement strong measures to stop the practice of sati .
= = Death and succession = =
In 1830 , Swaminarayan gathered his followers and announced his departure . He later died on 1 June 1830 ( Jeth sud 10 , Samvat 1886 ) , and it is believed by followers that , at the time of his death , Swaminarayan left Earth for Akshardham , his abode . He was cremated according to Hindu rites at Lakshmi Wadi in Gadhada .
Prior to his death , Swaminarayan decided to establish a line of acharyas or preceptors , as his successors . He established two gadis ( seats of leadership ) . One seat was established at Ahmedabad ( Nar Narayan Dev Gadi ) and the other one at Vadtal ( Laxmi Narayan Dev Gadi ) on 21 November 1825 . Swaminarayan appointed an acharya to each of these gadis to pass on his message to others and to preserve his fellowship , the Swaminarayan Sampraday . These acharyas came from his immediate family after sending representatives to search them out in Uttar Pradesh . He formally adopted a son from his brothers and appointed them to the office of acharya . Ayodhyaprasad , the son of Swaminarayan 's elder brother Rampratap and Raghuvira , the son of his younger brother Ichcharam , were appointed acharyas of the Ahmedabad Gadi and the Vadtal Gadi respectively . Swaminarayan decreed that the office should be hereditary so that acharyas would maintain a direct line of blood descent from his family . The administrative division of his followers into two territorial dioceses is set forth in minute detail in a document written by Swaminarayan called Desh Vibhaag Lekh . Swaminarayan stated to all the devotees and saints to obey both the Acharyas and Gopalanand Swami who was considered as the main pillar and chief ascetic for the Sampraday .
The current acharyas of the Swaminarayan Sampraday are Koshalendraprasad Pande , of the Ahmedabad Gadi , and Rakeshprasadji Pande , of the Vadtal Gadi .
Decades after his death , several divisions occurred with different understandings of succession . This included the establishment of Bochasanwasi Shri Akshar Purushottam Swaminarayan Sanstha ( BAPS ) , the founder of which left the Vadtal Gadi in 1905 , and Maninagar Swaminarayan Gadi Sansthan , the founder of which left the Ahmedabad Gadi in the 1940s . The followers of BAPS hold Gunatitanand Swami as the spiritual successor to Swaminarayan , asserting that on several occasions Swaminarayan revealed to devotees that Gunatitanand Swami was Aksharbrahm manifest . Followers of BAPS believe that the acharyas were given administrative leadership of the sect while Gunat
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itanand Swami was given spiritual leadership by Swaminarayan . The current spiritual and administrative leader of BAPS is Shastri Narayanswarupdas . The followers of the Maninagar Swaminarayan Gadi Sansthan hold Gopalanand Swami as the successor to Swaminarayan . The current leader of this sect is Purushottampriyadasji Maharaj .
= = Following and manifestation belief = =
According to the biographer Raymond Williams , when Swaminarayan died , he had a following of 1 @.@ 8 million people . In 2001 , Swaminarayan centres existed on four continents , and the congregation was recorded to be five million , the majority in the homeland of Gujarat . The newspaper Indian Express estimated members of the Swaminarayan sect of Hinduism to number over 20 million ( 2 crore ) worldwide in 2007 .
In his discourses recorded in the Vachanamrut , Swaminarayan mentions that humans would not be able to withstand meeting god in his divine form , hence God takes human form ( simultaneously living in his abode ) so people can approach , understand and love him in the form of an Avatar . While no detailed statistical information is available , most of the followers of Swaminarayan share a belief that Swaminarayan is the complete manifestation of Narayana or Purushottam Narayana - the Supreme Being and superior to other avatars . A Swaminarayan sectarian legend tells how Narayana from the Nara Narayana pair , was cursed by sage Durvasa to incarnate on the earth as Swaminarayan .
Some of Swaminarayan 's followers believe he was an incarnation of Lord Krishna . The images and stories of Swaminarayan and Krishna have coincided in the liturgy of the sect . The story of the birth of Swaminarayan parallels that of Krishna 's birth from the scripture Bhagavata Purana . Swaminarayan himself is said to have intimated that he was a manifestation of God in a meeting with Reginald Heber , the Lord Bishop of Calcutta , in 1825 .
The belief of many followers that their founder was the incarnation of the Supreme God has also drawn criticism . According to Professor Raymond B. Williams , Swaminarayan was criticized because he received large gifts from his followers and dressed and traveled as a Maharaja even though he had taken the vows of renunciation of the world . Swaminarayan responded that he accepts gifts for the emancipation of his followers .
Mahatma Gandhi , leader of the Indian independence movement in British @-@ ruled India , had a low opinion of the sect and he criticized Swaminarayan and Vallabha Acharya for propagating the values which he thought were contrary to the true spirit of Vaishnavism . In a letter dated 25 July 1918 , to Manganlal Gandhi , he stated , “ To be sure , I have felt in all seriousness that Swaminarayan and Vallabhacharaya have robbed us of our manliness . They made the people incapable of self @-@ defense ... It was all to the good that people
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the Maharishi 's teachings , a position that left him isolated within the band . Author Simon Leng describes " Long , Long , Long " as the first song in which Harrison " share [ d ] the spiritual refuge he 'd found " through meditation , as well as " a confluence of the Indian , folk , and spiritual influences " that had preoccupied him since 1966 .
In his autobiography , I , Me , Mine , Harrison states that " the ' you ' in ' Long Long Long ' is God . " He also says that his musical inspiration for the composition was Bob Dylan 's " Sad Eyed Lady of the Lowlands " – specifically , " D to E minor , A and D – those three chords and the way they moved " . As a further influence in " Long , Long , Long " , Leng cites the release of the Band 's debut album , Music from Big Pink , which " signaled the rebirth of ' the song ' " as an alternative to the excesses of 1967 @-@ era psychedelia .
= = Composition = =
According to musicologist Alan Pollack , " Long , Long , Long " is " an off @-@ beat mixture " of contemporary musical styles ; he identifies it as " a three @-@ way cross between jazz waltz , folk song , and late sixties psychedelia " . The song is in the key of F , played with a capo on the guitar 's third fret , so allowing for the chord shapes that Harrison admired in " Sad Eyed Lady of the Lowlands " . The melody appears to fluctuate from the home key , however , due to its avoidance of perfect cadences , as the dominant , C7 chord resists anchoring on the tonic I chord of F major . In addition , all plagal changes ( in this case , B ♭ to F major ) are fleeting . The composition also makes use of jazz @-@ style ninth chords .
Lyrically , the song takes the form of a reconciliation with a loved one after a long period of estrangement . Theologian Dale Allison considers that , given the " cryptic " nature of the lyrics , it is only through Harrison 's subsequent comments that the listener knows that he is addressing God rather than a woman . Allison likens the song 's message to that of later Harrison compositions such as " Try Some , Buy Some " and " Heading for the Light " , through its conveying of a " conversion experience " .
The lyrics ' reference to an extreme length of time is accentuated by the stretching out of an already slow 6 / 8 metre into 9 / 8 , and , during the verses , by the appending of a measure @-@ long instrumental tag after each two bars of vocal melody . Partly as a result of the absence of resolution in the home key , the descending bassline in the verses – a 4 @-@ 3 @-@ 2 @-@ 1 sequence of notes mirroring the IV @-@ iii @-@ ii @-@ I chord pattern – establishes an almost subliminal tonic .
The mood of the song is gentle and meditative , with the more strident middle eight providing a brief departure from the calmness . In this section , Harrison sings of " So many tears I was searching / So many tears I was wasting " , a statement that , according to author Ian Inglis , reflects the singer 's " rejoicing in his discovery of a deity to guide him through the vicissitudes of life " . Everett remarks on the close similarity between " Long , Long , Long " and " Sad Eyed Lady of the Lowlands " , as well as an understated musical mood akin to the Band 's early work . The song 's ending , which would come about through happenstance while the Beatles were working in the recording studio , is marked by Harrison playing a final , G minor 7th chord , which author Ian MacDonald considers " one of the most resonant [ chords ] in The Beatles ' discography " .
= = Recording = =
Under the working title " It 's Been a Long , Long , Long Time " , recording for the song began at EMI 's Abbey Road Studios in London on 7 October 1968 , during the final week of sessions for the White Album . Since the start of the project , in late May , the album sessions had been fraught with disharmony , partly as a result of the constant presence of Yoko Ono , Lennon 's new partner , and disagreements within the band over their new business venture , Apple Corps . While noting the context of the song 's recording , MacDonald describes " Long , Long , Long " as Harrison 's " touching token of exhausted , relieved reconciliation with God " .
The session for " Long , Long , Long " was a relaxed occasion , with the burning of Indian incense helping to create the requisite atmosphere in the studio . The Beatles recorded 67 takes of the rhythm track , with Harrison on vocals and acoustic guitar , McCartney playing Hammond organ , and Ringo Starr on drums .
In his book on the history of ambient music , Mark Prendergast cites " Long , Long , Long " as a ballad " noteworthy for its Ambient production " . The idea for the end of the song was inspired by the sound created by a wine bottle sitting on a Leslie speaker , through which the organ was connected . Whenever McCartney played a certain note on the keyboard , the bottle began to vibrate , producing an eerie clattering sound that the Beatles decided to incorporate in their subsequent performances of the track . To compound the effect on the selected take , Starr played a fast snare drum roll and Harrison vocalised a prolonged , high @-@ pitched wail . While noting the " palpable spiritual longing " conveyed in the song , Chris Gerard of PopMatters describes this coda as a " weird spectral ending , with Harrison wailing like a wounded ghost while the band members rattle their instruments ominously " .
Nine hours after this all @-@ night session , the band returned to Abbey Road to carry out overdubs . Harrison added a second vocal and another acoustic guitar part , the latter consisting of riffs that recall the sound of a sitar , due to the strings buzzing against the frets . During the same session , McCartney overdubbed bass guitar onto the track . The recording was finished on 9 October , with the addition of a brief harmony vocal from McCartney and piano , over the middle eight , played by Chris Thomas .
Mixing on " Long , Long , Long " was completed on 14 October , with Starr 's drum fills given prominence in the mix . Relative to the stereo version , the contrast between the song 's quiet and louder moments is less pronounced in the mono mix , where Harrison 's second vocal part also arrives earlier on the opening line .
= = Release
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and Peter Perry from Durham submitted a tender for the earthwork . Locke insisted that both earthwork and masonry work should be under one contract , which Perry accepted and subcontracted the masonry work to Sharpe . Subsequently Perry reneged on his part of the contract , resulting in serious disputes between Sharpe , Locke , and the directors of the railway company concerning the costs involved and the quality of the work . The masonry for this section of the line included 15 under @-@ and @-@ over bridges and the six @-@ arch viaduct over the River Conder at Galgate . The eventual outcome of the conflict was that Sharpe was dismissed from the work in 1839 with agreed financial compensation , having built most but not all of these structures .
Sharpe 's next venture into railway building came in 1845 when , with others , he promoted the building of a cross @-@ country line from Lancaster to Skipton to join the Midland Railway in the West Riding of Yorkshire . This became known as the " Little " North Western Railway ( " L " NWR ) , with projected branches joining the Lancaster and Carlisle Railway ( then under construction ) at points near Milnthorpe and Orton . In the event the Milnthorpe branch was dropped during the committee stage of the passage through Parliament of the enabling Bill , leaving the Lancaster and Orton branches intact , parting at Ingleton and making much use of the Lune Valley .
About this time , the amount of trade handled by the Port of Lancaster was declining , largely owing to silting up of the River Lune . In May 1842 Sharpe had been elected a Port Commissioner , and later proposed what became the Morecambe Bay Harbour Project . This planned to build a new port at Poulton @-@ le @-@ Sands ( soon to become part of Morecambe ) , and link it to Lancaster by means of a ship canal . After prolonged discussion this proved to be too expensive , and it was agreed to link Lancaster and Morecambe by railway rather than by canal . An Act for the creation of the Morecambe Harbour and Railway Company ( MH & R ) received Royal assent in July 1846 , the revised plan being to link this line to the " L " NWR at Green Ayre , in the northern part of Lancaster next to the River Lune . A clause in the Act allowed the MH & R to be sold to the " L " NWR , which took place in October . The parts played by Sharpe in all of this financial manoeuvring were conflicting and complex : he was simultaneously a Port Commissioner , a Town Councillor , a member of the board of the Morecambe Bay Harbour Company , and Secretary to the " L " NWR . In 1847 , near the Morecambe terminus of the railway , Sharpe laid the first stone of the North Western Hotel ( later the Midland ) , which he ( or more probably Paley ) had designed . In April that year Sharpe had resigned as Secretary to the " L " NWR to enable him to tender for building the line from Morecambe to Wennington , a village north @-@ east of Lancaster near to the Yorkshire border . His tender of £ 100 @,@ 000 ( equivalent to £ 8 @,@ 240 @,@ 000 as of 2015 ) for the line ( excluding the bridge over the River Lune at Green Ayre ) was accepted . He also gained the contract for building the harbour . In June 1848 the section of line from Lancaster to Morecambe was opened , and by October 1849 the ten @-@ mile section from Lancaster to Wennington was completed . In September Sharpe had also resigned as a director of the " L " NWR to become its traffic manager , and was then contracted to manufacture and supply rolling stock for the railway , something for which he had neither expertise nor previous experience . By February 1851 the line was experiencing difficulties , its traffic being less than expected and its costs rising ; and in December Sharpe was given notice that his contract with the company would be curtailed the following month .
Sharpe then turned his attention to the Liverpool , Crosby and Southport Railway ( LCSR ) and acted as its company secretary . When in 1854 the Lancashire and Yorkshire Railway discontinued leasing its rolling stock to the LCSR , Sharpe arranged the manufacture of its own locomotives and carriages . Also in 1854 he submitted proposals for a branch line running from Bootle to the North Docks in Liverpool , part of which was built in March 1855 , though the project was never completed .
= = = North Wales = = =
In early 1856 Sharpe moved with his family to Llanrwst , North Wales with the intention of building a railway along the Conwy Valley . The prospectus for a line running from Conwy to Llanrwst was published in 1858 , with Sharpe named as its engineer . The intention for the full line was to build it from the Chester and Holyhead Railway to Betws @-@ y @-@ Coed , passing through Llanrwst ; it would be 15 miles ( 24 km ) long , with a gauge of 3 feet 3 inches ( 991 mm ) . A series of discussions and negotiations followed , resulting in changes to the route of the line from the
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zo Spagnolo , a Genoa supporter , was stabbed prior to kick @-@ off and subsequently died while receiving treatment . The match was later abandoned once word was sent to the players and staff during half @-@ time . Milan manager Fabio Capello admitted his players were deeply affected by the incident and struggled to focus on the Super Cup match . He told reporters : " I believe that the psychological balance of each player has been damaged by Sunday 's tragedy . Our team was in great condition until Sunday . But in the past few days I have had to wake up the players . So I 'm not able to anticipate which kind of Milan you will see . " 800 Milan supporters travelled to London , and Capello denied reports a section of them intended to cause trouble .
Paul Merson returned to the Arsenal squad , after his much @-@ publicised cocaine , alcohol and drug addiction . The England international , who was admitted to a rehabilitation clinic for treatment during his absence , started on the substitutes ' bench . Arsenal lined up in a 4 – 4 – 2 formation , with Ian Wright paired alongside John Hartson upfront and Kevin Campbell shifted on the right of midfield . Milan lined up in a similar formation , with Marcel Desailly and Demetrio Albertini anchoring the midfield .
A minute 's silence was observed before kick @-@ off in memory of Spagnolo ; as is tradition in Italian football , the Milanese supporters clapped throughout to pay their respect . The game itself was lacklustre and was described as a " training match , " lacking in " fervour and commitment " by The Times football correspondent Rob Hughes . There were few clear @-@ cut chances created by both teams , and neither managed to score over the 90 minutes . Both however looked assured defending ; Milan triggered the offside trap on several occasions , while Arsenal were boosted by club captain Tony Adams playing his first full match in two months . Manager George Graham assessed afterwards : " It was back to the Arsenal of old . We were very solid . " Glenn Moore , of The Independent felt Milan would have won had they finished better , noting Dejan Savićević 's tame volley in the 75th minute . Marco Simone twice hit the ball wide , while a free @-@ kick from Albertini forced Arsenal goalkeeper David Seaman to action . The home side 's best chance came from Wright in the 36th minute . He picked up the ball from Arsenal 's half and proceeded to run , evading the challenges of several Milan players . His shot at goal was smartly saved by Sebastiano Rossi . Further chances went to Hartson , who headed from a Stefan Schwarz 's corner , and Steve Bould , before Campbell broke forward and had his effort blocked by the Milan goalkeeper .
Merson 's introduction in the 74th minute was cheered by the Arsenal supporters , as was his every touch of the ball . He admitted he was overwhelmed by the occasion , adding post @-@ match : " It was a great feeling to be in action again and I thank all those who 've made it easier for me . This is the first step back . "
= = = Details = = =
= = Second leg = =
The second leg was held at the San Siro on 8 February 1995 . It marked the resumption of football in Italy , as play was abandoned for a week in memory of Spagnolo . The incident at the San Siro prompted Milan to use security measures usually reserved for high @-@ profile matches . Ugo Allevi , the club spokesman however downplayed reports security was heightened : " There won 't be any special security measures for them . They will all be housed in a special sector of the stadium , segregated from the Milan fans . What we 're most concerned about is how our fans behave . " 15 @,@ 800 tickets were sold the night before the match , 13 @,@ 600 of which were purchased by Milan supporters . Allevi admitted this was a repercussion of the violence in their last home game ; " People are scared to come to football at the moment . "
Milan entered the match the fresher of the two teams , but Simon Barnes commented in his Times match preview that Arsenal 's biggest asset was their " sheer bloody mindedness . " The club 's indiscipline was a major talking point before the game , as two players were sent off in defeat to Sheffield Wednesday the previous Saturday . Graham 's future was also called in question , after claims that he received illegal payments from transfer deals ( bungs ) , which he dismissed . In his pre @-@ match news conference , the Arsenal manager spoke highly of European football and was eager to win another trophy for the club : " We are having a bad season by our standards and any win in any cup is worth something . "
Merson came in place of John Jensen in Arsenal 's starting XI , while for Milan Zvonimir Boban replaced the suspended Simone , and Christian Panucci was chosen to stand in for Paolo Maldini . Graham deployed a 4 – 1 – 4 – 1 formation , with Schwarz acting as the lone defensive midfielder and Hartson positioned the furthest forward . Watched by a crowd of 23 @,@ 953 , Milan eased to a 2 – 0 win and in the process ended Arsenal 's 15 @-@ match unbeaten run in Europe . The home side 's first goal came minutes before half @-@ time , when Daniele Massaro 's defensive @-@ splitting pass found Boban , who scored , despite Schwarz 's attempts to hold him back by tugging his shirt . The Croatian forward nearly scored a second , but for Seaman 's quick intervention . Up until then , Arsenal had briefly threatened ; from a long ball in the 19th minute , Hartson managed to turn Franco Baresi , but scuffed his shot wide . Milan found it easy to contain the opposition , given Desailly and Savićević influenced the tempo of the match . The latter came close to doubling Milan 's lead when he broke forward and hit a shot goalwards ,
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Piccadilly Circus station , at the east end of the street , was designed by Charles Holden and built between 1925 – 28 . It was the first underground station to have no above @-@ ground premises ; the station is only accessible by subways from street level . The clothing store Simpson 's was established at 203 - 206 Piccadilly by Alec Simpson in 1936 . During the 20th century , Piccadilly became known as a place to acquire heroin , and was notorious in the 1960s as the centre of London 's illegal drug trade . Today , Piccadilly is regarded as one of London 's principal shopping streets . Its landmarks include the Ritz , Park Lane , Athenaeum and Intercontinental hotels , Fortnum & Mason , the Royal Academy , the RAF Club , Hatchards , the Embassy of Japan and the High Commission of Malta .
Piccadilly has inspired several works of fiction , including Oscar Wilde 's The Importance of Being Earnest and the work of P. G. Wodehouse . It is one of a group of squares on the London Monopoly board .
= = History = =
= = = Early history = = =
The street has been part of a main road for centuries although there is no evidence that it was part of a Roman Road , unlike Oxford Street further north . In the middle ages it was known as " the road to Reading " or " the way from Colnbrook " . During the Tudor period , relatively settled conditions made expansion beyond London 's city walls a safer venture . Property speculation became a lucrative enterprise and developments grew so rapidly that the threat of disease and disorder prompted the government to ban developments . Owing to the momentum of growth , the laws had little real effect .
A plot of land bounded by Coventry , Sherwood , Glasshouse and Rupert Streets and the line of Smith 's Court was granted by Elizabeth I to William Dodington , a gentlemen of London , in 1559 – 60 . A year or so later it was owned by a brewer , Thomas Wilson of St Botolph @-@ without @-@ Aldgate . The grant did not include a small parcel of land , 1 3 ⁄ 8 acres in area , on the east of what is now Great Windmill Street . That plot may have never belonged to Crown and was owned by Anthony Cotton in the reign of Henry VIII ; John Cotton granted it to John Golightly in 1547 and his descendants sold it to a tailor , Robert Baker , in c . 1611 – 12 . Six or seven years later , Baker brought 22 acres of Wilson 's land , thanks largely to money from his second marriage .
Baker became financially successful by making and selling fashionable piccadills . Shortly after purchasing the land , he enclosed it ( the parishioners had Lammas grazing rights ) and erected several dwellings , including a residence and shop for himself ; within two years his house was known as Pikadilly Hall . A map published by Faithorne in 1658 describes the street as " the way from Knightsbridge to Piccadilly Hall " . A nearby gaming house , known as Shaver 's Hall and nicknamed " Tart Hall " or " Pickadell Hall " , was popular with the gentry of London . In 1641 Lord Dell lost £ 3000 in cards gambling there .
After Robert Baker 's death in 1623 and the death of his eldest son Samuel shortly after , his widow and her father purchased the wardship of their surviving children ; the death of the next eldest son , Robert , in 1630 , allowed them to effectively control the estate . Their only daughter died and her widower , Sir Henry Oxenden , retained an interest in the land . Several relatives claimed it , but after Mary Baker 's death in c . 1665 , the estate reverted to the Crown . A great @-@ nephew , John Baker , obtained possession of part of it , but squabbled over the lands with his cousin , James Baker ; trying to play one another off , they paid or granted rights to Oxenden and a speculator , Colonel Thomas Panton , but the pair eventually lost out to them . By the 1670s , Panton was developing the lands and , despite the claims of some distantly related Bakers , he steadily built them up .
= = = Later 17th century = = =
Piccadilly was named Portugal Street in 1663 after Catherine of Braganza , wife of Charles II . Its importance to traffic increased after an earlier road from Charing Cross to Hyde Park Corner was closed to allow the creation of Green Park in 1668 . After the Restoration of the English monarchy in 1660 , Charles II encouraged the development of Portugal Street and the area to the north ( Mayfair ) and they became fashionable residential localities . Some of the grandest mansions in London were built on the northern side of the street . Edward Hyde , 1st Earl of Clarendon and close political adviser to the king , purchased land for a house ; Clarendon House ( now the location of Albemarle Street ) was built in 1664 , and the earl sold the surplus land partly to Sir John Denham , who built what later became Burlington House . Denham chose the location because it was on the outskirts of London surrounded by fields . The house was first used to house the poor , before being reconstructed by the third Earl of Burlington in 1718 . Berkeley House was constructed around the same time as Clarendon House . It was destroyed by a fire in 1733 and rebuilt as Devonshire House in 1737 by William Cavendish , 3rd Duke of Devonshire , and was subsequently used as the headquarters for the Whig party . Devonshire House survived until 1921 , before being sold for redevelopment by Edward Cavendish , 10th Duke of Devonshire for £ 1 million . Burlington House has since been home to the Royal Academy of Arts , the Geological Society of London , the Linnean Society of London , the Royal Astronomical Society , the British Astronomical Association , the Society of Antiquaries of London and the Royal Society of Chemistry .
The land to the south of Piccadilly was leased to trustees of the Earl of St Albans in 1661 for a thirty @-@ year term , subsequently extended to 1740 . No. 162 – 165 were granted freehold by the king to Sir Edward Villiers in 1674 . The White Bear Inn had been established between what is now No. 221 Piccadilly and the parallel Jermyn Street since 1685 . It remained in use throughout the 18th century before being demolished in 1870 to make way for a restaurant .
St James 's Church was first proposed in 1664 , when residents wanted to become a separate parish from St Martin in the Fields . After several Bill readings , construction began in 1676 . The building was designed by Christopher Wren and cost around £ 5 @,@ 000 . It was consecrated in 1684 when the surrounding area became St James Parish .
By 1680 , most of the original residential properties along Portugal Street had been demolished or built over . The name Piccadilly was applied to part of the street east of Swallow Street by 1673 , and eventually became the de facto name for the entire length of Portugal Street . A plan of the area around St James Parish in 1720 describes the road as " Portugal Street aka Piccadilly " . John Rocque 's Map of London , published in 1746 , refers to the entire street as Piccadilly .
= = = 18th – 19th centuries = = =
Piccadilly was increasingly developed and by the middle of the 18th century it was continuously built on as far as Hyde Park Corner . The development of St James 's and Mayfair in particular made Piccadilly into one of the busiest roads in London . Hugh Mason and William Fortnum started the Fortnum & Mason partnership on Piccadilly in 1705 , selling recycled candles from Buckingham Palace . By 1788 , the store sold poultry , potted meats , lobsters and prawns , savoury patties , Scotch eggs , and fresh and dried fruits .
The street acquired a reputation for numerous inns and bars during this period . The Old White Horse Cellar , at No. 155 , was one of the most
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owulf , and Tolkien uses the episode to put into practice some of the ground @-@ breaking literary theories he had developed about the Old English poem in its portrayal of the dragon as having bestial intelligence . Tolkien greatly prefers this motif over the later medieval trend of using the dragon as a symbolic or allegorical figure , such as in the legend of St. George . Smaug the dragon with his golden hoard may be seen as an example of the traditional relationship between evil and metallurgy as collated in the depiction of Pandæmonium with its " Belched fire and rolling smoke " in Milton 's Paradise Lost . Of all the characters , Smaug 's speech is the most modern , using idioms such as " Don 't let your imagination run away with you ! "
Just as Tolkien 's literary theories have been seen to influence the tale , so have Tolkien 's experiences . The Hobbit may be read as Tolkien 's parable of World War I with the hero being plucked from his rural home and thrown into a far @-@ off war where traditional types of heroism are shown to be futile . The tale as such explores the theme of heroism . As Janet Croft notes , Tolkien 's literary reaction to war at this time differed from most post @-@ war writers by eschewing irony as a method for distancing events and instead using mythology to mediate his experiences . Similarities to the works of other writers who faced the Great War are seen in The Hobbit , including portraying warfare as anti @-@ pastoral : in " The Desolation of Smaug " , both the area under the influence of Smaug before his demise and the setting for The Battle of the Five Armies later are described as barren , damaged landscapes . The Hobbit makes a warning against repeating the tragedies of World War I , and Tolkien 's attitude as a veteran may well be summed up by Bilbo 's comment : " Victory after all , I suppose ! Well , it seems a very gloomy business . "
= = Reception = =
On first publication in October 1937 , The Hobbit was met with almost unanimously favourable reviews from publications both in the UK and the US , including The Times , Catholic World and The New York Post . C. S. Lewis , friend of Tolkien ( and later author of The Chronicles of Narnia between 1949 and 1954 ) , writing in The Times reports :
The truth is that in this book a number of good things , never before united , have come together : a fund of humour , an understanding of children , and a happy fusion of the scholar 's with the poet 's grasp of mythology ... The professor has the air of inventing nothing . He has studied trolls and dragons at first hand and describes them with that fidelity that is worth oceans of glib " originality . "
Lewis compares the book to Alice in Wonderland in that both children and adults may find different things to enjoy in it , and places it alongside Flatland , Phantastes , and The Wind in the Willows . W. H. Auden , in his review of the sequel The Fellowship of the Ring calls The Hobbit " one of the best children 's stories of this century " . Auden was later to correspond with Tolkien , and they became friends . The Hobbit was nominated for the Carnegie Medal and awarded a prize from the New York Herald Tribune for best juvenile fiction of the year ( 1938 ) . More recently , the book has been recognized as " Most Important 20th @-@ Century Novel ( for Older Readers ) " in the Children 's Books of the Century poll in Books for Keeps .
Publication of the sequel The Lord of the Rings altered many critics ' reception of the work . Instead of approaching The Hobbit as a children 's book in its own right , critics such as Randell Helms picked up on the idea of The Hobbit as being a " prelude " , relegating the story to a dry @-@ run for the later work
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and airfoils , electronic instruments , the Global Positioning System and improved weather forecasting have since allowed many pilots to make flights that were once extraordinary . Today over 550 pilots have made flights over 1 @,@ 000 kilometres ( 620 mi ) . Although there is no Olympic competition , there are the World Gliding Championships . The first event was held at the Samedan in 1948 . Since World War II it has been held every two years . There are now six classes open to both sexes , plus three classes for women and two junior classes . The latest worldwide statistics for 2011 indicate that Germany , the sport 's birthplace , is still a center of the gliding world : it accounted for 27 percent of the world 's glider pilots , and the three major glider manufacturers are still based there . However the meteorological conditions that allow soaring are common and the sport has been taken up in many countries . At the last count there were over 111 @,@ 000 active civilian glider pilots and 32 @,@ 920 gliders , plus an unknown number of military cadets and aircraft . Clubs actively seek new members by giving trial flights , which are also a useful source of revenue for them .
= = Soaring = =
Glider pilots can stay airborne for hours by flying through air that is ascending as fast or faster than the glider itself is descending , thus gaining potential energy . The most commonly used sources of rising air are
thermals ( updrafts of warm air ) ;
ridge lift ( found where the wind blows against the face of a hill and is forced to rise ) ; and
wave lift ( standing waves in the atmosphere , analogous to the ripples on the surface of a stream ) .
Ridge lift rarely allows pilots to climb much higher than about 600 metres ( 2 @,@ 000 ft ) above the terrain ; thermals , depending on the climate and terrain , can allow climbs in excess of 3 @,@ 000 metres ( 9 @,@ 800 ft ) in flat country and much higher above mountains ; wave lift has allowed a glider to reach an altitude of 15 @,@ 447 metres ( 50 @,@ 679 ft ) . In a few countries such as the UK , gliders may continue to climb into the clouds in uncontrolled airspace , but in many European countries the pilot must stop climbing before reaching the cloud base ( see Visual Flight Rules ) .
= = = Thermals = = =
Thermals are streams of rising air that are formed on the ground through the warming of the surface by sunlight . If the air contains enough moisture , the water will condense from the rising air and form cumulus clouds . When the air has little moisture or when an inversion stops the warm air from rising high enough for the moisture to condense , thermals do not create cumulus clouds . Without clouds or dust devils to mark the thermals , thermals are not always associated with any feature on the ground . The pilot must then use both skill and luck to find them using a sensitive vertical speed indicator called a variometer that quickly indicates climbs and descents . Occasionally reliable thermals can be found in the exhaust gases from power stations or from fires .
Once a thermal is encountered , the pilot can fly in tight circles to keep the glider within the thermal , so gaining altitude before flying towards the destination or to the next thermal . This is known as " thermalling " . Alternatively , glider pilots on cross @-@ country flights may choose to ' dolphin ' . This is when the pilot merely slows down in rising air , and then speeds up again in the non @-@ rising air , thus following an undulating flight path . Dolphining allows the pilot to minimize the loss of height over great distances without spending time turning . Climb rates depend on conditions , but rates of several meters per second are common and can be maximized by gliders equipped with flaps . Thermals can also be formed in a line usually because of the wind or the terrain , creating cloud streets . These can allow the pilot to fly straight while climbing in continuous lift .
As it requires rising heated air , thermalling is most effective in mid @-@ latitudes from spring through late summer . During winter the sun 's heat can only create weak thermals , but ridge and wave lift can still be used during this period .
= = = Ridge lift = = =
A ridge soaring pilot uses upward air movements caused when the wind blows on to the sides of hills . It can also be augmented by thermals when the slopes also face the sun . In places where a steady wind blows , a ridge may allow virtually unlimited time aloft , although records for duration are no longer recognized because of the danger of exhaustion .
= = = Wave lift = = =
The powerfully rising and sinking air in mountain waves was discovered by glider pilot , Wolf Hirth , in 1933 . Gliders can sometimes climb in these waves to great altitudes , although pilots must use supplementary oxygen to avoid hypoxia .
This lift is often marked by long , stationary lenticular ( lens @-@ shaped ) clouds lying perpendicular to the wind . Mountain wave was used to set the current altitude record of 15 @,@ 453 metres ( 50 @,@ 699 ft ) on 29 August 2006 over El Calafate , Argentina . The pilots , Steve Fossett and Einar Enevoldson , wore pressure suits . The current world distance record of 3 @,@ 008 kilometres ( 1 @,@ 869 mi ) by Klaus Ohlmann ( set on 21 January 2003 ) was also flown using mountain waves in South America .
A rare wave phenomenon is known as Morning Glory , a roll cloud producing strong lift . Pilots near Australia 's Gulf of Carpentaria make use of it in springtime .
= = = Other sources of lift = = =
The boundaries where two air masses meet are known as convergence zones . These can occur in sea breezes or in desert regions . In a sea @-@ breeze front , cold air from the sea meets the warmer air from the land and creates a boundary between two masses of air like a shallow cold front . Glider pilots can gain altitude by flying along the intersection as if it were a ridge of land . Convergence may occur over considerable distances and so may permit virtually straight flight while climbing .
Glider pilots have occasionally been able to use a technique called " dynamic soaring " allowing a glider to gain kinetic energy by repeatedly crossing the boundary between air masses of different horizontal velocity . However , such zones of high " wind gradient " are usually too close to the ground to be used safely by gliders .
= = Launch methods = =
Most gliders do not have engines or at least engines that would allow a take @-@ off under their own power . Various methods are therefore used to get airborne . Each method requires specific training , therefore glider pilots must be in current practice for the type of launch being used . Licensing rules in some countries , such as the USA , differentiate between aerotows and ground launch methods , due to the widely different techniques .
= = = Aerotowing = = =
In an aerotow a powered aircraft is attached to a glider with a tow rope . Single @-@ engined light aircraft or motor gliders are commonly used . The tow @-@ plane takes the glider to the height and location requested by the pilot where the glider pilot releases the tow @-@ rope . A weak link is often fitted to the rope to ensure that any sudden loads do not damage the airframe of the tow @-@ plane or the glider . Under extreme loads the weak link will fail before any part of the glider or plane fails . There is a remote chance that the weak link might break at low altitude , and so pilots plan for this eventuality before launching .
During the aerotow , the glider pilot keeps the glider behind the tow @-@ plane in either the " low tow " position , just below the wake from the tow @-@ plane , or the " high tow " position just above the wake . In Australia the convention is to fly in low tow , whereas in the United States and Europe the high tow prevails . One rare aerotow variation is attaching two gliders
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Dubrovnik ) , although an attempt to destroy records of warmongering television and Pobjeda newspaper reports had been made . In 2012 , Aleksandar Črček and Marin Marušić produced a feature documentary titled Konvoj Libertas ( Libertas Convoy ) , which was about the delivery of humanitarian aid to Dubrovnik through the naval blockade .
= = War crime charges = =
Prosecutors of the International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia ( ICTY ) , set up in 1993 and based on UN Security Council Resolution 827 , indicted Milošević , Strugar , Jokić , the JNA 9th VPS chief of staff Captain Milan Zec and the commanding officer of the 3rd Battalion of the JNA 472nd Motorized Brigade Captain 1st Class Vladimir Kovačević . The charges included allegations that the offensive against Dubrovnik aimed to detach the area from Croatia and annex it to Serbia or Montenegro . Jokić said that the offensive only aimed to blockade Dubrovnik , but that claim was later refuted by Cokić . Mihailo Crnobrnja , a former Yugoslav ambassador to the European Union , speculated that the siege was intended to force an end to blockades of JNA barracks in Croatia and to claim the Prevlaka Peninsula for Montenego .
The trial of Slobodan Milošević was never completed because Milošević died on 11 March 2006 while in ICTY custody . Strugar was transferred to ICTY custody on 21 October 2001 . The trial and appeals process was completed in 2008 , with a final verdict of conviction of crimes — including attacks on civilians , devastation not required by military necessity and violation of the laws and customs of war . He was sentenced to seven and a half years in prison . Strugar was granted an early release in 2009 , seven years and four months after his transfer to the ICTY . Jokić was turned over to the ICTY on 12 November 2001 . He pleaded guilty and was convicted of crimes including murder , cruel treatment , attacks on civilians and violations of laws of war . In 2004 , he was sentenced to seven years in prison . The verdict was confirmed and became final in 2005 . Jokić was transferred to Denmark to serve his sentence and was released on 1 September 2008 . The ICTY withdrew charges against Zec on 26 July 2002 . Kovačević was arrested in 2003 in Serbia and transferred to the ICTY . Following an insanity defence , he was provisionally released on 2 June 2004 and the proceedings were transferred to the judiciary in Serbia in 2007 and he underwent psychiatric treatment at the Military Medical Academy in Belgrade . As of May 2012 , Kovačević was considered unfit to stand trial by authorities in Serbia . The charges against him include murder , cruel treatment , devastation not required by military necessity and violations of laws of war .
In 2008 , authorities in Montenegro charged six former JNA soldiers with prisoner abuse committed in Morinj in 1991 and 1992 . Four of the six were convicted of war crimes in July 2013 . Ivo Menzalin was given a four @-@ year sentence , Špiro Lučić and Boro Gligić were sentenced to three years while Ivo Gonjić was sentenced to two . The four appealed the decision , and in April 2014 , the Montenegrin Supreme Court rejected their appeal . A number of former prisoners of the Morinj camp sued Montenegro and were paid compensation .
In October 2008 , Croatia indicted Božidar Vučurević — the mayor of Trebinje and Bosnian Serb leader in eastern Herzegovina at the time of the offensive — for attacks against the civilian population of Dubrovnik . Jokić confirmed that he received orders from both Strugar and Vučurević . On 4 April 20
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west of here to end at Plymouth Road south of the M @-@ 14 freeway , and east of this location , M @-@ 153 follows Ford Road through wooded , partially developed terrain to the Washtenaw – Wayne county line at Napier Road . Near the county line are farms until Ford Road reaches residential subdivisions at Ridge Road in Canton Township . At the east edge of the township , Ford Road meets I @-@ 275 at exit 25 before passing into Westland between Lotz and Hix roads .
The interchange with I @-@ 275 is built over the western crossing of Willow Creek , a tributary of the River Rouge ; the eastern crossing is located between Hix and Newburgh roads near Central City Park . Ford Road continues east , forming a section of the Garden City boundary near Venoy Road . The trunkline crosses into Dearborn Heights at Inkster Road . It forms the boundary between Dearborn and Dearborn Heights between Gulley and Evergreen roads , crossing US 24 ( Telegraph Road ) in between . East of Telegraph Road , M @-@ 153 is built to expressway standards complete with interchanges at Edward N. Hines Drive , Evergreen Road , M @-@ 39 ( Southfield Freeway ) and Greenfield Road . The highway crosses the River Rouge north of the Dearborn Country Club west of Evergreen Road . Ford Road ends at Wyoming Avenue . M @-@ 153 turns south along Wyoming Avenue to cross I @-@ 94 at exit 210 . This interchange is also the location where I @-@ 94 and US 12 ( Michigan Avenue ) cross , marking the eastern end of M @-@ 153 at Michigan Avenue .
Ford Road serves as the zero @-@ mile line for the Detroit area 's Mile Road System . From the Canton Center Road intersection eastward , all of M @-@ 153 is a part of the National Highway System , a network of roads important to the country 's economy , defense , and mobility . M @-@ 153 is maintained by the Michigan Department of Transportation ( MDOT ) like other state highways in Michigan . As a part of these maintenance responsibilities , the department tracks the volume of traffic that uses the roadways under its jurisdiction . These volumes are expressed using a metric called annual average daily traffic , which is a statistical calculation of the average daily number of vehicles on a segment of roadway . MDOT 's surveys in 2010 showed that the highest traffic levels along M @-@ 13 were the 64 @,@ 956 vehicles daily between the River Rouge and the Southfield Freeway in Dearborn ; the lowest counts were the 10 @,@ 380 vehicles per day between Plymouth Road and the end of the expressway in Superior Township .
= = History = =
Ford Road was named for William Ford , father of automobile pioneer Henry Ford . The elder Ford was born in Ireland and settled in Dearborn Township in 1847 . William 's carpentry business lead him around to regional businesses and neighbors , traveling the area until he took up the family business of farming after marriage to Mary Litogot . They settled on a farm near the intersection of modern @-@ day Ford Road and Greenfield Avenue ; this farm was Henry 's birthplace in 1863 . Settling into his family life , William started serving the local community . He was a road commissioner , school board member and a justice of the peace . In honor of his accomplishments , Ford Road was named in his honor before his death in March 1905 .
Ford Road remained in township jurisdiction until August 29 , 1924 when it was transferred
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5 January 1789 three members of the crew — Charles Churchill , John Millward and William Muspratt — deserted , taking a small boat , arms and ammunition . Muspratt had recently been flogged for neglect . Among the belongings Churchill left on the ship was a list of names that Bligh interpreted as possible accomplices in a desertion plot — the captain later asserted that the names included those of Christian and Heywood . Bligh was persuaded that his protégé was not planning to desert , and the matter was dropped . Churchill , Millward and Muspratt were found after three weeks and , on their return to the ship , were flogged .
From February onwards , the pace of work increased ; more than 1 @,@ 000 breadfruit plants were potted and carried into the ship , where they filled the great cabin . The ship was overhauled for the long homeward voyage , in many cases by men who regretted the forthcoming departure and loss of their easy life with the Tahitians . Bligh was impatient to be away , but as Richard Hough observes in his account , he " failed to anticipate how his company would react to the severity and austerity of life at sea ... after five dissolute , hedonistic months at Tahiti " . The work was done by 1 April 1789 , and four days later , after an affectionate farewell from Tynah and his queen , Bounty left the harbour .
= = = Towards home = = =
In their Bounty histories , both Hough and Alexander maintain that the men were not at a stage close to mutiny , however sorry they were to leave Tahiti . The journal of James Morrison , the boatswain 's mate , supports this . The events that followed , Hough suggests , were determined in the three weeks following the departure , when Bligh 's anger and intolerance reached paranoid proportions . Christian was a particular target , always seeming to bear the brunt of the captain 's rages . Unaware of the effects of his behaviour on his officers and crew , Bligh would forget these displays instantly and attempt to resume normal social intercourse .
On 22 April 1789 , Bounty arrived at Nomuka , in the Friendly Islands ( now called Tonga ) , intending to pick up wood , water , and further supplies on the final scheduled stop before the Endeavour Strait . Bligh had visited the island with Cook , and knew that the inhabitants could behave unpredictably . He put Christian in charge of the watering party and equipped him with muskets , but at the same time
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ordered that the arms should be left in the boat , not carried ashore . Christian 's party was harassed and threatened continually but were unable to retaliate , having been denied the use of arms . He returned to the ship with his task incomplete , and was cursed by Bligh as " a damned cowardly rascal " . Further disorder ashore resulted in the thefts of a small anchor and an adze , for which Bligh further berated Fryer and Christian . In an attempt to recover the missing property , Bligh briefly detained the island 's chieftains on the ship , but to no avail . When he finally gave the order to sail , neither the anchor nor the adze had been restored .
By 27 April , Christian was in a state of despair , depressed and brooding . His mood was worsened when Bligh accused him of stealing coconuts from the captain 's private supply . Bligh punished the whole crew for this theft , stopping their rum ration and reducing their food by half . Feeling that his position was now intolerable , Christian considered constructing a raft with which he could escape to an island and take his chances with the natives . He may have acquired wood for this purpose from Purcell . In any event , his discontent became common knowledge among his fellow officers . Two of the young gentlemen , George Stewart and Edward Young , urged him not to desert ; Young assured him that he would have the support of almost all on board if he were to seize the ship and depose Bligh . Stewart told him the crew were " ripe for anything " .
= = Mutiny = =
= = = Seizure = = =
In the early hours of 28 April 1789 , Bounty lay about 30 nautical miles ( 56 km ; 35 mi ) south of the island of Tofua . After a largely sleepless night , Christian had decided to act . He understood from his discussions with Young and Stewart which crewmen were his most likely supporters and , after approaching Quintal and Isaac Martin , he learned the names of several more . With the help of these men , Christian rapidly gained control of the upper deck ; those who questioned his actions were ordered to keep quiet . At about 05 : 15 , Christian went below , dismissed Hallett ( who was sleeping on the chest containing the ship 's muskets ) , and distributed arms to his followers before making for Bligh 's cabin . Three men took hold of the captain and tied his hands , threatening to kill him if he raised the alarm ; Bligh " called as loudly as [ he ] could in hopes of assistance " . The commotion woke Fryer , who saw , from his cabin opposite , the mutineers frogmarching Bligh away . The mutineers ordered Fryer to " lay down again , and hold my tongue or I was a dead man " .
Bligh was brought to the quarterdeck , his hands bound by a cord held by Christian , who was brandishing a bayonet ; some reports maintained that Christian had a sounding plummet hanging from his neck so that he could jump overboard and drown himself if the mutiny failed . Others who had been awakened by the noise left their berths and joined in the general pandemonium . It was unclear at this stage who were and who were not active mutineers . Hough describes the scene : " Everyone was , more or less , making a noise , either cursing , jeering or just shouting for the reassurance it gave them to do so " . Bligh shouted continually , demanding to be set free , sometimes addressing individuals by name , and otherwise exhorting the company generally to " knock Christian down ! " Fryer was briefly permitted on deck to speak to Christian , but was then forced below at bayonet @-@ point ; according to Fryer , Christian told him : " I have been in hell for weeks past . Captain Bligh has brought this on himself . "
Christian originally thought to cast Bligh adrift in Bounty 's small jolly boat , together with his clerk John Samuel and the loyalist midshipmen Hayward and Hallett . This boat proved unseaworthy , so Christian ordered the launching of a larger ship 's boat , with a capacity of around ten . However , Christian and his allies had overestimated the extent of the mutiny — at least half on board were determined to leave with Bligh . Thus the ship 's largest boat , a 23 @-@ foot ( 7 @.@ 0 m ) launch , was put into the water . During the following hours the loyalists collected their possessions and entered the boat . Among these was Fryer , who with Bligh 's approval sought to stay on board — in the hope , he later claimed , that he would be able to retake the ship — but Christian ordered him into the launch . Soon , the vessel was badly overloaded , with more than 20 persons and others still vying for places . Christian ordered the two carpenter 's mates , Norman
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, the male lead in Basic Instinct 2 ( 2006 ) . He was flown out to Los Angeles for a one @-@ hour screen test with Sharon Stone . Their immediate rapport led to the screen test being extended by another hour and Morrissey 's casting in the role . Morrissey had enjoyed the first film and liked the script for the sequel . He read up on psychiatry and worked out in a gym for the nudity scenes . The film was a box office and critical failure . The Washington Post criticised the film 's focus on Morrissey 's character and called the actor " overmatched by Stone " and " a sad sack " , and the Seattle Post @-@ Intelligencer called him " a charisma @-@ challenged non @-@ entity " . The same Washington Post critic later wrote in the Los Angeles Times that because Morrissey was not a film star , the chemistry between him and Stone had been spoiled . Nathan Rabin of The A.V. Club wrote that Morrissey had " the charisma of beige wallpaper " and that " the producers could have replaced him halfway through shooting with a handsome mahogany coat rack and nobody would be able to tell the difference " . The bad reviews depressed Morrissey , and he briefly considered giving up acting , but instead saw the role as a chance to learn .
Immediately after filming Basic Instinct 2 , he began work on The Reaping ( 2007 ) in Louisiana , in which he played science teacher Doug Blackwell opposite Hilary Swank . The role had been offered to him quite late in pre @-@ production , and he flew to Baton Rouge the Monday after Basic Instinct 2 wrapped . He took the role because he was a fan of Swank , and Hopkins ' film The Life and Death of Peter Sellers ( 2004 ) , and he preferred the thriller aspect of the Reaping script above the horror aspect . After a week of filming , production had to be suspended when Hurricane Katrina hit the state . He found the filming schedule quite demanding , particularly the three weeks of night filming and a scene in which his character is attacked by a plague of locusts , most of which were computer @-@ generated in post @-@ production but some were real on camera . The Reaping was released in 2007 and performed badly in cinemas . Despite the failures of both films , Morrissey was grateful that they opened him up to more film offers from Hollywood .
In March 2006 , Morrissey filmed a role in The Water Horse : Legend of the Deep ( 2007 ) in New Zealand . While there , he was offered the role of father Danny Brogan in Cape Wrath , an Ecosse Films series about a family being moved on a witness protection scheme to a mysterious village . He signed on to the seven @-@ part series in September 2006 and filmed the series until the end of the year . He relished working on the character 's back story as it confounded the expectations of both him and the audience . The series was broadcast in Britain and America in 2007 . The following year , he played the part of Colonel Brandon in Andrew Davies ' serial Sense and Sensibility . When he first got the script in 2007 , he was unsure if British television needed another Jane Austen adaptation but he took the role when he saw how Davies had given more screen time to the male characters than they get in the 1995 film adaptation . He also appeared as Thomas Howard , Duke of Norfolk in The Other Boleyn Girl ( 2008 ) . He compared Norfolk to bassist Lemmy from Motörhead and researched the role by reading history books and literature from the 16th century .
From November 2008 to January 2009 , Morrissey returned to the theatre for the first time in nine years to appear in the Almeida Theatre 's British premiere of Neil LaBute 's In a Dark Dark House . He played Terry , one of two brothers who had been abused as a child , opposite Steven Mackintosh and Kira Sternbach . He took the role because he liked LaBute 's previous play , The Mercy Seat ( 2002 ) . After accepting the part , he researched the character by reading case studies of adults who were abused when they were children . He learned about how they coped with the shame of their abuse , and incorporated those feelings into his acting . He was also able to consult LaBute during rehearsals but avoided asking him exactly how to play Terry . In a Daily Telegraph review that criticised the play , Charles Spencer wrote that Morrissey 's was the best performance " as the blue @-@ collar older brother who reveals extraordinary depths of grief , damage and forgiveness that finally light up this dark , flawed play . " Benedict Nightingale of The Times initially believed that Morrissey 's acting was " a bit stiff , almost as if he was waiting for his cues rather than reacting instantaneously to their content " but found him more impressive as the play went on .
In December 2008 , he appeared alongside his Blackpool co @-@ star David Tennant in " The Next Doctor " , the 2008 Christmas special of Doctor Who , playing Jackson Lake , a man who believes he is the Doctor after his mind is affected by alien technology . Morrissey had been asked to appear in the series before but had to turn down the offers due to other commitments . He approached the character like any other dramatic part , and was influenced in his performance by previous Doctor actors William Hartnell , Patrick Troughton and Tom Baker . Secrecy surrounded the exact details of Morrissey 's role in the episode ; until the day of broadcast his character was referred to only as " the other Doctor " . This prompted media speculation that Morrissey would be taking over the lead role after Tennant quit , and in October 2008 he was reported as a favourite of bookmakers . He was pleased that the episode was a " decoy " for the truth that actor Matt Smith had actually been chosen for the part of the Eleventh Doctor . In September 2009 , he told entertainment website Digital Spy that he would gladly return to the show if asked .
In March 2009 , Morrissey appeared as corrupt police detective Maurice Jobson in Red Riding , the Channel 4 adaptation of David Peace 's Red Riding novels . Morrissey already knew the directors of the films , enjoyed reading the script and had either worked with his co @-@ stars on other projects , or wanted to work with them . He liked the flaws in the Jobson character and that he differs from typical vigilante police officers portrayed on television . Morrissey said of Jobson , " I think he sets out to be a good cop , he tries to do his job well but he gets involved in some corruption and realises that being a ' bit ' corrupt is like being a ' bit ' pregnant . You either are or you 're not . " He received a Best Actor nomination from the Broadcasting Press Guild for the role . At the end of the year , Morrissey played Bobby Dykins in the John Lennon biopic Nowhere Boy ( 2009 ) . As a self @-@ confessed " Beatles geek " , Morrissey relished the opportunity to star in the film about Lennon 's childhood .
Morrissey was active on screen throughout 2010 . He starred as Theunis Swanepoel , the interrogator of Winnie Madikizela @-@ Mandela , in the BBC single drama Mrs Mandela . His performance was praised by Guardian and Independent critics . The following months saw him star as British Transport Police
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four papers are :
= = = Thermodynamic fluctuations and statistical physics = = =
Albert Einstein 's first paper submitted in 1900 to Annalen der Physik was on capillary attraction . It was published in 1901 with the title " Folgerungen aus den Capillaritätserscheinungen " , which translates as " Conclusions from the capillarity phenomena " . Two papers he published in 1902 – 1903 ( thermodynamics ) attempted to interpret atomic phenomena from a statistical point of view . These papers were the foundation for the 1905 paper on Brownian motion , which showed that Brownian movement can be construed as firm evidence that molecules exist . His research in 1903 and 1904 was mainly concerned with the effect of finite atomic size on diffusion phenomena .
= = = General principles = = =
He articulated the principle of relativity . This was understood by Hermann Minkowski to be a generalization of rotational invariance from space to space @-@ time . Other principles postulated by Einstein and later vindicated are the principle of equivalence and the principle of adiabatic invariance of the quantum number .
= = = Theory of relativity and E =
mc ² = = =
Einstein 's " Zur Elektrodynamik bewegter Körper " ( " On the Electrodynamics of Moving Bodies " ) was received on 30 June 1905 and published 26 September of that same year . It reconciles Maxwell 's equations for electricity and magnetism with the laws of mechanics , by introducing major changes to mechanics close to the speed of light . This later became known as Einstein 's special theory of relativity .
Consequences of this include the time @-@ space frame of a moving body appearing to slow down and contract ( in the direction of motion ) when measured in the frame of the observer . This paper also argued that the idea of a luminiferous aether — one of the leading theoretical entities in physics at the time — was superfluous .
In his paper on mass – energy equivalence , Einstein produced E = mc2 from his special relativity equations . Einstein 's 1905 work on relativity remained controversial for many years , but was accepted by leading physicists , starting with Max Planck .
= = = Photons and energy quanta = = =
In a 1905 paper , Einstein postulated that light itself consists of localized particles ( quanta ) . Einstein 's light quanta were nearly universally rejected by all physicists , including Max Planck and Niels Bohr . This idea only became universally accepted in 1919 , with Robert Millikan 's detailed experiments on the photoelectric effect , and with the measurement of Compton scattering .
Einstein concluded that each wave of frequency f is associated with a collection of photons with energy hf each , where h is Planck 's constant . He does not say much more , because he is not sure how the particles are related to the wave . But he does suggest that this idea would explain certain experimental results , notably the photoelectric effect .
= = = Quantized atomic vibrations = = =
In 1907 , Einstein proposed a model of matter where each atom in a lattice structure is an independent harmonic oscillator . In the Einstein model , each atom oscillates independently — a series of equally spaced quantized states for each oscillator . Einstein was aware that getting the frequency of the actual oscillations would be different , but he nevertheless proposed this theory because it was a particularly clear demonstration that quantum mechanics could solve the specific heat problem in classical mechanics . Peter Debye refined this model .
= = = Adiabatic principle and action @-@ angle variables = = =
Throughout the 1910s , quantum mechanics expanded in scope to cover many different systems . After Ernest Rutherford discovered the nucleus and proposed that electrons orbit like planets , Niels Bohr was able to show that the same quantum mechanical postulates introduced by Planck and developed by Einstein would explain the discrete motion of electrons in atoms , and the periodic table of the elements .
Einstein contributed to these developments by linking them with the 1898 arguments Wilhelm Wien had made . Wien had shown that the hypothesis of adiabatic invariance of a thermal equilibrium state allows all the blackbody curves at different temperature to be derived from one another by a simple shifting process . Einstein noted in 1911 that the same adiabatic principle shows that the quantity which is quantized in any mechanical motion must be an adiabatic invariant . Arnold Sommerfeld identified this adiabatic invariant as the action variable of classical mechanics .
= = = Wave – particle duality = = =
Although the patent office promoted Einstein to Technical Examiner Second Class in 1906 , he had not given up on academia . In 1908 , he became a Privatdozent at the University of Bern . In " über die Entwicklung unserer Anschauungen über das Wesen und die Konstitution der Strahlung " ( " The Development of our Views on the Composition and Essence of Radiation " ) , on the quantization of light , and in an earlier 1909 paper , Einstein showed that Max Planck 's energy quanta must have well @-@ defined momenta and act in some respects as independent , point @-@ like particles . This paper introduced the photon concept ( although the name photon was introduced later by Gilbert N. Lewis in 1926 ) and inspired the notion of wave – particle duality in quantum mechanics . Einstein saw this wave – particle duality in radiation as concrete evidence for his conviction that physics needed a new , unified foundation .
= = = Theory of critical opalescence = = =
Einstein returned to the problem of thermodynamic fluctuations , giving a treatment of the density variations in a fluid at its critical point . Ordinarily the density fluctuations are controlled by the second derivative of the free energy with respect to the density . At the critical point , this derivative is zero , leading to large fluctuations . The effect of density fluctuations is that light of all wavelengths is scattered , making the fluid look milky white . Einstein relates this to Rayleigh scattering , which is what happens when the fluctuation size is much smaller than the wavelength , and which explains why the sky is blue . Einstein quantitatively derived critical opalescence from a treatment of density fluctuations , and demonstrated how both the effect and Rayleigh scattering originate from the atomistic constitution of matter .
= = = Zero @-@ point energy = = =
In a series of works completed from 1911 to 1913 , Planck reformulated his 1900 quantum theory and introduced the idea of zero @-@ point energy in his " second quantum theory . " Soon , this idea attracted the attention of Albert Einstein and his assistant Otto Stern . Assuming the energy of rotating diatomic molecules contains zero @-@ point energy , they then compared the theoretical specific heat of hydrogen gas with the experimental data . The numbers matched nicely . However , after publishing the findings , they promptly withdrew their support , because they no longer had confidence in the correctness of the idea of zero @-@ point energy .
= = = General relativity and the equivalence principle = = =
General relativity ( GR ) is a theory of gravitation that was developed by Albert Einstein between 1907 and 1915 . According to general relativity , the observed gravitational attraction between masses results from the warping of space and time by those masses . General relativity has developed into an essential tool in modern astrophysics . It provides the foundation for the current understanding of black holes , regions of space where gravitational attraction is so strong that not even light can escape .
As Albert Einstein later said , the reason for the development of general relativity was that the preference of inertial motions within special relativity was unsatisfactory , while a theory which from the outset prefers no state of motion ( even accelerated ones ) should appear more satisfactory . Consequently , in 1907 he published an article on acceleration under special relativity . In that article titled " On the Relativity Principle and the Conclusions Drawn from It " , he argued that free fall is really inertial motion , and that for a free @-@ falling observer the rules of special relativity must apply . This argument is called the equivalence principle . In the same article , Einstein also predicted the phenomena of gravitational time dilation , gravitational red shift and deflection of light .
In 1911 , Einstein published another article " On the Influence of Gravitation on the Propagation of Light " expanding on the 1907 article , in which he estimated the amount of deflection of light by massive bodies . Thus , the theoretical prediction of
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Downtown center to 1101 Brickell with the expansion of course offerings for the College of Business Administration and the School of International and Public Affairs , as well as with FIU 's research center , the Metropolitan Center . Most programs in Downtown are graduate @-@ level evening courses geared for Downtown professionals and residents . As of Spring 2011 , there were approximately 500 students enrolled at the Downtown center , with plans to grow the center to over 2 @,@ 000 students by 2021 .
= = = International campuses = = =
FIU also has international campuses in Asia and Europe . The Wolfsonian @-@ FIU Museum has a regional facility in Nervi , Italy , the School of Architecture has facilities in Genoa , Italy for FIU 's upper @-@ division and graduate Architecture students , and the Florida International University Tianjin Center in China , from which a branch of the School of Hospitality & Tourism Management operates . The Tianjin Center was constructed as a cooperative venture with the local municipal government and was opened in the Summer of 2006 . FIU has also exchanged agreements with the American University in Dubai so that FIU students can now take a semester abroad in Dubai .
= = = Study abroad = = =
FIU Students can also study abroad in Paris , France via MICEFA .
= = = Student housing = = =
Florida International University 's student housing facilities are managed by the Office of Housing and Residential Life and are available on both the main campus and the Biscayne Bay Campus . Currently , there are 3 @,@ 009 beds distributed throughout 10 apartment buildings and 6 residence halls . At University Park , these are the University Park Apartments , Panther Hall , the University Park Towers , Everglades Hall , Lakeview Hall North , and Lakeview Hall South . On the Biscayne Bay Campus , after closing Bay Visa Housing to students and long @-@ term leasing the facility to RCL for employee training , FIU is developing BayView Student Housing on the BBC campus . BBC 's first on @-@ campus new housing in 30 + years will house 408 students in a high rise overlooking Biscayne Bay . . Together , approximately 7 % of FIU 's student population lives on @-@ campus in student housing ( not including Greek housing ) .
The Office of Housing and Residential Life also offers optional communities in the residence halls . These communities include the Architecture and Arts Community , for students majoring in Architecture or art @-@ related majors , Honors Place for Honors College students , F.Y.R.S.T. ( First Year Residents Succeeding Together ) for all freshmen in any major , F.Y.R.S.T. Explore , for undecided freshmen , Leader 's in Residence for students interested in civic service and leadership opportunities and the Law Community for College of Law students .
As of 2011 , plans are underway for two new residence halls for 1 @,@ 240 students , called Parkview Hall to be built on the Panther Hall parking lot , north of FIU Stadium . Parkview Hall will be built in two phases in two separate buildings , each housing 620 and 600 students respectively , to be completed by Fall 2013 and Fall 2016 .
= = = Libraries = = =
FIU has six libraries , Green Library , FIU 's main library ; the Glenn Hubert Library ( Biscayne Bay Campus ) , the Wolfsonian Library , the Engineering Library , the Law Library , and the Medical Library . The Green Library , Hubert Library , and Engineering Library Service Center are under the direction of the Dean of University Libraries . Other libraries are overseen by their appropriate schools or organizations .
= = = = Green Library = = = =
The Green Library is FIU 's main library , and is the largest building on campus , and one of the largest library buildings in the Southeastern United States . Originally designed by Architect David M. Harper in 1973 , the Green Library was expanded by the architecture firm M. C. Harry & Associates , Inc. in the early 1990s to its current eight floors , with a capacity to expand to a total of 15 floors if necessary . The eight @-@ floor structure was built over , through , and around the original three @-@ story library while it was still in use .
The first floor has numerous classrooms , auditorium spaces , and support services for students , such as tutoring , the writing center , and technology assistance . Also on the first floor is a snack stop and a Starbucks . The second floor has the reference section , cartography ( GIS Center ) , circulation , and numerous computer and printing labs . The third floor is the home of the Medical Library , and includes study lounges as well as a resource center for students of the Honors College . The fourth floor houses the special collections department and university archives . The fifth floor is the home of the School of Architecture Library , as well
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of George I , happened in 1727 when an impostor called Robert Harman pretended to be a herald . The knave was prosecuted by the College in the county of Suffolk , and was sentenced to be pilloried in several market towns on public market days and afterwards to be imprisoned and pay a fine . This hefty sentence was executed , proving that the rights of the College were still respected . In 1737 , during the reign of George II the College petitioned for another charter , to reaffirm their rights and remuneration ; this effort proved unsuccessful . Apart from these events the influence of the College was greatly diminished .
In 1742 a Sugar House was built against the wall of the College . This structure was a fire risk and the cause of great anxiety among the heralds . In 1775 the College Surveyor drew attention to this problem , but to no avail . In February 1800 , the College was asked by the a Select Committee of the House of Commons to report to them the state of public records ; again the heralds drew attention to the proximity of the Sugar House . Members of the committee inspected the College premises and reported to the House that the College must either be moved to a new building or secured against the risk of fire . Again nothing was done ; in 1812 water seeped through the walls of the College damaging records . The Surveyor traced the leak back to a shed recently erected by Mr. Alderman Smith , owner of the Sugar House , who declared his readiness to do everything he could , but who actually did very little to rectify the situation . After years of negotiation the College , in 1820 , bought the Sugar House from Smith for the sum of £ 1 @,@ 500 .
Great financial strains placed upon the College during these times were relieved when the extravagant Prince Regent ( the future George IV ) , granted to the College an annual endowment by Royal Warrant on 29 February 1820 . This generous endowment from the crown , the first since 1555 , was applied towards the reparation and support of the College . Despite the successes of the purchase of the Sugar House and the royal endowment , the College still looked upon the possibility of moving its location to a more suitable and fashionable place . John Nash was at the same time laying out his plans for a new London , and , in 1822 , the College , through the Deputy Earl Marshal , asked the government for a portion of land in the new districts on which to build a house to keep their records . A petition from the College was given to the Lords of the Treasury setting out the herald 's reason for the move : " that the local situation of the College is so widely detached from the proper scene of the official duties and occupations of Your Memorialists and from the residences of that class of persons by whom the records in their charge are chiefly and most frequently consulted . "
Nash himself was asked by the College to design a new building near fashionable Trafalgar Square but Nash 's elaborate plan proved too costly and ambitious for the College . At the same time the College also asked Robert Abraham to submit to them a second plan for the building . When Nash heard that another architect was approached behind his back he reacted vehemently , and attacked the heralds . The College nevertheless continued with their plans . However they were constantly beset by conflicts between the different officers over the amount needed to build a new building . By 1827 the college still had no coherent plan ; the Duke of Norfolk ordered the College to drop the matter altogether . By 1842 the heralds were reconciled with their location and once again commissioned Abraham to build a new octagonal @-@ shaped Record Room on the site of the old Sugar House .
In 1861 a proposal was made to construct a road from Blackfriars to the Mansion House ; this would have resulted in the complete demolition of the College . However , protests from the heralds resulted in only parts of the south east and south west wings being sliced off , requiring extensive remodelling . The College was now a three @-@ sided building with an open courtyard facing the New Queen Victoria Street laid out in 1866 . The terrace , steps and entrance porch were also added around this time .
= = = Reform = = =
On 18 October 1869 , a warrant for a commission of inquiry into the state of the College was established . The warrant issued on the behalf of the Duke of Norfolk , stated : " that it is desirable that the College of Arms should be visited , and an inquiry instituted with the view of ascertaining whether the Rules and Orders for the good government of the said College ... are duly obeyed and fulfilled ... and whether by change of circumstances or any other cause , any new Laws , Ordinances or Regulations are necessary to be made ... for the said College . " The commission had three members : Lord Edward Fitzalan @-@ Howard ( the Deputy Earl Marshal ) , Sir William Alexander ( Queen 's Counsel ) and Edward Bellasis ( a Sergeant at Law ) . Sir Bernard Burke ( of the famous Burke 's Peerage ) , at the time Ulster King of Arms , gave the commission the advice that the College should : " be made a Government Department , let its Officers receive fixed salaries from Government , and let all its fees be paid into the public exchequer . This arrangement would , I am sure , be self @-@ supporting and would raise at once the character of the Office and the status of the Heralds . " Burke 's suggestion for reform was the same arrangement that had already been applied to the Lord Lyon Court in Scotland in 1867 , and was to be applied to his own office in 1871 . However unlike the Lyon Court , which was a court of law and part of the Scottish Judiciary , the College of Arms has always been an independent corporate body overseen by the Earl Marshal . While the Lord Lyon depended on the Government for its reforms and statutes , the College has always been able to carry out changes from within itself . The commission also drew attention to the fees , annulments and library of the College , as well as the general modernisation of the chapter as a whole . When the commission made its report in 1870 , it recommended many changes , and these were duly made in another warrant dated 27 April 1871 . Burke 's recommendation , however , was not implemented .
Despite the findings of this inquiry , the issues surrounding the status and position of the College continued . At the beginning of the 20th century these issues were once again brought to the forefront . In 1903 an inquiry was set up at the instructions of Arthur Balfour , soon to be Prime Minister . The committee of inquiry was to consist of eight members , Sir Algernon West was made chairman . They were tasked to investigate " the constitution , duties and administration of the Heralds ' College " . The main issues being the anomalous position of the College , who are theoretically officials of the Royal Household , but actually derive their income from fees paid by private individuals for their services . Some of the members of the committee ( a minority ) wanted ( like Burke thirty @-@ four years earlier ) to make officers of the College of Arms into " salaried civil servants of the state " . Despite concluding that some form of change was necessary , the inquiry categorically stated that any changes " is at the present time and in present circumstances impracticable . " In 1905 the generous endowment from the Crown ( as instituted by George IV ) was stopped by the Liberal Government of the day as part of its campaign against the House of Lords and the class system .
A second inquiry was established in 1928 under the chairmanship of Lord Birkenhead . The inquiry was called soon after a secret memorandum , written in 1927 , was circulated by the Home Office , criticising the constitution and workings of the heralds . The memorandum states that " They have , as will be seen from this memorandum , in many cases attempted to interfere with the exercise by the Secretary of State of his constitutional responsibility for advising the Crown " , and that the College had " adopted practices in connection with matters within their jurisdiction which seem highly improper in themselves , and calculated to bring the Royal Prerogative into contempt . " These accusations concern the actions of certain heralds , who overzealously advocate the cases of their paid clients , even against the opposition of the ministers of the day . Sir Anthony Wagner writes that " The officers of these departments , no doubt , in the overconfident way of their generation , esteemed the College an anachronistic and anomalous institution overdue for reform or abolition . " The memorandum ended by saying that " the College of Arms is a small and highly organised luxury trade , dependent for its living on supplying the demand for a fancy article among the well to do : and like many such trades it has in very many cases to create the demand before it can supply it . "
When the committee made their report in June 1928 they suggested several reforms to tackle the main issues which had brought the College into so much conflict with the Home Office . Firstly they concluded that
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, or includes land . If the gift is given after death through a will , the will must comply with Section 9 of the Wills Act 1837 , which requires that the will be in writing and signed by the testator ( or somebody else present , at the testator 's instruction ) , it is clear that the testator intended to give effect to the will , and the signature is made or noted by two or more witnesses . If these are all carried out , the will is a valid document , and the gift made as part of it can create a charitable trust . If the gift is of land and made during the donor 's lifetime , it must comply with Section 53 ( 1 ) ( b ) of the Law of Property Act 1925 , which requires that the agreement be a written document signed by the person giving it . If the gift is of personal property and made inter vivos , there are no formal requirements ; it is enough that an oral declaration is made creating the trust . Once constituted properly , a charitable trust , like all express trusts , cannot be undone unless there is something allowing that within the trust instrument .
= = Advantages of charity status = =
There are a variety of advantages to charity status . Within English trusts law , a standard express trust has a relationship between the trustees and the beneficiaries ; this does not apply to charitable trusts , partially because of the special definition of trustee used and partially because there are no individual beneficiaries identified in a charitable trust . Instead , the Attorney General of England and Wales sues on behalf of beneficiaries to enforce a charitable trust . Because of this lack of a relationship , the trustees ' powers are far wider @-@ ranging , only being regulated by the Charity Commission and actions brought by the Attorney General ; the beneficiaries have no direct control . Charitable trusts are also exempt from many formalities when being created , including the rule against perpetuities . The trustees are also not required to act unanimously , only with a majority .
Tax law also makes special exemptions for charitable trusts . They are free from the income tax paid by individuals and companies , and also the corporation tax paid by incorporated and unincorporated associations . There is no requirement for charitable trusts to pay capital gains tax or council tax , although they are obliged to pay VAT . This freedom from tax liability applies not just to charitable trusts , but also to people who donate to them . Individuals who donate via Gift Aid are free from paying tax on that amount , while companies who give gifts to charity can claim tax on the amount back from HM Revenue & Customs .
= = Definitions = =
The definitions of a trustee and a trust within charitable trusts differ significantly from the norm . In particular , according to the Charities Act 1993 ( section 37 ) :
'charity trustees ' means the person having the general control and management of the charity ...
'trusts ' in relation to a charity means the provisions establishing it as a charity and regulating its purposes and administration , whether those provisions take effect as a trust or not , and in relation to other institutions has a corresponding meaning .
There is no statutory definition of what a charity is ; it is instead dealt with in a roundabout way . The Charities Act 2006 states in section 1 ( 1 ) that :
For the purposes of the law of England and Wales , ' charity ' means an institution which
( a ) is established for charitable purposes only , and
( b ) falls to be subject to the control of the High Court in the exercise of its jurisdiction with respect to charities .
= = Charitable purpose = =
The first definition of a " charitable purpose " was found in the preamble to the Charitable Uses Act 1601 . The standard categorisation ( since all previous attempts to put it on the statute books were " unduly cumbersome " ) was set out by Lord Macnaghten in IRC v Pemsel , where he said that " Charity in its legal sense comprises four principal divisions : Trusts for the relief of poverty ; trusts for the advancement of education ; trusts for the advancement of religion ; and trusts for other purposes beneficial to the community " . This " charitable purpose " was expanded on in Section 2 ( 2 ) of the Charities Act 2006 , but the Macnaghten categories are still widely used .
Trusts must also be for " public
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3 . In the episode , Homer plays a series of practical jokes on Bart , and to get even , Bart shakes up a can of Homer 's beer with a paint shaker . Homer opens the can , resulting in a huge explosion that lands him in the hospital , where he goes into a coma . At Homer 's bedside , the Simpson family reminisce , mainly about moments relevant to Homer 's life .
Jon Vitti wrote the episode , and Carlos Baeza directed it . This is The Simpsons ' first clip show , and it features clips from the first three seasons of the series . It was created to relieve the long hours put in by all of the show 's overworked staff . The episode features cultural references to films such as One Flew Over the Cuckoo 's Nest , Raiders of the Lost Ark , and Fantastic Voyage . The episode received positive reviews from critics . It was called " as good as a clip show ever gets " and acquired a Nielsen rating of 14 @.@ 9 .
= = Plot = =
The story begins on April Fools ' Day as Homer is playing pranks on Bart throughout the day . Bart , angered by the numerous tricks he has fallen for , attempts to get revenge by shaking up a beer in a paint shaker . When Homer opens the beer , it results in a massive explosion that puts him in the hospital , paralyzed and placed in a wheelchair . While everyone waits for Homer to get well , the family remembers surviving similar hardships , shown in the form of clips from past episodes .
At the hospital , Homer sees a candy machine and , while trying to get chocolate , accidentally tips it on himself . The machine crushes him and puts him in a coma . After that , Mr. Burns then tries to pull the plug on Homer 's life support system to keep from having to pay for Homer 's health insurance . As Homer lies unconscious in the hospital bed , Bart tearfully confesses that he was the one who put him in the hospital with his shaken beer can prank . Having heard this , Homer comes out of the coma and ends up strangling Bart for his prank . Despite this , Marge and the others are happy that Homer is finally well . The episode ends with Homer , still under the assumption that it is April Fools ' Day , trying to fool the family by saying he is taking them to Hawaii . However , Bart , Lisa , and Marge tell Homer that the current date is May 16 , that Homer was in a coma for 7 weeks , and that he lost 5 % of his brain as a result . The family laughs it off even though Homer 's not sure why he is laughing .
= = Production = =
The episode originally aired on April Fools ' Day , 1993 on the Fox network . It was directed by Carlos Baeza , and written by Jon Vitti with contributions from Al Jean , Mike Reiss , Jay Kogen , Wallace Wolodarsky , John Swartzwelder , Jeff Martin , George Meyer , and Nell Scovell . The idea for the 32 " D 'oh ! " s in a row footage was from David Silverman 's montage that he had assembled for his traveling college show .
" So It 's Come to This : A Simpsons Clip Show " was The Simpsons ' first clip show , created to relieve the long hours put in by all of the show 's overworked staff . There was intense pressure on producers of the show to create extra episodes in each season and the plan was to make four clip shows per season to meet that limit . However , writers and producers felt that this many clip shows would alienate fans of the series . The Fox network 's reasoning was that clip shows cost half of what a normal episode cost to produce , but they could sell syndication rights at full price . Despite the nature of the clip show , the episode still contained an act and a half of new animation , including the extra scene from " Bart the Daredevil " in which Homer falls down Springfield Gorge a second time after the ambulance crashes into a tree .
The network censors initially refused to let the phrase " beer causes rectal cancer " into the show . The censors eventually relented when they found a medical textbook which stated the link between beer and cancer , but still asked them to " go easy " on beer in the future .
As the family reminisces together about the past events , Bart raises a seeming non sequitur about an Itchy & Scratchy episode . Marge asks " Why did you bring that up ? " to which Bart replies " It was an amusing episode , " half looking at the camera , before quickly adding " of our ... lives . " Bart knows he is on a television show and knows the kinds of tricks his own writers use to fill up airtime . Such self @-@ consciousness allows The Simpsons to serve as a lesson in modern media discontinuity .
= = Referenced clips = =
This flashback episode uses clips from episodes released during the first three seasons : four are from the first , five from the second , and six from the third season .
= = Cultural references = =
The scene where Barney attempts to smother Homer with a pillow and breaks a hospital window with a water fountain is a parody of a scene in Miloš Forman 's 1975 film One Flew Over the Cuckoo 's Nest . Professor Frink 's suggestion of shrinking a crew of men to microscopic size and sending them into Homer in a small submarine is a reference to Richard Fleischer 's 1966 film Fantastic Voyage . There are also many cultural references in the clips from previous episodes . The clip of Homer picking up Marge and carrying her off in his arms into the distance is a reference to the theme of the 1982 film , An Officer and a Gentleman . Bart stealing Homer 's penny jar and trying to escape is an almost shot @-@ for @-@ shot parody of the opening sequence in the 1981 film , Raiders of the Lost Ark , while John Williams ' " Raiders March " plays throughout . The scene in which Maggie hits Homer over the head with a mallet is an extensive parody of the shower scene from Psycho ; the music and camera angles are almost identical . When Grandpa visits Homer in the hospital , he recites the line " This world was never meant for someone as beautiful as you " , which is from Don McLean 's 1972 single " Vincent " .
= = Reception = =
In its original American broadcast , " So It 's Come to This : A Simpsons Clip Show " finished fourteenth in the ratings for the week of March 28 to April 4 , 1993 , with a Nielsen rating of 14 @.@ 9 . It was the highest @-@ rated show on the Fox network that week . The episode has received positive reviews , being labeled " as good as a clip show ever gets " , and containing some memorable gags . It has been seen as one " of the most consistently funny episodes of the series " , which " strikes that perfect balance between perfectly selected classic moments and all new story segments ... " The episode 's reference to One Flew Over the Cuckoo 's Nest was named the 43rd greatest film reference in the history of the show by Total Film 's Nathan Ditum .
In 2015 , executive producer Al Jean
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to his eventual conversion to Catholicism . He took holy orders under the Franciscans and was ordained a priest in 1661 . Ten years later , in 1671 , he retired to a Jesuit house where he remained for the rest of his life .
An enthusiastic convert and priest , Silesius worked to convince German Protestants in Silesia to return to the Roman Catholic Church . He composed 55 tracts and pamphlets condemning Protestantism , several of which were published in two folio volumes entitled Ecclesiologia ( trans . " The Words of the Church " ) . He is now remembered chiefly for his religious poetry , and in particular for two poetical works both published in 1657 : Heilige Seelenlust ( literally , " The Soul 's Holy Desires " ) , a collection of more than 200 religious hymn texts that have been used by Catholics and Protestants ; and Der Cherubinischer Wandersmann ( " The Cherubinic Pilgrim " ) , a collection of 1 @,@ 676 short poems , mostly Alexandrine couplets . His poetry explores themes of mysticism , quietism , and pantheism within an orthodox Catholic context .
= = Life = =
= = = Early life and education = = =
While his exact birthdate is unknown , it is believed that Silesius was born in December 1624 in Breslau , the capital of Silesia . The earliest mention of him is the registration of his baptism on Christmas Day , 25 December 1624 . At the time , Silesia was a German @-@ speaking province of the Habsburg Empire . Today , it is the southwestern region of Poland . Baptized Johann Scheffler , he was the first of three children . His parents , who married in February 1624 , were Lutheran . His father , Stanislaus Scheffler ( c . 1562 – 1637 ) , was of Polish ancestry and was a member of the lower nobility . Stanislaus dedicated his life to the military was made Lord of Borowice ( or Vorwicze ) and received a knighthood from King Sigismund III . A few years before his son 's birth , he had retired from military service in Kraków . In 1624 , he was 62 . The child 's mother , Maria Hennemann ( c . 1600 – 1639 ) , was a 24 @-@ year @-@ old daughter of a local physician with ties to the Habsburg Imperial court .
Scheffler obtained his early education at the Elisabethsgymnasium ( Saint Elizabeth 's Gymnasium , or high school ) in Breslau . His earliest poems were written and published during these formative years . Scheffler was probably influenced by the recently published works of poet and scholar Martin Opitz and by one of his teachers , poet Christoph Köler .
He subsequently studied medicine and science at the University of Strasbourg ( or Strassburg ) in Alsace for a year in 1643 . It was a Lutheran university with a course of study that embraced Renaissance humanism . From 1644 to 1647 , he attended Leiden University . At this time , he was introduced to the writings of Jacob Böhme ( 1575 – 1624 ) and became acquainted with one of Böhme 's friends , Abraham von Franckenberg ( 1593 – 1652 ) , who probably introduced him to ancient Kabbalist writings , alchemy , and hermeticism , and to mystic writers living in Amsterdam . Franckenberg had been compiling a complete edition of Böhme 's work at the time Scheffler resided in the Netherlands . The Dutch Republic provided refuge to many religious sects , mystics , and scholars who were persecuted elsewhere in Europe . Scheffler then went to Italy and enrolled in studies at the University of Padua in Padua in September 1647 . A year later , he received a doctoral degree in philosophy and medicine and returned to his homeland .
= = = Physician = = =
On 3 November 1649 , Scheffler was appointed to be the court physician to Silvius I Nimrod , Duke of Württemberg @-@ Oels ( 1622 – 1664 ) and was given an annual salary of 175 thalers . Although he was " recommended to the Duke on account of his good qualities and his experience in medicine , " it is likely that Scheffler 's friend
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and mentor , Abraham von Franckenberg , had arranged the appointment given his closeness to the Duke . Franckenberg was the son of a minor noble from the village of Ludwigsdorf near Oels within the duchy . Franckenberg returned to the region the year before . It is also possible that Scheffler 's brother @-@ in @-@ law , Tobias Brückner , who was also a physician to the Duke of Württemberg @-@ Oels , may have recommended him . Scheffler soon was not happy in his position as his personal mysticism and critical views on Lutheran doctrine ( especially his disagreements with the Augsburg Confession ) caused friction with the Duke and members of the ducal court . The Duke was characterized in history as being " a zealous Lutheran and very bigoted . " Coincidentally , it was at this time that Scheffler began to have mystical visions , which along with his public pronouncements led local Lutheran clergy to consider him a heretic . After Franckenberg 's death in June 1652 , Scheffler resigned his position — he may have been forced to resign — and sought refuge under the protection of the Roman Catholic Church .
= = = Priest and poet = = =
The Lutheran authorities in the Reformed states of the Empire were not tolerant of Scheffler 's increasing mysticism , and he was publicly attacked and denounced as a heretic . At this time , the Habsburg rulers ( who were Catholic ) were pushing for a Counter Reformation and advocated a re @-@ Catholicisation of Europe . Scheffler sought to convert to Catholicism and was received by the Church of Saint Matthias in Breslau on 12 June 1653 . Upon being received , he took the name Angelus , the Latin form of " angel " , derived from the Greek ángelos ( ἄγγελος , " messenger " ) ; for his epithet , he took Silesius ( Latin for " Silesian " ) . It is uncertain why he took this name , but he may have added it in honour of his native Silesia or to honor a favourite scholastic , mystic or theosophic author , to distinguish himself from other famous writers of his era : perhaps the Spanish mystic writer Juan de los Ángeles ( author of The Triumph of Love ) or Lutheran theologian Johann Angelus in Darmstadt . He no longer used the name Scheffler , but did on occasion use his first name , Johann . From 1653 until his death , he used the names Angelus Silesius and also Johann Angelus Silesius .
Shortly after his conversion , on 24 March 1654 , Silesius received an appointment as Imperial Court Physician to Ferdinand III , the Holy Roman Emperor . However , this was probably an honorary position to offer some official protection against Lutheran attackers , as Silesius never went to Vienna to serve the Imperial Court . It is very likely that he never practiced medicine after his conversion to Catholicism .
In the late 1650s , he sought permission ( a nihil obstat or imprimatur ) from Catholic authorities in Vienna and Breslau to begin publishing his poetry . He had begun writing poetry at an early age , publishing a few occasional pieces when a schoolboy in 1641 and 1642 . He attempted to publish poetry while working for the Duke of Württemberg @-@ Oels , but was refused permission by the Duke 's orthodox Lutheran court clergyman , Christoph Freitag . However , in 1657 , after obtaining the approval of the Catholic Church , two collections of his poems were published — the works for which he is known — Heilige Seelenlust ( " The Soul 's Holy Desire " ) and Der Cherubinische Wandersmann ( " The Cherubinic Pilgrim " ) .
On 27 February 1661 , Silesius took holy orders as a Franciscan . Three months later , he was ordained a priest in the Silesian Duchy of Neisse — an area of successful re @-@ Catholicisation and one of two ecclesiastical states within the region ( that is , ruled by a Prince @-@ Bishop ) . When his friend Sebastian von Rostock ( 1607 – 1671 ) became Prince @-@ Bishop of Breslau , Silesius was appointed his Rath und Hofmarschall ( a counselor and Chamberlain ) . During this time , he began publishing over fifty tracts attacking Lutheranism and the Protestant Reformation . Thirty @-@ nine of these essays he later compiled into a two @-@ volume folio collection entitled Ecclesiologia ( 1676 ) .
= = = Death = = =
After the death of the Prince @-@ Bishop of Breslau in 1671 , Silesius retired to the Hospice of the Knights of the Cross with the Red Star ( the Matthiasstift ) , a Jesuit house associated with the church of Saint
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Matthias at Breslau . He died on 9 July 1677 and was buried there . Some sources claim he died from tuberculosis ( " consumption " ) , others describe his illness as a " wasting sickness . " Immediately after news of his death spread , several of his Protestant detractors spread the untrue rumor that Silesius had hanged himself . By his Will , he distributed his fortune , largely inherited from his father 's noble estate , to pious and charitable institutions , including orphanages .
= = Importance = =
= = = Interpretation of his work = = =
The poetry of Angelus Silesius consists largely of epigrams in the form of alexandrine couplets — the style that dominated German poetry and mystical literature during the Baroque era . According to Baker , the epigram was key to conveying mysticism , because " the epigram with its tendency towards brevity and pointedness is a suitable genre to cope with the aesthetic problem of the ineffability of the mystical experience . " The Encyclopaedia Brittanica identifies these epigrams as Reimsprüche — or rhymed distichs — and describes them as :
... embodying a strange mystical pantheism drawn mainly from the writings of Jakob Böhme and his followers . Silesius delighted specially in the subtle paradoxes of mysticism . The essence of God , for instance , he held to be love ; God , he said , can love nothing inferior to himself ; but he cannot be an object of love to himself without going out , so to speak , of himself , without manifesting his infinity in a finite form ; in other words , by becoming man . God and man are therefore essentially one .
Silesius 's poetry directs the reader to seek a path toward a desired spiritual state , an eternal stillness , by eschewing material or physical needs and the human will . It requires an understanding of God that is informed by the ideas of apophatic theology and of antithesis and paradox . Some of Silesius 's writings and beliefs that bordered on pantheism or panentheism caused tensions between Silesius and local Protestant authorities . However , in the introduction to Der Cherubinischer Wandersmann , he explained his poetry ( especially its paradoxes ) within the framework of Catholic orthodoxy and denied pantheism which would have run afoul of Catholic doctrine .
His mysticism is informed by the influences of Böhme and Franckenberg as well as of prominent writers Meister Eckhart ( 1260 – 1327 ) , Johannes Tauler ( c . 1300 – 1361 ) , Heinrich Suso ( c . 1300 – 1366 ) , and Jan van Ruysbroeck ( 1293 / 4 – 1381 ) . Critic and literary theorist Georg Ellinger surmised in his study of Silesius that his poetry was influenced by loneliness ( especially due to the death of his parents and becoming an orphan early in life ) , ungoverned impulsivity , and lack of personal fulfillment , rendering much of his poetry confessional and exhibiting internal psychological conflict .
= = = Use in hymns = = =
Several of the poems of Silesius have been used or adapted as hymns used in Protestant and Catholic services . In many early Lutheran and Protestant hymnals , these lyrics were attributed to " anonymous " , rather than admit they were penned by the Catholic Silesius , known for his criticism and advocacy against Protestantism . In many instances , the verse of Silesius is attributed in print to " anonymous " or to " I.A. " While I.A. were the Latin initials for Iohannis Angelus they were often misinterpreted as Incerti auctoris , meaning " unknown author " . Likewise , several truly anonymous works were later misattributed to Silesius , thanks to the same ambiguous initials . Verses by Silesius appear in the lyrics of hymns published in Nürnberg Gesang @-@ Buch ( 1676 ) , Freylinghausen 's Gesang @-@ Buch ( 1704 ) , Porst 's Gesang @-@ Buch ( 1713 ) ; and Burg 's Gesang @-@ Buch ( 1746 ) . Seventy @-@ nine hymns using his verses were included in Nicolaus Zinzendorf 's Christ @-@ Catholisches Singe und Bet @-@ Büchlein ( 1727 ) . During the 18th Century , they were frequently in use in the Lutheran , Catholic , and Moravian Churches . Many of these hymns are still popular in Christian churches today .
= = = Silesius in modern culture = = =
In a series of lectures entitled Siete Noches ( " Seven Nights " ) ( 1980 ) , Argentine writer and poet Jorge Luis Borges ( 1899 – 1986 ) remarks that the essence of poetry can be encapsulated in a single line from Silesius . Borges wrote :
I will end with a great line by the poet who , in the seventeenth century , took the strangely real and poetic name of Angelus Silesius . It is the summary of all I have said tonight — except that I have said it by means of reasoning and simulated reasoning . I will say it first in Spanish and then in German :
La rosa es sin porqué ; florece porque florece .
Die Rose ist ohne warum ; sie blühet weil sie blühet .
The line he quoted , Die Rose ist ohne warum ; sie blühet , weil sie blühet ... from Silesius 's The Cherubinic Pilgrim ( 1657 ) , can be translated as : " The Rose is without a ' wherefor ' — she blooms because she blooms . " The influence of mysticism is seen in the work of Borges , especially in his poetry , which frequently references Silesius and his work .
This same line was often referenced in the work of Martin Heidegger ( 1889 – 1976 ) who ( building on the work of Leibniz and Hegel ) explored mysticism in many of his works , in which he defines a theory of truth as phenomenal and defying any rational explanation . Heidegger was commenting on the rational philosophy of German philosopher and mathematician Leibniz ( 1646 – 1716 ) — a contemporary of Silesius — who called the mystic 's poetry " beautiful " , but " extraordinarily daring , full of difficult metaphors and inclined almost to godlessness " despite Silesius 's mysticism being contrary to Leibniz 's principium reddendae rationis sufficientis , the Principle of sufficient reason .
In the 1991 American film Cape Fear directed by Martin Scorsese , Max Cady ( played by Robert De Niro ) quotes a verse of Silesius . The verse is :
However , the context of this line in the film does not match the context intended by Silesius . The character of Cady uses it to emphasize dramatically to his intended victims the power of his individual will and his god @-@ like ability to exact a violent vengeance . The context intended by Silesius was of man 's realization through his spiritual potential for perfection that he was of the same substance with God in the sense of the mystical divine union or theosis — that experience of direct communion of love between the believer and God as equals .
= = Works = =
= = = Poetry = = =
1642 : Bonus Consiliarius ( trans . The Good Counselor )
1657 : Heilige Seelenlust , oder geistliche Hirtenlieder der in ihren Jesum verliebten Psyche ( trans . " The Soul 's Holy Desires ,
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or the Spiritual Songs of the Shepherd in your Christ @-@ loving Spirit " )
1657 : Geistreiche Sinn @-@ und @-@ Schlussreime zur göttlichen Beschaulichkeit ( trans . " Ingenious Aphorisms in End @-@ Rhymes to Divine Tranquility " , or " Witty Aphorisms in End @-@ Rhymes to Divine Tranquility " ) renamed in the 2nd edition ( 1674 ) to Der Cherbinische Wandersmann ( trans . " The Cherubinic Pilgrim " )
1675 : Sinnliche Beschreibung der vier letzten Dinge , zu heilsamen Schröken und Auffmunterung aller Menschen inn Druck gegeben . Mit der himmlischen Procession vermehrt , & c . ( trans . " A Sensuous Representation of the Four Last Things ... " )
= = = Theological tracts and polemical writings = = =
1653 : Gründtliche Ursachen von Motiven , warumb Er Von dem Lutherthumb abgetretten , und sich zu der Catholischen Kyrchen bekennet hat . ( trans . " a thorough examination of his motives why he has deviated from Lutheranism and confessed to the Catholic church " )
1663 : Türcken @-@ Schrifft Von den Ursachen der Türkischen Überziehung . ( trans . Writing on the Turks : Of the causes of the Turkish invasion " )
1664 : Kehr @-@ Wisch Zu Abkehrung des Ungeziefers Mit welchem seine wolgemeinte Tückenschrifft Christianus Chemmtis hat wollen verhast machen . ( trans . " A Sweeping conversion of the Vermin which Christ would want to make with his well @-@ intentioned trickery " )
1664 : Zerbrochene Triumphs @-@ Wagen auff welchem er Uber die Lutheraner triumphirend einzufahren ihm im Traum vorkommen lassen . ( trans . " The Broken Triumph Wagon , over which he triumphantly can tell the Lutherans it can happen in a dream " )
1664 : Christen @-@ Schrifft Von dem herrlichen Kennzeichen deß Volkes Gottes . ( trans . " That the Christian scriptures are the lovely mark of God 's people " )
1664 : Und Scheffler redet noch ! Daß ist Johannis Schefflers Schutz @-@ Rede Für sich und seine Christen @-@ Schrifft . ( trans . " And Scheffler still speaks ! That Johann Scheffler 's protecting speech for himself and his Christian scriptures " )
1665 : Kommet her und Sehet mit vernünfftigen Augen wie Joseph und die Heiligen bey den Catholischen geeehret . ( trans . " Come and Behold , glorified with reasonable eyes as Joseph and the Saints by the Catholics " )
1665 : Der Lutheraner und Calvinisten Abgott der Vernunfft entblösset dargestellt . ( trans . " The God of Reason of the Lutherans and Calivinsits shown denuded . " )
1665 : Gülden @-@ Griff Welcher Gestalt alle Ketzer auch von dem Ungelehrtesten leichtlich können gemeistert werden .
1666 : Des Römischen Bapists Oberhauptmannschaft über die gantze allgemeine Kirche Christi . ( trans . " The Roman Baptists ' leadership of the entire general Church of Christ " )
1667 : Johannis Schefflers Gründliche Außführung Daß die Lutheraner auf keine weise noch wege ihren Glauben in der Schrifft zu zeigen vermögen und ihr Gott ein blosser Wahn Bild oder Ding ihrer Vernunfft sey . ( trans . " A thorough handling that the Lutherans have no routes to their faith in the Scriptures to show their God as either a mere hallucination or a thing of reason " )
1670 : Kurtze Erörterung Der Frage Ob die Lutheraner in Schlesien der in Instrumento Pacis denen Augsburgischen Confessions @-@ Verwandten verliehenen Religions @-@ Freyheit sich getrösten können . ( trans . " A short discussion of the question whether religious liberty can exist with the Lutherans in Silesia where the Augsburg Confessions have been accorded an Instrument of Peace " )
1670 : Christiani Conscientiosi Sendschreiben An Alle Evangelische Universitäten in welchem er seine Gewissens @-@ Scrupel proponirt . ( trans . " To all conscientious Christians : A Letter to all Protestant Universities in which he proposes his scruples of conscience " )
1671 : Johann Schefflers Erweiß Daß der gröste Hauffe die rechte Kirche sey ; Und man sich kurtzumb zu der Catholischen Kirche begeben musse wo man ewig Seelig werden wil . ( trans . " Johann Scheffler 's knowledge that the greates home the true church is — to go to the Catholic church where you will be forever blessed " )
1672 : J. E. InformationSchreiben Wegen des Fegefeuers an E. V. In welchem unüberwindlich erwiesen wird daß mehr als zwey Orte der Seelen nach dem Tode und ein Fegefeuer sey . ( trans . " An informative letter on Purgatory , proving insurmountably the more than two places of the soul after death and purgatory " )
1673 : Hierothei Boranowsky Gerechtfertigter Gewissens @-@ Zwang Oder Erweiß daß man die Ketzer zum wahren Glauben zwingen könne und solle . ( trans . Boranowsky 's The Justified Coercion of Conscience , or the knowledge of what could and should force heretics to the true faith " )
1675 : Johannis Schefflers Alleiniges Him [ m ] elreich Das ist Abweisung Des schädlichen Wahns daß man wol Seelig werden könne wenn man gleich nicht Catholisch wird . ( trans . " Johann Scheffler 's The Kingdom of Heaven alone rejects the harmful delusion that you can be saved if you are not Catholic " )
1675 : D. J. Schefflers Vernünfftiger Gottes @-@ Dienst . ( trans . " J. Scheffler 's Reasonable Service to God " )
1675 : Der Catholisch gewordene Bauer Und Lutherische Doctor ( trans . " The Catholic becomes a farmer and Lutheran Doctor " )
1677 : Ecclesiologia Oder Kirche @-@ Beschreibung . ( trans . " The Words of the Church , or Description of the Church " )
= Battle of Chongju ( 1950 ) =
The Battle of Chongju ( 29 – 30 October 1950 ) took place during the United Nations ( UN ) offensive towards the Yalu River , which followed the North Korean invasion of South Korea at the start of the Korean War . The battle was fought between Australian forces from 3rd Battalion , Royal Australian Regiment ( 3 RAR ) and the 17th Tank Brigade of the Korean People 's Army for control of Chongju , North Korea and the surrounding area . After detecting a strong North Korean armoured force equipped with T @-@ 34 tanks and SU @-@ 76 self @-@ propelled guns on a thickly wooded ridgeline astride the line of advance , the Australians launched a series of company attacks with American M4 Sherman tanks and aircraft in support . Despite heavy resistance the North Koreans were forced to withdraw and the Australians captured their objectives after three hours of fighting .
That evening the North Koreans were strongly reinforced , attacking the Australian southern flank manned by D Company 3 RAR , and partially penetrating their perimeter . After two hours of fighting the assault was repulsed , and the North Koreans subsequently launched a furious assault against A Company 3 RAR on the northern position , which also failed amid heavy losses . The following day the Australians advanced to the high ground overlooking Chongju , killing and capturing a number of North Koreans in skirmishes . That afternoon the town itself was cleared by the remaining elements of the 27th British Commonwealth Brigade without opposition . North Korean casualties during the fighting were heavy , while Australian losses included their commanding officer , Lieutenant Colonel Charles Green , who was wounded in the stomach by artillery fire after the battle and died two days later .
= = Background = =
= = = Military situation = = =
The Korean War began early in the morning of 25 June 1950 , following the surprise invasion of the Republic of Korea ( ROK ) by its northern neighbour , the communist Democratic People 's Republic of Korea ( DPRK ) . Numerically superior and better @-@ equipped , the Korean People 's Army ( KPA ) crossed the 38th Parallel and rapidly advanced south , easily overcoming the South Koreans . In response , the United Nations ( UN ) decided
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zzfest and Download , and embarked on the obZen world tour from 2008 to 2010 . Meshuggah 's latest studio album , Koloss , was released on March 23 , 2012 . Nothing and the albums that followed have all charted on the Billboard 200 . Meshuggah 's most commercially successful album , Koloss , debuted at number 17 in the USA , with first week sales of 18 @,@ 342 copies . In 2006 and 2009 , the band was nominated for a Swedish Grammy Award .
= = History = =
= = = Formation and Contradictions Collapse ( 1987 – 1994 ) = = =
In 1985 , guitarist Fredrik Thordendal formed a band in Umeå , a college town in northern Sweden with a population of 105 @,@ 000 . The band , originally named Metallien , recorded a number of demo tapes , after which it disbanded . Thordendal , however , continued playing under a different name with new band members .
Meshuggah was formed in 1987 by vocalist and guitarist Jens Kidman , and took the name Meshuggah from the Yiddish word for " crazy " . The band recorded several demos before Kidman left , which prompted the remaining members to disband . Kidman then formed a new band , Calipash , with guitarist Thordendal , bassist Peter Nordin and drummer Niklas Lundgren . Kidman , who also played guitar , and Thordendal decided to restore the name Meshuggah for the new band .
On February 3 , 1989 , Meshuggah released the self @-@ titled , three @-@ song EP Meshuggah , which is commonly known as Psykisk Testbild ( a title that could be translated as " Psychological Test @-@ Picture " ) . This 12 " ( 30 cm ) vinyl EP had only 1 @,@ 000 copies released , sold by local record store Garageland . The EP 's back cover features the band members with cheese doodles on their faces .
After replacing drummer Niklas Lundgren with Tomas Haake in 1990 , Meshuggah signed a contract with German heavy metal record label Nuclear Blast and recorded its debut full @-@ length album , Contradictions Collapse . The LP , originally entitled ( All this because of ) Greed , was released on January 1 , 1991 . The album received positive reviews , but was not a commercial success . Soon after , Kidman decided to concentrate on vocals , and rhythm guitarist Mårten Hagström , who had already played in a band with Haake when they were in sixth grade , was recruited . The new lineup recorded the EP None at Tonteknik Recordings in Umeå in 1994 for release later that year . A Japanese version was also released , including lyrics printed in Japanese .
During this period , Thordendal , who was working as a carpenter , severed the tip of his left middle finger , while Haake injured his hand in a grinder accident . As a result , the band was unable to perform for several months . Thordendal 's fingertip was later reattached , and he went on to make a full recovery . The Selfcaged EP was recorded in April and May 1994 , but its release was delayed to later in 1995 due to the accidents .
= = = Destroy Erase Improve ( 1995 – 1997 ) = = =
In January 1995 , Meshuggah undertook a short European tour organized by its record label Nuclear Blast . Afterwards , the band returned to the studio to record the album Destroy Erase Improve at Soundfront Studios in Uppsala , with Daniel Bergstrand as a producer . Shortly thereafter , the band went on a European tour supporting Machine Head for two months . During the tour , Nordin became ill and experienced difficulties with his inner ear balance . Due to the resulting chronic dizziness and vertigo , Nordin was forced to leave the tour and travel to Sweden . Machine Head 's bassist Adam Duce offered to cover his absence ; however , Meshuggah decided to continue as a four @-@ piece . Sometimes Thordendal played bass , while other times the band performed with two guitars . In this lineup , Hagström would use a pitch shifter to play his guitar at an octave lower than usual .
Destroy Erase Improve was released in July 1995 , with positive response from critics for the " heady tempos and abstract approach " . Kidman described the album cover : " The title fits the pictures we cut out and stole from reference books in the library . "
In mid @-@ 1995 , Meshuggah had a short tour with Swedish band Clawfinger in Scandinavia and Germany . Nordin had to leave the band because of his sickness and was replaced by bassist Gustaf Hielm during the tour . In late 1995 , Meshuggah went on a month @-@ long tour with Hypocrisy .
During 1996 and 1997 , Thordendal worked on his solo album Sol Niger Within , which was released in March 1997 in Scandinavia and in April in Japan . He also hosted Mats / Morgan Band 's debut . In 1997 , Meshuggah recorded an unreleased demo , toured occasionally , and played a few concerts in its hometown . In May , Meshuggah moved to Stockholm to be closer to its management and the record industry in general .
The EP The True Human Design was recorded and released in late 1997 . It contained one new song entitled " Sane " , and one live and two alternate versions of Destroy Erase Improve 's opening track " Future Breed Machine " . Thordendal 's solo album Sol Niger Within was simultaneously released in the United States , and Meshuggah started to plan its next album at the end of the year .
= = = Chaosphere and Nothing ( 1998 – 2002 ) = = =
Hielm officially joined the band in January 1998 after more than two years as a session member . Nuclear Blast re @-@ released Contradictions Collapse with the addition of songs from the None EP . In May 1998 , the title of the next album , Chaosphere , was reported and recording began . Immediately after recording the album , Meshuggah went on a short US tour , and the album was released later in November 1998 . Shortly after the release , Meshuggah toured Scandinavia with Entombed .
In early 1999 , Meshuggah joined Slayer on their U.S. tour . After the new album and the live performances , Meshuggah was beginning to be recognized by mainstream music , guitar , drum and metal magazines . In mid @-@ 1999 , Meshuggah performed in several Swedish concerts . The band started to write some new material but reported in mid @-@ 2000 that " songwriting isn 't that dramatic , but we 're getting there slowly " . While fans were waiting for the next album , a collection of demos ( from the Psykisk Testbild EP ) , remixes and unreleased songs from the Chaosphere sessions were released as the Rare Trax album . Hielm left the band in July 2001 for unclear reasons . Meshuggah joined Tool on a lengthy tour , playing for more than 100 @,@ 000 people total .
In March 2002 , Meshuggah recorded three @-@ track demos with programmed drums in their home studio , which were based on Haake 's sample Drumkit from Hell . The upcoming album was recorded in five to six weeks in May and was produced by the band at Dug @
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seeing him in a Fry 's Chocolate Cream advertisement . Lazenby dressed the part by sporting several sartorial Bond elements such as a Rolex Submariner wristwatch and a Savile Row suit ( ordered , but uncollected , by Connery ) , and going to Connery 's barber at the Dorchester Hotel . Lazenby consolidated his claim during a screen test , when he accidentally punched a professional wrestler , who was acting as stunt coordinator , in the face , impressing Broccoli with his ability to display aggression . Lazenby never signed a contract , with negotiations dragging on during production , and he was subsequently convinced by his agent Ronan O 'Rahilly that the secret agent would be archaic in the liberated 1970s ; as a result he left the role before the release of On Her Majesty 's Secret Service in 1969 . For his performance as Bond , Lazenby was nominated for the Golden Globe Award for New Star of the Year – Actor at the 27th Golden Globe Awards .
Critical opinion was split about Lazenby ; he has been considered to have been the worst Bond , and has variously been described as " laconic and humourless " , " a little stiff " and " annoying and smug " . Derek Malcolm of The Guardian was dismissive of Lazenby 's performance , saying that he " is not a good actor and though I never thought Sean Connery was all that stylish either , there are moments when one yearns for a little of his louche panache " . The New York Times critic AH Weiler also weighed in against Lazenby , saying that " Lazenby , if not a spurious Bond , is merely a casual , pleasant , satisfactory replacement " . Pauline Kael called Lazenby " quite a dull fellow " in her otherwise positive review in The New Yorker . However , Peter R. Hunt , director of On Her Majesty 's Secret Service , stated that Lazenby should have undertaken more films in the role , saying " he would have made a very credible Bond and been very good indeed " .
Smith and Lavington consider that Lazenby " had chosen to play Bond the same way as Sean Connery had , with perhaps more humility and humanity " ; they went on to say that " Lazenby 's inexperience rarely shows " in the film , and that " he invariably rises to the occasion " . Alexander Walker in the London Evening Standard said that , " The truth is that George Lazenby is almost as good a James Bond as the man referred to in his film as ' the other fellow ' . Lazenby 's voice is more suave than sexy @-@ sinister and he could pass for the other fellow 's twin on the shady side of the casino . Bond is now definitely all set for the Seventies " . Judith Crist of New York Magazine commented that , " This time around there 's less suavity and a no @-@ nonsense muscularity and maleness to the role via the handsome Mr. Lazenby " . Feminist film critic Molly Haskell wrote an approving review in the Village Voice : " Lazenby ... seems more comfortable in a wet tuxedo than a dry martini , more at ease as a donnish genealogist than reading ( or playing ) Playboy , and who actually dares to think that one woman who is his equal is better than a thousand part @-@ time playmates " .
James Chapman considers that Lazenby looks the part of Bond , identifying his athleticism and " arrogant swagger " , which " convey the snobbery of the character " . Chapman also distinguished a more vulnerable and human characterisation in Bond — feeling exhausted and falling in love — as opposed to the " heroic superman " of Connery . Brian Fairbanks noted that " OHMSS gives us a James Bond capable of vulnerability , a man who can show fear and is not immune to heartbreak . Lazenby is that man , and his performance is superb " . Ben Macintyre also observed that of all the Bonds , Lazenby 's characterisation was closest to that of Fleming 's original character .
= = = Roger Moore : 1973 – 85 = = =
After Diamonds Are Forever , Broccoli and Saltzman tried to convince Sean Connery to return as Bond , but he declined . After considering Jeremy Brett , Michael Billington and Julian Glover , the two producers finally turned to Roger Moore , who they had previously discussed for On Her Majesty 's Secret Service , but who had been unavailable , and he was ultimately cast to play Bond in Live and Let Die . At the time Moore was an established television actor , known for his performances as Simon Templar in The Saint and Lord Brett Sinclair in The Persuaders ! : in both of which he played a " charming , debonair , international playboy " . When playing Bond , Moore tried not to imitate either Connery or his previous roles , and screenwriter Tom Mankiewicz fitted the screenplay around Moore 's persona by giving more comedy scenes and a light @-@ hearted feel to Bond , an approach that led Raymond Benson to describe Moore 's Bond as " a rather smarmy , eyebrow @-@ raising international playboy who never seemed to get hurt " .
Film writer Andrew Spicer considered Roger Moore to be the most elegant and mannerly of the Bonds , with the voice and style of an English debonair country gentleman . Benson agreed , stating that Moore was , " too nice and well @-@ mannered to be a James Bond of
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feminist anthem " . A reviewer from Billboard magazine felt that the band 's " personal transition from teen @-@ dom to womanhood " was most evident on " Girl " among other songs . Slant Magazine 's Eic Henderson felt that it was a " smooth bump @-@ and @-@ grinder ... almost sunk by the group 's hyperbolic vocal arrangements " . Vibe 's writer Dimitri Enrlich concluded , " Destiny 's Child refuses to play it safe with cookie @-@ cutter formulas " something he found evident on " Girl " . The Observer reviewer Kitty Empire noted that the band 's characteristic female solidarity , " is limply expressed in ' Girl ' , on which they purport to be your best friend " . While reviewing # 1 's , Thomas Inskeep from Stylus Magazine described the song as " lovely " . Jess Harvell writing for Pitchfork Media opined , " ' Girl ' was a stroll over a 9th Wonder @-@ produced Dramatics sample through bros @-@ before @-@ hoes territory as latte frothy as its ' Sex & the City ' video . " Idolator 's Mike Wass gave a more mixed review for " Girl " describing it as " slightly sappy " .
On the occasion of Beyoncé 's 32nd birthday , Erika Ramirez and Jason Lipshutz of Billboard included " Girl " at number 30 on the list of " Beyonce 's 30 Biggest Billboard Hits " . They remarked that it was an album highlight and added , " [ it ] will be remembered as one of Destiny 's Child 's minor singles , but its soulful melody , pitch @-@ perfect harmonies ... encapsulated the reason the R & B trio gelled so effortlessly " . In 2013 , Lindsey Weber from Vulture put " Girl " at number five on her list of the top 25 songs by Destiny 's Child praising it for giving an accurate and " catchy " portrayal of concerned women .
= = Chart performance = =
In the US , " Girl " debuted at number 90 on the Billboard Hot 100 singles chart on the chart issue dated April 2 , 2005 . The following week it moved to 71 and gradually ascended the chart in several weeks . It set a peak of 23 on the chart issue dated May 28 , 2005 and spent a total of 19 weeks ; this made it Destiny 's Child 's lowest charting single there since " Bug a Boo " ( 1999 ) . " Girl " performed better on the US Hot R & B / Hip @-@ Hop Songs chart where it peaked at number ten for the week ending June 4 , 2005 . It became the third single from Destiny Fulfilled to enter the chart 's top ten and the group 's eleventh top ten song . In 2005 , " Girl " was the 57th best @-@ selling song on the year @-@ end Hot R & B / Hip @-@ Hop Songs chart . The single further peaked at number 27 on the Pop Songs chart . On October 21 , 2005 , " Girl " was certified gold by the Recording Industry Association of America for shipment of 500 @,@ 000 digital copies in the US .
" Girl " had a moderate success across Europe . It managed to peak at numbers 49 and 56 on the Swedish and Austrian Singles Chart respectively charting for two weeks on the former and four weeks on the latter chart . On the Danish Singles Chart , " Girl " peaked at number 13 in its only week of charting on June 10 , 2005 . It also peaked at number 12 in Italy on May 5 , 2005 charting for only one week . It was more successful in the UK and Ireland after picking up strong airplay and videoplay in those countries . It debuted at number six on May 7 , 2005 becoming the third top ten single from Destiny Fulfilled in that country . Beginning from the following week when it moved to a position of number eight , it started gradually descending the singles chart which also made its initial position become its peak . On the Irish Singles Chart , " Girl " debuted at number eight for the week ending April 28 , 2005 which later became its peak position .
The single achieved success across Oceania . In Australia , " Girl " debuted at its peak position of number five on the ARIA
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career with the United Nations , serving in Cambodia , New York , Serbia , and other countries , and later worked for the Clinton Administration .
= = Members = =
Current Members
Tim Ferguson – vocals ( 1984 – 1994 , 2014 – present )
Paul McDermott – vocals ( 1985 – 1994 , 2014 – present )
Paul Livingston – guitar ( 2014 – present )
Past Members
Richard Fidler – guitar , vocals ( 1984 – 1994 )
Robert Piper – vocals ( 1984 )
= = = Timeline = = =
= = Discography = =
DAAS Icon ( 1990 )
Dead & Alive ( 1993 )
DAAS Bootleg – Live in Edinburgh ( 1994 )
The Last Concert ( 1995 )
= Castle Walls =
" Castle Walls " is a song by American singers T.I. and Christina Aguilera , from T.I. ' s seventh studio album No Mercy ( 2010 ) . Alex da Kid produced the song and co @-@ wrote it along with Skylar Grey and T.I. The song was initially produced for Diddy 's album Last Train to Paris , but Diddy felt that " Castle Walls " would be better suited to T.I. ; Aguilera was later chosen as the featured artist on the song . A hip hop and electro number , " Castle Walls " received mixed response from music critics , some of whom picked it as a highlight from No Mercy , and some others criticized the song 's lyrics . Despite not being released as a single , the track still managed to appear on record charts of several nations , including on the US Bubbling Under Hot 100 Singles , where it peaked at number five .
= = Background = =
Originally , " Castle Walls " belonged to Diddy , who had commissioned the song for his fifth album Last Train to Paris with his group Dirty Money . But Diddy told T.I. , " Yeah , this is my record , but you know what , I think this is a better fit for you . I think you should rock out on this one . I think this speaks volumes to where you are , what you going through , what you living and how you feel . " Consequently , Christina Aguilera was chosen as the featured guest on the song , which appeared on T.I. ' s album No Mercy . Alex da Kid , producer of the song , said about the collaboration , " I love it . I think it 's amazing . It 's my sound , just kind of an evolution of that . I think it 'll cater to a lot of different people . " T.I. told RapFix Live about the track 's inspiration :
I live the life that most would die for , but there 's a lot of things that come with this life . People don 't take that into consideration . There are a lot of things in this life that I would trade in a minute just for a slice of normalcy [ ... ] I just listed a few things that they probably never viewed from that particular perspective . Because I think people need to see things another way ; they need to see it other than just celebrity .
In November 2010 , Alex da Kid announced that " Castle Walls " would be released as a single from No Mercy . However , the song was not released . A 30 @-@ second snippet of the song featuring Aguilera 's part was released onto YouTube later that month .
= = Composition = =
" Castle Walls " lasts for a duration of 5 : 29 ( five minutes and twenty nine seconds ) and is a hip hop and electro song . The song features a Europop keyboard in its arrangement . Nathan Rabin from The A.V. Club wrote that the lyrics of " Castle Walls " " offer similarly incisive and only occasionally self @-@ pitying commentary on the tragedy and triumph of being young , black , rich , famous , and a repeat felon . " The song begins with the chorus , in which Aguilera sings , " Everyone thinks that I have it all / But it 's so empty living behind these castle walls ( These castle walls ) / If I should tumble if I should fall / Would anyone hear me screaming behind these castle walls ? / There 's no one here at all , behind these castle walls . " After the chorus , T.I. raps the verse " See with the Phantoms and Ferraris in the driveway / But you see it came in exchange of a sane man 's sanity / Your vision jaded by the Grammys on the mantlepiece / Just switch your camera lenses , you will see the agony " over a " warbling " electronic background and hip hop beats . Towards the song 's conclusion , there is a " sad " string arrangement and an electronica @-@ influenced " triumphantly striding beat . " An editor from HipHopDX compared " Castle Walls " to " Love the Way You Lie " by Eminem featuring Rihanna , which was also produced by da Kid .
= = Reception = =
" Castle Walls " received mixed reviews from music critics . Becky Bain from Idolator called " Castle Walls " a " bright spot " for both T.I. and Aguilera " after the not @-@ so @-@ great years both artists have had . " Steve Jones , an editor from USA Today , praised Aguilera 's appearance on the track and picked it as one of the highlights on No Mercy . Likewise , Slava Kupersein of HipHopDX and The Boston Globe 's Ken Capobianco labelled " Castle Walls " a standout from No Mercy and applauded Aguilera 's vocals . Chase McMullen from One Thirty BPM thought that the song " epitomizes the album nearly perfectly " , but opined that Justin Timberlake should be the guest vocalist rather than Aguilera . Leah Greenblatt of Entertainment Weekly simply deemed the track " mournful , lonely " and described the chorus on the song as " melancholy " .
David Amidon writing for PopMatters wrote a mixed review , calling " Castle Walls " " heartfelt [ ... ] but it also feels like a hip @-@ hop version of late @-@ period Phil Collins , a sort of end so inoffensive and far removed from the life force of hip @-@ hop as to appear a sick joke . " Critic Jody Rosen from Rolling Stone was displeased with the lyrics of the song , deeming it " an icky bit of self @-@ pity from a rich and famous man . " Sean Fennessey of The Washington Post named it an " unfortunately regal perspective " , while Pitchfork Media 's Tom Breihan called it " downright insulting . " Prefix Magazine 's Dave Park described " Castle Walls " as " cloying " and opined that the track bore an " embarrassing resemblance " to Britney Spears ' song " Lucky " ( 2001 ) .
Despite not being released as an official single , " Castle Walls " still managed to enter the record charts of several countries . The track was a success in South Korea , where it debuted at number six on the Gaon International Singles Chart during the week of 5 December 2010 . In the United States , the song reached number five on the Bubbling Under Hot 100 Singles chart and number 84 on the Hot R & B / Hip @-@ Hop Songs . On the Canadian Hot 100 chart , it peaked at number 99 . " Castle Walls " also entered the charts of three European countries : number 27 in Czech Republic , number 31 in Slovakia , and number 51 in Sweden .
= = Weekly charts = =
= Peter 's Progress =
" Peter 's Progress " is the 16th episode and the season finale of the seventh season of Family Guy . It originally aired on Fox in the United States on May 17 , 2009 . In the episode , a psychic reads Peter 's palms and discovers he led a fascinating past life as Griffin Peterson , a dignified gentleman in 17th @-@ century England , who was the original founder of Quahog .
The episode was written by Wellesley Wild and directed by Brian Iles . It received mixed reviews from critics for its storyline and many cultural references . According to Nielsen ratings , it was viewed in 7 @.@ 33 million homes in its original airing . The episode featured guest performances by John Ross Bowie , Neil Patrick Harris , Brody Hutzler , Derwin Jordan , Keri Lynn Pratt , David Pressman , Josh Radnor , Martin Savage , Jason Segel , Alexander Siddig and Erik von Detten , along with several recurring guest voice actors for the series . This episode marks Cleveland Brown 's final regular appearance on Family Guy until the episode ' He 's Bla @-@ ack ! ' in season 12 where he made his official return to the show .
= = Plot = =
Cleveland introduces his Jamaican cousin Madame Claude to Peter , Joe , and Quagmire saying she is a psychic . Cleveland offers to have her read their palms and determine past lives they have had . Madame Claude then determines that Joe was once an octopus whose tentacles were bitten off by a shark , and Quagmire was Jack the Ripper . When Claude reads Peter 's palm , she discovers that he was Griffin Peterson , the supposed founder of Quahog where the previously @-@ mentioned history of Quahog was a myth
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