\n A number of blockages were identified in the 12 @-@ mile ( 19 km ) section between Edinburgh and Gorebridge . The first was the breach of the former line by the Edinburgh City Bypass which intersected the trackbed at a shallow angle resulting in more than 220 yards ( 200 m ) of the alignment being buried . Two further breaches were reported as a result of improvements to the A7 road between Eskbank and Gorebridge . A small housing estate had been built on the line in Gorebridge . Even more encroachments were found on the line south of Tweedbank which would take infrastructure costs over £ 100 million . The Scott Wilson report also indicated that patronage projections for a new line were not encouraging , with none of the route options examined producing a positive cost @-@ benefit value . The option which came closest to a neutral cost @-@ benefit assessment was a reopening only as far as Gorebridge . Nevertheless , Scott Wilson did indicate that the reopening of the line would benefit the Borders region by providing better links with Edinburgh and creating up to 900 new jobs . Wilson also suggested that part of the Border Counties Railway as far as Kielder Forest could be reinstated at a cost of £ 26 million to allow timber traffic to be carried on the southern part of the new Borders line . Furthermore , line speeds of 70 – 90 mph could be achieved on a single line , resulting in a journey time from the Borders to Edinburgh of 45 minutes compared to 55 minutes by car . \n Despite the recommendations in the Scott Wilson report , political pressure on the Scottish Government to reconnect the Borders region eventually resulted in it giving support to the extension of the Edinburgh commuter network by 30 miles ( 48 km ) as far as the Galashiels area . Pressure came in particular from the Campaign for Borders Rail on behalf of which Petra Biberbach in February 2000 presented a petition with 17 @,@ 261 signatures to the Public Petitions Committee of the Scottish Parliament . The petition received the unanimous support of the Parliament 's Rural Affairs Committee which submitted it to the Parliamentary Chamber for debate . The Scottish Borders Council , Midlothian Council , City of Edinburgh Council , Scottish Enterprise Borders , Borders Transport Futures , Railtrack and ScotRail bid for £ 1 @.@ 9 million from the Scottish Executive 's Public Transport Fund to allow a Parliamentary Order for reopening as far as Tweedbank to be taken forward . Once funding had been obtained , the three local authorities created the Waverley Railway Joint Committee to promote the scheme . \n = = = Edinburgh Crossrail = = = \n In July 2005 , the committee gave approval to a reopening to as far as Galashiels . During a lengthy period of consultation for the proposed line , passenger services were reintroduced on the surviving freight @-@ only section of the Waverley Route between Portobello Junction and Millerhill . Brunstane and Newcraighall stations opened on 3 June 2002 , the latter being 4 3 ⁄ 4 miles ( 7 @.@ 6 km ) from Edinburgh , providing a park @-@ and @-@ ride service to the city . The new service was termed Edinburgh Crossrail , and extended from Newcraighall through to Edinburgh Waverley , and continued either onto the North Clyde Line or the Fife Circle Line . Initially operated with diesel multiple units , the service from Newcraighall through to the North Clyde Line was electrified as a byproduct of the Airdrie @-@ Bathgate Rail Link . The service from Newcraighall to Dalmeny and through to the Fife Circle Line continued to use diesel trains . Crossrail was a success , and provided forward momentum for the Borders Railway project . \n = = = Business case = = = \n The full business case for the line was published in mid @-@ 2004 , showing a modest benefit to cost ratio of 1 @.@ 01 to 1 . The case was in some part built on projected housing developments – 700 in the Borders and 1 @,@ 100 in Midlothian – that led to an anti @-@ rail backlash in local elections with the success of the Borders Party . Representing the party , Councillor Nicholas Watson described the scheme as \" a colossal waste of money \" and called for the funds to be used instead on the Glasgow Airport Rail Link . The Campaign for Borders Rail indicated that the low ratio followed from the choice to build a single @-@ track line for half @-@ hourly commuter services with no capacity for freight or specials . \n In February 2013 , the final business case was released by the Scottish Government , which showed a benefit @-@ cost ratio of just 0 @.@ 5 : 1 . This led the journal Local Transport Today to comment that the line was \" one of the worst @-@ performing major transport projects to be funded in recent times . \" The Campaign for Borders Rail responded stating that the ratio was based on modelling that underestimated the route 's potential patronage , predicting only 23 @,@ 431 yearly return trips from Galashiels equivalent to only 70 passengers a day or three per train , which would be less than the number using the existing bus service . \n = = = Parliamentary approval = = = \n The Borders Railway bill was debated in September 2005 and a motion supporting it was passed with 102 in favour , none against and one abstention . On 9 May 2006 , the bill committee published its final report supporting the project with two recommendations : a station had to be provided at Stow and the line had to be completed to its full extent , i.e. as far as Tweedbank . These recommendations were accepted by the Scottish Parliament in the final debate on the bill on 14 June 2006 . The bill was carried by 114 votes to one . \n The Waverley Railway ( Scotland ) Act 2006 received Royal Assent on 24 June 2006 and sanctioned the construction of around 30 miles ( 48 km ) of new railway as far as Tweedbank with seven new stations . In total , the Act had taken three full Parliamentary years to be passed , with 29 committee meetings , 108 witnesses and a quantity of paper 4 feet ( 1 @.@ 2 m ) in height . \n The line is the longest stretch of railway to be reopened in modern British history , 2 miles ( 3 @.@ 2 km ) longer than the Robin Hood Line project , as well as the longest line in Scotland since the opening of the West Highland Line in 1901 . On 6 August 2008 , the Waverley Railway project was renamed the Borders Railway project and put under the control of Transport Scotland as statutory undertaker . \n = = = Building works = = = \n = = = = Tendering process = = = = \n In October 2009 , the launch of a call for tenders stalled following discussions between the Scottish Executive and HM Treasury over new regulations that required public – private partnerships to be recorded as public expenditure . A project timetable was announced by Finance Secretary John Swinney on 4 November 2009 , whereby he stated that construction of the line would not begin prior to the 2011 elections to the Scottish Parliament . The tendering process finally began on 16 December 2009 , when a contract notice was published in the Official Journal of the European Union . \n Transport Scotland announced in June 2010 that three consortiums that had submitted expressions of interest in the project were to be invited to participate in a competitive dialogue ; these were BAM UK , IMCD ( Sir Robert McAlpine , Iridium Concesiones de Infraestructuras and Carillion ) and New Borders Railway ( Fluor , Miller and Uberior Infrastructure Investments ) . In mid @-@ November 2010 , the withdrawal of Fluor resulted in the third consortium pulling out of the bidding process . The second consortium withdrew in June 2011 following the decision by Carillion not to continue . This led to the cancellation of the tender procedure by Scottish transport minister Keith Brown . Network Rail was chosen by Transport Scotland to undertake the project and , following months of negotiations , a Transfer of Responsibility was signed at a ceremony held on 6 November 2012 at the Scottish Mining Museum in Newtongrange . Network Rail agreed to build the line by mid @-@ 2015 for £ 294 million , an increase on the estimated £ 230 million that the line was expected to cost and the £ 100 million that it was originally costed at in 2000 . This figure is also substantially more than the £ 189 million which Network Rail Chief Executive Iain Coucher agreed to build the line in late 2007 or early 2008 . \n In December 2012 , Network Rail appointed BAM Nuttall as its main contractor . The Network Rail team which worked on the line was essentially the same as the one which delivered the Airdrie @-@ Bathgate Rail Link in 2009 . A Network Rail spokesman confirmed that lessons learned from the previous project had been applied to the Borders project , such as better coordination between the different teams by having them together in one office in Newtongrange . In June 2013 , the design contract for the line was awarded to URS which agreed to design new bridges , stations and roads , as well as the refurbishment of existing bridges and the provision of engineering support , for £ 3 @.@ 5 million . \n = = = = Project specifications = = = = \n The line comprises 40 miles ( 65 km ) of single @-@ line track over a distance of 31 miles ( 50 km ) , plus 42 new bridges , 95 refurbished bridges and two refurbished tunnels , and required 1 @.@ 5 million tonnes of earth to be moved . Stations are provided at Stow , Galashiels , Tweedbank , Newtongrange , Shawfair , Eskbank and Gorebridge . According to Network Rail , the line was not suitable for double track and , in any event , there was no business case for doubling the line from the outset . As a result , 21 1 ⁄ 4 miles ( 34 @.@ 2 km ) of the line are single @-@ track with three \" dynamic \" passing loops providing 9 1 ⁄ 2 miles ( 15 @.@ 3 km ) of double @-@ track to allow for half @-@ hourly services . The route is not electrified but provision has been made to install overhead line if required as bridges have been built to W12 gauge . Although certain sections of the line are designed for speeds of up to 90 miles per hour ( 140 km / h ) , average speeds over the whole line are in the region of 35 – 39 miles per hour ( 56 – 63 km / h ) . \n Amongst the line 's 27 substantial structures , the greatest engineering challenge was posed by the point where the track met the Edinburgh City Bypass . At that point , a tunnel had to be constructed under the A720 road while it had been temporarily diverted ; in total , the project incorporated five new associated road schemes . Major challenges were also posed by abandoned mine shafts to the north of the route , some of which dated to the 16th century and had not been mapped . More than 200 bridges were involved in the scheme , as the route crosses the Gala Water and River Tweed nineteen times . One of the most vital bridges on the line carries the track over Hardengreen roundabout on the A7 , and required extensive works throughout 2013 . Other works included digging out an infilled cutting on the outskirts of Galashiels and reconstructing a nearby bridge to allow the line to pass under power lines . \n = = = = Works commence = = = = \n The first sod was turned at Galashiels on 3 March 2010 , when Scottish transport minister Stewart Stevenson attended a ceremony in the presence of campaigner Madge Elliot . This triggered a clause in the 2006 Waverley Railway Act , which committed the Scottish Government to complete the line to Tweedbank once works had been commenced . \n Construction began in earnest on 18 April 2013 after completion of remedial and preparatory works such as land acquisition , removal of vegetation , demolition of certain structures and remedial works on old mines in Midlothian , for which over £ 54 million was spent by Network Rail . The first task was the excavation of the track alignment through Monktonhall and the clearing of the site for Shawfair station . Construction of the line 's first bridge , Rye Haugh Bridge at Millerhall , were underway on 6 August 2013 as part of works to deviate the line out of Edinburgh from Newcraighall before it returns to the original alignment . The 23 @-@ arch Newbattle Viaduct ( or Lothianbridge Viaduct ) was used by lorries removing spoil from the construction site which eased traffic on local roads . \n The first track was laid in the Bowshank Tunnel on 4 April 2014 . On 30 September 2014 , the first train on the Waverley Route for 45 years – a works train – ran to Newcraighall . Tracklaying began in earnest on 6 October 2014 , although preliminary works had resulted in a section of slab track laid through Bowshank Tunnel , south of Stow , as well as ballasting along large sections of the route and pre @-@ cast switch and crossing units for the passing loops . The first part of the route to be ballasted was the section through Lothianbridge Viaduct to which structural repairs had to be carried out . By the end of October , more than 11 miles ( 18 km ) of track had been laid as far as Tynehead and the double @-@ track on the Shawfair loop had been completed plus 2 miles ( 3 @.@ 2 km ) of the second track on the Borthwick loop . Work was halted in late November 2014 after a contractor working for BAM Nuttall in the Gala area was injured when a sleeper came loose when being lifted into position and landed on his leg . Work restarted on 12 January 2015 following a review by BAM of their track installation methodology . By 3 February , the track was complete through Galashiels and hundreds of spectators turned out to welcome the first train into the station since 1969 , which was hauled by GBRf Class 66761 and 66741 . \n = = = = Completion = = = = \n On 5 February 2015 , Network Rail 's tracklaying machine reached the end of the line at Tweedbank station where a large crowd had gathered . As there was not enough track for the train to complete tracklaying into the second platform , it had to return the next day . The formal completion took place on 12 February when Keith Brown clipped the final length of rail into place . During the period of construction , more than 1 @,@ 000 rails were laid across 90 @,@ 000 sleepers . With the infrastructure complete , attention was turned to the installation of signalling and communications equipment as well as finalising the stations . A GSM @-@ R system controlled from the IECC next to Edinburgh Waverley was in place by April 2015 . \n On 13 May 2015 , the first test train , DRS Class 37 604 with DBSO 9702 , worked the 1Q13 Tweedbank @-@ Millerhill . On 4 June 2015 , a ceremony was held at Edinburgh Waverley to mark the final stages of the completion of works during which Madge Elliot , a veteran campaigner and founder member of the Campaign for Borders Rail , had Class 66 528 renamed in her honour . Official completion and handover of the line to the ScotRail Alliance , a group formed by Network Rail and Abellio ScotRail , took place on 14 June 2015 . A 12 @-@ week period of driver training for 64 drivers and 64 guards began on 7 June 2015 , with Abellio ScotRail Class 170 170414 in livery promoting the new line undertaking a proving run to measure stepping distances from platforms to trains . The train , which carried a large number of Network Rail staff , stopped at all stations from Newcraighall to Tweedbank in the presence of large crowds of spectators . The following day Class 158 158741 was used for the first driver @-@ training runs . On 26 July 2015 , a driver @-@ training train carried Borders rail campaigner Madge Elliot . \n = = = = Opening = = = = \n Passenger services began on 6 September 2015 , and the railway was officially opened by Queen Elizabeth II on 9 September 2015 . Her Majesty travelled with the Duke of Edinburgh and First Minister Nicola Sturgeon on LNER Class A4 4488 Union of South Africa in the presence of its owner , John Cameron . The locomotive hauled a rake of Mark 1s provided by the SRPS as well as Pullman car No. 310 Pegasus . Due to bad weather , the Queen 's helicopter journey from Balmoral was delayed which resulted in the late departure of the train and a delay at Newcraighall while a ScotRail service cleared the single @-@ line section to the south . Her Majesty alighted at Newtongrange to unveil a plaque marking the opening of the railway ; a second plaque was unveiled at Tweedbank . The following day the LNER Class A4 commenced a six @-@ week programme of Borders steam specials promoted by ScotRail which saw services run to Tweedbank for three days each week . Around 6 @,@ 200 passengers were carried on the 17 fully booked services . \n During its first month of operations , 125 @,@ 971 passengers travelled on the Borders Railway . Demand was far in excess of what ScotRail had expected , with the line carrying 19 @.@ 4 % of its predicted annual patronage of 650 @,@ 000 in one month . The unexpected level of patronage resulted in overcrowding on services and passengers unable to board at intermediate stations , leading ScotRail to run four or six carriages with morning and peak trains . ScotRail also leased additional parking space near Tweedbank station as the 235 @-@ space car park provided was generally full before 9am . The National Mining Museum near Newtongrange station reported a hike in visitor numbers , while the nearby towns of Melrose and St Boswells confirmed a rise in business and tourism . \n = = Route details = = \n = = = Line characteristics = = = \n The line begins to the south of the existing Newcraighall terminus , veering off the former Waverley Route to a parallel alignment just to the west which crosses over the former Monktonhall Colliery , part of the Midlothian Coalfield . The line 's first section of double @-@ track starts here and continues for 2 miles ( 3 @.@ 2 km ) to a point beyond the Edinburgh Bypass . The new alignment passes through Shawfair under the bypass some 660 yards ( 600 m ) to the south @-@ west of the original route . A new bridge carries the bypass across the double @-@ track . The Waverley Route is rejoined at the southern end of the first double @-@ track loop at King 's Gate where it becomes single @-@ track for 5 1 ⁄ 2 miles ( 8 @.@ 9 km ) through Eskbank , Newtongrange and Gorebridge . The River North Esk is crossed at King 's Gate on the Glenesk Viaduct , a single @-@ arch span built for the Edinburgh and Dalkeith Railway between 1829 and 1831 and which is one of Scotland 's oldest railway bridges . \n To the south of Eskbank , an 87 @-@ yard ( 80 m ) concrete span bridge carries the line over the A7 road at Hardenbridge , thereby correcting the damage caused by the Dalkeith Western Bypass , soon followed by the 23 @-@ arch Newbattle Viaduct between Eskbank and Newtongrange , where the single @-@ track runs down the centre of the structure as is the case for the Ribblehead Viaduct on the Settle @-@ Carlisle Line . The second double @-@ track section begins at Fushiebridge and continues to just beyond the former Tynehead station . A 10 @-@ mile ( 16 km ) single @-@ track section then extends as far as Falahill where a 110 @-@ yard ( 100 m ) reinforced concrete box takes the line under the A7 , the original alignment having been lost to allow the road to be straightened across the trackbed . \n The final section of double @-@ track begins on the approach to Stow and continues southwards for 3 1 ⁄ 4 miles ( 5 @.@ 2 km ) through several reverse curves and the 220 @-@ yard ( 200 m ) Bowshank Tunnel before reaching Bowland Points . The last 5 1 ⁄ 2 @-@ mile ( 8 @.@ 9 km ) stretch to Galashiels and Tweedbank is entirely single @-@ track save for the approach to Tweedbank . The 110 @-@ yard ( 100 m ) Torwoodlee Tunnel is traversed just before Galashiels and four river crossings are made in under 2 miles ( 3 @.@ 2 km ) which required new bridge spans . At Galashiels , due to trackbed encroachment , the line deviates eastwards between a steep bank and the side wall of a supermarket which occupies the former station site . For the final 2 miles ( 3 @.@ 2 km ) to Tweedbank , the line follows its original alignment over a reconstructed embankment and through an excavated cutting before crossing the River Tweed on the Category B listed Redbridge Viaduct . \n In terms of gradients , the line proceeds on the level until Eskbank where it climbs to the summit at Falahill ( 880 feet above sea level ) at a ruling gradient of 1 in 70 and then descends at a typical gradient of 1 in 150 into Galashiels and Tweedbank . Falahill is the tenth highest standard gauge railway summit in Britain , just 35 feet ( 11 m ) lower than Shap summit . The Fushiebridge loop is on a 1 in 70 gradient and climbs southwards up the Borthwick Bank which had posed a challenge in the past for steam locomotives pulling heavy loads . \n Potential for further doubling exists around Newtongrange where passive provision has been made . The line has seven sets of points , two for each of the three dynamic loops , and one at the Tweedbank terminus . \n = = = Places served = = = \n The 30 @-@ mile ( 48 km ) long route serves Tweedbank , Galashiels , Stow , Gorebridge , Newtongrange , Eskbank , Shawfair , Newcraighall , Brunstane and Edinburgh Waverley stations , with a total running time of 55 minutes for most services . Certain services are slowed due to conflicts with other operators ' services in the Edinburgh area . None of the new stations are staffed , but ticket machines and train information have been provided . All stations other than Galashiels have park and ride facilities ; at Galashiels , the local council built a £ 5 @.@ 2 million bus / rail interchange . The station at Stow was a late addition to the scheme after lobbying by the Campaign for Borders Rail . Campaigning also resulted in platforms at the line 's Tweedbank terminus being extended to 312 yards ( 285 m ) , so as to accommodate tourist charter trains of up to 10 – 12 carriages in length . Passive provision has been made for the extension of all other station platforms from 170 yards ( 160 m ) to 257 yards ( 235 m ) . Eskbank station is convenient for an Edinburgh College campus , as well as the Midlothian Community Hospital . \n = = = Naming of the line = = = \n The first recorded use of the term Borders Railway to describe the reopened line was in a paper by the Corus Rail Consultancy in January 2004 , entitled Delivering an innovative Borders Railway , which had been commissioned by the Waverley Route Trust . Previously , the Edinburgh – Tweedbank line had been variously described as the Waverley Railway and the Borders Rail Link . In mid @-@ 2014 , Transport Scotland considered launching a competition for the public to submit their ideas for a name but the Scottish Borders Council was strongly opposed on the basis that Borders Railway had developed a strong brand identity . The use of Waverley Line or Waverley Route for the line was considered historically inaccurate by the Council and the Campaign for Borders Rail since these names were only ever used for the whole of the original line as far as Carlisle . \n = = = Predicted station usage = = = \n In 2012 , it was predicted that the total passenger return journeys made for the first year of operation of the Borders Railway would be 647 @,@ 136 . In some cases these included extra journeys . This was broken down into Edinburgh Park ( 4 @,@ 071 ) , Haymarket ( 35 @,@ 329 ) , Edinburgh Waverley ( 220 @,@ 533 ) , Brunstane and Newcraighall combined ( 986 ) , Shawfair ( 61 @,@ 860 ) , Eskbank ( 130 @,@ 525 ) , Newtongrange ( 52 @,@ 918 ) , Gorebridge ( 90 @,@ 019 ) , Stow ( 5 @,@ 843 ) , Galashiels ( 23 @,@ 431 ) and Tweedbank ( 21 @,@ 621 ) . After the first month , the actual number"},"length_category":{"kind":"string","value":"Very Long"},"source":{"kind":"string","value":"wikitext-103-excerpt"}}},{"rowIdx":7795,"cells":{"text":{"kind":"string","value":" of passengers was 125 @,@ 971 , compared to the predicted annual total of around 650 @,@ 000 return journeys , i.e. 1.3m single journeys . \n = = Operation = = \n = = = Services = = = \n Monday to Saturday services are half @-@ hourly in each direction until 20 : 00 , with an hourly service provided after 20 : 00 and on Sundays . The first weekday service departs at 05 : 20 from Tweedbank with the last service leaving Edinburgh at 23 : 54 . Departure times from Edinburgh are usually at 24 and 54 minutes past the hour , while from Tweedbank trains depart at 28 and 58 minutes past the hour ; individual timings may vary by a minute or so . The trains starting close to on the hour do not call at Stow except in the peaks and evenings ; the Sunday service stops at Stow . Most services operate between Edinburgh and Tweedbank except for a few morning peak services that continue to Glenrothes with Thornton via the Fife Circle Line and a few evening peak services that originate at Glenrothes with Thornton . \n The route is operated by the new ScotRail franchisee , Abellio ScotRail , which took control in April 2015 . Class 158 DMUs are used on the line , one of which bears special livery advertising the tourist attractions of the Borders . Network Rail indicated that three @-@ car trains run initially , with the possibility of six @-@ car formations using Class 170s cascaded from the Glasgow to Edinburgh via Falkirk Line once that route has been electrified . When , in 2013 , vacancies were published for 18 trainee train driver positions at the planned Tweedbank depot , interest was substantial with 2 @,@ 229 applications made for the posts . \n According to the Scottish transport minister Keith Brown , the timetable allows charter train promoters to run special excursion services within the hourly evening and Sunday services . Trains with 10 : 54 , 12 : 54 and 14 : 24 departures from Edinburgh and 11 : 59 , 13 : 59 and 15 : 28 departures from Tweedbank may be affected by scheduled steam trains . \n = = = Fares = = = \n Initial plans announced in February 2014 indicated an end @-@ to @-@ end fare of less than £ 10 and stipulated an average fare across the Borders Railway working out at just £ 3 @.@ 50 . According to the fare structure published by Abellio ScotRail in June 2015 , the adult single fare between Edinburgh and Tweedbank was given as £ 10 @.@ 00 , while the adult anytime day return is £ 16 or £ 11 @.@ 20 off @-@ peak . In early 2014 , the new fares were published as follows . \n = = = Community rail partnership = = = \n With the launching of the railway , a community rail partnership was formed . \n = = Project benefits = = \n Speaking in November 2012 , Scottish transport minister Keith Brown predicted that the Borders Railway would bring inward investment into local communities as well as £ 33 million of benefits for the wider Scottish economy . The construction phase itself would support 400 jobs and would act as a catalyst to increased business development and housing as the area became within commuting distance of Edinburgh . Car journeys would be reduced by 60 @,@ 000 peak trips per year , which would reduce carbon emissions and alleviate traffic and accidents on the A7 and A68 roads . The housing prediction came to pass when , as reported in the Edinburgh Evening News on 5 August 2013 , a housing boom had been triggered along the line , with the number of new houses in Midlothian having doubled in the previous year , many of which were located in proximity to the line 's stations . It is expected that 4 @,@ 000 houses will be built in the Shawfair area in the next 25 years . On 20 August 2014 , Alex Salmond , then First Minister of Scotland , announced to a meeting with members of the Scottish Borders Council that he expected the railway to benefit the Scottish economy by millions of pounds and that a feasibility study would be conducted to identify ways in which the line could boost tourism in the Borders region . \n = = Criticism = = \n = = = Infrastructure capability = = = \n The line 's construction has been described as resembling a \" basic railway \" built to a tight budget and incorporating a number of cost @-@ saving features . This is in contrast to the reopened Airdrie @-@ Bathgate Rail Link , which was built as a double @-@ track electrified railway from the outset . The difference between the two lines has been claimed by commentators to reflect scepticism toward the Borders Railway , which has existed since proposals were first made in the 1990s , as well as a reluctance to allow the project to become too ambitious . In particular , a 2011 cost @-@ cutting exercise by Transport Scotland resulted in a new project specification which reduced the dynamic passing loops from their planned length of 16 miles ( 26 km ) , and failed to future @-@ proof the line by providing for all eight road bridges to be built to single @-@ track width only , including the five bridges on the section between Tynehead and Stow where there were otherwise no other obstacles to doubling of the line . \n Similarly , key underbridges on the section as far as Gorebridge were also built to single @-@ track only , notably Bridges 16a and 24a over the A7 at Hardengreen and Gore Glen . This was in contrast to the quality of local roads built over the new line , including the A720 , which is wider than required to accommodate possible extra road lanes . A press release by BAM Nuttall indicated that , in addition to the 30 miles ( 49 km ) of new line , the Borders Railway project was funding 6 1 ⁄ 5 miles ( 10 km ) of new roads . It was later revealed that these late changes to the rail infrastructure were insisted upon by Network Rail to ensure that the project remained on budget and on time . \n In addition , the lack of a siding anywhere on the line could make it difficult for rescue locomotives to recover a broken @-@ down train without causing widespread disruption . \n These fears were to prove justified as , during the line 's first month of operation , there were a number of well @-@ publicised problems ranging from overcrowding resulting in passengers standing for the whole journey to timekeeping difficulties due to excessive dwell times at stations . Furthermore , signalling problems led to disruption on the line nearly a month after opening . \n = = = Timetabling = = = \n Whilst the Campaign for Borders Rail acknowledged that the half @-@ hourly weekday stopping service would be useful for commuters , it questions whether this is the best use of a line , which could carry other types of traffic . The organisation had proposed a two @-@ tier service , whereby both a half @-@ hourly stopping train and an hourly limited express service would continue north of Gorebridge . \n = = = Failure to continue to Melrose = = = \n The Scott Wilson Report did not consider extending the line beyond Tweedbank due to the increased capital and operating costs of continuing further without a corresponding increase in passenger demand . The Campaign for Borders Rail consider nevertheless that there would have been a strong case for reaching Melrose on the basis of the town 's role in Borders tourism . \n = = = Overcrowding = = = \n Since the opening of the Borders Railway , there have been many complaints about lack of seats , provision of ticket machines and lack of parking , especially at Tweedbank . The high demand has led ScotRail to increase some services to three or four carriage trains . However this and the general opening of the line have also contributed to there being a general shortage of train carriages across the ScotRail network , leading to them hiring extra trains . \n = = Proposed extensions = = \n The Campaign for Borders Rail has called for the continuation of the line to Melrose and Hawick , and eventually to Carlisle . According to the group , Hawick suffered more than any other town in the Borders from the closure of the Waverley Route , and only the return of the railway could halt the area 's economic decline . At the time of the closure of the Waverley Route , Hawick was a 70 @-@ minute journey from Edinburgh . At Melrose , the southbound station platform and building exist alongside the Melrose Bypass . Network Rail has confirmed that there is nothing to prevent the extension of the line beyond Tweedbank , although commentators have remarked that the Bypass could pose problems . A major realignment of the road would be required , as well as the reinstatement of embankments and bridges . \n Support for the reconstruction of the 70 miles ( 110 km ) to Carlisle was given by Alex Salmond , then First Minister of Scotland , in April 2014 . The comment was given as part of a speech in Carlisle in the run @-@ up to the Scottish independence referendum . Reinstating the line would not only provide an opportunity to access the vast areas of forestry land around Kielder , but also provide a strategic diversionary route in the event of closure of the East Coast or West Coast Main Lines . Calls for the line 's reopening have also come from the House of Commons Scottish Affairs Select Committee . Transport Scotland has ruled out a 17 @-@ mile ( 27 km ) extension of the line from Tweedbank to Hawick in favour of connecting bus services and improved cycling and walking routes . In June 2015 , the Scottish Infrastructure Minister Keith Brown confirmed that talks were underway on the commissioning of a feasibility study for an extension to Hawick and Carlisle . Fergus Ewing , Tourism Minister , stated in July 2015 that he would not rule out a further extension , describing the line as \" one of the most exciting and most effective events and transport services that there has ever been for tourism \" . \n In May 2013 , it was reported that Heriot @-@ Watt University had been asked by Midlothian Council to carry out a feasibility study on a 10 @-@ mile ( 16 km ) rail link connecting Penicuik with the Borders Railway . At least 6 miles ( 9 @.@ 7 km ) of the new line would follow the Edinburgh , Loanhead and Roslin Railway , the alignment of which is generally intact between Millerhill and Straiton . \n = Warriors ( novel series ) = \n Warriors is a series of juvenile fantasy novels published by HarperCollins ; it is written by authors Kate Cary , Cherith Baldry , Tui Sutherland , with the plot developed by editor Victoria Holmes , who collectively use the pseudonym Erin Hunter . The series follows the adventures of four Clans of wild cats — ThunderClan , ShadowClan , WindClan , and RiverClan — in their forest and lake homes . SkyClan , the long @-@ forgotten fifth Clan of the forest , is later introduced in the stand @-@ alone novel Firestar 's Quest . It receives additional focus in the novel SkyClan 's Destiny , the manga trilogy SkyClan and the Stranger , and the 2013 novella Cloudstar 's Journey . A few cats in the series are Firestar and Graystripe , though there are quite a few more , such as Bluestar , the leader of ThunderClan , and Brambleclaw . \n There are currently six sub @-@ series , each containing six books . The first , Warriors ( later re @-@ titled as Warriors : The Prophecies Begin ) , was published from 2003 to 2004 . Warriors : The New Prophecy , published from 2005 to 2006 , follows the first sub @-@ series , chronicling the Clans as they move to a new home . The third story arc , Warriors : Power of Three , was published from 2007 to 2009 . The fourth sub @-@ series , Warriors : Omen of the Stars , was published from 2009 to 2012 and continued where the third story arc left off . The fifth sub @-@ series is Warriors : Dawn of the Clans , and the first book , The Sun Trail , was released 5 March 2013 . The 6th and last book of the Dawn of the Clans arc called Path of Stars was released 8 October 2015 . The sub @-@ series acts as a prequel series , detailing the formation of the Clans . The sixth and most recent sub @-@ series , Warriors : A Vision of Shadows , is not yet complete and is still being written and published . The first book of the sixth series , The Apprentice 's Quest , was released on March 15 , 2016 , and the second book , Thunder and Shadow , will be released on September 6 , 2016 . Warriors : A Vision of Shadows immediately follows Warriors : Omen of the Stars , and Bramblestar 's Storm . \n Other books have been released in addition to the main series , including eight lengthier stand @-@ alone \" Super Edition \" novels entitled Firestar 's Quest , Bluestar 's Prophecy , SkyClan 's Destiny , Crookedstar 's Promise , Yellowfang 's Secret , Tallstar 's Revenge , Bramblestar 's Storm and Moth Flight 's Vision ; an unreleased super edition novel , titled Warriors Super Edition : Hawkwing 's Journey , has been announced and will be released on November 1 , 2016 . There are also a few other books that were published as e @-@ book novels : Hollyleaf 's Story , Mistystar 's Omen , Cloudstar 's Journey , Tigerclaw 's Fury , Leafpool 's Wish , Dovewing 's Silence , Mapleshade 's Vengeance and Goosefeather 's Curse . Another novel , titled Ravenpaw 's Farewell is confirmed . These e @-@ book novels have also been published in two print compilations , with three stories each : Warriors : Tales from the Clans and Warriors : The Untold Stories . Six guides and several volumes of original English @-@ language manga , produced as a collaboration between HarperCollins and TOKYOPOP , have been published as well . Manga published after TOKYOPOP 's shutdown is published by HarperCollins on its own . In addition to the books , the authors have also written several short stories and two plays . The Warriors series , with the exception of the manga , has been released in e @-@ book format for popular e @-@ readers such as the Barnes & Noble Nook and Amazon Kindle . The series has also been translated into several languages . In addition , the series has a website featuring games , promotional videos , quizzes , a message board , and news . \n Major themes in the series deal with adventure , forbidden love , the concept of nature vs. nurture , the reactions of different faiths meeting each other , and characters being a mix of good and bad . The authors draw inspiration from several natural locations and other authors such as J. R. R. Tolkien , J. K. Rowling , and William Shakespeare . \n Warriors has received mostly positive reviews , but it has also been criticized for being confusing due to its large number of characters . Critics have compared it to the Redwall series , though one reviewer commented that the series is less elegantly written . Although nominated for several awards , Warriors has yet to receive any major literary prizes . The series has reached the New York Times Bestseller List and has found popularity in many countries , including Trinidad and China . \n = = Setting and characters = = \n In the Warriors universe , there are four Clans of feral cats that live in a forest : ThunderClan , RiverClan , WindClan , and ShadowClan . A fifth Clan , SkyClan , is driven out by the other Clans when its territory is destroyed by humans building a town , and it scatters shortly after arriving at a new home in a gorge . SkyClan is later rebuilt during the events of Firestar 's Quest . Cats in each Clan live and hunt in their own territory , which they defend from other cats . Each Clan is adapted to its own types of prey and members usually possess ( or are taught ) special skills which suit the territory 's terrain . BloodClan is a group of stray city cats introduced in The Darkest Hour . However , they are not considered to be a true Clan because they do not believe in the warriors ' spiritual ancestors , StarClan , or the warrior code , a set of rules followed by all Clan cats . BloodClan is considered to be a group of rogues ( non @-@ Clan cats who do not respect the Clan cats ' rules ) and was defeated in The Darkest Hour by the four warrior Clans . \n StarClan is a group of the Clans ' deceased ancestors who give guidance to the Clans . After death , most Clan cats join StarClan . StarClan is said to be represented by Silverpelt ( the Milky Way ) , and each individual star represents the spirit of a single dead warrior . Upon joining StarClan , the cats ' spirits take the form in which they were most happy while living ( i.e. blindness and deafness can be cured ) . StarClan warriors keep watch over the Clans , usually watching the Clan they lived in while alive . They provide guidance to the Clans , often through dreams and other signs like omens . Often , this occurs when medicine cats go to the Moonstone , a large piece of quartz in an abandoned mine , which is used in the forest territory to communicate with the medicine cats ' ancestors every half @-@ moon . When the Clans move to live by a lake because humans destroy their forest , the medicine cats gather at the Moonpool , a pool used as the replacement for the Moonstone . In an author chat , Hunter said that StarClan can \" just get glimpses of \" the future , which they occasionally pass on . In addition to StarClan , there exists the Dark Forest , also known as The Place of No Stars . The spirits of cats who cause great pain and suffering to others during their lives reside there instead of in StarClan . Dark Forest cats eventually gain the ability to walk in dreams like StarClan . Both Dark Forest and StarClan cats eventually fade away as they are forgotten . In addition , both Dark Forest and StarClan cats fade away before they are forgotten if they are \" killed \" . \n Beyond the Clans ' territories lies a mountain range , inhabited by the Tribe of Rushing Water . The Tribe is shown to be similar to the Clans , yet follows a different set of ancestors : the Tribe of Endless Hunting . The Tribe has a Healer , cave @-@ guards , and prey @-@ hunters , who each serve a different function in the Tribe . The Healer leads the Tribe , heals the ill and wounded , and communicates with the Tribe of Endless Hunting ; the cave @-@ guards defend the Tribe , and the prey @-@ hunters hunt . The Tribe was formed by the Ancients when they left the lake to live in the mountains . In turn , cats from the Tribe moved to the forest of the original series and formed the Clans . \n The Clans ' origin is described in Secrets of the Clans . Originally , many small groups of wild cats from the Tribe of Rushing Water live in the forest . Without a code of honour to follow or ancestors to provide guidance , they fight constantly for food and territory . One night , a large battle occurs , and many cats die . The spirits of the cats killed in battle return and tell the remaining cats to \" unite or die \" . In this way , the Clans are formed from the previous multitude of small groups . This idea is expanded on in the fifth sub @-@ series \" Warriors : Dawn of the clans \" . The dead spirits become StarClan , and the code of honour that the cats follow is gradually created , as described in Code of the Clans . \n The main character in the first series is Firestar , a young kittypet who decides to join the Clans as a kittypet . In the second series , it wavers between the cats who journey to a young badger , Midnight , who tells them that the forest will be destroyed . \n = = = Clan hierarchy = = = \n The Clans have a hierarchical system , with different cats having different positions within the Clan . The leader receives his or her nine lives and leader name ending with the suffix -star from StarClan after he or she goes to the Moonstone / Moonpool . The leader makes all major decisions for the Clan , such as deciding when to wage a battle or promote a warrior . The leader 's word is law , according to the warrior code , and must be followed . The deputy is second in command and succeeds the leader when the leader loses his or her last life . The deputy 's job is mainly to organize patrols and other everyday tasks . In order to be appointed deputy by the leader , a cat must already be a warrior and have mentored at least one apprentice . There is also a medicine cat in each Clan , who receives messages from StarClan and is trained extensively in the uses of herbs to heal sick or injured cats . Medicine cats are not allowed to have kits or mates , as it would distract them from their duties . At each half @-@ moon , the medicine cats from each Clan meet at the Moonstone / Moonpool to talk with StarClan . \n In a Clan , there is never more than one medicine cat apprentice at any one time : a medicine cat apprentice helps gather herbs and learns medical knowledge , but he or she is considered an apprentice until the current medicine cat dies or retires , even if he or she has already received a full medicine cat name . There are also warrior apprentices ( usually referred to simply as apprentices ) , who train to hunt for and defend their Clan , the duties of a warrior . All apprentices ' names end with the suffix -paw . These apprentices are mentored by warriors , who pass down knowledge and skills they have learned from their own mentors . Apprenticeships usually last approximately six months . Apprentices occasionally undergo assessments to determine their progress , and they become warriors when their mentors deem them ready and the clan leader approves it . Warrior name suffixes ( e.g. -claw , -heart , -pelt , -tail , etc . ) are selected by the leader during the warrior ceremony . \n Another important event after the warrior ceremony is the silent vigil that the new warriors lead the night after the ceremony . They must watch over the sleeping camp in silence until sunrise , when the Clan leader tells them their vigil is over . When a cat becomes old , permanently ill , or disabled , he or she retires to become an elder . Elders share their knowledge with the Clan and are cared for by the apprentices . The only task they carry out is burying dead Clanmates . Clans also have queens , who are she @-@ cats expecting or caring for their kits . Queens return to warrior duties when no longer expecting or nursing kits . A queen is not obligated to reveal the identity of her mate . A kit 's name always ends with the suffix -kit ; kits become apprentices after they are six months old . \n = = = Clan terminology = = = \n The feline characters of the Warriors series use different words for certain concepts and objects in the natural world . These can range from terms referring to other animals , such as twoleg ( human ) , or kittypet ( house cat ) , to referring to human objects such as a monster ( car ) or horseplace ( stable ) . The animals also have specific terms for time and measurement , such as sundown or moonhigh representing different times of day according to the positions of the moon , sun , and stars overhead . The seasons are given names according to the trees and foliage in the forest , with newleaf meaning spring , greenleaf meaning summer , leaf @-@ fall meaning autumn , and leaf @-@ bare meaning winter . \n = = Warriors : The Prophecies Begin = = \n The original Warriors series , later re @-@ titled Warriors : The Prophecies Begin , was released from 2003 to 2004 and consists of six books : Into the Wild , Fire and Ice , Forest of Secrets , Rising Storm , A Dangerous Path , and The Darkest Hour . The series was subtitled The Prophecies Begin for its planned re @-@ release in paperback with new covers in 2015 . The series details the experiences of a pet cat named Rusty who ventures into the forest and is invited to join ThunderClan , one of four groups of wild cats in the forest . He accepts the invitation and receives the apprentice name Firepaw while he trains to become a warrior . Later , Firepaw receives his warrior name , Fireheart and discovers that Tigerclaw , the deputy of ThunderClan , wishes to kill ThunderClan leader Bluestar in order to succeed her and become leader himself . Ravenpaw , his apprentice , is forced to flee due to his witnessing of Tigerclaw killing Redtail , the former ThunderClan deputy . Fireheart eventually becomes deputy of the Clan after Tigerclaw tries to kill Bluestar , fails , and is banished from ThunderClan . After his banishment , Tigerclaw takes over another Clan , ShadowClan , and lures a pack of dogs into ThunderClan camp in attempt at vengeance . Bluestar dies sacrificing her last life to protect the Clan from the dogs , and Fireheart succeeds her as leader , receiving nine lives and the name Firestar from the Clans ' spiritual ancestors , StarClan . Tigerstar then attempts to take over all four Clans , telling them that the leaders will rule together . Leopardstar , leader of RiverClan , agrees , but Firestar and Tallstar , leader of WindClan , refuse . Tigerstar then enlists the aid of BloodClan , a vicious group of city cats , to take over the Clans , but BloodClan leader Scourge kills Tigerstar ( taking all nine of Tigerstar 's lives at once by slicing him from neck to tail ) and decides to take over the forest for himself . The four Clans unite to fight BloodClan , and Firestar loses the first of his nine lives in battle against Scourge , but Firestar kills Scourge after he returns to life , defeating BloodClan and saving the forest . \n = = Warriors : The New Prophecy = = \n The second series , Warriors : The New Prophecy , was released from 2005 to 2006 , and contains six books : Midnight , Moonrise , Dawn , Starlight , Twilight , and Sunset . In the series , four cats , Brambleclaw , Tawnypelt , Crowpaw , and Feathertail , are sent on a mission by StarClan to the ocean , with Feathertail 's brother Stormfur and ThunderClan apprentice Squirrelpaw accompanying them . There , a badger named Midnight tells the six cats that all four of the Clans are in danger from humans and must leave for a new home . On the way back to the forest , the traveling cats meet a group of cats called the Tribe of Rushing Water who are being terrorized by a mountain lion called Sharptooth . Feathertail sacrifices her life to kill Sharptooth and save the Tribe . The remaining cats return to their Clans and relay the message . Together , the four Clans travel to a new territory by a lake , encountering the Tribe once again on the journey . Once at the lake , ThunderClan medicine cat apprentice Leafpool and Crowfeather ( formerly Crowpaw ) fall in love with each other . However , the warrior code says that Leafpool , as a medicine cat , cannot have a mate . In addition , Clan cats may not be mates with cats from other Clans . They eventually abscond , but return when Midnight warns them that a group of badgers plans to attack ThunderClan . Upon returning , they find that a badger has killed Cinderpelt , the ThunderClan medicine cat , while she is helping Sorreltail give birth . Cinderpelt is then reborn as Cinderkit , to fulfill her destiny of being a ThunderClan warrior . \n The series then centers around the prophecy \" before there is peace , blood will spill blood , and the lake will run red \" . Hawkfrost and Brambleclaw have been meeting with the spirit of their dead father Tigerstar in dreams , in which he is teaching them how to become Clan leader by force . Hawkfrost follows Tigerstar every step of the way , but Brambleclaw is split between loyalty to his leader and his own ambition . Firestar appoints Brambleclaw as deputy after finally accepting the possibility that Graystripe might never return ( he was abducted by humans prior to the Clans ' journey to the new territory ) . The series reaches its climax when Hawkfrost traps Firestar and tells Brambleclaw to kill him . Brambleclaw decides that he does not want to become leader by force and refuses . Instead , he frees Firestar . Hawkfrost attacks Brambleclaw , intending to kill him for his knowledge of his and Tigerstar 's plans , but Brambleclaw manages to kill Hawkfrost instead . Hawkfrost 's blood runs into the lake , turning it red , explaining the \" blood will spill blood \" prophecy as Brambleclaw is Hawkfrost 's kin . \n = = Warriors : Power of Three = = \n The third series , titled Warriors : Power of Three , was released from 2007 to 2009 and consists of The Sight , Dark River , Outcast , Eclipse , Long Shadows , and Sunrise . The plot is centered on the prophecy , \" there will be three , kin of your kin , who hold the power of the stars in their paws \" , which was given to Firestar in Firestar 's Quest by Skywatcher . The series details the experiences of Hollyleaf , Jayfeather , and Lionblaze , Firestar 's grand kits , and thus kin of his kin . Jayfeather is blind , but has the unique ability to feel emotions and memories coming off of other cats and to enter their dreams , where he is then able to see . Lionblaze has the power to never get hurt in a fight . Hollyleaf found her power in being completely loyal . A loner cat called Sol warns Jayfeather and Leafpool that the sun will disappear . During a battle involving all four Clans , the sun disappears in an eclipse . Sol then persuades ShadowClan to lose faith in StarClan , using his warning as evidence that he knows more than StarClan . Jayfeather , Lionblaze , and Hollyleaf fake a sign from StarClan to convince Blackstar , leader of ShadowClan , that StarClan is real and should be followed , but StarClan cats come , making it a true sign . Sol is banished . Ashfur tries to kill Hollyleaf , Lionblaze , and Jayfeather during a fire because he is angry with Squirrelflight , whom he had wanted as a mate in Sunset , but Squirrelflight reveals that they are not her kits . Ashfur threatens to reveal this deception , but Hollyleaf kills Ashfur to keep him quiet . Jayfeather , Hollyleaf , and Lionblaze learn that their true parents are Leafpool and Crowfeather , not Squirrelflight and Brambleclaw ; this makes their birth against the warrior code and medicine cat code , codes of honour followed by Clan cats and medicine cats , respectively . During a Gathering , Hollyleaf reveals the truth about their parents to all the Clans , then runs away into a set of tunnels under the Clans ' territories because she can not stand the fact that her birth is against the warrior code , which means a lot to her . The tunnels then collapse on Hollyleaf , and she is presumed dead . Jayfeather realizes that Hollyleaf was never meant to be part of the Three and that either Dovekit or Ivykit , grandkits of Firestar 's nephew Cloudtail , is meant to be the third cat of the prophecy . \n = = Warriors : Omen of the Stars = = \n The fourth series , entitled Warriors : Omen of the Stars , was released from 2009 to 2012 and comprises The Fourth Apprentice , Fading Echoes , Night Whispers , Sign of the Moon , The Forgotten Warrior , and The Last Hope . It is a direct continuation of Warriors : Power of Three . ThunderClan apprentice Dovepaw has the special ability to hear and see extremely distant things . When Dovepaw reveals that the cause of a drought to be a beaver dam upstream , Jayfeather and Lionblaze realize that she is the third cat in the prophecy from Power of Three . After Dovepaw saves ThunderClan from a falling tree with her powers , she receives special attention from Firestar that makes her sister , Ivypaw , jealous . Hawkfrost 's spirit exploits her jealousy and befriends Ivypaw ; he begins giving her battle training in her dreams as Tigerstar did in The New Prophecy . Jayfeather , Yellowfang , and Spottedleaf discover that the Dark Forest cats are training for battle . Jayfeather finds out about Ivypaw 's Dark Forest training ; he suggests asking Ivypaw to act as a spy , and Ivypaw learns that Tigerstar is training her and training \" under @-@ recognized \" cats to fight against the Clans , though they do not know it . Ivypaw and Dovepaw then receive the warrior names Ivypool and Dovewing . Jayfeather then visits the Tribe of Rushing Water , where he goes back in time to the Ancients and helps Half Moon become the first Stoneteller . He is then given a new prophecy : \" The end of the stars draws near ; three must become four , to battle the darkness that lasts forever \" . When a fox chases two apprentices , a mysterious cat scares away the fox ; in searching for this cat , ThunderClan finds Sol . Dovewing and Ivypool spy on Sol as he plots with WindClan to attack ThunderClan and are almost discovered , but Hollyleaf , who has been living in the tunnels since the events of Sunrise , ' reveals ' herself and leads the two to safety . Returning to ThunderClan , she shows them how to fight in the tunnels in preparation for a battle with WindClan . During the battle , she traps Sol , but releases him , warning him never to return to the Clans . In \" The Last Hope \" , at the Moonpool , Yellowfang and Brambleberry — a former RiverClan medicine cat — tell Jayfeather that he must tell Lionblaze and Dovewing about the new prophecy he received while in the mountains , and unite all the Clans . They discover that Firestar is the fourth cat of the prophecy , and when the Dark Forest attacks the Clans , Firestar kills Tigerstar , Firestar loses his last life , and Brambleclaw becomes leader and names Squirrelflight his deputy . \n = = Warriors : Dawn of the Clans = = \n The fifth series , Warriors : Dawn of the Clans , details the formation of the Clans . The first book , The Sun Trail , has been published , as has Thunder Rising which was released on November 5 , 2013 . The First Battle was released on April 8 , 2014 . The fourth book , The Blazing Star , was released on November 4 , 2014 , and the fifth book , A Forest Divided , was released on April 7 , 2015 . The Path of the Stars , the sixth and last book in the Dawn of the Clans , was released September 1 , 2015 along with Goosefeather 's Curse . \n In The Sun Trail , prey is scarce in the mountain home of the Tribe of Rushing Water , so a cat named Gray Wing and his companions must leave to find more food and a better home . Once they reach their new forest home Gray Wing falls in love with a cat there named Storm . The Tribe cats start to live in the forest and take in rogue cats . When Gray Wing sees Storm again , he invites her to visit Clear Sky , another former Tribe cat and Gray Wing 's brother . Once she meets Clear Sky , however , she falls in love with him . Gray Wing discovers that Storm is pregnant by Clear Sky and that she is going to live with him for a while , breaking Gray Wing 's heart . When Turtle Tail , another one of the Tribe cats , who becomes a kittypet later in The Sun Trail tells Gray Wing that Storm is in trouble , Gray Wing does not believe her . When he finds Storm , she is dead along with two of her three kits . Storm had left Clear Sky after he banished his own brother Jagged Peak who was hardly a kit because he had fallen out of a tree and broken his leg . Clear Sky banished all cats who couldn 't look after themselves . Gray Wing , Tall Shadow , and the Tribe cats who live on the moor name the surviving kit Thunder . When Gray Wing shows Thunder his father , Clear Sky rejects Thunder . Sad and angry with his brother , Gray Wing adopts Thunder . \n The second book , Thunder Rising , takes place a couple of months after The Sun Trail . Turtle Tail returns to Gray Wing 's group pregnant by an aggressive kittypet named Tom , and becomes Gray Wing 's mate . A fire breaks out in the forest , forcing Clear Sky 's group to take shelter with Gray Wing . While taking shelter with Gray Wing , Clear Sky realizes that he was wrong about Thunder and invites him to join his group . Thunder quickly accepts the offer but soon realizes that his father is too power @-@ hungry and concentrated on the needs of the group over the individual and leaves . \n In the third book , \" The First Battle \" , Clear Sky declares war upon Gray Wing 's group . Gray Wing tries to make peace , but Clear Sky is ambitious and wants more territory . Tom arrives to look for Bumble ( another housecat ) and Turtle Tail . He steals Turtle Tail 's kits and brings them to live with him . Cats from Gray Wing 's group go to look for and bring them back , but they find Turtle Tail dead by a road . The cats manage to rescue the kittens from Tom , who swears revenge . At the end , Gray Wing 's cats fight Clear Sky 's . Many cats die , and the battle ends in a stalemate . The ghosts of the fallen cats return to tell the fighting cats to \" unite or die \" . Clear Sky is struck with guilt and grief . \n In the fourth book , rogues ( non @-@ Clan cats ) join the groups and a one @-@ eyed cat tries to take control of the forest . The groups meet again at the full moon , where they are greeted again by the fallen cats . This time , they bring a new message : \" To tame the Claw that blights the forest , grow and spread like the Blazing Star \" . No cat can understand what it means ; however , during the meeting , Thunder meets a she @-@ cat named Star Flower . After the meeting , the cats notice that a strange sickness is starting to infect the prey , giving them sores and bloated bellies . Wind Runner 's kit falls ill with the disease and eventually dies . Struck by sadness , Wind Runner , Gorse Fur , and their kits leave the hollow to live on their own . \n = = Warriors : A Vision of Shadows = = \n Warriors : A Vision of Shadows is the sixth sub @-@ series . The series was originally titled , Warriors : StarClan 's Promise . The first book , The Apprentice 's Quest , which takes place approximately eight months after Bramblestar 's Storm , was released on March 15 , 2016 . The books ' main characters are Sparkpaw and Alderpaw who are Bramblestar 's and Squirrelflight 's children . \n The first book , The Apprentice 's Quest , starts with each Clan 's medicine cats receiving a prophecy from StarClan together , telling them to \" Embrace what you find in the shadows , for only they can clear the sky \" . This is the titular prophecy of the series ( A Vision of Shadows ) . When receiving this prophecy , Jayfeather sees Alderkit ( Alderpaw 's former name ) in his dream , as well as the other medicine cats . Later him , Leafpool , and Bramblestar decide that Alderpaw should become a medicine cat apprentice . Further into the book , Alderpaw has a vision of the far @-@ off SkyClan . After deciding that Alderpaw 's vision relates to the prophecy , Bramblestar sends Alderpaw on a quest to help SkyClan along with his ex @-@ mentor , Molewhisker , Sandstorm , his sister Sparkpaw , and her mentor Cherryfall . While on the quest , they 're joined by ShadowClan apprentice Needlepaw . Sandstorm dies along the way . When they reach the gorge where Skyclan lives , they find that they have been run out of their territory by a group of rogues . They decide that they arrived too late to help SkyClan and return back to the lake . On the way back Alderpaw and Needlepaw find two female kits ( Twigkit and Violetkit ) who lost their mother . Needlepaw suggests that the kits could be \" what you find in the shadows \" . They then take the kits back to the lake and at a full moon Gathering , the clan leaders decide that ShadowClan should take one kit and ThunderClan should take the other . ThunderClan takes Twigkit and ShadowClan takes Violetkit . \n The second book , Thunder and Shadow , will be released on September 6 , 2016 . \n = = Other books = = \n = = = Super Editions = = = \n Super Editions are stand alone books in the Warriors series that are approximately double the length of a normal Warriors book . There are eight Super Editions as of November 2015 : Firestar 's Quest , Bluestar 's Prophecy , SkyClan 's Destiny , Crookedstar 's Promise , Yellowfang 's Secret , Tallstar 's Revenge , Bramblestar 's Storm , and Moth Flight 's Vision . Each Super Edition Novel also includes an exclusive manga except for Firestar 's Quest . \n = = = = Firestar 's Quest = = = = \n Firestar 's Quest , the first Warriors Super Edition , was released on 25 August 2007 . It is set between The Darkest Hour and Midnight and details Firestar and his mate Sandstorm 's journey to restore SkyClan , the fifth Clan of the forest that is driven out when a town is built and scattered when it is attacked by rats in its new home . Firestar and Sandstorm find rogues and house cats , some of whom are descendants of the former SkyClan and teach them how to hunt , fight , and follow the warrior code . When a house cat named Echo dreams of starry cats , Firestar realizes that the dream was sent by StarClan , indicating that Echo should be SkyClan 's medicine cat . Echo is taught all that Sandstorm was taught before leaving ThunderClan with Firestar on their quest . She is named Echosong . While SkyClan is rebuilding its ranks , rats attack as they did when SkyClan first came to the gorge . SkyClan defeats them by joining together under the direction of Firestar , Leafdapple ( later Leafstar ) , and Sharpclaw , her deputy later on . Firestar manages to kill the leader of the rats , after which the rats leave . During the rat attack , Firestar loses a life , leaving him with only seven , and a warrior called Rainfur is killed . Towards the end , Echosong dreams of dappled leaves , indicating that Leafdapple should be the new leader . She is named Leafstar and receives her nine lives , meeting Starclan . The former leaders that drove the ancient Skyclan out apologize in Starclan . Cherrypaw and Sparrowpaw are then made warriors ( Cherrytail and Sparrowpelt ) and Bouncekit , Tinykit , and Rockkit become apprentices ( Bouncepaw , Tinypaw , and Rockpaw ) . The epilogue describes the birth of Squirrelkit and Leafkit , Firestar and Sandstorm 's only kits . \n = = = = Bluestar 's Prophecy = = = = \n Bluestar 's Prophecy was released on 28 July 2009 . It covers Bluestar 's life from her birth to the beginning of Into the Wild . The novel begins on the day of Bluestar 's death as she saves Fireheart and ThunderClan from the dog pack , a scene from A Dangerous Path . The novel then returns to when Bluestar was still a kit , Bluekit . Bluekit is apprenticed to Stonepelt as Bluepaw , and proves to be an excellent hunter , catching a squirrel \" almost as big as her \" on her first day of hunting . The next day , Goosefeather sees a sign in the vole Snowpaw ( Bluepaw 's sister ) brings back to camp and proclaims that ThunderClan must attack WindClan . Later , he tells them that they must destroy WindClan 's medicine supply in order to keep them at bay during winter . Pinestar is reluctant but agrees to attack at dawn . Bluepaw and Snowpaw are ordered to stay out of the fight , but they help Featherwhisker , the medicine cat apprentice , tend to the wounded . During the battle , Bluepaw 's mother , Moonflower , destroys WindClan 's medicine supplies , but is killed by Hawkheart , the WindClan medicine cat . Bluepaw enters a state of grief which lasts until Sunfall , the deputy and her new mentor since Stonepelt was injured during the WindClan battle and never healed , talks her out of it , telling her that she must honor Moonflower by doing well . She attends the Gathering that night , where she meets and becomes friendly with Crookedpaw and Oakheart of RiverClan . \n A while later , Bluepaw receives her warrior name , Bluefur , and Snowpaw receives hers , Snowfur . Bluefur finds out that a Clanmate , Thrushpelt , is in love with her , but she dismisses it , deciding that she is too young to have a mate . However , Snowfur wants a Clanmate named Thistlepaw as a mate . A few moons later , Pinestar announces that he wants no more of the warrior life and goes off to live his last life as a housecat . Sunfall becomes Sunstar and Tawnyspots becomes the new deputy . On a patrol to RiverClan , Bluefur is pulled aside by Oakheart , who tells her to meet him that night at Fourtrees . She does , and the two warriors spend the night together , having fallen in love . About a month later , Tawnyspots falls ill with an incurable illness , so he is unable to be deputy for much longer . Thistlepaw , now Thistleclaw , wishes to become deputy in his place . Bluefur discovers that she is pregnant with Oakheart 's kits . ThunderClan believes her kits are with Thrushpelt and are overjoyed . After Goosefeather convinces her that she must become deputy , and not Thistleclaw due to his violence and ambition , Bluefur reluctantly brings her three kits ( Mosskit , Mistykit , and Stonekit ) , to RiverClan to live as RiverClan cats . Mosskit dies along the way . Bluefur then convinces ThunderClan that a fox or other creature took her kits . Once Featherwhisker deems Tawnyspots incurable and unfit for deputyship , Sunstar appoints Bluefur as the new deputy . After Sunstar dies , Bluefur becomes Bluestar and receives nine lives . Thistleclaw is outraged by this and continues to be bitter towards Bluestar until he was killed later on . \n Many months later , she is seen sitting with Spottedleaf , the medicine cat , and hears the \" Fire will save our Clan \" prophecy . The manga at the end of the novel depicts Bluestar 's decision to accept Rusty ( later Firestar ) to the Clan . \n = = = = SkyClan 's Destiny = = = = \n SkyClan 's Destiny was released on 3 August 2010 . The book follows Leafstar and her struggle to rebuild the once @-@ lost Clan . The book takes place several months after Firestar 's Quest . The Clan 's members are split over whether or not \" daylight @-@ warriors \" , housecats who join the Clan in the day and return to their owners at night , should be allowed to be part of the Clan . Leafstar struggles with the decision , as she wants to take Billystorm , one of the daylight @-@ warriors , as a mate , but wants what is best for the Clan . SkyClan then faces a series of challenges caused by visiting rogues . \n = = = = Crookedstar 's Promise = = = = \n Crookedstar 's Promise was released on 5 July 2011 . It takes place at the same time as Bluestar 's Prophecy and details the life of Crookedstar , initially Stormkit . As a kit , Stormkit falls into the river after he sneaks out of camp and attempts to chase ThunderClan medicine cat Goosefeather away from Sunningrocks , a part of RiverClan territory ( at the time ) . This leads him to break his jaw on a rock . Rainflower , Stormkit 's mother , rejects Stormkit due to his disfigured appearance and demands that RiverClan leader Hailstar perform a renaming ceremony to rename Stormkit to Crookedkit . Feeling rejected , Crookedkit is visited in a dream by Mapleshade , a Dark Forest cat who allows Crookedkit to believe that she is from StarClan . She tells him that she can give him anything he wants as long as he is faithful to his Clan and puts all other things aside . Crookedkit quickly accepts this promise , believing it not to be a difficult promise , as he was already loyal to his Clan , and believes that Mapleshade can help him become leader . Mapleshade then uses Crookedkit 's promise to seemingly bring about the deaths of Crookedkit 's loved ones . When Crookedjaw is chasing away a dog , the dog knocks his mother , Rainflower , into a river , and she hits her head on rocks . Mapleshade urges Crookedjaw to focus on the dog instead of bringing his mother to the medicine cat , and she dies . Crookedjaw then becomes deputy upon his father Shellheart 's retirement ; shortly after , Shellheart dies of a lump in his stomach . Not long after , Hailstar loses his last life while fighting rats in a barn : although Mapleshade urges him to not protect Hailstar so he can become leader , Crookedjaw ignores her , having discovered that she is actually from the Dark Forest . Nonetheless , Hailstar is killed . Despite his insistence that she stay away from him , Mapleshade continues to haunt Crookedstar : his mate , Willowbreeze , dies of a respiratory infection days after giving birth to his three kits , and two of the kits die as well . When Crookedstar confronts Mapleshade , she reveals that she had once been the mate of Crookedstar 's great @-@ grandfather . Mapleshade had been a ThunderClan cat , while her mate had been from RiverClan : Mapleshade is rejected by her Clan for taking a forbidden mate , then loses the kits in the river when she attempts to bring them to RiverClan . Her mate blames her for letting the kits drown in the river , and RiverClan , too , rejects Mapleshade . As a result , Mapleshade vows revenge on her mates descendants , one of whom is Crookedstar . When Crookedstar finally reveals his promise and his belief that it caused the deaths of his loved ones , to his medicine cat Brambleberry , she argues that the deaths were not in fact Mapleshade 's fault . Following the conclusion of the novel , Oakheart is killed , then in the manga feature , Silverstream , Crookedstar 's only remaining kit , dies after giving birth to Graystripe of ThunderClan 's kits . Mapleshade asserts that these deaths were her doing as well , but Crookedstar tells Mapleshade that she has failed to punish him , as his loved ones live on in StarClan , while she has no one . Finally , Crookedstar dies as well . \n = = = = Yellowfang 's Secret = = = = \n Yellowfang 's Secret was released on 9 October 2012 . It is a Super Edition about the former ThunderClan medicine cat Yellowfang and her life in ShadowClan . It follows Yellowfang as she first trains to be a warrior , then later realizes her paws are not meant for shedding blood and her decision to switch to the role of medicine cat instead . However , she breaks the code of medicine cats when she gives birth ; as a result , she and her whole Clan are punished by her disloyalty to the code . In the end , she herself is cast out of ShadowClan by her own kit Brokenstar . \n = = = = Tallstar 's Revenge = = = = \n Tallstar 's Revenge was released on 2 July 2013 . It tells the story of Tallstar , whose father dies when he is an apprentice during a tunnel collapse . As a result , he attempts to avenge his father Sandgorse 's death by killing the cat ( a rogue named Sparrow ) whom he believes did not help his father escape the tunnel and is therefore responsible . Tallstar leaves his Clan to track down Sparrow and briefly travels with a house cat named Jake , who is later revealed to be the father of Firestar ( the main protagonist of the original six books ) . When he meets up with Sparrow , Tallstar discovers that his father actually sacrificed himself to allow the other cat to escape and does not carry through with his intended vengeance , instead saving Sparrow 's life when Sparrow slides down a cliff and near a road . \n = = = = Bramblestar 's Storm = = = = \n Bramblestar 's Storm , the seventh volume in the Super Edition arc , features Bramblestar , the leader of ThunderClan . The book takes place after the Clans ' victory over the Dark Forest cats . This book was released on 26 August 2014 . All Clans are struggling due to the lake flooding ; however , ThunderClan and ShadowClan appear to be suffering most . Deaths of Clanmates leads to tension and grief between those in ThunderClan as they simultaneously also try to survive outside of their usual territory , having been displaced by the flooding . On a border patrol , Bramblestar encounters some housecats that are taken into the Clan until they can return home . Bramblestar becomes close to one of the housecats , Jessy , which upsets Bramblestar 's deputy ( and former mate ) Squirrelflight causing many quarrels between them . Ultimately , two of the housecats , Minty and Jessy , decide to leave , leaving only Frankie ( later named Stormpaw ) with ThunderClan . Jessy leaves because she feels that it would be better if Bramblestar and herself do not become mates because Bramblestar ’ s heart belongs with Squirrelflight . In the short manga chapter included at the book 's end , it is revealed that Squirrelflight is pregnant with Bramblestar 's kits . \n = = = = Moth Flight 's Vision = = = = \n Moth Flight 's Vision is the 8th Super Edition novel that was released on November 3 , 2015 . It features a cat named Moth Flight , who becomes WindClan 's first medicine cat . Moth Flight was also the one who discovered the Moonstone , and that all leaders shall be granted nine lives . It takes place a few moons after the last book in the Dawn of the Clans series . In this book , Moth Flight , an easily distractable she @-@ cat , kit of Wind Runner ( later Windstar ) , leaves her Clan , following a unexpected guide , and meets an unexpected friend , who is vital to her journey . She finds an object , and is told something important . She goes home , and reveals the secret information . Her friend stays with her , and she gives birth to four kits after his death . She lives happily for moons after , until she dies a sad , peaceful death . \n = = = = Hawkwing 's Journey = = = = \n Hawkwing 's Journey is the ninth Super Edition novel , and will be published on 1 November 2016 . \n = = = Field guides = = = \n Four field guides have also been published . They offer extra information , usually in the form of short stories , and are usually about 150 pages long . Secrets of the Clans is the first field guide in the series . It gives more details about the Clans previously unrevealed in the main series . Cats of the Clans , featuring illustrations and descriptions of the cats , was released on 24 June 2008 . Code of the Clans , which describes the origins of the cats ' code of honour , the warrior code , was released on 9 June 2009 . Battles of the Clans , released on 1 June 2010 , is about past battles and each Clan 's special battle tactics . Enter the Clans is an omnibus field guide released on 26 June 2012 . It is a collective work of the field guides Secrets of the Clans and Code of the Clans , although four pages of color artwork and the double foldout map inserts in the middle of Secrets of the Clans , as well as five pieces of color artwork in Code of the Clans , are not included in Enter the Clans . \n = = = = Warriors : The Ultimate Guide = = = = \n On 5 November 2013 , a field guide titled Warriors : The Ultimate Guide was released . HarperCollins held a contest in which ten fans would have their names appear on the dedication page . \n The guide contains descriptions of forty characters , including Goosefeather , Dovewing , Brairlight , Lionblaze , and Ivypool . It also has various short stories , including the leadership ceremonies of both Tigerstar and Bramblestar , as well as maps of Clan territories . The first printing of the book featured a timeline of the Warriors universe on the reverse of the cover jacket . \n = = = Original English @-@ language manga = = = \n Several series of original English @-@ language manga have been produced by HarperCollins with TOKYOPOP . With the shutdown of TOKYOPOP , subsequent manga volumes have been published under the HarperCollins name alone . Four of the manga series consist of three volumes , though The Rise of Scourge is a standalone book . \n = = = = Graystripe 's trilogy = = = = \n Graystripe 's trilogy is a three @-@ volume series following Graystripe from the time that he was taken by humans in Dawn until he returns to ThunderClan in The Sight . It was published as the first part of a partnership between TOKYOPOP and HarperCollins . These books tell how Graystripe and Millie , a housecat Graystripe meets during his captivity , find their way to ThunderClan from a faraway town . It consists of 3 books : The Lost Warrior , Warrior 's Refuge , and Warrior 's Return . The final volume was published on 22 April 2008 . \n = = = = The Rise of Scourge = = = = \n The Rise of Scourge was released on 24 June 2008 and , unlike the other manga which form trilogies , is a standalone volume . The story details the early life of BloodClan leader Scourge , one of the antagonists in The Darkest Hour , who is bullied in his youth for being small . The book chronicles his story up to the point when he kills Tigerstar , who once attacked Scourge when he ventured into the forest as a kitten . \n = = = = Tigerstar and Sasha = = = = \n Tigerstar and Sasha is a manga trilogy detailing how Tigerstar and the rogue cat Sasha meet and the events that occur after Sasha leaves Tigerstar and ShadowClan . The books are Into the Woods , Escape from the Forest , and Return to the Clans . \n = = = = = Into the Woods = = = = = \n The book begins with Sasha chasing after her owner 's car , which then speeds off , leaving her grief @-@ stricken in the street . She then is filled with memories of her human owners , Ken and Jean , who took care of her . Everything was right until Jean got sick , and despite all they could do , she died . Ken , lamenting over Jean , then went with several other humans and left the house . Sasha , having escaped from an open bathroom window , began chasing after him . Unsuccessful , she wanders into the forest after seeing her friend Shnuky for the last time . \n Soon after , she finds an old den made of logs and bedded with leaves , and settles down there . The next day , while hunting prey she encounters a tom named Pine , who engages in conversation with Sasha . He warns her of the Clan cats living in the forest , in the process taking off her collar for her . The next morning , a ShadowClan patrol consisting of Tigerstar , Rowanpaw , and Jaggedtooth comes along , and Sasha takes a particular interest in Tigerstar . After Rowanpaw scents traces of foxes , a frog appears , although he is unsuccessful at catching it . Before it can get away , though , Sasha drops on it and says that it slipped through their paws . \n The next night , Sasha realizes that she has feelings for Tigerstar , and misses a rabbit while being caught up in her thoughts . Turning around she sees that Tigerstar had caught it for her , criticizes her hunting technique , and tells her she needs someone to show her how to hunt properly . When Sasha asks who would teach her , he says that he might . \n After a time of not seeing Tigerstar , Sasha returns to her den one evening , only to find Tigerstar already waiting for her . Asking him where he was , he comments on how nice her den was , and then stops and asks when she will be seeing her humans again , after seeing her collar hanging around a protruding branch on the logs . Sasha asks him why he was snooping around in her den , and he tells her that he cannot see her any more if she has the collar . She refuses to destroy it , and quarrels with Tigerstar about housecats and how they are not independent . Sad , she reminisces about her perfect life with Jean and Ken . \n The next day , Sasha leaves a pigeon at the ShadowClan border to prove to Tigerstar that kittypets can hunt . After catching a rabbit , Sasha is attacked by two foxes . Before she can escape , though , Tigerstar comes and attacks the duo of animals , telling her to run . Scrambling up a tree , Sasha sees that the foxes have an advantage over him , and she jumps down to assist him . After defeating both foxes , Tigerstar stays in her den for the night and lets his wounds heal , and tells Sasha that he came to thank her for the pigeon , and that she is unlike any housecat he has ever known . \n One night Sasha brings Tigerstar to her old fence near the town . Upon sitting on it , he loses interest and Sasha takes offense , although he comments that if she wishes to be a rogue she would have to say goodbye to her old life . \n Tigerstar shows her around ShadowClan camp the next day , and introduces her to Blackstar , then known as Blackfoot . Sasha is offered to join a patrol , which she accepts . Along the way , she also sees Pine , who has gotten sick because winter is now coming on . Because Sasha does so well on the patrol , Tigerstar invites her to spend the night in the warriors den . Enjoying herself immensely , Sasha accepts . \n Racing back to the camp , she looks down on the camp from a tree , suddenly stopped by the voices of Tigerstar and his Clanmates . Soon she becomes frightened after Tigerstar discusses his plans to rule the forest with his Clanmates , including hiring BloodClan and setting a pack of dogs on ThunderClan . Extremely scared and changing her mind , Sasha flees , but before she can get far she is approached by Tigerstar who asks if she will join ShadowClan . \n = = = = = Escape from the Forest = = = = = \n The book opens to Sasha refusing Tigerstar 's offer to join ShadowClan . Their conversation turns into an argument , and Sasha insists that Tigerstar 's plans go against the warrior code . \n Back at her den , Sasha thinks about her heartbreak , and dreams of Ken coming , finding her , and taking her home . She makes her way out of the forest , realizing that she has no place there anymore . She bumps into Pine , and tells him that she is leaving . \n Sasha returns to where she used to live with Ken and Jean , and is chased away by the human that is now living there . In a secondhand clothing store , Sasha catches Ken 's scent and finds one of his coats . As she roams the town , Sasha encounters two BloodClan warriors and narrowly escapes . Sasha wanders onto a tour boat , where she curls up and goes to sleep . \n When Sasha wakes up , the floor is shaking . She runs outside to jump off , only to find that the boat is surrounded by water . She is spotted by the tourists , who believe her to be a ship cat , and the captain shuts her in a cupboard . Let off the boat , she notices that the captain looks lonely and sad . When she sneaks back onto the boat , she begins to attract many customers to the boat service as \" Brownie the Famous Ship 's Cat , \" gaining the affection of the captain . One night , she even prevents two saboteurs from burning the boat . \n One day when the boat is out , Sasha finds a bag with a very young cat inside it in the water . The captain takes him home and names him Patch . The spring thaw arrives , and the captain ties up the boat and prepares to go elsewhere . Sasha decides not to go with the captain and Patch because she now knows that she is going to have kits , and wants them born in the forest . Patch and the captain are sad , but they understand . \n = = = = = Return to the Clans = = = = = \n Sasha has gone back to the forest to raise her three kits , Hawk , Moth , and Tadpole . While hunting for her kits , she is caught by a ShadowClan patrol . Afraid that they will take her kits , she lies and says they died from the cold . Afterwards , she lets her kits play outside , but when they go back in , she tells them about Ken . \n Later , she lets them outside again , but this time , Russetfur walks in on them . Instead of forcing her to give them up to ShadowClan , she instead helps Sasha by giving her some prey , and warns her to leave as soon as possible . Later on , Sasha goes out hunting and the kits go out to find Ken because they want to make their mother happy . \n Meanwhile , Sasha has come back to find her kits gone . The kits go into an abandoned house . Sasha , still trying to find the three , gets confronted by BloodClan warriors , but is able to trick them into fear by telling them she is a Clan warrior out looking for revenge of Tigerstar 's death , and the BloodClan cats end up pointing out the direction they saw the kits go . \n In the basement , a pipe blows and water leaks rapidly from it . Sasha rescues Hawk and Moth , but Tadpole doesn 't make it out of the flooding basement . That night , a devastated Sasha dreams of Tigerstar and asks if Tadpole is with him . Tigerstar says no , but confides that he is safe . Sasha later meets with Pine , a loner she had previously met , and he takes her and the kits to a barn where another she @-@ cat lives . \n After Pine leaves , Sasha is attacked by the queen while Hawk and Moth are attacked by the she @-@ cat 's kits , but Sasha beats her . She leaves with the kits and decides to take them to RiverClan . In the outskirts of RiverClan territory , Sasha tells the kits who their father is and says that it is their secret . Sasha tells RiverClan that she and her kits wish to become warriors . \n When they get back to camp , the kits get their apprentice names , but Sasha refuses to take a warrior name . Not long into their apprenticeships , Hawkpaw and Mothpaw see other kits from the nursery pretending to be Tigerstar and kill everybody . They ask Sasha why they acted like that about him . Sasha tells them the truth about him and makes them promise again that that was their little secret . \n Later , Hawkpaw and Mothpaw discover the remnants of the Bonehill , a hill of bones that Tigerstar created in the events of The Darkest Hour . In the end , Sasha decides Clan life is not for her , and she also realizes that her kits are far safer and happier here than with her , so she leaves , but her kits stay . \n = = = = Ravenpaw 's Path = = = = \n Ravenpaw 's Path is another trilogy which is centred around former ThunderClan apprentice Ravenpaw and his life on the farm with the farm cat Barley after the events of The Darkest Hour . Holmes has said that the series takes place in the second half of the year between the original series and the The New Prophecy series , soon after Firestar and Sandstorm return to the Clan in Firestar 's Quest . The three books are Shattered Peace , A Clan in Need , and The Heart of a Warrior , which was released on 3 August 2010 . \n = = = = SkyClan and the Stranger = = = = \n SkyClan and the Stranger is a trilogy detailing events experienced by SkyClan after its revival in Firestar 's Quest and the events of SkyClan 's Destiny . It also details how Sol came to know about the Clans . The trilogy begins with The Rescue , which was released on 5 July 2011 . The second book is Beyond the Code and was released 22 November 2011 , and the third book is After the Flood and was released 3 April 2012 . \n = = = Novellas = = = \n Originally published only in e @-@ book format , the novellas Hollyleaf 's Story , Mistystar 's Omen , and Cloudstar 's Journey were later published in print by HarperCollins in the anthology volume Warriors : The Untold Stories , which was released on 2 July 2013 . Tigerclaw 's Fury was published on 28 January 2014 , and Leafpool 's Wish on 22 April 2014 . Dovewing 's Silencewas published on 4 November 2014 . These three e @-@ books was also published in print in Warriors : Tales of the Clans on 4 November 2014 . Mapleshade 's Vengeance was published on 24 March 2015 . Goosefeather 's Curse will be released on 1 September 2015 . Two more novellas are planned after that : one will feature Ravenpaw , while the other will feature Pinestar . \n = = = = Hollyleaf 's Story = = = = \n Hollyleaf 's Story was released on 3 March 2012 . It details Hollyleaf 's experiences beginning from when she is buried in a set of tunnels at the conclusion of Sunrise until she goes to the tunnels beneath ThunderClan territory to find Ivypool and Dovewing spying on Sol and a group of WindClan cats ( in The Forgotten Warrior ) . When she first goes into the cave , she is saved by Fallen Leaves , the spirit of an ancient cat who died in the tunnels , and lives with him for the remainder of her time in the caves . The novella describes various ways in which she continues to help ThunderClan during her absence . \n = = = = Mistystar 's Omen = = = = \n Mistystar 's Omen is a novella released on 11 September 2012 . When Leopardstar loses her ninth life , her longtime deputy , Mistyfoot , becomes leader , receiving the new name Mistystar . Mistystar discovers a secret about RiverClan and her leadership is plunged into crisis as soon as it begins . \n = = = = Cloudstar 's Journey = = = = \n Cloudstar 's Journey is a novella that was released as an e @-@ book on 29 January 2013 . It describes the original SkyClan 's experiences as humans destroy their forest home to build a town . When their camp is ruined , Cloudstar , leader of SkyClan , brings his whole Clan to a Gathering and asks the other Clan leaders to help them . \n = = = = Tigerclaw 's Fury = = = = \n Tigerclaw 's Fury is the fourth novella . It was released on 28 January 2014 . It describes Tigerclaw 's experiences while he is banished from ThunderClan and his acceptance into ShadowClan ( including how he helps ShadowClan fight off sickness and how he is appointed as its new leader ) . \n = = = = Leafpool 's Wish = = = = \n Leafpool 's Wish is the fifth novella , which was published on 22 April 2014 . It details Leafpool 's experiences before and after the birth of her kits . \n = = = = Dovewing 's Silence = = = = \n Dovewing 's Silence is the sixth novella which was released on 4 November 2014 . It takes place just after the battle in The Last Hope and is about Dovewing 's trouble after losing her powers . \n = = = = Mapleshade 's Vengeance = = = = \n Mapleshade 's Vengeance is the seventh novella . It was published on 7 April 2015 and details Mapleshade 's past.It features the story on Mapleshade a strong thunderclan warrior and a forbidden Love and vengeance . \n = = = = Goosefeather 's Curse = = = = \n Goosefeather 's Curse is the eighth novella . It was released on 1 September 2015 and details Goosefeather 's troubling gift . It takes place before Bluestar 's Prophecy and before Bluestar is born . \n = = = = Ravenpaw 's Farewell = = = = \n Ravenpaw 's Farewell is the ninth novella . It was released on 26 January 2016 . The story is after the clans left the forest . One of the main plots in this story is for Ravenpaw ( and later Barley ) to take Barley 's sister , Violet 's kits to SkyClan as they want to live the Clan life . \n = = Inspiration and origins = = \n The series first began when publisher HarperCollins asked Victoria Holmes to write a fantasy series about feral cats . Initially , Holmes was not very enthusiastic , since she \" couldn 't imagine coming up with enough ideas \" . She worked with the concept , however , expanding the storyline with elements of war , politics , revenge , doomed love , and religious conflict . Although the original plan was a stand @-@ alone novel , enough material was created for several books , and the publisher decided on a six @-@ volume series . The first volume , Into the Wild , was written by Kate Cary under the pseudonym \" Erin Hunter \" and was completed in about three months . Holmes then began to work behind the scenes , editing and supervising details . Cherith Baldry joined the team to write the third book , Forest of Secrets . Later , after she wrote the first Warriors field guide , Tui Sutherland became the fourth Erin Hunter . \n The authors have named several other authors as sources of inspiration when writing the novels . In an online author chat , Cherith Baldry listed the authors that inspire her as including Tolkien , Ursula K. Le Guin , and Shakespeare . In the same chat , Victoria Holmes stated that Jacqueline Wilson , Kathy Reichs , and J. K. Rowling are some of the authors that inspire her . According to the official website , other authors who have inspired the writers include Enid Blyton , Lucy Daniels , Ellis Peters , Tess Gerritsen , Kate Ellis , Lisa Gardiner , and Meg Cabot . The authors have also mentioned several other sources of inspiration . The New Forest in southern England was the base for the forest where the original series took place . Other influential locations include Loch Lomond , as well as the Scottish Highlands . Nicholas Culpeper , a physician who used materials occurring in the natural world as medicine , also had an influence on the Warriors series . His book , Culpeper 's Herbal , is used as a source by the authors for the herbal remedies that the cats use in the books . In addition , the authors suggested that they may use some fan @-@ created names in future books . Also mentioned as a source of inspiration was the film series Rambo . \n = = Critical reception = = \n The first book of the series , Into the Wild , was generally well @-@ received , with reviewers calling it a \" spine @-@ tingling , \" \" thoroughly engrossing \" and \" exciting ... action @-@ packed adventure . \" One reviewer praised the authors for \" creating an intriguing world ... and an engaging young hero \" , but another criticised the characters and imagined world as being \" neither ... consistent nor compelling . \" \n The manga has also earned praise : a reviewer for Children 's Bookwatch noted that Into the Woods \" ends on a tense cliffhanger , leaving the reader in anxious anticipation for more . Suitable for readers age ten to one hundred and ten , Warriors Tigerstar & Sasha # 1 : Into the Woods is especially recommended for cat lovers everywhere \" . Its sequel , Escape from the Forest , was also well reviewed : a reviewer for Publishers Weekly believed that girls would benefit from reading about Sasha leaving the powerful Tigerstar due to his \" growing violence \" . The art was also praised , with the reviewer writing that \" Hudson 's artwork brings Sasha 's emotional journey to life , showing each moment of fear , anxiety , contentment and joy . The cat 's @-@ eye perspective of many of the panels , in addition , add [ sic ] a dramatic , energizing element to the book \" . The reviewer also wrote that \" a twist at the end will leave fans eager for the next installment of Sasha 's saga \" , and that the book would appeal to young adults trying to find their place in the world . Lisa Goldstein for School Library Journal also gave the book a positive review , writing that the plot would attract new fans and appeal to old fans . The reviewer also wrote that \" though the cover claims that this is a ' manga , ' the straightforward illustrations are drawn in a simple , realistic style \" . \n The large number of characters involved in the series has often been seen as a negative point ; though one reviewer compared the \" huge cast \" to that of a Greek drama , others wrote that it was \" hard to follow \" and \" a little confusing . \" The characters have also been criticised as being \" somewhat flat \" and \" limited essentially to each individual 's function within the clan . \" \n As one reviewer put it , the cats in the series are \" true to their feline nature , \" leading some critics to jokingly comment that the books will \" leave readers eyeing Puss a bit nervously \" and wondering \" what dreams of grandeur may haunt the family cat . \" However , this realism also means that the series contains a relatively large amount of violence , with one critic stating that it is \" not for the faint of heart . \" Several critics have compared Warriors to Brian Jacques ' Redwall series , though one commented that it was \" not as elegantly written . \" The New York Times called the series a \" hit with young readers \" , specifically because of its \" sprawling universe \" , and the series was able to appear on the New York Times Bestseller List for a total of 117 weeks , as of 24 November 2013 . \n = = = Awards and recognitions = = = \n Into the Wild was nominated for the Pacific Northwest Library Association 's 2006 Young Reader 's Choice Awards but lost to Christopher Paolini 's Eragon . It was also listed on Booklist 's Top 10 fantasy books for youth in 2003 and was a Book Sense 76 Pick . The Sight was nominated for the best Middle Readers book in Amazon 's Best Books of the Year ( 2007 ) and placed sixth out of the ten nominees , with six percent of the total votes . It was also nominated for the Children 's Choice Book Awards . In 2006 , Warriors also received an honourable mention for the best book series for Publisher Weekly 's \" On the Cuff \" awards . \n = = Themes = = \n Themes in the series often revolve around forbidden love , such as those involving Bluestar and Oakheart , Graystripe and Silverstream , and Leafpool and Crowfeather . These relationships are not allowed for various reasons : some involve medicine cats ( such as Leafpool ) , who cannot have mates , while others develop between cats in different Clans , which is forbidden by the warrior code . Holmes said that another central theme of the series centres on \" faith and spirituality \" in StarClan . All books in the series feature the influence of StarClan , not just as the cats think of them , but in terms of prophecies delivered by StarClan which inevitably come true . Some scenes take place within StarClan 's realm , with no living cats present as point @-@ of @-@ view characters . Thus the existence of an afterlife and the influence of spirits who have passed on and yet retain their earthly identities is integral to all of the plot arcs in the series . Another idea explored in the novels is the reactions of different faiths when meeting each other . For example , the Tribe of Rushing Water , which believes in different spiritual ancestors than the Clans , is introduced in Moonrise . In an author chat , Holmes explained that the books never say that either of the Clans or the Tribe of Rushing Water is right about faith because both are \" equally valid . \" This leads to fear and suspicion between them because they are afraid of things they do not understand . Holmes said that \" ignorance is a very scary thing ! \" Non @-@ belief is also significant in the storylines : Mothwing and Cloudtail do not believe in StarClan . \n Another theme is that characters can be a mix of good and evil . Holmes has said she is fascinated by these \" shades of gray \" in personalities . Her example of this was when Bluestar , a noble and honourable cat , gave up her kits for her own ambitions so an evil cat would not take over . Another example she gave of this is how the antagonist Tigerstar , even with all of his faults , is still courageous and fiercely loyal . Similarly , Holmes has also connected the theme to Brambleclaw and how nobody knew whether he was good or evil . A third major theme , often referred to as nature versus nurture , explores whether a person is born the way he or she will be , or if other things shape that . For example , Brambleclaw 's father is the evil Tigerstar , but he eventually demonstrates that despite this , he is not evil himself , despite initial suspicion from Clanmates due to his father 's legacy . This theme ties into the \" shades of gray \" theme . \n A reviewer for Publishers Weekly noted that friendship and responsibility are taught to characters in the novels , while booksforyouths.com had a reviewer who pointed out the idea that , just as Clan cats shun house cats for their soft life , people should realise that it is necessary to experience hardship in life . A Storysnoops review noted that one of the themes was that \" it doesn 't matter where you come from , only who you are inside \" . In Dawn , the importance of cooperation is explored . The four Clans , normally hostile to each other , are forced to work together in order to find a new home . Other themes that have been pointed out deal with family , loss , honour , bravery , death , loyalty , and following rules . \n Holmes has said that one of the good things about writing a book about cats is that \" we can tackle difficult human issues such as death , racial intolerance , and religious intolerance [ without seeming so heavy ] . \" \n = = Editions = = \n All of the Warriors books except for the manga have been published as hardcovers , and the majority of them have also been published as paperbacks . Starlight , Twilight , and Sunset from The New Prophecy , as well as the first four Omen of the Stars books , are available in an audiobook format . The The New Prophecy audiobooks are spoken by Nanette Savard , whose performance has been praised by reviewers . A reviewer for AudioFile wrote : \" Nanette Savard brings out the youth of the cats who are struggling to help their clan survive and to protect each other from outside danger . \" The Omen of the Stars audiobooks are spoken by Kathleen McInerney , a pseudonym of Veronica Taylor . The books in the four main series have also been released in an e @-@ book format . \n = = = Foreign editions = = = \n The Warriors series was first published in the United States and United Kingdom . The editions published of the first two series — Warriors and Warriors : The New Prophecy — in the United Kingdom had slight variations in cover design from their United States counterparts . Warriors is also sold in New Zealand , Australia , and Canada . Translations from English into other languages such as Czech , Lithuanian , Finnish , Japanese , French , Spanish , Russian , Chinese , and Korean have been published more recently . The first six books have been published in Korea , Italy and Latin America , and the first five series in Germany . Fandom also exists in Trinidad and Singapore . The first two books have been published in Poland . \n = = Other media = = \n = = = Website = = = \n The Warriors website features Warriors screensavers , along with videos on the process of writing a manga book and a video promoting The Last Hope . There is also a \" How To Draw Manga \" page . In addition , there are games , including quizzes , the New Prophecy Adventure , and the Warriors Adventure Game . On the Frequently Asked Questions section of the site , Erin Hunter said that they are working on an online game that would be released in late 2010 . It finished the first round of testing in summer 2010 , but has not been released . Whether it will be a role @-@ playing game is unknown . Erin Hunter has stated on the official Warriors website that there is still no plan for an official video game , but if there was , it would probably be based on a movie version of the Warriors series , which is currently not under consideration . Many fans have also created their own forum @-@ based role @-@ playing games . \n = = = Movie = = = \n During a July 2009 author chat , Victoria Holmes stated that there are currently no planned Warriors movies , and none under consideration : \n \" Oh , the fickle world of movie making , well , there are currently no Warriors movies in production or even under consideration . The economy is not in a state to invest in a rather dark animation about feral cats , apparently . I promise I 'll let you know if there are any changes . \" \n In August 2010 , she stated : \n \" Well , never say never , but there are currently no Warriors movies in production , and no immediate plans . \" \n = = = Short stories = = = \n The first short story written by Erin Hunter is \" Spottedleaf 's Honest Answer \" . In it , the spirit of former ThunderClan medicine cat Spottedleaf discusses her love for Firestar . It gives information on what happened in the Warriors series from Into the Wild to Firestar 's Quest . \n On 20 January 2009 , another short story , \" The Clans Decide \" , was released on the Warriors Ultimate Leader Election site , starring Firestar , who won an election through an online fan vote conducted in recognition of President Obama 's Inauguration Day . In the story , the four Clans vote for a way to survive a tough winter . Every cat at the meeting votes on whether or not the Clans should work together to survive the winter . The cats vote in favour of working together . \n Two short stories , \" After Sunset : The Right Choice ? \" and \" The Elders ' Concern \" , are included with the Warriors mobile application . \" The Elders ' Concern \" has been noted to contain timeline errors . Taking place after Bluestar 's selection of Fireheart for deputy , it is about the elder Halftail , who is unhappy with the decision , and wakes the other elders to discuss it with them . In \" After Sunset : The Right Choice ? \" , After Brambleclaw is forced to kill Hawkfrost , he is worried about what Firestar might do , but Firestar is extremely proud of him . \n = = = Plays = = = \n Written by Victoria Holmes for a tour , a play titled After Sunset : We Need to Talk was first premiered on 28 April 2007 at the Secret Garden bookstore in Seattle , Washington . It details a meeting between Leafpool of ThunderClan and Crowfeather of WindClan after the events of Sunset . The script was released to the public on the official site for the Warriors series . \n During a fundraising event in Russellville , Arkansas , Brightspirit 's Mercy was performed by various high school drama students . The second of two plays by Erin Hunter , Brightspirit 's Mercy is about Jaypaw , Lionblaze , and Hollyleaf . After going to a Gathering , where it is obvious all of the Clans except for ThunderClan are starving , three cats from StarClan appear to them : Brightspirit and her parents , Shiningheart and Braveheart , characters created on Wands and Worlds , a fantasy fiction forum , in memory of a 10 @-@ year @-@ old Warriors fan , Emmy Grace Cherry , and her parents , Dana and Jimmy Cherry , who were killed in a tornado in February 2007 . They tell the three young cats that they must help feed the other Clans . Jaypaw is easily convinced , but Hollyleaf and Lionblaze are harder to win over . Eventually , they agree and hunt , then wait at the WindClan border for a patrol . Ashfoot , WindClan 's deputy , accepts the gift , but Breezepaw , too proud to have help from another Clan , refuses to eat it . Jaypaw , Lionblaze , and Hollyleaf then head towards another Clan 's territory . \n In the Chinese translation of the series , \" 3 @-@ D trading cards \" are packaged in each book . The 3 @-@ D effect is produced using stereoscopic lenticular printing . These cards feature pictures of the cats on the centre of the bookcover and their Chinese and English names , and biographical information on the back . Current cards feature Firestar , Bluestar , Tallstar , Graystripe , Tigerstar , a collage of the 5 previous cats , Brambleclaw , Feathertail , Leafpool , Onestar , Crowfeather , Hawkfrost , Hollyleaf , Jayfeather , Lionblaze , Blackstar , Squirrelflight , Breezepelt , Sandstorm , Oakheart , Leafstar , Crookedstar , Yellowfang , Dovewing , Ivypool , Flametail , Stormfur , Tigerheart , and Spottedleaf . Also produced are puzzles and cups with Warriors images . \n = = = Mobile application = = = \n On 30 June 2011 , an official iOS application was released on the iTunes App Store . It contains information about the books in the series , profiles of the Clans and major characters ( including app @-@ exclusive information such as the name of Firestar 's mother ) , an interactive timeline and maps , two application @-@ exclusive short stories , and a trivia game . \n = SMS Pillau = \n SMS Pillau was a light cruiser ordered by the Imperial Russian navy under the name Maraviev Amurskyy from the Schichau @-@ Werke shipyard in Danzig in 1913 and launched in April 1914 . Following the outbreak of World War I , the ship was confiscated in August 1914 and renamed SMS Pillau in honor of the East Prussian port of Pillau ( now Baltiysk , Russia ) . The ship was commissioned into the High Seas Fleet in December 1914 . The lead ship of her class , she had one sister ship , Elbing . She was armed with a main battery of eight 15 cm SK L / 45 guns and had a top speed of 27 @.@ 5 kn ( 50 @.@ 9 km / h ; 31 @.@ 6 mph ) . \n Pillau spent the majority of her career in the II Scouting Group , and saw service in both the Baltic and North Seas . In August 1915 , she participated in the Battle of the Gulf of Riga against the Russian Navy , and on 31 May – 1 June 1916 , she saw significant action at the Battle of Jutland . She was hit by a large @-@ caliber shell once in the engagement , but suffered only moderate damage . She assisted the badly damaged battlecruiser SMS Seydlitz reach port on 2 June after the conclusion of the battle . She also took part in the Second Battle of Heligoland Bight , though was not damaged in the engagement . Pillau was assigned to the planned , final operation of the High Seas Fleet in the closing weeks of the war , but a large scale mutiny forced it to be canceled . \n After the end of the war , Pillau was ceded to Italy as a war prize in 1920 . Renamed Bari , she was commissioned in the Regia Marina ( Royal Navy ) in January 1924 . She was modified and rebuilt several times over the next two decades . In the early years of World War II , she provided gunfire support to Italian troops in several engagements in the Mediterranean . In 1943 , she was slated to become an anti @-@ aircraft defense ship , but while awaiting conversion , she was sunk by USAAF bombers in Livorno in June 1943 . The wreck was partially scrapped by the Germans in 1944 , and ultimately raised for scrapping in January 1948 . \n = = Design = = \n Pillau was ordered by the Imperial Russian Navy as Maraviev Amurskyy from the Schichau @-@ Werke shipyard in Danzig . She was laid down in 1913 , and was launched on 11 April 1914 , after which fitting @-@ out work commenced . She was requisitioned by the German Navy on 5 August 1914 , and renamed Pillau . She was commissioned into the High Seas Fleet on 14 December 1914 . The ship was 135 @.@ 3 meters ( 444 ft ) long overall and had a beam of 13 @.@ 6 m ( 45 ft ) and a draft of 5 @.@ 98 m ( 19 @.@ 6 ft ) forward . She displaced 5 @,@ 252 t ( 5 @,@ 169 long tons ; 5 @,@ 789 short tons ) at full combat load . Her propulsion system consisted of two sets of Marine steam turbines driving two 3 @.@ 5 @-@ meter ( 11 ft ) propellers . They were designed to give 30 @,@ 000 shaft horsepower ( 22 @,@ 000 kW ) . These were powered by six coal @-@ fired Yarrow water @-@ tube boilers , and four oil @-@ fired Yarrow boilers . These gave the ship a top speed of 27 @.@ 5 knots ( 50 @.@ 9 km / h ; 31 @.@ 6 mph ) . Pillau carried 620 tonnes ( 610 long tons ) of coal , and an additional 580 tonnes ( 570 long tons ) of oil that gave her a range of approximately 4 @,@ 300 nautical miles ( 8 @,@ 000 km ; 4 @,@ 900 mi ) at 12 knots ( 22 km / h ; 14 mph ) . Pillau had a crew of twenty @-@ one officers and 421 enlisted men . \n The ship was armed with eight 15 cm SK L / 45 guns in single pedestal mounts . Two were placed side by side forward on the forecastle , four were located amidships , two on either side , and two were side by side aft . She also carried four 5 @.@ 2 cm SK L / 55 anti @-@ aircraft guns , though these were replaced with a pair of two 8 @.@ 8 cm SK L / 45 anti @-@ aircraft guns . She was also equipped with a pair of 50 cm ( 19 @.@ 7 in ) torpedo tubes mounted on the deck . She could also carry 120 mines . The conning tower had 75 mm ( 3 @.@ 0 in ) thick sides , and the deck was covered with up to 80 mm ( 3 @.@ 1 in ) thick armor plate . \n = = Service history = = \n Following her commissioning , Pillau was assigned to the II Scouting Group . Her first major operation was the Battle of the Gulf of Riga in August 1915 . A significant detachment from the High Seas Fleet , including eight dreadnoughts and three battlecruisers , went into the Baltic to clear the Gulf of Riga of Russian naval forces . On 13 August , Russian submarines fired three torpedoes at the ship , all of which missed . Pillau participated in the second attack on 16 August , led by the dreadnoughts Nassau and Posen . The minesweepers cleared the Russian minefields by the 20th , allowing the German squadron to enter the Gulf . The Russians had by this time withdrawn to Moon Sound , and the threat of Russian submarines and mines in the Gulf prompted the Germans to retreat . The major units of the High Seas Fleet were back in the North Sea before the end of August . \n = = = Battle of Jutland = = = \n In May 1916 , Admiral Reinhard Scheer , the fleet commander , planned to lure a portion of the British fleet away from its bases and destroy it with the entire High Seas Fleet . Pillau remained in the II Scouting Group , attached to the I Scouting Group , for the operation . The squadron left the Jade roadstead at 02 : 00 on 31 May , bound for the waters of the Skagerrak . The main body of the fleet followed an hour and a half later . Shortly before 15 : 30 , the opposing cruiser screens engaged ; Elbing was the first German cruiser to encounter the British . Pillau and Frankfurt steamed to assist , and at 16 : 12 they began firing on HMS Galatea and Phaeton at a range of 16 @,@ 300 yards ( 14 @,@ 900 m ) . As the British ships turned away , the German shells fell short , and at 16 : 17 , Pillau and Frankfurt checked their fire . About fifteen minutes later , the three cruisers engaged a seaplane launched by the seaplane tender HMS Engadine . They failed to score any hits , but the aircraft was forced off after which its engine broke down and it was forced to land . The three cruisers then returned to their stations ahead of the German battlecruisers . \n Shortly before 17 : 00 , the British 5th Battle Squadron had arrived on the scene , and at 16 : 50 they spotted Pillau , Elbing , and Frankfurt . Eight minutes later , the powerful battleships HMS Warspite and Valiant opened fire at Pillau at a range of 17 @,@ 000 yards ( 16 @,@ 000 m ) . Several salvos fell close to the German cruisers , prompting them to lay a cloud of smoke and turn away at high speed . About an hour later , the German battlecruisers were attacked by the destroyers Onslow and Moresby , but Pillau , Frankfurt , and the battlecruisers ' secondary guns drove them off . At around 18 : 30 , Pillau and the rest of the II Scouting Group encountered the cruiser HMS Chester ; they opened fire and scored several hits on the ship . As both sides ' cruisers disengaged , Rear Admiral Horace Hood 's three battlecruisers intervened . His flagship HMS Invincible scored a hit on Wiesbaden that exploded in her engine room and disabled the ship . Pillau was also hit by a 12 in ( 300 mm ) shell from HMS Inflexible . The shell exploded below the ship 's chart house ; most of the blast went overboard , but the starboard air supply shaft vented part of the explosion into the second boiler room . All six of the ship 's coal @-@ fired boilers were temporarily disabled , though she could still make 24 kn ( 44 km / h ; 28 mph ) on her four oil @-@ fired boilers , allowing her to escape under cover of heavy fog . By 20 : 30 , three of the six boilers were back in operation , allowing her to steam at 26 kn ( 48 km / h ; 30 mph ) . \n At around 21 : 20 , the II Scouting Group again encountered the British battlecruisers . As they turned away , Pillau briefly came under fire from the battlecruisers , though to no effect . HMS Lion and Tiger both fired salvos at the ship before turning their attention to the battlecruiser SMS Derfflinger ; Pillau 's official record states that the British shooting was very inaccurate . Pillau and Frankfurt spotted the cruiser Castor and several destroyers shortly before 23 : 00 . They each fired a torpedo at the British cruiser before turning back toward the German line without using their searchlights or guns to avoid drawing the British toward the German battleships . By 04 : 00 on 1 June , the German fleet had evaded the British fleet and reached Horns Reef . At 09 : 30 , Pillau was detached from the fleet to assist the crippled battlecruiser Seydlitz , which was having trouble navigating back to port . Pillau steamed ahead of Seydlitz to guide her back to Wilhelmshaven , but shortly after 10 : 00 , the battlecruiser ran aground off Sylt . After freeing Seydlitz at 10 : 30 , the voyage back resumed , with a division of minesweepers steaming ahead testing the depth to prevent another grounding . Seydlitz continued to take on water and sink lower in the water ; she turned around and steamed in reverse in an attempt to improve the situation . Pillau also attempted to tow the battlecruiser , but was unable because the line repeatedly snapped . A pair of pumping steamers arrived in the evening , and slow progress was made through the night , with Pillau still guiding the voyage . The ships reached the outer Jade lightship at 08 : 30 and anchored twenty minutes later . In the course of the engagement , Pillau had fired 113 rounds of 15 cm ammunition and four 8 @.@ 8 cm shells . She also launched one torpedo . Her crew suffered four men killed and twenty @-@ three wounded . \n = = = Later service = = = \n In July 1917 , a series of mutinies occurred on several ships of the fleet , including Pillau . While the ship was in harbor in Wilhelmshaven on the 20th , a group of 137 men left the ship to protest a cancellation of their leave . After a couple of hours in the town , the men returned to the ship and began to complete the tasks they had been ordered to do that morning as a show of good will . Pillau 's commander did not take the event seriously , and ordered a limited punishment for the crewmen who had staged the protest . By late 1917 , Pillau had been assigned to the IV Scouting Group , along with Stralsund and Regensburg . In late October 1917 , the IV Scouting Group steamed to Pillau , arriving on the 30th . They were tasked with replacing the heavy units of the fleet that had just completed Operation Albion , the conquest of the islands in the Gulf of Riga , along with the battleships of the I Battle Squadron . The risk of mines that had come loose in a recent storm , however , prompted the naval command to cancel the mission , and Pillau and the rest of the IV Scouting Group was ordered to return to the North Sea on 31 October . \n Upon returning the North Sea , Pillau returned to the II Scouting Group . On 17 November , the four cruisers of the II Scouting Group , supported by the battleships Kaiser and Kaiserin , covered a minesweeping operation in the North Sea . They were attacked by British cruisers , supported by battlecruisers and battleships , in the Second Battle of Heligoland Bight . Königsberg , the II Scouting Group flagship , was damaged in the engagement , but the four cruisers managed to pull away from the British , drawing them toward the German dreadnoughts . They in turn forced the British to break off the attack ; neither side had significant success in the operation . Pillau emerged from the battle unscathed . On 23 – 24 April 1918 , the ship participated in an abortive fleet operation to attack British convoys to Norway . The I Scouting Group and II Scouting Group , along with the Second Torpedo @-@ Boat Flotilla were to attack a heavily guarded British convoy to Norway , with the rest of the High Seas Fleet steaming in support . The Germans failed to locate the convoy , which had in fact sailed the day before the fleet left port . As a result , Admiral Reinhard Scheer broke off the operation and returned to port . \n In October 1918 , Pillau and the rest of the II Scouting Group were to lead a final attack on the British navy . Pillau , Cöln , Dresden , and Königsberg were to attack merchant shipping in the Thames estuary while Karlsruhe , Nürnberg , and Graudenz were to bombard targets in Flanders , to draw out the British Grand Fleet . Admirals Reinhard Scheer and Franz von Hipper intended to inflict as much damage as possible on the British navy , in order to secure a better bargaining position for Germany , whatever the cost to the fleet . On the morning of 29 October 1918 , the order was given to sail from Wilhelmshaven the following day . Starting on the night of 29 October , sailors on Thüringen and then on several other battleships mutinied . The unrest ultimately forced Hipper and Scheer to cancel the operation . \n = = = Italian service = = = \n Pillau briefly served in the newly reorganized Reichsmarine following the end of the war . She was stricken on 5 November 1919 and surrendered to the Allies in the French port of Cherbourg on 20 July 1920 . She was ceded to Italy as a war prize under the name \" U \" . She was renamed Bari and commissioned into the Regia Marina on 21 January 1924 . The 8 @.@ 8 cm anti @-@ aircraft guns were replaced with 76 mm ( 3 @.@ 0 in ) / 40 guns . On 19 July 1929 , she was reclassified as a cruiser . In 1933 – 1934 , Bari was refitted for colonial service and converted to oil @-@ firing . The six coal @-@ fired boilers were removed to allow for additional oil bunker space , and the forward funnel was removed and the remaining two were cut down . This reduced her power to 21 @,@ 000 shaft horsepower ( 16 @,@ 000 kW ) and a top speed of 24 @.@ 5 kn ( 45 @.@ 4 km / h ; 28 @.@ 2 mph ) . Her cruising range was increased considerably , from 2 @,@ 600 nmi ( 4 @,@ 800 km ; 3 @,@ 000 mi ) at 14 kn ( 26 km / h ; 16 mph ) to 4 @,@ 000 nmi ( 7 @,@ 400 km ; 4 @,@ 600 mi ) at that speed . \n By the outbreak of World War II in 1939 , her armament had been increased by six 20 mm ( 0 @.@ 79 in ) guns and six 13 @.@ 2 mm ( 0 @.@ 52 in ) machine guns . Her wartime career was in support of landings at Corfu in 1940 and Bastia in 1942 and anti @-@ partisan bombardments off the Montenegrin coast in 1942 . In early 1943 , she was slated for conversion to an anti @-@ aircraft ship . She was to be rearmed with six 90 mm ( 3 @.@ 5 in ) / 50 guns , eight 37 mm ( 1 @.@ 5 in ) guns , and eight new model 20 mm / 65 or / 70 machine guns . On 28 June , however , American bombers badly damaged Bari at Livorno and she sank in shallow water two days later . At the Italian armistice in September 1943 , she was further damaged to render her useless to the German occupiers . The wreck was partially scrapped by the Germans in 1944 . She was officially removed from the navy list on 27 February 1947 , and raised on 13 January 1948 for scrapping . \n = Rugal Bernstein = \n Rugal Bernstein ( ルガール ・ バーンシュタイン , Rugāru Bānshutain ) is a video game character created by SNK . First introduced in The King of Fighters ' 94 , he is a recurring boss in the The King of Fighters fighting game series . As the host of the tournaments from The King of Fighters ' 94 and ' 95 , Rugal plans to turn all the competitors from the tournament into stone statues as part of his collection . Despite his death in ' 95 , Rugal is still featured in following The King of Fighters titles which do not contain a storyline ( nicknamed \" Dream Matches \" ) . He has also been featured in the SNK Vs . Capcom as a boss character . \n His character has also appeared in other media related to The King of Fighters franchise , including comic adaptations and The King of Fighters live @-@ action film , and portrayed by British martial arts actor Ray Park . As the first boss character from The King of Fighters , the SNK staff created him to be one of the most difficult characters to defeat . His Omega Rugal form from ' 95 has been noted by the staff to be their favorite boss to the point they added him in the Dream Match titles . Publications for video games and other media have provided praise and criticism for Rugal 's character . \n = = Conception and design = = \n The concept for making Rugal in The King of Fighters ' 94 was to make \" the mightiest ( most violent ) and most evil boss character ever \" . Despite the difficulties"},"length_category":{"kind":"string","value":"Very Long"},"source":{"kind":"string","value":"wikitext-103-excerpt"}}},{"rowIdx":7796,"cells":{"text":{"kind":"string","value":"shund theory was first introduced by John Henry Walsh under the pseudonym of \" Stonehenge \" in the 1880s , and was denied by many breeders of that era . By the mid @-@ 1800s , the breed was known as the Dandie Dinmont Terrier , and became sought after for hunting after Scott 's writings were published . They remain the only dog breed to have been named after a fictional character . Around this time the breed had some involvement in the development of the Bedlington Terrier . \n The Kennel Club formed in 1873 and , at the Fleece Hotel at Selkirk , Scottish Borders on November 17 , 1875 , the Dandie Dinmont Terrier Club ( DDTC ) was formed , becoming the third oldest breed club for dogs in the world . Lord Melgund was the society 's first president , while Mr. E Bradshaw Smith was the first vice president . Noted breeders Hugh Dalziel and William Stachen were also involved in the formation of the club . The breed standard was created by Mr. William Wardlaw Reid , another founding member of the club , with it agreed a year later at another meeting of the club . A club show was held for the first time in Carlisle in 1877 . Shows after this were held in conjunction with other clubs on a yearly basis until 1928 when it moved to the Market Hall in Carlisle , where with the exception of during the Second World War , the shows continued to be held until 1982 . Shows continued to be held in the general area until 2001 when they moved south to Cheshire and Lancashire . \n The DDTC is not the only breed club in the UK . For a while several breed clubs were created in Scotland , but none lasted particularly long except for the Scottish Dandie Dinmont Terrier Society which merged into the DDTC in 1929 . Today , in addition to the DDTC , there are also the Southern Dandie Dinmont Terrier Society , and for Scotland , the Caledonian Dandie Dinmont Club . \n The breed was first registered with the American Kennel Club ( AKC ) in 1888 . The Dandie Dinmont Terrier was recognized by the United Kennel Club ( UKC ) in 1918 . During the Second World War many kennels were dispersed and the dogs destroyed , due to both the lack of food caused by rationing and that of manpower . Following the war several kennels led the way to re – establishing the breed including the Bellmead Kennels , located first in Surrey before later moving to Old Windsor . Dandies continued to be bred up at Bellmead up until the early 1990s , when it passed into the hands of Battersea Dogs and Cats Home . \n In 2006 , the Kennel Club recognised the Dandie Dinmont Terrier as one of the rarest dog breeds native to the British Isles , putting it on a new list of Vulnerable Native Breeds . The breeds chosen for this list were those who originated in the UK and Ireland , but had less than 300 puppy registrations per year . One particularly low period was between July and September 2003 , when only 21 puppies were registered , of which 18 were male . Overall that year , only 90 puppies were registered in the UK , compared to 9 @,@ 823 for the West Highland White Terrier . Additionally numbers had dropped to low levels in America as well , with the AKC registering only 75 puppies in the same time period . Following work since 2006 , the Dandie Dinmont registration numbers have improved slightly , with 151 puppies registered with the Kennel Club in 2010 , the highest number for any year in the last ten years . Of other breeds of native terrier , only the Skye , Sealyham , Manchester and Glen of Imaal Terriers have lower registration figures . \n = = Description = = \n The breed has short legs , with an elongated body . Unusually among Scottish terrier breeds , it has pendulous ears . The neck is muscular , having developed from the breed 's use against larger game . The typical height at the withers is 8 – 11 inches ( 20 – 28 cm ) , and they can weigh anywhere between 18 – 24 pounds ( 8 @.@ 2 – 10 @.@ 9 kg ) . While the Dandie generally is a hardy breed , it may have issue climbing stairs . They have a silky coat which forms a \" topknot \" on top of the dog 's head . The Dandie Dinmont Terrier has a similar body shape to the Skye Terrier , but the Skye 's coat is thicker and longer . \n The coat comes in two colour ranges , either \" pepper \" or \" mustard \" . Pepper ranges from a dark blueish black through to a very light silvery gray , while the mustard can vary from reddish browns to a fawn where the head appears to be almost white . Typically , the legs and feet are of a darker colour with the lighter colour on the body slowly blending into that on the legs . The depth of the coat can reach up to 2 inches ( 5 @.@ 1 cm ) . The colour of the coat is usually set by the time the dog reaches eight months of age , but the Dandie Dinmont Terrier will continue to mature physically until around two years old . \n = = Temperament = = \n The breed is tough but usually friendly , and are suitable for older children . It makes both a good companion and a guard dog , but are among the most docile of the terrier breeds and are usually quite undemanding of their owners . However they are known for their ability to dig large holes in a short space of time . They can be trained to be good with cats , but should not be trusted around smaller animals such as hamsters or rats . They are described as being \" very game \" , in that they are prone to challenging other animals including foxes , and in some cases other dogs . \n = = Health = = \n Due to the breed 's elongated body , there can be back issues within the breed specifically with intervertebral discs in the dog 's backs . These discs can sometimes \" slip \" resulting in spinal disc herniation . Any symptoms relating to this can depend entirely on what part of the dog 's back is affected , and can range to paralysis with loss of bladder and bowel control in the worst cases . \n Following work by the breed clubs to ensure that any reoccurring health issues are dealt with , there are no especially common conditions affecting the Dandie Dinmont Terrier . However , minor issues affecting the breed can include hypothyroidism , primary closed angle glaucoma and Cushing 's syndrome . In order to combat glaucoma in the breed , the breed clubs recommend that Dandies should have a procedure called a gonioscopy conducted on them at regular intervals throughout their lives . The Dandie is also at slightly higher risk of canine cancer than average . The average life expectancy of a Dandie Dinmont Terrier is 11 – 13 years . \n = Antemoro people = \n The Antemoro ( or Antaimoro ) are an ethnic group of Madagascar living on the southeastern coast , mostly between Manakara and Farafangana . Numbering around 500 @,@ 000 , this ethnic group traces its origins back to Arab settlers who arrived from Mecca in the 15th or 16th century . Upon settling in Madagascar , these Arabs converted the Antemoro to Islam ; the religion was soon abandoned in favor of traditional beliefs and practices associated with respect for the ancestors , although remnants of Islam remain in fady such as the prohibition against consuming pork . In the 16th century an Antemoro kingdom was established , supplanting the power of the earlier Zafiraminia , who also descended from Arab seafarers . \n The Antemoro soon developed a reputation as powerful sorcerers and astrologers , in large part owing to their monopoly on knowledge of writing , termed sorabe , which uses the Arabic script to transcribe the Malagasy language . Antemoro ombiasy ( astrologer sages ) migrated throughout the island , where they practiced their arts for local communities , served as advisers to kings , and even founded new principalities . This Antemoro mobility and their creation of a network of powerful spiritual advisers across the island is credited with forcing an awareness among Malagasy of communities beyond their own and sparking a sense of a common Malagasy identity . The Antemoro kingdom was disbanded in the late 19th century following an uprising of the Antemoro commoners against the noble class . \n Today the Antemoro remain clustered around the southeast coastal homeland , where they grow rice and coffee , produce salt , and manufacture charms . The Antemoro often leave their homeland for six to ten months out of the year or more to work as ombiasy offering charms , spells , divinations and other arcane services . Nearly every village in Madagascar has an ombiasy , and many are either Antemoro themselves or have traveled to the Antemoro homeland to receive training . The community 's historic production of Antemoro paper , a flower @-@ embedded paper traditionally used to record secret knowledge using sorabe , is another major source of income as the paper is commonly sold to tourists and exported overseas . \n = = Ethnic identity = = \n \" Antemoro \" , in the Malagasy language , means \" people of the coast \" . They live on the southeastern coast , mostly between Manakara and Farafangana . The Antemoro are descendants of Arabs who settled in Madagascar in the 14th century and intermarried with the local population . In 2013 the Antemoro population was estimated at 500 @,@ 000 . \n = = History = = \n The Antemoro figure among the more recent settlers on the island of Madagascar . They are descended from Arab Muslim seafarers who are believed to have arrived on the southeast coast around 1500 . Boats carrying Arab settlers had arrived on Madagascar 's shores in the past , but there was a marked uptick in arrivals around this time . Upon arrival they encountered several other Malagasy ethnic groups including the Zafiraminia , who also traced their origins back to Mecca by way of East Africa and who had developed a high status among Malagasy communities for the knowledge and technology they had carried with them from overseas , and who had the prerogative of practicing ritual animal sacrifice for the ancestors ( sombili ) , a highly powerful and important rite among Malagasy communities . Oral and written historical traditions of the Antemoro describe their desire to secure marriages between the two communities , but these efforts were rejected by the Zafiraminia . A conflict developed between the two groups for supremacy , which the oral histories of other Malagasy groups describe as a battle between two giants . The conflict evolved as additional Arab settlers arrived and joined with their fellow newcomers to become Antemoro themselves . \n Around 1550 the mounting conflict seems to have reached a turning point with the Zafikasimambo noble family rising to power in Matitana following the family leader 's marriage to a local woman . Historical texts tie the lineage of the family 's leader , Zafikazimambobe , to Anteony noble Ramarohala , who had settled there at least three generations before . Other historical sources confirm however that the genealogy described in these texts is not factual , and that the Zafikazimambo family had only newly arrived and so had no demonstrable descent from local nobles . Rather , these texts suggest that it took over three generations for the Antemoro to successfully integrate into the society through intermarriage and other means , and also reflect an awareness among the Antemoro of the importance of local caste and lineage traditions and their need to find a place within them . Upon rising to power , the Zafikasimambo clan absorbed the ritual privileges of the former Zafiraminia clan and had established themselves as the premier ombiasy ( wise men ) who practiced astrology and served as scribes ; they regularly left the Antemoro homeland to provide their services where needed . These ombiasy also often trained the spiritual leaders of other communities , further reinforcing the preeminence of the Matitana ombiasy as masters of arcane knowledge and those outside their clan who sought to learn or dispense it . The Zafikasimambo used their right to conduct sombily ( ritual sacrifice ) to shape and increasingly control political and economic activities in the area . To end the conflict with the Zafiraminia , they executed as many males of the group as possible and relegated the women and children to restricted areas . In this way they established the first strong Antemoro kingdom . They are rare among Malagasy clans as newcomers who successfully established their own kingdom within a short time after landing on the island . \n Under Antemoro Zafikasimambo leadership , the commoners ' freedom was significantly reduced and religion became a central feature of social and political life . The conflict between the Antemoro and Zafiraminia nobles and the resulting Zafikasimambo rule also established a tradition of emigration from this part of the island . Unlike the majority of Malagasy who generally seek to return to their ancestral land , the Antemoro initially felt no such call to remain linked to a geographic area . As a result , the ombiasy of the Antemoro traveled widely , some moving from place to place and others settling permanently at royal courts and elsewhere . Their arcane knowledge of writing , medicine , technology and other areas both established their reputation as indispensable advisers to nobles and commoners alike , and instilled the island @-@ wide feature of the community astrologer who shapes daily life . The ombiasy of Matitana were According to historian Bethwell Ogot , the network of stationary and itinerant Antemoro ombiasy were key in transforming the societies of Madagascar from an amalgam of insular clans to outward looking communities with greater awareness of others , leading to territorial expansion and larger , more complex kingdoms . In addition , oral histories suggest that sovereigns among the Merina , Tanala and Antanosy may have had ancestors who migrated away from Antemoro country . \n By the early 18th century , the Antemoro had established themselves as major rice and slave exporters . Throughout the 1700s , the Antemoro were embroiled in a conflict with the Ikongo @-@ Tanala that culminated in a bloody Tanala invasion of the eastern coastal plain . Shortly afterward , a major Antemoro leader named Andriamamohotra established an alliance and vassal relationship with the king then ruling Imerina , Andrianampoinimerina , to reestablish peace . \n = = Society = = \n Antemoro villages are primarily clustered in the southeastern coastal area near Vohipeno and Manakara . Society was traditionally divided into two broad categories : the mpanombily ( or tompomenakely ) , who were nobles said to be descended from Arabs from Mecca , and the menakely , composed of the working and slave classes , who were said to have descended from the local Malagasy who submitted to the Arabs ' rule , or alternately from slaves that the Arabs had brought with them . The mpanombily comprised many noble clans such as the Anakara , Onjatsy , Tsimaito , Antaiony , Antalaotra , Antaisambo , Antaimahazo and others . Particular clans within Antemoro society historically held distinct privileges and responsibilities . The butchering of certain animals for human consumption was assigned to specific clans . \n Antemoro kings ( andrianony ) were selected by popular decision from among the Anakara clan , originally clustered around the mouth of the Matitanana river near the town of Manakara that shares their name . Once selected , these rulers were accorded a near @-@ sacred status . The fady they established were scrupulously observed for centuries after the ruler 's death . The Anakara were responsible for safeguarding the sacred Antemoro idols and texts , spoke a secret language for communicating arcane knowledge amongst themselves , and rarely intermarried with other Antemoro clans . This clan was believed to be in communication with powerful genies ( ziny ) and other spirits and was reputed to produce the most powerful sorcerers and astrologers on the island . They knew how to manufacture charms , cast spells , and practice geomancy using local gemstones . To maintain their distinction from other members of Antemoro society , the Anakara lived in villages sealed off by spiked wooden palisades where none could enter without permission . Rulers were further distinguished by fady forbidding them to wear shirts or hats . \n = = = Family affiliation = = = \n Each Antemoro clan was endogamous and marriage outside the clan was deeply taboo . Those who transgressed were mourned as if dead and were entirely cut off from the community . \n = = = Religious affiliation = = = \n The Antemoro adhere to the traditional spiritual beliefs and practices common throughout the island , although different Antemoro clans and families incorporate aspects of Islam to varying degrees . They commonly make and wear amulets upon which verses of the Qur 'an are written using the sorabe script . Before converting to Islam in the seventh or eighth century , the Malagasy clans that later intermarried with Arabs to found the Antemoro dynasty were monotheists who believed in a creator god and numerous spirits that served as intermediaries between living beings and the creator . By the time of conversion to Islam , the creator god had been all but forgotten , with much greater focus placed on the spirits , who had been raised to the level of deities . The arrival of Arab settlers prompted large scale conversion to Islam , but the core tenets were soon lost and gave way to the honoring of ancestors and their fady . \n = = Culture = = \n Arab and Islamic influences strongly mark Antemoro culture . Traditionally , Antemoro men 's clothing included a turban or fez style hat and long , loose robes similar to those worn in many other parts of the Muslim world . Harefo reeds were woven to form mats ( tafitsihy ) that were sewn together to form jackets and tunics ( with long sleeves for older men ) ; a loincloth made of fanto ( beaten barkcloth ) was worn beneath the ensemble . Women wore sleeveless sheath dresses made from two or three reed mats sewn together and belted at the waist or drawn over one shoulder . Adolescent and adult women often also wore a mat bandeau or halter top . It was historically forbidden for women to wear lambas made of cotton or any other material than woven raffia mats , as it was believed this could render them more attractive to men outside their clan , with whom they were forbidden to marry . \n The Antemoro were reputed across the island for being the only ethnic group to have developed a written form of the Malagasy language , sorabe , which used Arabic script ; this form of writing was largely replaced elsewhere by the Latin alphabet under the Merina monarchy in the 19th century . The Antemoro were also widely reputed in the pre @-@ colonial period for their astrologers , who would predict the future based on lunar phases . They were known all across Madagascar and acted as advisers at the court of many Malagasy kings , including the celebrated Merina king Andrianampoinimerina , whose Antemoro astrologers advised him and taught him sorabe writing . The pan @-@ Madagascar tradition of the ombiasy is rooted in this element of Antemoro culture . The introduction of royal sampy ( idols ) into the Kingdom of Imerina is likewise attributed to an Antemoro ombiasy . \n = = = Fady = = = \n Taboos ( fady ) among the Antemoro derive from ancestral traditions as well as from aspects of Islamic and Arab culture . An Antemoro taboo against dogs as unclean , although shared by Islam , actually predates the arrival of the religion on the island . The prohibition against eating pork , however , originated with the introduction of Islam . Traditionally , members of a given Antemoro clan could only eat with others of the same clan . \n = = = Funeral rites = = = \n The death of any member of the community is mourned in the same way , regardless of social class . All community members participate in a week @-@ long period of mourning for the deceased , during which time they are forbidden to wash or change clothing . On the eighth day , the mourning period is broken and everyone bathes and dresses in fresh attire . A female widow must continue the mourning period until the parents of the deceased declare it completed . A male widower remains shut away in his home for a period of one or two weeks , during which time the parents of the deceased send a female family member to care for him and keep him company . \n = = Language = = \n The Antemoro speak a dialect of the Malagasy language , which is a branch of the Malayo @-@ Polynesian language group derived from the Barito languages , spoken in southern Borneo . The language is traditionally written using the sorabe script , and those who master this form of writing are called katibo and are considered to possess unusual power . Sorabe writings traditionally ranged from instructional texts for teaching astrology , to historical records and other forms of documentation , and materials written using the sorabe script were considered to be sacred . \n = = Economy = = \n Many Antemoro work as ombiasy and earn their livelihood selling their services as astrologers , sorcerers , or crafters of powerful amulets ; it is common for men to travel for six to ten months out of the year . Coffee production is widespread in the Antemoro homeland and generates income for many families . Those who own little or no land often emigrate to work as agricultural laborers in the north and west . The Antemoro Ampanira clan was historically a main producer and trader of sea salt . The Antemoro are well known for their handmade paper , which is often decorated using pressed fresh flowers and leaves . Antemoro paper is a major product marketed to tourists . \n = = Notable Antemoro = = \n The first formal school in the Kingdom of Imerina was established and run from 1800 to 1804 by two Antemoro ombiasy , Andriamahazonoro and Ratsilikaina , who taught the future King Radama I and four or five other children to read using sorabe , trained them to manufacture ink and paper , and educated them in the art of astrology and divination . Andriamahazonoro was among the party of three who served as the first ambassadors to Britain and Mauritius ; he died in 1838 from tangena poison administered in a trial by ordeal during the reign of Queen Ranavalona I. \n = 2006 CECAFA Cup = \n The 2006 Cecafa Senior Challenge Cup , sometimes called the Al Amoudi Senior Challenge Cup due to being sponsored by Ethiopian millionaire Mohammed Hussein Al Amoudi , was the 30th edition of the international football tournament , which involved teams from Southern and Central Africa . The matches were all played in Addis Ababa from 25 November to 10 December . It was competed between the same teams as the previous tournament , except for Eritrea , who did not enter due to their long @-@ running clash with Ethiopia regarding borders , and Kenya , the five @-@ time champions , were serving a ban which was issued on 18 October 2006 , which was then an indefinite from international football by the decree of the Fédération Internationale de Football Association ( ' International Federation of Association Football ' ) , or FIFA ; this after Kenya \" regularly violated or ignored \" \" Fifa 's statutes , regulations and decisions \" . Malawi and Zambia joined the tournament after being invited , and competed as guest teams as they were from the federation Council of Southern Africa Football Associations ( COSAFA ) , whereas the rest of the teams were from the Council for East and Central Africa Football Associations ( CECAFA ) . The reasoning behind their invitation was that it would \" boost the competitiveness of this year 's tournament \" . The defending champions , Ethiopia , were knocked out in the quarter @-@ finals after coming second in their group , and Sudan claimed their second title despite being beaten by Zambia , as Zambia were guests . \n = = Background = = \n The CECAFA Cup is considered Africa 's oldest football tournament , and involves teams from Central and Southern Africa . The matches in the 1973 tournament were played from 22 September 1973 until 29 September 1973 . The tournament was originally the Gossage Cup , contested by the four nations of Kenya , Uganda , Tanganyika ( modern day Tanzania ) , and Zanzibar , running from 1929 until 1965 . In 1967 , this became the East and Central African Senior Challenge Cup , often shortened to simply the Challenge Cup , which was competed for five years , until 1971 , before the CECAFA Cup was introduced in 1973 . Ethiopia were the defending champions , having won the 2005 tournament in Rwanda , after finishing second in their group , and going on to beat Zanzibar and Rwanda in the final . The 2006 champions Sudan failed , however , to emerge from the 2005 group stages . \n = = Participants = = \n 11 teams competed , four teams from the original tournament competed ( excluding Tanganyika , which changed names and is currently called Tanzania ) . \n = = Group stages = = \n The group stage began on 25 November and ended on 3 December with Group C 's final matches between Rwanda against Sudan , and Uganda against Somalia . Groups A and C contained four teams , but as there were only 11 partaking teams , group B contained only the three teams of Burundi , Zambia , and Zanzibar . At the end of the group stage , the team who finished bottom of their group was eliminated , whereas the teams who finished in positions other than last in the group progressed to the knock @-@ out rounds . \n = Rule of law doctrine in Singapore = \n In Singapore , the rule of law doctrine has been the topic of considerable disagreement and debate , largely through differing conceptions of the doctrine . These conceptions can generally be divided into two categories developed by legal academics , the \" thin \" , or formal , conception and the \" thick \" , or substantive , conception of the rule of law . The thin conception , often associated with the legal scholars Albert Venn Dicey and Joseph Raz , advocates the view that the rule of law is fulfilled by adhering to formal procedures and requirements , such as the stipulations that all laws be prospective , clear , stable and constitutionally enacted , and that the parties to legal disputes are treated equally and without bias on the part of judges . While people subscribing to the thin conception do not dismiss the importance of the content of the law , they take the view that this is a matter of substantive justice and should not be regarded as part of the concept of the rule of law . On the other hand , the thick conception of the rule of law entails the notion that in addition to the requirements of the thin rule , it is necessary for the law to conform with certain substantive standards of justice and human rights . \n A thin conception of the rule of law has generally been adopted by the Singapore Government and Members of Parliament from the ruling People 's Action Party , as evidenced from the views expressed during a 1999 parliamentary debate on the rule of law . However , a thicker conception was evinced by the Minister for Law in a speech made during the 2009 seasonal meeting of the New York State Bar Association 's International Section in Singapore . On the other hand , a thick conception of the rule of law that encompasses human rights has been adopted by a number of Government critics , including opposition politicians , and foreign and international organizations such as Human Rights Watch , Lawyers ' Rights Watch Canada and the World Justice Project . \n Some of the key principles associated with the thin conception of the rule of law include judicial independence , natural justice , the availability of judicial review , and the accessibility of justice . Judicial independence in Singapore is safeguarded by various constitutional provisions and legal rules , though some commentators have highlighted certain events as suggesting a lack of judicial independence . One incident in the 1980s involving the transfer of the Senior District Judge to the Attorney @-@ General 's Chambers following a decision he made which was favourable to an opposition politician was investigated by a commission of inquiry and found not to be due to executive interference . In Singapore , natural justice is generally regarded as a procedural rather than a substantive concept . The process of judicial review involves the review of executive actions for compliance with administrative law rules , and of executive and legislative acts for unconstitutionality in light of the doctrine of constitutional supremacy . The state of the courts and legal processes in Singapore are largely seen as making justice accessible for the citizenry . \n For those taking a thick conception of the rule of law , the existence of the Internal Security Act ( Cap . 143 , 1985 Rev. Ed . ) ( \" ISA \" ) is widely regarded as a breach of the doctrine . The Act , which provides for detention without trial for people regarded by the executive as a risk to national security , is shielded from unconstitutionality by Article 149 of the Constitution . Although the Court of Appeal held in the 1988 case Chng Suan Tze v. Minister for Home Affairs that the courts could review the legality of detentions under the Act , the effect of the case was reversed through amendments to the Constitution and the ISA in 1989 . The ISA amendments were determined to be effective by the High Court and Court of Appeal in Teo Soh Lung v. Minister for Home Affairs in 1989 and 1990 respectively . While the executive 's largely unconstrained discretion to detain under the ISA has been criticized as contrary to the rule of law , the Government has justified the statute as a crucial measure of last resort for preserving security . \n = = Introduction = = \n There have been many attempts to define the rule of law . Academics over the years have come up with various formulations and ideas of what the doctrine should mean . The range of views can roughly be divided into two categories : the \" thin \" , or formal , conception and the \" thick \" , or substantive , conception of the rule of law . \n = = = Thin conception of the rule of law = = = \n The \" thin \" conception rule of law advocates the view that the rule of law is fulfilled by adhering to formal procedures and requirements . People who subscribe to the thin conception are not apathetic towards the content of the law . However , as Ronald Dworkin says , \" [ t ] hey say that this is a matter of substantive justice , and that substantive justice is an independent ideal , in no sense part of the ideal of the rule of law \" . \n The thin conception of the rule of law is often associated with two academics , Albert Venn Dicey and Joseph Raz . According to Dicey , the rule of law may be regarded from three points of view : \n The absolute supremacy of regular law – a person is to be judged by a fixed set of rules and punished for breaching only the law , and is not to be subject to \" the exercise by persons in authority of wide , arbitrary , or discretionary powers of constraint \" . \n \" Legal equality \" , that is , \" the universal subjection of all classes to one law administered by the ordinary Courts \" . \n The fact that the constitution is the result of the ordinary law of the land . In other words , it is not the source but the consequence of the citizens ' rights . \n Raz expressed a similar view . Expanding on the concept in a 1977 article , he said that , in its broadest sense , the rule of law means that people should obey the law and be ruled by it . On the other hand , a narrower construction of the rule of law means that the government shall be ruled by and subjected to the law . The doctrine of the rule of law also requires that \" the making of particular laws should be guided by open and relatively stable general rules \" . If the law is to be obeyed , it \" must be capable of guiding the behaviour of its subjects \" , in that people can find out what the law is and act accordingly . \n A number of important principles spring from the basic idea of the rule of law . These may be divided into two groups : principles that ensure the law is capable of guiding its subjects ' behaviour , and principles establishing legal machinery to secure compliance with the rule of law . \n Principles ensuring the law is capable of guiding behaviour . \n Laws should be \" prospective , open and clear \" . The meaning of the law should not be \" ambiguous , vague , obscure or imprecise \" , and the law must be sufficiently publicized . Furthermore , laws should generally not be retroactive ; but if a retroactive law is to be enacted , the fact that this is going to be done must be known for certain to ensure that the retroactivity does not clash with the rule of law . \n Laws should be relatively stable and not changed too often , as with frequently changing laws it may be hard for people to keep themselves updated . People need to know what the law is both for short- and long @-@ term planning . \n The making of particular or specific laws should be \" guided by open , stable , clear and general rules \" that create a stable framework . There are two types of general rules : those which empower authorities to make orders , and those which provide guidelines for the proper exercise of such powers . \n Principles establishing legal machinery to secure compliance with the rule of law . \n Judicial independence is essential . It would be futile for people to approach the courts for adjudication of their disputes if the courts do not apply the law independently . Moreover , people can only be guided by the law if judges apply it correctly . \n Natural justice must be adhered to . For the law to be applied correctly , requirements such as an open and fair hearing and an absence of bias are essential . \n Courts must have the power to review primary and subsidiary legislation , and administrative action . \n The courts should be accessible , since if cases are delayed for long periods , legal costs are prohibitive , and so on , this may \" effectively turn the most enlightened law to a dead letter and frustrate one 's ability effectively to guide oneself by the law \" . \n Although crime @-@ preventing agencies such as the police and prosecuting authorities must have some discretion to act , they should not be allowed to \" pervert the law \" . For example , the police should not be allowed to decide to stop investigating , nor the prosecution be allowed to choose not to prosecute , certain crimes or certain categories of offenders . \n In Raz 's view , one of the virtues of the rule of law is the restraint it imposes on authorities . It aims to exclude arbitrary power as it is said that most of the exercises of arbitrary power violate the rule of law . Arbitrary power is excluded when courts hold themselves accountable only to the law and observe \" fairly strict procedures \" . Another virtue is the protection it accords to individual freedom , namely , \" the sense of freedom in which it is identified with an effective ability to choose between as many options as possible \" . Most importantly , to adhere to the rule of law is to respect human dignity by \" treating humans as persons capable of planning and plotting their future \" . \n Raz also identified some of the potential pitfalls of the rule of law . He opined that as the rule of law is designed \" to minimise the harm to freedom and dignity which the law may cause in its pursuit of its goals however laudable these may be \" , the strict pursuit of the rule of law may prevent one from achieving certain social goals which may be preferable to the rule of law : \" Sacrificing too many social goals on the altar of the rule of law may make the law barren and empty \" . \n = = = Thick conception of the rule of law = = = \n At the other extreme , the \" thick \" rule of law entails the notion that in addition to the requirements of the thin rule , it is necessary for the law to conform with certain substantive standards of justice and human rights . Ronald Dworkin , one of the leading scholars advocating the thick conception of the rule of law , defines what he terms the \" rights conception \" of the rule of law as follows : \n It assumes that citizens have moral rights and duties with respect to one another , and political rights against the state as a whole . It insists that these moral and political rights be recognized in positive law , so that they may be enforced upon the demand of individual citizens through courts or other judicial institutions of the familiar type , so far as this is practicable . The rule of law on this conception is the ideal of rule by an accurate public conception of individual rights . It does not distinguish , as the rule book conception does , between the rule of law and substantive justice ; on the contrary it requires , as part of the ideal of law , that the rules in the book capture and enforce moral rights . \n Paul Craig , in analysing Dworkin 's view , drew three conclusions . First , Dworkin rejects the need to distinguish between \" legal \" rules and a more complete political philosophy , since the rule of law is basically the theory of law and adjudication that he believes is correct . Secondly , the rule of law is not simply the thin or formal rule of law ; the latter forms part of Dworkin 's theory of law and adjudication . Thirdly , since taking a substantive view of the rule of law requires choosing what the best theory of justice is , it is necessary to articulate particular conceptions of what liberty , equality and other freedoms require . \n = = Conceptions of the rule of law taken in Singapore = = \n = = = Thin conception = = = \n On 24 November 1999 , Non @-@ constituency Member of Parliament Joshua Benjamin Jeyaretnam moved the following motion in Parliament : \" That this House recognises the importance of the Rule of Law and urges the government to ensure the complete and full compliance of the Rule of Law by all Ministers , officials and public servants . \" During the ensuing debate , the Members of Parliament ( MPs ) from the ruling People 's Action Party tended to adhere to a thinner , or more formal , conception of the rule of law . For instance , the Minister of State for Law Ho Peng Kee said : \n In short , the Rule of Law refers to the supremacy of law , as opposed to the arbitrary exercise of power . The other key tenet is that everyone is equal before the law . The concept also includes the notions of the transparency , openness and prospective application of our laws , observation of the principles of natural justice , independence of the Judiciary and judicial review of administrative action . \n Chin Tet Yung , an MP for Sembawang Group Representation Constituency , commented that the rule of law required that : \n ... [ a ] ll laws are prospective , stable , properly and constitutionally enacted . The application of laws , the making of legal orders by public officers should be guided by clear and general rules , that is , avoiding any personal bias or favour , treating equal cases equally , making decisions rationally and in the public interest , and in accordance with the written laws of the land . ... In this particular principle where you have laws , obviously such laws must be applied and obviously the laws are applied by public officers who make legal orders . If these legal orders are substantiated by subsidiary legislation , if this subsidiary legislation is sanctioned by parent Acts , by the primary legislation , then any order issuing from it would be legitimate and would comply with the Rule of Law . And , if anyone is unhappy with that , there is always the next aspect or principle of the Rule of Law , and that is , that the judiciary has the power and the authority to review any administrative action . So that is the third principle . The final principle ... is that the judiciary must be independent and the courts should be generally accessible to all who seek recourse to them . \n Chin moved an amendment to the motion introduced by Jeyaretnam so that it read : \" That this House ( 1 ) values the importance of the Rule of Law ; and ( 2 ) commends the Government for upholding the Rule of Law and ensuring that it is fully observed by all . \" The amendment motion was eventually voted on and agreed to by a majority of MPs in Parliament . \n In a speech made on 27 October 2009 at a plenary session entitled Singapore and the Rule of Law at the seasonal meeting of the New York State Bar Association 's International Section in Singapore , Minister for Law K. Shanmugam said that he would not try to define the rule of law comprehensively or analyse it from an academic viewpoint , but , practically speaking , the key aspects of a society based on the rule of law are the following : \n Exercise of State power should be through laws that are publicly known and enacted legitimately . \n There should be independent , credible Courts to apply the law and decide on disputes between individuals , as well as between individuals and the State . There must be Separation of Powers . \n No person should be above the law . That should apply in equal measure to the Government and officials as much as it does to everyone else . \n There should be credible and effective means for people to challenge the arbitrary exercise of power . \n However , evincing a thicker conception of the rule of law , he added that most people accepted two additional elements \" as being part of how a modern civilised society should be structured \" , though he felt it was \" debatable whether they are part of a strict definition of Rule of Law \" . These elements were that \" [ t ] he people must have the sovereign right to elect their Government \" , and that \" laws must not offend that society 's norms of fairness and justice \" . \n = = = Thick conception = = = \n A number of critics of the Government of Singapore have adopted a thick , or substantive , conception of the rule of law that encompasses the protection of human rights . In a chapter entitled \" Rights and the Rule of Law \" in his 1994 book Dare to Change , Singapore Democratic Party ( SDP ) member ( and later Secretary @-@ General ) Chee Soon Juan criticized , among other things , the Government 's use of the Internal Security Act ( \" ISA \" ) to detain persons without trial , and the lack of freedom of speech and assembly . In an open letter published on the SDP website dated 6 January 2009 which was addressed to the Chief Justice , Attorney @-@ General and Law Minister , he said : \" [ T ] he rule of law is not just a system where the government passes legislation and everyone unquestioningly obeys . The concept of the rule of law necessitates the limitation of state power and the respect of human rights . Our Constitution spells out what these limitations are . It also defines the rights of the citizen . \" And in a speech delivered to the International Bar Association Conference in Dubai on 4 November 2011 , he cited a free media and the rights to free expression and peaceful assembly as essential elements of the rule of law . \n During the 24 November 1999 Parliamentary debate on the rule of law , Jeyaretnam traced the doctrine to the Magna Carta , and said that it was to be found in the Constitution of Singapore , particularly in Article 9 and Article 12 , which respectively protect the rights to life and personal liberty , and equality rights . He also noted that in the court judgment Ong Ah Chuan v. Public Prosecutor ( 1980 ) , the Privy Council had held that in phrases such as \" in accordance with law \" and \" equality before the law \" in the Constitution , the term law does not only mean Acts passed by Parliament , but also includes the fundamental rules of natural justice that have been accepted and become part and parcel of the common law . He then cited eight instances of the Government 's alleged non @-@ compliance with the rule of law , including detention without trial under , inter alia , the ISA and the Criminal Law ( Temporary Provisions ) Act ( \" CLTPA \" ) ; denial of the right of arrested persons to counsel and to visits from their families for a period of time ; denial of the rights to freedom of speech and assembly ; and the tendency of the executive not to provide reasons for decisions made . Opposition MP Chiam See Tong complained that the Government had not treated opposition parties fairly as regards applications for licences for events . \n Criticisms about the ISA and the state of freedom of speech and assembly in Singapore also appear in reports by some foreign and international organizations . A 2007 report by Lawyers ' Rights Watch Canada , Rule of Law in Singapore , alleged that defamation and bankruptcy law had been used to oppress the political opposition , and expressed concern about stringent limits on the freedom of assembly and detention under the ISA . \n In its Rule of Law Index 2011 , the World Justice Project defined the rule of law as \" a rules @-@ based system in which the following four universal principles are upheld \" : \n The government and its officials and agents are accountable under the law . \n The laws are clear , publicized , stable , and fair , and protect fundamental rights , including the security of persons and property . \n The process by which the laws are enacted , administered , and enforced is accessible , fair , and efficient . \n Access to justice is provided by competent , independent , and ethical adjudicators , attorneys or representatives , and judicial officers who are of sufficient number , have adequate resources , and reflect the makeup of the communities they serve . [ Emphasis added . ] \n Singapore was ranked highly on factors such as order and security ( with a ranking of 2 out of the 66 countries assessed ) , absence of corruption ( 4 / 66 ) , and effective criminal justice ( 5 / 66 ) , but less highly on open government ( 19 / 66 ) , limited government powers ( 20 / 66 ) and fundamental rights ( 39 / 66 ) . In particular , the Index noted that \" [ n ] otwithstanding the country 's outstanding performance in most categories , there are substantial limitations on freedom of speech and freedom of assembly , with Singapore in 49th and 60th place , respectively , out of all 66 countries \" . \n The Human Rights Watch Singapore : Country Summary of January 2012 commented negatively on restrictions on the rights to free speech , assembly and association , such as limitations on print , broadcast and online media , and outdoor gatherings ; contempt of court proceedings against Alan Shadrake ; and the gazetting of The Online Citizen blog as a \" political association \" , thus preventing it from receiving foreign funding . It also criticized the existence of the ISA and CLTPA , the use of caning as a punishment , and the continued criminalization of sexual acts between consenting men under section 377A of the Penal Code . The Ministry of Law described the report as \" inaccurate \" and containing \" false assertions \" . \n = = Compliance with rule of law principles in Singapore = = \n = = = Principles associated with the thin conception = = = \n = = = = Judicial independence = = = = \n Raz identified judicial independence as one of the essential principles of the rule of law . In this context , judicial independence refers to the judiciary 's independence from the legislative and executive branches of the government . Singapore 's judiciary enjoys a certain measure of independence provided by various constitutional safeguards such as security of tenure and remuneration . Judges are also relatively free from executive and legislative influence . A retired Supreme Court judge , L.P. Thean , has said that it is theoretically possible for the executive to make political appointments to the Bench , to reduce a judge 's remuneration by amending the Constitution , or to take away the judiciary 's vital support staff , but \" [ t ] he fact remains , however , that nothing of that kind has ever been done \" . \n Various provisions of the Constitution guarantee the independence of the Supreme Court judiciary . Since Article 93 vests judicial power exclusively in the courts , judicial power is to be solely exercised by the judiciary and not by the executive or legislature , thus reflecting the former 's independence from the other branches of government . Article 94 ensures that the office of a Supreme Court Judge will \" not be abolished during his continuance in office \" , while Article 98 provides for judges ' security of tenure until the age of 65 years , barring misbehaviour , inability , infirmity of body or mind , or any other cause that prevents judges from properly discharging the functions of their office . A judge may only be removed from office on these grounds by the President on the advice of a tribunal of judges of the Supreme Court or those who hold or have held equivalent offices in the Commonwealth . Article 98 also provides that the remuneration and other terms of office of Supreme Court judges may not be altered to their disadvantage following their appointment . Article 99 restricts parliamentary debate on the conduct of a Supreme Court judge unless on a substantive motion supported by at least a quarter of all MPs . \n However , it has been argued by some commentators that Singapore falls short where some aspects of judicial independence are concerned . For instance , Supreme Court judges above the age of 65 may be reappointed on a term basis . It has been suggested that this may result in \" the unsavoury possibility of judges being ' beholden ' to the executive \" . This point was also raised by Jeyaretnam in Parliament in 1986 with respect to the then Chief Justice Wee Chong Jin . However , an academic has pointed out that removing entirely the system of extensions may not serve the larger interest at the end of the day if excellent judges have to retire due to the mandatory requirement . \n Judges of the Subordinate Courts do not enjoy the security of tenure enjoyed by the Supreme Court judges . As officers of the Singapore Legal Service , it is said that there is a risk of executive interference because judges may be removed from their judicial positions or transferred to lower @-@ ranking positions elsewhere within the Legal Service by the Legal Service Commission ( LSC ) . In 1984 , the Senior District Judge Michael Khoo acquitted Opposition Member of Parliament J.B. Jeyaratnam of all but one minor charge in a case involving cheques for the Workers ' Party of Singapore which had allegedly been fraudulently handled . The acquittal was overturned on appeal to the High Court , and a retrial ordered . However , before the retrial took place , Khoo was transferred from his position on the Bench to the Attorney @-@ General 's Chambers to take up the post of deputy public prosecutor . This was considered to be a demotion . In 1986 , Jeyaratnam claimed in Parliament that the transfer had been made because Khoo had ruled in his favour in the 1984 case . However , a commission of inquiry formed to look into the circumstances surrounding the transfer found no evidence of this . For making the allegation , Jeyaratnam was referred to Parliament 's Committee of Privileges for abusing parliamentary privilege . While the Committee was considering the matter , Jeyaretnam wrote five newsletters about the Committee 's proceedings and sent them to residents of his constituency . On 9 October 1986 , the Leader of the House made a written complaint regarding the newsletters ' contents to the Speaker of Parliament , which the Committee also considered . On 27 January 1987 Parliament accepted the Committee 's reports on the complaints and found Jeyaretnam guilty of abusing the privileges of Parliament by alleging executive interference in the judiciary , and of contempt of the Committee and Parliament by publishing the newsletters . Fines totalling S $ 26 @,@ 000 were imposed . \n Another concern which has been raised is that the routine shuffling of Subordinate Courts judges between the executive and judicial branches may result in them \" imbib [ ing ] the executive 's corporatist ideology , carrying that into adjudication , as a ' judiciary of amateurs ' \" . On the other hand , while a potential for executive interference exists due to the LSC 's control of Subordinate Court judicial appointments , it has been commented that in a small state like Singapore it may not be practical to have a separate judicial and legal service . Also , the appointment process may not be detrimental to the independence of the lower judiciary as the Chief Justice , who is not part of the executive or legislature , is the head of the LSC and has the final say on judicial postings . It has also been noted that , as much as institutional processes play a part in judicial independence , ultimately the willingness of judiciary to stand up to executive and legislative influence is the most important factor in ensuring an independent judiciary . \n Another incident said to have affected judicial independence in Singapore was the move by Parliament to amend the Constitution and the ISA to reverse the effect of the Court of Appeal 's decision Chng Suan Tze v. Minister of Home Affairs ( 1988 ) ( discussed in detail below ) . It has been asked if Parliament had \" taken away absolutely the judicial power of review for ISA preventive detention cases \" , and whether this reflected the Legislature 's \" distrust in the independence of the Judiciary and its ability to deal impartially with ISA cases that affect national security notwithstanding the limited form of judicial review laid down in Chng Suan Tze . \" Another commentator has framed it as \" an attack on the judiciary simply because it removes a vital aspect of judicial power \" and that this \" undermines judicial credibility \" . \n = = = = Natural justice = = = = \n It has been noted generally that natural justice is a fundamental element of the rule of law . In administrative law , the two principles of natural justice , which constitute a framework for common law procedural rights , are the rule against bias ( nemo iudex in causa sua , or \" no man a judge in his own cause \" ) and the right to be heard ( audi alteram partem , or \" hear the other side \" ) . In the Australian case Gas and Fuel Corporation of Victoria v. Wood Hall Ltd . & Leonard Pipeline Contractors Ltd . ( 1978 ) , the Supreme Court of Victoria said that the ideas underlying both principles are that of \" fairness and judgement only after a full and fair hearing given to all parties . \" Speaking in Parliament on 24 November 1999 , MP Toh See Kiat expressed the view that the Singapore legal system does apply the rules of natural justice , which he described thus : \" [ N ] atural justice requires essentially two basic principles . One is that you have the right to be heard and to explain your case , and , two , is the right to equal treatment . A right to have your case heard also means that there is a review . \" \n As was noted previously , the word law in provisions of the Constitution such as Articles 9 and 12 includes fundamental rules of natural justice . Jack Tsen @-@ Ta Lee has suggested that these fundamental rules are both procedural and substantive in nature , and that substantive natural justice gives the courts discretion to strike down a law if its very object is unreasonable and oppressive . Under this view , to interpret Article 9 ( 1 ) as permitting Parliament to enact any provision that derogates from an individual 's personal liberty no matter how arbitrary or oppressive as long as procedural natural justice is observed , drains it of all content . Also , instead of the invalidation of legislation in this manner being seen as an encroachment by the judiciary into the legislature 's sphere , the application of substantive natural justice would simply be a full exercise of the judiciary 's proper constitutional role . Lee submits that Singapore courts should follow the Indian courts and apply a reasonableness test to determine if legislation is substantively constitutional . Ultimately , being able to review legislation by applying the substantive aspect of natural justice would \" entitle courts to examine whether it is appropriate for the legislature to deprive individual of certain aspects of their personal liberty , and the manner in which such deprivation is achieved . \" \n Conversely , Andrew Harding has argued that the idea of substantive natural justice is vague and subjective , and has taken the view that fundamental rules of natural justice are entirely procedural in nature . In his opinion , Article 12 ( 1 ) of the Constitution is designed to prevent substantively discriminatory legislation . To determine whether legislation is discriminatory , a rational nexus test is applied . It would be strange if legislation that passed this test could nonetheless be struck down due to inconsistency with natural justice . Therefore , the extension of Article 12 ( 1 ) to include natural justice shows that the Privy Council in Ong Ah Chuan could not have intended to apply natural justice in a substantive sense . Further support for this argument can be found in the Privy Council 's decision Haw Tua Tau v. Public Prosecutor ( 1981 ) which discussed fundamental rules of natural justice in a procedural context , their Lordships stating that they had to consider \" whether the consequence of the alteration [ of certain statutory provisions ] is a procedure for the trial of criminal offences that is contrary to some fundamental rule of natural justice \" . The substantive review of legislation by the court was also rejected in Jabar bin Kadermastan v. Public Prosecutor ( 1995 ) , the Court of Appeal holding that \" any law which provides for the deprivation of a person 's life or personal liberty , is valid and binding so long as it is validly passed by Parliament . The court is not concerned with whether it is also fair , just and reasonable as well . \" Subsequently , in Yong Vui Kong v. Attorney @-@ General ( 2011 ) , the Court held that fundamental rules of natural justice and the principles of natural justice in administrative law \" are the same in nature and function , except that they operate at different levels of our legal order , one to invalidate legislation on the ground of unconstitutionality , and the other to invalidate administrative decisions on the ground of administrative law principles \" . \n = = = = Judicial review = = = = \n Judicial review is the means by which legal rights are protected and good governance enforced . The ability of the courts to judicially review legislation and administrative action is considered an element of the rule of law . In R. v. Committee of the Lords of the Judicial Committee of the Privy Council acting for the Visitor of the University of London , ex parte Vijayatunga ( 1987 ) , Judge Simon Brown said : \" Judicial review is the exercise of the court 's inherent power at common law to determine whether action is lawful or not ; in a word to uphold the rule of law \" . \n In Singapore , the vital role that the judiciary plays as a check on executive power was noted by the Court of Appeal in Chng Suan Tze , which held that all power given by law has legal limits and that \" the rule of law demands that the courts should be able to examine the exercise of discretionary power \" . This is further illustrated by Law Society of Singapore v. Tan Guat Neo Phyllis ( 2008 ) , in which it was stated that prosecutorial discretion is subject to judicial review and may be curtailed where exercised in bad faith or for extraneous purposes , or is in contravention of constitutional rights . In Chee Siok Chin v. Minister for Home Affairs ( 2005 ) , the High Court held that if a litigant \" genuinely seek [ s ] the court 's assistance in vindicating or determining a legitimate grievance , the court has a duty to assess such a grievance and accord proper and serious consideration in determining whether relief should be granted \" . Chief Justice Chan Sek Keong has also said it is the role of the courts in Singapore to give litigants their rights , whilst simultaneously playing a supporting role in the promotion of good governance through the articulation of clear rules and principles by which the executive can conform with the rule of law . He noted that 27 @.@ 8 % of judicial review cases in Singapore since 1957 have been successful . \n However , certain matters are regarded as impervious to judicial review owing to limitations in the courts ' institutional capacity . Courts are generally reluctant to get involved in affairs relating to national security , leaving this role to the Government . At the same time , Singaporean courts are committed to careful scrutiny of matters to decide whether they are indeed non @-@ justiciable , as affirmed in the Lee Hsien Loong v. Review Publishing Co . Ltd . ( 2007 ) . This case held that courts would exclude matters involving \" high policy \" from their purview , but still analyse cases carefully to determine whether or not they truly fell within areas of executive immunity . Also , limitations on the role of the court have led to the rational conclusion that certain other areas are to be excluded from judicial review . These include matters in which the court lacks expertise and those which are polycentric , as was held in Yong Vui Kong v. Attorney @-@ General . \n = = = = Accessibility of justice = = = = \n Generally , justice is costly to provide and many legal systems , especially in Asia , are fraught with issues such as weak legal institutions , corrupt and incompetent administrative officers and judges , excessive delays and limited access to justice stemming from high legal costs and the lack of legal aid . It was agreed during the World Justice Forum in 2008 that access to justice is key to advancing the rule of law . \n The extent to which citizens have access to justice in any given society depends on whether a thick or thin conception of rule of law is adopted . Raz , speaking about a thin conception , proposed that the rule of the law requires courts to be accessible – that is , the legal system , at a bare minimum , should comprise formal institutions and mechanisms for administering appropriate legal processes and outcomes . A legal system complying with the thin rule of law also requires that laws are fairly , equally and effectively applied . On the other hand , when a thick conception of the rule of law is taken , a greater emphasis is placed on elements of substantive justice . It is suggested that a legal system operating as such may , in addition to the basic elements of access to justice in a thin rule of law , incorporate a moral or political philosophy , may incorporate ideas of \" democracy and legality \" , and give precedence to human rights in the administration of justice . Access to justice operating under a thick rule of law may be achieved by , among other things , increasing the efficiency of the judicial process , and having a robust legal profession , an incorruptible and independent judiciary , and a set of supporting institutions in order to increase the quality of justice administered . \n In Singapore , ensuring widespread and equal access to justice for Singapore citizens is a constant goal . In this respect , the judiciary takes effort to ensure that both procedural and substantive elements of the rule of law are fulfilled – firstly , by continually increasing the efficiency of the courts and legal processes , and secondly , by regularly improving the skills , knowledge and values of and judges . \n In 1988 , the Singapore courts undertook the enormous task of clearing their extremely large backlogs in order to facilitate Singapore 's future development as an international business and finance centre . A multifaceted approach was adopted to dispose of cases expeditiously , including , among other things , the appointment of more judges and judicial commissioners , the use of information technology , electronic filing of documents and promoting the use of alternative dispute resolution . Such efforts significantly expedited the management of cases , both in the Supreme Court and the Subordinate Courts . In particular , specialized courts such as small claims tribunals , the Family Court and the Night Court were set up for better distribution of cases and have also helped to significantly reduce court fees . Over and above increasing the institutional capacity and efficiency of the courts , improving access to justice in Singapore has also meant a need for a corresponding increase in the quality of justice administered . Efforts to achieve this goal centre mainly on the appointment of the \" best and brightest officers \" and in particular , the constant upgrading of their skills and knowledge for judicial excellence . For this purpose , the Judicial Education Board was set up to provide guidance , training programmes and workshops for members of the judiciary , and is supported by a training unit within the Strategic Planning and Training Division of the Subordinate Courts . Such efforts aim to upgrade the competence of judges and equip them with the requisite knowledge for handling increasingly complex cases . \n Today , there are relatively few barriers to court access for litigants . The availability of legal aid and free mediation services aid litigants who may not be able to afford legal fees , and the use of video links and establishment of regional offices of small claims tribunals in various parts of Singapore assist parties who have difficulty coming to court . \n = = = Principles associated with the thick conception = = = \n = = = = Criticisms of the Internal Security Act = = = = \n As indicated above , a number of those who adopt a thick conception of the rule of law in Singapore criticize the existence of the Internal Security Act . The main point of contention is whether section 8 ( 1 ) of the Act should be interpreted in a subjective or objective way . This provision states that \" [ i ] f the President is satisfied with respect to any person that , with a view to preventing that person from acting in any manner prejudicial to the security of Singapore or any part thereof or to the maintenance of public order or essential services therein , it is necessary to do so \" , the Minister for Home Affairs shall order that the person be , among other things , detained without trial for up to two years . \n In Lee Mau Seng v. Minister for Home Affairs ( 1971 ) , the High Court affirmed that with respect to the President 's satisfaction that a person is acting in any manner prejudicial to the security of Singapore , mala fides or bad faith was \" not ... a justiciable issue in the context of the Act and the power conferred by the Act on a body such as the President who has to act in accordance with the advice of the Cabinet to direct the issue of an order of detention if the President is satisfied with a view to preventing a person from acting in any manner prejudicial to the security of Singapore etc \" . Essentially , this means that the President 's satisfaction is subjective , and not objective . The effect of this decision is that \" the Constitution left it to the executive , and not the judiciary , to decide what national security required \" . Subsequently , in Chng Suan Tze v. Minister for Home Affairs ( 1988 ) , the Court of Appeal took a different stand , holding that the objective test should apply to the review of the exercise of discretion under sections 8 and 10 of the ISA . ( Section 10 empowers the Minister to direct that a detention order be suspended \" as the Minister sees fit \" , as well as to revoke such a direction . ) The Court said that \" the notion of a subjective or unfettered discretion is contrary to the rule of law \" because \" all power has legal limits \" , and therefore the exercise of discretionary power warrants examination by the court . \n Following this decision , the Parliament moved quickly to curb the judiciary 's change in stance . The Internal Security ( Amendment ) Act 1989 was enacted on 25 January 1989 and came into force on 30 January . In particular , section 8B ( 1 ) declared : \n [ T ] he law governing the judicial review of any decision made or act done in pursuance of any power conferred upon the President or the Minister by the provisions of this Act shall be the same as was applicable and declared in Singapore on the 13th day of July 1971 ; and no part of the law before , on or after that date of any other country in the Commonwealth relating to judicial review shall apply . \n Section 8B ( 2 ) contained an ouster clause that restricted the scope of judicial review to any question relating to compliance with any procedural requirements of the ISA governing acts or decisions by the President or the Home Affairs Minister . The amendments to the ISA were made retrospective by section 8D , which meant that they applied to judicial review proceedings that had been started before the amendment Act came into force . In addition , the Constitution was amended through the Constitution of the Republic of Singapore ( Amendment ) Act 1989 to prevent the Internal Security ( Amendment ) Act 1989 from being challenged as unconstitutional . Article 149 ( 3 ) was inserted into the Constitution , with the effect that if the issue of whether any executive decision made pursuant to the ISA came before a court ( whether before or after this constitutional amendment came into force on 27 January 1989 ) , the court had to decide this issue according to the new provisions introduced by the 1989 ISA amendments . Article 149 ( 1 ) was amended to add Articles 11 and 12 to the list of fundamental liberties that the ISA cannot be challenged against , and to extend its immunizing effect to the 1989 ISA amendments . \n The validity of the 1989 ISA amendments was challenged unsuccessfully before the High Court and Court of Appeal in 1989 and 1990 respectively in Teo Soh Lung v. Minister for Home Affairs . The High Court held that the 1989 amendments had merely reaffirmed the legal principles laid down in Lee Mau Seng and thus could not be characterized as being contrary to the rule of law or having usurped judicial power : \n There is no abrogation of judicial power . It is erroneous to contend that the rule of law has been abolished by legislation and that Parliament has stated its absolute and conclusive judgment in applications for judicial review or other actions . Parliament has done no more than to enact the rule of law relating to the law applicable to judicial review . The \n legislation does not direct the court to enter a particular judgment or dismiss a particular case . The court is left to deal with the case on the basis of the amendments . Legislation designed against subversion must necessarily include provisions to ensure the effectiveness of preventive detention . The amendments are intended to do just that . \n On appeal , the Court of Appeal confirmed that it had to decide the case in accordance with the legal principles laid down in Lee Mau Seng as the effect of section 8B ( 1 ) of the ISA was clear . Applying those legal principles , the Court held that the appellant had failed to prove that her detention had been made for reasons unrelated to national security . \n During the 1999 parliamentary debate on the rule of law , Jeyaretnam asserted that detention without trial under the ISA contravened the doctrine as \" there is no way of checking the Minister 's decision , who decides to make an order detaining a subject , depriving him of his liberty , completely contrary to the rule of natural justice and the fundamental principle that all men are free \" . He called for the provisions in the Act permitting such detention to be repealed , saying : \" The power is only necessary in emergency times when there is a real threat and so we do not need it any more . Let us for once realise that it is a violation of the Rule of Law . Let us be honest and repeal it . \" Nominated Member of Parliament Simon Tay expressed the view that \" the ISA fulfills the Constitution as an exception . It does not fulfill the concept of the Rule of Law in the sense that there are only very limited grounds on which a court can review the decision of the Minister . It is in that sense a subjective discretion . \" Nonetheless , he recognized that the ISA remained relevant , for instance , as a tool against people alleged to have engaged in espionage , and thus preventive detention could not be definitively declared right or wrong : \" It is a case @-@ by @-@ case decision , because that is how we live our lives in a real society . \" Responding to Jeyaretnam , Ho Peng Kee noted that the justifications for the ISA had been fully debated in Parliament on previous occasions , and emphasized that there are safeguards in place to tackle the apparent arbitrariness of detentions under the Act , including a review of each detention by an advisory board composed of a Supreme Court judge and two prominent members of the public , and also the President 's personal discretion to order a detainee 's release in the event that the advisory board and Home Affairs Minister disagreed over the necessity for the detention . \n Speaking at the 2009 seasonal meeting of the New York State Bar Association 's International Section in Singapore , Shanmugam explained that stability was one of the essential conditions for Singapore 's governance , and that the ISA contributed to the stability of the country by enabling terrorist threats to be dealt with . In response , Michael Galligan , the Chairman of the International Section , wrote that \" whatever might be appropriate for times of extraordinary danger should not be assumed to be the measure for ordinary times . Circumscription of liberties that may have some arguable justification in a national defense crisis should not set the norm for more peaceful or more ' ordinary ' times in the life of a nation . \" In a 16 September 2011 statement , the Ministry of Home Affairs said that the Government had used the ISA \" sparingly \" , and not for detaining people solely for their political beliefs . It expressed the view that \" [ t ] he ISA continues to be relevant and crucial as a measure of last resort for the preservation of our national security \" . \n = = = Cases = = = \n Ong Ah Chuan v. Public Prosecutor [ 1980 ] UKPC 32 , [ 1981 ] A.C. 648 , [ 1979 – 1980 ] S.L.R. ( R. ) [ Singapore Law Reports ( Reissue ) ] 710 , Privy Council ( on appeal from Singapore ) . \n Chng Suan Tze v. Minister of Home Affairs [ 1988 ] SGCA 16 , [ 1988 ] 2 S.L.R. ( R. ) 525 , Court of Appeal ( Singapore ) , archived from the original on 24 December 2011 . \n Teo Soh Lung v. Minister for Home Affairs [ 1989 ] 1 S.L.R. ( R. ) 461 , H.C. ( Singapore ) . \n Teo Soh Lung v. Minister for Home Affairs [ 1990 ] 1 S.L.R. ( R. ) 347 , C.A. ( Singapore ) . \n Yong Vui Kong v. Attorney @-@ General [ 2011 ] SGCA 9 , [ 2011 ] 2 S.L.R. 1189 , C.A. ( Singapore ) ( \" Yong Vui Kong v. AG \" ) . \n = = = Other works = = = \n Agrast , Mark David ; Botero , Juan Carlos ; Ponce , Alejandro ( 2011 ) , The World Justice Project Rule of Law Index 2011 , Washington , D.C. : World Justice Project , ISBN 978 @-@ 0 @-@ 615 @-@ 51219 @-@ 8 , archived from the original ( PDF ) on 28 March 2012 . \n Chan , Sek Keong ( September 2010 ) , \" Judicial Review – From Angst to Empathy : A Lecture to Singapore Management University Second Year Law Students \" , Singapore Academy of Law Journal 22 : 469 – 489 , archived from the original ( PDF ) on 1 December 2011 . \n Dicey , A [ lbert ] V [ enn ] ( 1927 ) [ 1915 ] , \" The Rule of Law : Its Nature and General Applications \" , An Introduction to the Study of the Law of the Constitution ( 8th ed . ) , London : Macmillan & Co . , pp. 179 – 201 , OCLC 5755153 . \n Hor , Michael ( 2002 ) , \" The Independence of the Criminal Justice System in Singapore \" , Singapore Journal of Legal Studies : 497 – 513 , SSRN 956056 . \n Peerenboom , Randall , ed . ( 2004 ) , Asian Discourses of Rule of Law : Theories and Implementation of Rule of Law in Twelve Asian Countries , France and the U.S. , London : RoutledgeCurzon , ISBN 978 @-@ 0 @-@ 415 @-@ 32613 @-@ 1 . \n Peerenboom , Randall , \" Varieties of Rule of Law : An Introduction and Provisional Conclusion \" , Asian Discourses of Rule of Law , pp. 1 – 55 . \n Thio , Li @-@ ann , \" Rule of Law within a Non @-@ liberal ' Communitarian ' Democracy : The Singapore Experience \" , Asian Discourses of Rule of Law , pp. 183 – 224 . \n Phang , Andrew ( 2001 ) , The Singapore Legal System – History , Theory and Practice ( PDF ) , Singapore Management University , archived from the original ( PDF ) on 22 May 2008 ( \" SMU paper \" ) , subsequently published as Phang , Andrew ( 2000 – 2001 ) , \" The Singapore Legal System – History , Theory and Practice \" , Singapore Law Review 21 : 23 – 61 . \n Raz , Joseph ( 1977 ) , \" The Rule of Law and Its Virtue \" , Law Quarterly Review 93 : 195 – 211 . \n \" Rule of Law \" , Singapore Parliamentary Debates , Official Report ( 24 November 1999 ) , vol . 71 , cols . 569 – 634 . \n K. Shanmugam ( 27 October 2009 ) , Speech by Minister for Law K Shanmugam at the New York State Bar Association ( NYSBA ) Rule of Law Plenary Session , archived from the original ( PDF ) on 5 November 2009 . \n Tan , Kevin Y [ ew ] L [ ee ] ( 2011 ) , \" Fundamental Liberties I \" , An Introduction to Singapore 's Constitution ( 2nd ed . ) , Singapore : Talisman Publishing , pp. 146 – 165 , ISBN 978 @-@ 981 @-@ 08 @-@ 6456 @-@ 9 . \n = = = Articles and websites = = = \n Chan , Sek Keong ( December 2012 ) , \" The Courts and the ' Rule of Law ' in Singapore \" , Singapore Journal of Legal Studies : 209 – 231 , SSRN 2242727 . \n Hall , Stephen ( 1995 ) , \" Preventive Detention , Political Rights and the Rule of Law in Singapore and Malaysia \" , Lawasia : Journal of the Law Association for Asia and the Western Pacific : 14 – 62 . \n Jayasuriya , Kanishka ( 1996 ) , \" The Rule of Law and Capitalism in East Asia \" , The Pacific Review 9 ( 3 ) : 367 – 388 , doi : 10 @.@ 1080 / 09512749608719192 . \n Lee , Jack Tsen @-@ Ta ( December 2012 ) , \" Shall the Twain Never Meet ? Competing Narratives and Discourses of the Rule of Law in Singapore \" , Singapore Journal of Legal Studies : 298 – 330 , SSRN 2236053 . \n Peerenboom , Randall P. ( 2004 ) , Human Rights and Rule of Law : What 's the Relationship ? [ Bepress Legal Series ; paper 355 ] , Berkeley Electronic Press , archived from the original ( PDF ) on 10 May 2012 . \n Prosperity versus Individual Rights ? Human Rights , Democracy and the Rule of Law in Singapore , International Bar Association 's Human Rights Institute , July 2008 , archived from the original ( PDF ) on 11 July 2010 . \n K. Shanmugam ( December 2012 ) , \" The Rule of Law in Singapore \" , Singapore Journal of Legal Studies : 357 – 365 , SSRN 2255270 . \n Tamanaha , Brian [ Z. ] ( December 2012 ) , \" The History and Elements of the Rule of Law \" , Singapore Journal of Legal Studies : 232 – 247 , SSRN 2255262 . \n Thio , Li @-@ ann ( December 2012 ) , \" Between Apology and Apogee , Autochthony : The ' Rule of Law ' Beyond the Rules of Law in Singapore \" , Singapore Journal of Legal Studies : 269 – 297 , SSRN 2255266 . \n = = = Books = = = \n Chen , Xinmin ( 陈新民 ) ( 2009 ) , 反腐镜鉴的新加坡法治主义 一个东方版本的法治国家 = The Anti @-@ corruption Mirror that is Singapore 's Rule of Law Doctrine : An Eastern Version of a Nation Ruled by Law , Beijing : 法律出版社 [ Law Publishing Company ] , ISBN 978 @-@ 7 @-@ 5036 @-@ 9408 @-@ 0 . \n Frank , Beatrice S. ; Markowitz , Joseph C. ; McKay , Robert B. ; Roth , Kenneth ( 1990 ) , The Decline in the Rule of Law in Singapore and Malaysia : A Report of the Committee on International Human Rights of the Association of the Bar of the City of New York , New York , N.Y. : Association of the Bar of the City of New York , OCLC 22975283 . \n Jayasuriya , Kanishka ( July 2000 ) , The Rule of Law and Regimes of Exception in East Asia [ working paper no . 96 ] , Murdoch , W.A. : Asia Research Centre , Murdoch University , ISBN 978 @-@ 0 @-@ 86905 @-@ 749 @-@ 0 , archived from the original ( PDF ) on 11 May 2012 . \n Rajah , Jothie ( 2012 ) , Authoritarian Rule of Law : Legislation , Discourse and Legitimacy in Singapore , Cambridge : Cambridge University Press , ISBN 978 @-@ 1 @-@ 107 @-@ 01241 @-@ 7 . \n European Committee for Human Rights in Malaysia and Singapore ; Green Alternative European Link ( GRAEL ) , Rainbow Group , European Parliament ( 1990 ) , The Rule of Law and Human Rights in Malaysia and Singapore : A Report of the Conference Held at the European Parliament , Brussels , 9 & 10 March , 1989 , Limelette , Belgium ; Selangor , Malaysia : KEHMA @-@ s ( European Committee for Human Rights in Malaysia and Singapore ) , ISBN 978 @-@ 90 @-@ 73630 @-@ 01 @-@ 7 CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) . \n Silverstein , Gordon ( 2008 ) , \" Singapore : The Exception that Proves Rules Matter \" , in Ginsburg , Tom ; Moustafa , Tamir , Rule by Law : The Politics of Courts in Authoritarian Regimes , Cambridge : Cambridge University Press , pp. 73 – 101 , ISBN 978 @-@ 0 @-@ 521 @-@ 89590 @-@ 3 . \n Tamanaha , Brian Z. ( 2004 ) , On the Rule of Law : History , Politics , Theory , Cambridge : Cambridge University Press , ISBN 978 @-@ 0 @-@ 521 @-@ 84362 @-@ 1 . \n = Amenhotep I = \n Amenhotep I ( / ˌæmɛnˈhoʊtɛp / ) from Ancient Egyptian \" jmn @-@ ḥtp \" or \" yamānuḥātap \" meaning \" Amun is satisfied \" or Amenophis I ( / əˈmɛnoʊfɪs / ) from Ancient Greek Ἀμένωφις , was the second Pharaoh of the 18th dynasty of Egypt . His reign is generally dated from 1526 to 1506 BC . He was a son of Ahmose I and Ahmose @-@ Nefertari , but had at least two elder brothers , Ahmose @-@ ankh and Ahmose Sapair , and was not expected to inherit the throne . However , sometime in the eight years between Ahmose I 's 17th regnal year and his death , his heir apparent died and Amenhotep became crown prince . He then acceded to the throne and ruled for about 21 years . \n Although his reign is poorly documented , it is possible to piece together a basic history from available evidence . He inherited the kingdom formed by his father 's military conquests and maintained dominance over Nubia and the Nile Delta but probably did not attempt to maintain Egyptian power in Syrio @-@ Palestine . He continued the rebuilding of temples in Upper Egypt and revolutionized mortuary complex design by separating his tomb from his mortuary temple , setting a trend in royal funerary monuments which would persist throughout the New Kingdom . After his death , he was deified as a patron god of Deir el @-@ Medina . \n = = Family = = \n Amenhotep I was the son of Ahmose I and Ahmose @-@ Nefertari . His elder brothers , the crown prince Ahmose Sapair and Ahmose @-@ ankh , died before him , thus clearing the way for his ascension to the throne . Amenhotep probably came to power while he was still young himself , and his mother , Ahmose @-@ Nefertari , appears to have been regent for him for at least a short time . The evidence for this regency is that both he and his mother are credited with founding a settlement for workers in the Theban Necropolis at Deir el @-@ Medina . Amenhotep took his sister Ahmose @-@ Meritamon as his Great Royal Wife . Another wife 's name , Sitkamose , is attested on a nineteenth dynasty stele . \n Beyond this , the relationships between Amenhotep I and other possible family members are unclear . Ahhotep II is usually called his wife and sister , despite an alternate theory that she was his grandmother . He is thought to have had one son by Ahhotep II , Amenemhat , who died while still very young . This remains the consensus , although there are arguments against that relationship as well . With no living heirs , Amenhotep was succeeded by Thutmose I , whom he married to his \" sister \" , Aahmes , . Since Aahmes is never given the title \" King 's Daughter \" in any inscription , some scholars doubt whether she was a sibling of Amenhotep I. \n = = Dates and length of reign = = \n In Amenhotep I 's ninth regnal year , a heliacal rise of Sothis was observed on the ninth day of the third month of summer . Modern astronomers have calculated that , if the observation was made from Memphis or Heliopolis , such an observation could only have been made on that day in 1537 BC . If the observation was made in Thebes , however , it could only have taken place in 1517 . The latter choice is usually accepted as correct since Thebes was the capital during the early 18th dynasty ; hence , Amenhotep I is usually given an accession date in 1526 BC , although the possibility of 1546 BC is not entirely dismissed . \n Manetho 's Epitome states that Amenhotep I ruled Egypt for twenty years and seven months or twenty @-@ one years , depending on the source . While Amenhotep I 's highest attested regnal year is only his Year 10 , Manetho 's statement is confirmed by a passage in the tomb autobiography of a magician named Amenemhet . This explicitly states that he served under Amenhotep I for 21 Years . Thus , in the high chronology , Amenhotep I is given a reign from around 1546 to 1526 BC and , in the low chronology , from around 1526 to 1506 BC or 1525 to 1504 BC , though individual scholars may ascribe dates to his reign that vary from these by a few years . \n = = Foreign policy = = \n Amenhotep I 's Horus and Two Ladies names , \" Bull who conquers the lands \" and \" He who inspires great terror , \" are generally interpreted to mean that Amenhotep I intended to dominate the surrounding nations . Two tomb texts indicate that he led campaigns into Nubia . According to the tomb texts of Ahmose , son of Ebana , Amenhotep later sought to expand Egypt 's border southward into Nubia and he led an invasion force which defeated the Nubian army . The tomb biography of Ahmose Pen @-@ Nekhebet says he also fought in a campaign in Kush , however it is quite possible that it refers to the same campaign as Ahmose , son of Ebana . Amenhotep built a temple at Saï , showing that he had established Egyptian settlements almost as far as the third cataract . \n A single reference in the tomb of Ahmose Pen @-@ Nekhebet indicates another campaign in Iamu in the land of Kehek . Unfortunately , the location of Kehek is unknown . It was long believed that Kehek was a reference to the Libyan tribe , Qeheq , and thus it was postulated that invaders from Libya took advantage of the death of Ahmose to move into the western Nile Delta . Unfortunately for this theory , the Qeheq people only appeared in later times , and Kehek 's identity remains unknown . Nubia is a possibility , since Amenhotep did campaign there , and the western desert and the oases have also been suggested , since these seem to have fallen under Egyptian control once again . \n Egypt had lost the western desert and the oases during the second intermediate period , and during the revolt against the Hyksos , Kamose thought it necessary to garrison them . It is uncertain when they were fully retaken , but on one stele , the title \" Prince @-@ Governor of the oases \" was used , which means that Amenhotep 's reign forms the terminus ante quem for the return of Egyptian rule . \n There are no recorded campaigns in Syro @-@ Palestine during Amenhotep I 's reign . However , according to the Tombos Stela of his successor , Thutmose I , when Thutmose led a campaign into Asia all the way to the Euphrates , he found no one who fought against him . If Thutmose did not lead a campaign which has not been recorded into Asia before this recorded one , it would mean that the preceding pharaoh would have had to pacify Syria instead , which would indicate a possible Asiatic campaign of Amenhotep I. Two references to the Levant potentially written during his reign might be contemporary witnesses to such a campaign . One of the candidates for Amenhotep 's tomb contains a reference to Qedmi , which is somewhere in Canaan or the Transjordan , and Amenemhet 's tomb contains a hostile reference to Mitanni . However , neither of these references necessarily refer to campaigning , nor do they even necessarily date to Amenhotep 's reign . The location of Amenhotep 's tomb is not certain , and Amenemhet lived to serve under multiple kings who are known to have attacked Mitanni . Records from Amenhotep 's reign are simply altogether too scant and too vague to reach a conclusion about any Syrian campaign . \n = = Cultural and intellectual developments = = \n Large numbers of statues of Amenhotep have been found , but they are mostly from the Ramesside period and relate to his continuing funerary cult , made for his posthumous funerary cult . This makes study of the art of his reign difficult . Based upon his few authentic statues , it appears that Amenhotep continued the practice of copying Middle Kingdom styles . Art in the early 18th dynasty was particularly similar to that of the early Middle Kingdom , and the statues produced by Amenhotep I clearly copied those of Mentuhotep II and Senusret I. The two types are so similar that modern Egyptologists have had trouble telling the two apart . \n It was probably Amenhotep I who founded the artisans village at Deir el @-@ Medina , whose inhabitants were responsible for much of the art which filled the tombs in the Theban Necropolis for the following generations of New Kingdom rulers and nobles . The earliest name found there is that of Thutmose I , however Amenhotep was clearly an important figure to the city 's workmen since he and his mother were both its patron deities . \n Amenhotep 's reign saw literary developments . The Book of What is in the Underworld ( ' the Egyptian Book of the Dead ' ) , an important funerary text used in the New Kingdom , is believed to have reached its final form during Amenhotep 's reign , since it first appears in the decoration of the tomb of his successor Thutmose I. The Ebers papyrus , which is the main source for information on ancient Egyptian medicine , also seems to date to this time ( the mention of the Heliacal rise of Sothis by which the early New Kingdom chronology is usually calculated was found on the back of this document ) . \n It appears that during Amenhotep I 's reign the first water clock was invented . Amenhotep 's court astronomer Amenemheb took credit for creating this device in his tomb biography , although the oldest surviving mechanism dates to the reign of Amenhotep III . This invention was of great benefit for timekeeping , because the Egyptian hour was not a fixed amount of time , but was measured as 1 / 12 of the night . When the nights were shorter in the summer , these waterclocks could be adjusted to measure the shorter hours accurately . \n = = Building projects = = \n Amenhotep began or continued a number of building projects at temple sites in Upper Egypt but most of the structures he built were later dismantled or obliterated by his successors . From written sources it is known that he commissioned the architect Ineni to expand the Temple of Karnak . Ineni 's tomb biography indicates that he created a 20 cubit gate of limestone on the south side of Karnak . He constructed a sacred barque chapel of Amun out of alabaster and a copy of the White Chapel of Senusret III . Sculpted material from these structures has been recovered from the fill of Amenhotep III 's third pylon allowing some of these structures to be rebuilt at Karnak . Amenhotep also built structures at Karnak for his Sed festival , a festival by which a pharaoh 's strength and vigour was renewed after reigning 30 years , but it seems likely that he died before he could use them . A temple was constructed in Nubia at Saï , and he built temple structures in Upper Egypt at Elephantine , Kom Ombo , Abydos , and the Temple of Nekhbet . As far as is known Amenhotep did not build anything of significance in Lower Egypt , like his father . \n = = = Mortuary complex = = = \n Amenhotep I was the first king of Egypt to separate his mortuary temple from his tomb , probably in an attempt to keep his tomb safe from robbers . This temple was sited at the north end of Deir el @-@ Bahri . Deir el @-@ Bahri appears to have had some sort of funerary significance for Amenhotep , since Theban Tomb 358 , the tomb of his queen Ahmose @-@ Meritamon , was also found nearby . Amenhotep 's mortuary temple was largely demolished to make way for the lower terrace of the mortuary temple constructed approximately 50 years later by Queen Hatshepsut , and only a few bricks inscribed with Amenhotep 's name remain . The royal statues inside of the temple were moved to the nearby funerary temple of Mentuhotep II . \n The original location of Amenhotep 's tomb has not been securely identified . A report on the security of royal tombs in the Theban Necropolis commissioned during the troubled reign of Ramesses IX noted that it was then intact , but its location was not specified . Two sites for Amenhotep I 's tomb have been proposed , one high up in the Valley of the Kings , KV39 and the other at Dra ' Abu el @-@ Naga ' , Tomb ANB . Excavations at KV 39 suggest it was used or reused to store the Deir el @-@ Bahri Cache , which included the king 's well @-@ preserved mummy , before its final reburial . However , Tomb ANB is considered the more likely possibility , because it contains objects bearing his name and the names of some family members . \n = = Burial , succession , and legacy = = \n = = = Burial = = = \n Sometime during the 20th or 21st Dynasty Amenhotep 's original tomb was either robbed or deemed insecure and emptied and his body was moved for safety , probably more than once . It was found in the Deir el @-@ Bahri Cache , hidden with the mummies of numerous New Kingdom kings and nobles in or after the late 22nd dynasty above the Mortuary Temple of Hatshepsut and is now in the Egyptian Museum in Cairo . His mummy had apparently not been looted by the 21st dynasty , and the priests who moved the mummy took care to keep the Cartonnage intact . Because of that exquisite face mask , Amenhotep 's is the only royal mummy which has not been unwrapped and examined by modern Egyptologists . \n = = = Succession = = = \n Amenhotep I is thought to have had only one child , a son who died in infancy ( although some sources indicate he had no children ) . Amenhotep I was succeeded by Thutmose I , apparently a senior military figure . It is unclear if there was any blood relationship between the two , although it has been suggested that Thutmose I was a son of Amenhotep 's elder brother Ahmose Sipairi . Amenhotep may have appointed Thutmose I as coregent before his own death as Thutmose I 's name appears next to Amenhotep 's on a divine barque found by archeologists in the fill of the third pylon at Karnak . However , most scholars consider that this is only evidence of Thutmose associating himself with his royal predecessor . One text has also been interpreted to mean that Amenhotep appointed his infant son as coregent , who then predeceased him . However , the scholarly consensus is that there is too little evidence for either coregency . \n = = = Legacy : Funerary cult = = = \n Amenhotep was deified upon his death and made the patron deity of the village which he opened at Deir el @-@ Medina . His mother , who lived at least one year longer than he did , was also deified upon her death and became part of his litany . As previously mentioned , the vast majority of Amenhotep 's statuary comes in the form of a funerary idol from this cult during later periods . When being worshiped , he had three deific manifestations : \" Amenhotep of the Town , \" \" Amenhotep Beloved of Amun , \" and \" Amenhotep of the Forecourt , \" and was known as a god who produced oracles . Some of the questions asked of him have been preserved on ostraca from Deir el @-@ Medina , and appear to have been phrased in such a way that the idol of the king could nod ( or be caused to nod ) the answer . He also had a number of feasts dedicated to him which were held throughout the year . During the first month , a festival was celebrated in honor of the appearance of Amenhotep to the necropolis workmen , which probably means his idol was taken to Deir el @-@ Medina . Another feast was held on the thirtieth of the fourth month , and then two more were held in the seventh month . The first was the \" spreading of the funeral couch for king Amenhotep , \" which probably commemorated the day of his death . The second , celebrated for four days at the very end of the month , was the \" great festival of king Amenhotep lord of the town . \" Later in Egyptian history , the seventh month was named after this festival , \" Phamenoth . \" Another festival was held on the 27th of the ninth month , and the last known festival was held for several days between at least the eleventh and thirteenth days of the eleventh month , which in all probability commemorated the date of Amenhotep 's accession to the throne . \n Further light is shed upon Amenhotep 's funerary cult by multiple documents which appear to detail the rituals dedicated to Amenhotep . Three papyri from the time of Ramesses II record the liturgy used by the priests , and reliefs at Karnak and Medinet Habu illustrate select rites and spells . The bulk of the rituals concern preparing for and conducting the daily offerings of libations for the idol , including a recitation of a ḥtp @-@ dỉ @-@ nsw formula , and purifying and sealing the shrine at the end of the day . The remainder of the rites concern how to conduct various feasts throughout the year . In these cases , Amenhotep 's idol or a priest representing him is actually officiating the worship of Amun instead of being worshipped himself , which was not a typical cultic practice in ancient Egypt . \n = = = Print sources = = = \n = Great New York City Fire of 1845 = \n The Great New York City Fire of 1845 broke out on July 19 , 1845 . The fire started in a whale @-@ oil and candle manufacturing establishment and quickly spread to other wooden structures in the neighborhood . It reached a warehouse on Broad Street where combustible saltpeter was stored and caused a massive explosion that spread the fire even farther . \n Before it was subdued , the fire destroyed 345 buildings in the southern part of what is now the Financial District in New York City and caused $ 5 million to $ 10 million in damage , as well as killing 4 firefighters and 26 civilians . The 1845 fire was the last of three great fires that affected the heart of Manhattan , including fires in 1776 and 1835 . The 1845 fire was very destructive , but it affected mostly older wood @-@ frame construction in a confined section of the city . This proved the efficacy of the fire @-@ resistant building practices that had come into play in surrounding areas of the city in previous decades . \n = = Fire = = \n The fire started at about 2 : 30 a.m. on Saturday , July 19 , 1845 , on the third story of J. L. Van Doren , Oil Merchant and Stearin Candle Manufacturer , at 34 New Street in Manhattan , known as a seller of whale oil . The fire spread quickly to adjoining buildings . The City Hall alarm bell began to ring at about 3 a.m. , summoning firefighters . \n Firefighters from the Fire Department of the City of New York ( FDNY ) , at that time a volunteer organization , arrived under the command of Chief Engineer Cornelius Anderson . As the fire grew , the FDNY personnel were joined by retired fire chiefs from the city and firefighting crews from Brooklyn , Newark , and Williamsburg . Firemen battling the blaze were aided by water flowing from the Croton aqueduct , which had been completed in 1842 . The fire either weakened in intensity or had been subdued by firefighters by 1 p.m. that day . \n During the ten and a half hours that it burned , the fire had destroyed buildings from Broad Street below Wall Street to Stone Street , up Whitehall Street to Bowling Green , and up Broadway to Exchange Place . The fire killed 4 firefighters and 26 civilians . Buildings were reported destroyed on Broadway , New Street , Broad Street , Exchange Place , Beaver Street , Marketfield Street , Whitehall Street , and South William Street . All told , the fire destroyed 345 buildings , doing property damage estimated at the time at between $ 5 million and $ 10 million . In today 's currency , damages would be between $ 127 million and $ 254 million . \n There were multiple reports of looting during the fire and in its aftermath , both of businesses and private residences . At least two elderly women reported being approached by young men who offered to help them move their belongings from their damaged buildings , only to have their valuables stolen . \n = = Warehouse explosion = = \n In the first two hours of the fire 's spread , it reached a large multi @-@ story warehouse occupied by Crocker & Warren on Broad Street , where a large quantity of combustible saltpeter was stored . \n When Engine Co . 22 arrived , it was ordered to pump water on the warehouse . The company 's firefighters entered the warehouse and dragged a hose up a staircase to direct water onto the fourth floor . When heavy black smoke began coming up the stairway , Foreman Garrett B. Lane ordered his firemen to evacuate . Fireman Francis Hart Jr . , trying to collect the hose , became trapped , fled to the roof , and escaped over neighboring rooftops . \n At about 3 : 30 or 4 : 00 a.m. , about five minutes after Engine Co . 22 evacuated the building , it exploded . The explosion flattened six or eight buildings , blew in the fronts of the opposite houses on Broad Street and wrenched shutters and doors from buildings at some distance from the immediate area of the explosion . It propelled bricks and other missiles through the air , threw down many people who had gone as far as Beaver Street , and spread the fire far and wide so that the whole neighborhood was set ablaze . The explosion shattered windows a mile away and was heard as far away as Sandy Hook in New Jersey . \n Engine Co . 22 's vehicle was blown across Broad Street ; the vehicle itself was eventually burned up . Several members of the company were injured . \n Hart was thrown by the explosion across a rooftop , but only received a minor ankle injury . Augustus L. Cowdrey of Engine Co . 42 and Dave Van Winkle of Engine Co . 5 were throwing water on an adjacent building , when a second explosion occurred in the warehouse . The explosion threw Van Winkle into the street . Cowdrey was killed , his body never found . His company continued to search for his body amid the rubble for two days . His name appears along with many others on a memorial in Trinity Churchyard in New York for volunteer firefighters who died in the line of duty . \n The cause of the explosion was debated in the days immediately following the fire . Public speculation led to the arrest of Crocker and Warren , the occupants of the warehouse . The Daily @-@ Tribune reported that the explosions could not have occurred without the presence of gunpowder in addition to the saltpeter , and thus they were suspected of possessing gunpowder , which would have led to a murder charge . However , later inquiry released Crocker and Warren of all charges as no evidence of gunpowder was discovered . \n There was some speculation that the explosion had been caused by the NY Gas Light Co . ' s gasometer house , but Chief Engineer Cornelius Anderson released a statement the day of the fire stating that the explosion occurred before the flames ever reached the gas house . \n = = Effect on New York City Fire Code and firefighting practices = = \n The Great New York City Fire of 1845 was the last of three particularly devastating fires that affected the heart of Manhattan , the other two occurring in 1776 and 1835 . While very destructive , the 1845 fire confirmed the value of building codes restricting wood @-@ frame construction . In 1815 , city officials had banned new construction of wood @-@ frame structures in the densest areas of the city . The 1845 fire demonstrated the efficacy of these restrictions , as the progress of the fire was checked when it spread toward areas rebuilt after the 1835 fire with such materials as stone , masonry , and iron roofs and shutters . In spite of general improvements , the 1845 fire prompted public calls for a more proactive stance in fire prevention and firefighting . \n To strengthen the city 's firefighting capabilities , the city established in 1845 a reserve unit called the Exempt Fireman 's Company , so called because it was made up of firemen who were exempt from militia and jury duty . The company was led by veteran fireman Zophar Mills , who had helped stop the great 1835 fire from crossing Wall Street . \n = 27th Infantry Division Savska = \n The 27th Infantry Division Savska was an infantry formation of the Royal Yugoslav Army that formed part of the Yugoslav 4th Army during the German @-@ led Axis invasion of the Kingdom of Yugoslavia in April 1941 . It was raised from the Savska military district , and was a very large and unwieldy formation which was almost entirely reliant on animal transport for mobility . Largely manned by Croat troops , many of whom saw the Germans as potential liberators from Serbian oppression during the interwar period , the division also lacked modern arms and sufficient ammunition . \n Along with the rest of the Yugoslav Army , the 27th Infantry Division Savska began mobilising on 3 April 1941 , and was still engaged in that process three days later when the Germans began an air campaign and a series of preliminary operations against the Yugoslav frontiers . These attacks ignited rebellion within the Croat troops of the division . Even the chief of staff of the division became involved , countermanding orders for the sabotage of a bridge over the Drava river at Zákány . The division briefly established a defensive line on the Yugoslav side of the river , but German troops began crossing on 7 April , forcing the division to begin withdrawing . A planned counterattack delayed the Germans for a day , but the division began to disintegrate due to fifth column actions , rebellion and desertion . When the German 14th Panzer Division broke out of the bridgehead at Zákány on 10 April , the 27th Infantry Division Savska numbered only 2 @,@ 000 men , mostly Serbs . In a single day , the German panzers with overwhelming air support brushed aside the remnants of the division and captured Zagreb , covering nearly 160 kilometres ( 99 mi ) and meeting little resistance . On that day the divisional headquarters was captured , and the division effectively ceased to exist . \n = = Background = = \n The Royal Yugoslav Army ( Serbo @-@ Croatian : Vojska Kraljevine Jugoslavije , VKJ ) was formed after World War I as the army of the Kingdom of Serbs , Croats and Slovenes ( Kingdom of SCS ) , when that country was created on 1 December 1918 . To defend the new kingdom , an army was formed around the nucleus of the victorious Royal Serbian Army combined with armed formations raised in the former parts of the Austro @-@ Hungarian Empire that joined with the Kingdom of Serbia to form the new state . Many former Austro @-@ Hungarian officers and soldiers became members of the new army . From its beginning , the army , like other aspects of public life in the new kingdom , was dominated by ethnic Serbs , who saw the army as a means by which to secure Serb hegemony in the new kingdom . \n The development of the army was hampered by the poor economy of the kingdom , and this continued through the 1920s . In 1929 , King Alexander changed the name of the country to the Kingdom of Yugoslavia , at which time the army became the VKJ . The army budget remained tight , and as tensions rose across Europe during the 1930s , it became hard to secure weapons and munitions from other countries . Consequently , at the time World War II broke out in September 1939 , the VKJ had several serious weaknesses , which included reliance on draught animals for transport , and the large size of its formations . For example , Yugoslav infantry divisions had twice the number of men of contemporary British infantry divisions . These characteristics resulted in slow , unwieldy formations , and the inadequate supply of arms and munitions meant that even the very large Yugoslav formations had low firepower . Older generals better suited to the trench warfare of World War I were combined with an army that was not equipped or trained to resist the fast @-@ moving combined arms approach used by the Germans in Poland and France . \n The weaknesses of the VKJ in strategy , structure , equipment , mobility and supply were exacerbated to a significant degree by the lack of unity across Yugoslavia which had resulted from two decades of Serb hegemony , and the attendant lack of political legitimacy achieved by the central government . Attempts to address the lack of unity came too late to ensure that the VKJ was a cohesive force . Fifth column activity was also a serious concern , not only from the Croatian nationalist Ustaše , but from the Slovene and ethnic German minorities in the country . \n = = Structure = = \n = = = Peacetime organisation = = = \n According to regulations issued by the Royal Yugoslav Army in 1935 , the Savska divisional district was headquartered in Zagreb during peacetime , and was under the control of the 4th Army district also headquartered in Zagreb . The division was named for the Sava river , a tributary of the Danube that flows along the northern border of modern @-@ day Bosnia and Herzegovina . In peacetime , the Savska divisional district included : \n 35th Infantry Regiment , based in Zagreb \n 36th Infantry Regiment , based in Varaždin \n 53rd Infantry Regiment , based in Karlovac \n 14th Artillery Regiment , based in Varaždin \n 30th Artillery Regiment , based in Zagreb \n = = = Wartime organisation = = = \n The wartime organisation of the Royal Yugoslav Army was laid down by regulations issued in 1936 – 37 , and the strength of an infantry division was 26 @,@ 000 – 27 @,@ 000 men . A total of 11 @,@ 200 horses and other pack and draught animals were required to provide mobility for each infantry division . The theoretical wartime organisation of a fully mobilised Yugoslav infantry division was : \n headquarters \n divisional infantry headquarters , with three or four infantry regiments \n divisional artillery headquarters , with one or two artillery regiments \n a cavalry battalion with two squadrons , a bicycle squadron and a machine gun platoon \n a pioneer battalion of three companies \n an anti @-@ tank company , equipped with twelve 37 mm ( 1 @.@ 5 in ) or 47 mm ( 1 @.@ 9 in ) anti @-@ tank guns \n a machine gun company \n an anti @-@ aircraft machine gun company \n a signals company \n logistics units \n Each infantry regiment was to consist of three infantry battalions , a machine gun company , and the divisional artillery regiments were animal @-@ drawn and largely equipped with World War I @-@ vintage pieces . An artillery regiment consisted of four battalions , one of 100 mm ( 3 @.@ 9 in ) light howitzers , one of 65 mm ( 2 @.@ 6 in ) or 75 mm ( 3 @.@ 0 in ) mountain guns , and two of 75 mm ( 3 @.@ 0 in ) or 80 mm ( 3 @.@ 1 in ) field guns . The 36th Infantry Regiment and the 14th and 30th Artillery Regiments , which were administered by the Savska divisional district in peacetime , were earmarked to join other formations when they were mobilised , and the division was brought up to its wartime strength by the 104th Infantry Regiment and the 27th Artillery Regiment . \n = = Planned deployment = = \n The 27th Infantry Division Savska was a component of the 4th Army as part of the 1st Army Group , which was responsible for the defence of northwestern Yugoslavia . In the event of mobilisation , the 4th Army was to deploy in a cordon along the western sector of the Hungarian border , with the 27th Infantry Division Savska positioned opposite the Hungarian village of Gyékényes , between the confluence of the Mura at Legrad and Kloštar Podravski . In this disposition , the divisional headquarters was planned to be located at Kapela , north of Bjelovar . On the left flank of the division it was planned that the 42nd Infantry Division Murska would be positioned opposite the Hungarian city of Nagykanizsa , and on the right flank the 40th Infantry Division Slavonska was to establish itself opposite the Hungarian town of Barcs . Border guard units in the division 's area of responsibility would consist of the 3rd Battalion of the 393rd Reserve Regiment and 576th Independent Battalion . \n = = Operations = = \n = = = Mobilisation = = = \n As the Axis invasion began , the 27th Infantry Division Savska had only commenced mobilisation , and was largely in its mobilisation centres or moving to concentration areas . On 4 April , the commander of the 4th Army , Armijski đeneral Petar Nedeljković had reported that the division could not move for another 24 hours due to lack of vehicles . Only a small proportion of the division was in its planned positions on 6 April : \n the divisional commander Divizijski đeneral August Marić and his headquarters staff were mobilising in Zagreb \n the 35th Infantry Regiment ( less its 3rd Battalion ) was marching from Zagreb to Križevci , with its 3rd Battalion still in Zagreb \n the 53rd Infantry Regiment , with about 50 percent of its troops and 15 percent of its animals , was moving by rail from its mobilisation centre in Karlovac via Križevci to Koprivnica , with its 1st Battalion detraining in Koprivnica \n the 104th Infantry Regiment was marching from its mobilisation centre in Sesvete via Dugo Selo to Bjelovar \n Two battalions of the 27th Artillery Regiment were in position in Novigrad Podravski and near Koprivnica , with the rest of the 27th Artillery Regiment still mobilising in Zagreb and Varaždin \n the divisional cavalry battalion was mobilising in Čakovec but had no horses , and the divisional machine gun battalion was mobilising in Zagreb but also had no animal transport \n the remainder of the divisional units were at their mobilisation centres in and around Zagreb \n = = = 6 April = = = \n Early on 6 April 1941 , the German XLVI Motorised Corps launched preliminary attacks along the Drava between Ždala and Gotalovo in the area of the 27th Infantry Division Savska with the intention of securing crossings over the river , but they were unsuccessful . By the evening , German successes along the Hungarian border made it clear to the Germans that the Yugoslavs would not be resisting stubbornly at the frontier . The XLVI Motorised Corps was then ordered to begin seizing bridges over the Drava right along the 4th Army front , including at Zákány near Gyékényes . These local attacks were sufficient to inflame dissent within the largely Croat 4th Army , who refused to resist the Germans which they considered their liberators from Serbian oppression during the interwar period . \n The continuing mobilisation and concentration of the division and the whole of the 4th Army was hampered by escalating fifth column activities and propaganda fomented by the Croatian nationalist Ustaše . Some units stopped mobilising , or began returning to their mobilisation centres from their concentration areas . During the day , Yugoslav sabotage units attempted to destroy the bridge over the Drava at Zákány . This attempt was only partially successful , due to the influence of Ustaše propaganda and the countermanding of the demolition orders by the chief of staff of the 27th Infantry Division Savska , Major Anton Marković . The Yugoslav radio network linking the division with the 4th Army and flanking divisions was sabotaged by the Ustaše on 6 April , and radio communications within the 4th Army remained poor throughout the fighting . \n = = = 7 April = = = \n About 05 : 00 on 7 April , two to three battalions of the XLVI Motorised Corps commenced crossing the Drava at Zákány , and attacked towards Koprivnica . In response to the German crossing , the 53rd Infantry Regiment withdrew towards Koprivnica and took up defensive positions in a series of villages including Torčec . In order to stop this German penetration and gain more time for the concentration of the division , elements of the 27th Artillery Regiment were sent to support the defensive line near Torčec , which was placed under the command of the division 's commanding officer for infantry . About 07 : 30 , the commander of the Yugoslav 1st Army Group , Armijski đeneral Milorad Petrović met with Nedeljković at Zagreb and ordered him to go to Koprivnica and prepare a counterattack against the bridgehead , to commence at 15 : 00 . The counterattack plan was unable to be carried out , as the necessary units could not reach their positions . \n About 10 : 30 , the Germans reached the defensive line near Torčec , and fighting began . A few Breguet 19s of the 4th Air Reconnaissance Group attached to the 1st Army Group which had survived an early morning raid on their airfield the previous day , mounted attacks on the bridge over the Drava at Zákány . After the Germans reinforced their bridgehead with two more battalions , they overcame the Yugoslav defenders , who had suffered significant losses and were running low on artillery ammunition . About 18 : 00 , the 53rd Infantry Regiment withdrew to Koprivnica along with its artillery support , and remained in the town during the night . The bridge at Zákány was destroyed later that day by sabotage units . At 23 : 00 , following orders from Petrović that he was to attack on 8 April at all costs , Nedeljković issued orders for a counterattack to be carried out early on 8 April . \n = = = 8 April = = = \n On 8 April , the German XLVI Motorised Corps continued with its limited objective attacks to expand their bridgeheads on the 4th Army front , including at Zákány . The resistance offered by both flanking divisions was very limited . The 36th Infantry Regiment of the 42nd Infantry Division Murska , which had been concentrating in the Ludbreg district northwest of Koprivnica , was transferred to the 27th Infantry Division Savska , in an attempt to bolster the left flank of the divisional sector . \n On the morning of 8 April , the 27th Infantry Division Savska was deployed around Koprivnica . The 104th Infantry Regiment supported by elements of the 27th Artillery Regiment was deployed northeast of the town behind the Drava between Molve and Hlebine . The 2nd Cavalry Regiment of the 1st Cavalry Division , which had been riding from its mobilisation centre in Virovitica to Zagreb , was allocated to the 27th Infantry Division Savska to assist with establishing its forward defences , and was deployed with two artillery batteries between the outskirts of Koprivnica and Bregi . The 53rd Infantry Regiment , and the remnants of the 2nd Battalion of the 36th Infantry Regiment and the 1st Battalion of the 35th Infantry Regiment ( totalling around 500 men ) , and the 1st Battery of the 27th Artillery Regiment were located in the town itself . The 2nd Battalion of the 36th Infantry"},"length_category":{"kind":"string","value":"Very Long"},"source":{"kind":"string","value":"wikitext-103-excerpt"}}},{"rowIdx":7797,"cells":{"text":{"kind":"string","value":"čki dom ) or the unicameral parliament since then — in 1992 , 1995 , 2000 , 2003 , 2007 , 2011 , 2015 and 2016 . Beginning with the 1992 elections , the number of seats in the Chamber of Deputies ( and , later , in the unicameral parliament ) was significantly changed — ranging from 127 in 1995 to 153 in 2007 and 151 in 2011 . In the Croatian parliamentary elections held since 1992 , when the number of seats in parliament was limited below 160 , only five parties have won ten seats or more in any single election : the HDZ , the Croatian Peasant Party ( HSS ) , the Croatian People 's Party – Liberal Democrats ( HNS ) , the Croatian Social Liberal Party ( HSLS ) and the SDP . \n Several other political parties ( besides the HDZ , HSS , HNS , HSLS and SDP ) have won parliamentary seats since the 1990 election . Those are ( in alphabetical order ) : the Alliance of Primorje @-@ Gorski Kotar ( previously known as the Rijeka Democratic Alliance ) , the Croatian Christian Democratic Union , the Croatian Citizen Party , the Croatian Democratic Alliance of Slavonia and Baranja , the Croatian Democratic Peasant Party , the Croatian Independent Democrats , the Croatian Party of Pensioners , the Croatian Party of Rights , the Croatian Party of Rights dr . Ante Starčević , Dalmatian Action , the Democratic Centre , the Istrian Democratic Assembly , the Liberal Party , the Party of Liberal Democrats , the Serb Democratic Party , the Slavonia @-@ Baranja Croatian Party and the Social Democratic Action of Croatia . The following parties have won the special seats reserved for national minority representatives ( also in alphabetical order ) : the Bosnian Democratic Party of Croatia , the Democratic Union of Hungarians of Croatia , the German People 's Union – National Association of Danube Swabians in Croatia , the Independent Democratic Serb Party , the Party of Democratic Action of Croatia and the Serb People 's Party . In addition , numerous independents have won seats through party lists , and Ivan Grubišić 's nonpartisan list won seats as a territorial election list . Since the parliamentary seats won belong to individuals , not parties , there have been instances where members have become independent or switched to another political party . \n = = = = Chamber of Counties elections = = = = \n Under the Constitution of Croatia adopted in 1990 , the Croatian Parliament became bicameral . The Chamber of Deputies had been elected a few months earlier , and its members enacted legislation creating a new territorial organisation of Croatia . This included 21 counties that were to be represented by the new Chamber of Counties ( Croatian : Županijski dom ) . The first election of members to the chamber was held on 7 February 1993 , with each county acting as a multi @-@ seat constituency ; three MPs were elected in each county on the basis of proportional representation . In addition , the President of Croatia appointed up to 5 more members of the Chamber of the Counties to complete its 68 @-@ strong membership . The second election for the Chamber of Counties was held on 13 April 1997 . The Chamber of Deputies was abolished by a constitutional amendment in 2001 . \n = = Presidential elections = = \n The President of Croatia ( officially the President of the Republic , Croatian : Predsjednik Republike ) is elected to a five @-@ year term by a direct vote of all citizens , with a majority vote required to win . A runoff election is held if no candidate secures a majority in the first round . The presidential elections are regulated by the constitution and dedicated legislation ; however , the latter only defines technical details , appeals and similar issues . Any citizen of Croatia , 18 or older , may be a candidate in a presidential election if the candidate is endorsed by 10 @,@ 000 voters . The endorsements are required in the form of a list containing name , address , personal identification number and voter signature . The presidential elections are regulated by an act of parliament . Election silence is in force on the day of the elections and the previous day , ending at 7 in the evening as polling stations close ; exit polls may be published after that time . Unless the presidential term is cut short by death , resignation or removal from office , resulting in an early election , the elections for President of the Republic are scheduled to take place every 5 years , with the incumbent having a possibility of re @-@ election . The president is currently term limited to two 5 @-@ year terms . \n = = = 2014 – 15 presidential election = = = \n = = = Next presidential election = = = \n The next presidential election in Croatia is due to be held no more than 60 and no less than 30 days before the expiry of the current president 's term , as stated in the Constitution of Croatia . If the current president serves her full term , which began on 19 February 2015 and lasts for 5 years , the election must be held on a date between 21 December 2019 and 20 January 2020 . \n The current , 4th president of the Republic Kolinda Grabar @-@ Kitarović , can run for reelection to a second term . Another eligible candidate is former president Ivo Josipović , who lost the 2015 election after serving one term and is therefore also eligible to run for reelection . \n Possible candidates : \n -Kolinda Grabar @-@ Kitarović - incumbent president ( 2015- ) \n -Ivo Josipović - 3rd president of Croatia ( 2010 @-@ 2015 ) \n = = = Previous presidential elections = = = \n Presidential elections were held in Croatia for the first time on 2 August 1992 , concurrently with the 1992 parliamentary elections . Voter turnout was 74 @.@ 9 percent . The result was a victory for Franjo Tuđman of the HDZ , who received 57 @.@ 8 percent of the vote in the first round of the election ( ahead of seven other candidates ) . Dražen Budiša , the HSLS candidate and runner @-@ up in the election , received 22 @.@ 3 percent of the vote . The second presidential election in modern Croatia was held on 15 June 1997 . The incumbent , Franjo Tuđman , ran opposed by Zdravko Tomac ( candidate of the SDP ) and Vlado Gotovac ( nominated by the HSLS ) . Tomac and Gotovac received 21 @.@ 0 and 17 @.@ 6 percent of votes , respectively , in the first round of voting and Tuđman secured another term . The third presidential elections were held on 24 January 2000 to fill the office of President , after incumbent Franjo Tuđman died on 10 December 1999 . The first round of voting saw Stjepan Mesić ( candidate of the Croatian People 's Party , or HNS ) in front with 41 @.@ 3 percent of the vote , followed by Dražen Budiša of the HSLS with 27 @.@ 8 percent and Mate Granić ( nominated by the HDZ ) receiving 22 @.@ 6 percent . The runoff election ( the first in a modern Croatian presidential election ) was held on 7 February ; Mesić won , picking up 56 @.@ 9 percent of the vote . Voter turnout was 63 @.@ 0 percent in the first round , and 60 @.@ 9 percent in the runoff . The first round of the fourth presidential election was held on 2 January 2005 . No candidate secured a first @-@ round victory ; however , incumbent Mesić enjoyed a substantial lead over the other candidates . Mesić received 48 @.@ 9 percent of the vote ; the second- and third @-@ ranked candidates ( Jadranka Kosor of the HDZ and Boris Mikšić , an independent ) managed only 20 @.@ 3 and 17 @.@ 8 percent , respectively , of voter support . Ultimately , Mesić won reelection by receiving 65 @.@ 9 percent of votes in the runoff held on 16 January . The most recent Croatian presidential election was held on 27 December 2009 with Ivo Josipović ( SDP ) picking up 32 @.@ 4 percent of the vote , followed by Milan Bandić ( independent ) , Andrija Hebrang ( HDZ ) and Nadan Vidošević ( independent ) receiving 14 @.@ 8 , 12 @.@ 0 and 11 @.@ 3 percent of the vote respectively . The second round of voting was held on 10 January 2010 , when Josipović defeated Bandić with 60 @.@ 3 percent of the vote . \n = = Local elections = = \n Croatia 's county prefects , city and town mayors are elected to four @-@ year terms by a majority of votes cast within applicable local government units , with a runoff election if no candidate achieves a majority in the first round of voting . Members of county , city and municipal councils are elected to four @-@ year terms through proportional representation , with the entire local government unit as a single constituency . The number of council members is defined by the councils themselves , based on applicable legislation . Electoral committees are tasked with determining whether the national minorities are represented in the council ( as required by the constitution ) , adding further members to the council ( who belong to the appropriate minorities ) by selecting them from unelected @-@ candidate lists . Election silence , as in all other elections in Croatia , is enforced on the day of the elections and the previous day , ending at 7 : 00 pm when the polling stations close and exit polls may be announced . \n Of the six nationwide local elections held in Croatia since 1990 , the most recent were the 2009 local elections to elect county prefects and councils , city and town councils and mayors . In these elections , HDZ @-@ led coalitions won a majority or plurality in 15 county @-@ council and 13 county @-@ prefect elections . SDP @-@ led coalitions won a majority or plurality in five county councils ( including the city of Zagreb council ) , and the single remaining county council election was won by an IDS @-@ SDP coalition . The SDP won four county prefect elections and the city of Zagreb mayoral election , the HSS won three county @-@ prefect elections , and the HNS and HDSSB won one county @-@ prefect election each . \n = = European Parliament elections = = \n Croatia first elected 12 members of the European Parliament ( MEPs ) in a by @-@ election held after its accession to the EU in 2013 . Thereafter , its number of members in the European Parliament was reduced to 11 and the country elected them as part of the regular election in 2014 . The elections are regulated by special legislation enacted by the Sabor . Provisions of the legislation are very similar to the parliamentary @-@ election legislation , with the main difference being that the 11 members of the European Parliament are elected in a single constituency encompassing all of Croatia , instead of multiple constituencies used in the parliamentary elections . \n = = Referendums = = \n A referendum in Croatia can be called by the Parliament or the President on any issue falling within the purview of parliament , or on any other issue the president considers important to the independence , unity and existence of the republic . Since the constitution was amended in 2001 , parliament is obligated by the constitution to call for a referendum if signatures of 10 percent of registered Croatian voters are collected . The signatures , by law , must be collected within a 15 @-@ day period . Referendums are regulated by Article 87 of the constitution of Croatia which requires that the parliament passes an act on each referendum and that the outcome is binding unless the referendum is called as an advisory referendum . \n There have been three referendums in modern Croatia : Croatian independence referendum , Croatian European Union membership referendum and Marriage definition referendum , and in all three majority voted in favor . There have been four other public initiatives to collect the support of 10 percent of voters for a referendum , none of which were successful : concerning Croatian cooperation with the International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia , concerning accession of Croatia to NATO in 2008 , concerning Arbitration Agreement on Croatian @-@ Slovenian border issues in 2009 , and concerning Labour Act in 2010 . \n = = Political campaigns = = \n Any Croatian citizen aged 18 or over may become a candidate in presidential , parliamentary or local elections . In order to become an official candidate , 10 @,@ 000 signatures from Croatian citizens aged 18 or over must be collected and submitted to the State Electoral Commission . This must be done within 12 days following the publication of the decision to hold elections in Narodne Novine , the official gazette of the Republic of Croatia . The endorsements are made in a list comprising name , address and personal identification number ( PIN ) of each of the citizens supporting a particular candidate . Each citizen may only endorse a single candidate . The election commission verifies the endorsement lists , publishes the candidate list in all daily newspapers in Croatia ( and on Croatian Radiotelevision ) and delivers it to the Croatian diplomatic missions for publication . \n In parliamentary elections , 14 @-@ member election lists may be submitted to the State Electoral Commission for any number of constituencies in Croatia . A 14 @-@ member list of candidates may also be submitted for the Croatian diaspora constituency , while a two @-@ member list can be submitted for the ethnic @-@ minority representatives . In each case , 500 endorsements are required for an election list to become valid . The lists may be supported by one or more political parties , or by a group of voters as an independent list . No one may be a candidate on two or more lists simultaneously . \n The same procedure applies to local elections , except that council @-@ election lists require 100 , 150 and 500 endorsements for town , city and county @-@ council lists respectively . The city of Zagreb council is treated as a county council under election law . The number of voter signatures on mayoral and county prefect candidate nominations ranges between 50 ( for mayoral elections in towns of up to 1 @,@ 000 residents ) , 100 ( for other town mayoral candidates ) , 500 ( for mayoral elections in cities of up to 35 @,@ 000 residents ) , 1 @,@ 000 ( in cities with populations between 35 @,@ 000 and 100 @,@ 000 ) and 2 @,@ 000 endorsements for cities of 100 @,@ 000 residents or more ( with the exception of Zagreb ) . County prefect election candidates require 2 @,@ 500 endorsements , and candidates running for mayor of Zagreb need 5 @,@ 000 voter endorsements for their nominations to become valid . \n Candidates running for European Parliament seats need not be Croatian citizens and may hold citizenship in any member state of the European Union , while having a permanent ( or temporary ) residence in Croatia . Their nominations are valid if endorsed by 5 @,@ 000 Croatian voters . \n = = = Funding = = = \n The funding of political parties , independent politicians and election campaigns is relatively highly regulated in comparison with developed western democracies . Applicable legislation encompasses cash receipts , provision of free services ( except the labour of volunteers ) , and products and other forms of support ( including membership fees ) . The legislation also stipulates that the government budget provides funding for political parties and non @-@ partisan political representatives in the amount of 0 @.@ 05 percent of the previous year 's budget expenditures . Additional funds are appropriated in local government budgets . The funds are distributed to elected members of parliament and councils , and the political parties with which they are affiliated receive 10 percent of the funds . Each election candidate ( or slate ) must have a dedicated bank account to handle election @-@ campaign donations , other related funding , and all campaign @-@ related expenditures . The maximum donation to a single party , candidate or slate made in a year is also regulated . In cases of individuals it is set at 30 @,@ 000 kuna ( c . 4 @,@ 050 euro ) , regardless of purpose . Companies and other legal persons are limited to the same amount in local elections ; 100 @,@ 000 kuna ( c . 13 @,@ 500 euro ) for parliamentary or European Parliament elections and 200 @,@ 000 kuna ( c . 27 @,@ 000 euro ) for presidential elections to any one candidate , party or slate ( whichever is applicable ) . Total campaign expenditures are also limited to 8 million kuna ( c . 1 @.@ 08 million euro ) per candidate in presidential elections , 1 @.@ 5 million kuna ( c . 202 @,@ 000 euro ) per candidate ( or slate ) in European Parliament or parliamentary elections , 500 @,@ 000 kuna ( c . 67 @,@ 600 euro ) per candidate in Zagreb mayoral elections and 400 @,@ 000 kuna ( c . 54 @,@ 000 euro ) per candidate in county @-@ prefect or mayoral elections in cities of 35 @,@ 000 residents or larger and in county seats . Mayoral election @-@ campaign expenditures in other cities and towns is also limited , depending on the local government 's population : 250 @,@ 000 kuna ( c . 33 @,@ 800 euro ) if the population exceeds 10 @,@ 000 residents , 100 @,@ 000 kuna ( c . 13 @,@ 500 euro ) in population units of 3 @,@ 000 – 10 @,@ 000 and up to 50 @,@ 000 kuna ( c . 6 @,@ 750 euro ) in smaller self @-@ governing units . All candidates and parties ( or slates ) are legally required to publish financial reports detailing their funding , which are audited by the State Electoral Commission and the State Audit Office . They are also legally required to turn over all receipts exceeding the legal limits in favour of the central government budget within eight days . \n In the 2007 parliamentary elections , the leading political parties reported campaign spending as follows : the Croatian Democratic Union spent 19 @.@ 5 million kuna ( c . 2 @.@ 6 million euro ) , the Social Democratic Party of Croatia spent 15 @.@ 8 million kuna ( c . 2 @.@ 1 million euro ) , the Croatian People 's Party – Liberal Democrats spent 9 million kuna ( c . 1 @.@ 2 million euro ) , while the Croatian Peasant Party led coalition reported spending 8 million kuna ( c . 1 @.@ 08 million euro ) and the Croatian Party of Rights spent a similar amount . \n All presidential election candidates receiving at least 10 percent of the vote are awarded an equal sum as election @-@ campaign reimbursement . The amount is decided by the government at least 30 days before the election . This amount was set at 250 @,@ 000 kuna ( c . 33 @,@ 800 euro ) for the 2009 – 2010 presidential election , representing a 50 @-@ percent decrease from the sum determined for the previous presidential election ( when the reimbursement sum was set at half @-@ a @-@ million kuna ) . Similarly , the government also reimburses the political parties and slates for each parliamentary seat won . For the 2011 parliamentary election , each seat will be given 180 @,@ 000 kuna ( c . 24 @,@ 300 euro ) . A sum of 30 @,@ 000 kuna ( c . 4 @,@ 050 euro ) will be paid to parties or candidates failing to win any parliamentary seats if they receive more than five percent of votes in a constituency . In addition , national @-@ minority @-@ representative candidates running on the minority ballot failing to win parliamentary seats ( but still winning at least 15 percent of votes in their constituency ) will receive 27 @,@ 000 kuna ( c . 3 @,@ 650 euro ) if the minority comprises less than 1 @.@ 5 percent of the total population of Croatia . All European Parliament election candidates and county @-@ prefect and mayoral @-@ election candidates receiving at least 10 percent of the vote are also entitled to receive reimbursement of costs in an amount determined by the government ahead of each election . \n = = = Media coverage and promotion = = = \n Legislation requires that all presidential and parliamentary election candidates ( or slates ) are guaranteed equal opportunity to present and discuss their platforms in the media ( in addition to paid advertising ) . In 2007 the parliamentary election campaign was covered by all media , including nationwide television broadcasters . During this period the broadcasters , which included Croatian Radiotelevision ( HTV ) , RTL Televizija ( RTL ) and Nova TV , aired 27 @.@ 8 hours of news on 22 different programs with 1 @,@ 196 news reports . This total included 171 reports dealing directly with the elections . Analysis of news coverage indicated evenly @-@ matched coverage of the combined ruling party ( HDZ ) and official government statements on one side , and the main opposition party ( SDP ) on the other ; each received an average of a 37 @.@ 5 @-@ percent share of coverage and a 33 @-@ percent share of interviews aired . HTV and Nova TV gave a slight advantage to the HDZ and the government , while RTL gave more coverage to the SDP . However , the differences were small and resulted in matching ratios . Other political parties received considerably less coverage . HNS received an average of approximately 11 percent of the coverage , HSS received six percent and all other parties received less than five @-@ percent coverage . The national television broadcasters air programs where all slates and candidates may talk about their platforms and organise debates . \n Paid promotion largely followed this pattern , as the HDZ and the SDP were two dominant parties in that field as well . The Organization for Security and Co @-@ operation in Europe ( OSCE ) noted in its report that the largest parties reported their advertising spending below their actual value , and the largest proportion of expenditure was for television ads . Election silence is in force on the day of the elections and the previous day , ending at 7 in the evening as polling stations close and exit polls may be published after that time . \n = = Voting and appeals = = \n Polling stations are set up in public buildings throughout the country ; voters may only vote at their assigned polling station ( according to their permanent residence ) , but voters deployed abroad in the armed forces , voters on Croatian @-@ flagged ships and imprisoned voters are allowed to vote elsewhere . Other voters residing in Croatia , but traveling abroad on election day may vote at Croatian diplomatic missions . Polling stations are open from 7 : 00 am until 7 : 00 pm , but all voters present at the polling stations at closing time are allowed to vote . Polling stations may be closed early if all registered voters have voted . Presidential election ballots contain a list of candidates verified by the State Electoral Commission , in alphabetical order . This entails the name and PIN of each candidate , and the names of political parties endorsing the candidate ( or a note that the candidate is running as an independent . The names are preceded by ordinal numbers . Parliamentary election and European Parliament election ballots contain the name of the slate and the name of the person heading the list , in addition to candidates , who is not necessarily a candidate on the particular list , but may be included as a figurehead symbolizing specific political party or a coalition putting forward the list — usually head of the party of coalition at the national level . The lists are in alphabetical order and preceded by an ordinal number . Voting is done by circling the number associated with a particular candidate . Ballots marked otherwise ( but positively indicating a candidate for which a vote is cast ) are also considered valid . Blank ballots and ballots on which multiple numbers are circled ( or multiple candidates are otherwise indicated ) are invalid . Official results are announced and published by the State Electoral Commission . \n = = = Voter registry = = = \n The register of voters in Croatia is defined by law . The register lists all citizens of Croatia aged 18 and over , except those who have been stripped of their voting rights by a court decision . The register is organized according to legal residence ( prebivalište ) and maintained by government offices in counties and the city of Zagreb . Each citizen of Croatia may request a review of the register and amendments to personal information ( supported by applicable documents ) . The voter register is used to confirm the right to vote at the polling station and to verify voter endorsements of candidates and election lists submitted to the electoral commissions . Voters who expect to travel in Croatia or abroad on election day may require inclusion in a provisional list which allows them to vote at a polling station other than that assigned to them by residence . Failing that , a voter may obtain an excerpt from the registry on election day to be allowed to vote . \n A pattern of irregularities has been discovered concerning the updating of the list when citizens of Croatia turn 18 or die . In 2005 , it was estimated that the register contained a large number of irregularities and erroneous entries . Since then , public attention was directed to the issue by NGOs monitoring elections through roundtables and advertising campaigns ; according to GONG — a NGO specializing in election monitoring — although the register was improved , there is room for further improvement . The 2011 census also indicated a large number of voters in the registry who should not be there , leading to claims that up to a half @-@ million voters in the registry should not be included . \n = = = Complaints and appeals = = = \n Political parties , candidates and voters who have endorsed a particular candidate ( or state ) in presidential , parliamentary or European Parliament elections may file complaints with the State Electoral Commission regarding irregularities in the election process within 48 hours of a disputed activity . In the European Parliament elections , voter complaints are required to be endorsed by at least 100 voters ( or five percent of the voters ) . If the commission finds the complaint valid , it will order the part of the election process directly affected by the disputed activity to be repeated ( possibly postponing the election date if there is insufficient time left ) . The commission must provide its decision within 48 hours after the complaint is submitted . The decision may be appealed before the Constitutional Court of Croatia within 48 hours of its receipt and once petitioned , the court must return a ruling within 48 hours . In local council elections , complaints are processed by county , city or town electoral commissions ( as appropriate ) . In mayoral elections , complaints are filed with the county electoral commission . This does not apply to Zagreb mayoral elections , where complaints are submitted to the State Electoral Commission ( the case also in county prefect elections ) . The time allowances and appeals procedure are the same as for presidential and parliamentary elections . \n = = = Monitoring = = = \n Elections are governed by the State Electoral Commission and electoral boards . Members of those bodies are required to have a university degree in law , and they may not be members of any political party . The State Electoral Commission prepares and manages elections in accordance with legislation , appoints lower @-@ ranking election @-@ commission and board members , issues directives to such bodies and supervises their work . The State Electoral Commission compiles and publishes candidate lists , supervises the legality of political campaigns and compiles and publishes election results . All members of election boards ( or their legal deputies ) must be present at assigned polling stations at all times while the polling station is open . The board verifies the identity of voters against the list of registered voters and records the turnout . The turnout number is later checked against number of votes cast ; if the number of votes exceeds the turnout , the election at that polling station must be repeated . Votes are tallied by hand , and that information is forwarded ( along with all other records kept at the polling station ) to the State Electoral Commission . \n Further monitoring is performed by non @-@ governmental organizations specializing in election monitoring , such as GONG . There are also other monitoring organisations headquartered in Croatia and abroad ; the OSCE set up a limited monitoring mission to observe the 2009 – 2010 presidential elections . The last parliamentary election ( held in 2007 ) was monitored by 8 @,@ 540 observers fielded by a number of organisations and political parties . \n = Lorne ( electoral district ) = \n Lorne was an electoral district that existed in the District of Saskatchewan , Northwest Territories from 1880 until 1888 . The district was one of the first three created by Royal Proclamation in 1880 . Of the first three electoral districts proclaimed , it was the only one to actually have an election held in it . \n Under the Northwest Territories Act 1880 the district was mandated at its inception to return a single member to the Northwest Territories Legislature under the First Past the Post electoral system . The district was named in the honour of former Governor General , the Marquess of Lorne . Lorne would tour the through the Northwest Territories just after the electoral district was created in 1881 . \n The electoral district ceased to exist at the drop of the writ for the 1888 Northwest Territories general election . This was due to a population boom in the area caused by an influx of settlers . The electoral district was redistributed and split between the electoral districts of Batoche and the Prince Albert electoral district . During the nine years the district existed , it returned three members through three elections who served roughly three @-@ year terms . \n = = Overview = = \n The electoral district was one of three royally proclaimed by Lieutenant @-@ Governor David Laird on November 13 , 1880 The other two electoral districts were Salisbury , named after the Marquess of Salisbury and Kimberley name after the Lord of Kimberley . Kimberley 's contribution to the Northwest Territories was transferring the Canadian Arctic Archipelago to Canada on September 1 , 1880 . \n The electoral district was created with the provision to cover an area of 1 @,@ 000 square miles ( 2 @,@ 600 km2 ) and have a population of 1000 electors . The major population centres in the electoral district at the time of creation were Prince Albert , and Fort Carlton . The land around the district boomed due to a high rate of settlement in that period . The cause of this was due to the possibility of the Canadian Pacific transcontinental railway line being built through the area . \n The Northwest Territories political system used at this time was run by an early form of consensus government . Candidates stood for election independent of the political parties that exist in other provinces and territories and the federal level within Canada . The government had not yet developed to the point of being a Responsible government as the majority of members were appointed and not elected . The district was served by three representatives during its eight @-@ year history . \n = = Members of the Legislative Assembly ( MLAs ) = = \n = = Election results = = \n = = = 1881 election = = = \n The 1881 by @-@ election held on March 23 , 1881 was a pivotal milestone towards Responsible Government being attained in the Northwest Territories . The election marked the first time the provision of the North @-@ West Territories Act 1880 that allowed for an electoral district to be proclaimed if an area the size of 1 @,@ 000 square miles ( 2 @,@ 600 km2 ) had 1000 residents had been activated . \n The election was conducted by voice vote , a qualified elector would tell the returning officer at a polling station who he was going to vote for and the results would be tallied . Under the terms of the Act eligible electors were males who had reached the age of majority , which was 21 years of age at that time . The act specified that electors must be bona fide males who were not aliens or unenfranchised Indians . Electors must also have resided in the territory for at least 12 months to the day of the writ being dropped . \n The election commenced when Lieutenant @-@ Governor David Laird dropped the writ on 1881 . The election was contested by two candidates , Lawrence Clarke who was a fur trader and Chief Factor of the District of Saskatchewan for the Hudson 's Bay Company . Clarke 's opponent was Henry Stewart Moore a local French speaking businessman from Prince Albert who had been operating a flour mill since 1875 . \n Clarke held a big advantage in the campaign as he was supported by the Métis who had been looking for someone to locally represent them in the Legislature since the territory was formed in 1870 . Clarke had also built his popularity and name recognition as a prominent fur trader . On election day Clarke carried the district winning a solid victory . He defeated Moore winning nearly 64 % of popular vote . His resounding win would make him the first elected member to sit on the Northwest Territories council . \n = = = 1883 election = = = \n Nearing the end of his term in office Clarke decided not to run for re @-@ election in 1883 . He was losing too much support due to his ties with the Hudson 's Bay Company . The electorate suspected him of working under the influence of his office to locate important government offices on the land owned by the company . Two completely new candidates ran in the 1883 election , Captain Day Hort MacDowall and Dr. Andrew Everett Porter . \n Andrew Porter was famous for being the first registered private practicing medical doctor in the history of the Northwest Territories . He originally settled in Prince Albert in 1878 . MacDowall campaigned by appealing to the concerns of the Métis who comprised the largest demographic in the district . He promised them that he would go to the Federal Government with their demands for better representation . He also helped win support by donating $ 1 @,@ 100 out of pocket towards the construction of a new church for the community of Batoche . MacDowall 's campaign efforts and donation proved to be very popular . \n MacDowall 's appeal for representation translated into a landslide victory on election day . On June 5 , 1883 he defeated Andrew Porter capturing nearly 70 % of the popular vote . His win was the largest majority of the three elections held in the electoral district . \n The official results for the race showed MacDowall won big in most of the polls , winning four out of five . Porter 's support was concentrated in The Ridge where he won his only poll . MacDowall swept the south end of the district winning a shut out in the Métis communities of Duck Lake and St. Laurent de Grandin . Along with the shut out he held strong support in the rest of the riding , with his biggest single vote tally of votes coming form within the town of Prince Albert . \n = = = 1885 election = = = \n The 1885 election in this district was held on September 17 , 1885 as part of the 1885 Northwest Territories election . This was the first major election held in the Northwest Territories . The election grouped together a number of old districts that had been coming up for renewal on their three @-@ year cycle and by @-@ elections in new districts that were created by a population boom of settlers moving into the territory . \n Incumbent MacDowall , had played a major role in subduing the North @-@ West Rebellion at the end of his term in office . He would not run for re @-@ election instead choosing to campaign for a seat in the Canadian House of Commons . Dr. Porter attempted to win a seat by running for office a second time . Porter was challenged by Captain Owen E. Hughes , a business man from Duck Lake . Hughes had been the captain of the Prince Albert militia unit that was disbanded by the Federal Government prior to the start of the North @-@ West Resistance . Many of his former unit , including his lieutenant , Gabriel Dumont , were among the Metis who drove the loyalist forces back at the Battle of Fish Creek . \n On election day , despite increasing his popular share of the vote over the 1883 election even with lower turnout , Porter was defeated by Hughes . The race was very tight and hotly contested nearly ending in a tie vote . Hughes captured the electoral district by a margin of eight votes winning just over 51 % of the popular vote . \n = SENSOR @-@ Pesticides = \n Sentinel Event Notification System for Occupational Risks ( SENSOR ) -Pesticides is a U.S. state @-@ based surveillance program that monitors pesticide @-@ related illness and injury . It is administered by the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health ( NIOSH ) , twelve state health agencies participate . NIOSH provides technical support to all participating states . It also provides funding to some states , in conjunction with the US Environmental Protection Agency ( US EPA ) . \n Pesticide @-@ related illness is a significant occupational health issue , but it is believed to be underreported . Because of this , NIOSH proposed the SENSOR program to track pesticide poisonings . Because workers in many industries are at risk for pesticide exposure , and public concern exists regarding the use of and exposure to pesticides , government and regulatory authorities experience pressure to monitor health effects associated with them . SENSOR @-@ Pesticides state partners collect case data from several different sources using a standard case definition and set of variables . This information is then forwarded to the program headquarters at NIOSH where it is compiled and put into a national database . \n Researchers and government officials from the SENSOR @-@ Pesticides program have published research articles that highlight findings from the data and their implications for environmental and occupational pesticide issues . These issues include eradication of invasive species , pesticide poisoning in schools , birth defects , and residential use of total release foggers , or \" bug bombs , \" which are devices that release an insecticide mist . \n = = Background = = \n Although it is a significant occupational health issue , work @-@ related pesticide poisoning is believed to be underreported . Before the SENSOR program began , state programs that collected reports of occupational diseases did not usually conduct interventions . While over 25 states required reporting of pesticide @-@ related illness , most of them could not compile useful information on incidence or prevalence . In response to these challenges , NIOSH proposed the SENSOR program as a model to track certain occupational conditions , including pesticides . \n Pesticide poisoning is an important occupational health issue because pesticides are used in a large number of industries , which puts many different categories of workers at risk . From 1995 to 2001 , use in agriculture accounted for at least 70 % of conventional pesticide use in the U.S. , and the US EPA estimates that the agricultural sector has had a similar market share of pesticides since 1979 . Pesticides are particularly useful in agriculture because they increase crop yields and reduce the need for manual labor . However , this extensive use puts agricultural workers at increased risk for pesticide illnesses . Workers in other industries are at risk for exposure as well . For example , commercial availability of pesticides in stores puts retail workers at risk for exposure and illness when they handle pesticide products . The ubiquity of pesticides puts emergency responders such as fire @-@ fighters and police officers at risk , because they are often the first responders to emergency events and may be unaware of the presence of a poisoning hazard . The process of aircraft disinsection , in which pesticides are used on inbound international flights for insect and disease control , can also make flight attendants sick . \n The widespread use of pesticides , their release into the environment , and the potential for adverse public health effects due to exposure may raise public concern . Some feel that regulatory authorities have an ethical obligation to track the health effects of such chemicals . In the Handbook of Pesticide Toxicology , Calvert et al. write \" [ b ] ecause society allows pesticides to be disseminated into the environment , society also incurs the obligation to track the health effects of pesticides . \" Jay Vroom , president of CropLife America , said in a press release that \" ... our industry has a moral and ethical obligation ... to know how these products impact humans . \" Surveillance of pesticide @-@ related injuries and illnesses is recommended by the American Medical Association , the Council of State and Territorial Epidemiologists ( CSTE ) , the Pew Environmental Health Commission , and the Government Accountability Office . \n = = History = = \n Beginning in 1987 , NIOSH supported the implementation of the Sentinel Event Notification System for Occupational Risks ( SENSOR ) program in ten state health departments . The objectives of the program were to help state health departments develop and refine reporting systems for certain occupational disorders so that they could conduct and evaluate interventions and prevention efforts . The disorders covered by SENSOR included silicosis , occupational asthma , carpal tunnel syndrome , lead poisoning , and pesticide poisoning . While each participating state health department had previously done surveillance or interventions for some of these occupational illnesses , SENSOR helped the states to develop and refine their reporting systems and programs . \n The original SENSOR @-@ Pesticides model was based on physician reporting . Each state contacted a select group of sentinel health care professionals on a regular basis to collect information . However , this system was labor @-@ intensive and did not yield many cases . Because different states used different methods for collecting information , their data could not be compiled or compared to analyze for trends . In response , NIOSH , along with other federal agencies ( US EPA , National Center for Environmental Health ) , non @-@ federal agencies ( CSTE , Association of Occupational and Environmental Clinics ) , and state health departments , developed a standard case definition and a set of standardized variables . As of 2013 , SENSOR @-@ Pesticides had 12 participating states contributing occupational pesticide @-@ related injury and illness data : California , Florida , Iowa , Louisiana , Michigan , New York , North Carolina , and Washington received federal funding to support surveillance activities , while Nebraska , New Mexico , Oregon , and Texas were unfunded SENSOR @-@ Pesticides program partners . \n = = Case definition = = \n A case of pesticide @-@ related illness or injury is characterized by an acute onset of symptoms that are temporally related to a pesticide exposure . Cases are classified as occupational if exposure occurs at work , unless the case was a suicide or an attempted suicide . \n Cases are reportable when : \n there is documentation of new adverse health effects temporally related to a documented pesticide exposure AND \n there is consistent evidence of a causal relationship between the pesticide and the health effects based on the known toxicology of the pesticide OR \n there is not enough information to determine whether there is a causal relationship between the exposure and the health effects . \n State public health officials rate each case as definite , probable , possible or suspicious . Illness severity is assigned as low , moderate , severe , or fatal . \n = = Data collection = = \n All states in the program require physicians to report pesticide @-@ related injuries and illnesses ; however , most states collect the majority of their data from workers ’ compensation claims , poison control centers , and state agencies with jurisdiction over pesticide use , such as state departments of agriculture . When they receive a report , health department officials review the information to determine whether it was pesticide related . If it was , they request medical records and try to interview the patient ( or a proxy ) and anyone else involved in the incident ( e.g. supervisors , applicators , and witnesses ) . The data is compiled each year and put into a national database . \n In addition to identifying , classifying , and tabulating pesticide poisoning cases , the states periodically investigate pesticide @-@ related events and develop interventions aimed at particular industries or pesticide hazards . \n = = Impact = = \n Federal and state @-@ level scientists and researchers with SENSOR @-@ Pesticides have published articles on pesticide exposure events and trends using program data . These articles include MMWR publications and articles in peer @-@ reviewed journals on exposures such as acute pesticide @-@ related illness in youth , agricultural workers , retail workers , migrant farm workers , and flight attendants . Several articles have attracted media attention and motivated legislative or other governmental action . \n = = = Florida Medfly Eradication Program = = = \n In response to a Mediterranean fruit fly ( also known as “ Medfly ” ) outbreak , officials from the Florida Department of Agriculture sprayed pesticides ( primarily malathion ) and bait over five counties during the spring and summer of 1998 . Scientists from the University of Florida ’ s Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences stated that malathion was being sprayed in a manner that did not pose a significant risk to public health . During the eradication effort , the Florida Department of Health investigated 230 cases of illness that were attributed to the pesticide . Officials from the Florida Department of Health and the SENSOR @-@ Pesticides program published an article in Centers for Disease Control and Prevention ( CDC ) Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report ( MMWR ) that described these case reports and recommended alternative methods for Medfly control , including exclusion activities at ports of entry to prevent importation , more rapid detection through increased sentinel trapping densities , and the release of sterile male flies to interrupt the reproductive cycle . The United States Department of Agriculture ( USDA ) incorporated these suggestions into their 2001 Environmental Impact Statement on the Fruit Fly Cooperative Control Program . These impact statements guide the USDA 's development of insect control strategies and decisions . \n = = = Pesticides in schools = = = \n Researchers from the SENSOR @-@ Pesticides program published an article in 2005 in the Journal of the American Medical Association ( JAMA ) on pesticide poisoning in schools . The article , which included data collected by SENSOR , described illnesses in students and school employees associated with pesticide exposures . The study found that rates of pesticide @-@ related illnesses in children rose significantly from 1998 to 2002 and called for a reduction in pesticide use to prevent pesticide @-@ related illness on or near school grounds . The article generated media coverage and drew attention to pesticide safety in schools and to safer alternatives to pesticides through integrated pest management ( IPM ) . \" [ T ] he study does provide evidence that using pesticides at schools is not innocuous and that there are better ways to use pesticides , \" said study co @-@ author Dr. Geoffrey Calvert . Officials in organizations supporting the pesticide industry , such as CropLife America and RISE ( Responsible Industry for a Sound Environment , a trade association representing pesticide manufacturers and suppliers ) , reacted strongly to the report , calling it “ alarmist ” and “ incomplete ” in its health reporting . CropLife America president Jay Vroom claimed that the report was “ written without context about the proper use of pesticides in schools and [ did ] not mention the positive public health protections they provide \" and stated that pesticide use in schools is \" well regulated \" and can be managed so that the risk is low . RISE president Allen James faulted the article for relying on unverified reports and said that evidence suggested that such incidents were extremely rare . The increased awareness of pesticide use in schools influenced parents and other stakeholders in numerous states to call for the adoption of integrated pest management programs . According to the National Pest Management Association , three more states passed IPM rules or laws between October 2005 and October 2008 . \n = = = Birth defects in Florida and North Carolina = = = \n In February 2005 , three infants were born with birth defects to migrant farmworkers within eight weeks of each other in Collier County , Florida . Because one of the mothers had worked in North Carolina and the other two worked in Florida , neither state 's health department attributed the cluster to pesticide exposure at first . However , when they presented their findings at the annual SENSOR @-@ Pesticides workshop in 2006 , they realized that all three mothers worked for the same tomato grower during the period of organogenesis while pregnant , and that they may have been exposed to pesticides . The state health departments reported the cluster to their respective state agricultural departments . The Florida Department of Agriculture and Consumer Services inspected the grower 's farms in Florida and fined the company $ 111 @,@ 200 for violations they discovered ; the North Carolina Department of Agriculture and Consumer Services conducted a similar inspection of farms in North Carolina and fined the company $ 184 @,@ 500 . After the investigation , North Carolina Governor Mike Easley assembled the “ Governor ’ s Task Force on Preventing Agricultural Pesticide Exposure . ” It presented its findings in April 2008 , which caused the state legislature to pass anti @-@ retaliation and recordkeeping laws , training mandates to protect the health of agricultural workers , and funding for improved surveillance . In Florida , the state legislature added ten new pesticide inspectors to the Florida Department of Agriculture and Consumer Services . \n = = = Total release foggers = = = \n Total release foggers ( TRFs ) , or \" bug bombs , \" release a fog of insecticide to kill bugs in a room and coat surfaces with a chemical so the insects do not return . It is estimated that 50 million TRFs are used in the US annually . SENSOR @-@ Pesticides federal and state staff , along with officials from the California Department of Pesticide Regulation ( CDPR ) , published an article in the CDC MMWR that called attention to injuries and illnesses resulting from use of total release foggers . The New York State Department of Environmental Conservation ( DEC ) published a press release in response , stating that the state would restrict their use . DEC Commissioner Pete Granis announced that the department would move to classify foggers as a restricted @-@ use product in New York State , meaning that only certified pesticide applicators would be able to obtain them . In March 2010 , US EPA announced required label changes on indoor TRF products that reflect the label change recommendations made in the MMWR article . \n = Kent Ridge Park = \n Kent Ridge Park is a 47 @-@ hectare public park in western Singapore , between the National University of Singapore and the Singapore Science Park . Due to its undisturbed habitat and abundant plant life , it is a popular venue for bird @-@ watchers and eco @-@ tourists . \n During the Second World War , a hill in the park was the site of one of the last and fiercest battles fought by the Malay Regiment against the invading Japanese army , the Battle of Bukit Chandu ( also known as the Battle of Pasir Panjang ) , 12 – 14 February 1942 . \n The park was officially opened in 1954 , and was gazetted by the National Heritage Board as one of 11 World War II sites in Singapore in 1995 . It is one of over 300 parks managed by Singapore 's National Parks Board , NParks . \n = = History = = \n The area occupied by Kent Ridge Park and the National University of Singapore was formerly known as Pasir Panjang Ridge , and was originally a lowland evergreen rainforest . The park 's natural vegetation now consists of groves of Tembusu , Acacias and Dillenias . When the first settlers arrived in Singapore in the early 19th century , they grew crops such as rubber , pepper , gambier and pineapple on the ridge . During World War II , it was used as a fortress by the British in the defence of Singapore . Many of the plantations were destroyed or abandoned during the Japanese Occupation ( 1942 – 1945 ) , allowing the crops to grow wild . \n On 23 February 1954 , the Governor of Singapore , Sir John Fearns Nicoll unveiled a plaque which declared the area had been renamed Kent Ridge to commemorate the visit by the Duchess of Kent and her son , the Duke of Kent , on 3 October 1952 . The plaque was erected at the junction of what is now Kent Ridge Road and South Buona Vista Road . \n The park contains Bukit Chandu , alternatively known as Opium Hill ( in Malay ) , after the opium processing factory owned by the British East India Company that was at the foot of the hill until 1910 . During 12 – 14 February 1942 , it was the site of the Battle of Bukit Chandu , fought by the 159 survivors of the Malay Regiment led by Lieutenant Adnan Bin Saidi against the 13 @,@ 000 men of Lieutenant @-@ General Mutaguchi Renya 's 18th Division . The Malay Regiment 's position on the hill was overrun by the Japanese and the battle ended in hand @-@ to @-@ hand combat after the last few defenders ran out of ammunition . All the officers except one , Lieutenant Abbas Abdul @-@ Manan , and most of the men , were massacred in the aftermath . \n = = The park today = = \n Formerly used to house senior British Army officers , the last remaining black and white colonial bungalow at 31K Bukit Chandu has been restored and converted into a World War II war museum called Reflections at Bukit Chandu , commemorating the war and those who fought in it . Originally there were two smaller bungalows below 31K , but they were demolished in 1987 to make way for a public parking lot . There are three life @-@ size statues and a plaque outside the museum , honoring the Malay Regiment and commemorating the lives of those who died . \n Kent Ridge Park , Labrador Park , and the war museum , are part of the Pasir Panjang Historic District , which focuses on WWII battlefield events in western Singapore . Together with Fort Siloso at Sentosa and The Battle Box at Fort Canning , they serve as a reminder of an important chapter in Singapore 's modern history . Near to the park 's children 's playground there is a heritage site marker , showing where the 1942 Battle of Pasir Panjang was fought . \n The park also has some decommissioned military artillery – two M114 155 mm howitzer guns and an AMX @-@ 13 Light Tank on permanent display , donated by the Ministry of Defence , part of its adoption of the park as an Army Green Park in support of the National Parks Board \" Adopt @-@ a @-@ Park \" scheme to inculcate a greater ownership among the public of local parks and greenery ( do note that they are no longer there on display as of December 2015 ) . The park 's facilities include fitness corners , look @-@ out points , a nature trail , a multi @-@ purpose court and a canopy walk . The highest point of the park is 61 metres above sea level , from where there is a panoramic view of the coast of Pasir Panjang and some of the Southern Islands , approximately 5 km off the south @-@ western coast of Singapore . Islands such as Pulau Bukom and Pulau Semakau are visible on a clear day . \n Kent Ridge park , Telok Blangah Hill Park , and Mount Faber Park are part of the Southern Ridges trail that links all 3 parks via connecting bridges and paths . \n = = Plant and animal life = = \n The park is managed by the National Parks Board , and is open daily to the public . Admission is free except for entrance to the war museum . The park is accessible via entrances on Vigilante Drive and Pepys Road , off Pasir Panjang Road . Most of the remaining wild part of the park comprises secondary forest with plants native to Singapore and Peninsular Malaysia such as tembusu , angsana , white leaf fig , common pulai , Singapore rhododendron , pitcher plants , cicada tree and simpoh air . \n The trails through the park , including one for mountain biking , run almost parallel along the ridge . There is a natural pond with fishes and turtles in the north @-@ west of the park . A 280 @-@ metre long canopy walk was completed in the eastern part of the park in October 2003 , linking Kent Ridge Park to the war museum , Reflections at Bukit Chandu , enhancing the park 's and museum 's accessibility to the public . Along the walk , there are information boards providing educational information on the flora and fauna in the park . At the half @-@ way point , there is a shelter for visitors to take a short break or to enjoy a scenic view of Normanton Park and the National Parks Board 's plant nursery . \n It is one of four popular birdwatching sites on mainland Singapore along with Pasir Ris Park , Fort Canning Park and Sungei Buloh Wetland Reserve . Birds found in the park include : white @-@ crested laughing thrush , collared kingfisher , white @-@ bellied sea eagle , banded woodpecker , pink @-@ necked pigeon , blue @-@ tailed bee @-@ eater , white @-@ breasted waterhen , and spotted dove . \n Eco @-@ tours and heritage tours are regularly organised by various special interest groups such as the Nature Society Singapore and the Raffles Museum of Biodiversity Research , for students and the general public . \n = Arsenal F.C. = \n Arsenal Football Club is an English professional football club based in Holloway , London , that plays in the Premier League , the top flight of English football . The club has won 12 FA Cups , a joint @-@ record , 13 League titles , two League Cups , 14 FA Community Shields , and one UEFA Cup Winners ' Cup and Inter @-@ Cities Fairs Cup . \n Arsenal was the first club from the South of England to join The Football League , in 1893 . They entered the First Division in 1904 , and have since accumulated the second most points . Relegated only once , in 1913 , they continue the longest streak in the top division . In the 1930s , Arsenal won five League Championships and two FA Cups , and another FA Cup and two Championships after the war . In 1970 – 71 , they won their first League and FA Cup Double . Between 1988 and 2005 , they won five League titles and five FA Cups , including two more Doubles . They completed the 20th century with the highest average league position . \n Herbert Chapman won Arsenal 's first national trophies , but died prematurely . The WM formation , floodlights , and shirt numbers have all been attributed to him . He added the white sleeves and brighter red to Arsenal 's kit . Arsène Wenger has served the longest and won the most trophies . His teams set several English records : the longest win streak ; the longest unbeaten run ; and the only 38 match season unbeaten . \n In 1886 , Woolwich munitions workers founded the club as Dial Square . In 1913 , the club crossed the city to Arsenal Stadium in Highbury . They became Tottenham Hotspur 's nearest club , commencing the North London derby . In 2006 , they moved to the Emirates Stadium in nearby Holloway . Arsenal earned € 435.5m in 2014 – 15 , with the Emirates Stadium generating the highest revenue in world football . Based on social media activity from 2014 – 15 , Arsenal 's fanbase is the fifth largest in the world . In 2016 , Forbes estimated the club was the second most valuable in England , worth $ 2 @.@ 0 billion . \n = = History = = \n = = = 1886 – 1919 : Changing names = = = \n On 1 December 1886 , munitions workers in Woolwich , South East London , formed Arsenal as Dial Square , with David Danskin as their first captain . Named after the heart of the Royal Arsenal complex , they took the name of the whole complex a month later . Royal Arsenal F.C. ' s first home was Plumstead Common , though they spent most of their time in South East London playing on the other side of Plumstead , at the Manor Ground . Royal Arsenal won Arsenal 's first trophies in 1890 and 1891 , and these were the only football association trophies Arsenal won during their time in South East London . \n Royal Arsenal renamed themselves for a second time upon becoming a limited liability company in 1893 . They registered their new name , Woolwich Arsenal , with The Football League when the club ascended later that year . Woolwich Arsenal was the first southern member of The Football League , starting out in the Second Division and winning promotion to the First Division in 1904 . Falling attendances , due to financial difficulties among the munitions workers and the arrival of more accessible football clubs elsewhere in the city , led the club close to bankruptcy by 1910 . Businessmen Henry Norris and William Hall took the club over , and sought to move them elsewhere . \n In 1913 , soon after relegation back to the Second Division , Woolwich Arsenal moved to the new Arsenal Stadium in Highbury , North London . This saw their third change of name : the following year , they reduced Woolwich Arsenal to simply The Arsenal . In 1919 , The Football League voted to promote The Arsenal , instead of relegated local rivals Tottenham Hotspur , into the newly enlarged First Division , despite only listing the club sixth in the Second Division 's last pre @-@ war season of 1914 – 15 . Some books have speculated that the club won this election to division one by dubious means . Later that year , The Arsenal started dropping \" The \" in official documents , gradually shifting its name for the final time towards Arsenal , as it is generally known today . \n = = = 1919 – 1953 : The Bank of England Club = = = \n With a new home and First Division football , attendances were more than double those at the Manor Ground , and Arsenal 's budget grew rapidly . Their location and record @-@ breaking salary offer lured star Huddersfield Town manager Herbert Chapman in 1925 . Over the next five years , Chapman built a new Arsenal . He appointed enduring new trainer Tom Whittaker , implemented Charlie Buchan 's new twist on the nascent WM formation , captured young players like Cliff Bastin and Eddie Hapgood , and lavished Highbury 's income on stars like David Jack and Alex James . With record @-@ breaking spending and gate receipts , Arsenal quickly became known as the Bank of England club . \n Transformed , Chapman 's Arsenal claimed their first national trophy , the FA Cup , in 1930 . Two League Championships followed , in 1930 – 31 and 1932 – 33 . Chapman also presided over multiple off the pitch changes : white sleeves and shirt numbers were added to the kit ; a Tube station was named after the club ; and the first of two opulent , Art Deco stands was completed , with some of the first floodlights in English football . Suddenly , in the middle of the 1933 – 34 season , Chapman died of pneumonia . His work was left to Joe Shaw and George Allison , who saw out a hat @-@ trick with the 1933 – 34 and 1934 – 35 titles , and then won the 1936 FA Cup and 1937 – 38 title . \n World War II meant The Football League was suspended for seven years , but Arsenal returned to win it in the second post @-@ war season , 1947 – 48 . This was Tom Whittaker 's first season as manager , after his promotion to succeed Allison , and the club had equalled the champions of England record . They won a third FA Cup in 1950 , and then won a record @-@ breaking seventh championship in 1952 – 53 . However , the war had taken its toll on Arsenal . The club had had more players killed than any top flight club , and debt from reconstructing the North Bank Stand bled Arsenal 's resources . \n = = = 1953 – 1986 : The long sleep , Mee and Neill = = = \n Arsenal were not to win the League or the FA Cup for another 18 years . The ' 53 Champions squad was old , and the club failed to attract strong enough replacements . Although Arsenal were competitive during these years , their fortunes had waned ; the club spent most of the 1950s and 1960s in midleague mediocrity . Even former England captain Billy Wright could not bring the club any success as manager , in a stint between 1962 and 1966 . \n Arsenal tentatively appointed club physiotherapist Bertie Mee as acting manager in 1966 . With new assistant Don Howe and new players such as Bob McNab and George Graham , Mee led Arsenal to their first League Cup finals , in 1967 – 68 and 1968 – 69 . Next season saw a breakthrough : Arsenal 's first competitive European trophy , the 1969 – 70 Inter @-@ Cities Fairs Cup . And the season after , an even greater triumph : Arsenal 's first League and FA Cup double , and a new champions of England record . This marked a premature high point of the decade ; the Double @-@ winning side was soon broken up and the rest of the decade was characterised by a series of near misses , starting with Arsenal finishing as FA Cup runners up in 1972 , and First Division runners @-@ up in 1972 – 73 . \n Former player Terry Neill succeeded Mee in 1976 . At the age of 34 , he became the youngest Arsenal manager to date . With new signings like Malcolm Macdonald and Pat Jennings , and a crop of talent in the side such as Liam Brady and Frank Stapleton , the club reached a trio of FA Cup finals ( 1978 , 1979 and 1980 ) , and lost the 1980 European Cup Winners ' Cup Final on penalties . The club 's only trophy during this time was a last @-@ minute 3 – 2 victory over Manchester United in the 1979 FA Cup Final , widely regarded as a classic . \n = = = 1986 – present : Graham to Wenger = = = \n One of Bertie Mee 's double winners , George Graham , returned as manager in 1986 . Arsenal won their first League Cup in 1987 , Graham 's first season in charge . By 1988 , new signings Nigel Winterburn , Lee Dixon and Steve Bould had joined the club to complete the \" famous Back Four \" led by existing player Tony Adams . They immediately won the 1988 – 89 Football League , snatched with a last @-@ minute goal in the final game of the season against fellow title challengers Liverpool . Graham 's Arsenal won another title in 1990 – 91 , losing only one match , won the FA Cup and League Cup double in 1993 , and the European Cup Winners ' Cup , in 1994 . Graham 's reputation was tarnished when he was found to have taken kickbacks from agent Rune Hauge for signing certain players , and he was dismissed in 1995 . His permanent replacement , Bruce Rioch , lasted for only one season , leaving the club after a dispute with the board of directors . \n The club metamorphosed during the long tenure of manager Arsène Wenger , appointed in 1996 . New , attacking football , an overhaul of dietary and fitness practices , and efficiency with money have defined his reign . Accumulating key players from Wenger 's homeland , such as Patrick Vieira and Thierry Henry , Arsenal won a second League and Cup double in 1997 – 98 and a third in 2001 – 02 . In addition , the club reached the final of the 1999 – 2000 UEFA Cup , were victorious in the 2003 and 2005 FA Cups , and won the Premier League in 2003 – 04 without losing a single match , an achievement which earned the side the nickname \" The Invincibles \" . This latter feat came within a run of 49 league matches unbeaten from 7 May 2003 to 24 October 2004 , a national record . \n Arsenal finished in either first or second place in the league in eight of Wenger 's first nine seasons at the club , although on no occasion were they able to retain the title . The club had never progressed beyond the quarter @-@ finals of the Champions League until 2005 – 06 ; in that season they became the first club from London in the competition 's fifty @-@ year history to reach the final , in which they were beaten 2 – 1 by Barcelona . In July 2006 , they moved into the Emirates Stadium , after 93 years at Highbury . Arsenal reached the final of the 2007 and 2011 League Cups , losing 2 – 1 to Chelsea and Birmingham City respectively . \n The club had not gained a major trophy since the 2005 FA Cup until 17 May 2014 , when Arsenal beat Hull City in the 2014 FA Cup Final , coming back from a 2 – 0 deficit to win the match 3 – 2 . This qualified them for the 2014 FA Community Shield where they would play Premier League champions Manchester City . They recorded a resounding 3 – 0 win in the game , winning their second trophy in three months . Nine months after their Community Shield triumph , Arsenal appeared in the FA Cup final for the second year in a row , thrashing Aston Villa 4 – 0 in the final and becoming the most successful club in the tournament 's history with 12 titles . On 2 August 2015 , Arsenal beat Chelsea 1 – 0 at Wembley Stadium to retain the Community Shield and earn their 14th Community Shield title . \n = = Crest = = \n Unveiled in 1888 , Royal Arsenal 's first crest featured three cannon viewed from above , pointing northwards , similar to the coat of arms of the Metropolitan Borough of Woolwich ( nowadays transferred to the coat of arms of the Royal Borough of Greenwich ) . These can sometimes be mistaken for chimneys , but the presence of a carved lion 's head and a cascabel on each are clear indicators that they are cannon . This was dropped after the move to Highbury in 1913 , only to be reinstated in 1922 , when the club adopted a crest featuring a single cannon , pointing eastwards , with the club 's nickname , The Gunners , inscribed alongside it ; this crest only lasted until 1925 , when the cannon was reversed to point westward and its barrel slimmed down . \n In 1949 , the club unveiled a modernised crest featuring the same style of cannon below the club 's name , set in blackletter , and above the coat of arms of the Metropolitan Borough of Islington and a scroll inscribed with the club 's newly adopted Latin motto , Victoria Concordia Crescit \" victory comes from harmony \" , coined by the club 's programme editor Harry Homer . For the first time , the crest was rendered in colour , which varied slightly over the crest 's lifespan , finally becoming red , gold and green . Because of the numerous revisions of the crest , Arsenal were unable to copyright it . Although the club had managed to register the crest as a trademark , and had fought ( and eventually won ) a long legal battle with a local street trader who sold \" unofficial \" Arsenal merchandise , Arsenal eventually sought a more comprehensive legal protection . Therefore , in 2002 they introduced a new crest featuring more modern curved lines and a simplified style , which was copyrightable . The cannon once again faces east and the club 's name is written in a sans @-@ serif typeface above the cannon . Green was replaced by dark blue . The new crest was criticised by some supporters ; the Arsenal Independent Supporters ' Association claimed that the club had ignored much of Arsenal 's history and tradition with such a radical modern design , and that fans had not been properly consulted on the issue . \n Until the 1960s , a badge was worn on the playing shirt only for high @-@ profile matches such as FA Cup finals , usually in the form of a monogram of the club 's initials in red on a white background . \n The monogram theme was developed into an Art Deco @-@ style badge on which the letters A and C framed a football rather than the letter F , the whole set within a hexagonal border . This early example of a corporate logo , introduced as part of Herbert Chapman 's rebranding of the club in the 1930s , was used not only on Cup Final shirts but as a design feature throughout Highbury Stadium , including above the main entrance and inlaid in the floors . From 1967 , a white cannon was regularly worn on the shirts , until replaced by the club crest , sometimes with the addition of the nickname \" The Gunners \" , in the 1990s . \n In the 2011 – 12 season , Arsenal celebrated their 125th year anniversary . The celebrations included a modified version of the current crest worn on their jerseys for the season . The crest was all white , surrounded by 15 oak leaves to the right and 15 laurel leaves to the left . The oak leaves represent the 15 founding members of the club who met at the Royal Oak pub . The 15 laurel leaves represent the design detail on the six pence pieces paid by the founding fathers to establish the club . The laurel leaves also represent strength . To complete the crest , 1886 and 2011 are shown on either sides of the motto \" Forward \" at the bottom of the crest . \n = = Colours = = \n For much of Arsenal 's history , their home colours have been bright red shirts with white sleeves and white shorts , though this has not always been the case . The choice of red is in recognition of a charitable donation from Nottingham Forest , soon after Arsenal 's foundation in 1886 . Two of Dial Square 's founding members , Fred Beardsley and Morris Bates , were former Forest players who had moved to Woolwich for work . As they put together the first team in the area , no kit could be found , so Beardsley and Bates wrote home for help and received a set of kit and a ball . The shirt was redcurrant , a dark shade of red , and was worn with white shorts and socks with blue and white hoops . \n In 1933 , Herbert Chapman , wanting his players to be more distinctly dressed , updated the kit , adding white sleeves and changing the shade to a brighter pillar box red . Two possibilities have been suggested for the origin of the white sleeves . One story reports that Chapman noticed a supporter in the stands wearing a red sleeveless sweater over a white shirt ; another was that he was inspired by a similar outfit worn by the cartoonist Tom Webster , with whom Chapman played golf . Regardless of which story is true , the red and white shirts have come to define Arsenal and the team have worn the combination ever since , aside from two seasons . The first was 1966 – 67 , when Arsenal wore all @-@ red shirts ; this proved unpopular and the white sleeves returned the following season . The second was 2005 – 06 , the last season that Arsenal played at Highbury , when the team wore commemorative redcurrant shirts similar to those worn in 1913 , their first season in the stadium ; the club reverted to their normal colours at the start of the next season . In the 2008 – 09 season , Arsenal replaced the traditional all @-@ white sleeves with red sleeves with a broad white stripe . \n Arsenal 's home colours have been the inspiration for at least three other clubs . In 1909 , Sparta Prague adopted a dark red kit like the one Arsenal wore at the time ; in 1938 , Hibernian adopted the design of the Arsenal shirt sleeves in their own green and white strip . In 1920 , Sporting Clube de Braga 's manager returned from a game at Highbury and changed his team 's green kit to a duplicate of Arsenal 's red with white sleeves and shorts , giving rise to the team 's nickname of Os Arsenalistas . These teams still wear those designs to this day . \n For many years Arsenal 's away colours were white shirts and either black or white shorts . In the 1969 – 70 season , Arsenal introduced an away kit of yellow shirts with blue shorts . This kit was worn in the 1971 FA Cup Final as Arsenal beat Liverpool to secure the double for the first time in their history . Arsenal reached the FA Cup final again the following year wearing the red and white home strip and were beaten by Leeds United . Arsenal then competed in three consecutive FA Cup finals between 1978 and 1980 wearing their \" lucky \" yellow and blue strip , which remained the club 's away strip until the release of a green and navy away kit in 1982 – 83 . The following season , Arsenal returned to the yellow and blue scheme , albeit with a darker shade of blue than before . \n When Nike took over from Adidas as Arsenal 's kit provider in 1994 , Arsenal 's away colours were again changed to two @-@ tone blue shirts and shorts . Since the advent of the lucrative replica kit market , the away kits have been changed regularly , with Arsenal usually releasing both away and third choice kits . During this period the designs have been either all blue designs , or variations on the traditional yellow and blue , such as the metallic gold and navy strip used in the 2001 – 02 season , the yellow and dark grey used from 2005 to 2007 , and the yellow and maroon of 2010 to 2013 . As of 2009 , the away kit is changed every season , and the outgoing away kit becomes the third @-@ choice kit if a new home kit is being introduced in the same year . \n = = = Kit manufacturers and shirt sponsors = = = \n Arsenal 's shirts have been made by manufacturers including Bukta ( from the 1930s until the early 1970s ) , Umbro ( from the 1970s until 1986 ) , Adidas ( 1986 – 1994 ) , Nike ( 1994 – 2014 ) , and Puma ( from 2014 ) . Like those of most other major football clubs , Arsenal 's shirts have featured sponsors ' logos since the 1980s ; sponsors include JVC ( 1982 – 1999 ) , Sega ( 1999 – 2002 ) , O2 ( 2002 – 2006 ) , and Emirates ( from 2006 ) . \n = = Stadiums = = \n For most of their time in south @-@ east London , Arsenal played at the Manor Ground in Plumstead , apart from a three @-@ year period at the nearby Invicta Ground between 1890 and 1893 . The Manor Ground was initially just a field , until the club installed stands and terracing for their first Football League match in September 1893 . They played their home games there for the next twenty years ( with two exceptions in the 1894 – 95 season ) , until the move to north London in 1913 . \n Widely referred to as Highbury , Arsenal Stadium was the club 's home from September 1913 until May 2006 . The original stadium was designed by the renowned football architect Archibald Leitch , and had a design common to many football grounds in the UK at the time , with a single covered stand and three open @-@ air banks of terracing . The entire stadium was given a massive overhaul in the 1930s : new Art Deco West and East stands were constructed , opening in 1932 and 1936 respectively , and a roof was added to the North Bank terrace , which was bombed during the Second World War and not restored until 1954 . \n Highbury could hold more than 60 @,@ 000 spectators at its peak , and had a capacity of 57 @,@ 000 until the early 1990s . The Taylor Report and Premier League regulations obliged Arsenal to convert Highbury to an all @-@ seater stadium in time for the 1993 – 94 season , thus reducing the capacity to 38 @,@ 419 seated spectators . This capacity had to be reduced further during Champions League matches to accommodate additional advertising boards , so much so that for two seasons , from 1998 to 2000 , Arsenal played Champions League home matches at Wembley , which could house more than 70 @,@ 000 spectators . \n Expansion of Highbury was restricted because the East Stand had been designated as a Grade II listed building and the other three stands were close to residential properties . These limitations prevented the club from maximising matchday revenue during the 1990s and first decade of the 21st century , putting them in danger of being left behind in the football boom of that time . After considering various options , in 2000 Arsenal proposed building a new 60 @,@ 361 @-@ capacity stadium at Ashburton Grove , since named the Emirates Stadium , about 500 metres south @-@ west of Highbury . The project was initially delayed by red tape and rising costs , and construction was completed in July 2006 , in time for the start of the 2006 – 07 season . The stadium was named after its sponsors , the airline company Emirates , with whom the club signed the largest sponsorship deal in English football history , worth around £ 100 million . Some fans referred to the ground as Ashburton Grove , or the Grove , as they did not agree with corporate sponsorship of stadium names . The stadium will be officially known as Emirates Stadium until at least 2028 , and the airline will be the club 's shirt sponsor until the end of the 2018 – 19 season . From the start of the 2010 – 11 season on , the stands of the stadium have been officially known as North Bank , East Stand , West Stand and Clock end . \n Arsenal 's players train at the Shenley Training Centre in Hertfordshire , a purpose @-@ built facility which opened in 1999 . Before that the club used facilities on a nearby site owned by the University College of London Students ' Union . Until 1961 they had trained at Highbury . Arsenal 's Academy under @-@ 18 teams play their home matches at Shenley , while the reserves play their games at Meadow Park , which is also the home of Boreham Wood F.C .. \n = = Supporters = = \n Arsenal fans often refer to themselves as \" Gooners \" , the name derived from the team 's nickname , \" The Gunners \" . The fanbase is large and generally loyal , and virtually all home matches sell out ; in 2007 – 08 Arsenal had the second @-@ highest average League attendance for an English club ( 60 @,@ 070 , which was 99 @.@ 5 % of available capacity ) , and , as of 2015 , the third @-@ highest all @-@ time average attendance . Arsenal have the seventh highest average attendance of European football clubs only behind Borussia Dortmund , FC Barcelona , Manchester United , Real Madrid , Bayern Munich , and Schalke . The club 's location , adjoining wealthy areas such as Canonbury and Barnsbury , mixed areas such as Islington , Holloway , Highbury , and the adjacent London Borough of Camden , and largely working @-@ class areas such as Finsbury Park and Stoke Newington , has meant that Arsenal 's supporters have come from a variety of social classes . \n Like all major English football clubs , Arsenal have a number of domestic supporters ' clubs , including the Arsenal Football Supporters ' Club , which works closely with the club , and the Arsenal Independent Supporters ' Association , which maintains a more independent line . The Arsenal Supporters ' Trust promotes greater participation in ownership of the club by fans . The club 's supporters also publish fanzines such as The Gooner , Gunflash and the satirical Up The Arse ! . In addition to the usual English football chants , supporters sing \" One @-@ Nil to the Arsenal \" ( to the tune of \" Go West \" ) . \n There have always been Arsenal supporters outside London , and since the advent of satellite television , a supporter 's attachment to a football club has become less dependent on geography . Consequently , Arsenal have a significant number of fans from beyond London and all over the world ; in 2007 , 24 UK , 37 Irish and 49 other overseas supporters clubs were affiliated with the club . A 2011 report by SPORT + MARKT estimated Arsenal 's global fanbase at 113 million . The club 's social media activity was the fifth highest in world football during the 2014 – 15 season . \n Arsenal 's longest @-@ running and deepest rivalry is with their nearest major neighbours , Tottenham Hotspur ; matches between the two are referred to as North London derbies . Other rivalries within London include those with Chelsea , Fulham and West Ham United . In addition , Arsenal and Manchester United developed a strong on @-@ pitch rivalry in the late 1980s , which intensified in recent years when both clubs were competing for the Premier League title – so much so that a 2003 online poll by the Football Fans Census listed Manchester United as Arsenal 's biggest rivals , followed by Tottenham and Chelsea . A 2008 poll listed the Tottenham rivalry as more important . \n = = Ownership and finances = = \n The largest shareholder on the Arsenal board is American sports tycoon Stan Kroenke . Kroenke first launched a bid for the club in April 2007 , and faced competition for shares from Red and White Securities , which acquired its first shares off David Dein in August 2007 . Red & White Securities was co @-@ owned by Russian billionaire Alisher Usmanov and Iranian London @-@ based financier Farhad Moshiri , though Usmanov bought Moshiri 's stake in 2016 . Kroenke came close to the 30 % takeover threshold in November 2009 , when he increased his holding to 18 @,@ 594 shares ( 29 @.@ 9 % ) . In April 2011 , Kroenke achieved a full takeover by purchasing the shareholdings of Nina Bracewell @-@ Smith and Danny Fiszman , taking his shareholding to 62 @.@ 89 % . As of June 2015 , Kroenke owns 41 @,@ 698 shares ( 67 @.@ 02 % ) and Red & White Securities own 18 @,@ 695 shares ( 30 @.@ 04 % ) . Ivan Gazidis has been the club 's Chief Executive since 2009 . \n Arsenal 's parent company , Arsenal Holdings plc , operates as a non @-@ quoted public limited company , whose ownership is considerably different from that of other football clubs . Only 62 @,@ 217 shares in Arsenal have been issued , and they are not traded on a public exchange such as the FTSE or AIM ; instead , they are traded relatively infrequently on the ICAP Securities and Derivatives Exchange , a specialist market . On 10 March 2016 , a single share in Arsenal had a mid price of £ 15 @,@ 670 , which sets the club 's market capitalisation value at approximately £ 975m . Most football clubs aren 't listed on an exchange , which makes direct comparisons of their values difficult . Consultants Brand Finance valued the club 's brand and intangible assets at $ 703m in 2015 , and consider Arsenal an AAA global brand . Business magazine Forbes valued Arsenal as a whole at $ 2 @.@ 0 billion ( £ 1 @.@ 4 billion ) in 2016 , ranked second in English football . Research by the Henley Business School also ranked Arsenal second in English football , modelling the club 's value at £ 1 @.@ 118 billion in 2015 . \n Arsenal 's financial results for the 2014 – 15 season show group revenue of £ 344.5m , with a profit before tax of £ 24.7m. The footballing core of the business showed a revenue of £ 329.3m. The Deloitte Football Money League is a publication that homogenizes and compares clubs ' annual revenue . They put Arsenal 's footballing revenue at £ 331.3m ( € 435.5m ) , ranking Arsenal seventh among world football clubs . Arsenal and Deloitte both list the match day revenue generated by the Emirates Stadium as £ 100.4m , more than any other football stadium in the world . \n = = In popular culture = = \n Arsenal have appeared in a number of media \" firsts \" . On 22 January 1927 , their match at Highbury against Sheffield United was the first English League match to be broadcast live on radio . A decade later , on 16 September 1937 , an exhibition match between Arsenal 's first team and the reserves was the first football match in the world to be televised live . Arsenal also featured in the first edition of the BBC 's Match of the Day , which screened highlights of their match against Liverpool at Anfield on 22 August 1964 . BSkyB 's coverage of Arsenal 's January 2010 match against Manchester United was the first live public broadcast of a sports event on 3D television . \n As one of the most successful teams in the country , Arsenal have often featured when football is depicted in the arts in Britain . They formed the backdrop to one of the earliest football @-@ related films , The Arsenal Stadium Mystery ( 1939 ) . The film centres on a friendly match between Arsenal and an amateur side , one of whose players is poisoned while playing . Many Arsenal players appeared as themselves and manager George Allison was given a speaking part . More recently , the book Fever Pitch by Nick Hornby was an autobiographical account of Hornby 's life and relationship with football and Arsenal in particular . Published in 1992 , it formed part of the revival and rehabilitation of football in British society during the 1990s . The book was twice adapted for the cinema – the 1997 British film focuses on Arsenal 's 1988 – 89 title win , and a 2005 American version features a fan of baseball 's Boston Red Sox ; coincidentally the ending was re @-@ made to feature the 2004 – 05 season that ended in a similar fashion . \n Arsenal have often been stereotyped as a defensive and \" boring \" side , especially during the 1970s and 1980s ; many comedians , such as Eric Morecambe , made jokes about this at the team 's expense . The theme was repeated in the 1997 film The Full Monty , in a scene where the lead actors move in a line and raise their hands , deliberately mimicking the Arsenal defence 's offside trap , in an attempt to co @-@ ordinate their striptease routine . Another film reference to the club 's defence comes in the film Plunkett & Macleane , in which two characters are named Dixon and Winterburn after Arsenal 's long @-@ serving full backs – the right @-@ sided Lee Dixon and the left @-@ sided Nigel Winterburn . \n The 1991 television comedy sketch show Harry Enfield & Chums featured a sketch from the characters Mr Cholmondly @-@ Warner and Grayson where the Arsenal team of 1933 , featuring exaggerated parodies of fictitious amateur players take on the Liverpool team of 1991 . \n In the 2007 movie , Goal II : Living the Dream , there is a fictional UEFA Champions League final between Real Madrid against Arsenal . \n The 2008 Nike ad , named \" Take it to The next level \" , follows an unknown teenager who is plucked from a youth team game by Arsene Wenger and ends up starring for Arsenal and Holland . \n The 2016 Icelandair ad , named \" Go Iceland ! \" , represent Albert Guðmundsson signs for Arsenal in 1946 . \n = = In the community = = \n In 1985 , Arsenal founded a community scheme , \" Arsenal in the Community \" , which offered sporting , social inclusion , educational and charitable projects . The club support a number of charitable causes directly and in 1992 established The Arsenal Charitable Trust , which by 2006 had raised more than £ 2 million for local causes . An ex @-@ professional and celebrity football team associated with the club also raised money by playing charity matches . \n In the 2009 – 10 season Arsenal announced that they had raised a record breaking £ 818 @,@ 897 for the Great Ormond Street Hospital Children 's Charity . The original target was £ 500 @,@ 000 . \n = = Statistics and records = = \n Arsenal 's tally of 13 League Championships is the third highest in English football , after Manchester United ( 20 ) and Liverpool ( 18 ) , and they were the first club to reach a seventh and an eighth League Championship . As of May 2016 , they are one of only six teams , the others being Manchester United , Blackburn Rovers , Chelsea , Manchester City and Leicester City , to have won the Premier League since its formation in 1992 . \n They hold the highest number of FA Cup trophies , 12 . The club is one of only six clubs to have won the FA Cup twice in succession , in 2002 and 2003 , and 2014 and 2015 . Arsenal have achieved three League and FA Cup \" Doubles \" ( in 1971 , 1998 and 2002 ) , a feat only previously achieved by Manchester United ( in 1994 , 1996 and 1999 ) . They were the first side in English football to complete the FA Cup and League Cup double , in 1993 . Arsenal were also the first London club to reach the final of the UEFA Champions League , in 2006 , losing the final 2 – 1 to Barcelona . \n Arsenal have one of the best top @-@ flight records in history , having finished below fourteenth only seven times . The league wins and points they have accumulated are the second most in English top flight football . They have been in the top flight for the most consecutive seasons ( 90 as of 2015 – 16 ) . Arsenal also have the highest average league finishing position for the 20th century , with an average league placement of 8 @.@ 5 . \n Arsenal hold the record for the longest run of unbeaten League matches ( 49 between May 2003 and October 2004 ) . This included all 38 matches of their title @-@ winning 2003 – 04 season , when Arsenal became only the second club to finish a top @-@ flight campaign unbeaten , after Preston North End ( who played only 22 matches ) in 1888 – 89 . They also hold the record for the longest top flight win streak . \n Arsenal set a Champions League record during the 2005 – 06 season by going ten matches without conceding a goal , beating the previous best of seven set by A.C. Milan . They went a record total stretch of 995 minutes without letting an opponent score ; the streak ended in the final , when Samuel Eto 'o scored a 76th @-@ minute equaliser for Barcelona . \n David O 'Leary holds the record for Arsenal appearances , having played 722 first @-@ team matches between 1975 and 1993 . Fellow centre half and former captain Tony Adams comes second , having played 669 times . The record for a goalkeeper is held by David Seaman , with 564 appearances . \n Thierry Henry is the club 's top goalscorer with 228 goals in all competitions between 1999 and 2012 , having surpassed Ian Wright 's total of 185 in October 2005 . Wright 's record had stood since September 1997 , when he overtook the longstanding total of 178 goals set by winger Cliff Bastin in 1939 . Henry also holds the club record for goals scored in the League , with 175 , a record that had been held by Bastin until February 2006 . \n Arsenal 's record home attendance is 73 @,@ 707 , for a UEFA Champions League match against RC Lens on 25 November 1998 at Wembley Stadium , where the club formerly played home European matches because of the limits on Highbury 's capacity . The record attendance for an Arsenal match at Highbury is 73 @,@ 295 , for a 0 – 0 draw against Sunderland on 9 March 1935 , while that at Emirates Stadium is 60 @,@ 161 , for a 2 – 2 draw with Manchester United on 3 November 2007 . \n = = Players = = \n = = = First @-@ team squad = = = \n As of 22 July 2016 . \n Note : Flags indicate national team as defined under FIFA eligibility rules . Players may hold more than one non @-@ FIFA nationality . \n = = = UEFA Reserve squad = = = \n As of 23 February 2016 . \n Note : Flags indicate national team as defined under FIFA eligibility rules . Players may hold more than one non @-@ FIFA nationality . \n = = = Former players = = = \n = = Current technical staff = = \n As of August 2014 . \n = = Managers = = \n There have been eighteen permanent and five caretaker managers of Arsenal since the appointment of the club 's first professional manager , Thomas Mitchell in 1897 . The club 's longest @-@ serving manager , in terms of both length of tenure and number of games overseen , is Arsène Wenger , who was appointed in 1996 . Wenger is also Arsenal 's only manager from outside the United Kingdom . Two Arsenal managers have died in the job – Herbert Chapman and Tom Whittaker . \n = = Honours = = \n As of June 2016 . Seasons in bold are Double @-@ winning seasons , when the club won the league and FA Cup or a cup double of the FA Cup and League Cup . The 2003 – 04 season was the only 38 @-@ match league season unbeaten in English football history . A special gold version of the Premier League trophy was commissioned and presented to the club the following season . \n = = = The Football League & Premier League = = = \n First Division ( until 1992 ) and Premier League \n Winners ( 13 ) : 1930 – 31 , 1932 – 33 , 1933 – 34 , 1934 – 35 , 1937 – 38 , 1947 – 48 , 1952 – 53 , 1970 – 71 , 1988 – 89 , 1990 – 91 , 1997 – 98 , 2001 – 02 , 2003 – 04 \n League Cup \n Winners ( 2 ) : 1986 – 87 , 1992 – 93 \n Southern Professional Floodlit Cup \n Winners ( 1 ) : 1958 – 59 \n Mercantile Credit Centenary Trophy \n Winners ( 1 ) : 1988 – 89 \n = = = The Football Association = = = \n FA Cup \n Winners ( 12 ) : 1929 – 30 , 1935 – 36 , 1949 – 50 , 1970 – 71 , 1978 – 79 , 1992 – 93 , 1997 – 98 , 2001 – 02 , 2002 – 03 , 2004 – 05 , 2013 – 14 , 2014 – 15 ( shared record ) \n FA Community Shield ( FA Charity Shield before 2002 ) \n Winners ( 14 ) : 1930 , 1931 , 1933 , 1934 , 1938 , 1948 , 1953 , 1991 ( shared ) , 1998 , 1999 , 2002 , 2004 , 2014 , 2015 \n = = = UEFA = = = \n UEFA Cup Winners ' Cup ( European Cup Winners ' Cup before 1994 ) \n Winners ( 1 ) : 1993 – 94 \n Inter @-@ Cities Fairs Cup \n Winners ( 1 ) : 1969 – 70 \n = = = London Football Association = = = \n London Senior Cup \n Winners ( 1 ) : 1890 – 91 \n London Challenge Cup \n Winners ( 11 ) : 1921 – 22 , 1923 – 24 , 1930 – 31 , 1933 – 34 , 1935 – 36 , 1953 – 54 , 1954 – 55 , 1957 – 58 , 1961 – 62 , 1962 – 63 , 1969 – 70 ( record ) \n London Charity Cup \n Winners ( 1 ) : 1889 – 90 \n = = = Kent County Football Association = = = \n Kent Senior Cup \n Winners ( 1 ) : 1889 – 90 \n = = = Other = = = \n = = Arsenal Ladies = = \n Arsenal Ladies are the women 's football club affiliated to Arsenal . Founded in 1987 , they turned semi @-@ professional in 2002 and are managed by Clare Wheatley . Arsenal Ladies are the most successful team in English women 's football . In the 2008 – 09 season , they won all three major English trophies – the FA Women 's Premier League , FA Women 's Cup and FA Women 's Premier League Cup , and , as of 2009 , were the only English side to have won the UEFA Women 's Cup , having done so in the 2006 – 07 season as part of a unique quadruple . The men 's and women 's clubs are formally separate entities but have quite close ties ; Arsenal Ladies are entitled to play once a season at the Emirates Stadium , though they usually play their home matches at Boreham Wood . \n = = = Official websites = = = \n Official website \n Arsenal at the Premier League official website \n Arsenal at the UEFA official website \n = = = News sites = = = \n Arsenal on BBC Sport : Club news – Recent results – Upcoming fixtures \n Arsenal news from Sky Sports \n = = = Other = = = \n Arsenal F.C. companies grouped at OpenCorporates \n = Hypogeomys australis = \n Hypogeomys australis is an extinct rodent from central and southeastern Madagascar . First described in 1903 , it is larger than its close relative , the living Hypogeomys antimena , which occurs further west , but otherwise similar . Average length of the femur ( upper leg bone ) is 72 @.@ 1 mm , compared to 63 @.@ 8 mm in H. antimena . One of the few extinct rodents of Madagascar , it survived to at least around 1536 BP based on radiocarbon dating . Little is known of its ecology , but it may have lived in burrows like its living relative and eaten some arid @-@ adapted plants . \n = = Taxonomy = = \n Hypogeomys australis was described in 1903 by Guillaume Grandidier from subfossil material collected in the cave of Andrahomana in southeastern Madagascar . The Hypogeomys material was similar to the living Hypogeomys antimena , but distinct enough for Grandidier to recognize it as a separate species , different in size and some morphological details . Grandidier described another subfossil Hypogeomys species in 1912 , H. boulei , but the material that species was based on was later identified as the enigmatic mammal Plesiorycteropus . In 1946 , Charles Lamberton illustrated another femur ( upper leg bone ) of H. australis ; the origin and current whereabouts of this specimen are unknown . In 1996 , Steven Goodman and Daniel Rakotondravony reviewed the distribution of Hypogeomys and confirmed that H. australis is a distinct species . H. australis and H. antimena are classified together within the exclusively Madagascan subfamily Nesomyinae of the family Nesomyidae , which includes various African rodents . \n = = Description = = \n Hypogeomys australis was generally similar to H. antimena , the largest living rodent of Madagascar , but even larger , with little if any overlap in measurements . Grandidier described the extinct species as more robust , with more prominent muscle scars on the long bones and with longer molars with more distinct crests and lobes . The length of the first lower molar is 5 @.@ 2 to 6 @.@ 4 mm , averaging 5 @.@ 7 mm , in ten H. australis and 3 @.@ 9 to 5 @.@ 5 mm , averaging 4 @.@ 8 mm , in twenty @-@ four H. antimena . The width of the femur at the proximal ( near ) end is 18 @.@ 6 to 21 @.@ 5 mm , averaging 19 @.@ 9 mm , in thirteen H. australis and 16 @.@ 8 to 18 @.@ 5 mm , averaging 17 @.@ 5 mm , in nine H. antimena . In ten H. australis , total length of the femur is 69 @.@ 9 to 75 @.@ 1 mm , averaging 72 @.@ 1 mm , compared to 59 @.@ 7 to 69 @.@ 9 mm , averaging 63 @.@ 8 mm in nine H. antimena . \n = = Distribution and ecology = = \n Remains attributed to Hypogeomys australis are known from Andrahomana in southeastern Madagascar and Antsirabe in central Madagascar , suggesting a broad former distribution . Its range is not known to overlap that of H. antimena , which has undergone a dramatic reduction during the Holocene . A bone from Andrahomana has been radiocarbon dated to about 4440 BP and another to 1536 BP . Although almost nothing is known of the ecology of H. australis , Goodman and Rakotondravony presumed that it was similar to its living relative in living in burrows in areas with loose soils . H. australis shows relatively high content of carbon @-@ 13 isotope , likely because it ate some plants which were enriched in carbon @-@ 13 through C4 carbon fixation and crassulacean acid metabolism ; both of these photosynthesis @-@ related processes occur most frequently in plants adapted to dry environments . \n Hypogeomys australis is one of only three extinct rodents known from Madagascar ( the others are Brachytarsomys mahajambaensis and Nesomys narindaensis from northwestern Madagascar ) . In general , few small animals became extinct on Madagascar , except for these rodents , two species of Plesiorycteropus , and the shrew tenrec Microgale macpheei ; in contrast , large animals such as subfossil lemurs , the carnivore Cryptoprocta spelea , Malagasy hippopotamuses , Dipsochelys tortoises , and Aepyornis and Mullerornis birds all became extinct around the time that humans arrived . \n = Eisenhower Tunnel = \n The Eisenhower Tunnel , officially the Eisenhower – Edwin C. Johnson Memorial Tunnel , is a dual @-@ bore , four @-@ lane vehicular tunnel approximately 60 mi ( 97 km ) west of Denver , Colorado , United States . The tunnel carries Interstate 70 under the Continental Divide in the Rocky Mountains . With a maximum elevation of 11 @,@ 158 ft ( 3 @,@ 401 m ) AMSL , it is one of the highest vehicular tunnels in the world . The tunnel is the longest mountain tunnel and highest point on the Interstate Highway System . Completed in 1979 , it was one of the last major pieces of the Interstate Highway system to be completed . The westbound bore is named after Dwight D. Eisenhower , the U.S. President for whom the Interstate system is also named . The eastbound bore is named for Edwin C. Johnson , a governor and U.S. Senator who lobbied for an Interstate Highway to be built across Colorado . \n = = Description = = \n The Eisenhower bore ( westbound tunnel ) is 1 @.@ 693 mi ( 2 @.@ 72 km ) long while the Johnson bore ( eastbound tunnel ) is 1 @.@ 697 mi ( 2 @.@ 73 km ) long . The tunnels are sloped with a 1 @.@ 64 % grade , with an elevation of 11 @,@ 013 feet ( 3 @,@ 357 m ) at the east portal and 11 @,@ 158 ft ( 3 @,@ 401 m ) at the west portal . At the time of dedication , they were the highest vehicular tunnels in the world . While the Eisenhower Tunnel remains the highest vehicular tunnel in the United States , higher tunnels have since been constructed elsewhere , such as the Fenghuoshan Tunnel , a rail tunnel in China . The Eisenhower tunnel is noted as the longest mountain tunnel and highest point on the Interstate Highway System . The tunnel bores measure 48 feet ( 15 m ) by 40 feet ( 12 m ) ; however , the portion accessible to the public is a square shape measuring just over 16 feet ( 4 @.@ 9 m ) tall . The rest of the bore is used for forced air ventilation and water drainage systems . \n = = = Height restriction = = = \n Due to additional height restrictions from variable @-@ message signs and lighting systems , the original posted clearance of the tunnels was 13 @.@ 5 feet ( 4 @.@ 1 m ) . The trucking industry lobbied the Colorado Department of Transportation ( CDOT ) to increase the vertical clearance of the tunnel . With a 2007 retrofit that used lower profile lighting and signs , it is now possible for trucks 13 @.@ 92 feet ( 4 @.@ 24 m ) to navigate the tunnel , an increase of 5 inches ( 13 cm ) over the original limit . Sensors activate audible sirens near each entrance of the tunnel if a vehicle above the posted height attempts to enter the tunnel . Traffic signals at that entrance will turn red , stopping all traffic . The entrance will remain closed until the over @-@ height vehicle is removed from the freeway , sometimes causing severe delays for all traffic . CDOT noted that prior to the retrofit , about 20 @,@ 000 vehicles per year tripped the alarm . The trucking industry argued that many of these trucks were under the height requirement but tripped the alarm due to their air suspensions ( which can be manually lowered for the duration of the journey through the tunnel ) or due to snow and ice atop the trailer . During this time , the trucking industry estimated the number of alarms would drop by as much as 80 % if the clearance could be raised even a few inches . Another feature of the retrofit monitors truck weight — a safe speed for each truck on the 7 % grades and curves just outside the tunnel is calculated and displayed for each driver . \n = = = Alternate route = = = \n To mitigate the dangers posed by a fire inside the tunnel , trucks hauling hazardous materials are also prohibited from using the tunnel . Prohibited trucks , bicycles , pedestrians and those who wish to stop and view the scenery must take the longer and steeper climb and descent of the older U.S. Highway 6 across Loveland Pass , 834 ft ( 254 m ) higher at 11 @,@ 992 ft ( 3 @,@ 655 m ) above sea level . Other than the above exceptions , the tunnel has replaced the pass for general vehicular traffic . While less formidable than the older route , the approach to the tunnel on both sides is steep , and runaway truck ramps are available for truckers who lose control . \n During construction or winter storms that require closing Loveland Pass , there is a procedure in place to allow hazardous material trucks to use the tunnel . Once per hour , the tunnel bores will be closed to regular traffic , and the trucks will be guided through the tunnel in a convoy with escorts . \n As of December 2009 , almost 276 million vehicles have passed through the tunnel . This figure includes a significant number of visitors to Colorado 's ski resorts . \n = = History = = \n The idea for a tunnel under Loveland Pass existed at least since the 1940s . Serious discussion began when the state of Colorado lobbied for the Interstate Highway System to route a transcontinental highway across Colorado . After a round of negotiations with Utah officials , it was decided the best option was to follow the U.S. Route 6 corridor . Engineers recommended to tunnel under the pass , rather than attempt to build a route across it that conformed to Interstate Highway standards . \n The Eisenhower – Johnson Memorial Tunnel was known as the Straight Creek Tunnel during construction , named for the waterway that runs along the western approach to the tunnel . Before the tunnel was dedicated , it was renamed to honor Dwight D. Eisenhower and Edwin C. Johnson . Construction on the first bore of the tunnel was started on March 15 , 1968 . Construction efforts suffered many setbacks and the project went well over time and budget . One of the biggest setbacks was the discovery of fault lines in the path of the tunnel that were not discovered during the pilot bores . These faults began to slip during construction and emergency measures had to be taken to protect the tunnels and workers from cave @-@ ins and collapses . Despite the best efforts of engineers , three workers were killed boring the first tube , and four in boring the second . \n Further complicating construction , the boring machines could not work as fast as expected at such high elevations ; the productivity was significantly less than planned . The frustration prompted one engineer to comment , \" We were going by the book , but the damned mountain couldn 't read \" . Though the project was supposed to take three years , the tunnel was not opened to traffic until March 8 , 1973 . Initially , the northern Eisenhower bore was used for two @-@ way traffic , with one lane for each direction . The amount of traffic through the tunnel exceeded predictions , and efforts soon began to expedite construction on the southern bore . Construction began on the eastbound Edwin C. Johnson tunnel on August 18 , 1975 and finished on December 21 , 1979 . The initial engineering cost estimate for the Eisenhower bore was $ 42 million ; the actual cost was $ 108 million ( equivalent to $ 576 million in 2016 ) . Approximately 90 % of the funds were paid by the federal government , with the state of Colorado paying the rest . At the time , this figure set a record for the most expensive federally aided project . The excavation cost for the Johnson bore was $ 102 @.@ 8 million ( equivalent to $ 335 million in 2016 ) . Not included in these figures is about $ 50 million in non @-@ boring expenses in the construction of both tunnels . \n The tunnel construction became unintentionally involved in the women 's rights movement when Janet Bonnema applied for work with the Colorado Department of Transportation . She was given an assignment on the Straight Creek Tunnels project , but her supervisor misread her resume and thought he was hiring \" James \" . When the supervisor discovered the department had hired a woman , she was instead tasked with doing support work from the office . There was opposition to a woman entering the construction site : One supervisor stated that if she entered , \" Those workers would flat walk out of that there tunnel and they 'd never come back \" . The workers , most of whom had a mining background , expressed a common superstition that a woman brought bad luck to a mine . One worker insisted , \" It 's a jinx . I 've seen too many die after a woman was in the tunnel . \" Bonnema sued the department for the right to work inside the tunnel . She countered that she was in better shape and more agile than most of the men working on the tunnel . Emboldened by the passage of an equal rights law in Colorado , she finally entered the tunnel , with an entourage of reporters , on November 9 , 1972 . Some workers did walk off the job ; at least one yelled , \" Get those women out of here \" . She remained determined and re @-@ entered the tunnel a few days later . The next time she dressed in coveralls , and was even assigned tasks on the roof of the tunnel overlooking the men below . Surprised that nobody apparently noticed she was a woman , she stated , \" I had a good disguise \" . \n = = = Plane crash = = = \n During construction in 1970 , a plane crash occurred less than two miles ( 3 km ) northeast of the east portal on Friday , October 2 . A Martin 4 @-@ 0 @-@ 4 charter aircraft , one of two carrying the college football team of Wichita State University , crashed just north of the highway ( 39 @.@ 6935 ° N 105 @.@ 8825 ° W / 39 @.@ 6935 ; -105.8825 ) . Of the 40 passengers and crew on board , only nine survived . The team was on its way to a game with Utah State University in Logan , and had recently refueled at Denver 's Stapleton International Airport . The other plane took a different route and landed safely in Logan . Workers constructing the tunnel were among the first on scene at the crash site . \n = = Water Diversion = = \n As with the Moffat Tunnel , while the Eisenhower Tunnel was primarily intended as a transportation tunnel , it also serves as a water tunnel for water diversion from the western side of the Continental Divide to the eastern side . Water from the Straight Creek watershed ( a tributary of the Blue River ) , along with all seepage entering the tunnel is discharged into Clear Creek for delivery to the Coors Brewing Company . Typically , the tunnel delivers over 300 acre @-@ feet ( 370 @,@ 000 m3 ) of water per year . \n = Artpop ( song ) = \n \" Artpop \" ( stylized as \" ARTPOP \" ) is a song by American recording artist Lady Gaga from her third studio album of the same name ( 2013 ) . The song was written and produced by Lady Gaga , Paul \" DJ White Shadow \" Blair , Nick Monson , and Dino Zisis . \" Artpop \" was the first song developed for the album and led the composers to pursue other avenues of musical production . Described as the backbone of the record , Gaga did not want to experiment with the production of \" Artpop \" , as she believed it to have an infinite aspect in it . \n A techno song , \" Artpop \" features instrumentation from piano and guitars and has computerized musical sounds interspersed in between . The lyrics have been interpreted in different ways , about a love relationship , Gaga 's bonding with her fans , the merging of art and pop , as well as using them to portray her brand value and generate further interest in her . \" Artpop \" received mixed reviews from critics who praised the low @-@ key composition of the song compared to other tracks on the album , but panned the lyrics and the dated production . \n \" Artpop \" was used in a \" not safe for work \" video for the album , which featured Gaga in various bizarre attires and a montage of the different promotional material leading to the release . Gaga had premiered \" Artpop \" during her iTunes Festival performance of tracks from the album . She subsequently performed it at her ArtRave party , on the Lady Gaga and the Muppets ' Holiday Spectacular on ABC with singer Elton John and most recently on The Tonight Show Starring Jimmy Fallon . \n = = Background and development = = \n Development of Lady Gaga 's third studio album , Artpop , began shortly after the release of her second one , Born This Way ( 2011 ) , and by the following year , the album 's concepts were \" beginning to flourish \" as Gaga collaborated with producers Fernando Garibay and DJ White Shadow . However , while on tour for the Born This Way Ball , Gaga had to undergo a hip surgery in February 2013 which forced the singer into a six month hiatus , and this rehabilitation became one of the inspirations behind the album . According to White Shadow , the title track was one of the first songs penned for the album , which created the backbone for the record . Calling it a \" defining moment \" of Artpop 's creation , the producer explained that the title track led them to explore other avenues in terms of musical aspirations . Written and produced by Gaga , White Shadow , Nick Monson and Dino Zisis , \" Artpop \" was called the swan song of the album by the singer . Talking to Sirius XM Radio , where she gave an in @-@ depth analysis of each song from the album , Gaga explained : \n 'Artpop ' is really an inferno and it 's the only song on the record that I didn 't really wanna go anywhere or explode or orgasm . Because then it would just be like composing something that would be just like every other sort of orgasm that I 've ever had . And because its really the center of the record , I really wanted there to be a more infinite tone , to this concept of Art + Pop , that we can put art in the front and not have the corporate world to control in art anymore . How can we the artist back our ideas and for our visions to be the most important thing . The thing that 's driving culture , driving these corporations . I didn 't wanted [ ' Artpop ' ] to grow too much , I wanted it to kind of hypnotize people and become like a mantra . \n = = Recording and composition = = \n Initial recording sessions for Artpop coincided with the Born This Way Ball . Gaga spent the majority of her recording time on \" Artpop \" with White Shadow but she did not want the final version to be edited further , unlike her other songs . The song was recorded at Record Plant Studios , Hollywood , California , by Dave Russell and Benjamin Lader , with Lader and Daniel Zaidenstadt also working as assistants during the final mix . Russell also did the mixing of the track for the track at Record Plant and at Heard It ! Studios with additional mixing being done by Dino \" SpeeedoVee \" Zisis . Instrumentation for \" Artpop \" included piano and guitars by Gaga and Nick Monson . Background vocals were sung by Nichole Ganther , Natalie Ganther and Lyon Gray with vocal arrangement by Gaga . Finally , Rick Pearl did the additional programming and Gene Grimaldi did the audio mastering at Oasis Mastering Studios in Burbank , California . According to the sheet music published at Musicnotes.com , \" Artpop \" is set in the time signature of common time , with a dance @-@ pop tempo of 117 beats per minute . It is composed in the key of D minor with Gaga 's vocals spanning the tonal nodes of F3 to A4 . The song follows a basic sequence of Dm – Gm – F – C as its chord progression . \n In a review for Billboard , Jason Lipshutz described \" Artpop \" as Gaga 's manifesto about her creativity , calling it a \" lurching electro @-@ jazz beast \" who 's beats became louder and complex as it reached climax . Consisting of strings , the techno song has a beat similar to Selena Gomez 's 2011 single \" Love You like a Love Song \" with its electronic composition , and a groove comparable to singer Kylie Minogue 's 2001 hit single \" Can 't Get You Out of My Head \" . Interspersed between are computerized musical sounds and the chorus , which has a coo @-@ ing accompanied with the main vocals , like Michael Jackson , and was described by Kevin Harley from The Independent as \" sleek Eurodisco \" . \" Artpop \" ' s lyrics have been deduced to be a statement about \" the subjectivity of art \" . It begins with the singer uttering the lines \" Come to me with all your subtext of fantasy \" , the line being an indicative of enigma around her , according to The Huffington Post . Gaga explained the lyrics were a metaphor about love with the chorus line \" We could belong together , Artpop \" . She believed that if her fans and herself could be together , that would probably mean a bonding for art and pop too . On the contrary , Jim Farber from New York Daily News believed that the love relationship was sidelined for that between art and pop with the lyrics . \n There are other dimensions to the lyrics , with Gaga playing off her image of self @-@ promotion and criticisms directed at her with the line \" I try to sell myself , but I am really laughing because I just want the music not the bling \" . In a review for Artpop , Simon Chandler from Tiny Mix Tapes gave a detailed analysis of the lyrical composition . According to him , Gaga wanted to portray her music as boundless in its meaning with \" Artpop \" , but it appeared to be arrogant since most of the conclusions derived about her music is from her public persona created and its media coverage . Chandler believed that the lyrics wanted to drive home a point about Gaga being the center for any discussion . With the previous lyrics , the implication is that Gaga 's impassive personality utilizes her music to sell her brand name to the general crowd , and primarily fuels the public interest in her . \n = = Release and reception = = \n A teaser for \" Artpop \" was previewed as part of snippets from the parent album until its final release on November 11 , 2013 . A \" not safe for work \" short film , An Artpop Film Starring Lady Gaga , set to the song was released as promotion for the album , on November 20 , 2013 . Shot by Dutch fashion photographer duo Inez van Lamsweerde and Vinoodh Matadin , the video consisted of the material that Gaga created with them as promotion leading to Artpop . The video begins with a"},"length_category":{"kind":"string","value":"Very Long"},"source":{"kind":"string","value":"wikitext-103-excerpt"}}},{"rowIdx":7798,"cells":{"text":{"kind":"string","value":" arrest for Lucy 's murder , Abi tells Phil that Max assaulted Lucy to get Ben off . Despite being innocent , Max turns himself in and is formally charged while Ben is released . Stacey visits Max , who tells her that he thinks Abi killed Lucy . Stacey confronts Abi , who attacks Stacey , blaming her for her parents ' split and Bradley 's death , and later vents to Carol that she does not think Max cares about her . Carol visits Max in prison , where he informs her that the reason he thinks Abi killed Lucy is because she attacked and beat her on the night of the murder . After confronting Abi on this , Carol agrees that she has been out of control lately and advises her to call Tanya for moral support . During the phone call , Abi finds out that not only is Oscar ill , but Cora had apparently not stayed with Tanya at her house as she had earlier said . Abi , Carol and Jane Beale ( Laurie Brett ) find Cora living rough and bring her home . She reveals she saw Max and Abi cleaning the car lot after Lucy was killed , forcing Abi to admit that Max and Lucy had argued there and she was helping Max clean Lucy 's blood . Abi then gives a statement to the police . Max is later found guilty of the murder . \n Ben and Abi continue their relationship , but Ben is still secretly seeing Paul . Babe Smith ( Annette Badland ) offers Abi work in the pub kitchen , and Abi tells Babe that she is able to turn a blind eye to Ben 's homosexuality as long as he loves her . However , when Abi finds a present that Ben has got for Paul , she realises he has feelings for Paul and confides in Babe , who helps her to publicly announce that she is pregnant . Ben asks Abi to have a termination but then changes his mind , saying he wants the baby . Abi then goes to Babe , panicking because she has lied and is not really pregnant . When Ben accompanies her to a doctor 's appointment , she gets him out of the room and confesses her lie to the doctor , who encourages her to be honest , but she then tells Ben the baby is due in October . Abi plans to get pregnant by Ben , but when he admits he may have caught an STI from a stranger , she is unable to have sex with him , so Babe tells her to get pregnant by another man . Babe forces her into getting drunk , and after a drunk Lee Carter ( Danny @-@ Boy Hatchard ) compliments her , they have unprotected sex . However , Abi does not get pregnant . She decides to tell Ben the truth , but as she is about to do so , he tells her he has caught chlamydia . Abi later tests positive for chlamydia and realises that Lee may have caught it too . Abi panics to Babe that Ben will discover she is not pregnant , so during an argument between Ben and Phil , Babe pushes Abi into Ben as he is pushed by Phil , knocking her to the ground . Babe takes Abi away from the square , and on their return , Abi tells Ben she has had a miscarriage . When she later sees Ben being comforted by Paul , she feels uneasy . \n Abi and Babe discover that Ben 's half sister Louise Mitchell ( Tilly Keeper ) has been using Phil 's credit card , so they force her to return everything she has bought . Babe asks Abi for a favour , but Abi realises that Babe has already assumed that she would say yes , so calls Babe a user . As revenge , Babe sends Ben a letter , telling him of the fake pregnancy . Louise finds the letter and blackmails Abi , telling her to move away with Ben . Abi tries to persuade Ben into moving but he refuses , saying he needs to be there for alcoholic Phil , and Abi tells Louise that Ben will always believe his girlfriend over his sister . Abi tells Babe that she is worried that Ben will find out , so Babe suggests that Abi tells Ben the truth . However , Abi allows Louise to continue using Phil 's credit card . Later , Abi catches Ben and Louise arguing and assumes it is over the letter , and she inadvertently reveals she was never pregnant , but Ben was referring to Phil 's credit card . In The Vic , Ben gets drunk and kisses Abi in the toilets and starts to undress her , but then drags her into the pub in her underwear and reveals via the karaoke microphone that she made up her pregnancy . Abi is humilated and is taken to Dot Branning 's ( June Brown ) house by her uncle Jack Branning ( Scott Maslen ) , however , an enraged Phil takes her away in his car , but is stopped by Jay , who insists that enough people have been hurt . \n = = Character creation and development = = \n = = = Introduction and characterisation = = = \n Abi was introduced into the series in 2006 , by executive producer Kate Harwood . The character and her casting was announced on 25 May 2006 . She and her immediate family , father Max ( Wood ) , mother Tanya ( Joyner ) and older sister Lauren ( Duggan , recast to Jossa in 2010 ) , are an extension of the Branning family , who have appeared in EastEnders since 1993 . Fitzgerald , in her first major television role , began filming for the soap in May 2006 and made her first on @-@ screen appearance in July . Fitzgerald 's mother commented on her daughter 's casting : \" Personally , I feel I want to show how proud we are of her and to thank everyone who has prayed for her and helped her in any way . At first , it is just the look they go for . Then it is more intensive and she had to read from a script . By the second audition , she was still up against 60 or 70 people . You start thinking about it when she gets to the third audition , but when the agent rang up and said she had got the part it was an overwhelming feeling . You don 't know what it means until that point \" . Fitzgerald was offered the part about three months after her final audition . As Fitzgerald was only 10 years old when she got the part , she was required to balance her filming requirements with schooling in Northampton , and learning lines . In 2012 , she told Inside Soap that she thought she had messed up her audition , and did not realise how big the show was until she was older . In 2014 , she told BBC Radio 1 that when she met Wood and Joyner , her on @-@ screen parents , she realised it did not matter that she had messed up her lines in her last audition , because she looked like them both . Fitzgerald was required to cry on her first day of filming , and admitted in 2014 that this was embarrassing , and she was unable to produce tears , but was \" just making noises \" . Fitzgerald was chaperoned by her mother until she was 16 . \n Abi has been described by the official EastEnders website as the family 's \" golden girl \" compared to Lauren , hinting that she knows how to get her own way . She has been described as \" bubbly \" and \" self @-@ assured \" with a nose for mischief . She has also been described as having the biggest heart in Walford , bringing out the best in the people around her . Jane Simon of the Daily Mirror said that Abi is a \" real soft touch \" . Jon Wise from The People said that after Abi received a makeover in 2010 , she \" actually turned out to be quite pretty \" . In 2012 , Fitzgerald told Inside Soap 's Laura @-@ Jane Tyler that Abi has grown up in her first six years on screen , and is now sensible , \" like a mother hen \" and has had to mature quickly because of the dramatic situations she has been involved in . Tyler added that Abi is the most level @-@ headed and sensible member of the Branning family and \" puts her [ family ] to shame with her mature approach to [ their problems ] . \" \n = = = Early development = = = \n Abi 's earlier storylines consist of her parents fighting for custody of her and her siblings , being injured in a collision with Deano Wicks ' ( Di Angelo ) car and helping her friend Ben ( Jones ) with his abuse from stepmother Stella Crawford ( Thompson ) In February 2011 , Abi was involved in a car accident with Max and would suffer severe injuries after their car collides with a lorry on the way to Tanya 's wedding to her new partner Greg ( Booth ) . The crash scenes were filmed on 6 March 2011 and aired on 14 April 2011 . After these minor storylines , Joyner said that Fitzgerald should be involved in more complex storylines in 2012 . She said , \" I think it 's going to be an exciting year for Lorna . She 's been a natural on the show ever since she was younger , and I think she 's one of our best actresses . What 's lovely about this year is that she 'll be doing her GCSEs , and then once that 's out of the way , she can get something that 's a bit heavier and a bit bigger . She 'll be old enough to work longer hours , so I think they 'd be mad if they didn 't give her something to sink her teeth into at some point this year \" . \n In November 2010 , after sister Lauren was recast to Jossa , Jossa stated that she enjoys working with Fitzgerald , adding the two have a lot in common . Jossa , in 2012 , wanted Lauren and Abi to bond more . She commented : \" I think realistically they would when they 're going through a family problem like this . It would bring the family a little bit closer . I think they are quite close already and they have a lot of family banter ! They may not like each other as people , but they love each other as family \" . In December 2012 , Fitzgerald conducted her first magazine interview and spoke of a storyline where Abi comforts Lauren over a relationship break up , saying \" It 's nice to see the little [ sister ] taking care of the bigger one . \" \n = = = Jay Brown and Ben Mitchell = = = \n In March 2011 , Abi starts a relationship with Jay ( Borthwick ) . Borthwick admitted that he is enjoying filming Jay and Abi 's relationship . Speaking of Jay and Abi 's relationship , Borthwick told Inside Soap , \" I think Abi and Jay are a good couple , \" he said . \" Jay 's a right one - he 's already had a crack at Abi 's sister Lauren and now he 's going for the younger one . He 's got an eye for the Branning women \" . Fitzgerald said that Jay and Abi are \" cute together \" but she cringes at Abi because she is \" lovey @-@ dovey \" . The couple split in 2014 and Abi begins a relationship with Ben , knowing that he is gay but dismissing this and branding it a \" phase \" . Speaking of his role , newcomer Harry Reid stated that Ben would \" manipulate \" Abi in his attempts to prove that he is straight . \n = = Reception = = \n Fitzgerald was nominated for the \" Best Young Actor \" at the 2010 Inside Soap Awards for her portrayal of Abi though lost out to Coronation Street 's , Alex Bain , who plays Simon Barlow . Fitzgerald won the award for Best Dramatic Performance from a Young Actor or Actress at the 2012 British Soap Awards an award which Tony Stewart from the Daily Mirror said was \" well deserved \" . Fitzgerald said she did not expect to win the award . In January 2012 , Kate White of Inside Soap praised both Fitzgerald and her character , saying \" In Fitzgerald , EastEnders has the brightest young star in soap . The rest of her family are getting all the juicy stuff right now , but Abi 's destined for great dramatic things . Mark our words \" . \n Stewart said , due to Max 's past events with his family , what Abi might say when Max objects to her relationship with Jay , \" It won 't be her setting a gerbil on him \" , calling her a \" goody @-@ two @-@ shoes \" . A writer from the Western Mail said that the Branning / Mitchell Feud makes Abi and Jay feel like \" Walford 's answer to Romeo and Juliet \" . Two writers from the Daily Mirror mocked the storyline where Abi turns down the trip to Costa Rica . One said , \" An extreme case of soap agoraphobia as brilliant Abi sensibly turns down the chance to spend eight weeks in the tropical paradise of Costa Rica . But in the tiny micro @-@ world of EastEnders , even the three @-@ mile odyssey from Walford to the West End is considered an epic journey . So Central America is simply out of the question \" with another saying , \" Abi was a little girl arranging tearful funerals for her pets . But now she 's a young teenager , secretly engaged to boyfriend Jay and planning to run away together . He then gives Abi an ultimatum : him or her trip to Costa Rica . Best pass her the suncream , then \" . However , Abi , along with the younger members of the cast were thought to be the blame of declining ratings for the show ; \" In the last two months , viewers have seen lots of Lauren , Lucy Beale ( Hetti Bywater ) , Whitney Dean ( Shona McGarty ) , Fatboy ( Ricky Norwood ) , Ben Jay , Abi and Anthony Moon ( Matt Lapinskas ) - but not nearly so much of the classic characters \" . Inside Soap noted that Abi and Jay 's relationship was popular with viewers . \n The 2016 storyline in which Abi lies that she has suffered a miscarriage to cover up a pregnancy lie was criticised by Zoe Clark @-@ Coates , co @-@ founder and CEO of The Mariposa Trust , who said , \" To regularly see TV shows using fake miscarriages as light entertainment could make people question genuine losses . \" \n = Business routes of Interstate 75 in Michigan = \n There have been nine business routes for Interstate 75 in the US state of Michigan . Numbered either Business Loop Interstate 75 ( BL I @-@ 75 ) or Business Spur Interstate 75 ( BS I @-@ 75 ) depending if they are a full business loop or a business spur , these highways are former routings of I @-@ 75 's predecessor highways in the state . They were designated as I @-@ 75 was completed through the various areas of Michigan . The business loop in Pontiac runs through that city 's downtown along a section of Woodward Avenue and a segment of roadway formerly used by M @-@ 24 . The former Saginaw business loop was once a part of US Highway 23 ( US 23 ) , as was most of the original Bay City business loop . The roadways that make up the business loops in West Branch and Roscommon were previously part of M @-@ 76 , I @-@ 75 's predecessor through that part of the state . In Northern Michigan , the Grayling and Gaylord BL I @-@ 75s were part of US 27 , and the two business routes in St. Ignace and Sault Ste . Marie in the Upper Peninsula of Michigan were part of US 2 . Each of the business loops connects to I @-@ 75 on both ends and runs through their respective cities ' downtown areas . The two business spurs only connect to I @-@ 75 on one end and run into the appropriate downtown . \n = = Pontiac = = \n Business Loop I @-@ 75 ( BL I @-@ 75 ) is a business loop serving Pontiac and Auburn Hills . It uses portions of former Business M @-@ 24 ( Bus . M @-@ 24 ) through town . The highway starts as an eight @-@ lane freeway at an interchange on I @-@ 75 in Bloomfield Township . The freeway continues past an interchange with Opdyke Road to end at Square Lake Road , dropping to six lanes . BL I @-@ 75 continues to M @-@ 1 at Woodward Avenue . Square Lake Road continues to the west as Bus . US 24 , BL I @-@ 75 turns northwesterly along the eight @-@ lane divided Woodward Avenue , running concurrently with Bus . US 24 into downtown Pontiac . At the south side of downtown , Woodward drops to six lanes the two directions of Woodward Avenue split and form a four @-@ lane loop . The Woodward Avenue Loop encircles downtown Pontiac , and it is crossed by the eastbound direction of M @-@ 59 running on Huron Street . One block north , the westbound direction of M @-@ 59 runs along University Drive and turns to follow BL I @-@ 75 / Bus . US 24 ( Woodward Avenue Loop ) . The loop intersects Perry Street another block further north , and BL I @-@ 75 turns northeasterly onto the two @-@ way Perry Street . BL I @-@ 75 passes through residential areas and a minor business area along the four @-@ lane Perry Street . Outside of the downtown area , Perry Street widens to include a center turn lane . North of Walton Boulevard in Auburn Hills , the street name changes to Lapeer Road . BL I @-@ 75 intersects Opdyke Road a couple hundred feet west of I @-@ 75 before crossing the freeway . Lapeer Road continues as a six @-@ lane , divided roadway to the ramps of a double trumpet interchange , where the BL I @-@ 75 designation ends . The roadway however , continues as M @-@ 24 providing access to the Palace of Auburn Hills . On average each day in 2013 , 9 @,@ 829 vehicles use the business loop between the two M @-@ 59 junctions , and 73 @,@ 795 vehicles do so on the freeway stub east of Opdyke Road , the lowest and highest traffic counts . \n In 1919 when the state highway system was first numbered , the main north – south highway through Pontiac was numbered M @-@ 10 , and it was renumbered to US 10 seven years later when the United States Numbered Highway System was created . By the next year , M @-@ 24 was designated from downtown Pontiac northward to Lapeer . M @-@ 24 was moved to an eastern bypass of town in 1936 , and the former routing in town became M @-@ 24A . This was redesignated Bus M @-@ 24 in 1940 . \n A number of highway designation and routing changes in the Pontiac were made when US 10 was shifted out of downtown to replace M @-@ 58 along Telegraph Road west of downtown by the middle of 1961 . Before the change , US 10 followed Dixie Highway and Oakland Avenue southeast into Pontiac to Perry Street and then Perry to Woodward while M @-@ 58 was routed along Telegraph and Square Lake roads . After the change , US 10 turned south from Dixie Highway onto Telegraph and then east onto Square Lake to connect back to Woodward . The old route through downtown was assigned the Bus . US 10 moniker and M @-@ 58 was decommissioned as a highway designation . Two years later , I @-@ 75 was completed to the east of Pontiac , and the M @-@ 24 bypass of the city was turned over to local control . The former Bus . M @-@ 24 through downtown was renumbered BL I @-@ 75 along with a connection along Square Lake Road out to the freeway . The next year , the streets downtown Pontiac were reconfigured and a loop called Wide Track Drive was created to route traffic around the downtown area . The former routing of BL I @-@ 75 on Perry Street in the downtown core was replaced by routing the business loops on Wide Track Drive . Then in 1966 , an interchange was built to replace the intersection at Opdyke Road and Square Lake Road . \n In 1985 , the Michigan Department of Transportation ( MDOT ) received permission from the American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials to truncate US 10 to Bay City , and when the change was made the following year , US 24 replaced US 10 on Telegraph Road north of Square Lake Road , and Bus . US 10 through downtown was redesignated Bus . US 24 , including the segment concurrent with BL I @-@ 75 . Wide Track Drive through downtown was renamed as the Woodward Avenue Loop in 2000 . \n The section of BL I @-@ 75 that follows Woodward Avenue has a pair of special designations attached to it . In 1999 , it was designated by MDOT as what is now called a Pure Michigan Byway . Three years later , it was named a National Scenic Byway by the Federal Highway Administration National Scenic Byways Program on June 13 , 2002 , the only urban road at the time with that classification . It was later upgraded to All @-@ American Road status on October 16 , 2009 . \n Major intersections \n The entire highway is in Oakland County . \n = = Saginaw = = \n Business Loop I @-@ 75 ( BL I @-@ 75 ) was a business loop in Saginaw that was previously Business US Highway 23 ( Bus . US 23 ) . It started at an interchange between I @-@ 75 / US 23 and M @-@ 46 ( Holland Road ) in Buena Vista Township . From there , it ran concurrently with M @-@ 46 westward into Saginaw . East of 17th Street , the highway split to form a one @-@ way pairing with Remington Street , which carried westbound traffic . About three blocks further west , BL I @-@ 75 split from M @-@ 46 to follow Genesee Avenue northwesterly into the downtown area . At an intersection between Genesee Avenue , Janes Street and 2nd Avenue , the northbound BL I @-@ 75 followed 2nd Avenue while southbound continued on Genesee Avenue . Northbound traffic traveled along 2nd Avenue and Johnson Street to Washington Avenue near the Saginaw River , where the two directions of traffic reunited . Washington Avenue also carried M @-@ 13 / M @-@ 81 , and the three designations ran concurrently together northward and parallel to the river . BL I @-@ 75 / M @-@ 13 / M @-@ 81 curved northeasterly north of downtown , and M @-@ 81 left the business loop at an intersection with Veterans Memorial Parkway ; BL I @-@ 75 / M @-@ 13 turned north on the parkway and M @-@ 81 continued easterly on Washington Avenue . The business loop proceeded northward running parallel to the river and ended at an interchange with I @-@ 75 / US 23 in Zilwaukee Township ; M @-@ 13 continued along Bay City Road north of the interchange . \n When the state highway system was signposted in 1919 , the north – south highway through Saginaw was part of the original M @-@ 10 . This highway was later redesignated as part of US 23 when the United States Numbered Highway System was created in 1926 . US 23 was initially routed on the western side of the Saginaw River through the city , but it was moved in 1929 to run along the eastern side . In 1953 , the initial eastern bypass of Saginaw was built as a two @-@ lane highway , and the former routing through downtown was redesignated Bus . US 23 . This bypass was upgraded in 1961 to a full freeway as part of I @-@ 75 / US 23 , and the business loop through downtown was redesignated BL I @-@ 75 . In 1971 , I @-@ 675 was completed , and BL I @-@ 75 was decommissioned through Saginaw . The segments of the business loop that were concurrent with M @-@ 13 , M @-@ 46 or M @-@ 81 remained part of those state highways , but the rest of BL I @-@ 75 was returned to local control . \n Major intersections \n The entire highway was in Saginaw County . \n = = Bay City = = \n Business Spur Interstate 75 ( BS I @-@ 75 ) is a business spur running through Bay City following a section of the current routing of M @-@ 25 through town . Formerly a full business loop numbered Business Loop Interstate 75 ( BL I @-@ 75 ) , it followed what is now M @-@ 84 back to end at I @-@ 75 / US 23 at exit 160 south of downtown . The business route also follows streets that previously were numbered Business US Highway 23 ( Bus . US 23 ) . The spur starts at exit 162 on I @-@ 75 / US 23 at the same interchange where M @-@ 25 and US 10 end . BS I @-@ 75 runs concurrently along M @-@ 25 , and for about the first 1 1 ⁄ 3 miles ( 2 @.@ 1 km ) , the spur is a four @-@ lane freeway bounded by residential subdivisions on either side . In Bangor Township , the freeway ends and BS I @-@ 75 / M @-@ 25 splits into a one @-@ way pairing of Thomas Street ( eastbound ) and Jenny Street ( westbound ) . These two three @-@ lane streets continue along a residential area on the west side of Bay City . East of intersections with Henry Street , the opposing sides of traffic merge back together near Veterans Memorial Park to cross the Saginaw River on the four @-@ lane Veterans Memorial Bridge . On the eastern side of the river , BS I @-@ 75 / M @-@ 25 splits again into the one @-@ way pairing of the three @-@ lane McKinley Street ( westbound ) and 7th Street ( eastbound ) . Just three blocks east of the river , BS I @-@ 75 ends at the intersections with M @-@ 84 ( Washington Avenue ) in downtown Bay City . On average each day in 2013 , 11 @,@ 678 vehicles use the business loop east of the M @-@ 13 junction , and 29 @,@ 391 vehicles do so west of the M @-@ 84 junction , the lowest and highest traffic counts . \n When the state highway system was first signposted in 1919 , the north – south highway through Bay City was part of the original M @-@ 10 , and the east – west highway was numbered as part of M @-@ 20 . When the United States Numbered Highway System was created in 1926 , M @-@ 10 became part of US 23 , although it was routed on the western side of the Saginaw River . The highway was rerouted to the eastern side of the river in 1929 . By early 1941 , US 23 was rerouted to cross the Saginaw River on the southern side of Bay City , and the former routing along Washington Avenue and Midland Street through downtown was renumbered Bus . US 23 . When the I @-@ 75 / US 10 / US 23 freeway bypass west of Bay City opened in late 1961 , the former routing of US 23 was replaced by M @-@ 13 and the former Bus . US 23 , including connections along the former routing of M @-@ 47 southwest and M @-@ 20 west of Bay City , were redesignated as BL I @-@ 75 . The BL I @-@ 75 designation lasted until 1971 when southern half of BL I @-@ 75 was removed , converting the business loop into a business spur ; the southern section was renumbered as part of an M @-@ 84 extension , and BS I @-@ 75 would then run along the section concurrent with M @-@ 25 only . \n Major Intersections \n The entire highway is in Bay County . \n = = West Branch = = \n Business Loop Interstate 75 ( BL I @-@ 75 ) is a business loop running through West Branch that was originally numbered Business M @-@ 76 ( Bus . M @-@ 76 ) . It starts at exit 212 south on I @-@ 75 south of West Branch . From that interchange , BL I @-@ 75 runs northward along Cooks Road in Horton and West Branch townships past an outlet mall . North of the mall , the roadway has two lanes , one in each direction plus an intermittent center turn lane , and it curves first to the northeast through a rural section of the townships , and then after intersecting Old 76 Road , it turns northwesterly through a commercial area . On the eastern city limits , BL I @-@ 75 turns due west and runs concurrently with M @-@ 55 on the four @-@ lane Houghton Avenue through downtown West Branch . On the western side of downtown , the business loop intersects the northern end of M @-@ 30 and narrows to two lanes . BL I @-@ 75 / M @-@ 55 continues out of town , running past more businesses before meeting I @-@ 75 at exit 215 . At that interchange , BL I @-@ 75 ends , and M @-@ 55 merges onto the freeway . On average each day in 2013 , 10 @,@ 682 vehicles use the business loop near the southern I @-@ 75 interchange , and 15 @,@ 399 vehicles do so between the M @-@ 55 junction and 5th Street in downtown West Branch , the lowest and highest traffic counts . \n When the state highway system was signposted in 1919 , the highway running northwest – southeast through West Branch was numbered M @-@ 76 and the east – west highway was M @-@ 55 . In the early 1970s , M @-@ 76 was being converted into a freeway between Standish and the Grayling area . In 1970 , the freeway was built as far as the present @-@ day exit 212 , and the connection along Cook Road was built to allow M @-@ 76 to connect between the new freeway and its former routing . The next year , this freeway was completed to bypass West Branch to the south and west . The former route of M @-@ 76 through town with the connection along Cook Road was renumbered Bus . M @-@ 76 . Two years later , I @-@ 75 was finished in the state , and the M @-@ 76 designation was decommissioned . The former Bus . M @-@ 76 was redesignated as BL I @-@ 75 at the same time . \n Major intersections \n The entire highway is in Ogemaw County . \n = = Roscommon = = \n Business Loop Interstate 75 ( BL I @-@ 75 ) is a business loop running through Roscommon . Starting at exit 239 along I @-@ 75 , the business loop runs concurrently with M @-@ 18 northward along the two @-@ lane Roscommon Road through rural Northern Michigan woodlands . When BL I @-@ 75 / M @-@ 18 enters the village of Roscommon , it follows Lake Street northeasterly into downtown . At the intersection with 5th Street , BL I @-@ 75 turns northwesterly and separates from M @-@ 18 . In the village , the business loop has three lanes , one in each direction with a center turn lane . The business loop continues past several businesses and exits the village as a two @-@ lane road . BL I @-@ 75 curves to run due west along the Roscommon – Crawford county line on Federal Highway . At exit 244 on I @-@ 75 , the business loop terminates while following the county line . On average each day in 2013 , 1 @,@ 531 vehicles use the business loop near the northern I @-@ 75 interchange , and 5 @,@ 987 vehicles do so in downtown Roscommon south of the M @-@ 18 junction , the lowest and highest traffic counts . \n When the state highway system was originally signposted in 1919 , the highway running northwest – southeast through Roscommon was numbered M @-@ 76 . In 1949 , M @-@ 18 was extended north into Roscommon and then west along M @-@ 76 . During the early 1970s , M @-@ 76 was being converted into a freeway to be used as part of I @-@ 75 . In 1971 , I @-@ 75 was completed southward from the Grayling area to what is now exit 239 . Two years later , I @-@ 75 was completed between Roscommon and West Branch , and M @-@ 76 between the two communities was decommissioned . At the same time , M @-@ 18 was realigned to northeasterly out of Roscommon instead of following M @-@ 76 toward Grayling . BL I @-@ 75 was commissioned at this time to overlap M @-@ 18 from the freeway north into Roscommon and to replace the former M @-@ 18 / M @-@ 76 west of the village to the new freeway . \n Major intersections \n = = Grayling = = \n Business Loop Interstate 75 ( BL I @-@ 75 ) is a business loop running through Grayling . The southern end is at a partial interchange at exit 254 on I @-@ 75 ; only northbound I @-@ 75 traffic can access northbound BL I @-@ 75 , and southbound BL I @-@ 75 traffic can only access southbound I @-@ 75 . From this interchange , the business loop runs northward as a five @-@ lane divided roadway through a commercial area and past the Grayling Golf Club . At the intersection with Huron Street ( South Down River Road ) , BL I @-@ 75 merges with M @-@ 72 . The two highways run concurrently and turn northwesterly along the five @-@ lane undivided James Street . BL I @-@ 75 / M @-@ 72 narrows to three lanes and crosses the Au Sable River and runs for about 3 ⁄ 4 mile ( 1 @.@ 2 km ) before intersecting Lake Street in downtown Grayling . There , M @-@ 72 turns southwesterly onto Lake Street , separating from the business loop . At the same intersection , M @-@ 93 turns north and merges with BL I @-@ 75 as the two run concurrently on the three @-@ lane McClellan Street . BL I @-@ 75 / M @-@ 93 intersects F @-@ 32 ( North Down River Road ) and then passes the Camp Grayling Airfield . North of the airfield , the highway narrows to two lanes and curves to the northwest , exiting the city . At the intersection with Old 27 and Hartwick Pines Road , BL I @-@ 75 / M @-@ 93 turns northeasterly onto the latter . They continue running concurrently to exit 259 on I @-@ 75 where the BL I @-@ 75 designation terminates . M @-@ 93 continues along Hartwick Pines Road north of the interchange . All of BL I @-@ 75 through Grayling is a part of the Strategic Highway Network , a component of the National Highway System , a network of roads important to the country 's economy , defense , and mobility . On average each day in 2013 , 1 @,@ 407 vehicles use the business loop between Old 27 and I @-@ 75 , and 18 @,@ 467 vehicles do so in downtown Grayling south of the M @-@ 72 junction , the lowest and highest traffic counts . \n When the state highway system was originally signposted in 1919 , the north – south highway through Grayling was part of the original M @-@ 14 . At that time , M @-@ 93 was only a spur from downtown Grayling to the future Camp Grayling . It was later redesignated as part of US Highway 27 ( US 27 ) in 1926 . By 1932 , M @-@ 93 was extended northward through Grayling to the state park . In 1940 , M @-@ 72 was extended through the Grayling area . I @-@ 75 in the Grayling area opened in 1961 and , the former routing of US 27 through Grayling northward to Hartwick Pines Road back to I @-@ 75 was redesignated BL I @-@ 75 . \n Major intersections \n The entire highway is in Crawford County . \n = = Gaylord = = \n Business Loop Interstate 75 , or BL I @-@ 75 is a business loop running through Gaylord . The loop starts at exit 279 on I @-@ 75 in Bagley Township south of Gaylord . The highway follows the five @-@ lane Otsego Avenue northward from the freeway into the city and though a commercial area . Otsego Avenue jogs eastward slightly south of 2nd Street , and then intersects M @-@ 32 ( Main Street ) in downtown Gaylord . BL I @-@ 75 turns west onto the five @-@ lane Main Street and runs concurrently with M @-@ 32 through downtown . About five blocks each of that turn , BL I @-@ 75 / M @-@ 32 meets I @-@ 75 at exit 282 ; BL I @-@ 75 ends while M @-@ 32 continues westward . On average each day in 2013 , 8 @,@ 289 vehicles use the business loop south of the M @-@ 32 junction , and 23 @,@ 436 vehicles do so in downtown Gaylord along the M @-@ 32 concurrency , the lowest and highest traffic counts . \n When the state highway system was first signposted in 1919 , the main highway running north – south through Gaylord was part of the original M @-@ 14 . This was renumbered as part of US Highway 27 ( US 27 ) in 1926 after the United States Numbered Highway System was formed . I @-@ 75 was completed and US 27 was removed through the Gaylord area in 1961 . The business loop was not created at that time , however . Instead , it was created in 1986 . \n Major intersections \n The entire highway is in Otsego County . \n = = St. Ignace = = \n Business Loop Interstate 75 ( BL I @-@ 75 ) is a business loop running through St. Ignace . The loop starts at exit 344 on I @-@ 75 as the continuation of US Highway 2 ( US 2 ) into downtown . The highway carries the Lake Huron Circle Tour ( LHCT ) . It runs along a four @-@ lane roadway on the north side of Straits State Park and curves northward into downtown St. Ignace along State Street . BL I @-@ 75 and three lanes and runs along the lakefront past the marina and docks for Mackinac Island ferry services . It widens back to four lanes to follow the curve of East Moran Bay and then turns inland past several hotels situated on a point jutting into the bay . North of the point , BL I @-@ 75 follows the Lake Huron shoreline past the Mackinac County Airport . North of the airport , the adjacent properties are primarily residential with a few tourist @-@ oriented businesses . The business loop intersects County Road H @-@ 63 ( Mackinac Trail ) and comes to an end near Castle Rock at exit 348 on I @-@ 75 in St. Ignace Township . On average each day in 2013 , 4 @,@ 327 vehicles use the business loop near the northern I @-@ 75 interchange , and 8 @,@ 819 vehicles do so near the southern I @-@ 75 interchange , the lowest and highest traffic counts . \n The first state highway through St. Ignace was an extension of US 31 that was added by the end of 1927 . In 1936 , US 2 was realigned to run into downtown St. Ignace from the west and replaced US 31 through town . The business loop was commissioned in 1960 when the I @-@ 75 / US 2 freeway opened , and the former route of US 2 through downtown was renumbered BL I @-@ 75 . \n Major intersections \n The entire highway is in Mackinac County . \n = = Sault Ste . Marie = = \n Business Spur Interstate 75 ( BS I @-@ 75 ) is a business spur running through Sault Ste . Marie . It starts at exit 392 on I @-@ 75 on the south side of the city . From that interchange , it runs eastward along the five @-@ lane @-@ wide 3 Mile Road and intersects the northern end of County Road H @-@ 63 ( Mackinac Trail ) before curving northeasterly . The spur runs through commercial areas and intersects the northern end of M @-@ 129 ( Dixie Highway ) before turning due north along Ashmun Street near the Sault Ste . Marie Municipal Airport . Ashmun Street narrows to four lanes north of 10th Avenue and regains a center turn lane at Adams Avenue . BS I @-@ 75 turns northeasterly onto the two @-@ lane Easterday Avenue and runs to the east of the campus of Lake Superior State University , crossing the Edison Sault Power Canal . At Portage Avenue south of the Soo Locks . , BS I @-@ 75 turns southeasterly to follow Portage Avenue along the St. Marys River . The spur crosses the canal just upstream from its mouth . Portage Avenue continues through residential neighborhoods on the east side of Sault Ste . Marie , following the river . BS I @-@ 75 ends at the entrance to the Sugar Island Ferry Dock across from the Sault Ste . Marie Country Club . On average each day in 2013 , 1 @,@ 433 vehicles use the business loop near the I @-@ 75 interchange , and 19 @,@ 962 vehicles do so north of the M @-@ 129 junction , the lowest and highest traffic counts . \n When the state highway system was first signposted in 1919 , the north – south state highway in Sault Ste . Marie was numbered M @-@ 12 in 1919 . It was renumbered as part of US Highway 2 in 1926 . In 1962 , the I @-@ 75 / US 2 freeway was completed , and the former route of US 2 through downtown along with a connection between I @-@ 75 / US 2 and the International Bridge was redesignated BS I @-@ 75 . In 1989 , the designation was extended along Portage Avenue to the Sugar Island Ferry Dock . \n Major intersections \n The entire highway is in Sault Ste . Marie , Chippewa County . \n = 1755 Cape Ann earthquake = \n The 1755 Cape Ann earthquake took place off the coast of the British Province of Massachusetts Bay ( present @-@ day Massachusetts ) on November 18 . At between 6 @.@ 0 and 6 @.@ 3 on the Richter scale , it remains the largest earthquake in the history of Massachusetts . No one was killed , but it damaged hundreds of buildings in Boston and was felt as far north as Nova Scotia and as far south as South Carolina . Sailors on a ship more than 200 miles ( 320 km ) offshore felt the quake , and mistook it at first for their ship running aground . Many residents of Boston and the surrounding areas attributed the quake to God , and it occasioned a brief increase in religious fervor in the city . Modern studies estimate that if a similar quake shook Boston today , it would result in as much as $ 5 billion in damage and hundreds of deaths . \n It is possible that the Cape Ann earthquake may have been remotely triggered by a larger earthquake in Lisbon , Portugal , a few weeks prior , although there is not enough evidence to prove that they are linked . \n = = Epicenter = = \n The earthquake took place on November 18 , 1755 , at approximately 4 : 30 AM . Its epicenter is believed to have been offshore , approximately 24 miles ( 39 km ) east of Cape Ann . The quake was felt as far north as Halifax , Nova Scotia , south to the Chesapeake Bay and South Carolina , and from Lake George and Lake Champlain in the northwest to a ship 200 miles ( 320 km ) off the east coast . Sailors on the ship reported that the quake was so strong , they had feared that they had run aground . The region experienced several aftershocks , the first of which was a little more than an hour after the quake . Most of these aftershocks could not be felt in Boston , affecting only the northeastern coast of the colony . \n Modern research has estimated that the quake was between 6 @.@ 0 and 6 @.@ 3 on the Richter scale , and the United States Geological Survey lists it as the largest earthquake in the history of Massachusetts . Scientists are unclear on the causes of this and other quakes in the northeastern United States . There are a number of old faults in the region , but none of them are known to still be active . It is possible that the Cape Ann earthquake may have been remotely triggered by a larger earthquake in Lisbon , Portugal , a few weeks prior , although there is not enough evidence to prove that they are linked . \n = = Damage = = \n Boston and Cape Ann were the most heavily damaged . In Boston , damage was concentrated in areas of infill near the harbor ; infill is less sturdy in earthquakes than solid land . From 1 @,@ 300 to 1 @,@ 600 chimneys in the city were damaged in some way , the gable ends of some houses collapsed , and a number of roofs were damaged by falling chimneys . Stone chimneys and buildings were damaged in Falmouth ( present @-@ day Portland , Maine ) , Springfield , Massachusetts , and New Haven , Connecticut , as well . Some church steeples in Boston were damaged , ending up tilted from vertical . Stone fencing in rural areas was damaged . Observers also reported that several springs dried up , new ones were created , and cracks appeared in the ground near Scituate , Lancaster , and Pembroke . In this last town , observers noted water and fine sand coming from the crack . Non @-@ structural damage was minor ; residents reported damage to china and glassware , and a distiller lost some of his product after a cistern was damaged . The Cape Ann earthquake may also have created the first recorded tsunami in U.S. history . Observers in the Leeward Islands nearly 1 @,@ 000 miles ( 1 @,@ 600 km ) south of Cape Ann , reported a receding of water followed by a large wave that lifted several boats ashore and left fish floundering on the beach . \n = = Legacy = = \n Many Massachusetts residents of the time perceived the quake as punishment from God for immoral behavior . In the days after the earthquake , special prayer services were held and civic authorities declared fast days . A number of sermons and other writings were published as a consequence , including Jeremiah Newland 's Verses Occasioned by the Earthquakes in the Month of November , 1755 and Thomas Prince 's Earthquakes the Works of God and Tokens of his Just Displeasure . Not all explanations of the event were theological ; John Winthrop , a Harvard professor , proposed an alternate explanation having to do with heat and chemical vapors inside the surface of the earth . \n Since the 1755 earthquake , Boston and its surrounding towns have become a major metropolitan area . Much new construction has been built on infill , especially in the Back Bay area , which may be prone to greater shaking and to compaction of the sand and gravel used as fill . Many older buildings in the Boston area are built from stone and brick , and are likely to collapse completely during a major earthquake . Given this , modern observers have expressed concern about the effects of another quake in such a major city . A 1990 study by the Massachusetts Emergency Management Agency estimated potential financial losses at between $ 4 billion and $ 5 billion , and potential loss of life in the hundreds . As a consequence , the state has updated building codes and zoning laws to require that new construction and additions in vulnerable areas be built to resist earthquakes . \n Opposition to the Seabrook Station Nuclear Power Plant , about 15 miles off Cape Ann on the New Hampshire shoreline , highlighted the earthquake risk of the area . The plant was built regardless . \n = Light Tank Mk VIII = \n The Tank , Light , Mk VIII ( A25 ) , also known as the Harry Hopkins , after American President Roosevelt 's chief diplomatic advisor , was a British light tank produced by Vickers @-@ Armstrong during World War II . The Mk VIII was the last in the line of light tanks the company had built for the British Army , and was intended to be the successor of the previous light tank designed by Vickers @-@ Armstrong , the Mk VII Tetrarch . A number of changes were made to the Mk VIII , most notably increasing its width , length and weight and also increasing the thickness of the armour . The design of the tank was submitted to the War Office in late 1941 , with an initial order for 1 @,@ 000 models being made by the Tank Board of the War Office in the same month , a number that increased to 2 @,@ 410 in November . Production began in June 1942 but immediately began encountering problems with the tank , and a number of modifications had to be made to the design after complaints were made by the War Office and the Fighting Vehicle Proving Establishment . These problems were so acute that only 6 tanks had been produced by mid @-@ 1943 , and only 100 when production ended in February 1945 . \n By mid @-@ 1941 , officials in the War Office and the British Army had taken the decision that light tanks were no longer to be used by the British Army due to their inferior weapons and armour , as well as their poor performance during the conflict . Consequently , the Mk VIII was obsolete by the time that any significant number of the tanks had been produced , and none ever saw combat . A number of plans were made by the War Office for the design in light of this decision , including equipping reconnaissance units with them , or the unsuccessful idea of attaching wings to them so that aircraft could tow them as gliders into position to support airborne forces ; eventually it was decided to hand over those tanks that had been built to the Royal Air Force for use in airfield defence . One variant on the Mk VIII was designed , the Alecto self @-@ propelled gun which was to have mounted a howitzer and used as a close @-@ support vehicle by airborne forces ; however only a few were ever produced and they were never used in combat . \n = = Development history = = \n The Mk VIII was the light tank designed by Vickers @-@ Armstrong to be the successor to the Mk VII Tetrarch for the British Army . The company intended that the Mk VIII would improve on the design of the Tetrarch in a number of areas , particularly that of armour protection . It had thicker armour than the Tetrarch , with the frontal hull and turret armour being increased to a thickness of 38 millimetres ( 1 @.@ 5 in ) and the side armour to 17 millimetres ( 0 @.@ 67 in ) , and the turret and hull were given more sloping surfaces than the Tetrarch to help deflect shells . The dimensions of the Tetrarch design were also changed , with the Mk VIII being longer by 6 inches ( 0 @.@ 15 m ) , wider by 1 foot 3 inches ( 0 @.@ 38 m ) and its weight being increased ; these alterations meant that the tank could no longer be air @-@ portable , as it was too heavy to be carried by the General Aircraft Hamilcar glider . \n The same 12 @-@ cylinder engine as in the Tetrarch was fitted to the Mk VIII , although the increased weight meant that its maximum speed decreased to 30 miles per hour ( 48 km / h ) . The armament remained the same as the Tetrarch 's : one machine @-@ gun and a 2 pounder 40 @-@ millimetre ( 1 @.@ 6 in ) main gun . The tank also kept the unusual steering system used in the Tetrarch design ; this steering and mechanical system accomplished turns by the lateral movement of road wheels , which bowed the tracks . When the driver turned the steering wheel all eight road wheels not only turned but also tilted in order to bend the tracks and make the tank turn ; the idea was to reduce the mechanical strain and waste of power caused by the traditional system used to turn tanks by braking one track . Unlike the Tetrarch , the steering system of the Mk VIII was power @-@ assisted . \n Vickers @-@ Armstrong submitted the Mk VIII design to the War Office in September 1941 , and in that same month the Tank Board of the War Office ordered 1 @,@ 000 tanks , increased in November to 2 @,@ 410 . The Board hoped that production could commence in June 1942 at a rate of approximately 100 per month , to be produced by Metro @-@ Cammell , a subsidiary of Vickers @-@ Armstrong . It was also at this time that the tank was given the specification number A25 and given the name of Harry Hopkins Production began in June 1942 as expected , but immediately began to experience problems ; these are not specified , but it appears that testing of the prototypes of the Mk VIII provided by Vickers @-@ Armstrong raised a number of issues . A minute sent to the Prime Minister , Winston Churchill , in September from the Ministry of Supply stated that there would be delays in delivery of the tank due to developmental problems , and a report issued by the War Office in December stated that a number of modifications would be required before production could be continued ; the front suspension system was singled out as requiring extensive modification . Problems were still being encountered in July 1943 , with a report from the Fighting Vehicle Proving Establishment indicating that serious defects were still being found in the models being tested ; the problems became so acute that trials of the Mk VIII were abandoned earlier than scheduled . By 31 August 1943 only six Mk VIII tanks had been produced , compared to a War Office requirement of 100 by the beginning of the year . Although the War Office persisted in retaining the design and issued an official requirement in November 1943 for 750 tanks to be built , only around 100 had been built when production officially ended in February 1945 . \n = = Operational history = = \n By mid @-@ 1941 officials at the War Office and in the Army had finally decided that light tanks as a concept were a liability , and too vulnerable to be used by the British Army . This was due to the poor performance of British light tanks during the Battle of France , caused when a shortage of tanks designed to engage enemy tanks had led to light tanks being deployed against German armour ; the resulting high casualties led to the War Office rethinking the suitability of the light tank design . The pre @-@ war role of the light tank , that of reconnaissance , had also been found to be better carried out by scout cars which had smaller crews and better cross @-@ country abilities . Consequently , by the time that significant numbers of the Mk VIII were being produced by Metro @-@ Cammell , they had already become obsolete and did not see combat . There was a requirement for a limited number of light tanks within the organization of British armoured divisions , but this had already been met by the American @-@ produced M5 Stuart light tank . A policy report issued in December 1942 suggested that the tank could be issued to reconnaissance regiments or special light tank regiments raised for specialized operations . These suggestions were discussed and discarded , and instead it was decided that those tanks built should be handed over to the Royal Air Force for use in defending airfields and airbases . \n The Mk VIII was also discussed in terms of another plan known as the Carrier Wing ; in this plan flying surfaces , such as wings , would be fitted to the Mk VIII so that it could be towed by a transport aircraft and then glide into battle in support of airborne forces . The plan was dropped , however , after the prototype crashed after it had taken off . \n A single variant of the Mk VIII was designed , the Alecto self @-@ propelled gun . Originally known as the Harry Hopkins 1 CS ( for \" Close Support \" ) , the Alecto was eventually given the General Staff specification number A25 E2 . The Alecto mounted a 95 @-@ millimetre ( 3 @.@ 7 in ) howitzer on a lightweight version of the Mk VIII chassis which had the turret removed so that the howitzer could be placed low down in the hull , and the armour was reduced to a thickness of 10 to 4 mm ( 0 @.@ 39 to 0 @.@ 16 in ) to reduce its weight , resulting in a maximum speed of 31 miles per hour ( 50 km / h ) . The Alecto was designed to replace the half @-@ tracks carrying support weapons , such as howitzers , which British airborne formations used during the conflict , and was first developed in late 1942 . It could also have been used in place of 75mm gun equipped armoured cars . The War Office had ordered 2 @,@ 200 Alectos but only a small number were ever produced , none of which saw service ; many were converted into bulldozers for use by Royal Engineer units . \n = BLT = \n A BLT ( Bacon , Lettuce and Tomato ) is a type of bacon sandwich . The standard BLT is made up of four ingredients : bacon , lettuce , tomato and bread . The BLT evolved from the tea sandwiches served before 1900 at a similar time to the club sandwich , although it is unclear when the name BLT became the norm . \n = = Ingredients and preparation = = \n While there are variations on the BLT , the essential ingredients are bacon , lettuce , tomato and bread . The quantity and quality of the ingredients are matters of personal preference . The bacon can be well cooked or tender , but as it \" carries \" the other flavours , chefs recommend using higher quality meat ; in particular , chef Edward Lee states \" Your general supermarket bacon is not going to cut the mustard \" . \n Iceberg lettuce is a common choice because it does not add too much flavour whilst adding crunch . Food writer Ed Levine has suggested that BLT does not require lettuce at all , as it is \" superfluous \" , a suggestion that Jon Bonné , lifestyle editor at MSNBC , described as \" shocking \" . Michele Anna Jordan , author of The BLT Cookbook , believes the tomato is the key ingredient and recommends the use of the beefsteak tomato as it has more flesh and fewer seeds . \n The sandwich is sometimes served with dressings , like mayonnaise . The bread can be of any variety , white or wholemeal , toasted or not , depending on personal preference . \n = = = Variations = = = \n The sandwich has a high sodium and fat content , and has been specifically targeted by UK café chains in an effort to reduce salt and fat . Due to this , low @-@ fat mayonnaise is a common substitute along with low salt bread and less fatty bacon . In 2009 , seven large cafe chains in the UK made a commitment to reducing salt and fat through similar substitutions . A more visible solution is to use turkey bacon in lieu of normal bacon . One of the variations on the BLT is the club sandwich , a two @-@ layered sandwich in which one layer is a BLT . The other layer can be almost any sort of sliced meat , normally chicken or turkey . \n The BLT has been deconstructed into a number of forms ; for example , Edna Lewis and Scott Peacock created a BLT salad in The Gift of Southern Cooking by cutting the ingredients into 1 inch ( 25 mm ) pieces and tossing in mayonnaise . This variation was described by New York Times writer Julia Reed as \" even more perfect than a BLT \" . \n Vegans and vegetarians may replace bacon with tempeh as meat analogue instead . This recipe is called TLT ( Tempeh , Lettuce , and Tomato ) . Alternatively they can use mock bacon . \n = = History = = \n Although the ingredients of the BLT have existed for many years , there is little evidence of BLT sandwich recipes prior to 1900 . In the 1903 Good Housekeeping Everyday Cook Book , a recipe for a club sandwich included bacon , lettuce , tomato , mayonnaise and a slice of turkey sandwiched between two slices of bread . Whilst the 1929 book Seven Hundred Sandwiches does include a section on bacon sandwiches , the recipes often include pickles and none contain tomato . \n The BLT became popular after World War II because of the rapid expansion of supermarkets , which allowed ingredients to be available year @-@ round . The initials , representing \" bacon , lettuce , tomato \" , likely began in the American restaurant industry as shorthand for the sandwich , but it is unclear when this transferred to the public consciousness . For example , a 1951 edition of the Saturday Evening Post makes reference to the sandwich , although it does not use its initials , describing a scene in which : \" On the tray , invariably , are a bowl of soup , a toasted sandwich of bacon , lettuce and tomato , and a chocolate milk shake . \" \n A 1954 issue of Modern Hospital contains a meal suggestion that includes : \" Bean Soup , Toasted Bacon Lettuce and Tomato Sandwich , Pickles , Jellied Banana Salad , Cream Dressing , and Pound Cake . \" By 1958 , Hellmann 's Mayonnaise advertised their product as \" traditional on bacon , lettuce , and tomato sandwiches , \" suggesting that the combination had been around for some time . However , there are several references to a \" B.L.T \" in the early 1970s , including in one review of Bruce Jay Friedman 's play entitled Steambath titled : \" A B.L.T. for God – hold the mayo . \" . The abbreviation used in title references a line of dialogue in the play in which God yells , \" Send up a bacon and lettuce and tomato sandwich , hold the mayo . You burn the toast , I 'll smite you down with my terrible swift sword . \" The coexistence of the shortened version and the full name suggests this was a period of transition as the abbreviation was popularized . \n = = = Popularity = = = \n According to food historian John Mariani , it is the second most popular sandwich in the US , after the ham sandwich , and a poll by OnePoll in 2008 showed that it was the \" nation 's favourite \" sandwich in the UK . BLT sandwiches are popular especially in the summer , following the tomato harvest . In the USA , the BLT @-@ season is associated with an increase in the price of pork @-@ bellies , which are processed into bacon . \n = = BLT in culture = = \n In 1963 , pop art sculptor Claes Oldenburg created Giant BLT a soft sculpture representing the sandwich , now in the collection of the Whitney Museum of American Art . It measures 32 by 39 inches ( 81 cm × 99 cm ) and uses vinyl , kapok and wood , painted in acrylic . Every time it is moved , it must be restacked , which means it varies between exhibits . The artist has said that he has not set it up personally since its creation in 1963 . \n In 2003 , a record for the world 's largest BLT was created by Michele Anna Jordan , measuring 108 feet ( 33 m ) in length . It was prepared at a 2003 tomato festival in Sonoma County , California and had a total area of 14 @,@ 976 square inches ( 96 @,@ 620 cm2 ) . In 2008 , Marie Ganister and Glenda Castelli created a 146 feet ( 45 m ) BLT – a sandwich which was originally planned with Jordan . The record was broken again by the Iron Barley restaurant in St. Louis , Missouri , with a BLT measuring 179 feet ( 55 m ) , and is currently held by Bentley Dining Services for their 2009 attempt , measuring 209 feet 1 inch ( 63 @.@ 73 m ) . \n In 2004 , the New Statesman reported that the sandwich chosen by a politician as his \" favourite \" is loaded with political symbolism . For example , it suggested that a chicken tikka sandwich would be a \" gentle nod to an imperial past and a firm statement of a multicultural present and future \" . The article went on to explain that the then Leader of the Opposition William Hague had accused the then Prime Minister Tony Blair of being a hypocrite with regards to food , telling one portion of society that his favourite meal was fish and chips and another that it was a fresh fettuccine dish . The conclusion of the article was that Blair chose the BLT as his favourite sandwich , which appeals to all classes . \n = Juan Uribe = \n Juan Cespedes Uribe Tena ( born March 22 , 1979 ) is a Dominican professional baseball third baseman for the Cleveland Indians of Major League Baseball ( MLB ) . He stands 6 feet ( 1 @.@ 8 m ) tall and weighs 235 pounds ( 107 kg ) . He previously played in MLB for the Colorado Rockies , Chicago White Sox , San Francisco Giants , Los Angeles Dodgers , Atlanta Braves and New York Mets . He bats and throws right @-@ handed . \n Uribe began his professional career in 1997 when he was signed by the Colorado Rockies . After advancing through the minors , he made his MLB debut with the Rockies in 2001 . He became their shortstop in 2001 and spent all of 2002 in that capacity . He missed part of 2003 with an injury and was traded to the Chicago White Sox following the season . After one season as a utility player , Uribe became the starting shortstop for the White Sox in 2005 ; he held that position for the next three years . While Uribe was with the White Sox , the team won the 2005 World Series against the Houston Astros . Uribe hit 21 home runs in 2006 but had a low on @-@ base percentage . He hit 20 home runs in 2007 but had a low batting average with runners in scoring position ( RISP ) . In 2008 , Uribe lost his starting shortstop role to Orlando Cabrera and shifted to the starter at second , but then lost that job to rookie Alexei Ramírez . He eventually ended the season as the team 's third baseman due to an injury to Joe Crede . \n In 2009 , Uribe signed with the Giants and was again used as utility player . He spent most of 2010 as the Giants ' shortstop , hit a career @-@ high 24 home runs , and had several key hits in the playoffs as the Giants won the 2010 World Series . Following that season , he signed a three @-@ year contract with the Los Angeles Dodgers . The next two years were plagued by injuries and poor hitting , but he regained his starting role at third base and made strong contributions to the team in 2013 and 2014 . Uribe was traded to the Braves in late May of the 2015 season and again to the Mets in July of the 2015 season . \n = = Early life = = \n Uribe was born in Baní , Dominican Republic . Growing up , he became interested in baseball partly due to José Uribe . José was Juan 's second cousin , although Juan calls him his \" uncle \" because of their age difference . When Major League Baseball ( MLB ) was not in season , José would come home to the Dominican Republic and tell Juan about his time in the majors playing shortstop for the San Francisco Giants . Juan proved to have baseball ability too . In 1997 , Colorado Rockies scout Jorge Posada , Sr. , spotted Uribe while he was scouting pitcher Enemencio Pacheco . Posada offered him a $ 5 @,@ 000 contract , but Uribe and his father tried to get a higher amount from agent Bob Michelin . Eventually , Uribe settled for $ 5 @,@ 000 . \n = = Professional baseball career = = \n = = = Minor league career = = = \n Uribe started his professional career playing in the Dominican Summer League ( DSL ) for the DSL Rockies . In 1998 and 1999 , he played for the rookie @-@ level Arizona Rookie League and the Single @-@ A Asheville Tourists in the South Atlantic League . While in Asheville , he batted .392 with 28 doubles , compiling a 15 @-@ game hitting streak at one point in the season . Uribe played for the Single @-@ A advanced Salem Avalanche of the Carolina League in 2000 , batting .256 with 13 home runs . Following the season , Baseball America named him the number two prospect in the Rockies ' organization . In 2001 , he was called up by the Rockies . \n = = = Colorado Rockies = = = \n = = = = 2001 : Rookie season = = = = \n Uribe played 72 games for the Rockies in his rookie season of 2001 . He batted .300 , had eight home runs , and had 53 runs batted in ( RBIs ) . He also had 11 triples , tying a club record held by Neifi Pérez and Juan Pierre . He made his major league debut on April 8 , pinch @-@ hitting and striking out against Jay Witasick in an 11 – 3 loss to the San Diego Padres . Three days later , he had his first major league hit against Matt Morris in a 3 – 1 loss to the St. Louis Cardinals . He was sent down to the Triple @-@ A Colorado Springs Sky Sox of the Pacific Coast League a few times during the season . However , after July 25 he took over the shortstop position for the Rockies when they traded Pérez . On August 2 , he hit his first major league home run against Dave Coggin in a 4 – 2 loss to the Philadelphia Phillies . He tied three other franchise records with two hits , two extra base hits , and six total bases in a single inning during an October 7 game against the San Diego Padres . \n = = = = 2002 = = = = \n Uribe played his first full season in the majors for the Rockies in 2002 . He started 150 games at shortstop , posting a .240 average , six home runs , 49 RBIs , and 25 doubles . He had a 17 @-@ game hitting streak during the months of April and May , a career high . However , his offensive production slumped from May through August , and he also played poor defensive , leading the team with 27 errors . Uribe saw a little improvement offensively late in the season , though , as he tied a career high for hits in a game with four on September 17 in a game against the Los Angeles Angels of Anaheim ; he finished that game a home run short of the cycle . \n = = = = 2003 = = = = \n In 2003 , Uribe did not play until June 3 because of an injury suffered when he was rounding the bases during a spring training game on March 1 . In his first game back , he homered twice against Ricardo Rodríguez of the Cleveland Indians . He began to play in the outfield for the Rockies , starting at center field on June 15 . However , he returned to the shortstop position when José Hernández was traded . In 87 games , he batted .253 with 80 hits , 19 doubles , 10 home runs , and 33 RBIs . Uribe was traded to the Chicago White Sox on December 2 , 2003 , for Aaron Miles . \n = = = Chicago White Sox = = = \n = = = = 2004 = = = = \n Although Uribe did not have a starting role at the beginning of his tenure with the White Sox , he wound up appearing in 134 games for them in 2004 , playing second base , shortstop , and third base . On June 19 , he had seven RBIs ( one short of the White Sox single @-@ game record ) in a 17 – 14 loss to the Montreal Expos . He set many career highs in batting categories , including batting average with the bases loaded ( .556 ) , RISP ( .340 ) , batting average ( .283 ) , home runs ( 23 ) , RBIs ( 74 ) , hits ( 142 ) , and runs ( 82 ) . He played much better at home , batting .315 with six home runs compared to .248 with seven home runs on the road . On December 16 , he agreed to a contract extension through 2008 with the White Sox . \n = = = = 2005 : World Series = = = = \n In 2005 , Uribe spent the entire season playing shortstop after the White Sox did not re @-@ sign José Valentín . In 146 games , a number that would have been higher had it not been for minor injuries , Uribe batted .252 with 121 hits , 23 doubles , 16 home runs , and 74 RBIs . In Game 1 of the American League Division Series ( ALDS ) , Uribe hit a home run and had three RBIs as the White Sox defeated the Boston Red Sox 14 – 2 . Uribe made two memorable defensive plays for the final two outs of the 2005 World Series , first catching a ball while crashing into the third base stands and then ranging over the middle and firing an off @-@ balance throw on a slow grounder to beat Houston Astro Orlando Palmeiro to give the White Sox their first title in 88 years . \n = = = = 2006 = = = = \n On July 2 , 2006 , Uribe had five RBIs in a 15 – 11 loss to the Chicago Cubs ; two days later , he again had five RBIs in a 13 – 0 victory over the Baltimore Orioles . Uribe had one of his best power seasons in 2006 , batting .235 with 21 home runs and 71 RBIs in 132 games . However , he had the lowest on @-@ base percentage of his career , at .257 . Injuries prevented him from appearing 10 games , and he also lost some starts at shortstop to Alex Cintrón because of his low on @-@ base percentage . He led the White Sox in sacrifice hits and ranked fourth in the AL with a .977 fielding percentage . He also joined Derek Jeter , Miguel Tejada , Edgar Rentería , and Michael Young as the only shortstops to top 70 RBIs in ' 04 , ' 05 , and ' 06 . \n = = = = 2007 = = = = \n On September 29 , 2007 , Uribe had a walkoff RBI single against Fernando Rodney to give the White Sox a 3 – 2 win over the Detroit Tigers . In 150 games in 2007 , Uribe batted .234 with 120 hits , 18 doubles , 20 home runs , and 68 RBIs . He was second in the league in fielding percentage ( .976 ) , but he batted .198 with runners in scoring position . The White Sox declined Uribe 's option , but on November 7 , 2007 , they signed him to a one @-@ year , $ 4 @.@ 5 million deal . \n = = = = 2008 = = = = \n The White Sox acquired Orlando Cabrera to play shortstop in 2008 , forcing Uribe to compete with Alexei Ramírez , Danny Richar , and Pablo Ozuna for the position in spring training . Uribe won the second base job , but after an injury in May , Uribe lost his spot in the White Sox starting lineup to Ramírez . However , Uribe took over third base from Josh Fields ( who had spent a week filling in for an injured Joe Crede ) on August 1 . In 110 games ( 324 at @-@ bats ) , Uribe had 80 hits , 22 doubles , seven home runs , and 40 RBIs . On October 30 , Uribe filed for free agency . \n While with the White Sox , Uribe was always regarded as a talented player . He was especially adept at fielding and hitting home runs . However , Ozzie Guillén had issues with Uribe 's low on @-@ base percentage and his conditioning . \n = = = San Francisco Giants = = = \n = = = = 2009 = = = = \n On January 29 , 2009 , Uribe signed a minor league deal with the San Francisco Giants . It was announced on April 4 that Uribe had made the Giants final roster as a utility player . Uribe wound up making a lot of starts at second base , shortstop , and third base throughout the season . On July 10 , Uribe bobbled a ground ball with one out in the eighth inning of Jonathan Sánchez 's no @-@ hitter against San Diego , allowing Chase Headley to reach first base . The effort had been perfect up to that point , and Sánchez went on to retire each of the remaining five batters , meaning this error lost the first perfect game since Randy Johnson ' s in 2004 . This was the first no @-@ hit , no @-@ walk , no – hit batsman game that was not also a perfect game since Terry Mulholland 's no @-@ hitter in 1990 . In 122 games ( 398 at @-@ bats ) , Uribe batted .289 ( his highest average since 2001 ) with 115 hits , 26 doubles , 16 home runs , and 55 RBIs . \n = = = = 2010 : World Series = = = = \n In 2010 , Uribe re @-@ signed a one @-@ year , $ 3 @.@ 25 million contract with the Giants . He began 2010 as the Giants ' second baseman because of an injury to Freddy Sanchez . At the beginning of May , he moved over to shortstop to replace the injured Rentería ; for most of the remainder of the season , he was the Giants ' starting shortstop . He hit a game @-@ winning two @-@ run home run on September 5 against Jonathan Broxton , turning a 4 – 3 deficit into a 5 – 4 victory over the Los Angeles Dodgers . On September 23 , Uribe hit a grand slam against Ryan Dempster and a two @-@ run home run in the second inning against the Cubs for a total of six RBIs , helping the Giants win 13 – 0 . \n He finished the season batting .256 with a career @-@ high 24 home runs and a career @-@ high 85 RBIs . He had 129 hits on the year in 521 at @-@ bats , bringing his career hit total above the 1 @,@ 000 mark . He had 24 doubles and 2 triples . In Game 4 of the National League Championship Series ( NLCS ) against the Phillies on October 20 , Uribe had a walk @-@ off sacrifice fly against Roy Oswalt in a 6 – 5 victory . In Game 6 , on October 23 , he hit a go @-@ ahead solo home run against Ryan Madson in the top of the eighth , which gave the Giants a 3 – 2 victory , sending them to the World Series . In Game 1 of the World Series on October 27 , he hit a three @-@ run home run against Darren O 'Day which proved decisive in the Giants ' 11 – 7 victory over the Texas Rangers . He produced an RBI that made it 2 – 0 against C. J. Wilson in the seventh inning of Game 2 ; he added another RBI in the eighth as the Giants won 9 – 0 . The Giants won the series in five games , and Uribe earned his second World Series championship . \n = = = Los Angeles Dodgers = = = \n = = = = 2011 = = = = \n After the 2010 season , Uribe reached an agreement on a three @-@ year contract with the Los Angeles Dodgers . His first season with the Dodgers was one of his worst seasons as he made two trips to the disabled list and only managed to appear in 77 of 162 games , his fewest amount of games since 2001 . His production was the weakest of his career , as he hit a subpar .204 BA ( Batting average ) With four home runs and 28 RBIs . He was placed on the disabled list on July 30 , with what was described as abdominal pain . He was expected to return after 15"},"length_category":{"kind":"string","value":"Very Long"},"source":{"kind":"string","value":"wikitext-103-excerpt"}}},{"rowIdx":7799,"cells":{"text":{"kind":"string","value":" days , but the injury didn 't get better and was recharacterized as a sports hernia , which needed season @-@ ending surgery . \n = = = = 2012 = = = = \n In the 2012 season , Uribe mostly stayed healthy but his production remained similar to his 2011 totals . From May 14 to June 10 , he was on the disabled list with a left wrist injury . After June , he lost his starting role and was relegated to pinch @-@ hitting duties over the second half of the season . He played in just 66 games and hit only .191 ( his lowest career total ) with two home runs and 17 RBIs . \n = = = = 2013 = = = = \n Uribe began 2013 as a utility player . However , he made frequent starts at third base , and by June , he had taken over the position . On July 5 , Uribe had seven RBIs and was a single short of hitting for the cycle in a 10 – 2 victory over the Giants . \n On September 9 , 2013 , Uribe went four for four and homered in each of his first three trips to the plate against the Arizona Diamondbacks . It was his first 3 home run game in the Major Leagues . He played in 132 games for the Dodgers in 2013 , almost as many as his first two seasons with them combined ( 143 ) . He hit .278 with 12 homers and 50 RBI . On October 7 , during game four of the National League Divisional Series , Uribe hit a two @-@ run home run in the bottom of the 8th inning put Los Angeles ahead of the Atlanta Braves 4 – 3 . The Dodgers held on to defeat the Braves taking the series 3 – 1 . \n On December 14 , 2013 , Uribe agreed to a 2 @-@ year , $ 15 million contract extension with the Dodgers . \n = = = = 2014 = = = = \n Uribe continued his resurgence in 2014 , hitting .311 in 103 games . He also had 9 home runs and 54 RBIs . Uribe was well @-@ liked by his teammates , and hailed as a key part of maintaining clubhouse chemistry . Don Mattingly let him manage the Dodgers for the final game of the regular season , a 10 – 5 Dodgers win . \n = = = = 2015 = = = = \n Uribe started slowly in 2015 and wound up falling behind both Justin Turner and Alex Guerrero on the depth chart . In 29 games he hit .247 with one homer and six RBIs . \n = = = Atlanta Braves = = = \n On May 27 , 2015 , Uribe was traded to the Atlanta Braves ( with Chris Withrow ) in exchange for Alberto Callaspo , Eric Stults , Ian Thomas and Juan Jaime . The trade was finalized during the Braves ' three @-@ game series at Dodger Stadium , and Uribe appeared in his new team 's uniform in the third game , going 0 for 3 in the Atlanta win . When asked for an opinion on the trade , Uribe commented , \" I would 've felt bad if they traded me to a soccer , basketball or football team . But it 's another baseball team , so I 'm happy \" . Uribe 's popularity as a Dodger extended past his trade , as a scheduled bobblehead night went ahead as planned after he had left the team for the Braves . \n = = = New York Mets = = = \n On July 24 , 2015 , the Braves traded Uribe and Kelly Johnson to the New York Mets for John Gant and Rob Whalen . During his second game with New York , Uribe hit the walk @-@ off single in the tenth inning to win the game for the Mets , 3 @-@ 2 against the Los Angeles Dodgers . Uribe missed the National League Division Series and National League Championship Series due to a chest contusion in September , but was added to the Mets ' World Series roster and came off the bench in the sixth inning of Game 3 to deliver a pinch @-@ hit single , driving in a run . \n = = = Cleveland Indians = = = \n Just before the start of spring training 2016 , Uribe signed a one @-@ year , $ 4 million deal with the Cleveland Indians . On June 12 , 2016 in Anaheim , Uribe had to be carted off the field after being hit in the crotch by a ground ball which came off the bat of Mike Trout at 106 miles per hour ( 171 km / h ) . He was later diagnosed with a testicular contusion . \n = = Personal life = = \n Uribe and his wife Ana have four children : Juan Luis , Juanny , Janny , and Johanny . He also has a brother named Elpidio . Uribe does not speak English well and has used a translator throughout his career when conducting interviews . He plays winter baseball in the Dominican Republic every year . He has done work for many different charity organizations . In 2004 , he read to children on the Golden Apple Foundation Bus . He also helped with the United States military children 's coloring contest . \n = = = 2006 shooting allegations = = = \n In October 2006 , Uribe was alleged to have been involved in a shooting in his native Dominican Republic . A farmer named Antonio Gonzalez Perez accused Uribe of wounding him with a pellet gun . Despite claims by the San Cristóbal Province District Attorney that there was no firm evidence that Uribe was involved in the incident , a judge decided to press forward with the case . Although a defense motion to bar him from leaving the country was rejected , it was ruled on January 5 , 2007 , that Uribe must appear before a court on the 15 and the 30 of every month until the case was resolved . Uribe , who denied any involvement in the case , suggested that he might not play baseball until the legal proceedings were concluded . He was confident that he would win in court , and the White Sox expected him to be free for spring training . In February , his name was cleared of any involvement with the shooting , and the court ruled he no longer had to appear on the 15 and 30 of every month . Uribe called the incident \" blackmail \" , saying it was an attempt by Perez to get money from him . \n = Battle of Fort Eben @-@ Emael = \n The Battle of Fort Eben @-@ Emael was a battle between Belgian and German forces that took place between 10 May and 11 May 1940 , and was part of the Battle of Belgium and Fall Gelb , the German invasion of the Low Countries and France . An assault force of German paratroopers , Fallschirmjäger , was tasked with assaulting and capturing Fort Eben @-@ Emael ; a Belgian fortress whose strategic position and strong artillery emplacements dominated several important bridges over the Albert Canal . The easterly roads led into the Belgium heartland and the rest of the Low Countries . These roads were which the German forces intended to use to advance into Belgium . As some of the German airborne forces assaulted the fortress and disabled the garrison and the artillery pieces inside it , others simultaneously captured three bridges over the Canal . Having disabled the fortress , the airborne troops were then ordered to protect the bridges against Belgian counter @-@ attacks until they linked up with ground forces from the German 18th Army . \n The battle was a strategic victory for the German forces , with the airborne troops landing on top of the fortress via the use of gliders and using explosives and flamethrowers to disable the outer defences of the fortress . The Fallschirmjäger then entered the fortress , killing a number of defenders and containing the rest in the lower sections of the fortress . Simultaneously , the rest of the German assault force had landed near the three bridges over the Canal , destroyed a number of pillboxes and defensive positions and defeated the Belgian forces guarding the bridges , capturing them and bringing them under German control . The airborne troops suffered heavy casualties during the operation , but succeeded in holding the bridges until the arrival of German ground forces , who then aided the airborne troops in assaulting the fortress a second time and forcing the surrender of the remaining members of the garrison . German forces were then able to utilize two bridges over the Canal to bypass a number of Belgian defensive positions and advance into Belgium to aid in the invasion of the country . The bridge at Kanne was destroyed , forcing German engineers to construct a new bridge . \n = = Background = = \n On 10 May 1940 , Germany launched Fall Gelb , an invasion of the Low Countries . By attacking through the Netherlands , Luxembourg and Belgium , the German Oberkommando der Wehrmacht believed that German forces could outflank the Maginot Line and then advance through southern Belgium and into northern France , cutting off the British Expeditionary Force and a large number of French forces and forcing the French government to surrender . To gain access to northern France , German forces would have to defeat the armed forces of the Low Countries and either bypass or neutralize a number of defensive positions , primarily in Belgium and the Netherlands . Some of these defensive positions were only lightly defended and intended more as delaying positions than true defensive lines designed to stop an enemy attack . However , a number of them were of a more permanent design , possessing considerable fortifications and garrisoned by significant numbers of troops . The Grebbe @-@ Peel Line in the Netherlands , which stretched from the southern shore of the Zuiderzee to the Belgian border near Weert , had a large number of fortifications combined with natural obstacles , such as marsh @-@ lands and the Geld Valley , which could easily be flooded to impede an attack . The Belgian defences consisted of one delaying position running along the Albert Canal , and then a main defensive line running along the River Dyle , which protected the port of Antwerp and the Belgian capital , Brussels . This delaying position was protected by a number of forward positions manned by troops , except in a single area where the canal ran close to the Dutch border , which was known as the ' Maastricht Appendix ' due to the proximity of the city of Maastricht . The Belgian military could not build forward positions due to the proximity of the border , and therefore assigned an infantry division to guard the three bridges over the canal in the area , a brigade being assigned to each bridge . The bridges were defended by blockhouses equipped with machine @-@ guns . Artillery support was provided by Fort Eben @-@ Emael , whose artillery pieces covered two of the bridges . Having become aware of the Belgian defensive plan , which called for Belgian forces to briefly hold the delaying positions along the Albert Canal and then retreat to link up with British and French forces at the main defensive positions on the River Dyle , the German High Command made its own plans to disrupt this and seize and secure these three bridges , as well as a number of other bridges in Belgium and the Netherlands , to allow their own forces to breach the defensive positions and advance into the Netherlands . \n = = Prelude = = \n = = = Belgian Preparation = = = \n The Belgian 7th Infantry Division was assigned to guard the three bridges over the canal , supplementing the troops who garrisoned Fort Eben @-@ Emael at the time of the battle . The defences for each bridge consisted of four large concrete pillboxes on the western side of the canal , three equipped with machine @-@ guns and a fourth with an anti @-@ tank gun ; the bunker containing the anti @-@ tank gun was positioned close to the road leading from the bridge , with one machinegun @-@ equipped bunker immediately behind the bridge and two others flanking the bridge a short distance either side . A company position existed on the western bank of the canal by each of the bridges , with a small observation post on the eastern side , which could be quickly recalled , and all three bridges could be destroyed with demolition charges set into their structures , triggered by a firing mechanism situated in the anti @-@ tank bunkers . \n Fort Eben @-@ Emael , which measured 200 by 400 yards ( 180 by 370 m ) , had been built during the 1930s , and completed by 1935 , by blasting the required space out of marl . It possessed walls and roofs composed of 5 feet ( 1 @.@ 5 m ) thick reinforced concrete , as well as four retractable casemates and sixty @-@ four strongpoints . The fort was equipped with six 120mm artillery pieces with a range of ten miles , two of which could traverse 360 degrees ; sixteen 75mm artillery pieces ; twelve 60mm high @-@ velocity anti @-@ tank guns ; twenty @-@ five twin @-@ mounted machine @-@ guns ; and a number of anti @-@ aircraft guns . One side of the fort faced the canal , whilst the other three faced land and were defended by minefields ; deep ditches ; a 20 feet ( 6 @.@ 1 m ) high wall ; concrete pillboxes fitted with machine @-@ guns ; fifteen searchlights were emplaced on top of the fort ; and 60mm anti @-@ tank guns . A large number of tunnels ran beneath the fort , connecting individual turrets to the command centre and the ammunition stores . The fort also possessed its own hospital and a number of living quarters for the garrison , as well as a power station that provided electricity to power the guns , provide internal and external illumination , and to power the wireless network and air @-@ purifying system used by the garrison . \n Belgian plans did not call for the garrison of the fort and the attached defending forces to fight a sustained battle against an attacking force ; it was assumed that sufficient warning of an attack would be given so that the detachment on the eastern side of the canal could be withdrawn , the bridges destroyed and the garrison ready to fight a delaying action . The defending force would then retire to the main defensive positions along the River Dyle , where they would link up with other Allied forces . \n = = = German Preparation = = = \n The airborne assault on Fort Eben @-@ Emael , and the three bridges it helped protect , was part of a much larger German airborne operation that involved the 7th Air Division and the 22nd Airlanding Division . The 7th Air Division , comprising three parachute regiments and one infantry regiment , was tasked with capturing a number of river and canal bridges that led to the Dutch defensive positions centered around Rotterdam , as well as an airfield at Waalhaven . The 22nd Airlanding Division , which was composed of two infantry regiments and a reinforced parachute battalion , was tasked with capturing a number of airfields in the vicinity of The Hague at Valkenburg , Ockenburg and Ypenburg . Once these airfields had been secured by the parachute battalion , the rest of the division would land with the aim of occupying the Dutch capital and capturing the entire Dutch government , the Royal Family and high @-@ ranking members of the Dutch military . The division would also interdict all roads and railway lines in the area to impede the movement of Dutch forces . The intention of the German OKW was to use the two airborne divisions to create a corridor , along which the 18th Army could advance into the Netherlands without being impeded by destroyed bridges . General Kurt Student , who proposed the deployment of the two airborne divisions , argued that their presence would hold open the southern approaches to Rotterdam , prevent the movement of Dutch reserves based in north @-@ west Holland and any French forces sent to aid the Dutch defenders , and deny the use of airfields to Allied aircraft , all of which would aid a rapid advance by the 18th Army . 400 Junkers Ju 52 transport aircraft would be used to deploy the parachute elements of the airborne troops , as well as transport the elements of the two airborne divisions not landing by parachute or glider . \n The force tasked with assaulting the fort and capturing the three bridges was formed from elements of the 7th Air Division and the 22nd Airlanding Division , and was named Sturmabteilung Koch ( Assault Detachment Koch ) after the leader of the force , Hauptmann Walter Koch . The force , which had been assembled in November 1939 , was primarily composed of parachutists from the 1st Parachute Regiment and engineers from the 7th Air Division , as well as a small group of Luftwaffe pilots . Although the force was composed primarily of parachutists , it was decided that the first landings by the force should be by glider . Adolf Hitler , who had taken a personal interest in the arrangements for the assault force , had ordered that gliders be used after being told by his personal pilot , Hanna Reitsch , that gliders in flight were nearly silent ; it was believed that , since Belgian anti @-@ aircraft defences used sound @-@ location arrays and not radar , it would be possible to tow gliders near to the Dutch border and then release them , achieving a surprise attack as the Belgian defenders would not be able to detect them . Fifty DFS 230 transport gliders were supplied for use by the assault force , and then a period of intensive training began . A detailed study of the fort , the bridges and the local area was made , and a replica of the area was constructed for the airborne troops to train in . Joint exercises between the parachutists and the glider pilots were carried out in the early spring of 1940 , and a number of refinements made to the equipment and tactics to be used , such as barbed wire being added to the nose @-@ skids of the gliders to reduce their landing run , and the airborne troops trained with flamethrowers and specialized explosives , the latter of which were so secret that they were only used on fortifications in Germany and not on fortifications in Czechoslovakia similar to Fort Eben Emael . Secrecy was also maintained in a number of other ways . When exercises were completed gliders and equipment would be broken down and taken away in furniture vans , the sub @-@ units of the force were frequently renamed and moved from one location to another , unit badges and insignia were removed , and the airborne troops were not permitted to leave their barracks or to take leave . \n Hauptmann Koch divided his force into four assault groups . Group Granite , under Oberleutnant Rudolf Witzig , composed of eighty @-@ five men in eleven gliders whose task would be to assault and capture Fort Eben Emael ; Group Steel , commanded by Oberleutnant Gustav Altmann , and formed of ninety @-@ two men and nine gliders , would capture the Veldwezelt bridge ; Group Concrete , commanded by Leutnant Gerhard Schacht and composed of ninety @-@ six men in eleven gliders , would capture the Vroenhoven bridge ; and Group Iron , under Leutnant Martin Schächter , composed of ninety men in ten gliders , who would capture the Kanne bridge . The crucial element for the assault force , and particularly Group Granite , was time . It was believed that the combination of a noiseless approach by the gliders used by the assault force , and the lack of a declaration of war by the German government , would give the attackers the element of surprise . However , German estimates were that this would last , at the most , for sixty minutes , after which the superior numbers of the Belgian forces defending the fort and the bridges , as well as any reinforcements sent to the area , would begin to come to bear against the relatively small number of lightly armed airborne troops . The German plan , therefore , was to eliminate within those sixty minutes as many anti @-@ aircraft positions and individual cupolas and casemates as was possible , and at all costs to put out of action the long @-@ range artillery pieces which covered the three bridges . The destruction of these guns was expected to be completed within ten minutes ; within this time the airborne troops would have to break out of their gliders , cover the distance to the guns , fix the explosive charges to the barrels of the guns and detonate them , all while under enemy fire . \n The finalized plan for the assault called for between nine and eleven gliders to land on the western bank of the Albert Canal by each of the three bridges just prior to 05 : 30 on 10 May , the time scheduled for Fall Gelb to begin . The groups assigned to assault the three bridges would overwhelm the defending Belgian troops , remove any demolition charges and then prepare to defend the bridges against an expected counter @-@ attack . Forty minutes later , three Ju @-@ 52 transport aircraft would fly over each position , dropping a further twenty @-@ four airborne troops as reinforcements as well as machine @-@ guns and significant amounts of ammunition . Simultaneously , the force assigned to assault Fort Eben @-@ Emael was to land on top of the Fort in eleven gliders , eliminate any defenders attempting to repel them , cripple what artillery they could with explosive charges , and then prevent the Garrison from dislodging them . Having achieved their initial objectives of seizing the bridges and eliminate the long @-@ range artillery pieces possessed by the Fort , the airborne troops would then defend their positions until the arrival of German ground forces . \n = = Battle = = \n For reasons of security , Sturmabteilung Koch was dispersed around several locations in the Rhineland until it received orders for the operation against Fort Eben @-@ Emael and the three bridges to begin . Preliminary orders were received on 9 May , ordering the separated detachments to move to a pre @-@ arranged concentration area , and shortly afterwards a second order arrived , informing the assault force that Fall Gelb was to begin at 05 : 25 on 10 May . At 04 : 30 , forty @-@ two gliders carrying the 493 airborne troops that formed the assault force were lifted off from two airfields in Cologne , the armada of gliders and transport aircraft turning south towards their objectives . The aircraft maintained strict radio silence , forcing the pilots to rely on a chain of signal fires that pointed towards Belgium ; the radio silence also ensured that senior commanders of the assault force could not be informed that the tow @-@ ropes on one of the gliders had snapped , forcing the glider to land inside Germany . Another pilot of a second glider released his tow @-@ rope prematurely , and was unable to land near its objective . Both gliders were carrying troops assigned to Group Granite and were destined to assault Fort Eben @-@ Emael , thereby leaving the group understrength ; it also left it under the command of Oberleutnant Witzig 's second @-@ in @-@ command , as Witzig was in one of the gliders forced to land . The remaining gliders were released from their tow @-@ ropes twenty miles away from their objectives at an altitude of 7 @,@ 000 feet ( 2 @,@ 100 m ) , which was deemed high enough for the gliders to land by the three bridges and on top of the fort , and also maintain a steep dive angle to further ensure they landed correctly . After the Ju @-@ 52 's released the gliders and began turning away , Belgian anti @-@ aircraft artillery positions detected them and opened fire . This alerted the defences in the area to the presence of the gliders . \n = = = Bridges = = = \n All nine gliders carrying the troops assigned to Group Steel landed next to the bridge at Veldwezelt at 05 : 20 , the barbed @-@ wire wrapped around the landing skids of the gliders succeeding in rapidly bringing them to a halt . The glider belonging to Leutnant Altmann had landed some distance from the bridge , and a second had landed directly in front of a Belgian pillbox , which began engaging both groups of airborne troops with small @-@ arms fire . The non @-@ commissioned officer in charge of the troops from the second glider hurled grenades at the pillbox whilst another of his men laid an explosive charge at the door and detonated it , allowing the bunker to be assaulted and removed as an obstacle . Simultaneously , Altmann gathered his troops and led them along a ditch running parallel to the bridge until two men were able to reach the canal bank and climb onto the girders of the bridge and disconnect the demolition charges placed there by the Belgian garrison . Thus the airborne troops prevented the Belgians from destroying the bridge , though they still faced the rest of the Belgian defenders . The defenders held on until a platoon of reinforcements arrived and forced them to retire to a nearby village . However , the assaulting force could not overcome two field @-@ guns located five hundred metres from the bridge by small @-@ arms fire , thus forcing Altmann to call for air support . Several Junkers Ju 87 Stukas responded and knocked out the guns . Group Steel was to be relieved by 14 : 30 , but Belgian resistance delayed their arrival in strength until 21 : 30 . During the fighting , the attacking force left eight airborne troops dead and thirty wounded . \n Ten of the eleven gliders transporting Group Concrete landed next to the Vroenhoven bridge at 05 : 15 , the eleventh glider having been hit by anti @-@ aircraft fire en route to the bridge and being forced to land prematurely inside Dutch territory . The gliders were engaged by heavy anti @-@ aircraft fire as they landed , causing one of the gliders to stall in mid @-@ air . The resulting crash severely wounded three airborne troops . The rest of the gliders landed without damage . One of the gliders landed near to the fortification housing the bridge detonators . This allowed the airborne troops to rapidly assault the position . They killed the occupants and tore out the wires connecting the explosives to the detonator set , ensuring the bridge could not be destroyed . The remaining Belgian defenders resisted fiercely by mounting several counter @-@ attacks in an attempt to recapture the bridge . They were repelled with the aid of several machine @-@ guns dropped by parachute to the airborne troops at 06 : 15 . Constant Belgian attacks meant that Group Concrete were not withdrawn and relieved by an infantry battalion until 21 : 40 . They suffered losses of seven dead and twenty @-@ four wounded . \n All but one of the ten gliders carrying the airborne troops assigned to Group Iron were able to land next to their objective , the bridge at Kanne . Due to a navigation error by the pilots of the transport aircraft towing the gliders , one of the gliders was dropped in the wrong area . The other nine gliders were towed through heavy anti @-@ aircraft fire and released at 05 : 35 . As the gliders began to descend towards their objective , the bridge was destroyed by several demolition explosions set off by the Belgian garrison . Unlike the garrisons of the other two bridges , the Belgian defenders at Kanne had been forewarned , as the German mechanized column heading for the bridge to reinforce Group Iron arrived twenty minutes ahead of schedule . Its appearance ruined any chance of a surprise assault and gave the defenders sufficient time to destroy the bridge . As the gliders came in to land , one was hit by anti @-@ aircraft fire and crashed into the ground killing most of the occupants . The remaining eight landed successfully , and the airborne troops stormed the Belgian positions and eliminated the defenders . \n By 05 : 50 the airborne troops had secured the area as well as the nearby village of Kanne , but they were then subjected to a strong counter @-@ attack which was only repulsed with the aid of air support from Stuka divebombers . The defenders launched several more counter @-@ attacks during the night , ensuring that the airborne troops could not be relieved until the morning of 11 May . Group Iron suffered the heaviest casualties of all three assault groups assigned to capture the bridges with twenty @-@ two dead and twenty @-@ six wounded . One of the airborne troops assigned to the Group was taken prisoner by the Belgians . He was later freed by German forces at a British prisoner of war camp at Dunkirk . \n = = = Fort Eben @-@ Emael = = = \n The nine remaining gliders transporting the airborne troops assigned to Group Granite successfully landed on the roof of Fort Eben @-@ Emael , utilizing arrester @-@ parachutes to slow their descent and rapidly bring them to a halt . The airborne troops rapidly emerged from the gliders and began attaching explosive charges to those emplacements on the top of the Fort which housed the artillery pieces that could target the three captured bridges . In the southern part of the Fort , Objective No. 18 , an artillery observation casemate housing three 75mm artillery pieces was damaged with a light demolition charge and then permanently destroyed with a heavier charge , which collapsed the casemate 's observation dome and part of the roof of the Fort itself . Objective No. 12 , a traversing turret holding two more artillery pieces was also destroyed by airborne troops , who then moved to Objective No. 26 , a turret holding another three 75mm weapons ; although explosives were detonated against this and the airborne troops assigned to destroy it moved off , this proved to be premature as one of the guns was rapidly brought to bear against the attackers , who were forced to assault it for a second time to destroy it . Another pair of 75mm guns in a cupola were disabled , as was a barracks known to house Belgian troops . However , attempts to destroy Objective No. 24 proved to be less successful ; the objective , twin turrets with heavy @-@ calibre guns mounted on a rotating cupola , was too large for airborne troops from a single glider to destroy on their own , forcing troops from two gliders to be used . Primitive unlined shaped charges were affixed to the turrets and detonated , but whilst they shook the turrets they did not destroy them , and other airborne troops were forced to climb the turrets and smash the gun barrels . \n In the northern section of the fort , similar actions were taking place , as the airborne troops raced to destroy or otherwise disable the fortifications housing artillery pieces . Objective No. 13 was a casemate housing multiple machine @-@ guns whose arcs of fire covered the western side of the Fort ; to destroy the casemate , the airborne troops used a flamethrower to force the Belgian soldiers manning the weapons to retreat , and then detonated shaped charges against the fortification to disable it . Another observation cupola fitted with machine @-@ guns , Objective No. 19 , was destroyed , but two further objectives , Nos. 15 and 16 were found to be dummy installations . Unexpected complications came from Objective No. 23 , a retractable cupola housing two 75mm artillery pieces . It had been assumed that the weapons in this fortification could not stop the airborne assault , but this assumption was found to be false when the weapons opened fire , forcing the airborne troops in the area to go to cover . The rapid fire of the weapons led to air support being summoned , and a Stuka squadron bombed the cupola . Although the bombs did not destroy the cupola , the explosions did force the Belgians to retract it throughout the rest of the fighting . Any exterior entrances and exits located by the airborne troops were destroyed with explosives to seal the garrison inside the Fort , giving the garrison few opportunities to attempt a counter @-@ attack . The airborne troops had achieved their initial objective of destroying or disabling the artillery pieces that the fort could have used to bombard the captured bridges , but they still faced a number of small cupolas and emplacements that had to be disabled . A number of these included anti @-@ aircraft weapons and machine @-@ guns . \n As these secondary objectives were attacked , a single glider landed on top of the Fort , from which emerged Oberleutnant Rudolf Witzig . After his glider had unintentionally landed in German territory , he had radioed for another tug , and it landed in the field with a replacement glider . Once the airborne troops had broken down fences and hedges obstructing the aircraft , they boarded the new glider and were towed through anti @-@ aircraft fire to the fort . Having achieved their primary objectives of disabling the artillery pieces possessed by the fort , the airborne troops then held it against Belgian counter @-@ attacks , which began almost immediately . These counter @-@ attacks were made by Belgian infantry formations without artillery support and were uncoordinated . This allowed the airborne troops to repel them with machine @-@ gun fire . Artillery from several smaller Forts nearby and Belgian field artillery units also targeted the airborne troops , but this too was uncoordinated and achieved nothing and often aided the airborne troops in repelling counter @-@ attacks by Belgian infantry units . Patrols were also used to ensure that the garrison stayed in the interior of the fort and did not attempt to emerge and mount an attempt to retake the fort . Any attempt by the garrison to launch a counter @-@ attack would have been stymied by the fact that the only possible route for such an attack was up a single , spiral staircase , and any embrasures looking out onto the Fort had either been captured or disabled . The plan for the assault had called for Group Granite to be relieved by 51st Engineer Battalion within a few hours of seizing the Fort , but the Group was not actually relieved until 7 : 00 on 11 May . Heavy Belgian resistance , as well as several demolished bridges over the River Meuse , had forced the battalion to lay down new bridges , delaying it significantly . Once the airborne troops had been relieved , the battalion , in conjunction with an infantry regiment that arrived shortly after the engineers , mounted an attack on the main entrance to the fort . Faced with this attack , the garrison surrendered at 12 : 30 , suffering sixty men killed and forty wounded . The Germans took more than a thousand Belgian soldiers into captivity . Group Granite suffered six killed and nineteen wounded . \n = = Aftermath = = \n The airborne assault on the three bridges and Fort Eben @-@ Emael had been an overall success for the Fallschirmjäger of Sturmabteilung Koch ; the artillery pieces possessed by Fort Eben @-@ Emael had been disabled , and two of the three bridges designated to be captured by the sub @-@ units of Sturmabteilung Koch had been captured before they could be destroyed . The capture of the bridges , and the neutralization of the artillery pieces in the Fort allowed infantry and armour from the 18th Army to bypass other Belgian defences and enter the heart of Belgium . In a post @-@ war publication , General Kurt Student wrote of the operation , and the efforts of Group Granite in particular , that \" It was a deed of exemplary daring and decisive significance [ ... ] I have studied the history of the last war and the battles on all fronts . But I have not been able to find anything among the host of brilliant actions — undertaken by friend or foe — that could be said to compare with the success achieved by Koch 's Assault Group . \" A number of officers and non @-@ commissioned officers were awarded the Knight 's Cross of the Iron Cross for their participation in the operation , including Lieutenant Rudolf Witzig who led the assault on Fort Eben @-@ Emael in the absence of Koch . Sturmabteilung Koch was expanded after the end of Fall Gelb to become 1st Battalion of the newly formed 1st Airlanding Assault Regiment , which itself consisted of four battalions of Fallschirmjaeger trained as a gliderborne assault force . Hauptmann Koch was promoted to the rank of Major for his part in the operation and assumed command of the 1st Battalion . Due to the destroyed bridges , the 17th Armored Engineer Battalion built a new bridge over the canal on 15 September 1944 . \n = M @-@ 124 ( Michigan highway ) = \n M @-@ 124 is a state trunkline highway in the Lower Peninsula of the US state of Michigan that runs on the north side of Vineyard and Wamplers lakes near Brooklyn in Jackson County near the Irish Hills area . The highway travels directly through W. J. Hayes State Park before ending in Lenawee County . The designation was created in 1929 for a road that accessed the state park , connecting it to US Highway 112 ( US 112 , now US 12 ) . It was later extended westward to M @-@ 50 in Brooklyn in the 1930s . \n = = Route description = = \n M @-@ 124 begins at an intersection with M @-@ 50 just south of Brooklyn . The trunkline runs eastward on Wampers Lake Road through a residential section of town and crosses the River Raisin on the north side of Vineyard Lake . After passing Vineyard Lake , the highway curves towards the southwest as it passes several other smaller lakes and heads towards Wamplers Lake . M @-@ 124 passes between Wamplers and Mud lakes , curving around the eastern side of Wamplers Lake as it enters Walter J. Hayes State Park from the north . The park is a popular tourist destination for boaters , craft and antique shows and its close proximity to Michigan International Speedway . The road nearly bisects the park as it passes through near Round Lake before exiting the park and terminating an at intersection with US 12 . \n M @-@ 124 is maintained by the Michigan Department of Transportation ( MDOT ) like other state highways in Michigan . According to the department between 1 @,@ 692 and 4 @,@ 222 vehicles used the highway each day . No segment of M @-@ 124 is listed on the National Highway System , a network of roads important to the country 's economy , defense , and mobility . \n = = History = = \n When M @-@ 124 was designated in 1929 , it extended from US 112 ( what is now US 12 ) north to Cedar Hills State Park . Between 1929 and 1932 a series of extensions and realignments proceeded to move the route further northward , at the same time the park was renamed to its present day moniker , Walter J. Hayes State Park , to honor Walter J. Hayes . In 1933 , the western end was extended to terminate at M @-@ 50 in Brooklyn . This western section of the highway was realigned to is present course in 1939 . The trunkline has retained this alignment ever since . \n = = Major intersections = = \n = Royal National Lifeboat Institution = \n The Royal National Lifeboat Institution ( RNLI ) is the largest charity that saves lives at sea around the coasts of the UK , Ireland , the Channel Islands and the Isle of Man as well as on some inland waterways . There are numerous other lifeboat services operating in the same area . \n Founded in 1824 as the National Institution for the Preservation of Life from Shipwreck , the RNLI was granted Royal Charter in 1860 and is a charity in the UK and Republic of Ireland . Queen Elizabeth II is Patron . The RNLI is principally funded by legacies and donations with most lifeboat crew members being unpaid volunteers . \n The RNLI has 237 lifeboat stations and operates 444 lifeboats . Crews rescued on average 22 people a day in 2015 . RNLI Lifeguards operate on more than 200 beaches . They are paid by local authorities , while the RNLI provides equipment and training . The Institution operates Flood Rescue Teams ( FRT ) nationally and internationally ( iFRT ) , the latter prepared to travel to emergencies overseas at short notice . \n Considerable effort is put into training and education by the Institution , particularly for young people ; more than 6 @,@ 000 children a week are spoken to by education volunteers about sea and beach safety , and over 800 children a week receive training . The Institution has saved some 140 @,@ 000 lives since its foundation , at a cost of more than 600 lives lost in service . \n = = History = = \n Sir William Hillary came to live on the Isle of Man in 1808 . Being aware of the treacherous nature of the Irish Sea , with many ships being wrecked around the Manx coast , he drew up plans for a national lifeboat service manned by trained crews . Initially he received little response from the Admiralty . However , on appealing to the more philanthropic members of London society , the plans were adopted and , with the help of Member of Parliament Thomas Wilson and former MP and merchant George Hibbert , the National Institution for the Preservation of Life from Shipwreck was founded in 1824 . At the age of 60 , Sir William took part in the 1830 rescue of the packet St George , which had foundered on Conister Rock at the entrance to Douglas Harbour . He commanded the lifeboat and was washed overboard with others of the lifeboat crew , yet finally everyone aboard the St George was rescued with no loss of life . It was this incident which prompted Sir William to set up a scheme to build The Tower of Refuge on Conister Rock – a project completed in 1832 which stands to this day at the entrance to Douglas Harbour . In 1854 the institution 's name changed to the Royal National Lifeboat Institution ( in 1849 Prince Albert had added his support to the Institution ) and the first of the new lifeboats to be built was stationed at Douglas in recognition of the work of Sir William . \n In its first year the RNLI raised £ 10 @,@ 000 , however by 1849 , income had dropped to £ 354 . Finding itself in financial difficulties , the RNLI accepted a government subsidy of £ 2 @,@ 000 , which rose in subsequent years . This lasted until 1869 , when the RNLI ceased accepting subsidies – it had found that voluntary donations had fallen by more than the subsidies ; in addition , the government 's imposition of bureaucracy and regulations were detrimental to the service . It was the loss of 27 lifeboat crew of Southport and St Annes in 1886 that gave new impetus to fundraising and an 1889 appeal raised £ 10 @,@ 000 . The first Lifeboat Saturday was held in that year . \n = = = Wartime = = = \n During World War I , lifeboat crews launched 1 @,@ 808 times , rescuing 5 @,@ 332 people . With many younger men on active service , the average age of a lifeboatman was over 50 . Many launches were to ships that had been torpedoed or struck mines , including naval or merchant vessels on war duty ; a notable example was the hospital ship SS Rohilla which foundered in 1914 and was attended by six lifeboats , saving 144 lives over a 50 @-@ hour rescue mission . \n World War II placed considerable extra demands on the RNLI , particularly in south and east England where the threat of invasion and enemy activity was ever @-@ present , rescuing downed aircrew a frequent occurrence , and the constant danger of mines . During the war 6 @,@ 376 lives were saved . \n = = = = Dunkirk evacuation = = = = \n Nineteen RNLI lifeboats sailed to Dunkirk between 27 May and 4 June 1940 to assist with the Dunkirk evacuation . Lifeboats from Ramsgate and Margate went directly to France with their own crews . The crew of Ramsgate 's Prudential ( now Trimilia ) ( ON 697 ) collected 2 @,@ 800 troops . Margate 's Coxswain , Edward Parker , was awarded a Distinguished Service Medal for his work taking the RNLB Lord Southborough ( ON 688 ) to the beaches . Of the other lifeboats and crews summoned to Dover by the Admiralty , the first arrivals questioned – reasonably in their view – the details of the service , in particular the impracticality of running heavy lifeboats on to the beach , loading them with soldiers , then floating them off . The dispute resulted in the first three crews being sent home . Subsequent lifeboats arriving were commandeered without discussion , much to the disappointment of many lifeboatmen . A later RNLI investigation resulted in the dismissal of two of Hythe crew members , who were nevertheless vindicated in one aspect of their criticism , as Hythe 's Viscountess Wakefield was run on to the beach and unable to be refloated ; she was the only lifeboat to be lost in the operation . Some RNLI crew members stayed in Dover for the emergency to provide repair and refuelling facilities , and after the end of the evacuation most lifeboats returned to their stations with varying levels of damage and continued their lifesaving services . \n = = Rescues , losses and honours = = \n = = = Rescues and lives saved = = = \n The RNLI 's lifeboat crews and lifeguards have saved more than 140 @,@ 000 lives since 1824 . The RNLI makes a distinction between people aided and lives saved . There were 8 @,@ 462 lifeboat launches in 2014 , rescuing 8 @,@ 727 people , including saving 460 lives . Lifeguards helped or rescued 19 @,@ 353 people . Flood rescuers deployed seven times . In 2015 crews rescued on average 22 people a day . \n The biggest rescue in the RNLI 's history was on 17 March 1907 , when the 12 @,@ 000 tonne liner SS Suevic hit the Maenheere Reef near Lizard Point in Cornwall . In a strong gale and dense fog , RNLI lifeboat volunteers rescued 456 passengers , including 70 babies . Crews from The Lizard , Cadgwith , Coverack and Porthleven rowed out repeatedly for 16 hours to rescue all of the people on board . Six silver RNLI medals were later awarded , two to Suevic crew members . \n = = = Losses = = = \n More than 600 people have lost their lives in the RNLI 's service ; their names are inscribed on the RNLI Memorial sculpture at RNLI HQ , Poole . \n = = = Honours = = = \n More than 2 @,@ 500 medals have been awarded for bravery : Gold ( 150 ) , Silver ( 1 @,@ 564 ) and Bronze ( 793 ) . Bronze medals were awarded from 1917 . The obverse of the gold medal carries the motto : \" Let not the deep swallow me up \" , from Psalm 69 . The Thanks of the Institution Inscribed on Vellum or a framed Letter of Appreciation may be given for other notable acts , such as those awarded to crews of Aberystwyth Lifeboat Station . The Ralph Glister Award is a monetary award made for the most meritorious service in each year and was inaugurated in 1968 . The Walter and Elizabeth Groombridge Award is given annually for the most outstanding service by an Atlantic 21 ( and successors ) lifeboat crew . Established in 1986 as the Walter Groombridge Award in memory of Brighton Lifeboat Station 's Administration Officer it was renamed in memory of his wife who died in 1989 . \n The most decorated lifeboatman was Henry Blogg , coxswain of Cromer for 37 years , with three gold medals and four silver . He also received the George Cross and the British Empire Medal and is known as \" The Greatest of all Lifeboatmen \" . The youngest recipient was Frederick Carter ( 11 ) who with Frank Perry ( 16 ) was awarded a Silver Medal for a rescue at Weymouth in 1890 . Other notable lifeboatmen include Henry Freeman of Whitby , coxswain for 22 years , Robert William Hook ( 1828 – 1911 ) , coxswain at Lowestoft from 1853 to 1883 and credited with saving over 600 lives plus two dogs and a cat , Henry \" Shrimp \" Davies , coxswain of the Cromer Lifeboat with 45 years service and James Haylett , coxswain of Caister @-@ on @-@ Sea . One lifeboat has received an award . For the Daunt lightship rescue in 1936 , the RNLB Mary Stanford and her entire crew were decorated ( see illustration in history section , above ) . \n = = Heritage = = \n The RNLI maintains or encourages a number of entities in respect of the history and activity of the Institution along with preserved lifeboats , including : \n Historic Lifeboat Collection in Chatham Historic Dockyard with 17 historic vessels . \n The Grace Darling Museum , opened 1938 at Bamburgh , commemorating her rescue of the SS Forfarshire . The museum is run by the RNLI . \n The Henry Blogg Museum illustrates the history of Cromer 's lifeboats and tells the story of Henry Blogg 's most famous rescues . \n The Lifeboat Enthusiasts ' Society ( a branch of the RNLI ) \n The ( independent ) Historic Lifeboat Owners Association , promoting the study and preservation of lifeboats . \n The RNLI Heritage Trust 's collection of historic items at its HQ in Poole , including fine art , model lifeboats , and an archive of historic documents and photographs . \n The National Memorial Arboretum has a memorial dedicated to those who have served in the RNLI . \n = = Operations = = \n Throughout Great Britain and Ireland , ships in distress , or the public reporting an accident , contact the emergency services by telephone or radio . Calls are redirected to HM Coastguard or the Irish Coast Guard as appropriate , who will coordinate air @-@ sea rescue operations and may call on the RNLI ( or independent lifeboats ) , their own land @-@ based rescue personnel and rescue helicopters to help . \n = = = Lifeboat stations = = = \n There are 237 RNLI lifeboat stations around the coasts of Great Britain , Ireland , the Isle of Man and the Channel Islands . Tower Lifeboat Station on the River Thames in London is the RNLI 's busiest , in 2013 rescuing 372 people and saving 25 lives . In 2015 Tower 's launches had increased to 465 . Five new lifeboat station buildings were completed in 2013 . \n For public access the RNLI classifies stations as one of three types : Explore , which are normally open all year round and have a shop , Discover , normally open during the summer months and Observe which , because of their location , still welcome visitors but may not be easily accessible . \n From time to time the RNLI may close a station ; some of these are later reopened by independent services . The history of some former lifeboat stations can be found in Wikipedia articles on the places where those stations were . ( See also : List of Lifeboat Disasters in the British Isles for further information on closed stations . ) \n = = = Rescue craft = = = \n The RNLI operates 444 lifeboats ( 332 on station , 112 in the relief fleet ) . The ship prefix for all RNLI lifeboats from the D @-@ class to the Tamar @-@ class is RNLB ( Royal National Lifeboat ) . \n All @-@ weather lifeboats ( ALBs ) are large boats with enclosed wheelhouses and survivor spaces below deck , which are self @-@ righting and can go out in all weather conditions . Some ALBs carry an inflatable Y @-@ class lifeboat or Y @-@ boat for inshore work , launched by mechanical arm . There are six classes of ALB motor life boats , with speeds ranging from 17 to 25 knots . The RNLI 's aim is to provide a 25 @-@ knot lifeboat to every all @-@ weather crew , and has begun construction of an All @-@ weather Lifeboat Centre ( ALC ) in Poole which , when complete , will save £ 3 million a year . The RNLI took over the ALC in 2015 with the expectation of becoming fully operational in 2019 , when six Shannon @-@ class lifeboats a year will be built . \n Inshore lifeboats ( ILBs ) are smaller boats that operate closer to the shore and in shallower waters than ALBs . There are two classes , inflatables and RIBs capable of 25 – 40 knots . The RNLI 's Inshore Lifeboat Centre at Cowes , Isle of Wight , has been building lifeboats since the 1960s and by 2015 had produced over 1 @,@ 600 . \n Hovercraft were introduced in 2002 , allowing rescue on mud flats and in river estuaries inaccessible to conventional boats . \n = = = Personnel and equipment = = = \n Lifeboat crews are almost entirely volunteers , numbering 4 @,@ 600 , including over 300 women , and are alerted by pager . They are supported by 3 @,@ 000 volunteer shore crew and station management . Lifejackets have evolved from cork , kapok and synthetic foam to today 's light and non @-@ cumbersome designs . ALB and ILB crews wear different styles of lifejacket . \n RNLI lifeguards are placed on more than 200 beaches around England , Wales , Northern Ireland and the Channel Islands , and aided almost 20 @,@ 000 people in 2014 . RNLI lifeguards are paid by the appropriate town or city council , while the RNLI provides their equipment and training . \n The Institution has operated a Flood Rescue Team since the 2000 Mozambique floods , with six strategically placed teams each with two boats , support transport and equipment . The RNLI 's international Flood Rescue Team ( iFRT ) is composed of volunteer lifeboat crew with a range of additional skills prepared to travel to emergencies overseas at short notice . They have trained alongside other teams for the common purpose in the USA . \n = = = = Women in the RNLI = = = = \n In the early days of the service , lifeboat launch and recovery was usually undertaken by women . There were deeply @-@ held views about women actually crewing the boats themselves – it was considered extremely bad luck . Along all parts part of the coastline , women supported their men on the lifeboat crews by working together to get the lifeboat afloat and then later recovering it from the water in readiness for when the next call came . While lifeboat crew are still predominantly male ( 92 % ) , the first female ( inshore ) crew member was Elizabeth Hostvedt in 1969 , and Frances Glody was the first woman crew member on an all @-@ weather lifeboat , at Dunmore East Lifeboat Station , in 1981 . Lauren McGuire , at the age of 27 , became the RNLI 's youngest station manager in 2011 , at Clovelly , Devon . \n = = = = Voluntary support = = = = \n Apart from lifeboat crew and lifeguards , the Institution provides a variety of volunteering opportunities . One of these is as \" Deckhand \" where signed @-@ up volunteers are notified by email or mobile phone when there is a local need , such as marshalling at fundraising events , helping with collections or in an RNLI shop . Voluntary internships in RNLI offices are available three times a year . \n = = = Safety advice = = = \n In addition to safety advice given in its publications , the RNLI offers safety advice to boat and beach users when the opportunity arises , and to at @-@ risk groups such as anglers , divers and kayakers . The Institution runs sea and beach safety sessions for young people , particularly in inner @-@ city areas ; more than 6 @,@ 000 children a week are spoken to by education volunteers about sea and beach safety , and over 800 children a week receive training . 500 children were taught to swim in 2014 . In an effort to reduce the estimated 400 @,@ 000 drownings a year worldwide , more than half of them children , the RNLI extends practical or strategic safety advice to lifesaver organisations overseas , in some cases providing training at the Lifeboat College . \n = = Infrastructure = = \n The Institution is split into six administrative divisions : East ( East Anglia and South East England ) , South ( South West England ) , West ( Wales and the Isle of Man ) , North ( East and west coasts of northern England ) , Scotland and Ireland ( Republic of Ireland and Northern Ireland ) . The headquarters of the RNLI are in Poole , Dorset , adjacent to Holes Bay in Poole Harbour . It includes RNLI HQ , lifeboat maintenance and repair facilities , the Lifeboat Support Centre and RNLI College ( the training centre ) . The support centre and college were opened by Her Majesty Queen Elizabeth II in 2004 . Specialist training facilities include a wave and capsize pool , a fire simulator , a ship 's bridge simulator and an engineering workshop . The College 's accommodation is available for RNLI members and their guests when training is not taking place and offers facilities for weddings , conferences and other events . About half of the RNLI 's staff work at Poole . Other locations are Dublin , London , Perth , Saltash , St Asaph and Stockton @-@ on @-@ Tees , while some roles are at lifeboat stations or home @-@ based and include operations , estate and financial management , public relations and information technology . A new headquarters for RNLI Ireland was opened at Airside in Swords , County Dublin in June 2006 by President Mary McAleese , attended by the Chairman of the Executive Committee of the RNLI , Admiral Sir Jock Slater , R.N. \n = = = Funding = = = \n The RNLI is principally funded by legacies ( 65 % ) and voluntary donations ( 28 % ) , with the remainder from merchandising and investment . In 2014 , the RNLI 's income was £ 182 million , while its expenditure was £ 149 @.@ 6 million . The Institution encourages corporate partnerships , which included in 2014 Waitrose , Yamaha and Fred . Olsen Cruise Lines . \n There are 1 @,@ 100 RNLI fundraising branches throughout the regions served by the Institution , many far from the sea , which may support a particular station , or a project such as a new lifeboat . The Institution estimated their volunteer network at 31 @,@ 500 in 2014 . The largest regular contributor is The Communications and Public Service Lifeboat Fund ( known simply as ' The Lifeboat Fund ' ) established in 1886 for civil servants to support the RNLI collectively ; the Fund has provided the Institution with 52 lifeboats as well as other support . \n The ubiquitous lifeboat collection boxes seen nationwide are popular enough to have even become the target for thieves . A fixed , cast iron collection box in Porthgwarra , Cornwall , is Grade II listed . The Institution 's annual fundraising day ( \" SOS Day \" ) is at the end of January , but many lifeboat stations hold open days during the summer , hosting displays , stalls and other events , as well as in @-@ station shops which are open full or part @-@ time . \n Nationally and internationally known celebrities in various fields are , or have been supporters and fundraisers for the RNLI ; for example , the cartoonist Giles was a Life President of the RNLI and donated many cartoons which are still being used for RNLI charity cards and other illustrations , and Ross Brawn , the former Formula 1 team boss , in 2012 raised funds through a business challenge , for a new lifeboat for Chiswick Lifeboat Station on the River Thames in London . Other names include Bear Grylls , Dee Caffari , Chris Beardshaw , Ben Fogle , Daniel Craig , Rupert Grint , and Rebecca Newman , whose Coast to Coast tour in 2012 earned her an Outstanding Achievement Award . \n = = = Membership = = = \n Membership classes involve differing levels of contribution \n Governor , which includes voting rights \n Offshore , aimed at active sailors and boaters \n Shoreline and Joint Shoreline , the most popular level \n Storm Force , for younger members \n = = = Publications = = = \n The Lifeboat is the quarterly magazine for all members , containing regional and national news from the Institution , featured rescues , book reviews , lifeboat launch listings and an additional insert for Offshore members . The former Compass quarterly regional newsletter was discontinued in 2014 , but back copies can be read on the RNLI website . Storm Force members have their own quarterly magazine . \n The Institution 's website contains full details of the organisation and its activities including fundraising , lifeboats and stations , history and projects . \n = = Criticism = = \n = = = Salvage = = = \n There have been a few isolated cases where RNLI crew members ( not the RNLI ) have claimed salvage leading to a not uncommon misconception that the RNLI is partly funded by this practice . There is no legal reason why crew members of the RNLI could not salvage a vessel and indeed frequently tow small vessels to safety , often long distances . The RNLI however does not support or encourage salvage because , firstly , they exist to save lives at sea and , secondly , to become involved in salvage might discourage those whose lives are at risk from calling for help . The RNLI 's Sea Safety Guidelines state : \" There is no ' salvage ' fee when you are towed by a lifeboat , but a voluntary contribution to the RNLI is always very welcome ! \" . This stance was reinforced when the RNLI was criticised for not launching a lifeboat to an unmanned fishing vessel that had run aground . A spokesman for the RNLI stated : \" We are not a salvage firm and our charity 's aim is to provide immediate assistance for people in trouble at sea and lives are at risk . \" \n = 1945 Japan – Washington flight = \n The 1945 Japan – Washington flight was a record @-@ breaking air voyage made by three specially modified Boeing B @-@ 29 Superfortresses on September 18 – 19 , 1945 , from the northern Japanese island of Hokkaidō to Chicago in the Midwestern United States , continuing to Washington , D.C. The flight was made by three United States Army Air Forces ( USAAF ) generals and other airmen returning to the United States from their overseas duty after World War II . At that date , it involved the heaviest load carried by an American aircraft ( 144 @,@ 000 lb , 65 @,@ 300 kg ) , the longest nonstop flight made by the USAAF ( 5 @,@ 840 mi , 9 @,@ 400 km ) , and the first nonstop flight from Japan to the United States made with a complete aircraft . However the flight did not break the then @-@ world distance record established by the Royal Air Force in 1938 . \n Originally intending to fly 6 @,@ 500 miles ( 10 @,@ 460 km ) nonstop to Washington , D.C. , the airmen encountered unexpected headwinds over Alaska Territory and Canada , and they predicted that two of the aircraft would not have enough fuel to take them the full distance . All three B @-@ 29s landed in Chicago instead , refueled , and continued to Washington , where each crewman was awarded the Distinguished Flying Cross , including the three pilots : Generals Barney M. Giles , Emmett O 'Donnell , Jr. and Curtis LeMay . \n The USAAF distance record did not last long : two months later , another American aircrew flew a B @-@ 29 from Guam to Washington , D.C. a distance of 7 @,@ 916 miles ( 12 @,@ 740 km ) , breaking the world record . Nevertheless , the Japan to Washington flight pioneered a route similar to that used by later airliners . Importantly for the airmen , America was able to demonstrate the reach of airpower in light of the nascent Cold War . \n = = Preparation = = \n Three B @-@ 29s based on Guam , which had spotless mission records and no mechanical difficulties , were selected for the mission . In a ten @-@ day process that continued as a typhoon raged off Okinawa , the aircraft were stripped of unnecessary equipment such as armor and gun turrets , and the resulting empty spaces in the fuselage were faired over with smooth metal to minimize parasitic drag . Blister @-@ type bubble windows were replaced with flat ones , painted group markings were removed , and the aluminum aircraft skin polished to a high luster , all in order to achieve the least possible drag . Twentieth Air Force markings were painted on each vertical rudder . The bomb bay in each aircraft was fitted with five 600 @-@ gallon ( 2 @,@ 300 L ) fuel tanks ; added to the normal B @-@ 29 fuel tanks , this made a total of 10 @,@ 000 gallons ( 38 @,@ 000 L ) of fuel capacity , as much as a railroad tank car . Filled with fuel and 12 men , each ship weighed 144 @,@ 000 pounds ( 65 @,@ 300 kg ) — it would be the greatest overload attempted on a B @-@ 29 at that time . \n When the aircraft were ready , they flew to Iwo Jima and stopped for the night . There they were loaded with as much fuel as they could hold . It was known that the intended air base in Hokkaidō did not have enough avgas to fill all three B @-@ 29s for the long @-@ distance flight , meaning that at Hokkaidō they could only top off the fuel tanks to make up for the amount used to fly from Iwo Jima . On September 15 , the three aircraft left Iwo Jima , flying north past Okinawa , where the typhoon had blown itself out . They continued to Hokkaidō where the approach involved some apprehension . The Japanese air base had been judged by Colonel William \" Butch \" Blanchard as suitable for B @-@ 29s , with a runway that was long enough and was near sea level for maximum lift in the densest possible air , but it was not known whether it could hold such heavily laden bombers without the concrete cracking . LeMay sent Douglas C @-@ 54 Skymasters filled with 55 @-@ gallon ( 210 L ) drums of avgas to Sapporo — the crewmen would have to top off their tanks by hand . \n The Japanese air base that would serve as the launching point was called Mizutani at Chitose locally , and Sapporo Air Base by the Americans . Today it is the Japan Ground Self @-@ Defense Force Camp Higashi @-@ Chitose . It was built at the southern part of Japan 's northern island Hokkaidō , near the city of Sapporo , as the base for long @-@ range flights to attack the U.S. — one @-@ way suicide trips made by four @-@ engine bombers — a function that it never served . The three B @-@ 29s landed safely , and LeMay stepped from his aircraft to be greeted by approximately 30 Japanese soldiers and the base commander , who saluted for some time before realizing that LeMay had no intention of returning the salute . With that treatment setting the tone for U.S. – Japan relations in the area , the airmen made certain to wear side arms as they walked around downtown Sapporo on the evenings of September 16 and 17 . LeMay later said that the 3 @,@ 000 Japanese sailors manning the air base were \" polite \" and posed no threat . \n = = Aircraft and men = = \n The commander of the first aircraft was Lieutenant General Barney M. Giles , Deputy Commander of the United States Strategic Air Forces in the Pacific . His aircraft carried the only weather officer making the long @-@ distance voyage . One of the crewmen was Captain Kermit Beahan , bombardier aboard Bockscar . Others included Lieutenant Bill Dolan , who served as one of the pilots . \n The second aircraft 's commander was Major General Curtis LeMay , Chief of Staff of the Strategic Air Forces . First Lieutenant J. Ivan Potts served as one of the pilots , as did Lieutenant Colonel William C. Kingsbury — the two had been a flight team in the 25th Bombardment Squadron ( Very Heavy ) of the 58th Bombardment Wing , Very Heavy , based on Tinian , and were good friends . Colonel William H. Blanchard , Chief of Staff of the Twentieth Air Force , joined the crew at Guam after personally inspecting Sapporo Air Base a few days earlier . Others on the crew from the 25th BS included Sergeant Jerome A. School , Sergeant Richard P. Fischer and Sergeant B. T. Freeman , the latter two removed at Guam when LeMay and Blanchard joined . Two men were from the 44th Bomber Squadron : First Lieutenant John C. Eiland and Staff Sergeant Frank Klas Jr . The remainder of the crew was Flight Engineer Captain William W. Townes ( 45th Bomber Squadron ) , First Lieutenant Stephen T. Jones ( 24th Bomber Squadron ) , Major John F. Wedding ( 468th Bomb Group ) and Captain Theodore R. Finder ( 40th Bomb Group Headquarters ) . The crew chief was Master Sergeant Henry J. Rutowski . \n Number 2 was construction number 44 @-@ 70015 , a B @-@ 29 @-@ 75 built five months earlier in Wichita , Kansas , as part of the so @-@ called Battle of Kansas — the push to produce great air fleets of B @-@ 29s . Number 2 , dubbed Marianna Belle by its combat crew , made the cut because it did not consume more than the normal amount of fuel and oil in carrying out its missions , which were marked by top mechanical reliability . \n Number 3 was commanded by Brigadier General Emmett O 'Donnell , Jr. who was ending his service as commander of the 73d Bombardment Wing , Very Heavy . \n = = Flight = = \n The airmen drew up a \" great circle \" ( shortest distance on the surface of a globe ) flight plan that used the jet stream as a tailwind to help them get farther with less fuel , though the tailwind was not absolutely required . The plan was for each aircraft to make its own way over the Kamchatka Peninsula at the eastern edge of the Soviet Union , then over the Bering Sea to Nome , Alaska , and continue over Fairbanks , over the Canadian Rockies and much of Canada , over the Great Lakes , then on to Washington , D.C. near the Atlantic coast — a total of 6 @,@ 762 miles ( 10 @,@ 882 km ) taking 26 hours in the air . This distance would not have broken the world 's distance record then held by two Royal Air Force Vickers Wellesley aircraft that had flown from Ismaïlia , Egypt , to Darwin , Australia , in 1938 , covering 7 @,@ 162 miles ( 11 @,@ 526 km ) , but it was considered a good public relations stunt , good for the USAAF and the generals ' images . \n On September 18 , the airmen woke up very early to make final preparations . A weather observation aircraft took off an hour before the first B @-@ 29 to report the latest meteorological conditions along the path ahead . Dumbo and Super Dumbo aircraft ( B @-@ 17s and B @-@ 29s rigged for air @-@ sea rescue ) stood by , on alert . With the airfield lit by truck headlamps , Number 1 commanded by Giles was first to take off , a little after 6 : 00 local time , as dawn began to glow in the east . Next , LeMay 's ship took off at 6 : 15 am , 4 : 15 pm Eastern War Time in Washington , with Lieutenant Colonel Kingsbury at the throttles and First Lieutenant Potts at the controls . O 'Donnell 's Number 3 took off a few minutes later . The heavily loaded machines required every bit of the 8 @,@ 200 @-@ foot ( 2 @,@ 500 m ) concrete runway to get airborne — and some of the gravel beyond — reaching 142 miles per hour ( 229 km / h ) before lifting from the ground . All three bombers were expected to be in Washington by 5 pm the next day . \n Two or three hours into the flight , the weather officer aboard Giles ' Number 1 observed slight headwinds . Giles \" threatened to throw him overboard unless he did something about it . \" Five hours out of Japan , the airmen in Number 2 were over Kamchatka when they were met by three Bell P @-@ 63 Kingcobra fighters wearing the red star insignia of the Soviet Air Force . The Soviet fighter pilots inspected the unarmed B @-@ 29 at close range and then performed aerobatic maneuvers for the Americans . The three dipped their wings in salute and left the Superfortress to continue its journey . After Kamchatka , LeMay and Blanchard replaced Kingsbury and Potts at the controls . \n Over the Bering Sea , the three B @-@ 29s maintained radio contact with each other , communicating positions hourly as they navigated independently . Near the Arctic Circle , the magnetic compasses fluctuated wildly , and the fliers ignored them , relying instead on the radio compass . In Number 2 , the radio compass stopped working as well , but it resumed working later in the flight . \n Wearing fur @-@ lined flight suits did not prevent the men from feeling the extreme cold of high altitude . Pilots rotated duty so that none would get too tired . Weather continued to be a great concern , and was frequently checked . The aircraft left the Bering Sea behind , encountering North America at Nome after about 13 hours of flight . From Nome to Fairbanks , the Northern Lights were clearly visible to the crews . Even though the B @-@ 29 pressurization systems were working , the outside air temperature of − 25 ° F ( − 32 ° C ) at an altitude of about 21 @,@ 000 feet ( 6 @,@ 400 m ) was not counteracted by the heating systems \" which seemed to have completely broken down . \" \n = = = Weather problems = = = \n At Fairbanks , the three B @-@ 29s encountered significant headwinds ; more than the \" slight \" headwinds observed up to this time . They had expected tailwinds from the jet stream , yet could complete the distance without them , but headwinds meant that Washington might be too far . At 7 am Eastern War Time , aircraft Number 2 was over Northway , Alaska , and navigator Bill Townes determined that they were behind schedule . He said later , \" When I reported that fact to General LeMay , he looked at me as if he thought it was my fault , so I retreated behind my bulkhead to check my figures . \" Later , the airmen learned that the typhoon near Okinawa the week before had greatly affected the jet stream . \n Seventeen hours after lifting off at sunrise in Japan , the men began to see the sun rise again over the Yukon — it was a very short day for them , and none had been able to sleep for the excitement of the trip , the stimulant benzedrine , and the penetrating cold . Crossing into Canada , the headwinds grew stronger still , and a load of hard rime ice and clear ice was visible on the wings . Though the B @-@ 29s had been delivered to the war front complete with deicing equipment , such gear had been removed months before to reduce weight and therefore increase combat range and speed . The ice load picked up in the night would have to be endured until it melted off at lower altitudes . \n Near Regina , Saskatchewan , the fliers made their first decision regarding early stops for fuel . One proposed solution was for Giles to land in Minneapolis , O 'Donnell to land in Detroit , and LeMay ( who had enough fuel ) to continue as before to Washington . Giles radioed this plan to the War Department : \" Have been bucking headwinds for past nine hours . Predicted plans for Fairbanks to States did not materialize . Giles and O 'Donnell plan to land at Minneapolis and Detroit due to fuel . Plane Number Two , commanded by LeMay , believes he is able to get to Washington . \" However , soon after this , Giles determined that Chicago Municipal Airport was the only airport large enough to accommodate the B @-@ 29s ; he directed O 'Donnell to land there with him . LeMay sent word by radio to the War Department that he was heading for Washington . In New York , newspapers put this plan in headlines : \" Two B @-@ 29s will land to refuel as third roars on to Capitol \" . \n All three aircraft approached Chicago , and LeMay contacted the War Department again by radio . O 'Donnell landed at 5 : 43 pm Eastern War Time , with Giles about 45 minutes behind . Just past Chicago LeMay was informed by the War Department that weather was \" marginal \" in Washington and that he was now ordered to refuel in Chicago . Giles landed at 6 : 30 and LeMay at 6 : 43 pm . LeMay 's elapsed flight time was 27 hours and 28 minutes . The straight @-@ line distance they had flown over the globe was about 5 @,@ 840 miles ( 9 @,@ 400 km ) . \n While the aircraft were refueled , newspaper reporters asked questions of Giles and of Captain Kermit Beahan , who as bombardier aboard Bockscar , visually targeted Nagasaki in order to drop the second atomic bomb . The other crewmen drank coffee and waited . When refueling was completed , they took off directly for Washington . \n = = Reception = = \n From Chicago to Washington , D.C. the flight was uneventful . The \" silvery sky giants , manned by their blue ribbon crews \" flew over National Airport ( now Ronald Reagan Washington National Airport ) in formation at 9 : 30 pm and landed . The generals and crews stepped from their aircraft , LeMay waiting until he was smoking one of his signature cigars . Along with senior USAAF staff and reporters , wives and family were at the airport to greet the airmen , as well as a crowd of onlookers . Photographs were taken at the airport , then the airmen were whisked off to the Statler Hotel , now the Capital Hilton . In the lobby , the weary , grimy and stubble @-@ bearded men were besieged for autographs . Some of them stayed up later to hear supper @-@ club singer Hildegarde in the grand showroom , others went to bed to catch up on sleep . \n The next morning , a news conference was held in the grand showroom . Giles emphasized the importance of the route as an indication of the future , both for civil and military aircraft . He warned : \" Now that we have proved that we can do it , we must now remember that any future enemy will also be able to do it \" . LeMay declared that he wanted a second chance to prove that the B @-@ 29 was capable of flying 6 @,@ 500 miles nonstop . He said , \" When we took off at Hokkaido we had a little headwind and expected it . However , all our information indicated that once we passed Fairbanks it would drop . We didn 't need a tailwind . All we needed was a nice normal wind to arrive on schedule . The buffeting headwind averaged 70 mph \" ( 110 km / h ) . After the reporters were finished , Giles presented all the airmen with the Distinguished Flying Cross . Giles told the men that each one could keep his personal military equipment as a memento of the flight , including parachutes . They were offered free rides home on military aircraft . Potts refused the parachute and the ride , telling Giles , \" Thank you , general , I think I 'll take the train ! \" \n Other B @-@ 29 crewmen still in the Pacific Ocean theatre of World War II did not pay much attention to the record @-@ breaking flight . Harry Changnon of the 40th Bomb Group on Tinian said \" most of us in the 40th knew little about the trip in September 1945 as we were busy preparing to fly our 45 B @-@ 29s home in October \" . Two months later on November 19 – 20 , Colonel Clarence S. Irvine and Lieutenant Colonel G. R. Stanley flew a long @-@ distance testbed B @-@ 29 named Pacusan Dreamboat to a world 's distance record of 7 @,@ 916 miles ( 12 @,@ 740 km ) flying nonstop and unrefueled from Guam to Washington , D.C. , taking 35 hours and 5 minutes . Their aircraft 's gross weight was greater , at 155 @,@ 000 pounds ( 70 @,@ 000 kg ) . \n = The Boat Race 1978 = \n The 124th Boat Race between crews from the University of Oxford and the University of Cambridge took place on the River Thames on 25 March 1978 . Umpired by former Cambridge rower James Crowden , Oxford won in a time of 18 minutes and 58 seconds . The race was complicated by bad weather , and when faced with choppy water , a strong headwind and horizontal , driving rain , the Cambridge boat , which lacked splashboards , took on water and sank . It was the fifth time a boat had sunk during the event . \n In the reserve race , Cambridge 's Goldie beat Oxford 's Isis by one @-@ and @-@ a @-@ quarter lengths . Cambridge won the 33rd Women 's Boat Race . \n = = Background = = \n The Boat Race is a side @-@ by @-@ side rowing competition between the University of Oxford and the University of Cambridge . First held in 1829 , the competition is a 4 @.@ 2 @-@ mile ( 6 @.@ 8 km ) race along the River Thames in southwest London . The rivalry is a major point of honour between the two universities and is followed throughout the United Kingdom and worldwide . Oxford went into the race as reigning champions , having won the 1977 race by seven lengths , with Cambridge leading overall with 68 victories to Oxford 's 54 ( excluding the \" dead heat \" of 1877 ) . The 1978 race was sponsored by Ladbrokes , while the BBC had paid between £ 10 @,@ 000 and £ 20 @,@ 000 to televise the event . \n During training for the race , Oxford had sunk , taking on water in the inclement weather , and had decided to fit splashboards to their boat , while Cambridge opted to leave their boat unchanged . Prior to this year 's event , there had been four sinkings in the history of the race . Cambridge sank in 1859 , Oxford sank in 1925 and 1951 , and both crews sank in 1912 . \n The first Women 's Boat Race took place in 1927 , but did not become an annual fixture until the 1960s . Up until 2014 , the contest was conducted as part of the Henley Boat Races , but as of the 2015 race , it is held on the River Thames , on the same day as the men 's main and reserve races . The reserve race , contested between Oxford 's Isis boat and Cambridge 's Goldie boat has been held since 1965 . It usually takes place on the Tideway , prior to the main Boat Race . \n = = Crews = = \n Oxford 's crew contained three Old Blues in Moran , Shealy and Michelmore , while Cambridge 's boat featured five returning rowers in Bathurst , Clegg , Horton , Ross and Cooke @-@ Yarborough . The race also marked the debut of Boris Rankov , who went on to represent Oxford in five further races . The Cambridge crew was marginally heavier per rower , averaging 1 @.@ 5 pounds ( 0 @.@ 68 kg ) more than Oxford . \n = = Race description = = \n Oxford won the toss and elected to start from the Surrey station . After a false start , the race commenced at 2.45pm in reasonable weather conditions , and Oxford took a one @-@ length lead to Hammersmith Bridge in a record time of 6 minutes 24 seconds . As the crews turned into the Surrey bend , conditions drastically worsened with a strong headwind and \" horizontal rain driving into them \" . Entering choppy water and in an attempt to push past Oxford , Cambridge made their challenge at Barnes Bridge but began to take on water . Within seconds the boat started to sink ; the Oxford crew realised the contest was over and rowed carefully to the finish in a time of 18 minutes 58 seconds . It was Oxford 's third victory in a row , and their fourth in the past five years . \n In the reserve race , Cambridge 's Goldie beat Oxford 's Isis by one @-@ and @-@ a @-@ quarter lengths , and in the 33rd running of the Women 's Boat Race , Cambridge also triumphed . \n = = Reaction = = \n Cambridge boat club president Mark Horton immediately challenged the Oxford president Andy Michelmore to a re @-@ row ; the challenge was declined . Horton recalls \" It was hard to take and is still a painful memory . The Boat Race was supposed to be one of the proudest moments of my life \" . Cambridge 's Mark Bathurst was indignant about the preparation of the boat : \" we had taken to the water without fitting any [ splashboards ] – an act of monumental idiocy \" . Oxford cox Fail told The Guardian \" I was surprised when I heard that Cambridge had sunk . If you keep going steadily you forget about water and ride it out . \" \n Cambridge 's sinking was featured as the 79th in Channel 4 's 100 Greatest Sporting Moments . \n = Juniper berry = \n A juniper berry is the female seed cone produced by the various species of junipers . It is not a true berry but a cone with unusually fleshy and merged scales , which give it a berry @-@ like appearance . The cones from a handful of species , especially Juniperus communis , are used as a spice , particularly in European cuisine , and also give gin its distinctive flavour . Juniper berries have been called the only spice derived from conifers , although tar and inner bark ( used as a sweetener in Apache cuisines ) from pine trees is sometimes considered a spice as well . \n = = Species = = \n All juniper species grow berries , but some are considered too bitter to eat . In addition to J. communis , other edible species include Juniperus drupacea , Juniperus phoenicea , Juniperus deppeana , and Juniperus californica . Some species , for example Juniperus sabina , are toxic and consumption is inadvisable . \n = = Characteristics = = \n Juniperus communis berries vary from four to twelve millimeters in diameter ; other species are mostly similar in size , though some are larger , notably J. drupacea ( 20 – 28 mm ) . Unlike the separated and woody scales of a typical pine cone , those in a juniper berry remain fleshy and merge into a unified covering surrounding the seeds . The berries are green when young , and mature to a purple @-@ black colour over about 18 months in most species , including J. communis ( shorter , 8 – 10 months in a few species , and about 24 months in J. drupacea ) . The mature , dark berries are usually but not exclusively used in cuisine , while gin is flavoured with fully grown but immature green berries . \n = = Uses = = \n The flavor profile of young , green berries is dominated by pinene ; as they mature this piney , resinous backdrop is joined by what Harold McGee describes as \" green @-@ fresh \" and citrus notes . The outer scales of the berries are relatively flavourless , so the berries are almost always at least lightly crushed before being used as a spice . They are used both fresh and dried , but their flavour and odour are at their strongest immediately after harvest and decline during drying and storage . \n Juniper berries are used in northern European and particularly Scandinavian cuisine to \" impart a sharp , clear flavor \" to meat dishes , especially wild birds ( including thrush , blackbird , and woodcock ) and game meats ( including boar and venison ) . They also season pork , cabbage , and sauerkraut dishes . Traditional recipes for choucroute garnie , an Alsatian dish of sauerkraut and meats , universally include juniper berries . Besides Norwegian and Swedish dishes , juniper berries are also sometimes used in German , Austrian , Czech , Polish and Hungarian cuisine , often with roasts ( such as German sauerbraten ) . Northern Italian cuisine , especially that of the South Tyrol , also incorporates juniper berries . \n Juniper , typically Juniperus communis , is used to flavor gin , a liquor developed in the 17th century in the Netherlands . The name gin itself is derived from either the French genièvre or the Dutch jenever , which both mean \" juniper \" . Other juniper @-@ flavoured beverages include the Finnish rye @-@ and @-@ juniper beer known as sahti , which is flavored with both juniper berries and branches . The brand Dry Soda produces a juniper @-@ berry soda as part of its lineup . Recently , some American distilleries have begun using ' New World ' varieties of juniper such as Juniperus occidentalis . \n Juniper berry was first intended as a medication since juniper berries are a diuretic and were also thought to be an appetite stimulant and a remedy for rheumatism and arthritis . Native Americans are reported to have used the juniper berry as an appetite suppressant in times of hunger . Juniper berry is being researched as a treatment for diet @-@ controlled diabetes , as it releases insulin from the pancreas , hence alleviating hunger . It is also said to have been used by some tribes as a female contraceptive . \n A few North American juniper species produce a seed cone with a sweeter , less resinous flavor than those typically used as a spice . For example , one field guide describes the flesh of the berries of Juniperus californica as \" dry , mealy , and fibrous but sweet and without resin cells \" . Such species have been used not just as a seasoning but as a nutritive food by some Native Americans . In addition to medical and culinary purposes , Native Americans have also used the seeds inside juniper berries as beads for jewellery and decoration . \n An essential oil extracted from juniper berries is used in aromatherapy and perfumery . The essential oil can be distilled out of berries which have already been used to flavour gin . \n = = History = = \n Juniper berries , including Juniperus phoenicea and Juniperus oxycedrus have been found in ancient Egyptian tombs at multiple sites . J. oxycedrus is not known to grow in Egypt , and neither is Juniperus excelsa , which was found along with J. oxycedrus in the tomb of Tutankhamun . The berries imported into Egypt may have come from Greece ; the Greeks record using juniper berries as a medicine long before mentioning their use in food . The Greeks used the berries in many of their Olympics events because of their belief that the berries increased physical stamina in athletes . The Romans used juniper berries as a cheap domestically produced substitute for the expensive black pepper and long pepper imported from India . It was also used as an adulterant , as reported in Pliny the Elder 's Natural History : \" Pepper is adulterated with juniper berries , which have the property , to a marvellous degree , of assuming the pungency of pepper . \" Pliny also incorrectly asserted that black pepper grew on trees that were \" very similar in appearance to our junipers \" . \n = Parkinson 's disease = \n Parkinson 's disease ( PD ) is a long term disorder of the central nervous system that mainly affects the motor system . The symptoms generally come on slowly over time . Early in the disease , the most obvious are shaking , rigidity , slowness of movement , and difficulty with walking . Thinking and behavioral problems may also occur . Dementia becomes common in the advanced stages of the disease . Depression and anxiety are also common occurring in more than a third of people with PD . Other symptoms include sensory , sleep , and emotional problems . The main motor symptoms are collectively called \" parkinsonism \" , or a \" parkinsonian syndrome \" . \n The cause of Parkinson 's disease is generally unknown , but believed to involve both genetic and environmental factors . Those with a family member affected are more likely to get the disease themself . There is also an increased risk in people exposed to certain pesticides and among those who have had prior head injuries while there is a reduced risk in tobacco smokers and those who drink coffee or tea . The motor symptoms of the disease result from the death of cells in the substantia nigra , a region of the midbrain . This results in not enough dopamine in these areas . The reason for this cell death is poorly understood but involves the build @-@ up of proteins into Lewy bodies in the neurons . Diagnosis of typical cases is mainly based on symptoms , with tests such as neuroimaging being used to rule out other diseases . \n There is no cure for Parkinson 's disease . Initial treatments is typically with the antiparkinson medication levodopa , with dopamine agonists being used once levodopa becomes less effective . As the disease progresses and neurons continue to be lost , these medications become less effective while at the same time they produce a complication marked by involuntary writhing movements . Diet and some forms of rehabilitation have shown some effectiveness at improving symptoms . Surgery to place the microelectrodes for deep brain stimulation has been used to reduce motor symptoms in severe cases where drugs are ineffective . Evidence for treatments for the non @-@ movement @-@ related symptoms of PD , such as sleep disturbances and emotional problems , is less strong . \n In 2013 PD was present in 53 million people and resulted in about 103 @,@ 000 deaths globally . Parkinson 's disease typically occurs in people over the age of 60 , of which about one percent are affected . Males are more often affected than females . When it is seen in people before the age of 40 or 50 , it is called young onset PD . The average life expectancy following diagnosis is between 7 and 14 years . The disease is named after the English doctor James Parkinson , who published the first detailed description in An Essay on the Shaking Palsy , in 1817 . Public awareness campaigns include World Parkinson 's Day ( on the birthday of James Parkinson , 11 April ) and the use of a red tulip as the symbol of the disease . People with parkinsonism who have increased the public 's awareness of the condition include actor Michael J. Fox , Olympic cyclist Davis Phinney , and late professional boxer Muhammad Ali . \n = = Classification = = \n The term parkinsonism is used for a motor syndrome whose main symptoms are tremor at rest , stiffness , slowing of movement and postural instability . Parkinsonian syndromes can be divided into four subtypes , according to their origin : \n primary or idiopathic \n secondary or acquired \n hereditary parkinsonism , and \n Parkinson plus syndromes or multiple system degeneration . \n Parkinson 's disease is the most common form of parkinsonism and is usually defined as \" primary \" parkinsonism , meaning parkinsonism with no external identifiable cause . In recent years several genes that are directly related to some cases of Parkinson 's disease have been discovered . As much as this conflicts with the definition of Parkinson 's disease as an idiopathic illness , genetic parkinsonism disorders with a similar clinical course to PD are generally included under the Parkinson 's disease label . The terms \" familial Parkinson 's disease \" and \" sporadic Parkinson 's disease \" can be used to differentiate genetic from truly idiopathic forms of the disease . \n Usually classified as a movement disorder , PD also gives rise to several non @-@ motor types of symptoms such as sensory deficits , cognitive difficulties , and sleep problems . Parkinson plus diseases are primary parkinsonisms which present additional features . They include multiple system atrophy , progressive supranuclear palsy , corticobasal degeneration , and dementia with Lewy bodies . \n In terms of pathophysiology , PD is considered a synucleiopathy due to an abnormal accumulation of alpha @-@ synuclein protein in the brain in the form of Lewy bodies , as opposed to other diseases such as Alzheimer 's disease where the brain accumulates tau protein in the form of neurofibrillary tangles . Nevertheless , there is clinical and pathological overlap between tauopathies and synucleinopathies . The most typical symptom of Alzheimer 's disease , dementia , occurs in advanced stages of PD , while it is common to find neurofibrillary tangles in brains affected by PD . \n Dementia with Lewy bodies ( DLB ) is another synucleinopathy that has similarities with PD , and especially with the subset of PD cases with dementia . However , the relationship between PD and DLB is complex and still has to be clarified . They may represent parts of a continuum or they may be separate diseases . \n = = Signs and symptoms = = \n Parkinson 's disease affects movement , producing motor symptoms . Non @-@ motor symptoms , which include autonomic dysfunction , neuropsychiatric problems ( mood , cognition , behavior or thought alterations ) , and sensory and sleep difficulties , are also common . Some of these non @-@ motor symptoms are often present at the time of diagnosis and can precede motor symptoms . \n = = = Motor = = = \n Four motor symptoms are considered cardinal in PD : tremor , rigidity , slowness of movement , and postural instability . \n Tremor is the most apparent and well @-@ known symptom . It is the most common ; though around 30 % of individuals with PD do not have tremor at disease onset , most develop it as the disease progresses . It is usually a rest tremor : maximal when the limb is at rest and disappearing with voluntary movement and sleep . It affects to a greater extent the most distal part of the limb and at onset typically appears in only a single arm or leg , becoming bilateral later . Frequency of PD tremor is between 4 and 6 hertz ( cycles per second ) . A feature of tremor is pill @-@ rolling , the tendency of the index finger of the hand to get into contact with the thumb and perform together a circular movement . The term derives from the similarity between the movement of people with PD and the earlier pharmaceutical technique of manually making pills . \n Hypokinesia ( slowness of movement ) is another characteristic feature of PD , and is associated with difficulties along the whole course of the movement process , from planning to initiation and finally execution of a movement . Performance of sequential and simultaneous movement is hindered . Bradykinesia is commonly a very disabling symptom in the early stages of the disease . Initial manifestations are problems when performing daily tasks which require fine motor control such as writing , sewing or getting dressed . Clinical evaluation is based on similar tasks such as alternating movements between both hands or both feet . Bradykinesia is not equal for all movements or times . It is modified by the activity or emotional state of the subject , to the point that some people are barely able to walk yet can still ride a bicycle . Generally people with PD have less difficulty when some sort of external cue is provided . \n Rigidity is stiffness and resistance to limb movement caused by increased muscle tone , an excessive and continuous contraction of muscles . In parkinsonism the rigidity can be uniform ( lead @-@ pipe rigidity ) or ratchety ( cogwheel rigidity ) . The combination of tremor and increased tone is considered to be at the origin of cogwheel rigidity . Rigidity may be associated with joint pain ; such pain being a frequent initial manifestation of the disease . In early stages of Parkinson 's disease , rigidity is often asymmetrical and it tends to affect the neck and shoulder muscles prior to the muscles of the face and extremities . With the progression of the disease , rigidity typically affects the whole body and reduces the ability to move . \n Postural instability is typical in the late stages of the disease , leading to impaired balance and frequent falls , and secondarily to bone fractures . Instability is often absent in the initial stages , especially in younger people . Up to 40 % may experience falls and around 10 % may have falls weekly , with the number of falls being related to the severity of PD . \n Other recognized motor signs and symptoms include gait and posture disturbances such as festination ( rapid shuffling steps and a forward @-@ flexed posture when walking ) , speech and swallowing disturbances including voice disorders , mask @-@ like face expression or small handwriting , although the range of possible motor problems that can appear is large . \n = = = Neuropsychiatric = = = \n Parkinson 's disease can cause neuropsychiatric disturbances which can range from mild to severe . This includes disorders of speech , cognition , mood , behaviour , and thought . \n Cognitive disturbances can occur in the early stages of the disease and sometimes prior to diagnosis , and increase in prevalence with duration of the disease . The most common cognitive deficit in affected individuals is executive dysfunction , which can include problems with planning , cognitive flexibility , abstract thinking , rule acquisition , initiating appropriate actions and inhibiting inappropriate actions , working memory , and selecting relevant sensory information . Fluctuations in attention , impaired perception and estimation of time , slowed cognitive processing speed are among other cognitive difficulties . Memory is affected , specifically in recalling learned information . Nevertheless , improvement appears when recall is aided by cues . Visuospatial difficulties are also part of the disease , seen for example when the individual is asked to perform tests of facial recognition and perception of the orientation of drawn lines . \n A person with PD has two to six times the risk of dementia compared to the general population . The prevalence of dementia increases with duration of the disease . Dementia is associated with a reduced quality of life in people with PD and their caregivers , increased mortality , and a higher probability of needing nursing home care . \n Behavior and mood alterations are more common in PD without cognitive impairment than in the general population , and are usually present in PD with dementia . The most frequent mood difficulties are depression , apathy and anxiety . Establishing the diagnosis of depression is complicated by symptoms that often occur in Parkinson 's including dementia , decreased facial expression , decreased movement , a state of indifference , and quiet speech . Impulse control behaviors such as medication overuse and craving , binge eating , hypersexuality , or pathological gambling can appear in PD and have been related to the medications used to manage the disease . Psychotic symptoms — hallucinations or delusions — occur in 4 % of people with PD , and it is assumed that the main precipitant of psychotic phenomena in Parkinson 's disease is dopaminergic excess secondary to treatment ; it therefore becomes more common with increasing age and levodopa intake . \n = = = Other = = = \n In addition to cognitive and motor symptoms , PD can impair other body functions . \n Sleep problems are a feature of the disease and can be worsened by medications . Symptoms can manifest as daytime drowsiness , disturbances in REM sleep , or insomnia . A systematic review shows that sleep attacks occur in 13 @.@ 0 % of patients with Parkinson 's disease on dopaminergic medications . \n Alterations in the autonomic nervous system can lead to orthostatic hypotension ( low blood pressure upon standing ) , oily skin and excessive sweating , urinary incontinence and altered sexual function . Constipation and gastric dysmotility can be severe enough to cause discomfort and even endanger health . PD is related to several eye and vision abnormalities such as decreased blink rate , dry eyes , deficient ocular pursuit ( eye tracking ) and saccadic movements ( fast automatic movements of both eyes in the same direction ) , difficulties in directing gaze upward , and blurred or double vision . Changes in perception may include an impaired sense of smell , sensation of pain and paresthesia ( skin tingling and numbness ) . All of these symptoms can occur years before diagnosis of the disease . \n = = Causes = = \n Parkinson 's disease in most people is idiopathic ( having no specific known cause ) . However , a small proportion of cases can be attributed to known genetic factors . Other factors have been associated with the risk of developing PD , but no causal relationships have been proven . \n = = = Environmental factors = = = \n A number of environmental factors have been associated with an increased risk of Parkinson 's including : pesticide exposure , head injuries , and living in the country or farming . Rural environments and the drinking of well water may be risks as they are indirect measures of exposure to pesticides . \n Implicated agents include insecticides , primarily chlorpyrifos and organochlorines and pesticides , such as rotenone or paraquat , and herbicides , such as Agent Orange and ziram . Heavy metals exposure has been proposed to be a risk factor , through possible accumulation in the substantia nigra ; however , studies on the issue have been inconclusive . \n = = = Genetics = = = \n PD traditionally has been considered a non @-@ genetic disorder ; however , around 15 % of individuals with PD have a first @-@ degree relative who has the disease . At least 5 % of people are now known to have forms of the disease that occur because of a mutation of one of several specific genes . \n Mutations in specific genes have been conclusively shown to cause PD . These genes code for alpha @-@ synuclein ( SNCA ) , parkin ( PRKN ) , leucine @-@ rich repeat kinase 2 ( LRRK2 or dardarin ) , PTEN @-@ induced putative kinase 1 ( PINK1 ) , DJ @-@ 1 and ATP13A2 . In most cases , people with these mutations will develop PD . With the exception of LRRK2 , however , they account for only a small minority of cases of PD . The most extensively studied PD @-@ related genes are SNCA and LRRK2 . Mutations in genes including SNCA , LRRK2 and glucocerebrosidase ( GBA ) have been found to be risk factors for sporadic PD . Mutations in GBA are known to cause Gaucher 's disease . Genome @-@ wide association studies , which search for mutated alleles with low penetrance in sporadic cases , have now yielded many positive results . \n The role of the SNCA gene is important in PD because the alpha @-@ synuclein protein is the main component of Lewy bodies . Missense mutations of the gene ( in which a single nucleotide is changed ) , and duplications and triplications of the locus containing it have been found in different groups with familial PD . Missense mutations are rare . On the other hand , multiplications of the SNCA locus account for around 2 % of familial cases . Multiplications have been found in asymptomatic carriers , which indicate that penetrance is incomplete or age @-@ dependent . \n The LRRK2 gene ( PARK8 ) encodes a protein called dardarin . The name dardarin was taken from a Basque word for tremor , because this gene was first identified in families from England and the north of Spain . Mutations in LRRK2 are the most common known cause of familial and sporadic PD , accounting for approximately 5 % of individuals with a family history of the disease and 3 % of sporadic cases . There are many mutations described in LRRK2 , however unequivocal proof of causation only exists for a few . \n Several Parkinson @-@ related genes are involved in the function of lysosomes , organelles that digest cellular waste products . It has been suggested that some forms of Parkinson may be caused by lysosome dysfunctions that reduce the ability of cells to break down alpha @-@ synuclein . \n = = Pathology = = \n = = = Anatomical = = = \n The basal ganglia , a group of brain structures innervated by the dopaminergic system , are the most seriously affected brain areas in PD . The main pathological characteristic of PD is cell death in the substantia nigra and , more specifically , the ventral ( front ) part of the pars compacta , affecting up to 70 % of the cells by the time death occurs . \n Macroscopic alterations can be noticed on cut surfaces of the brainstem , where neuronal loss can be inferred from a reduction of neuromelanin pigmentation in the substantia nigra and locus coeruleus . The histopathology ( microscopic anatomy ) of the substantia nigra and several other brain regions shows neuronal loss and Lewy bodies in many of the remaining nerve cells . Neuronal loss is accompanied by death of astrocytes ( star @-@ shaped glial cells ) and activation of the microglia ( another type of glial cell ) . Lewy bodies are a key pathological feature of PD . \n = = = Pathophysiology = = = \n The primary symptoms of Parkinson 's disease result from greatly reduced activity of dopamine @-@ secreting cells caused by cell death in the pars compacta region of the substantia nigra . \n There are five major pathways in the brain connecting other brain areas with the basal ganglia . These are known as the motor , oculo @-@ motor , associative , limbic and orbitofrontal circuits , with names indicating the main projection area of each circuit . All of them are affected in PD , and their disruption explains many of the symptoms of the disease since these circuits are involved in a wide variety of functions including movement , attention and learning . Scientifically , the motor circuit has been examined the most intensively . \n A particular conceptual model of the motor circuit and its alteration with PD has been of great influence since 1980 , although some limitations have been pointed out which have led to modifications . In this model , the basal ganglia normally exert a constant inhibitory influence on a wide range of motor systems , preventing them from becoming active at inappropriate times . When a decision is made to perform a particular action , inhibition is reduced for the required motor system , thereby releasing it for activation . Dopamine acts to facilitate this release of inhibition , so high levels of dopamine function tend to promote motor activity , while low levels of dopamine function , such as occur in PD , demand greater exertions of effort for any given movement . Thus , the net effect of dopamine depletion is to produce hypokinesia , an overall reduction in motor output . Drugs that are used to treat PD , conversely , may produce excessive dopamine activity , allowing motor systems to be activated at inappropriate times and thereby producing dyskinesias . \n = = = Brain cell death = = = \n There is speculation of several mechanisms by which the brain cells could be lost . One mechanism consists of an abnormal accumulation of the protein alpha @-@ synuclein bound to ubiquitin in the damaged cells . This insoluble protein accumulates inside neurones forming inclusions called Lewy bodies . According to the Braak staging , a classification of the disease based on pathological findings , Lewy bodies first appear in the olfactory bulb , medulla oblongata and pontine tegmentum , with individuals at this stage being asymptomatic . As the disease progresses , Lewy bodies later develop in the substantia nigra , areas of the midbrain and basal forebrain , and in a last step the neocortex . These brain sites are the main places of neuronal degeneration in PD ; however , Lewy bodies may not cause cell death and they may be protective . In people with dementia , a generalized presence of Lewy bodies is common in cortical areas . Neurofibrillary tangles and senile plaques , characteristic of Alzheimer 's disease , are not common unless the person is demented . \n Other cell @-@ death mechanisms include proteosomal and lysosomal system dysfunction and reduced mitochondrial activity . Iron accumulation in the substantia nigra is typically observed in conjunction with the protein inclusions . It may be related to oxidative stress , protein aggregation and neuronal death , but the mechanisms are not fully understood . \n = = Diagnosis = = \n A physician will diagnose Parkinson 's disease from the medical history and a neurological examination . There is no lab test that will clearly identify the disease , but brain scans are sometimes used to rule out disorders that could give rise to similar symptoms . People may be given levodopa and resulting relief of motor impairment tends to confirm the diagnosis . The finding of Lewy bodies in the midbrain on autopsy is usually considered proof that the person had Parkinson 's disease . The progress of the illness over time may reveal it is not Parkinson 's disease , and some authorities recommend that the diagnosis should be periodically reviewed . \n Other causes that can secondarily produce a parkinsonian syndrome are Alzheimer 's disease , multiple cerebral infarction and drug @-@ induced parkinsonism . Parkinson plus syndromes such as progressive supranuclear palsy and multiple system atrophy must be ruled out . Anti @-@ Parkinson 's medications are typically less effective at controlling symptoms in Parkinson plus syndromes . Faster progression rates , early cognitive dysfunction or postural instability , minimal tremor or symmetry at onset may indicate a Parkinson plus disease rather than PD itself . Genetic forms are usually classified as PD , although the terms familial Parkinson 's disease and familial parkinsonism are used for disease entities with an autosomal dominant or recessive pattern of inheritance . \n Medical organizations have created diagnostic criteria to ease and standardize the diagnostic process , especially in the early stages of the disease . The most widely known criteria come from the UK Parkinson 's Disease Society Brain Bank and the U.S. National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke . The PD Society Brain Bank criteria require slowness of movement ( bradykinesia ) plus either rigidity , resting tremor , or postural instability . Other possible causes of these symptoms need to be ruled out . Finally , three or more of the following features are required during onset or evolution : unilateral onset , tremor at rest , progression in time , asymmetry of motor symptoms , response to levodopa for at least five years , clinical course of at least ten years and appearance of dyskinesias induced by the intake of excessive levodopa . Accuracy of diagnostic criteria evaluated at autopsy is 75 – 90 % , with specialists such as neurologists having the highest rates . \n Computed tomography ( CT ) and conventional magnetic resonance imaging ( MRI ) brain scans of people with PD usually appear normal . These techniques are nevertheless useful to rule out other diseases that can be secondary causes of parkinsonism , such as basal ganglia tumors , vascular pathology and hydrocephalus . A specific technique of MRI , diffusion MRI , has been reported to be useful at discriminating between typical and atypical parkinsonism , although its exact diagnostic value is still under investigation . Dopaminergic function in the basal ganglia can be measured with different PET and SPECT radiotracers . Examples are ioflupane ( 123I ) ( trade name DaTSCAN ) and iometopane ( Dopascan ) for SPECT or fluorodeoxyglucose ( 18F ) and DTBZ for PET . A pattern of reduced dopaminergic activity in the basal ganglia can aid in diagnosing PD . \n = = Prevention = = \n Exercise in middle age reduces the risk of Parkinson 's disease later in life . Caffeine also appears protective with a greater decrease in risk occurring with a larger intake of caffeinated beverages such as coffee . Although tobacco smoke causes adverse health effects , decreases life expectancy and quality of life , it may reduce the risk of PD by a third when compared to non @-@ smokers . The basis for this effect is not known , but possibilities include an effect of nicotine as a dopamine stimulant . Tobacco smoke contains compounds that act as MAO inhibitors that also might contribute to this effect . \n Antioxidants , such as vitamins C and D , have been proposed to protect against the disease but results of studies have been contradictory and no positive effect has been proven . The results regarding fat and fatty acids have been contradictory , with various studies reporting protective effects , risk @-@ increasing effects or no effects . Also , there have been preliminary indications of a possible protective role of estrogens and anti @-@ inflammatory drugs . \n = = Management = = \n There is no cure for Parkinson 's disease , but medications , surgery , and multidisciplinary management can provide relief from the symptoms . The main families of drugs useful for treating motor symptoms are levodopa ( usually combined with a dopa decarboxylase inhibitor or COMT inhibitor which does not cross the blood – brain barrier ) , dopamine agonists and MAO @-@ B inhibitors . The stage of the disease determines which group is most useful . Two stages are usually distinguished : an initial stage in which the individual with PD has already developed some disability for which he needs pharmacological treatment , then a second stage in which an individual develops motor complications related to levodopa usage . Treatment in the initial stage aims for an optimal tradeoff between good symptom control and side @-@ effects resulting from improvement of dopaminergic function . The start of levodopa ( or L @-@ DOPA ) treatment may be delayed by using other medications such as MAO @-@ B inhibitors and dopamine agonists , in the hope of delaying the onset of dyskinesias . In the second stage the aim is to reduce symptoms while controlling fluctuations of the response to medication . Sudden withdrawals from medication or overuse have to be managed . When medications are not enough to control symptoms , surgery , and deep brain stimulation can be of use . In the final stages of the disease , palliative care is provided to improve quality of life . \n = = = Levodopa = = = \n Levodopa has been the most widely used treatment for over 30 years . L @-@ DOPA is converted into dopamine in the dopaminergic neurons by dopa decarboxylase . Since motor symptoms are produced by a lack of dopamine in the substantia nigra , the administration of L @-@ DOPA temporarily diminishes the motor symptoms . \n Only 5 – 10 % of L @-@ DOPA crosses the blood – brain barrier . The remainder is often metabolized to dopamine elsewhere , causing a variety of side effects including nausea , dyskinesias and joint stiffness . Carbidopa and benserazide are peripheral dopa decarboxylase inhibitors , which help to prevent the metabolism of L @-@ DOPA before it reaches the dopaminergic neurons , therefore reducing side effects and increasing bioavailability . They are generally given as combination preparations with levodopa . Existing preparations are carbidopa / levodopa ( co @-@ careldopa ) and benserazide / levodopa ( co @-@ beneldopa ) . Levodopa has been related to dopamine dysregulation syndrome , which is a compulsive overuse of the medication , and punding . There are controlled release versions of levodopa in the form intravenous and intestinal infusions that spread out the effect of the medication . These slow @-@ release levodopa preparations have not shown an increased control of motor symptoms or motor complications when compared to immediate release preparations . \n Tolcapone inhibits the COMT enzyme , which degrades dopamine , thereby prolonging the effects of levodopa . It has been used to complement levodopa ; however , its usefulness is limited by possible side effects such as liver damage . A similarly effective drug , entacapone , has not been shown to cause significant alterations of liver function . Licensed preparations of entacapone contain entacapone alone or in combination with carbidopa and levodopa . \n Levodopa preparations lead in the long term to the development of motor complications characterized by involuntary movements called dyskinesias and fluctuations in the response to medication . When this occurs a person with PD can change from phases with good response to medication and few symptoms ( \" on \" state ) , to phases with no response to medication and significant motor symptoms ( \" off \" state ) . For this reason , levodopa doses are kept as low as possible while maintaining functionality . Delaying the initiation of therapy with levodopa by using alternatives ( dopamine agonists and MAO @-@ B inhibitors ) is common practice . A former strategy to reduce motor complications was to withdraw L @-@ DOPA medication for some time . This is discouraged now since it can bring dangerous side effects such as neuroleptic malignant syndrome . Most people with PD will eventually need levodopa and later develop motor side effects . \n = = = Dopamine agonists = = = \n Several dopamine agonists that bind to dopaminergic post @-@ synaptic receptors in the brain have similar effects to levodopa . These were initially used for individuals experiencing on @-@ off fluctuations and dyskinesias as a complementary therapy to levodopa ; they are now mainly used on their own as an initial therapy for motor symptoms with the aim of delaying motor complications . When used in late PD they are useful at reducing the off periods . Dopamine agonists include bromocriptine , pergolide , pramipexole , ropinirole , piribedil , cabergoline , apomorphine and lisuride . \n Dopamine agonists produce significant , although usually mild , side effects including drowsiness , hallucinations , insomnia , nausea , and constipation . Sometimes side effects appear even at a minimal clinically effective dose , leading the physician to search for a different drug . Compared with levodopa , dopamine agonists may delay motor complications of medication use but are less effective at controlling symptoms . Nevertheless , they are usually effective enough to manage symptoms in the initial years . They tend to be more expensive than levodopa . Dyskinesias due to dopamine agonists are rare in younger people who have PD , but along with other side effects , become more common with age at onset . Thus dopamine agonists are the preferred initial treatment for earlier onset , as opposed to levodopa in later onset . Agonists have been related to impulse control disorders ( such as compulsive sexual activity and eating , and pathological gambling and shopping ) even more strongly than levodopa . \n Apomorphine , a non @-@ orally administered dopamine agonist , may be used to reduce off periods and dyskinesia in late PD . It is administered by intermittent injections or continuous subcutaneous infusions . Since secondary effects such as confusion and hallucinations are common , individuals receiving apomorphine treatment should be closely monitored . Two dopamine agonists that are administered through skin patches ( lisuride and rotigotine ) and are useful for people in the initial stages and possibly to control off states in those in the advanced state . \n = = = MAO @-@ B inhibitors = = = \n MAO @-@ B inhibitors ( safinamide , selegiline and rasagiline ) increase the level of dopamine in the basal ganglia by blocking its metabolism . They inhibit monoamine oxidase B ( MAO @-@ B ) which breaks down dopamine secreted by the dopaminergic neurons . The reduction in MAO @-@ B activity results in increased L @-@ DOPA in the striatum . Like dopamine agonists , MAO @-@ B inhibitors used as monotherapy improve motor symptoms and delay the need for levodopa in early disease , but produce more adverse effects and are less effective than levodopa . There are few studies of their effectiveness in the advanced stage , although results suggest that they are useful to reduce fluctuations between on and off periods . An initial study indicated that selegiline in combination with levodopa increased the risk of death , but this was later disproven . \n = = = Other drugs = = = \n Other drugs such as amantadine and anticholinergics may be useful as treatment of motor symptoms . However , the evidence supporting them lacks quality , so they are not first choice treatments . In addition to motor symptoms , PD is accompanied by a diverse range of symptoms . A number of drugs have been used to treat some of these problems . Examples are the use of quetiapine for psychosis , cholinesterase inhibitors for dementia , and modafinil for daytime sleepiness . A 2010 meta @-@ analysis found that non @-@ steroidal anti @-@ inflammatory drugs ( apart from aspirin ) , have been associated with at least a 15 percent ( higher in long @-@ term and regular users ) reduction of incidence of the development of Parkinson 's disease . \n = = = Surgery = = = \n Treating motor symptoms with surgery was once a common practice , but since the discovery of levodopa , the number of operations declined . Studies in the past few decades have led to great improvements in surgical techniques , so that surgery is again being used in people with advanced PD for whom drug therapy is no longer sufficient . Surgery for PD can be divided in two main groups : lesional and deep brain stimulation ( DBS ) . Target areas for DBS or lesions include the thalamus , the globus pallidus or the subthalamic nucleus . Deep brain stimulation ( DBS ) is the most commonly used surgical treatment , developed in the 1980s by Alim @-@ Louis Benabid and others . It involves the implantation of a medical device called a neurostimulator which sends electrical impulses to specific parts of the brain . DBS is recommended for people who have PD with motor fluctuations and tremor inadequately controlled by medication , or to those who are intolerant to medication , as long as they do not have severe neuropsychiatric problems . Other , less common , surgical therapies involve intentional formation of lesions to suppress overactivity of specific subcortical areas . For example , pallidotomy involves surgical destruction of the globus pallidus to control dyskinesia . \n = = = Rehabilitation = = = \n Exercise programs are recommended in people with Parkinson 's disease . There is some evidence that speech or mobility problems can improve with rehabilitation , although studies are scarce and of low quality . Regular physical exercise with or without physiotherapy can be beneficial to maintain and improve mobility , flexibility , strength , gait speed , and quality of life . When an exercise program is performed under the supervision of a physiotherapist , there are more improvements in motor symptoms , mental and emotional functions , daily living activities , and quality of life compared to a self @-@ supervised exercise program at home . In terms of improving flexibility and range of motion for people experiencing rigidity , generalized relaxation techniques such as gentle rocking have been found to decrease excessive muscle tension . Other effective techniques to promote relaxation include slow rotational movements of the extremities and trunk , rhythmic initiation , diaphragmatic breathing , and meditation techniques . As for gait and addressing the challenges associated with the disease such as hypokinesia ( slowness of movement ) , shuffling and decreased arm swing ; physiotherapists have a variety of strategies to improve functional mobility and safety . Areas of interest with respect to gait during rehabilitation programs focus on but are not limited to improving gait speed , the base of support , stride length , trunk and arm swing movement . Strategies include utilizing assistive equipment ( pole walking and treadmill walking ) , verbal cueing ( manual , visual and auditory ) , exercises ( marching and PNF patterns ) and altering environments ( surfaces , inputs , open vs. closed ) . Strengthening exercises have shown improvements in strength and motor function for people with primary muscular weakness and weakness related to inactivity with mild to moderate Parkinson 's disease . However , reports show a significant interaction between strength and the time the medications was taken . Therefore , it is recommended that people with PD should perform exercises 45 minutes to one hour after medications when they are at their best . Also , due to the forward flexed posture , and respiratory dysfunctions in advanced Parkinson 's disease , deep diaphragmatic breathing exercises are beneficial in improving chest wall mobility and vital capacity . Exercise may improve constipation . \n One of the most widely practiced treatments for speech disorders associated with Parkinson 's disease is the Lee Silverman voice treatment ( LSVT ) . Speech therapy and specifically LSVT may improve speech . Occupational therapy ( OT ) aims to promote health and quality of life by helping people with the disease to participate in as many of their daily living activities as possible . There have been few studies on the effectiveness of OT and their quality is poor , although there is some indication that it may improve motor skills and quality of life for the duration of the therapy . \n = = = Palliative care = = = \n Palliative care is specialized medical care for people with serious illnesses , including Parkinson 's . The goal of this speciality is to improve quality of life for both the person suffering from Parkinson 's and the family by providing relief from the symptoms , pain , and stress of illnesses . As Parkinson 's is not a curable disease , all treatments are focused on slowing decline and improving quality of life , and are therefore palliative in nature . \n Palliative care should be involved earlier , rather than later in the disease course . Palliative care specialists can help with physical symptoms , emotional factors such as loss of function and jobs , depression , fear , and existential concerns . \n Along with offering emotional support to both the patient and family , palliative care serves an important role in addressing goals of care . People with Parkinson 's may have many difficult decisions to make as the disease progresses such as wishes for feeding tube , non @-@ invasive ventilator , and tracheostomy ; wishes for or against cardiopulmonary resuscitation ; and when to use hospice care . Palliative care team members can help answer questions and guide people with Parkinson 's on these complex and emotional topics to help them make the best decision based on their own values . \n = = = Other treatments = = = \n Muscles and nerves that control the digestive process may be affected by PD , resulting in constipation and gastroparesis ( food remaining in the stomach for a longer period than normal ) . A balanced diet , based on periodical nutritional assessments , is recommended and should be designed to avoid weight loss or gain and minimize consequences of gastrointestinal dysfunction . As the disease advances , swallowing difficulties ( dysphagia ) may appear . In such cases it may be helpful to use thickening agents for liquid intake and an upright posture when eating , both measures reducing the risk of choking . Gastrostomy to deliver food directly into the stomach is possible in severe cases . \n Levodopa and proteins use the same transportation system in the intestine and the blood – brain barrier , thereby competing for access . When they are taken together , this results in a reduced effectiveness of the drug . Therefore , when levodopa is introduced , excessive protein consumption is discouraged and well balanced Mediterranean diet is recommended . In advanced stages , additional intake of low @-@ protein products such as bread or pasta is recommended for similar reasons . To minimize interaction with proteins , levodopa should be taken 30 minutes before meals . At the same time , regimens for PD restrict proteins during breakfast and lunch , allowing protein intake in the evening . \n Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation temporarily improves levodopa @-@ induced dyskinesias . Its usefulness in PD is an open research topic , although recent studies have shown no effect by rTMS . Several nutrients have been proposed as possible treatments ; however there is no evidence that vitamins or food additives improve symptoms . There is no evidence to substantiate that acupuncture and practice of Qigong , or T 'ai chi , have any effect on the course of the disease or symptoms . Further research on the viability of Tai chi for balance or motor skills are necessary . Fava beans and velvet beans are natural sources of levodopa and are eaten by many people with PD . While they have shown some effectiveness in clinical trials , their intake is not free of risks . Life @-@ threatening adverse reactions have been described , such as the neuroleptic malignant syndrome . \n = = Prognosis = = \n PD invariably progresses with time . A severity rating method known as the Unified Parkinson 's Disease Rating Scale ( UPDRS ) is the most commonly used metric for clinical study . A modified version known as the MDS @-@ UPDRS is also sometimes used . An older scaling method known as the Hoehn and Yahr scale ( originally published in 1967 ) , and a similar scale known as the Modified Hoehn and Yahr scale , have also been commonly used . The Hoehn and Yahr scale defines five basic stages of progression . \n Motor symptoms , if not treated , advance aggressively in the early stages of the disease and more slowly later . Untreated , individuals are expected to lose independent ambulation after an average of eight years and be bedridden after ten years . However , it is uncommon to find untreated people nowadays . Medication has improved the prognosis of motor symptoms , while at the same time it is a new source of disability because of the undesired effects of levodopa after years of use . In people taking levodopa , the progression time of symptoms to a stage of high dependency from caregivers may be over 15 years . However , it is hard to predict what course the disease will take for a given individual . Age is the best predictor of disease progression . The rate of motor decline is greater in those with less impairment at the time of diagnosis , while cognitive impairment is more frequent in those who are over 70 years of age at symptom onset . \n Since current therapies improve motor symptoms , disability at present is mainly related to non @-@ motor features of the disease . Nevertheless , the relationship between disease progression and disability is not linear . Disability is initially related to motor symptoms . As the disease advances , disability is more related to motor symptoms that do not respond adequately to medication , such as swallowing / speech difficulties , and gait / balance problems ; and also to motor complications , which appear in up to 50 % of individuals after 5 years of levodopa usage . Finally , after ten years most people with the disease have autonomic disturbances , sleep problems , mood alterations and cognitive decline . All of these symptoms , especially cognitive decline , greatly increase disability . \n The life expectancy of people with PD is reduced . Mortality ratios are around twice those of unaffected people . Cognitive decline and dementia , old age at onset , a more advanced disease state and presence of swallowing problems are all mortality risk factors . On the other hand , a disease pattern mainly characterized by tremor as opposed to rigidity predicts an improved survival . Death from aspiration pneumonia is twice as common in individuals with PD as in the healthy population . \n In 2013 PD resulted in about 103 @,@ 000 deaths globally , up from 44 @,@ 000 deaths in 1990 . The death rate increased from an average of 1 @.@ 5 to 1 @.@ 8 per 100 @,@ 000 during that time . \n = = Epidemiology = = \n PD is the second most common neurodegenerative disorder after Alzheimer 's disease and affects approximately seven million people globally and one million people in the United States . The proportion in a population at a given time is about 0 @.@ 3 % in industrialized countries . PD is more common in the elderly and rates rises from 1 % in those over 60 years of age to 4 % of the population over 80 . The mean age of onset is around 60 years , although 5 – 10 % of cases , classified as young onset PD , begin between the ages of 20 and 50 . PD may be less prevalent in those of African and Asian ancestry , although this finding is disputed . Some studies have proposed that it is more common in men than women , but others failed to detect any differences between the two sexes . The number of new cases per year of PD is between 8 and 18 per 100 @,@ 000 person – years . \n Many risk factors and protective factors have been proposed , sometimes in relation to theories concerning possible mechanisms of the disease , however , none have been conclusively related to PD by empirical evidence . When epidemiological studies have been carried out in order to test the relationship between a given factor and PD , they have often been flawed and their results have in some cases been contradictory . The most frequently replicated relationships are an increased risk of PD in those exposed to pesticides , and a reduced risk in smokers . \n = = History = = \n Several early sources , including an Egyptian papyrus , an Ayurvedic medical treatise , the Bible , and Galen 's writings , describe symptoms resembling those of PD . After Galen there are no references unambiguously related to PD until the 17th century . In the 17th and 18th centuries , several authors wrote about elements of the disease , including Sylvius , Gaubius , Hunter and Chomel . \n In 1817 an English doctor , James Parkinson , published his essay reporting six cases of paralysis agitans . An Essay on the Shaking Palsy described the characteristic resting tremor , abnormal posture and gait , paralysis and diminished muscle strength , and the way that the disease progresses over time . Early neurologists who made further additions to the knowledge of the disease include Trousseau , Gowers , Kinnier Wilson and Erb , and most notably Jean @-@ Martin Charcot , whose studies between 1868 and 1881 were a landmark in the understanding of the disease . Among other advances , he made the distinction between rigidity , weakness and bradykinesia . He also championed the renaming of the disease in honor of James Parkinson . \n"},"length_category":{"kind":"string","value":"Very Long"},"source":{"kind":"string","value":"wikitext-103-excerpt"}}}],"truncated":false,"partial":false},"paginationData":{"pageIndex":77,"numItemsPerPage":100,"numTotalItems":8000,"offset":7700,"length":100}},"jwt":"eyJhbGciOiJFZERTQSJ9.eyJyZWFkIjp0cnVlLCJwZXJtaXNzaW9ucyI6eyJyZXBvLmNvbnRlbnQucmVhZCI6dHJ1ZX0sImlhdCI6MTc3NTY5OTI5MSwic3ViIjoiL2RhdGFzZXRzL0RlZXBJbmZyYS92YXJpYWJsZS1sZW5ndGgtZW1iZWRkaW5nLWJlbmNobWFyayIsImV4cCI6MTc3NTcwMjg5MSwiaXNzIjoiaHR0cHM6Ly9odWdnaW5nZmFjZS5jbyJ9.pIR0uVY4qGVP9Mjlm7HPG4m3EfoHkWthmZMrLGTJeQm3HjT2K_JyVj7tv95x0t_x2BQgzZfpRneTMuou8fVSDw","displayUrls":true,"splitSizeSummaries":[{"config":"default","split":"train","numRows":8000,"numBytesParquet":210093799}]},"discussionsStats":{"closed":0,"open":1,"total":1},"fullWidth":true,"hasGatedAccess":true,"hasFullAccess":true,"isEmbedded":false,"savedQueries":{"community":[],"user":[]}}">
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exiled his step @-@ son , so as to protect the inheritance of his son Ecgric , who was of his own blood @-@ line .
It has been suggested by Sam Newton that Ecgric may in fact be identical to Eni 's son Æthelric , whose descendants became kings of East Anglia . Æthelric 's son Ealdwulf ruled from about 664 to 713 . A... | Very Long | wikitext-103-excerpt |
1946 ) , alleged that Lalaurie had a " sadistic appetite [ that ] seemed never appeased until she had inflicted on one or more of her black servitors some hideous form of torture " and claimed that those who responded to the 1834 fire had found " male slaves , stark naked , chained to the wall , their eyes gouged out ,... | Very Long | wikitext-103-excerpt |
. They were supplied with 1 @,@ 080 rounds of ammunition , for 120 shells per gun . The ship was also equipped with two 8 @.@ 8 cm SK L / 45 anti @-@ aircraft guns in single mounts ; they had 400 rounds of ammunition each . Königsberg also carried four triple torpedo tube mounts located amidships ; they were supplied ... | Very Long | wikitext-103-excerpt |
t Stop " is a midtempo pop , R & B , and dance song that lyrically discusses the events of a house party . Mikael Wood of the Los Angeles Times calling the song " the calmest , most clear @-@ eyed rebel yell since Janet Jackson 's ' Control ' . " Catucci described " SMS ( Bangerz ) " as a " merry rap @-@ off " with pop... | Very Long | wikitext-103-excerpt |
RCA Records after a protracted bidding war .
= = Recording and production = =
After the deal with RCA , the Strokes started working with Gil Norton , who had produced recordings for alternative rock group Pixies . Although a rapport developed between the two parties , the band remained unhappy at the results of pr... | Very Long | wikitext-103-excerpt |
a remake of the 1921 United Artists film Disraeli , a project that turned out to be a box @-@ office hit . Then , in 1930 , he spotted future stars James Cagney , Joan Blondell , and Frank McHugh in the cast of a New York play called Penny Arcade . Although Cagney turned out to be Warner 's greatest prize , he was als... | Very Long | wikitext-103-excerpt |
! ERA policy , no ! " At the dedication of the church 's new temple in Seattle , Washington , in November 1980 , several dozen protesters again demonstrated . Minor protests and pickets continued across the United States at major church events until June 1982 , when the ratification period expired without the amendmen... | Very Long | wikitext-103-excerpt |
and on the drive , Ficken kicked a personal record 54 @-@ yard field goal , the longest by a Penn State player since 1979 , which was the final scoring play of the game , whose final score was 34 – 0 .
Penn State 's defense excelled , shutting out an opponent for the first time since the 2010 season , also against K... | Very Long | wikitext-103-excerpt |
unei as well as a number of Japanese civilians to the inland town of Tenom ; this trek took 40 days and involved traversing mountainous and trackless terrain . However , the forces involved suffered heavy casualties , with 50 percent of the 367th Battalion 's soldiers being killed between 10 June and the end of the war... | Very Long | wikitext-103-excerpt |
simply , " did not come back to work , " according to Doug Garrison of the Indiana Department of Correction . By early 2008 , at the time of the shooting , he was again enrolled full @-@ time at the University of Illinois .
= = = Possible motives = = =
He died of a self @-@ inflicted gunshot wound after the shooti... | Very Long | wikitext-103-excerpt |
yoga class substituting for Mahayoga and Atiyoga .
Other tantra yoga practices include a system of 108 bodily postures practiced with breath and heart rhythm . The Nyingma tradition also practices Yantra yoga ( Tib . " Trul khor " ) , a discipline that includes breath work ( or pranayama ) , meditative contemplation... | Very Long | wikitext-103-excerpt |
brought into the Han realm with the conquest of the Dian Kingdom in 109 BC , followed by parts of the Korean Peninsula with the colonial establishments of Xuantu Commandery and Lelang Commandery in 108 BC . In China 's first known nationwide census taken in 2 AD , the population was registered as having 57 @,@ 671 @,@... | Very Long | wikitext-103-excerpt |
Simpson 's report of the findings of his inquiry was made public by the Minister on 11 June 1946 . Simpson said he was satisfied the accident was not caused by failure of any part of the aircraft 's structure , its engines or its controls ; or failure to remove any of the flight @-@ control clamps prior to takeoff .
... | Very Long | wikitext-103-excerpt |
Best Dance Video for " Ray of Light " .
= = Commercial performance = =
In the United States , Ray of Light debuted at number two on the Billboard 200 albums chart on the issue dated March 21 , 1998 . It set the record for biggest first @-@ week sales by a female artist in Nielsen SoundScan era at that time with 37... | Very Long | wikitext-103-excerpt |
2 ] The parkway heads through wooded surroundings near industrial areas and passes over MD 201 , where there is a ramp from southbound MD 201 to the southbound B – W Parkway . It continues northeast , passing near Prince George 's Hospital Center , to interchanges with MD 202 ( Landover Road ) in Cheverly and with MD 4... | Very Long | wikitext-103-excerpt |
015 @-@ 16 season " Lobito " played in 28 games of the regular season , he averaged 23 minutes , 10 @.@ 6 points and 4 @.@ 3 assists per game . In the Second Division playoffs he started 16 games , averaged 8 @.@ 1 points and 4 @.@ 3 assist per game helping Basket Brescia Leonessa win the finals against Fortitudo Bolog... | Very Long | wikitext-103-excerpt |
1835 , just south of San Antonio de Béxar in the Mexican region of Texas . The Texas Revolution had officially begun on October 2 and by the end of the month the Texians had initiated a siege of Béxar , home of the largest Mexican garrison in the province . Bored with the inactivity , many of the Texian soldiers return... | Very Long | wikitext-103-excerpt |
I probably babysat more than I played " . Gunn portrays the relationship as warm , but businesslike :
I 'd stay over and we 'd read the Sunday papers together . He was good to me . I was struggling for cash once and went in and told him I was going on holiday and was there any chance of an advance . He got on the ph... | Very Long | wikitext-103-excerpt |
action in the Korengal Valley . Junger later wrote a highly acclaimed book , War , and , with Hetherington , produced the award @-@ winning documentary , Restrepo , about the deployment . Only two weeks before the brigade was to return to Europe , a platoon of 45 soldiers from the brigade stationed in the Dara @-@ I @... | Very Long | wikitext-103-excerpt |
two touchdowns .
= = Later life = =
Kindt retired from football after the 1955 season to focus on a coaching career . In 1956 , Curly Lambeau named Kindt as one of the assistant coaches for his College All @-@ Stars squad , alongside future Hall of Famers Tony Canadeo , and Mike Michalske to play against the Cleve... | Very Long | wikitext-103-excerpt |
Ravens signed veteran wide receiver Steve Smith Sr. After Smith started out the 2014 season slowly , he lost his starting job to Smith Sr. Even though Smith would have another productive season , most of his impressive games seemed to be overshadowed by other players .
Smith would have his first decent performance o... | Very Long | wikitext-103-excerpt |
attractive surroundings ( both mountain and coastal areas ) , diverse tourist attractions , excellent international and local restaurants , and the friendliness of the local people . According to BBC Travel released in 2011 , Bali is one of the World 's Best Islands , ranking second after Santorini , Greece . Bali is ... | Very Long | wikitext-103-excerpt |
, it nearly provoked a diplomatic incident with Belgium ; even some Congolese politicians perceived it as unnecessarily provocative . Nevertheless , independence was celebrated across the Congo .
Politically , the new state had semi @-@ presidential constitution , known as the loi fondamentale , in which executive p... | Very Long | wikitext-103-excerpt |
s motto on preparing oneself : " You can set your sails , but you can 't set the wind " . The Giants viewed Wheatley as their running back of the future , since Rodney Hampton was in the final year of his contract . Despite the original visions , Wheatley was used sparingly and started only eight games over the course ... | Very Long | wikitext-103-excerpt |
axon Chronicle states that they " chose him [ Edward ] as father and lord " , perhaps indicating that Ragnall acknowledged Edward 's overlordship , although many scholars have contested this as unlikely . Ragnall died in 921 , and is described as " king of the fair foreigners and the dark foreigners " by the Annals of ... | Very Long | wikitext-103-excerpt |
cca ; this specified rights and duties of all citizens , and the relationship of the different communities in Medina ( including the Muslim community to other communities , specifically the Jews and other " Peoples of the Book " ) . The community defined in the Constitution of Medina , Ummah , had a religious outlook ,... | Very Long | wikitext-103-excerpt |
Felix Rohatyn to produce a fiscal plan that could be endorsed by both parties .
Kemp was also outspoken on immigration on around this time : according to Kemp 's interpretation of a scientific index that he and Bennett support , " immigrants are a blessing , not a curse . " In 1994 , Kemp and Bennett opposed Califor... | Very Long | wikitext-103-excerpt |
As King William and Queen Mary had no children , it looked as though Anne 's son would eventually inherit the Crown .
= = William and Mary = =
Soon after their accession , William and Mary rewarded John Churchill by granting him the Earldom of Marlborough and Prince George was made Duke of Cumberland . Anne reques... | Very Long | wikitext-103-excerpt |
regimental S2 section . As the platoon was not intended , nor trained , for combat , they were told to avoid direct engagement with the Germans . Nonetheless , they took part in several missions behind enemy lines , even as far as Losheim 2 miles ( 3 @.@ 2 km ) behind the front line , to capture enemy soldiers for int... | Very Long | wikitext-103-excerpt |
YMCA = = =
Kingstonian was formed in autumn 1885 , under the name Kingston & Surbiton YMCA . In the period , rugby was the dominant sport in the town , but the Young Men 's Christian Association ( YMCA ) was unable to support a rugby club . This influenced their decision to create a club to play " Football under Ass... | Very Long | wikitext-103-excerpt |
on Welsh literature with a more pessimistic style of prose championed by T. H. Parry @-@ Williams and R. Williams Parry . The industrialisation of south Wales saw a further shift with the likes of Rhydwen Williams who used the poetry and metre of a bygone rural Wales but in the context of an industrial landscape . Tho... | Very Long | wikitext-103-excerpt |
The XF @-@ 104 's maiden flight came in February 1954 . The flight test program encountered problems , some of which were resolved ; however , the XF @-@ 104 performance proved better than estimates . Both prototypes were lost through accidents . Nevertheless , the USAF ordered 17 service @-@ test F @-@ 104s . Interna... | Very Long | wikitext-103-excerpt |
Shocker the Big Man is displeased with his failure . Meanwhile , Peter unsuccessfully tries to ask out Jonah 's assistant , Betty Brant . After a tremor rattles the entire city , Peter , as Spider @-@ Man , discovers it is the Shocker , leaving him a trail that leads to a condemned theater . During their fight , Spide... | Very Long | wikitext-103-excerpt |
progress to the semi @-@ finals courtesy of a 4 – 0 aggregate victory . Their opponents in the semi @-@ finals were fellow English team Chelsea . The first leg at Chelsea 's home ground Stamford Bridge was a close affair with Chelsea winning 1 – 0 courtesy of a first half Joe Cole goal . The second leg at Anfield was ... | Very Long | wikitext-103-excerpt |
used it to post coloured messages . Delphin says he exposed the security flaw by tweeting a JavaScript function for " onMouseOver " , and Holm later created and posted the XSS Worm that automatically re @-@ tweeted itself . Security firm Sophos reported that the virus was spread by people doing it for " fun and games ... | Very Long | wikitext-103-excerpt |
is killed , and a new assistant district attorney named Benjamin Talbot ( Eric Winter ) investigates the murder . Mick and Beth discuss the problems of having a romantic relationship , and although they end up kissing , Mick tells her he needs time to figure things out . Photos of Mick getting hit by a vehicle find th... | Very Long | wikitext-103-excerpt |
not publish an edition on 3 April . Al @-@ Jamri acknowledged that the reports identified in Bahrain TV show were false , but said he and his staff did not " knowingly [ publish ] false information " .
The ban was lifted a day later after al @-@ Jamri and two other top editors had resigned . Al @-@ Jamri said his re... | Very Long | wikitext-103-excerpt |
of finding him and when , in 1990 , she moved to Berlin , she met people who offered to help her trace her father and that side of her family . In 1993 , at the age of 46 , she finally met her father and his large American family in Chicago , where she was welcomed and accepted as an equal . Hügel @-@ Marshall later s... | Very Long | wikitext-103-excerpt |
art County Road 17 ( CR 17 ) , US 20 is two @-@ lane rural highway .
US 20 was part of the Dunes Highway from the Illinois state line to Michigan City , concurrent with US 12 . The Dunes Highway started being paved in 1922 . The section of the highway , that is known as Lincoln Way as part of the 1913 section of the ... | Very Long | wikitext-103-excerpt |
26 , she was hospitalized , citing " extreme exhaustion " and a " physical and emotional breakdown " . Following her induction at an un @-@ disclosed hospital in Connecticut , Carey remained hospitalized and under doctor 's care for two weeks , followed by an extended absence from the album 's promotion . However , he... | Very Long | wikitext-103-excerpt |
, Tristan und Isolde 24 , Die Meistersinger 22 , Tannhäuser 21 , Lohengrin 6 , the Ring cycle 18 and Der fliegende Holländer 10 .
= Star Trek : The Motion Picture =
Star Trek : The Motion Picture is a 1979 American science fiction film released by Paramount Pictures . It is the first Star Trek film and stars the c... | Very Long | wikitext-103-excerpt |
song sample on the track , however , dismissed its lyrical content .
Some of the critics were divided on Rihanna 's decision to collaborate with Brown again . Toronto Star 's Lucas Oleniuk stated that that " Nobody 's Business " is not a bad track , " it ’ s one of the catchiest and freshest @-@ sounding here — but ... | Very Long | wikitext-103-excerpt |
of Systematic Palaeontology 10 ( 2 ) : 211 – 300
= Decorating of the Bride =
Decorating of the Bride is an oil painting by the Serbian artist Paja Jovanović . It shows a young Albanian bride in traditional attire being prepared for her upcoming marriage by the female members of her household . It is one of two com... | Very Long | wikitext-103-excerpt |
ativity and black holes becoming mainstream subjects of research . This process was helped by the discovery of pulsars in 1967 , which , by 1969 , were shown to be rapidly rotating neutron stars . Until that time , neutron stars , like black holes , were regarded as just theoretical curiosities ; but the discovery of p... | Very Long | wikitext-103-excerpt |
of various sizes . Some mounds were destroyed in order to build the modern streets , in other cases the mounds were robbed of stone that was reused in modern construction . There are also instances where modern houses have been built on top of ancient mound platforms . Modern houses had previously also occupied the ou... | Very Long | wikitext-103-excerpt |
women as group leaders and gave a loose sense of order to the proceedings as he led the crowd out of the city in the driving rain .
As they left , thousands of National Guardsmen who had heard the news were assembling at the Place de Grève . The Marquis de Lafayette , in Paris as their commander @-@ in @-@ chief , d... | Very Long | wikitext-103-excerpt |
to tune into Scott Mills show on Radio One tomorrow for the worldwide exclusive play of my summer single ' Collide ' ( sic ) . " With regard to the song , Lewis spoke about " Collide " and why she chose to release it as the lead single , saying
I 'm excited for people to see a different side to my music . I 'm a fan... | Very Long | wikitext-103-excerpt |
one turned to the west , and fueled by warm water temperatures , it quickly intensified . On November 7 , the storm developed an eye in the center and began to rapidly intensify into a mature cyclone . By the next day , the India Meteorological Department estimated peak 3 minute sustained winds of 175 km / h ( 110 mph ... | Very Long | wikitext-103-excerpt |
" frequently robbed stagecoaches and brazenly stole cattle in broad daylight , scaring off the legitimate cowboys watching the herds . Bandits used the border between the United States and Mexico to raid across in one direction and use the other as sanctuary . In December , 1878 , and again the next year , Mexican aut... | Very Long | wikitext-103-excerpt |
is trapped in large numbers for Buddhist ceremonies , but most birds are later released .
= Satan 's Harvest Home =
Satan 's Harvest Home is a pamphlet published anonymously in 1749 in London , Great Britain . It describes and denounces what it deems the moral laxity and perversion of contemporary society , especi... | Very Long | wikitext-103-excerpt |
1 specifications easily and inexpensively by using 28 AWG ( 0 @.@ 081 mm ² ) conductors . With better quality construction and materials , including 24 AWG ( 0 @.@ 205 mm ² ) conductors , an HDMI cable can reach lengths of up to 15 meters ( 49 feet ) . Many HDMI cables under 5 meters of length that were made before the... | Very Long | wikitext-103-excerpt |
on an Internet meme ; the viral phenomenon , along with usage of the Comic Sans MS typeface , gave it " the Internet density of a large star " according to Medium writer Quinn Norton . By early 2014 , Doge 's popularity was sustained by internet communities on social media , accompanied by the rapid growth and accepta... | Very Long | wikitext-103-excerpt |
= = =
The music video , directed by Roman White , debuted on June 21 , 2007 . It depicts McEntire and Clarkson as 1930 's Hollywood lounge singers . In the video , McEntire encounters Clarkson attempting to conceal a bruise inflicted by the latter 's abusive partner . When Clarkson 's boyfriend is fighting with her ... | Very Long | wikitext-103-excerpt |
all hope , ye who here enter " , which when translated into Latin reads " Lasciate ogne speranza , voi ch 'intrate " , the phrase used at the entrance gate to Hell in the Inferno chapter of Dante Alighieri 's Divine Comedy . In order to get Dark Laser to come to Earth so Timmy , along with Mr. Crocker and Vicky , can ... | Very Long | wikitext-103-excerpt |
as a witness , Savidge testified that she had not wanted to go to Scotland Yard and had been persuaded to do so by the presence of a female police officer , Miss Wyles . After they arrived at Scotland Yard , Collins told Wyles that he was going to send Savidge home , and Wyles could leave . After Wyles had left , Coll... | Very Long | wikitext-103-excerpt |
the men prepared to fight off the French column . They also called for help Ramon de Sala i Saçala , who was at the nearby village of Sant Feliu de Pallerols , with Captains Josep Mas de Roda and Pere Baliart i Teula , recruiting men to raise three new companies of miquelets . In the meantime , Juigné reached la Vall ... | Very Long | wikitext-103-excerpt |
part in the sport during the 1950s , equally well known for his arrest in 1955 for operating his father 's moonshine still as he is for his racing success . He ended up spending a year in an Ohio prison , but soon returned to the sport before retiring as a driver in 1966 .
= = New business models = =
= = = Faster ... | Very Long | wikitext-103-excerpt |
addings revealed that Kyte came to understand the words " action " and " cut " , meaning the director would sometimes have to give an alternate cue such as " go " during scenes featuring Wellard , as the dog would become instantly alert upon hearing the usual commands , which appeared incongruous in scenes which called... | Very Long | wikitext-103-excerpt |
Secret of Mana was performed by the Tokyo Symphony Orchestra for the third Orchestral Game Concert in 1993 , while " Meridian Child " from Seiken Densetsu 3 was performed for the fifth Orchestral Game Concert in 1996 . " Fear of the Heavens " was also performed at the fifth Symphonic Game Music Concert in 2007 in Leip... | Very Long | wikitext-103-excerpt |
viewing geometry . The Galileo images also showed some patchiness in the ring on the scales 500 – 1000 km .
In February – March 2007 New Horizons spacecraft conducted a deep search for new small moons inside the main ring . While no satellites larger than 0 @.@ 5 km were found , the cameras of the spacecraft detecte... | Very Long | wikitext-103-excerpt |
advised a policy of mediation , a policy that Elizabeth endorsed . Walsingham was sent on a special embassy to the Netherlands in 1578 , to sound out a potential peace deal and gather military intelligence .
Charles IX died in 1574 and Henry , Duke of Anjou , inherited the French throne as Henry III . Between 1578 a... | Very Long | wikitext-103-excerpt |
fully created exaggerated gender binaries in order to render Igbo history recognizable to international readers . Still others suggest that reading Achebe through a womanist lens enables an understanding of Igbo conceptions of gender complementarity . Womanism is “ an afrocentric concept forged out of global feminism t... | Very Long | wikitext-103-excerpt |
's murder , the Orkneyinga saga claims that Magnus was persuaded by a son of an Orkney earl , Haakon Paulsson , who wanted an earldom for himself . It is also possible that Magnus wished to provide a realm outside Norway for his eight @-@ year @-@ old son Sigurd , who accompanied him . Magnus sailed into the Western S... | Very Long | wikitext-103-excerpt |
th century warships , created a favourable environment for the disease . The pandemic swept through the British Grand Fleet in 1918 ; the Australian cruisers assigned to the fleet suffered high casualties , with up to 157 casualties in one ship alone . Outbreaks in the Mediterranean fleets were more severe than those i... | Very Long | wikitext-103-excerpt |
010 : " The stage was set for everything we had talked about , and all the good things that could have happened for fans — a big rematch , a bowl setting , a great city ... It would have been a sellout in Charlotte , and they decided to do something else . That has caused us to pause a little bit and think through the ... | Very Long | wikitext-103-excerpt |
Versailles . He continued his education , both at the riding school Versailles ( his fellow students included the future Charles X ) and at the prestigious Académie de Versailles . He was given a commission as a lieutenant in the Noailles Dragoons in April 1773 , the transfer from the royal regiment being done at the ... | Very Long | wikitext-103-excerpt |
principally for his Palladian remodelling of numerous country houses , many of them situated in the East Anglia area of Britain . As Brettingham neared the pinnacle of his career , Palladianism began to fall out of fashion and neoclassicism was introduced , championed by the young Robert Adam .
= = Early life = =
... | Very Long | wikitext-103-excerpt |
his disappointment . " When questioned by a journalist on his apparent disappointment , Kenny responded sharply " Am I supposed to be going around grinning like a Cheshire Cat at everything ? "
= = = Labour Party = = =
The Labour Party candidate was Michael D. Higgins . He was chosen jointly by the party 's Nation... | Very Long | wikitext-103-excerpt |
Edward 's former adversaries – like the Earl of Gloucester , though de Clare did not ultimately participate . With the country pacified , the greatest impediment to the project was providing sufficient finances . King Louis IX of France , who was the leader of the crusade , provided a loan of about £ 17 @,@ 500 . This... | Very Long | wikitext-103-excerpt |
s final wartime score of twenty @-@ six included six aircraft driven down out of control , thirteen aircraft and four balloons destroyed , and three other aircraft destroyed in victories shared with other airmen . This made him second only to Harry Cobby as the most successful ace in the AFC , as well as the fourth mos... | Very Long | wikitext-103-excerpt |
peers , not Walter himself .
After several sightings , the Fringe team move into some nearby storm drains to bait the chimera with its larvae . Feeling somewhat responsible , Walter locks himself in with the chimera and ingests some poison that will kill him within the hour , believing that if it kills him , the chi... | Very Long | wikitext-103-excerpt |
, but becomes livid when Kurt admits that Karofsky has threatened to kill him . He instigates a meeting with Sue , Karofsky 's father ( Daniel Roebuck ) and the two boys , at which Sue expels Karofsky .
The day of the wedding , Santana Lopez ( Naya Rivera ) , who wants another chance at Finn , suggests that he revea... | Very Long | wikitext-103-excerpt |
or toxic effects of sedative @-@ hypnotic drugs including alcohol on neurochemistry , such as decreased levels of serotonin and norepinephrine , or activation of immune mediated inflammatory pathways in the brain . Chronic use of benzodiazepines also can cause or worsen depression , or depression may be part of a prot... | Very Long | wikitext-103-excerpt |
jointly applied for a patent on it , they soon became involved in a dispute over who deserved credit . After the war , Bethe returned to Cornell University , but he was deeply involved in the development of thermonuclear weapons as a consultant . In 1954 , he wrote an article on the history of the H @-@ bomb , which p... | Very Long | wikitext-103-excerpt |
The schooner Wallace and steamer Otago were also both wrecked at or near Chasland 's Mistake , in 1866 and 1876 respectively , and a 4534 @-@ ton steamer , the Manuka , ran aground at Long Point north of Tautuku in 1929 . In all there were eight shipwrecks of note between 1839 and 1892 .
After a decline in the 1890s... | Very Long | wikitext-103-excerpt |
, but also her third consecutive number @-@ one from the Aphrodite album on that chart . At the time , Minogue also held the third spot on the chart with " Higher " , her collaboration with British recording artist Taio Cruz , becoming the first artist to claim two of the top three spots at the same time in the Americ... | Very Long | wikitext-103-excerpt |
of the Mendip Hills south of Hallatrow consists of Supra @-@ Pennant Measures which includes the upper coal measures and outcrops of sandstone . The relics of the industrial past are very evident within the area , including the distinct conical shape of the Old Mills batch overlooking the town . Midsomer Norton lies o... | Very Long | wikitext-103-excerpt |
manga , and he focused on how Naruto 's facial expressions would appear in difficult situations , trying make them consistent . He commented " It 's rather awkward to talk about what makes Naruto appealing to audiences , but I think his being a knucklehead gives him an appeal ; " He believed it was Naruto 's loses wha... | Very Long | wikitext-103-excerpt |
Scott is 4 @.@ 5 miles east of Suches on Highway 180 and 7 @.@ 1 miles west of U.S. Highway 19 / 129 near Vogel State Park . Two roads provide access to the park , although the north entrance is only for lake access . The south entrance leads to the campgrounds , hiking trails and lakeshore facilities . The hardwood f... | Very Long | wikitext-103-excerpt |
regaining the trophy in 1968 , 2000 and May 2009 , while the West Indies regained it in 1973 and April 2009 .
105 Test matches have been played , with West Indies winning 43 times , England 28 times , and 34 matches being drawn . Brian Lara is the top scorer in the Wisden Trophy series with 2983 runs , while Curtly ... | Very Long | wikitext-103-excerpt |
There was a neutral zone that took the riders south and out of the city , before the racing started on the Via San Bernardino . After first heading south , the route turned to the east and then to the north . After 43 @.@ 6 kilometres ( 27 @.@ 1 mi ) the riders reached Entratico , where they joined the main valley roa... | Very Long | wikitext-103-excerpt |
in the Victorio Campaign . He and his scouts were placed under the command of Major Albert P. Morrow of the Ninth Cavalry at Fort Bayard , New Mexico . Gatewood 's scouts skirmished with Victorio 's band , but ultimately failed to capture him .
In May 1881 he returned to Virginia on sick leave because he had develop... | Very Long | wikitext-103-excerpt |
etables and other promotional materials .
= = Alignment = =
= = = Eastern Suburbs Line = = =
The Suburbs Line runs between Bondi Junction in Sydney 's east and Eveleigh , just south of the Sydney central business district . It is mostly underground , and consists of 7 kilometres of bored tunnels and 1 @.@ 5 kilom... | Very Long | wikitext-103-excerpt |
some distance away : to the east of Bond Street , in Hanover Square near Oxford Circus ; to the west of Tottenham Court Road , in Dean Street .
= = Traffic = =
Oxford Street has been ranked as the most important retail location in Britain and the busiest shopping street in Europe . The street is often congested bo... | Very Long | wikitext-103-excerpt |
writing from the body " as a subversive exercise . The work of Julia Kristeva , a feminist psychoanalyst and philosopher , and Bracha Ettinger , artist and psychoanalyst , has influenced feminist theory in general and feminist literary criticism in particular . However , as the scholar Elizabeth Wright points out , " ... | Very Long | wikitext-103-excerpt |
at times particularly brutal when Loyalists met Patriots , as in some cases they came from the same communities . The prisoners , who were first kept in Bennington , were eventually marched to Boston .
Burgoyne 's army was readying to cross the Hudson at Fort Edward on August 17 when the first word of the battle arr... | Very Long | wikitext-103-excerpt |
of the Iapetus Ocean floor . Much of Shetland 's economy depends on the oil @-@ bearing sediments in the surrounding seas . Geological evidence shows that in around 6100 BC a tsunami caused by the Storegga Slides hit Shetland , as well as the rest of the east coast of Scotland , and may have created a wave of up to 25... | Very Long | wikitext-103-excerpt |
were allowed to depart unmolested . Washington was given the letter , but formally rejected it , as it was not addressed to him by either name or title . However , the letter had the intended effect : when the evacuation began , there was no American fire to hinder the British departure . On March 9 , after seeing mov... | Very Long | wikitext-103-excerpt |
Liège . Liège were runners @-@ up in the Belgian Cup to Anderlecht , but as Anderlecht had won the league this entitled them to compete in the European Cup and Liège took their place in the Cup Winners ' Cup . Liverpool won the first leg in England 3 – 1 and a 2 – 1 victory at Liège 's home ground Stade Maurice Dufras... | Very Long | wikitext-103-excerpt |
The great auk ( Pinguinus impennis ) was a flightless bird of the alcid family that became extinct in the mid @-@ 19th century . It was the only modern species in the genus Pinguinus ( unrelated to penguins , although it was the first bird to be called penguin ) . It bred on rocky , isolated islands with easy access... | Very Long | wikitext-103-excerpt |
beating him . To protect her friend , Baby manages to shakily walk to her mother and explain what happened . While the humans fuss over the occurrence Lad sneaks off and spends four days buried in marsh mud to draw out the snake 's poison .
" His Little Son "
Lady gives birth to three puppies , but after two die o... | Very Long | wikitext-103-excerpt |
the mass @-@ produced visual presentations of their work . Visual elements have become an important part of the poet 's toolbox , and many poets have sought to use visual presentation for a wide range of purposes . Some Modernist poets have made the placement of individual lines or groups of lines on the page an integ... | Very Long | wikitext-103-excerpt |
, and decided it was best to fast track production for a June 1997 target release date , which is a break from the usual 3 @-@ year gap between films . Schumacher wanted to homage both the broad camp style of the 1960s television series and the work of Dick Sprang . The storyline of Batman & Robin was conceived by Sch... | Very Long | wikitext-103-excerpt |
@-@ class , who had similarly adopted European customs . Chilembwe 's acceptance of European culture created an unorthodox anti @-@ colonial ideology based around a form of nationalism , rather than a desire to restore the pre @-@ colonial social order .
= = = Outbreak of World War I = = =
World War I broke out in... | Very Long | wikitext-103-excerpt |
08 USD ) . British helicopters helped rescue stranded people following the storm , and Mexico provided a helicopter to help carry supplies to areas affected by the flooding . Prime Minister Dean Barrow declared a disaster area in southern Belize 's Stann Creek Valley . Additionally , the government rushed food , water ... | Very Long | wikitext-103-excerpt |
of passengers was 125 @,@ 971 , compared to the predicted annual total of around 650 @,@ 000 return journeys , i.e. 1.3m single journeys .
= = Operation = =
= = = Services = = =
Monday to Saturday services are half @-@ hourly in each direction until 20 : 00 , with an hourly service provided after 20 : 00 and on ... | Very Long | wikitext-103-excerpt |
shund theory was first introduced by John Henry Walsh under the pseudonym of " Stonehenge " in the 1880s , and was denied by many breeders of that era . By the mid @-@ 1800s , the breed was known as the Dandie Dinmont Terrier , and became sought after for hunting after Scott 's writings were published . They remain the... | Very Long | wikitext-103-excerpt |
čki dom ) or the unicameral parliament since then — in 1992 , 1995 , 2000 , 2003 , 2007 , 2011 , 2015 and 2016 . Beginning with the 1992 elections , the number of seats in the Chamber of Deputies ( and , later , in the unicameral parliament ) was significantly changed — ranging from 127 in 1995 to 153 in 2007 and 151 i... | Very Long | wikitext-103-excerpt |
arrest for Lucy 's murder , Abi tells Phil that Max assaulted Lucy to get Ben off . Despite being innocent , Max turns himself in and is formally charged while Ben is released . Stacey visits Max , who tells her that he thinks Abi killed Lucy . Stacey confronts Abi , who attacks Stacey , blaming her for her parents ' ... | Very Long | wikitext-103-excerpt |
days , but the injury didn 't get better and was recharacterized as a sports hernia , which needed season @-@ ending surgery .
= = = = 2012 = = = =
In the 2012 season , Uribe mostly stayed healthy but his production remained similar to his 2011 totals . From May 14 to June 10 , he was on the disabled list with a l... | Very Long | wikitext-103-excerpt |
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