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The German Youth Movement (German: Die deutsche Jugendbewegung) is a collective term for a cultural and educational movement that started in 1896. It consists of numerous associations of young people that focus on outdoor activities. The movement included German Scouting and the Wandervogel. By 1938, 8 million children had joined associations that identified with the movement. In 1896 the Wandervogel, a popular movement of youth groups who protested against industrialization, was founded in Berlin, and its members soon derived many vital concepts from the ideas of earlier social critics and Romantics, ideas that had extensive influence on many fields at the onset of the 20th century. To escape the repressive and authoritarian German society at the end of the 19th century, its values increasingly transformed by industrialism, imperial militarism, as well as by British and Victorian influence, groups of young people searched for free space to develop a healthy life of their own away from the expanding cities. Expressing a romantic longing for a pristine state of things and older diverse cultural traditions, they turned to nature, confraternity and adventure. Soon the groups split and ever more organisations were founded, all still calling themselves Wandervogel, but organisationally independent. Nonetheless, the youth groups maintained a sense of belonging to a common movement, but one split into several branches: Freideutsche Jugend, founded in 1913 After the First World War, the leaders returned disillusioned from the war. The same was true for leaders of German Scouting. So both movements started to influence each other heavily in Germany. From the Wandervogel came a stronger culture of hiking, adventure, bigger tours to farther places, romanticism and a younger leadership structure. Scouting brought uniforms, flags, more organisation, more camps and a clearer, more rational ideology. There was also an educationalist influence from Gustav Wyneken. Together, this led to the emergence of the Bündische Jugend, a movement of many different youth associations. There were Wandervogel groups, Scouting associations and others, all of which mixed the elements described above with new ingredients. New styles and groups developed. A new tent form, the kohte, was introduced by Eberhard Koebel (aka "tusk"). Together with Koebel's interpretation of the yurt this type of tent is still the typical black tent used by German scouts on international scout camps to this day. The Deutsche Freischar and then the Jungenschaft was founded. In the German Youth Movement one can find all the different reactions of German society as a whole to the rise of the Nazis. Many welcomed it as a liberation movement to break free of the injustice of the Treaty of Versailles and to see Germany thrive once again. The notion of a 'Volksgemeinschaft', a people's community, was also popular. On the other hand, there were also many in the German Youth Movement who saw their associations as an elite superior to the more primitive Nazis. Some groups were genuinely democratic, or even left wing. Many more, even some of those who tended to the right, still wanted to carry on their independent work and existence as organisations. This led inescapably to a confrontation with the Nazi state, since the Nazi state did not allow any youth groups separate from the Hitler Youth, which itself adopted many of the outer forms of the Bündische Jugend after 1933. The groups remaining outside the Hitler Youth were outlawed and pursued, while some of them (e.g., the Edelweiss Pirates) tried to carry on. One thing which might have been different from other sections of German society is the following: The Youth Movement was very idealistic, romantic and moral. Therefore, its members tended to take greater risks in following and acting upon their beliefs and persuasions. This might be the reason why one can find significant members of the Youth Movement on both sides, among the Nazis and among the Widerstand. Examples for this are the following: Adolf Eichmann was one of their members from 1930 to 1931. Hans Scholl was a member of the Jungenschaft, an especially independent-minded association of the Bündische Jugend. Claus von Stauffenberg was a member of the Scout association of the Neupfadfinder, also an association of the Bündische Jugend. After the war many associations were refounded in West Germany, when the allies allowed it. In East Germany the Communist government did not allow it but instead outlawed all independent youth organisations. On the other hand, there were some connections between the German Youth Movement and the Free German Youth; within which a pioneer movement subunit, named the Thälmann Pioneers, existed for East German schoolchildren aged 6-14. In West Germany the Youth Movement became strongly dominated by Scouting, although Wandervogel, Jungenschaft and other groups were also refounded. In contrast to the situation before the war, all groups tried to have a more rational ideology and declared their support of the new Basic Law. German Scouting also approached world Scouting (the World Organization of the Scout Movement and the World Association of Girl Guides and Girl Scouts) and was admitted to the world organisations for the first time. Both the kibbutz and Bruderhof Communities can trace their origins to the German Youth Movement. The influence of Friedrich Nietzsche on the movement was substantial, with the philosopher described as the "Prophet of the German Youth Movement". Today there are still many groups and organisations which see themselves as part of this movement. German Scouting is still heavily influenced by this history, although the historical influence varies from group to group. The most distinctive features of German Scouting trace from this history. Howard Paul Becker. German Youth: Bond or Free. New York: Oxford University Press, 1946. Detailed history and sociology of the various aspects of the youth movement. Remarkable for the times, the discussion of homoeroticism and homosexuality within some of these groups is non-judgmental. OCLC 2083809 In 1998, Routledge reprinted this work as Volume 8 of its International Library of Sociology and The Sociology of Youth and Adolescence series. OCLC 761549797 ISBN 978-0-415-86351-3 Peter D. Stachura, The German Youth Movement, 1900-1945: An Interpretive and Documentary History (London: Macmillan, 1981). Barbara Stambolis: Jugendbewegung, European History Online, Institute for European History, 2011, last retrieved: 21 February 2013. Walter Laqueur: Young Germany: A History of the German Youth Movement, Transaction Pub, 1984, ISBN 0-87855-960-4 There are many articles in the German Wikipedia about these topics. Start with de:Jugendbewegung or the category de:Kategorie:Jugendbewegung. Documents and clippings about German Youth Movement in the 20th Century Press Archives of the ZBW | noise |
Software product management (sometimes referred to as digital product management or just product management depending on the context) is the discipline of building, implementing and managing digital products, taking into account life cycle, user interface and user experience design, use cases, and user audience. It governs the development cycle of a product from its inception to the market or customer delivery and service in order to maximize revenue. This is in contrast to software that is delivered in an ad hoc manner, typically to a limited clientele, e.g. service. To develop, sell, and support a successful software product a business needs to solve its market problem, understand its market, identify the opportunity as well as develop and market an appropriate piece of software. Hence the need for product management as a core business function in software companies. Hardware and physical product companies may also need software product management, since software and digital systems are often part of the delivery, such as when providing operating systems, or supporting the physical product or software embedded in a device. A software product manager can manage the development of software products from initial stages of development through planned phase-out as a product becomes obsolete, also known as the life cycle of a product. This is often achieved through the use of overseeing technology roadmaps to manage a product's life cycle with careful consideration of maintaining the value chain of a product. One main responsibility of software product managers is to collaborate with other product development teams which may specialize in marketing, sales, engineering, finance, quality assurance, customer service, manufacturing and installation of software systems. Another main responsibility of software product managers is to determine what products, enhancements, and features to build into a software product (or product portfolio, when multiple projects are being managed simultaneously). Software product managers can specialize in specific aspects of these responsibilities, depending on their focus: product owner, product marketing manager, technical product manager, and strategic product manager. Software product management covers all steps from the inception of a product to its end of life. It consists of five major stages in the product life-cycle, namely: Strategy Concept phase Market entry Development Evolution Within these five phases it deals with the following aspects of a software product within a software and/or hardware company: Idea generation (e.g., on whiteboards) for a new software product, or for the next version of an existing product. Collection and prioritization (see below) of business and/or market requirements from prospects, customers of earlier versions of the product, domain experts, technology visionaries, market experts, products / solutions from competing vendors, etc. Crafting of Marketing Requirements Documents, or MRDs, which synthesize the requirements / needs of various stakeholders as outlined above. Using the MRD as a basis, come up with a product requirements document or PRD, as an input to the engineering team to build out the product. A PRD is generally not the same as a functional specification since it specifies what a product should do, but not how the product should do it. Frequently, a PRD can be a collection of UML Use Cases, UML Activity Diagrams, HTML mockups, etc. It can have other details such as the software development environment, and the software deployment environment (client-server, web, etc.). Deliver the PRD to the software engineering team, and manage conflicts between the business units, the sales teams, and the engineering teams, as it applies to the software products to be built out. Once the software development gets into build / release cycle, conduct acceptance tests. Deal with the delivery of the product. This can vary from demonstrating the product to customers using web-based conferencing tools, to building product demonstrations, to other placement and promotion tactics. Frequently, in Silicon Valley, these two aspects of marketing, and sometimes also pricing, are dealt with by Product Marketing Managers, as opposed to Product Managers. Once the product is deployed at a customer site, solicit customer feedback, report software bugs, and pass these on back to engineering for subsequent build / release cycles, as the product stabilizes, and then matures. Perform competitive analysis as to how this product is behaving in the market, vis-a-vis other products catering to the same / similar customer segments. In the software space, this might require the product manager to take the opinion of analysts, who can come from name brand market research firms like IDC, Forrester Research, and Gartner Group. Solicit more features and benefits from the users of the software product, users of competitive products, and from analysts and craft / synthesize these requirements for subsequent product build / release cycles and pass them on to the software engineering team. The above tasks are not sequential but can co-exist. For Product Managers to be efficient in the above tasks, they have to have both engineering and marketing skills. Hence, frequently, Silicon Valley firms prefer engineers who are also MBAs to do software product management. Another concept of Product Lifecycle Management provides 4 key stages that a product will move through in its life, which are: Launch stage - during this stage, the product is launched into the market and will attract early adopters Growth stage - during this stage, the product is iterated on and grows its market share, attracting a core customer base Maturity stage - at this stage, the product is no longer growing but is well-established in the market Decline stage - at this stage, for various reasons, the product will be declining in market share For each of these stages, the roadmaps and strategies of the Product Manager and Marketing will have a different focus. Industry and academia established a standard for software product management education. According to this consensus, a software product manager is educated in the following areas: Core practices: product strategy and product planning Participation in strategic management Orchestration of development, of marketing, of sales and distribution, and of service and support A software product manager also has knowledge in the software development domain. The International Software Product Management Association (ISPMA) maintains the public body of knowledge and syllabi for international certification. A key aspect of Product Management is the correct prioritization of enhancements. User story mapping is a valuable tool that assists with visualizing and organizing priorities. Here's a method that works well (borrowed and adapted from Joel Spolsky): Identify the panel, i.e., whose opinion you are going to seek Make a list of all items Estimate the effort required (either in days or in money) - this needs to be very rough and approximate Add up the total effort E Give the panel members a budget of 0.5 × E each - they can place this any way they like, including all on a single item. You should disclose the rough estimates to the panel, as it may influence their vote. Rank the items in terms of the ratio Votes / Estimate Do as many of the items as the actual budget allows, respecting the sequence Product life cycle management Product discovery CCU Delivery Product management Software licensing Requirements engineering Requirements management Cagan, Marty (2017). INSPIRED: How to Create Tech Products Customers Love. Wiley. p. 368. ISBN 978-1119387503. Kittlaus, Hans-Bernd; Fricker, Samuel (2017). Software Product Management - The ISPMA-Compliant Study Guide and Handbook. Springer. ISBN 978-3642551390. Kittlaus, Hans-Bernd; Clough, Peter (2009). Software Product Management and Pricing - Key Success Factors for Software Organizations. Springer. ISBN 978-3540769866. Conde, Dan (2002). Software Product Management: Managing Software Development from Idea to Product to Marketing to Sales (Execenablers). Aspatore Books. ISBN 978-1-58762-202-1. Dver, Alyssa S. (2003). Software Product Management Essentials. Anclote Press. ISBN 978-0-929652-01-6. Clements, Paul (2001). Software Product Lines: Practices and Patterns. Addison-Wesley Professional. ISBN 978-0201703320. International Software Product Management Association (ISPMA) International Software Product Management Network Software Product Management Twiki and Resources International Workshop on Software Product Management (IWSPM) Series IWSPM 2010 Software Engineering Institute Carnegie Mellon University software product line (SPL) | noise |
Theridomorpha is an extinct clade of Palaeogene rodents that were endemic to western Europe and lived from the early Eocene to the late Oligocene. It is proposed to belong to the suborder Ischyromyiformes, of which the Gliridae is the sole surviving family, and contains the families Euromyidae, Masillamyidae, Theridomyidae, and Pseudosciuridae. Theridomorphs had wide variations in both their tooth crown heights and their surface patterns, namely bunodont, lophodont, or selenodont dentitions. Whereas Eocene species had brachyodont, or low-crowned, to slightly hypsodont (higher-crowned) dentitions, Oligocene species tended to have more semi-hypsodont dentitions. Theridomorphs ranged in size from small field mice at 50 g (1.8 oz) to muskrats at 1 kg (2.2 lb). Theridomorphs were the most diverse rodent groups in Europe by the late Eocene but experienced some extents of diversity decline by the Oligocene. Despite this, theridomyids remained a diverse group in the early Oligocene, surviving until the late Oligocene. | noise |
Brian Sell (born April 11, 1978) is a retired American long-distance runner who specialized in various long-distance track events before specializing as a marathoner in his professional career with Hansons-Brooks Distance Project. Sell represented the United States at the 2008 Summer Olympics in the men's marathon. He attended Saint Francis University in Loretto, Pennsylvania, where he ran on the Saint Francis University cross country team. = Sell attended Northern Bedford High School, where he participated in multiple sports. In addition to running he was a wrestler as well as a wide receiver on the football team, and did not join the track team until his sophomore year. His best track times by the end of his senior year were 4:28 (min:sec) in the 1600-meter and 10:06 in the 3200-meter. = Sell began at Messiah College, then transferred to study at Saint Francis University, where his athletic career reached new heights. He represented SFU at the 2000 NCAA Division I XC Championships, where he ran the 10K in 31:17.1 and was a two time All-American. = Sell placed third overall in the 2008 USA Olympic Team Trials Marathon in Central Park, New York City on November 3, 2007, with a time of 2:11:40, earning him a spot, along with Ryan Hall and Dathan Ritzenhein, on the U.S. men's marathon team at the 2008 Summer Olympics in Beijing, where he finished the Olympic Marathon in 22nd place with a time of 2:16:7. Sell ran the 2009 New York Marathon, which he and his coach have indicated was his last competitive race. 2002 – 3rd at USATF Fall Cross Country Championships 2002 – Chiba Ekiden Relay Team 2002 – 8th at USATF Championships 10K (road) 2002 – 8th at USATF Championships 8K (road) 2002 – 4th at USATF Championships 7 mile (road) 2003 – 13th at USA 2004 Olympic Trials Marathon (after leading through 21 miles) 2003 – 25th at IAAF World Half Marathon Championships (1st American) 2003 – 2nd at USATF Championships 20K (road) (5th fastest American 20k time ever 59:18) 2003 – 8th at USATF Championships 8K (road) 2004/2005 – 1st place LaSalle Bank Shamrock Shuffle 2005 – 2nd at USATF Championships 10 mile (road) 2005 – 1st place USATF 25K 2005 – 9th at World Championships marathon, Helsinki, Finland 2006 – 1st place USA Half Marathon Championships 2006 – 4th place Boston Marathon in a PR 2:10:55 2006 – Reed’s Lake 10K Champion 29:02 2006 – Chicago Distance Classic Champion 1:04:25 2006 – 6th place Chicago Marathon in a PR 2:10:47 2007 – 1st place Sauder's Egg Run 2007 – 1st place USATF 25K Championships 2007 – 3rd place USA 2008 Olympic Trials Marathon (qualifying for Olympic team) 2008 – 1st place Miami Half Marathon, 1:03:46 2008 – 22nd place, 3rd American at the Men's Olympic Marathon, 2:16:07 2008 – 1st place Rock 'n Roll San Antonio Half Marathon, 1:02:50 2009 – 5th place 2009 USA Half Marathon Championships, 1:02:36 USATF 2008 U.S. Olympic Team Trials Marathon official website Hansons-Brooks Distance Project official website | noise |
Ron Blake (born September 7, 1965) is an American saxophonist, band leader, composer, and music educator. Born in the Virgin Islands, he attended Northwestern University, and now lives in New York City. Blake began studying guitar at age 8 and turned to the saxophone at age 10. He taught at the University of South Florida before moving to New York, where he spent five years in trumpeter Roy Hargrove's quintet, and seven years in flugelhornist Art Farmer's group. He attended the Interlochen Arts Academy. He completed a master's degree at NYU in 2010. Blake co-founded the 21st Century Band and the Tahmun record label with Dion Parson in 1998. He is a member of NBC's Saturday Night Live Band, and the Grammy award-winning Christian McBride Big Band. He is a professor of Jazz Studies at The Juilliard School. He has more than sixty credits on his discography as a sideman and continues to work as a performer. Up Front and Personal (Tahmun, 2000) Lest We Forget (Mack Avenue, 2003) Sonic Tonic (Mack Avenue, 2005) Shayari (Mack Avenue, 2008) Mistaken Identity (7ten33 Productions, 2023) 4-Sight (Encoded Music, 1998) 21st Century (Tahmun, 2000) With Bobby Broom Waitin' and Waitin' (Criss Cross, 1996) With David Byrne and St. Vincent Love This Giant (4AD, 2012) With Marc Cary Cary On (Enja, 1995) Listen (Arabesque, 1997) The Antidote (Arabesque, 1998) With Joey DeFrancesco Organic Vibes (Concord, 2006) With Cucu Diamantes Cuculand (Fun Machine, 2009) With Denise Donatelli When Lights Are Low (Savant, 2010) With Kat Edmonson Way Down Low (Spinnerette, 2012) With Art Farmer The Company I Keep (Arabesque, 1994) with Tom Harrell The Meaning of Art (Arabesque, 1995) Silk Road (Arabesque, 1997) With Tia Fuller Healing Space (Mack Avenue, 2007) With Tobias Gebb & Unit 7 Free At Last (Yummyhouse, 2009) With Benny Golson Remembering Clifford (Milestone, 1998) Brown Immortal (Keystone, 2005) With Benito Gonzalez Circles (Furthermore, 2010) With Roy Hargrove Of Kindred Souls (Novus, 1993) With the Tenors of Our Time (Verve, 1994) Approaching Standards (Novus, 1994) Family (Verve, 1995) With Morgan James Hunter (Epic, 2014) With Sean Jones Gemini (Mack Avenue, 2005) With Cornelius Claudio Kreusch & Black Mud Sound Scoop (Act Music + Vision, 1998) With Steve Kroon Señor Kroon (Pony Canyon, 2002) With Oliver Lake Big Band Cloth (Passin' Thru, 2001) With Axel Tosca Laugart Axel Tosca Laugart (Alfi, 2016) With Ric Mandell A Road Less Traveled (HandGame, 2002) With Armin Marmalejo Boarding Pass (Igmod, 1997) With Christian McBride Sci-Fi (Verve, 2002) Vertical Vision (Warner Bros., 2003) Live at Tonic (Ropeadope, 2006) Conversations with Christian (Mack Avenue, 2011) The Good Feeling (Mack Avenue, 2012) Bringin' It (Mack Avenue, 2017) With Jorge Moreno Moreno (WEA International, 2001) With Meshell Ndegeocello The Spirit Music Jamia: Dance of the Infidel (Shenachie, 2005) With Nicole Viaje Infinito (Maverick, 2001) With Organissimo Waiting for the Boogaloo Sisters (Big O, 2003) With Dion Parson and 21st Century Band People Music (Tahmun, 2006) Live at Dizzy's Club Coca-Cola, Vol. 1 (Dion Parsons Records, 2010) Live at Dizzy's Club Coca Cola, Vol. 2 (Jazzheads, 2013) St. Thomas (Dion Parsons Records, 2015) With Clarence Penn Penn's Landing (Criss Cross, 1996) Play-Penn (Criss Cross, 2001) With Katy Perry Prism (Capitol, 2013) With Tony Reedus Minor Thang (Criss Cross, 1995) With Diane Reeves Quiet After the Storm (Blue Note, 1995) With Justin Robinson The Challenge (Arabesque, 1998) With Reuben Rogers The Things I Am (Renwick, 2006) With Matthew Rybecki Driven (Accession, 2011) With Stephen Scott The Beautiful Thing (Verve, 1996) With Terell Stafford Centripetal Force (Candid, 1997) With Mary Stallings Live at the Village Vanguard (MAXJAZZ, 2001) With Sunny Sumter Rite of Passage (Jordan, 2001) With Jimmy Smith Damn! (Verve, 1996) With Teraesa Vinson Opportunity Please Knock (Amplified Music, 2004) With Rodney Whitaker Ballads And Blues - The Brooklyn Session (Criss Cross, 1998) Hidden Kingdom (DIW, 1998) Winter Moon (Sirocco Jazz, 2004) With Pharez Whitted Mysterious Cargo (Motown, 1996) With Vanessa Williams Sweetest Days (PolyGram, 1994) With Gerald Wilson In My Time (Mack Avenue, 2005) Monterey Moods (Mack Avenue, 2007) Detroit (Mack Avenue, 2009) Legacy (Mack Avenue, 2011) With Anthony Wonsey Open The Gates (Criss Cross, 1998) With Yerba Buena! President Alien (Razor & Tie, 2003) Island Life (Razor & Tie, 2005) With Dave Matthews Band Late in the Evening (Simon, 1980), Guest appearance, Huntington Bank Pavilion at Northerly Island, Chicago, IL, July 7, 2023 | noise |
Frederick William Lehmann (February 28, 1853 – September 12, 1931) was an American lawyer, politician, United States Solicitor General, and rare book collector. He was born February 28, 1853, in Prussia. His father, Friedrich Wilhelm Lehmann, emigrated to Cincinnati, Ohio, when Frederick was two, where he ruled the family with an iron hand. His mother Sophia died young. At age 10, Frederick ran away from home. As a vagabond, selling newspapers, working on farms, and herding sheep, he wandered across the Midwest, rarely going to school. In his teens, at the urging of his fellow sheep men, he took the stump for presidential candidate Horace Greeley and gave his first political speech. At 17, he worked as a farm-hand for Judge Epenetus Sears of Tabor, Iowa. Sears was impressed with the boy's ability and sent him to the local Tabor College, where he graduated in 1873. After reading law in his benefactor's office, Lehmann practiced in Tabor, Sidney, Iowa, Nebraska City, Nebraska, and Des Moines, Iowa. He married Nora Stark of Indianola on December 23, 1879, and he represented the Wabash Railroad. A noted orator, he was active in Iowa politics, including the election of Governor Horace Boies. In 1890, he moved with his family to St. Louis, Missouri, and continued to represent the Wabash while building a general law practice. In 1908, he was elected president of the American Bar Association and served twice. President William Howard Taft named Lehmann as United States Solicitor General in 1910. In the Supreme Court of the United States Lehmann established the right to tax corporation incomes. He considered national bank affiliates to be illegal. About Lehmann's oral arguments, Justice Oliver Wendell Holmes Jr. told Felix Frankfurter that Lehmann was so persuasive "I don't dare decide against Lehmann. You feel as though you're ruling against God." In 1912, he returned to practice law in St. Louis with his sons. In 1914, however, he and Justice Joseph Rucker Lamar represented the United States at the ABC Powers Conference in which Argentina, Brazil, and Chile mediated between the United States and Mexico on the Veracruz Incident. Cases in his private practice established the right of the Associated Press to news as intellectual property, he secured the Telephone Company's right to valuation on reproduction cost less depreciation, and he preserved the Coca-Cola Company's right to use "Coca" against a claim that it was fraudulent since actual cocaine had been removed from the drink formula. In 1918, he became counsel for the Railway Wage Commission. He supported the forced separation of investment banks, commercial banks and brokerages (a policy later implemented in the Glass–Steagall Act of 1933), quoting "No man can serve two masters" from Matthew 6:2, which alluded to an inherent conflict of interest where investment banks promote the sale of investments, even risky ones, but commercial banks have a duty to avoid risky investments. Lehmann also vigorously opposed Prohibition. Representing the U. S. government in the Supreme Court, he would "confess error", a practice in which the Solicitor General admits that the government has been wrong all along and just drops the case even when supported by a lower court's prior decision. Inscribed in the office rotunda of the Attorney General is Lehmann's famous saying, when a judge had remarked that he seemed to be supporting the opposing side: "The United States wins its point whenever justice is done its citizens in the courts." Frederick Lehmann always refused to run for public office, especially at a party convention of the breakaway Gold Democrats (opposed to the Free Silver candidate William Jennings Bryan) in St. Louis which he chaired (being foreign-born, he could not run for President anyway), and he declined judgeships. In politics he was generally a Democrat, if sometimes a Gold Democrat. In 1909 he drafted the charter by which the City of St. Louis is still run today. He was a founder of the Saint Louis Art Museum and the State Historical Society of Missouri, president of the St. Louis Public Library, and a director of the St. Louis World's Fair (Louisiana Purchase Exposition) of 1904, at which he was host of the Universal Congress of Jurists and Lawyers. He was a bibliophile and he collected rare first editions of Charles Dickens, Robert Burns and others, and artworks of Aubrey Beardsley, George Cruikshank and Thomas Rowlandson. He and industrialist William K. Bixby started the Burns Society; he was twice president of the University Club of St. Louis. Furthermore, he had a remarkable (possibly eidetic) memory—when writer Henry James visited his house, Lehmann could recite whole works that James himself had written but forgotten. For most his life Lehmann was in demand as a public speaker, which he thoroughly enjoyed. His published works included: John Marshall (1901), The Lawyer in American History (1906), Abraham Lincoln (1908), Conservatism in Legal Procedure (1909), Prohibition (1910), and The Law and the Newspaper (1917). In old age he auctioned off his rare book collections. He died September 12, 1931, aged 78, survived by his wife and three sons, lawyers Sears Lehmann, Frederick W. Lehmann Jr., and John Stark Lehmann. He was buried in Bellefontaine Cemetery in St. Louis. Three special collections at Olin Library, Washington University in St. Louis, include a selection of Lehmann's legal papers (including his time as Solicitor General), a collection of historic manuscript letters of notable people, and rare editions of works of Robert Burns and others. There is also a Frederick Lehmann Autograph Collection at the Missouri Historical Society, St. Louis. Frederick W. Lehmann's house at No. 10 Benton Place in St. Louis is now preserved as the "Lehmann House" Bed and Breakfast. | noise |
Bucher Thal Historic District, also known as Bucher Valley Historic District, is a national historic district located at East Cocalico Township, Lancaster County, Pennsylvania. The district includes 12 contributing buildings and 1 contributing structure in the rural hamlet of Bucher Thal. The buildings were built between about 1760 and 1900 and include the Bear's Mill (c. 1815), Jacob Keller House (c. 1785, c. 1900), Keller Barn (1892), Lutz House or Brookside Farm (c. 1774 / c. 1900), Eberly-Lutz House (c. 1760), and Lutz Barn (1873). It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1987. | noise |
Theodore Roosevelt Kupferman (May 12, 1920 – September 23, 2003) was an American politician who was a Republican member of the United States House of Representatives from New York and a judge of the New York Supreme Court. Kupferman was born in The Bronx, New York City. He graduated from DeWitt Clinton High School (1937), City College of New York (1940), and Columbia Law School (1943). He was a member of the legal department of Warner Bros. Pictures from 1943 until 1948 and from 1949 until 1951. He was a member of NBC's legal department from 1951 until 1953. He served as president of the City Club of New York from 1956 to 1958. He was a counsel and legislative assistant to Stanley M. Isaacs, the New York City Council minority leader, from 1958 to 1962, during which time he wrote The Family Legal Advisor (Greystone, 1957); it was later republished by Ace Books. Kupferman was an assistant and adjunct professor of law at New York Law School from 1959 until 1964. He was a member of the New York City Council from 1962 until 1966. Kupferman was elected to Congress in 1966, defeating William vanden Heuvel to fill the vacancy caused when John V. Lindsay resigned to become Mayor of New York City. He was elected to a full term in November 1966 and served from February 8, 1966, to January 3, 1969. In the fall of 1966 Kupferman proposed a special committee to review the Warren Commission's work and conclusions, but the proposal was not acted on. In 1969 Kupferman became a justice of the New York Supreme Court, and he served until 1996. After retiring from the bench he returned to practicing law, and represented clients including Abraham Hirschfeld and the Patrolmen's Benevolent Association of the City of New York. Kupferman died in New York City on September 23, 2003. He was interred at Kensico Cemetery in Valhalla, New York. United States Congress. "Theodore R. Kupferman (id: K000343)". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. Theodore R. Kupferman at Find a Grave | noise |
Elliot Tenbosch Nicholson (13 December 1871 – 1 December 1953) was an English international rugby union wing who played club rugby for Birkenhead Park. Nicholson played international rugby for England and was selected for the British Isles team on its 1899 tour of Australia. Nicholson came to note as a rugby player while playing for Birkenhead Park, and in 1899 he became the first player form the club to represent the British Isles team; now known as the British Lions. Nicholson was selected for the British Isles tour of Australia, and was described by the team captain, Matthew Mullineux, as 'a very fast wing'. Nicholson was not chosen for either of the first two Tests against Australia, with captain Mullineux choosing Irish wing Gerry Doran; but in the Third Test Nicholson was brought into the squad. The British Isles won the Test by a narrow 11–10 score line, and Nicholson kept his place for the fourth and final test. On his return to Britain, Nicholson found himself in favour with the English selectors and was brought into the England team for the 1900 Home Nations Championship. After losing all three games the previous Championship, the selectors brought in 13 new caps for the opening game, against Wales, and Nicholson was the only member of the threequarter line with any international experience. The game ended in a Welsh victory, although Nicholson scored his first and only international points during the match with a try. Despite losing the opening game, Nicholson was retained by the selectors for the second English game of the tournament, which was played at home to Ireland. England won the game 15–4, but Nicholson was dropped from the team for the next game, and never reselected for his country again. | noise |
"Set Me Free" is a song recorded by American singer Mary J. Blige. It was written by Blige, Jazmine Sullivan, Darhyl "DJ" Camper, Jr., and Charles Hinshaw for her thirteenth studio album, Strength of a Woman (2017), while production was helmed by Camper. The song was released as the album's fourth single on July 19, 2017, and peaked at number eight on the US Adult R&B Songs. The reception to the song has been generally positive, with Entertainment Weekly calling it a "fiery kissoff." The Guardian called the song "pleasingly understated" with "D'Angelo vibes," while The New York Times wrote that Blige sounds "ecstatic and free." "Set Me Free" became Blige's 22nd top-ten hit on the Billboard Adult R&B Songs chart, tying the record for most top-10 hits on that chart. It also became her third top-ten hit on that chart from the Strength of a Woman album. MaryJBlige.com — official website | noise |
Space NK (formerly known as Space NK Apothecary) is a British retailer specializing in personal care and beauty products. The company was founded in 1991 and originally named Space NK Apothecary (stylised as (SPACE.NK.apothecary), by Nicky Kinnaird, with the first store opening in Neal's Yard in 1993. Space NK became a Manzanita company in 2002, and as of August 2021, the brand has 76 stores across the UK and Ireland. In 2020, Space NK repositioned its US business into Wholesale+; a fully serviced wholesale model offering prestige skin, hair and make-up brands across over 50 Nordstrom and Bloomingdale's stores. In August 2021, Space NK launched in Canada with HBC on line and in selected stores. In November 2024, Space NK warned customers of a social media scam which saw fraudsters creating false advertisements claiming to sell its £250 advent calendar for just £28.99. In July 2025, Space NK was acquired by US retailer Ulta Beauty. Space NK offers a range of products, including skincare, cosmetics and gadgets. This selection comprises over 130 brands including Drunk Elephant, NARS, Charlotte Tilbury and Diptyque as well as a host of exclusive brands such as Boy Smells and Rose Inc. Official Website | noise |
There are 16 wooden covered bridges in the U.S. state of Georgia. A Sorting this column will result in bridges being listed in order by county. List of bridges on the National Register of Historic Places in Georgia World Guide to Covered Bridges Coheelee Creek Covered Bridge historical marker Poole's Mill Covered Bridge historical marker Cromer's Mill Covered Bridge historical marker Hurricane Shoals Covered Bridge historical marker Historic Covered Bridges of Georgia Discover Georgia's Quaint Covered Bridges | noise |
A by-election was held for the New South Wales Legislative Assembly seat of Maroubra on 22 October 1983. It was triggered by the resignation of Bill Haigh (Labor) who had been dropped as Minister for Corrective Services in October 1981. The Maroubra by-election was held the same day as the by-elections for Kogarah, Marrickville and Riverstone. All were safe Labor seats and while there was a swing against Labor in each seat (7.2% to 11.8%), all were retained by Labor. Electoral results for the district of Maroubra List of New South Wales state by-elections | noise |
The Beverage Testing Institute (BTI) is a marketing service company that provides reviews for spirits, wines, and beers. It uses numerical scores and publishes books of its test results. The company's beer marketing program, the World Beer Championships, was founded in 1994. The company rates spirits, wines and beers. It does not accept advertising from any company that submits their products for review. The judging ratings range from 96 to 100 for superlative to 80 and below for not recommended. Jerald O’Kennard, Director of the Beverage Testing Institute, said that 94 is an extremely good score, and unusually high. They use a tasting lab in Chicago. Testing methods minimize external factors and maximize the concentration of the panelist. All of the panelists are professional guest tasters who are retailers, restaurateurs, or prominent writers. The company published the book Beverage Testing Institute's Buying Guide to Beer. The book is a guide to beers throughout the world. The breweries and brands are arranged in alphabetical order according to geographic location. There are also notes on the appearance, aroma, and taste for every beer that is rated and there is information on beer styles. The company also published the book Buying Guide to Imported Wines. The book has evaluations of styles, vintages, and producers cover 2,500 wines from 22 countries in Europe, Latin America, Africa, and Russia. The best-scoring wines are categorized by name, region, description, and price. The scores are translated onto a modified 100-point scale. It roughly corresponds to a five-star system: 96–100—Superlative 90–95—Exceptional 85–89—Highly Recommended 80–84—Recommended less than 80—Not Recommended Best Buy—Wines or spirits that provide uncommon value. Cellar Selection—This is a wine that they believe will improve significantly with at least three to five years of age. Spirits ratings Blind tasting Court of Master Sommeliers Beverage Testing Institute | noise |
Magnesia (Greek: Μαγνησία, Magnisía, IPA: [maɣniˈsia], Ancient Greek: Magnēsía, deriving from the tribe name Magnetes) is one of the regional units of Greece. It is part of the region of Thessaly. Its capital is the city of Volos. About 70% of the population of Magnesia live in the Greater Volos area, which is the second-largest city in Thessaly and the third busiest commercial port in Greece. According to the most recent census (2021), the population stands at 177,448. The regional unit hosts 2,000,000 tourists annually. Magnesia is represented in the Greek Parliament by six seats. Its main agricultural products are wheat, cotton, tomatoes, grapes, olives, apples and honey. A prominent geographic feature of Magnesia is the Pagasetic Gulf, a bay of the Aegean Sea. The Pelion mountain range closes off the Gulf on the east and south side, leaving only a narrow channel near Trikeri. The highest peak of the wooded Pelion is Pourianos Stavros or Xeforti, (altitude 1,624 metres or 5,328 feet). On the south edge of Magnesia peninsula Tisaio mountain is found. Mt. Maurovouni (1,054 metres or 3,458 feet) is the northeasternmost mountain of the regional unit and extends to the neighboring regional unit of Larissa. The southwest border of Magnesia is formed by the Othrys, with its highest peak Gerakovouni (1,726 metres or 5,663 feet). The interior of Magnesia has two plains. The plains southwest of the Pagasetic Gulf are called the Almyros plains, while the plains northwest of the Gulf are called the Volos-Velestino plain. The hydrological network of Magnesia is not particularly rich and is characterized by the absence of big rivers. The waters coming from Pelion shape the rivers Anavros, Platanorema, and Xirias. In the North section of Magnesia, Lake Karla was formerly found. Lake Karla was drained in 1962, but attempts have been made for its partial restoration. On the bight of Sourpi, next to Amaliapolis a coastal wetland is located, with various species of migratory birds. This wetland together with the forest of Kouri – an infrequent lowland of oak forest close to Almyros – is included in the list of the protected regions of the European Network Natura 2000. = The average temperature is 17 degrees Celsius and the average rainfall about 540 millimetres per year. Heat waves and intense cold periods are rare. During the summer the temperature rises up to about 37 to 38 °C (99 to 100 °F) in August. The climate varies in different parts of the prefecture; close to the Pagasetic Gulf conditions are humid, in Nea Ionia it is quite dry and in Velestino and Almyros is the climate is continental. In winter there is significant snowfall in the mountains and often freezing temperatures. The regional unit Magnesia is subdivided into 5 municipalities. These are (number as in the map in the infobox): Almyros (2) Rigas Feraios (6) South Pelion (Notio Pilio, 5) Volos (1) Zagora-Mouresi (4) = Magnesia was created as a prefecture. In addition to the territory of the present regional unit of Magnesia, the Magnesia Prefecture included the Northern Sporades group of islands (Skiathos, Skopelos and Alonnisos). As a part of the 2011 Kallikratis government reform, the prefecture was split into the Magnesia and Sporades regional units. At the same time, the municipalities were reorganised, according to the table below. = Province of Volos – Volos Province of Almyros – Almyros Province of Skopelos and Sporades – Skopelos Note: Provinces no longer hold any legal status in Greece. = Founding According to Hesiod's (probably) "Eoiae" (Greek: Ηοίαι) or "Catalogue of Women" on the origin of the Greeks, Pandora (named after her grandmother Pandora, sister of Hellen and daughter of Deukalion and Pyrrha) together with Zeus had one son Graecus, while Zeus had two more with Thyia, another of Deukalion's daughter: Magnes and Macedon. Magnes and Makednos together with Hellen's three sons Dorus, Xuthus (with his sons Ion and Achaeus) and Aeolus, comprised the set of progenitors of the ancient tribes that formed the Greek/Hellenic nation. Magnes ruled the area and people under his name. Magnesia is also homeland of the mythical heroes Jason, Peleus and his son Achilles. The Magnetes contributed to the Greek colonization, with their main colonies being established before the 7th century BC, under the names of Magnesia beside Sipylus in Lydia and Magnesia on the Maeander in Ionia. Nomenclature The word magnet comes from the Greek magnetes lithos (μαγνήτης λίθος), which means 'stone of Magnesia'. The names for the elements magnesium and manganese are also derived from either this region or its colony Magnesia ad Sipylum, which in addition to the magnetic magnetite (an iron ore), produces certain ores of magnesium and manganese that were known to alchemists. = Written accounts and remains from the 5th century CE document the appearance of Christianity in Magnesia. The minutes of the 3rd Ecumenical Conference are co-signed by the Bishop of Dimitriada Cleonikos. Five basilicas have been revealed in Nea Anhialos, showing that the area was undergoing a spiritual growth in that era. Magnesias has churches, monasteries and chapels, many of which are architectural masterpieces in the style that is called "Pelioritica". In the area of Pelion are the monasteries of Saint Gerasimos in Makrinitsa, The Holy Archangels in Agios Georgios Nilias, Osios Lavredios in Agios Lavrendis, Saint John the Baptist in Siki and Saint Spiridon in Promiri. The most famous is the Flamouriou Monastery, built in the 16th century by Osios Simeon, the so-called "barefoot and loin-clothed", located near Veneto. In the Almyros area and on the mountain of Othris two other monasteries were built, one inhabited by monks in Ano Panagia (Virgin Mary) Xenia and the other by nuns in Kato Panagia Xenia. This monastery holds historical monuments of the area from the 12th century, with of frescoes, treasuries and a library. In Kato Panagia Xenia monastery, an icon of the Virgin Mary, venerated by the people of the area, is kept. All the monasteries are of archeological, historical and artistic interest and are accessible (Flamouriou Monastery only by men). Demetrias Iolcus Mikrothives Nea Anchialos Pagasae TRT TV ASTRA TELEVISION The prefecture was linked to the National railway (ΟΣΕ) in the late 19th century. In 1964, the GR-1 North-South superhighway was opened to traffic. The prefecture is directly linked to the rest of Europe through International Airport of Central Greece, located in Nea Anchialo a short distance from Volos. The airport includes a terminal which can serve 1,500 passengers per hour. The prefecture's roads include: Greek National Road 1/E75, SW, W, NW Greek National Road 6, Cen., NW Greek National Road 30, W, Cen. Giorgio de Chirico, (1888–1978) Lavrentis Dianellos, a Greek actor Rigas Feraios, the first Greek revolutionary and poet, national hero Anthimos Gazis, (died 1828) Phaidon Gizikis (June 13, 1917 – July 17, 1999 in Athens), Greek politician Theophilos Hatzimihail, artist, (1871–1934) Lavrentis Machairitsas, composer, musician Alexandros Papadiamantis, (1851–1911) Vangelis Papathanassiou, composer, (1943-2022) Paraskevi Tsiamita, Gold Medalist in triple jump, 1999 World Championships in Athletics Olga Vasdeki, Bronze Medalist in triple jump, 1999 World Championships in Athletics Sofia Vembo, (1910–1978), musician, artist List of traditional Greek place names List of settlements in the Magnesia regional unit Nea Anchialos Municipality History of Magnesia Herbermann, Charles, ed. (1913). "Magnesia" . Catholic Encyclopedia. New York: Robert Appleton Company. | noise |
The Daimler DB18 is an automobile produced by Daimler from 1939 until 1953. It is a 2½-litre version of the preceding 2.2-litre New Fifteen introduced in 1937. From 1949, the DB18 was revised to become the Daimler Consort. Using the engine developed for the Daimler Scout Car, it was offered to customers from 1939 as a six-cylinder chassis on which Daimler and various British coach builders offered a range of bodies including drop-head coupes. The model was introduced immediately before the Second World War, during which the company concentrated on the manufacture of military vehicles. To contemporaries the model was generally known as the Daimler 2½-litre until Daimler adopted the North American habit of giving their cars names (although not on any badgework), and an all-steel export version of the car was introduced in October 1948 at the London Motor Show, "principally for export" and branded as the Daimler Consort. The updates included the integration of the firewall into the body rather than it being part of the chassis, a move from rod operated mechanical brakes to a Girling-Bendix hydraulic front and rod operated rear system, incorporating the head lights into the front guards, and providing a badge plate behind the front bumper with a curved radiator grille replacing the flat one. The car used a 2,522 cc in-line six-cylinder, pushrod OHV engine fed by a single SU carburetter. Throughout its life, 70 brake horsepower (52 kW) was claimed, though a change in the gearing in 1950 was marked by an increase in maximum speed from 76 miles per hour (122 km/h) to 82 miles per hour (132 km/h) for the saloon, while the acceleration time from 0 – 50 miles per hour (80 km/h) improved from 17.9 to 16.9 seconds. By the standards of the time the car was brisker than it looked. The car was supplied with the Daimler Fluid Flywheel coupled to a 4-speed Wilson Pre-selector gearbox. The independent front suspension used coil springs, while the back axle was suspended using a traditional semi-elliptical set-up. The chassis was "underslung" at the rear with the main chassis members passing below the rear axle. In mid-1950 the restricted ground clearance was improved by the adoption of a conventional hypoid bevel drive to the rear axle replacing the traditional Daimler underslung worm drive which had hampered sales outside Britain. Although offered originally as a chassis only model, post-war the most common version was a four-door saloon which Daimler themselves produced. The interior was fitted out with traditional "good taste" using mat leather and polished wood fillets. By the early 1950s, this coachwork was beginning to look unfashionably upright and "severe yet dignified". In 1939, Winston Churchill commissioned Carlton Carriage Co to build a drophead coupe on a DB18 chassis, chassis No.49531. He used it during election campaigns in the later 1940s. Approximately 1,000 DB18s and 25 DB18 Special Sports were produced to 1940. In addition 3,355 DB18s, 608 DB18 Sports Specials and 4,250 DB18 Consorts were built in the post-war years. The Consort became a popular car among the wealthy in India. All together, over 100 cars were ordered, mainly by the Maharajas in India and a further dozen were ordered by Royalty in Ceylon and Burma. = (Example: Daimler New Fifteen) This entry includes statistical information from the German Wikipedia concerning the Daimler Motor Company. Brochure 1946 | noise |
The Bourne Valley Viaducts are two Victorian brick railway viaducts in Bournemouth and Poole, England. One bridge is disused while the other carries a section of the South West Main Line from London to Weymouth between Bournemouth railway station and Branksome railway station. In 1888, London and South Western Railway constructed a viaduct consisting of ten curved arches. In 1893, another viaduct was built on its west side that created a triangle of routes, allowing incoming trains to travel west towards Poole bypassing Bournemouth West railway station. The railway bridge crosses the River Bourne. Underneath the bridge are Surrey Road and Gordon Road near Coy Pond and Bournemouth Gardens as the railway follows Bourne Valley Road towards Branksome. The original bridge was closed in 1965 during the Beeching cuts. On 27 March 1941, an Luftwaffe air raid in World War II hit the nearby canteen at Bourne Valley Gasworks killing 33 people. It is believed that the viaducts had been the intended target. Repairs of the brickwork were carried out in 1998 costing £50,000. In 2020, a lorry crashed into the bridge. The low arches at Bourne Valley Road reportedly make accidents common. In 2023, improvements to the bridge were carried out by BCP Council. In November 2024, the Bournemouth Daily Echo reported that the Branksome East Viaduct was earmarked for demolition. The viaduct is under structural threat according to the council, but its demolition is unlikely soon. The disused bridge is set for demolition by 2035 because it is “life expired”. A local community group intends to file an application for the listing of the viaduct and will develop an alternative plan to restore as a nature and heritage park. The military defences from World War II remain beneath the bridge. Photographic tour List of railway bridges and viaducts in the United Kingdom | noise |
This is a list of events in Scottish television from 2000. = No events. = 28 February – Having decided not to adopt the 1999 ITV generic look, Scottish and Grampian launch a new on-screen logo. = No events. = Capital Radio buys Border Television. = No events. = ITV's Gaelic news bulletin Telefios is axed. = 27 February – Monarch of the Glen on BBC One (2000–2005) 7 August – Tinsel Town on BBC Two (2000–2001) = 5 January – Meeow! on Scottish Television (2000–2003) 11 May – Harry and the Wrinklies on Scottish Television (2000–2002) August – Inside Out on Scottish Television (2000) Scotsport (1957–2008) Reporting Scotland (1968–1983; 1984–present) Scotland Today (1972–2009) Sportscene (1975–present) The Beechgrove Garden (1978–present) Grampian Today (1980–2009) High Road (1980–2003) Taggart (1983–2010) Crossfire (1984–2004) Wheel of Fortune (1988–2001) Win, Lose or Draw (1990–2004) Only an Excuse? (1993–2020) Chewin' the Fat (1999–2002) Harry and the Wrinklies (1999–2002) December – Inside Out (2000) Unknown – Telefios (1993–2000) 2000 in Scotland | noise |
Volodyslav Valentyn Fedorovych of the Oginiec coat of arms (Ukrainian: Володислав Іванович Федорович; (26 May 1845 – 22 December 1917, Kyiv / 21 January 1918) was a Ukrainian Galician land magnate, publicist, cultural and educational, socio-political activist, and philanthropist. He was an Full Member of the Shevchenko Scientific Society. He was born on 26 May 1845, in the village of Bilitivka (later part of the Skalat district, Kingdom of Galicia and Lodomeria, Austrian Empire; now Bilynivka, Husiatyn Raion, Ternopil Oblast, Ukraine). He was the son of Ivan Fedorovych, a landowner and Ukrainophile (narodovets) from the village of Vikno (Ternopil Oblast), and his wife Karolina née Nahlik, who died prematurely. He was raised by his father in a Ukrainian patriotic spirit. He was the owner of the landed estate in Vikno. He was baptized according to the Uniate rite. He had a sister, Liudmyla (d. 1849). During the 1863 Uprising, he intended to take part in it, but his father, who was an opponent of all uprisings, strongly objected to this. Influenced by the gymnasium's director, Father Vasyl Ilnytskyi, he became interested in philosophical and historical sciences and art. After graduating from the gymnasium, he continued his studies abroad in the company of Father V. Ilnytskyi. In Vienna, he befriended Artur Grottger, who taught him drawing. He studied for two years at the University of Vienna (Law) (1866–1868). He finished his law studies in Lviv. From 1868 to 1870, he studied at the Sorbonne and the Collège de France in Paris. Later, he traveled across almost all of Europe (England, France, Switzerland, Italy, Germany). Inheriting his father's estate in 1871, he quickly tripled its size. According to Adam Boniecki, he owned estates in the villages of Vikno, Tovste, Shliakhtyntsi, and others. He introduced an exemplary agricultural (farming) economy and a weaving workshop (where masters A. Ivakhiv and A. Turyk worked) in Vikno, and a cooper-blacksmith-pottery school in Tovste. From 1873 to 1877, he was the head (president) of the Prosvita Society in Lviv, and its honorary member (he donated 12,000 guilders to the society for the publication of school textbooks). He also financed archaeological excavations in Halych and an archaeological exhibition in Lviv. From 1873 to 1874, the Ukrainian painter Kornylo Ustyianovych lived on his estate in the village of Vikno (where he painted portraits and landscapes). From 1879 to 1882, he was a deputy (member) of the Austrian Parliament (Chamber of Deputies, elected as the Ukrainian deputy with the assistance of the Polish committee; he was elected from the curia of rural communities in the Zhovkva–Sokal–Rava-Ruska district in the second round, following a fierce struggle with the Old Ruthenian candidate). Subsequently, he was a lifetime member of the House of Lords (Herrenhaus) starting in 1902, where he defended the interests of Ukrainians. He succeeded in obtaining an imperial decree from the Emperor of Austria-Hungary regarding teaching in the Ukrainian language in the senior grades of the Academic Gymnasium in Lviv. In 1885, he participated as part of a deputation that protested to Emperor Franz Joseph against the reform of the Basilian Order. He collected treasures of folk art in Vikno, where he founded a school and production of carpets. On the occasion of the visit of Crown Prince Archduke Rudolf to Ternopil in 1887, he organized a Ukrainian ethnographic exhibition there, which was unique in Galicia due to its size and richness (Ivan Franko worked as the secretary and correspondent). On 22–23 November 1884 (or, according to another version, in April 1883), he visited Yabluniv together with Ivan Franko (they visited the estate of Count R. Czartoryski; described as a "forced visit" for I. Franko). After Ivan Franko wrote half of his father's biography, Fedorovych insisted that Franko "embellish" certain aspects of Ivan Fedorovych's past, which led to the termination of their collaboration. In 1894, he participated in the funding of the Ukrainian ethno-pavilion at the Exhibition in Lviv. He contributed to the attempts of Ukrainians to reconcile with the Austrians and Poles, notably the initiatives of Kulish and Barvinskyi. Because of this, he had complex relations with the Poles, and lampoons were written about him. Standing between the camps, he could not become a deputy of the Galician Sejm either as a Pole or as a Ukrainian. He served on the Skalat District Council from 1876 to 1882. He was the curator of the regional cooper-blacksmith-pottery school in Tovste; he founded a carpet weaving school in Vikno. On 27 July 1917, his estate was looted and set on fire by Bolshevized Russian soldiers during the army's retreat from Galicia. This destroyed the archive, a large library, a collection of old Ukrainian carpets, and an art gallery (totaling about 300 pieces, including one canvas that was probably the work of Cranach the Elder, as well as works by Szymon Czechowicz, Juliusz Kossak, and others). He published his memoirs about his European travels, "Studia artystyczne, literaskie i spolecznie", and his father's works. He also collected materials for a large historical work about the events of 1809 and published the first volume in French. In 2021, the process of creating a museum dedicated to Volodyslav Fedorovych began in the village of Vikno (Hrymailiv community, Ternopil Oblast). Based on the historical and local lore museum founded in Vikno in 2007 by Hanna Chemera, plans are underway to organize exhibition halls featuring unique carpet samples, household items, photographs, and archival materials. = His daughter was the writer Ivanna Karolina, known as Dariia Vikonska. (in Ukrainian) Волинський Б., Головин Б., Пиндус Б., Ханас В., Чемера Г., Федорович Володислав Іванович // Ternopil Encyclopedic Dictionary: in 4 v. / editorial board: H. Yavorskyi and other, Ternopil: "Zbruch", 2008, V. 3: П—Я, S. 511–512. — ISBN 978-966-528-279-2. Володислав Федорович (1845–1917) [Текст] / О. Кравченюк // Шляхами Золотого Поділля / Наукове товариство імені Шевченка ; редкол.: Р. Миколаєвич, П. Гайда, М. Кінасевич та ін. — Філядельфія, 1983. — Т. 3 : Тернопільщина і Скалатщина : Регіональний Історично-Мемуарний Збірник. — С. 633–634. Володислав Федорович - останній галицький боярин, видатний просвітянин і меценат [Текст] // Гомін волі [Текст]. — 2021. — No. 44 (18 листоп.). — С. 2 : фот. Гулей І. За силу й перемогу. Про Дарію Віконську та її книжку // Вільне життя плюс. — Тернопіль, 2016. — No. 38 (15774) (18 трав.). — С. 4. Знаменитий Федорович із Вікна : [про мецената, колекціонера, громад. і політ. діяча В. Федоровича] / Л. Островська // Сільський господар плюс Тернопільщина. — 2021. — No. 45 (10 лист.). — С. 7 : фот. Мельничук Б., Уніят В. Іван Франко і Тернопільщина. — Тернопіль : Тернограф, 2012. — 280 с. — ISBN 978-966-457-087-6. Музей Федоровича - родзинка села Вікно [Текст] / О. Біднюк // Голос народу [Текст]. — 2022. — No. 5 (3 лют.). — С. 4 : фот. Пам'ять бузкової гори [Текст] : до 175-річчя з дня народження мецената укр. просвітництва В. Федоровича / Г. Чемера // Сільський господар плюс Тернопільщина. — 2020. — No. 21 (27 трав.). — С. 7 : фот. У Вікні пошановують славних Федоровичів [Текст] : [іст.-краєзнав. музей "Незабутні імена" в с. Вікно Гримайл. громади осучаснили] / Л. Вітрянна // Сільський господар плюс Тернопільщина [Текст]. — 2021. — No. 46 (17 листоп.). — С. 3 : фот. Федорович Володислав // Енциклопедія українознавства : Словникова частина : [в 11 т.] / Наукове товариство імені Шевченка ; гол. ред. проф., д-р Володимир Кубійович. — Париж — Нью-Йорк : Молоде життя, 1955–1995. — ISBN 5-7707-4049-3. Федорович Володислав // Українська мала енциклопедія : 16 кн. : у 8 т. / проф. Є. Онацький. — Накладом Адміністратури УАПЦ в Аргентині. — Буенос-Айрес, 1967. — Т. 8, кн. XVI : Літери Уш — Я. — С. 1978. — 1000 екз. Boniecki A. Herbarz polski: wiadomości historyczno-genealogiczne o rodach szlacheckich. — Warszawa : Warszawskie Towarzystwo Akcyjne Artystyczno-Wydawnicze, 1902. Cz. 1. — T. 5. — S. 269. (in Polish) Kieniewicz S. Fedorowicz Władysław Walenty (1845–1918) // Polski Słownik Biograficzny. — Kraków : Nakładem Polskiej Akademii Umiejętności, 1948. — T. VI/5, zeszyt 30. — S. 390–391. (in Polish) | noise |
Anton Vergilov (Bulgarian: Антон Вергилов; born 31 January 1985) is a Bulgarian former professional footballer who played as a centre-back. Born in Sofia, Anton Vergilov was educated in football in Levski's youth academies. In 2002, the 17-year-old Vergilov signed his first professional contract with the club from the Suhata Reka neighborhood. However, due to the great amount of competition in the defensive roles, he was loaned for four years to Rodopa Smolyan. With the team from Smolyan, Vergilov achieved 62 appearances in the top divisions of Bulgarian football and his good displays as a defender were used again in the following years, while playing for Beroe Stara Zagora and Marek Dupnitsa. In 2009, Vergilov signed a 2+1 years contract with Botev Plovdiv but left when the club went bankrupt in early 2010. Anton was known for being very religious. His love for Jesus came from his grandmother who seemed to incorporate him into everything she did. By the time Anton's football career had begun, he had started to do the same. Anton Vergilov at Soccerway Profile at Levskisofia.info | noise |
The A.O. Polymer manufacturing site is located in Sparta Township, New Jersey. This facility created special polymers, plastics, and resins. It was also used for reclaiming spent solvents. The facility's poor waste handling led to serious contamination of the ground. It also contaminated the water in the ground with volatile organic compounds. The site has been a threat to the Allentown aquifer, which provides drinking water to over 5,000 people. Initial clean ups started with getting rid of old drums and contaminants from their original disposal area. The company took them and decided to dispose of them elsewhere, thus not fixing the problem. Primary cleanups of the site were ongoing as of 2008. The EPA (Environmental Protection Agency) has been using water pumps to remove contaminants from the water in the ground. A soil extraction system has been put at their disposal to remove harmful contamination within the soil as well. All wells in the affected areas have been closed. The town of Sparta, New Jersey, was a small settlement dating back to the Native Americans. It was later established as a full township in 1845 and was popular for its role in the mining industry for decades. The township is home to the A.O. Polymer Corporation, which was a resin production facility that dumped liquid hazardous wastes into nearby disposal sites. This led to the contamination of groundwater and soil, affecting wells that provide drinking water to Sparta and nearby towns that received water from the Allentown Aquifer. = Sparta was established as a township in New Jersey in April 1845 after being a settlement for years prior. The land was settled by the Dutch who met the Lenape Native Americans. It used to be big in the mining industry, being popular for iron, limestone and zinc over the course of a century. The population has grown by thousands each decade since establishment. It's located in the Highlands region of New Jersey in Sussex County. Sparta is known for a large number of pilots living there or in the vicinity of the town. It is a home for countless small businesses such as pizzerias and other eateries; these provide a stable economy for the community. = A.O. Polymer Corporation is a facility that produced various resins, plastics, solvents, polymers and other artificial materials. The company had operated in Sparta Township from the early 1960s all the way to 1994, according to official EPA documentation. A.O. Polymer was found to have poor habits of waste handling from their factory and they poured liquid wastes into their disposal pits. The dump site that the company had used had contaminants seep into the soil and all the way into the groundwater which affected water wells in Sparta. This became apparent in the 1970s and on September 1, 1983, the site was placed on the National Priorities List. The state intervened, and its handling of the disposal was immensely inadequate. As a result of this, the EPA stepped in to properly take control of the situation. They took immediate actions to better the site and rid it of contaminations. They removed tons of waste and contaminated materials from the early 1980s to the early 2000s. = In 1981 the New Jersey Department of Environmental Protection had removed the contents of A.O. Polymer's disposal pits and disposed of them elsewhere. They removed roughly 3,100 tons of contaminated soil and around 900 drums from the disposal site. The NJDEP just moved the problem to a new location rather than fixing it. The state's inadequate handling in response to the contamination prompted intervention from the EPA. = The EPA moved in to begin short-term removal processes in 1982. The EPA took immediate action by addressing the health threats that the hazardous waste left in the abandoned sites. They then removed 34,000 pounds of hazardous waste and 37,600 pounds of non-hazardous waste from the site, as well as hazardous fluids and materials containing asbestos. In September 1983, the site was listed in the National Priorities list by the EPA. Long-term removal actions consisted of using a soil vapor extraction system which was activated in 1995 and is still in use. This helped to clean up over 345 million gallons of contaminated water from the ground. The EPA pushed to further clean up the site after the owner abandoned it in 1994. The contaminants dumped by A.O. Polymer affected water in the ground as well as the soil under the disposal pits. This contaminated water for Sparta and surrounding communities. = The hazardous waste dumped by A.O. Polymer initially contaminated soil and groundwater. The contamination of the water led to the contamination of the Allentown Aquifer, including the wells in and around Sparta Township. This led to the site becoming a problem for more than just Sparta, but for the surrounding area too. The EPA was able to get this under control by stabilizing contaminated groundwater using a groundwater treatment system. There is no longer any hazardous discharge to surface water as of 2008. = In the summer of 1993, a large soil gas investigation was carried out. These proved volatile organic contaminants were present beneath the ground of dump sites. This was not a great concern because it did not threaten any life above ground, but it goes to show the extent of the contamination. The EPA stepped in to clean up the A.O. Polymer site as quick as possible after the NJDEP failed to do so. They removed a majority of the contaminants and set up systems to clean the soil and groundwater for the future. Progress reports on the site have closed and the site was sold for redevelopment. = The state's only attempt to clean up the site was taking the waste and putting somewhere else, thus not fixing the problem. The EPA intervened in 1982 and removed 34,000 pounds (15,000 kg) of hazardous waste, 37,600 pounds (17,100 kg) of non-hazardous waste, 91 cubic yards (70 m3) of materials with asbestos, 121 cubic yards (93 m3) of contaminated soil, and 3,491 US gallons (13,210 L) of hazardous liquids. Also, a soil evaporation system was placed in 1995 and has been removing contaminants from the soil beneath the waste pits since 1995. A groundwater treatment system decontaminated nearly 350 million US gal (1.3 billion L) of groundwater since 1998. = After being on the National Priorities List for 17 years, the EPA removed the facility part of the site from the list in 2000, but the site as a whole is still there. Most reports on the site have closed since 2008 with the latest being in 2013. The former A.O. Polymer site was sold privately in 2009 to undergo reconstruction. As of September 2017, the site has still not achieved readiness for reuse and redevelopment. "Search Superfund Site Information". Cumulis.epa.gov. Retrieved 17 October 2017. | noise |
Colette Avital (Hebrew: קולט אביטל; born 1 May 1939) is a Romanian-Israeli diplomat and politician. She served as a member of the Knesset for the Labor Party and One Israel between 1999 and 2009. Born in Bucharest, Romania, Avital made aliyah to Israel with her family in 1950. While still a student, she began working in the Ministry of Foreign Affairs as a secretary in order to cover the cost of her tuition. Over the years, she rose through the ranks at the ministry; she served with the Israeli delegation to Paris between 1982 and 1985, as ambassador to Portugal from 1988 until 1992, and as Consul General in New York City between 1992 and 1996. Upon returning to Israel, she was appointed Deputy Director in Charge of Western Europe, the third most important position in the ministry. In 1999, Avital decided to run for the Knesset on behalf of the Labor Party, which formed the One Israel alliance together with Gesher and Meimad. Although she claimed 24th spot on the party list, Labor won only 23 seats in the May elections (One Israel won 26, of which two went to Gesher and one to Meimad) and Avital missed out. However, she entered the Knesset in November 1999 when Labor MK Matan Vilnai resigned. She served briefly as Chair of the Ethics Committee and headed the Investigative Commission for the Identification and Return of the Property of Holocaust Victims, which submitted its conclusions to the government in 2005. She chaired the Immigration, Absorption, and Diaspora Committee and in addition serves as the International Secretary of the Israeli Labor Party. In 2007, Avital was a candidate in the Israeli presidential election, together with Shimon Peres and Reuven Rivlin, the first ever woman candidate for the Israeli presidency. Despite voices from her own party calling her to withdraw from the race in favor of ex-labor leader Shimon Peres, Avital remained in the race. After an undecided first round, Avital withdrew from the race and endorsed Peres' candidacy, Rivlin followed suit, and Peres won the second round of balloting. In June 2007, as part of a public relation effort by the New York Israeli consulate, Maxim magazine published photographs of Israeli models, all soldiers in the Israeli Defence Forces in a feature titled "Women of the Israeli Defence Forces". The feature drew an angry reaction from Avital: "There are enough beautiful and interesting things we can use to tap this demographic than to show a half-naked woman in a magazine of this kind, considered pornographic". Placed 19th on the list, she lost her seat in the 2009 elections when the party was reduced to 13 seats. In October 2021 Avital claimed that Shimon Peres, who died in 2016, had sexually harassed her. Colette Avital on the Knesset website Official website | noise |
Gmina Kąty Wrocławskie is an urban-rural gmina (administrative district) in Wrocław County, Lower Silesian Voivodeship, in south-western Poland. Its seat is the town of Kąty Wrocławskie, which lies approximately 22 kilometres (14 mi) south-west of the regional capital Wrocław. It is part of the Wrocław metropolitan area. The gmina covers an area of 176.5 square kilometres (68.1 sq mi), and as of 2019 its total population is 24,927. Gmina Kąty Wrocławskie is bordered by the city of Wrocław and by the gminas of Kobierzyce, Kostomłoty, Miękinia, Mietków and Sobótka. Apart from the town of Kąty Wrocławskie, the gmina contains the villages of Baranowice, Bliż, Bogdaszowice, Cesarzowice, Czerńczyce, Gądów, Gniechowice, Górzyce, Jaszkotle, Jurczyce, Kamionna, Kębłowice, Kilianów, Kozłów, Krobielowice, Krzeptów, Małkowice, Mokronos Dolny, Mokronos Górny, Nowa Wieś Kącka, Nowa Wieś Wrocławska, Pełcznica, Pietrzykowice, Romnów, Różaniec, Rybnica, Sadków, Sadkówek, Sadowice, Samotwór, Skałka, Smolec, Sokolniki, Sośnica, Stary Dwór, Stoszyce, Stradów, Strzeganowice, Szymanów, Wojtkowice, Wszemiłowice, Zabrodzie, Zachowice and Zybiszów. Gmina Kąty Wrocławskie is twinned with: Biblis, Germany Mignaloux-Beauvoir, France Svitlovodsk Raion, Ukraine Żerków, Poland | noise |
Whatley is a surname. Notable people with the name include: Anne Whatley (1561–1600), said to have been William Shakespeare's fiancée (also spelled Whateley and Whately) Bill Whatley (footballer) (1912–1974), Welsh footballer Booker T. Whatley (1915–2005), American agricultural expert and professor Christopher Whatley, Scottish historian and professor David Whatley (born 1966), American business executive Dixie Whatley, American television personality Ebenezer Whatley (1878–1933), English-born farmer and Canadian political figure Ennis Whatley (born 1962), American basketball player Fez Whatley (born 1964), American comedian and radio host Frederick Whatley (1924–2020), English botanist, biochemist, and professor George Whatley (died 1791), English lawyer and friend and correspondent of Benjamin Franklin Guy Whatley (born 1975), American organist and harpsichordist Jesse Whatley (1895–1982), English footballer Joshua Whatley (born 2005), British motorcyclist Mark Whatley (born 1990), Scottish footballer Matt Whatley (footballer) (born 1992), Welsh footballer Matt Whatley (baseball) (born 1996), American baseball catcher Michael Whatley (born 1968 or 1969), Republican National Committee chair Mickey Whatley (1935–2011), American politician from South Carolina Norman Whatley (1884–1965), English educationalist and historian Pez Whatley (1951–2005), American professional wrestler Stephen B. Whatley (born 1965), English painter Steve Whatley (1959–2005), British actor, consumer expert, journalist, and television presenter Thomas Whatley (born 1953), American sprinter Tom Whatley (born 1970), American politician from Alabama Fictional Tim Whatley, a dentist on the sitcom Seinfeld Whately (disambiguation) Wheatley (disambiguation) List of Old English (Anglo-Saxon) surnames | noise |
Basque Cultural Heritage (Basque: Euskal Kultura Ondasuna, Spanish: Patrimonio Cultural Vasco) is a designation granted by the Basque Government to movable properties, immovable properties and intangible heritage of the Basque Country, Spain. The current law governing the designation was enacted in 2019, superseding the first one from 1990. The first law, enacted in 1990, distinguished three categories of cultural heritage: Monument (Basque: monumentua, Spanish: monumento): movable or immovable properties with individual cultural interest. Monument complex (Basque: monumentu-multzoa, Spanish: conjunto monumental): groups of movable or immovable properties forming a cultural unity. Cultural space (Basque: kulturagunea, Spanish: espacio cultural): places, activities, creations, beliefs, traditions or events of the past linked to relevant forms of the Basques' culture and lifestyle. The law offered two degrees of protection: qualified (Spanish: calificado, Basque: zermugatua, kalifikatua, sailkatua) and listed (Spanish: inventariado, Basque: zerrendatutakoa, inbentariatua). While the Basque Government designated the sites, it was the governments of the Basque provinces that preserved and managed the sites. In August 2018, the Basque Government put forward a bill to update its regulations about cultural heritage. It would increase the number of heritage categories from three to thirteen, as well as toughen penalties for violators. The law was enacted in 2019, with near-unanimous support in the Basque Parliament. It was the third regional law in Spain to contemplate the protection of intangible heritage, after the ones of Navarre and Andalusia. The enacted law distinguishes nineteen categories of cultural heritage, arranged in three broad groups: Immovable properties: monument (Basque: monumentua, Spanish: monumento), monument complex (Basque: monumentu-multzoa, Spanish: conjunto monumental), archaeologic or paleontologic area (Basque: eremu arkeologikoa edo paleontologikoa, Spanish: zona arqueológica o paleontológica), historic garden (Basque: lorategi historikoa, Spanish: jardín histórico), cultural itinerary (Basque: kultura-ibilbidea, Spanish: itinerario cultural) and cultural landscape (Basque: kultura-espazioa, Spanish: paisaje cultural). Movable properties: individual movable property (Basque: ondasun higigarri banakakoa, Spanish: bien mueble individual) and complex of movable properties (Basque: ondasun higigarrien multzoa, Spanish: conjunto de bienes muebles). Intangible heritage: cultural oral traditions and expressions, bertsolaritza, music, dance, traditional and commemorative performances, social traditions, cuisine, sport, festivities, traditions related to nature and the universe and artisanal and industrial techniques. The 2019 law offers three degrees of protection: basic, medium and special. All sites with medium or special protection are included in the Register of Basque Cultural Heritage of the Basque Autonomous Community, created in 2022. The first practice to be designated as intangible heritage was bertsolaritza in 2024. Ondarea, Information System of Basque Cultural Heritage | noise |
The 2019–20 Division 1 Féminine season, also known as D1 Arkema for sponsorship reasons, was the 46th edition of Division 1 Féminine since its establishment in 1974. The season began on 24 August 2019 and was scheduled to end on 30 May 2020. Lyon were the defending champions, having won the title for last thirteen consecutive seasons. This was the first ever season with a title sponsor for the league, after FFF announced a three-year deal with French chemicals firm Arkema. After 16 match days, the season was abandoned due to the COVID-19 pandemic in France. Lyon were declared champions, and Paris joined them in qualification for the 2020–21 UEFA Women's Champions League. A total of 12 teams compete in the league. Champions and runners-up of previous season's Division 2 Féminine replaced two relegated teams from last season's Division 1 Féminine. Reims and Marseille replaced Rodez and Lille this season. = The final standings after the abandonment were: = The table lists the positions of teams after each week of matches. In order to preserve chronological evolvements, any postponed matches are not included to the round at which they were originally scheduled, but added to the full round they were played immediately afterwards. = = = 4 Player scored four goals. | noise |
That's All is a 1965 studio album by Mel Tormé, arranged by Robert Mersey. In 1997 it was reissued with 12 bonus tracks. "I've Got You Under My Skin" (Cole Porter) – 2:52 "That's All" (Alan Brandt, Bob Haymes) – 3:50 "What Is There to Say?" (Vernon Duke, Yip Harburg) – 3:11 "Do I Love You Because You're Beautiful?" (Oscar Hammerstein II, Richard Rodgers) – 2:50 "The Folks Who Live On the Hill" (Hammerstein, Jerome Kern) – 3:35 "Isn't It a Pity?" (George Gershwin, Ira Gershwin) – 3:08 "Hô-Bá-Lá-Lá" (João Gilberto, Norman Gimbel) – 2:54 "P.S. I Love You" (Gordon Jenkins, Johnny Mercer) – 2:47 "The Nearness of You" (Hoagy Carmichael, Ned Washington) – 2:51 "My Romance" (Lorenz Hart, Rodgers) – 2:46 "The Second Time Around" (Sammy Cahn, Jimmy Van Heusen) – 2:51 "Haven't We Met?" (Ruth Bachelor, Kenny Rankin) – 2:23 Bonus tracks included on the 1997 CD release: "I Know Your Heart" (Timothy Gray, Ted Gray, Hugh Martin) – 2:35 "You'd Better Love Me" (Timothy Gray, Martin) – 2:23 "I See It Now" (William Engvick, Alec Wilder) – 2:58 "Once in a Lifetime" (Leslie Bricusse, Anthony Newley) – 2:23 "Hang on to Me" (George Gershwin, Ira Gershwin, Peter Matz, Robyn Supraner) – 2:56 "Seventeen" (Harry Chapin) – 2:51 "I Remember Suzanne" (Stewart, Wolfe) – 2:52 "Only the Very Young" (Mel Tormé) – 2:30 "Paris Smiles" (Evans, Jarre, Livingston) – 2:53 "Ev'ry Day's a Holiday" (Mort Garson, Bob Hilliard) – 2:44 "One Little Snowflake" (Tormé) – 2:37 "The Christmas Song" (Tormé, Robert Wells) – 3:10 Mel Tormé - vocals Robert Mersey - arranger | noise |
"Que Se Jodan" (English: Fuck Them) is a song by Puerto Rican reggaetón recording artist Ivy Queen. It was composed by Queen It was announced in September 2013, that Queen had changed management and returned with Jorge "Goguito" Guadalupe, president and co-founder of Filtro Musik, to release her ninth studio album, entitled Vendetta. Following the birth of her first biological child, Queen then announced that she would embark on a U.S. tour entitled the "Viva Puerto Rico Tour". The tour, launched on 29 January 2014, included performances at various gay clubs in cities of the United States and Puerto Rico, such as New York, Orlando, Miami, Houston, Seattle, San Francisco, San Diego, Atlanta, Sacramento, Los Angeles, Tampa, and Ponce. The studio album version was originally announced for a release in February 2014, and later some time in 2014. The song was composed in minor key tonality with the use of vocal call and response. It features simple harmonic progressions, synthetic instrumentation, stick-drum percussion and mallet percussion. Lyrically, it features catchy hooks as well as offensive lyrics. According to the Spanish language newspaper Hola Ciudad!, the song is a "clear message against men". A poll of 649 people by the Spanish language newspaper Primera Hora, determined that fifty-three percent of those polled did not like the new song, while forty-seven percent did. The song was released digitally on 13 May 2016. It was released with a parental advisory for explicit lyrics. The song was released simultaneously with "Las Que Se Ponen Bien La Falda," a duet with Mexican singer Maria Jose. An official lyric video of the song was released on 20 April 2016, featuring a two-minute and twenty-six second snippet of the song. An official artwork video for the song was released to coincide with the official digital release of "Que Se Jodan". The official music video was released two days later, on 15 May 2016. The lyric video was directed by Victor Reyes and Team Tiger. The music video was directed by Florida Film House. | noise |
Gościeradz (Polish: [ɡɔɕˈt͡ɕɛrat͡s]) is a settlement in the administrative district of Gmina Kościerzyna, within Kościerzyna County, Pomeranian Voivodeship, in northern Poland. It lies approximately 3 km (2 mi) south-east of Kościerzyna and 50 km (31 mi) south-west of the regional capital Gdańsk. For details of the history of the region, see History of Pomerania. | noise |
Harry Brooks (September 20, 1895 – June 22, 1970) was an American writer of popular songs, jazz pianist and composer in the 1920s to the early 1950s. Brooks was born in Homestead, Pennsylvania. After graduating from his hometown high school in 1914, he worked as a pianist with Pittsburgh bands (dance orchestras) and then as a staff composer for a publishing company. He is recalled mostly in the 21st century for his work with his friends Thomas "Fats" Waller and the lyricist Andy Razaf. Brooks was the composer of several hit songs including his composition "Ain't Misbehavin'", written with Waller and Razaf. Also with Razaf and Waller, Brooks scored the Broadway shows Snapshots of 1921 and Connie's Hot Chocolates. He died, aged 74, in Teaneck, New Jersey. All co-composed with Razaf and Waller unless otherwise marked "Ain't Misbehavin'" "Black and Blue" "Can't We Get Together" "Garden Of God" - sole composer "In the Meantime" "Jungle Jamboree" "Low Tide Down In My Heart" - with Andy Razaf "My Man Is Good For Nothin' But Love" "On the Loose" - sole composer "Rockin' In a Rockin' Chair" "Saturday" "Southern Sunset" (aka "When the Sun Sets Down South") - with Sidney Joseph Bechet and Noble Sissle "Strictly From Dixie" "Sweet Savannah Sue" "Swing, Mr. Charlie" - with Irving Taylor and J. Russell Robinson "That Rhythm Man" Singer, Barry (1992) Black And Blue: The Life And Lyrics Of Andy Razaf Schirmer Books, New York, ISBN 0-02-872395-3 | noise |
Mioawateria is a genus of sea snails in the family Raphitomidae. It was originally erected as a subgenus of Awateria. It was originally erected as a subgenus of Awateria. There are 21 recognized species within the genus Mioawateria: G. Wienrich and R. Janssen. 2007. Die Fauna des marinen Miozäns von Kevelaer (Niederrhein). Band 4 Gastropoda ab Mitridae. Backhuys Publishers BV Leiden 4:643-954 Tucker, J.K. (2004). "Catalog of recent and fossil turrids (Mollusca: Gastropoda)" (PDF). Zootaxa. 682: 1–1295. Worldwide Mollusc Species Data Base: Raphitomidae Morassi, M.; Bonfitto, A. (2013). Three new bathyal raphitomine gastropods (Mollusca: Conoidea) from the Indo-Pacific region. Zootaxa. 3620(4) Bouchet, P.; Kantor, Y. I.; Sysoev, A.; Puillandre, N. (2011). A new operational classification of the Conoidea (Gastropoda). Journal of Molluscan Studies. 77(3): 273–308 | noise |
The Wassel classification is used to categorise radial polydactyly, based upon the most proximal level of skeletal duplication. | noise |
Luther Langford Taylor Jr (died March 23, 1997) was an American politician. Taylor served as a Democratic member for the 77th district in the South Carolina House of Representatives from 1983 to 1990. He was former deputy director of the Midlands Human Resources Development Commission, and a former chairman of the Richland County Board of Zoning Adjustment. Taylor lost his seat as a result of Operation Lost Trust after pleading guilty to conspiracy and bribery. He was sentenced to 80 months in prison. An order by United States Federal District Court Judge Falcon B. Hawkins dismissed all charges brought against him on February 28, 1997. | noise |
Pjetër Zaharia (13?? – 3 July 1422) was an Albanian prelate of the Roman Catholic Church. Pjetër Zaharia was born in the mid 14th century in northern Albania. He came from the noble Albanian family of Zaharia. Most historians attribute the establishment of relations between Pope Boniface IX and the Zakaria family to him. In 1390 Zakaria became bishop of the Roman Catholic Diocese of Sapë and Dagnum. | noise |
Reich Security Main Office Referat IV B4, known as RSHA IV B4 (German: Eichmannreferat IV D4 until March 1941, or Judenreferat), was a sub-department of Germany's Reich Security Main Office (Reichssicherheitshauptamt or RSHA) and the Gestapo during the Holocaust. Led by SS-Obersturmbannführer Adolf Eichmann, RSHA IV B4 was responsible for "Jewish affairs and evacuation" in German-occupied Europe, and specifically for the deportation of Jews from outside Poland to concentration or extermination camps. Within Poland, the liquidation of the ghettos and transport of Jews was handled by the SS and local police departments. The sub-department was a natural successor to the Central Office for Jewish Emigration which had initially been established by Eichmann in Vienna in August 1938. On 24 January 1939, the Reich Central Office for Jewish Emigration (Reichszentrale für jüdische Auswanderung) was established in Berlin by Hermann Göring with Reinhard Heydrich as chief. It was charged with the task of using all available means to prompt Jews to emigrate, and for establishing a Jewish organization that would incorporate all of German Jewry and co-ordinate emigration from the Jewish side. An office was subsequently opened in Prague. Following a reorganization of the RSHA, in March 1941 Eichmann's office name and remit was changed from Group of countries IV D (Ländergruppe IV D) to Group of churches IV B (Kirchengruppe IV B), and was finally called Referat IV B 4. RSHA IV B4 managed the categorization of Jews, the imposition of anti-Jewish legislation in the country concerned, the eventual removal of Jews from that country, and their deportation to a camp and usually the gas chamber. Unit IV B4 was also in charge of the Reich Association of Jews in Germany, which oversaw all Jewish organizations. Jews were carried to the camps in freight trains that had to be booked and paid for. The Deutsche Reichsbahn (German state railway) charged a one-way fare for the deportees and a return fare for the guards. The RSHA was billed for trains carrying Jews. Due to its large size compared to other RSHA departments (which were housed in Prinz-Albrecht-Strasse), Unit IV B4 was based in Kurfürstenstraße 115/116, Berlin. The building was the former club and residential building of the Jewish Brotherhood and was managed by Eichmann's adjutant Rudolf Jaenisch. The departmental hierarchy, according to Raul Hilberg: RSHA: Originally led by Reinhard Heydrich until his death in June 1942, followed by Heinrich Himmler and Ernst Kaltenbrunner Amt IV (Gestapo): Heinrich Müller IV-B (Sects): Albert Hartl IV-B-4 (Jews) Adolf Eichmann IV-B-4-a (Evacuations): Rolf Günther General matters: Fritz Wöhrn Transport: Franz Novak "Single cases": Ernst Moes IV-B-4-b (Law): Friedrich Suhr, followed by Otto Hunsche Deputy: Otto Hunsche Finance and property: Richard Gutwasser Foreign areas: Friedrich Boßhammer RSHA IV B4 also had a large number of regional specialists who were deployed to various countries to assist with deportations - Anton Brunner, Dieter Wisliceny, Franz Abromeit, Siegfried Seidl, Hermann Krumey, Alois Brunner, Anton Burger, Theo Dannecker, and Hans Günther (who was the brother of Rolf Günther) being the principal figures. = Hilberg, Raul (1985). The Destruction of the European Jews. New York: Holmes & Meier. ISBN 0-8419-0910-5. Hilberg, Raul (2003). The Destruction of the European Jews. Vol. II (3rd ed.). New Haven and London: Yale University Press. ISBN 0-300-09587-2. Longerich, Peter (2012). Heinrich Himmler. Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-959232-6. Wildt, Michael (2002). Generation des Unbedingten. Das Führungskorps des Reichssicherheitshauptamtes. Hamburg: Hamburger Edition. ISBN 3-930908-75-1. Hauff, Lisa (2012). Mahnort Kurfürstenstrasse 115/116: vom Brüdervereinshaus zum Dienstort Adolf Eichmanns. Berlin: Hentrich & Hentrich. ISBN 978-3942271592 | noise |
Homer Paine (September 20, 1923 – July 5, 2010) was an American football tackle. He played college football at the University of Tulsa for one season and at the University of Oklahoma for three seasons. Paine was named to the All-Missouri Valley Conference first team while at Tulsa, and he was twice named to all-conference first teams while at Oklahoma. After college, Paine played professional football for one season with the Chicago Hornets of the All-America Football Conference (AAFC). He was selected in the 14th round of the 1946 NFL draft. He was born on September 20, 1923, in Hennessey, Oklahoma. Paine attended Enid High School in Enid, Oklahoma, where he played football for the "Plainsmen". Paine initially attended college at the University of Tulsa where he played varsity football in 1942. During the regular season, the Golden Hurricane compiled a 10–0 record as the only undefeated team in the nation. Tulsa beat its five conference opponents to win the Missouri Valley Conference championship, and the Hurricane was invited to the 1943 Sugar Bowl. There, fourth-ranked Tulsa was finally defeated, 14–7, by the seventh-ranked favorites, Tennessee under head coach Robert Neyland. That season, Paine was named to the All-Missouri Valley Conference first team. In 1946, the University of Oklahoma hired a new head football coach, Jim Tatum. His recruiting strategy focused in part on luring to Oklahoma veterans who had played for the school's rivals before the war. Instead of returning to Tulsa, Paine attended Oklahoma where he played for the Sooners from 1946 to 1948. That made Paine part of Tatum's star-studded (and only) recruiting class at Norman, which included nine All-Americans. Despite not receiving All-American honors himself, Paine was later still considered one of the "top players" at Oklahoma. One author later described Paine's ability to "tell where the play was going from the pressure of the blocks, and he would try to get the jump on it, fight right into it." During the 1946 season, the Sooners compiled an 8–3 record and secured a share of the Big Six Conference championship. Paine was named to that season's All-Big Six Conference first team. After the season, Jim Tatum left for Maryland and was replaced by Bud Wilkinson in 1947. In March 1948, Wilkinson accused a scout from the Brooklyn Dodgers of the All-America Football Conference of attempting to sign three of his players: center John Rapacz, guard Buddy Burris, and Paine. The scout denied the charge, and insisted his visit to Oklahoma was licit. The scout said he was there at the behest of Burris who wanted to discuss his potential for a future professional career. During the 1948 season, Paine served as the captain on the Sugar Bowl championship team. After the 1948 season, he was named to the All-Big Seven Conference first team. The International News Service also named Paine as the left tackle on its All-Midlands team, across from fellow Sooner tackle Wade Walker. In a pessimistic assessment of Oklahoma's 1949 prospects, coach Wilkinson feared the loss of Paine, among other veterans, to graduation "could easily prove disastrous." His brother, Charles W. Paine, played for Oklahoma in the 1949 season. Paine was selected by the Philadelphia Eagles in the 14th round of the 1946 NFL draft as the 128th overall pick. He played for the Chicago Hornets in the All-America Football Conference in 1949. Paine saw action in 12 games and started in ten. After his playing career, Paine moved back to Enid, Oklahoma, and became manager of the Johnston Grain Company terminal elevator. | noise |
Anna Lewis (1885–1961) was a noted teacher, historian and writer, who specialized in American history, and particularly the history of the Southwest. Born in what was then Indian Territory to a family of mixed Choctaw and European ancestry, she earned doctoral degrees from University of California, Berkeley (1915) and University of Oklahoma (1930). She was the first woman to receive a Ph. D. at the University of Oklahoma. Lewis spent her educational career at the Oklahoma College for Women (now the University of Science and Arts of Oklahoma (USAO)). She wrote two books and numerous articles for publications in her area of interest before retiring in 1956 to a home she had built in southern Oklahoma (the former Choctaw Nation before Oklahoma became a state). She died in 1961. Lewis was born on October 25, 1885, near the town of Cameron in the Choctaw Nation, Indian Territory. Of mixed Choctaw and European ancestry, her parents were William Ainsworth Lewis and Betty Ann (née Moore). She was the fourth of ten children, three of whom died in childhood. She got her first education in what were known as "subscription schools" and from private teachers at home. Her higher education began at the Tuskahoma Female Institute in 1900. She then went to Mary Connor Junior College in Paris, Texas. She returned to Indian Territory and, after attending a summer at the normal school of Jones Academy, near Hartshorne, began a career as a teacher in the Bokchito and Durant public schools. After a few years, she enrolled in the University of California, Berkeley (UCB), earning a Bachelor of Arts degree in 1915. Continuing at UCB), she earned a Master of Arts degree in 1918 with the thesis, History of the Cattle Industry in Oklahoma, 1866-1893. Like most of her contemporaries, Lewis found that most major colleges and universities were unwilling to hire women. In 1917, she joined the faculty of the Oklahoma College for Women (OCW) in Chickasha, Oklahoma, as a history teacher. She chose to remain there for the rest of her career. By her second year at OCW, Lewis had been named the chair of the school's History Department. She also took on the position of school Registrar, to help President G. W. Austin organize that office. Dean James S. Buchanan of Oklahoma University helped her establish the system. Buchanan later became President of OU. In her academic career, Lewis specialized in American history and the history of the Southwest, rapidly becoming well known as a teacher, lecturer and writer, as well as a popular after-dinner speaker. Although she wrote only two books, Along the Arkansas (1932) and Pushmataha-the American Patriot (1962). She frequently contributed articles to the Chronicles of Oklahoma, the Mississippi Valley Review, The University of California Press, and the Arkansas Historical Quarterly. While continuing her career at OCW, she went to the University of Oklahoma in Norman, Oklahoma, and wrote her doctoral dissertation, A History of the Arkansas River Region, 1541–1800. She received her Ph.D. in 1930, becoming the first woman to be awarded a doctoral degree by Oklahoma University. Lewis built a home on the site of the defunct Tuskahoma Female Institute in Pushmataha County, Oklahoma. She named the house "Nunih Wayah", after the mountain where Choctaw legend says the tribe originated. She lived there full-time after retiring from OCW in 1956. Located 4 miles (6.4 km) from Tuskahoma and 6 miles (9.7 km) from Clayton, she died in her home on August 1, 1961. Named one of the twenty-four most prominent women of Oklahoma in 1930. Listed in Who's Who (1932), Women in Who's Who, and Who's Who in Oklahoma. Elected to the Oklahoma Hall of Fame in 1940. Received a scholarship to the Peterborough Artist Colony in New Hampshire. Named Professor Emeritus after retiring from USAO in 1956. Posthumously inducted to Oklahoma Educator Hall of Fame in 1985. She was a member or honorary member of many organizations such as the Baptist church, Daughters of the American Revolution, Eastern Star, Oyohoma (McAlester), American Association of University Women American Pen Women Delta Kappa Gamma Mississippi Historical Society Oklahoma Historical Society "Chatah Hopake Holissochi:Dr. Anna Lewis, Choctaw Historian" An online collection of documents and photographs either by or related to Dr. Anna Lewis selected from materials archived at University of Science and Arts of Oklahoma. Last updated July 5, 2016. | noise |
Sir Alan Armstrong Huggins (Traditional Chinese: 赫健士爵士, 15 May 1921 – 10 December 2009) was a British colonial judge serving in places including Uganda, Hong Kong and Brunei. He spent nearly 40 years in the judiciary of Hong Kong, serving as a Vice-President of the Court of Appeal from 1980 to 1987. After the transfer of sovereignty over Hong Kong in 1997, he was appointed a non-permanent Hong Kong judge of the Court of Final Appeal until 2003. = Alan Huggins was born in Staines, Middlesex, on 15 May 1921 to William Armstrong Huggins, a Lloyd's underwriter, and Dale Copping. He had an elder brother called Eric. His family was related to Viscount Malvern (1883–1971), Prime Minister of Southern Rhodesia. Huggins was educated at Radley College from 1936 to 1939. He went on to study law at Sidney Sussex College, Cambridge, in 1939, where he subsequently obtained a MA degree in 1941. During the Second World War Huggins served at the Salvage Branch of the Admiralty from 1941 to 1946, and belonged to the Territorial Army Reserve of Officers from 1940 to 1948. After being called to the bar by Lincoln's Inn in 1947, he worked at the chambers of Lionel Blundell, QC, in King's Bench Walk for four years from 1947 to 1951. = In 1951, Huggins entered the Colonial Service and followed his elder brother to Africa, becoming a resident magistrate in Kampala, Uganda. However, his first wife did not want to stay in Africa after her sister-in-law was murdered by a servant in Salisbury, Southern Rhodesia. In 1953, Huggins was therefore transferred to Hong Kong as a stipendiary magistrate and the president of the Tenancy Tribunals. He later became a magistrate in the New Territories in 1955, the First Magistrate of Kowloon in 1956, and was promoted as a district judge in 1958. Huggins was appointed a puisne judge of the Supreme Court in 1965. Hong Kong was then in a time of social instability, and at one point, his family received death threats and needed police protection after his winding-up of a local bank. In 1976, he was further promoted as a Justice of Appeal. Huggins had the opportunity to become the Chief Justice in 1979 when the seat was vacant, but the government selected then Chief Secretary, Sir Denys Roberts. Huggins was instead appointed a Vice-President of the Court of Appeal and became a Knight Bachelor in 1980. He received the knighthood in person from Queen Elizabeth II at Buckingham Palace in the following year. Huggins served as the acting Chief Justice on a number of occasions during his capacity as the Vice-President and retired subsequently in 1987. Huggins was also the chairman of the Advisory Committee on Legal Education from 1972 to 1987 and an honorary lecturer at the University of Hong Kong from 1979 to 1987. Apart from his judicial career in Hong Kong, Huggins was the Judicial Commissioner in the Supreme Court of Brunei from 1966 to 1983. He remained in the same position until 1987 after the independence of Brunei from Britain in 1984. From 1991 to 2000, he was once again appointed as the Judicial Commissioner. He then became the President of the Court of Appeal of Brunei from 2000 until 2002. = Huggins resided in Widdicombe, Devon, in his retirement but he was occasionally invited to serve as a Justice of Appeal for the Falkland Islands, the British Antarctic Territory, Gibraltar, St Helena, the British Indian Ocean Territory and Bermuda. After the transfer of sovereignty over Hong Kong in 1997, Huggins, along with other colonial judges such as Sir Denys Roberts, Art McMullin, Sir Derek Cons and Sir Noel Power, was appointed as one of the first non-permanent Hong Kong judges of the Hong Kong Court of Final Appeal, serving for a three-year term. He later served for another three-year term from 2000 to 2003. Huggins died in Devon on 10 December 2009, aged 88. A memorial service was held in the St Michael and All Angels Church, Kingsbridge, on 29 December. Both the judiciaries of Hong Kong and Brunei mourned over the death of Huggins, with the Chief Justice of Hong Kong Andrew Li praised that he "won the respect and admiration of everyone through his legal learning, sense of justice and devotion to duty. He set the highest standards and applied himself tirelessly to maintain those standards at all times." Robert Ribeiro, a permanent judge of the Court of Final Appeal, also paid tribute to Huggins, saying that "the widely shared sentiment in the legal community is that Hong Kong will always be grateful for the lasting contribution Sir Alan made to the foundations of our present system of law". Huggins married, firstly, Catherine Davidson Dick, in Laleham, Surrey, on 2 December 1950. The couple had two sons and a daughter, namely, Adrian, Roger Davidson and Rosemary Anne. However, his first marriage ended in divorce. In 1985, he married, secondly, Elizabeth Low, in Hong Kong. The wedding ceremony was presided over by the Chief Justice, Sir Denys Roberts, in his official residence on the Peak. The second Lady Huggins died in 2007. Huggins was a lover of amateur dramatics. He played roles ranging from Shylock in The Merchant of Venice to the pantomime cow in Jack and the Beanstalk. He was also a Christian of traditional religious beliefs, serving as an honorary governor of the British and Foreign Bible Society, a life member of the American Bible Society, president of the Chinese YMCA of Hong Kong and a diocesan reader of Hong Kong and Macao. Knight Bachelor (1980) Supreme Court of Hong Kong Denys Roberts HUGGINS, Sir Alan, "THE ECONOMICS OF JUSTICE, OR WHAT PRICE JUSTICE?", 1982. "Confession was evidence, rules Appeals Court judge", The Royal Gazette, 18 March 1995. "Sir Alan Huggins dies Archived 1 October 2012 at the Wayback Machine", RTHK, 15 December 2009. | noise |
An interregnum (plural interregna or interregnums) is a period of discontinuity or "gap" in a government, organization, or social order. Archetypally, it was the period of time between the reign of one monarch and the next (coming from Latin inter-, "between" and rēgnum, "reign" [from rex, rēgis, "king"]), and the concepts of interregnum and regency therefore overlap. Historically, longer and heavier interregna have been typically accompanied by widespread unrest, civil and succession wars between warlords, and power vacuums filled by foreign invasions or the emergence of a new power. The term also refers to the periods between the election of a new parliament and the establishment of a new government from that parliament in parliamentary democracies, usually ones that employ some form of proportional representation that allows small parties to elect significant numbers, requiring time for negotiations to form a government. In the UK, Canada and other electoral systems with single-member districts, this period is usually very brief, except in the rare occurrence of a hung parliament as occurred both in the UK in 2017 and in Australia in 2010. In parliamentary interregnums, the previous government usually stands as a caretaker government until the new government is established. Additionally, the term has been applied to the United States presidential transition, the period of time between the election of a new U.S. president and their inauguration, during which the outgoing president remains in power, but as a lame duck. Similarly, in some Christian denominations, "interregnum" (interim) describes the time between vacancy and appointment of priest or pastors to various roles. Particular historical periods known as interregna include: The Chu–Han Contention of 206–202 BC in China, after the death of Emperor Qin Er Shi, when there was a contest to the throne. It ended with the accession of Liu Bang, ushering in the Han dynasty and ending the Qin dynasty. In the Kingdom of Mauretania, after the death of Bocchus II, the throne was unoccupied for 8 years (33–25 BC), before Juba II was granted control of the kingdom as a client state of Rome. The Crisis of the Third Century (235–284) in the Roman Empire, when it was split into multiple realms and chaos (invasion, civil war, Cyprian Plague, and economic depression) was a constant threat until Aurelian and Diocletian restored the empire. The crisis forced Diocletian to partition the Empire and marked the beginning of the fall of the Western Roman Empire. From 423 to 425 in the Roman Empire, between the death of Honorius and the accession of Valentinian III. A usurper called Joannes seized power. The ten-year period after the death of King Cleph from 574/575 to 584/585 in the Kingdom of the Lombards, known as the Rule of the Dukes. Marked by increasing domination of the Italian Peninsula by the Franks and the Byzantine Empire. Ended with the election of Authari as king. The Sasanian Interregnum (628–632), a conflict that broke out after the death of Khosrau II between the Sasanian nobles of different factions. Ended with the victory of Yazdegerd III and contributed to the fall of the Sasanian Empire. The 1022–1072 period in Ireland, between the death of Máel Sechnaill mac Domnaill and the accession of Toirdhealbhach Ua Briain, is sometimes regarded as an interregnum, as the High Kingship of Ireland was disputed throughout these decades. The interregnum may even have extended to 1121, when Toirdhealbhach Ua Conchobhair acceded to the title. From 1089 to 1102 in the Kingdom of Croatia, between death of Croatian king Demetrius Zvonimir and when Coloman, king of Hungary is crowned king of Croatia in 1102. From 13 April 1204 to 25 July 1261 in the Byzantine Empire. Following the Sack of Constantinople during the Fourth Crusade, the Byzantine Empire was dissolved, to be replaced by several Crusader states and several Byzantine states. It was re-established by Nicean general Alexios Strategopoulos who placed Michael VIII Palaiologos back on the throne of a united Byzantine Empire. From 21 May 1254 to 29 September 1273, The Great Interregnum in the Holy Roman Empire after the deposition of the last Hohenstaufen emperor Frederick II by Pope Innocent IV and the death of his son King Conrad IV of Germany until the election of the Habsburg scion Rudolph as Rex Romanorum. First Interregnum in Scotland, which lasted from either 19 March 1286 or 26 September 1290 until 17 November 1292. The exact dating of the interregnum depends on whether the uncrowned Margaret, Maid of Norway was officially queen before her death in 1290. It lasted until John Balliol was crowned King of Scots. Second Interregnum in Scotland, from 10 July 1296, when John Balliol was deposed, until 25 March 1306, when Robert the Bruce was crowned. From 14 January 1301 until 1308 in the Kingdom of Hungary between the extinction of the Árpád dynasty and when Charles I of Hungary secured the throne for himself against several pretenders. From 5 June 1316 to 15 November 1316 in France and Navarre, between the death of Louis X and the birth of his posthumous son John I. From 2 August 1332 until 21 June 1340 in Denmark when the country was mortgaged to a few German counts. The Portuguese Interregnum, from 22 October 1383 until 6 April 1385, a result of the succession crisis caused by the death of Ferdinand I without a legitimate heir. Ended when John I's forces won the Battle of Aljubarrota, beginning the Aviz dynasty. The Ottoman Interregnum, from 20 July 1402 until 1413, a result of the capture of Sultan Bayezid I at the hands of Central Asian warlord Timur (Tamerlane) in the Battle of Ankara. A period of civil war ensued as none of Bayezid's sons could establish primacy. The crisis was resolved when one of his sons, Mehmed, defeated and killed his brothers and reestablished the Empire. From 20 January 1410 to 1412 in the Crown of Aragon. The death of King Martin without heir led to a succession crisis and a period of civil war, resolved ultimately by the Compromise of Caspe. The 1453–1456 period of civil war in Kingdom of Majapahit (now in Java, Indonesia) From 1481 until 1483 in the Kingdom of Norway, during a conflict over the succession of John, during the period of the Kalmar Union. The Norwegian Council of the Realm initially refused to accept the hereditary succession of John; as they asserted that Norway was an elective monarchy. When no serious opposition candidate emerged, the Council relented and elected John. There was also an interregnum from 1533 to 1537, after the death of Frederick I and the interregnum ended with a coup d'état by his son Christian III. From 6 April 1490 to 15 July 1490 in the Kingdom of Hungary between the death of Matthias Corvinus and election of Vladislaus II. The Time of Troubles in Russia (1598–1613) between the Rurikid and Romanov dynasties, which caused a famine and an invasion by Poland-Lithuania as numerous usurpers and false Dmitrys claimed to be the legitimate successor to the dead Fyodor I. Ended when the Zemsky Sobor elected Michael Romanov as the new tsar, beginning the Romanov dynasty. The Interregnum of 1649–1660, a republican period in the three kingdoms of England, Ireland and Scotland. Government was carried out by the Commonwealth and the Protectorate of Oliver Cromwell after the execution of Charles I and before the restoration of Charles II. A second English interregnum occurred between 23 December 1688, when James II was deposed in the Glorious Revolution, and the installation of William III and Mary II as joint sovereigns on 13 February 1689 pursuant to the Declaration of Right. French and British interregnum in the Dutch East Indies between 1806 and 1815 was a period of French and then British rule on the Dutch East Indies after the collapse of the Dutch East Indies Company. The First French Empire ruled between 1806 and 1811. The British Empire took over for 1811 to 1815, and transferred control back to the Dutch in 1815. The brief Russian interregnum of 1825, caused by uncertainty over who succeeded the deceased Emperor Alexander I, only lasted between 1 December and 26 December 1825, but was used to stage the highly resonant Decembrist revolt. It ended when Grand Duke Konstantin Pavlovich renounced his claim to throne, allowing Nicholas I to declare himself Tsar. After World War I, the Habsburg ruler of the Kingdom of Hungary was disposed. On 1 March 1920, the Kingdom of Hungary was re-established. However, restoration of a Habsburg king was deemed unacceptable by to the Entente powers. Instead, the National Assembly of Hungary appointed Miklós Horthy as regent. Charles IV of Hungary made two unsuccessful attempts to retake the throne. Horthy remained as the Regent of Hungary until German invasion on 15 October 1944. A brief interregnum occurred in Thailand between 13 October and 1 December 2016 upon the death of King Bhumibol Adulyadej. The crown prince Vajiralongkorn, in an unprecedented move, did not assume the throne immediately after the death of the previous monarch, as he asked for time to mourn while he continued functioning in his role as the crown prince. During this period, Prem Tinsulanonda served as the regent pro tempore. In some monarchies, such as the United Kingdom, an interregnum is usually avoided due to a rule described as "The King is dead. Long live the King", i.e. the heir to the throne becomes a new monarch immediately on his predecessor's death or abdication. This famous phrase signifies the continuity of sovereignty, attached to a personal form of power named Auctoritas. This is not so in other monarchies where the new monarch's reign begins only with coronation or some other formal or traditional event. In the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth for instance, kings were elected, which often led to relatively long interregna. During that time it was the Polish primate who served as an interrex (ruler between kings). In Belgium the heir only becomes king upon swearing an oath of office before the parliament. = A papal interregnum occurs upon the death or resignation of the pope of the Catholic Church, though this particular form is called sede vacante (literally "when the seat is vacant"). The interregnum ends immediately upon the election of a new pope by the College of Cardinals. = "Interregnum" is the term used in the Anglican Communion to describe the period before a new parish priest is appointed to fill a vacancy. During an interregnum, the administration of the parish is the responsibility of the churchwardens. = In the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints, when the President of The Church dies, the First Presidency is dissolved and the Quorum of the Twelve Apostles (the Twelve) becomes the Church's presiding body. Any members of the First Presidency who were formerly members of the Twelve rejoin that quorum. The period between the death of the President and the reorganization of the First Presidency is known as an "Apostolic Interregnum". FIDE, the world governing body of international chess competition, has had two Interregnum periods of having no chess champions, both during the 1940s. = 1946–1948 — Men's World Chess Champion Alexander Alekhine died of natural causes in 1946. Interregnum lasted until 1948, when Mikhail Botvinnik won a FIDE-held chess tournament to decide on a successor. = 1944–1950 — Women's World Chess Champion Vera Menchik was killed in an air-raid during World War II in Britain in 1944. Interregnum lasted until 1950, when Lyudmila Rudenko won a FIDE-held chess tournament to decide on a successor. The events of Isaac Asimov's Foundation Trilogy take place during the galactic interregnum in his Foundation Universe, taking place in the 25th millennium. Foundation begins at the end of the Galactic Empire and notes in the novels from the Encyclopedia Galactica imply that a Second Galactic Empire follows the 1000-year interregnum. In J. R. R. Tolkien's legendarium set in Middle-earth, the disappearance of the King Eärnur of Gondor is followed by a 968-year interregnum (the Steward years), which ends with the return of Aragorn in The Lord of the Rings. The Old Kingdom Trilogy takes place after 200 years of interregnum, where the reigning Queen and her two daughters were murdered by Kerrigor, 180 years of regency first and 20 years of anarchy following the death of the last Regent. The Vlad Taltos series is set in a fantastical world of magic, at a time directly following a 250-year interregnum wherein traditional sorcery was impossible due to the orb being destroyed. In the Elder Scrolls video games, there was an Interregnum in the Second Era when the Second Cyrodillic Empire collapsed. It led to just over four centuries of bickering between small kingdoms and petty states. The Interregnum ended when Tiber Septim, or Talos, formed the Third Empire after a decade of war. Similarly, with the sacrifice of Martin Septim during the Oblivion Crisis in the Third Era, the Septim dynasty came to an end, and a seven-year interregnum occurred before Titus Mede I restored the throne and ushered in the Fourth Era. In Poland by James A. Michener, 1983, interregnum is mentioned numerous times in the ever-shifting power struggles that plagued that country, even up to the 1980s. In the film A Christmas Prince, the Kingdom of Aldovia limits interregna to a maximum of one year. This becomes a central plot point when it appears Crown Prince Richard may not accept the throne prior to the Christmas deadline. The television game show Jeopardy! has been regarded as being in Interregnum from Season 37 after the death of Alex Trebek following the taping of Episode 75 (aired January 8, 2021), and lasting until Episode 71 of Season 40 (aired December 15, 2023), the first broadcast day after the show officially named Ken Jennings as permanent full-time host. The interregnum featured guest hosts from Trebek's death, then during Season 38 a one-week hosting session of Mike Richards that ended following the taping of Episode 5 (aired September 17, 2021), and the official naming of Mayim Bialik as host with Jennings as her substitute. Due to the split duties, it was considered interregnum until Sony released Bialik on December 15, 2023, even though Jennings has hosted full-time since May 1, 2023 (shows aired July 3, 2023). Argentina presidential transition Giorgio Agamben Geoffrey of Monmouth Reichsverweser Imperial Vicar Interrex Interrex (Poland) Regent of Hungary Reign Sede vacante United States presidential transition Giorgio Agamben's State of Exception (2005) Ernst Kantorowicz's The King's Two Bodies (1957). Koptev, Aleksandr. "The Five-Day Interregnum in The Roman Republic." The Classical Quarterly 66.1 (2016): 205–21. Theophanidis, Philippe "Interregnum as a Legal and Political Concept: A Brief Contextual Survey", Synthesis, Issue 9 (Fall 2016): 109–124. | noise |
Shintō Musō-ryū, or Shindō Musō-ryū (神道夢想流),a most commonly known by its practice of jōdō, is a traditional school (koryū) of the Japanese martial art of jōjutsu, or the art of wielding the short staff (jō). The technical purpose of the art is to learn how to defeat a swordsman in combat using the jō, with an emphasis on proper combative distance, timing and concentration. The system includes teachings of other weapon systems which are contained in Shintō Musō-ryū as auxiliary arts (Fuzoku ryuha). The school is sometimes abbreviated as SMR. The art was founded by the samurai Musō Gonnosuke Katsuyoshi (夢想 權之助 勝吉, fl. c.1605, dates of birth and death unknown) in the early Edo period (1603–1868) and, according to legend, first put to use in a duel with Miyamoto Musashi (宮本 武蔵, 1584–1645). The original art created by Musō Gonnosuke has evolved and been added upon ever since its inception and up to modern times. The art was successfully brought outside of its original domain in Fukuoka and outside Japan itself in the 19th and 20th century. The spreading of Shintō Musō-ryū beyond Japan was largely the effort of Takaji Shimizu, (1896–1978), considered the 25thd headmaster, who, unlike many other traditional martial arts teachers, wanted Jodo to be known and taught internationally. With the assistance of his own students and the cooperation of the kendō community, Shimizu spread Shintō Musō-ryū worldwide. According to its own history, Shintō Musō-ryū was founded in the Keichō era (1594–1614) by Musō Gonnosuke, a samurai with considerable martial arts experience. A wandering warrior (Rōnin), Gonnosuke would eventually cross paths with the famous swordsman Miyamoto Musashi. The two men fought a duel in which Musashi defeated Gonnosuke. Gonnosuke, a proud warrior who according to the stories had never been defeated, was deeply shocked by his defeat and retired to a cave for meditation and reflection. This period of isolation led him to create a set of techniques for the jō, with a goal of defeating Musashi's two-sword style. These jo techniques constituted the core of Gonnosuke's new school (ryu), which he named Shintō Musō-ryū. The school's history states that Musō Gonnosuke was victorious in a second duel, using his newly developed jōjutsu techniques to either defeat Musashi or force the duel into a draw. One of several legends says that while resting near a fire in a certain temple, Gonnosuke heard a voice say, "With the round stick, know the strategy of the solar plexus" (丸木を以って、水月を知れ, maruki wo motte, suigetsu wo shire). Supposedly that was his inspiration to develop his new techniques and go fight Musashi a second time. Gonnosuke used his training in kenjutsu, naginatajutsu, sōjutsu and bōjutsu, which he acquired in part from Tenshin Shōden Katori Shintō-ryū and Kashima Jikishinkage-ryū, to develop his art. ..know the solar plexus with a round stick Gonnosuke was said to have fully mastered the secret form called The Sword of One Cut (Ichi no Tachi), a form that was developed by the founder of the Kashima Shintō-ryū and later spread to other Kashima schools such as Kashima Jikishinkage-ryū and Kashima Shin-ryū. Gonnosuke developed several techniques for the jō that were to be used against an opponent armed with a sword, partially by using the superior length of the jō to keep the swordsman at a disadvantage. After the creation of his jō techniques and his establishment as a skilled jōjutsu practitioner he was invited by the Kuroda clan of Fukuoka, in northern Kyūshū, to teach his art to their warriors. Gonnosuke accepted the invitation and settled down there. Shintō Musō-ryū survived the abolishment of the samurai in 1877, and the Second World War. With the efforts made by Shiraishi Hanjirō and his successor Shimizu Takaji (清水隆次), the art's 24th and 25th unofficial headmasters, respectively, the art progressed into an international martial art with numerous dōjō all over the world. = Because Shintō Musō-ryū has had no single head-organization or single governing body since the late 1600s, there is no standardized way of passing on the tradition. Dōjos belonging to individual SMR groups have individual ways of training and passing on the tradition. As with several other arts, such as iaidō and aikidō, Shimizu Takaji renamed "jōjutsu" "jōdō" in the year 1940. (Note that the use of the appellation "jōdō" is still not universal for all SMR practitioners and groups.) The words jōjutsu and jōdō are normally used interchangeably by the various groups. Staff methods Being a koryū, an old school with a traditional way of teaching, SMR relies on verbal instructions (as opposed to the detailed manuals of the more modern era) in order to teach the large majority of the practical applications in the art. The teacher-student relationship is very important to koryu-arts. The training forms (kata) alone do not (and cannot for practical reasons) reveal all the large number of practical applications and variations of the techniques. This can only be done properly by an experienced teacher who spends many years passing on the teachings to the student in person. Many koryū arts have deliberately hidden some, or all, applications inside their training forms, making them invisible unless properly explained by a teacher knowledgeable in the art. This was done as a way of making sure the secrets and principles could not be copied by rival schools or individuals, should an outsider accidentally (or by deliberate spying) observe the techniques in action. The SMR tradition has been shaped over the centuries as to teach the student the proper value and application of combative distance to the opponent (maai), posture (shisei), and mental awareness (zanshin), among other skills. As a traditional Japanese martial art, there is also a high emphasis on etiquette, such as bowing (rei) and attaining a proper mental attitude in the student and the approach to training. In the pure fighting art of SMR, the aim is to use the staff to defeat an opponent armed with one or two swords. The staff is a flexible weapon and can be used in several ways. A practitioner can use the greater length of the staff to keep the opponent at a distance. It is also used, when applicable, to get very close to the opponent and then to control the opponent's arms or hands. The staff can be used in a manner that enables the wielder to defeat the opponent without killing him. Common methods include controlling the opponent's hands, wrists, and other targets by using the staff to either strike, thrust or otherwise manipulate the target-areas. When applicable, more lethal strikes are aimed at the opponent's more vital areas such as the head, solar plexus and temples. Training SMR techniques are taught by forms (kata) and fundamentals (kihon). There exists no form of organized and standardized sparring-system such as in karate, kendō, judō and other modern Japanese Arts. New students usually start with the twelve kihon. This process includes slowly working its way into the first series of "kata", which starts with the "Omote"-series. There are approximately 64 forms with the jo, although the number can vary from the individual SMR groups and organizations. The auxiliary arts incorporate their own sets of forms with their respective weapons. A normal training session is very systematic with the teacher, or a senior student, commanding the pace and direction of the session. Depending on the individual dōjō or organization, the entire group of trainees often starts training as one body, especially during warm-ups and drills. Often, the training then is split into beginner and advanced groups. Drills and forms involving newer students are often performed with a more senior student taking on the role of the attacker, or "striking sword" (打太刀, uchidachi). In paired techniques and drills, the receiver of the attack is called "doing sword" (仕太刀, shidachi). The uchidachi usually is senior to the shidachi in terms of experience. This is done as a way to develop the younger shidachi's skill by having them face a more experienced and confident swordsman, which thus heightens the combative feeling. = Safety = Training under a responsible leader is done with a high emphasis on student safety. Unlike the wooden sword, which is not as dangerous as a katana, there is no "safer" version of the staff and the weapon used in training is the same weapon that would have been used in actual combat. When applying strikes or thrusts to the head the student is taught not to use full force but to halt the staff within a few centimeters of the respective left or right temples or other parts of the head. Other less sensitive areas on the human body do make contact with the staff, though with much reduced force. The practice of forms and techniques is conducted under the supervision of a senior student who ensures the techniques and forms are proper and within safety margins. = Etiquette and traditions in the dōjō = A typical Shintō Musō-ryū dōjō practices the same courtesy and manners as found in Japanese society generally, placing great emphasis on etiquette and tradition. In some dōjō, Japanese verbal commands are used to guide basics, warm-ups, and the training of the "standard forms" (seiteigata). The traditional Japanese bow (rei) is practiced in all Japanese and Western dōjō. Although not all dōjō use exactly the same routine, they do generally contain the same set of principles. Students bow to the front of the dōjō (shōmen) when entering the dōjō or leaving it, and observes the hierarchy with instructors (sensei), seniors (senpai), and juniors (kōhai). During the practice of basics and forms, certain rules of behavior are applied when switching positions and weapons between shidachi and uchidachi. This is done in order to have an orderly training session and to reflect good manners, as well as for safety reasons. The students bow before and after finishing a specific series of kata, drills or any other type of exercise. The switching of weapons is, by tradition and experience, a way to minimize any threatening appearance and show respect for the training partner. Kazari 飾り(かざり) is the traditional SMR-way of initiating and ending kata-training. Kazari (meaning ”ornament”) is also done in all the auxiliary arts. Kazari starts with the two practitioners crossing their weapons and placing them crossed on the floor, retiring a few steps to perform a squatted bow (rei), and ends which the practitioners going forward to retain their weapons and start kata-training. The principle of Kazari is found in other unrelated martial arts as well, although not necessarily by the same name. = Forms (kata) = The practice of forms (kata) is an old way of teaching traditional martial arts in Japan, and is the core of many "old school/flow" (koryū) martial arts. Forms are used as a way to teach advanced techniques and maneuvers through a series of scripted movements and actions against one or several opponents. In the majority of the old martial arts, forms are at the center of the art with little or no sparring as compared to modern martial arts (gendai budō) such as Karate, Kendō or Jūdō. The modern Shintō Musō-ryū system holds approximately 64 staff-forms divided into several series, though this number is including variations and is not always counted as an individual form. Students following the teachings of Shimizu Takaji normally learn 5 more kata in a separate series called Gohon-no-midare. This series is not taught in all SMR-groups. A common procedure is for new students to begin their form training by learning two or more forms from the "standard staff forms" (seitei jōdō, 制定杖道) due to their (relative) technical simplicity. The series Gohon no midare (五本の乱れ) was created by Shimizu in the late 1930s and are not part of the original "scroll of transmission" (denshō), which contains the list of official SMR techniques. Thus, the Gohon no midare is not taught in all Shintō Musō-ryū dōjō. = Basic techniques = The "basic techniques of striking and thrusting" (kihon no uchi tsuki waza, 基本の打ち突き技) form a system of twelve techniques drawn from the existing kata with minor modifications. They are used as a way to better introduce a new student to jōdō and also are a good tool for further skill development for seniors. The basic techniques were developed and systematized mainly by Shimizu Takaji at his Tokyo dōjō, for the purpose of easing the introduction to (complex) forms training. Shimizu's peer, Takayama Kiroku, leader of the Fukuoka Shintō Musō-ryū Dōjō, saw the value of these basic techniques and introduced them into his own training sessions. Shimizu would eventually remove or modify some of the more dangerous techniques and beginner-level forms so as not to cause injuries to newer students. The basic techniques are trained both individually (tandoku dosa) and in pairs (sotai dosa), with the defender using the staff and the attacker using the sword. Today, new students normally begin with tandoku dosa, learning the staff first and later switching to the sword, and then finally learning the entire technique with a training partner. The techniques are normally trained in sequence. During the Edo period and well into the 20th century the attacker was always the senior student, with the defender (being the junior), starting and training only the staff forms for several years before learning the attacker's role. In most modern dōjō, a beginner learns both the sword and staff right from the beginning of his training. The following are the twelve basic techniques: Honte uchi (本手打, main strike) Gyakute uchi (逆手打, reverse-grip strike) Hikiotoshi uchi (引落打, downward-pulling strike) Kaeshi tsuki (返突, counter thrust) Gyakute tsuki (逆手突, reverse-grip thrust) Maki otoshi (巻落, downward twist) Kuri tsuke (繰付, spin and attach) Kuri hanashi (繰放, spin and release) Tai atari (体当, body strike) Tsuki hazushi uchi (突外打, thrust, release, strike) Dō barai uchi (胴払打, body-reaping strike) Tai hazushi uchi migi (体外打右, body-releasing strike, right side); tai hazushi uchi hidari (体外打左, body-releasing strike, left side) The twelve basic techniques are used in both Shintō Musō-ryū and in the Seitei jōdō of the All Japan Kendō Federation (Zen Nihon Kendō Renmei, ZNKR, 全日本剣道連盟), although the latter uses a slightly modified version. Seitei Jōdō Kata The Seitei Jōdō kata were developed by Shimizu Takaji in the 1960s and presented to a committee tasked with the creation of a compact Jōdō system to be taught in Kendō dōjōs. The result was the Zen-Nihon Kendo Renmei Seitei Jōdō system consisting of twelve forms and twelve basic techniques. Ten of these forms are drawn from the existing Shintō Musō-ryū Jō forms with minor modifications, and two other forms were created specifically for Seitei Jōdō and based on Uchida-ryū Tanjō-jutsu forms. The latter forms are taught in various Shintō Musō-ryū dōjōs outside the main series of Kata. = For many of the classical martial arts organizations the highest rank available is the "License of Complete Transmission" (Menkyo Kaiden) of the teachings of the system, and includes the technical as well as oral transmission. This rank is used in many classical martial arts of Japan. In SMR, a student considered for a Menkyo Kaiden must first attain the separate rank of Menkyo. This process will take many years, depending upon the skill, dedication and maturity of the student. Shimizu Takaji himself was issued his Menkyo Kaiden very early in his life in comparison to modern western standards, though he trained for several hours each day. A person with a fully valid Menkyo Kaiden has the right to teach the art to whoever he or she chooses and also holds the right to issue scrolls of transmissions to his students. The Menkyo Kaiden holder may also, if he so chooses, implement modifications in the SMR system to techniques or kata. As Shintō Musō-ryū does not have a single organization with a single leader, these changes will only be relevant to that teacher's direct students, and will not be universal. Instead, every person who has been issued a Menkyo Kaiden can technically be described as teaching their own variation of the ryū, known as "ha". "Ha" is a variation of a martial arts system taught by a Menkyo Kaiden but is still a part of the main ryū. An example of this is the Ittō-ryū school of kenjutsu. After the first generation died out, the school transformed into the Ono-ha Ittō-ryū. However, if a Menkyo Kaiden decided to make radical changes to the system, such as adding or removing parts of the art, he would be departing from belonging to a ha, and in effect be creating a new style. So far in the post Shimizu Takaji SMR history, there has been no organisation who has taken the "-ha" description for their respective new branch. Shimizu Takaji himself, who introduced a set of basic techniques (kihon), and even a new series of kata (Gohon no midare) to the SMR Jo system, did not name his expanded system as "Shimizu-ha Shinto Muso Jo". There are five classical ranks in Shintō Musō-ryū, as follows in ascending order of seniority: Certificate of Entering the Interior (奥入書, Oku-iri-sho) First Syllabus (初目録, Sho-mokuroku) Later Syllabus (後目録, Go-mokuroku) License (免許, Menkyo) – Awarded after the first of the five Gokui-kata have been taught. License of Complete Transmission (免許皆伝, Menkyo Kaiden) – Once all five Gokui-kata have been learned, the Menkyo scroll is officially stamped by the senior instructor and thus becomes a Menkyo Kaiden. Grades in the All Japan Kendo Federation Jōdō Section The Jōdō Section of the All Japan Kendo Federation has adopted the modern dan/kyu system going from Ikkyu (1st Kyu, 一級) to Hachidan (8th Dan, 八段). Additionally, there are the three teaching licences of Renshi (錬士), Kyōshi (教士) and Hanshi (範士) (collectively known as Shōgō (称号)) which can be awarded at the last three grades (6th, 7th and 8th Dan respectively). As the practical examination for these grades involves only Seitei, they are not representative of a practitioner's koryū ability. Other forms of Grades Modern-day Shintō Musō-ryū is practiced within several large independent organizations which includes the European Jodo Federation, Nihon Jōdōkai, International Jōdō Federation, International Jodo Association, Sei Ryu Kai to name a few. As such the individual organizations has different grading requirements and in some cases different type of grades. = European Jōdō Federation = EJF is headed by Pascal Krieger and incorporates three separate grade systems. 1. The classical system of giving licenses of transmission: "Oku-iri", "Shomokuroku", "Gomokuroku", "Menkyo" and "Menkyo Kaiden". 2. The dan/kyū system which is used in the majority of modern Japanese martial arts today. 3. The "Shoden, Chūden and Okuden" ranks, put into effect by Donn F. Draeger and Pascal Krieger. It is used today by the International Jodo Federation and its sub-organisations including the European Jodo Federation. = Grades in the International Jōdō Association = The IJA follows the grading system used by Ichitarō Kuroda. Students grade up to 5th dan and thereafter receive licenses of transmission. Students must also grade with the Zen Nippon Kendō Renmei in the Seitei series of Kata. 1. The classical system of giving licenses of transmission: "Oku-iri", "Shomokuroku", "Gomokuroku", "Menkyo" and "Menkyo Kaiden". 2. The dan/kyu system. Grades are issued up to 5th dan. = Grades in the Nihon Jōdōkai = NJK was headed by Kaminoda Tsunemori and incorporates two separate grade-systems. The classical system of giving licenses of transmission: "Oku-iri", "Sho-mokuroku", "Go-mokuroku", "Menkyo" and "Menkyo Kaiden". A new system developed by Kaminoda Tsunemori's organization to replace the Dan/Kyū system. The new system involves three ranks in three jō-kata series, "Basic" (表, Omote), "Middle-level" (中段, Chūdan) and "Shadow" (影, Kage), after which the classical grade-system is used. Ranks attainable in the Omote series: Basic Technique, First Grade (表技初級, Omote-waza Sho Kyū) Basic Technique, Middle Grade (表技中級, Omote-waza Chū Kyū) Basic Technique, Upper Grade (表技上級, Omote-waza Jō Kyū) Ranks attainable in the Chūdan series: Middle-level Technique, First Grade (中段技初級, Chūdan-waza Sho Kyū) Middle-level Technique, Middle Grade (中段技中級, Chūdan-waza Chū Kyū) Middle-level Technique, Upper Grade (中段技上級, Chūdan-waza Jō Kyū) Ranks attainable in the Kage series: Shadow Technique, First Grade (影技初級, Kage-waza Sho Kyū) Shadow Technique, Middle Grade (影技中級, Kage-waza Chū Kyū) Shadow Technique, Upper Grade (影技上級, Kage-waza Jō Kyū) = Jō – The staff The jō is featured in several Japanese martial arts. For more information see the jō and Jodo articles. The jō is a cylindrical wooden staff approximately 128 cm in length. In modern times, the measurements have been fixed at 128 cm in length and between 2.4 and 2.6 cm in width, though in the Edo-period the length of the jō was customized to suit the height of the wielder. The jō is used in several gendai and koryu martial arts, such as aikidō and Tendō-ryū. The jō, like its larger sibling the Bō, was never an effective killing-weapon on the battlefield in comparison to the sword, spear, glaive and bow. Although the jō and most other staves could be used to lethal effect when thrust at vital points of the body, when faced with a fully armored opponent those vital points would in most cases be covered by armour-plating. As a result, there were very few ryu that were dedicated to the staff-arts in the warring era with other more effective weapons were available, but there are several ryu that include jō techniques in its system. One example is the jō-tradition found in the koryū art Tendō-ryū Naginatajutsu, founded in 1582. In Tendō-ryū, which uses the Naginata as the primary weapon, there are techniques with the jō that simulates a scenario where the naginata has been cut in two and the wielder has to defend himself with the staff-portion only. With the onset of peace with the start of the Edo-period (1603–1867), the conflicts with heavy armored warriors became a thing of the past. In this era, the jō art would come into its own against non-armored samurai, rōnin, bandits, and other opponents. It was extensively used to police the local clan domains. Various other martial arts also include elements of jō that are not necessarily related to Shintō Musō-ryū. One of the most famous promoter of the jō outside of Shintō Musō-ryū in modern times, and indeed in the martial arts community as a whole, was the founder of Aikidō, Morihei Ueshiba. Ueshiba trained in a variety of ryu including Yagyū swordsmanship, but is not known to have trained in Shintō Musō-ryū. Ueshiba also used the long staff bō to perform the same techniques. Ken – The sword The sword is featured in several Japanese martial arts. For more information see the Kenjutsu article. The Japanese sword, with its long history and many variations, has a prominent role in Shintō Musō-ryū. For training purposes, wooden swords (bokken) are used to minimize the risk of injuries. Practitioners use both the long wooden sword, generally called a bokutō or bokken, and the short wooden sword that is referred to as a kodachi (meant to represent the wakizashi, or simply "short sword" in both interpretations). Every form (kata) starts with the attacker, called uchidachi, attacking the defender (shidachi), who in turn defeats the opponent. In a few of the kata, the bokken is used in tandem with the kodachi, but most forms require only the kodachi or bokken. In addition to the sword training provided in jō kata, an addition of twelve kenjutsu-kata is found in SMR. Clothing In the majority of dōjos today, the jōdōka essentially uses the same clothing as practitioners of kendō, minus the armour and other protective padding: A blue/indigo uwagi (jacket), an obi (belt, often the same type as used in iaidō), a blue or black hakama (wide trousers used by samurai). The type of clothing worn is not universal for all Shintō Musō-ryū dōjōs. In some dōjōs, which in addition to jōdō may also have aikidō practitioners, the white keikogi and regular white trousers are allowed. All-white keikogi and Hakama are also used in various dōjo and/or on special occasions such as public demonstrations or competitions.b = The original Shintō Musō-ryū tradition is composed of around 59 jō kata and is divided into seven sets. (The "Gohon-no-midare" kata series and the 12 "kihon" are a modern invention.) Together with the 12 kenjutsu kata they compose the core of the SMR-tradition. From the Edo period to the Meiji period, several other arts were assimilated (fuzoku) into the various branches of Shintō Musō-ryū and were meant to be practiced alongside the main jō forms. But, for all intents and purposes, each of the fuzoku ryūha retain a separate identity with their own history and tradition and are generally not taught to people outside the SMR-tradition. Over the years several lineages of Gonnosuke's original art have added or dropped other fuzoku ryūha. Matsuzaki Kin'emon was the third headmaster of SMR and is credited with the creation of the Ittatsu-ryū and the Ikkaku-ryu. These two arts were taught in the Kuroda-domain as a complement to the combat-arts of the bushi (warriors) which included the staff, sword and musketry. The arts were not specifically SMR-arts though they were taught to the same students. After the fall of the Samurai the two arts found their way into the SMR-tradition as taught by Shiraishi Hanjirō, the art's 24th unofficial headmaster. In many Shintō Musō-ryū dōjo, the assimilated arts are not normally taught to a student until he/she has reached a designated level of experience & expertise and a certain level of proficiency in the jō forms. These designated levels are not standard but vary according to each organizations preference. Isshin-ryū kusarigamajutsu Isshin-ryū kusarigamajutsu is a school of handling the chain and sickle weapon. The 24th unofficial headmaster of Shinto Musō Ryu, Shiraishi Hanjirō, received a full license (Menkyo) in Isshin-ryū from Morikata Heisaku in the late 19th century,. Shiraishi would later transmit the Isshin-ryū to his own Jōdō students. Isshin-ryū should not be confused with the modern Okinawan karate system Isshin-ryu. Ikkaku-ryū juttejutsu Ikkakū-ryū juttejutsu utilizes the jutte as a way of self-defense for use against an attacker armed with a sword (katana). It was originally created by Matsuzaki Kin'emon, the third headmaster of SMR and originally did not limit itself to jutte training but had a variety of weapons. This weapon was mainly used by police forces of the late Edo-period of Japan. Chuwa-ryū tankenjutsu (中和流短剣術) is the name used for this art using the short sword (tanken, 短剣) instead of the jutte. Kasumi Shintō-ryū kenjutsu (Shintō-ryū kenjutsu) A collection of eight long-sword and four short-sword kata, including one two-sword kata are found in Shintō Musō-ryū. Neither the twelve kata nor the art itself had any known name in the Shintō Musō-ryū until the mid-19th century when "Shintō-ryū kenjutsu" started to be used and specific names were given for each of the twelve kata. In the 20th century, "Kasumi Shintō-ryū" or more recently "Shintō Kasumi-ryū" has surfaced as the original name for the twelve kata as taught in the Shintō Musō-ryū, though it is not yet an official name.c Uchida-ryū tanjōjutsu – (Sutekki-jutsu) Uchida-ryu is the art of using the tanjō (a 90 cm staff). It was originally created by SMR menkyo Uchida Ryogoro in the late 19th century. It contains twelve kata, which at the time of their inception were loosely organised into a system called "sutteki-jutsu" and were derived mainly from Shintō Musō-ryū and Ikkaku-ryū techniques. "Sutteki" was the Japanese pronouncement of the English word "stick". Sutteki-jutsu was further developed by his son Uchida Ryohei, who systematized his father's work and brought about the modern Uchida-ryū tanjōjutsu system. The art was first known as Sutekki-Jutsu and later named Uchida-ryū in honor of its creator. The art was adopted into SMR to be taught alongside the other arts. Ittatsu-ryū hojōjutsu A school of restraining a person using cord or rope for use by police forces of the Edo-period and up to modern times. Matsuzaki Kinueumon Tsunekatsu, the third headmaster is credited with creating the Ittatsu-ryū. = As with the staff, the weapons found in the integrated arts were not inventions of Shintō Musō-ryū headmasters, but had been created and used long before they were chosen to be taught alongside the Shintō Musō-ryū Jo forms. Jutte (jitte) and tessen The jutte is featured in several Japanese martial arts. For more information see the jutte article. The jutte (or jitte) was a widespread Edo period police weapon used to control, disarm, and subdue a criminal who would most likely be armed with a sword, without killing him (except in extreme situations). There exists at least 200 known variations of the jutte. The jutte used in Shintō Musō-ryū is approx 45 cm in length. In the integrated art of Ikkaku-ryū juttejutsu, the tessen, or war fan, approximately 30 cm in length, is used in tandem with the jutte in some of the kata. Kusarigama The kusarigama is featured in several Japanese martial arts. For more information see the Kusarigama article. The kusarigama is a chain-and-sickle weapon. The weapon is used in several ryu and the design varies from school to school. The kusarigama used in Isshin-ryū has a straight, double-edged 30 cm blade with a wooden handle approx 36 cm long with an iron guard to protect the hand. The chain (kusari) has a heavy iron weight and is attached to the bottom of the handle. The chain is 12 shaku long (3.6 meters) and the attached weight can be thrown against an opponent's weapon, hands or body, either disarming him or otherwise preventing him from properly defending himself against the kama. In some kata, the iron weight is thrown directly at the attackers body causing injury or stunning the opponent. The kusarigama also has non-lethal kata designed to trap and apprehend a swordsman, partially by using the long chain as a restraint. A famous user of the kusarigama outside of Shintō Musō-ryū was Shishido Baiken, who was killed in a duel with the legendary Miyamoto Musashi. During kata practice a safer, all-wooden version (except the metal handguard) is used with softer materials replacing the chain and weight. For demonstrations (embu) a kusarigama with a metal blade is sometimes used. Tanjō The tanjō (短杖, short staff) is a 90 cm short staff used in the assimilated art Uchida-ryū tanjōjutsu. Although of the same length, the tanjo should not be confused with the hanbō, which is used in other martial arts. The modern tanjō is the same width as a standard jō. The tanjō of the Meiji era were thicker at the top and thinner at the bottom, as was the design of the walking-stick at the time. The original inspiration for the tanjō was the western walking-stick which soon found a practical use in self-defense in the Meiji era. After the death of Takaji Shimizu in 1978, SMR in Tokyo was left without a clear leader or appointed successor. This led to a splintering of the SMR dōjos in Japan, and eventually all over the world. With no single organization or individual with complete authority over SMR as a whole, several of the various fully licensed (menkyo) SMR-practitioners established their own organizations both in the West and in Japan. From the end of the Samurai reign in 1877 to the early 20th century, SMR was still largely confined to Fukuoka city on the southern Japanese island of Kyushu where the art first was created and thrived, although it was slowly spreading. The main proponent of SMR in Fukuoka during the late 19th and early 20th century was Hanjiro Shiraishi, a former Kuroda-clan Bushi (ashigaru), who had trained in, and received a "joint-license" from, the two largest surviving branches of SMR. Among Shiraishi's top students of the early 1900s were Takaji Shimizu (1896–1978), Ichizo Otofuji (1899–1998), and Kiroku Takayama (1893–1938), Takayama being the most senior. After receiving an invitation from the Tokyo martial arts scene to perform a demonstration of SMR, Shimizu and Takayama established a Tokyo SMR group which held a close working relationship with martial arts supporters such as Jigoro Kano, the founder of Judo. Shiraishi died in 1927, leaving two main lines of SMR. The oldest of the two was in Fukuoka, now under the leadership of Otofuji. The other line was based in Tokyo, and was under the leadership of Shimizu. Takayama, the most senior of the three students of Shiraishi, died in 1938, leaving Shimizu with a position of great influence in the SMR. That position lasted until his death in 1978. Although Otofuji was one of Shiraishi's top students, he was unable to assume the role that Shimizu had held in Tokyo. By the 1970s the Tokyo and Fukuoka SMR communities had developed into separate branches with their own leaders. Unlike Otofuji, Shimizu was a senior of both the Fukuoka and Tokyo SMR, with great knowledge and influence over both. With Shimizu's death, Otofuji was not in a strong enough position to claim authority over the Tokyo SMR and no sort of agreement could be made over who should succeed Shimizu. Otofuji remained the leader of Kyushu SMR until his death in 1998. From these two lineages, the Fukuoka and the Tokyo, several SMR-based organizations developed. One of the largest is the Jodo Section of the All Japan Kendo Federation (全日本剣道連盟杖道部), established in the 1960s to further promote Jo through the teaching of ZNKR Jodo, also called Seitei Jodo. It remains the most widespread form of Jo in the world today. Donn F. Draeger (1922–1982) – U.S. Menkyo of TSKR and Menkyo of SMR (the latter awarded posthumously) The first foreign student of Takaji Shimizu and the first foreign Menkyo of Katori Shintō-ryū. Seiko Fujita (1898-1966) 14th Soke of Kōga-ryū Ninjutsu (and considered by some to be the last true ninja). Writer, in 1953, of a book about the jôjutsu of this specific school Hosho Shiokawa – Japanese Menkyo SMR Student of Takaji Shimizu and Nakajima Asakichi Head of Shiokawa-ha of SMR 15th Soke of Mugai-ryu Iaido. Ichitaro Kuroda (1911–2000) – Japanese Menkyo SMR Was the senior student of Takaji Shimizu for many years until his death At time of death held 10th dan in arts of Kendo, Jodo, Iaido and Shodo. Kaminoda Tsunemori (1928-2015) – Japanese Menkyo SMR Student of Takaji Shimizu Head of Nihon Jodokai Soke of Isshin Ryu Kusarigamajutsu. Matsui Kenji – Japanese Menkyo SMR Fukuoka line Menkyo of Asayama Ichiden-ryu Student of Takaji Shimizu and Ichizo Otofuji Scholar and author of several works on SMR-history and lineage. Matsumura Shigehiro - Japanese Menkyo in Suio-ryu (jōjutsu and naginata) and of SMR Fukuoka line Student of Takaji Shimizu and Ichizo Otofuji Head of the Kobujodokai organisation. Namitome Shigenori - Japanese Menkyo SMR former head of All Japan Kendo Federation's Jodo section Student of Ichizo Otofuji Tsuneo Nishioka (1934-2014) – Japanese Menkyo SMR Student of Takaji Shimizu, founder of the SMR-group "Seiryukai" Technical advisor to European Jodo Federation from 1994 to 2014. Pascal Krieger, EU Menkyo in SMR Student of Takaji Shimizu and Tsuneo Nishioka (the latter since 1994) Head of European Jodo Federation (EJF) Author of the book "The Way of the Stick" and prominent calligrapher Phil Relnick – US Menkyo in SMR and TSKR Student of Tsuneo Nishioka and Takaji Shimizu Pan-American Jo Federation. Steven Bellamy – GB Menkyo SMR Student of Takaji Shimizu and Ichitaro Kuroda International Jodo Association. Hanshi 8th dan Musō Shinden-ryū Iaido. Karunakaran R. Chindan (1943–2016) – Malaysia Menkyo SMR Student of Takaji Shimizu and Donn F. Draeger ^a The names Shintō and Shindō, as used in Shintō Musō-ryū, are both equally correct. Different SMR-groups use the name Shintō or Shindō depending on their own tradition, no sort of consensus has been made as to which name should be used. ^b Competitions are held in Seitei Jodo only. Seitei Jodo holds competitions on which the performance of the uchidachi and shidachi are judged when performing kata. Shintō Musō-ryū holds no competitions of any sort.' ^c The name "Kasumi" Shintō-ryū is not the universal way of naming the 12 sword kata. The discovery of the name "Kasumi" was made from recent research into the history of Shintō Musō-ryū but is yet to be confirmed. The most common and older way of naming the 12 sword kata in SMR is "Shintō-ryu kenjutsu". ^d The number of headmasters is counted by combining all the known headmasters of all the branches of Shintō Musō-ryū Jōdō including the founder of Katori Shintō-ryū, the latter which the founder of SMR also held a Menkyo Kaiden, and Matsumoto Bizen-no-kami, the founder of the Kashima school that Musō Gonnosuke also trained in. SMR = Shintō Musō-ryū TSKR = Tenshin Shoden Katori Shintō-ryū Bujutsu/Budō – The "Way of War" or the "Way of the warrior". Both terms are used interchangeably to refer to both the warrior arts and their ideals. Daimyō – Samurai who were the feudal aristocratic landowner of feudal Japan. They employed other samurai as warriors and personal retainers in a vassal/lord relationship to both protect and expand the Daimyōs domains before and during the Sengoku Jidai period. The Daimyō title was abolished along with the Samurai and the feudal system in the Meiji restoration. Former Daimyō would instead become part of the new nobility of Japan. Iaido/Iaijutsu – Martial Art – The art of drawing the Japanese sword. Koryū – A modern (Western) term, Koryu is used to describe Japanese martial arts created before the 1876 banning of the samurai sword. Any art that was created post-1876, such as Judo, Karate, Aikido, Taidō, are considered to be Gendai budō. Karate, although preceding 1876, does not qualify as koryū due to the fact it did not evolve in Japan but on the Ryūkyū Islands (modern Okinawa Prefecture) which did not become a part of Japan until the 17th century. Samurai – The warrior elite of feudal Japan. The Samurai caste was abolished in the Meiji restoration's aftermath. Ashigaru – Originally the conscripted footsoldiers of Samurai-armies, after Tokugawa came into power they became professional soldiers and the lowest ranking samurai. Other martial arts schools from the Kuroda dominated Fukuoka Domain. Ise Jitoku Tenshin-ryū Jigo Tenshin-ryū Shiten-ryū (Hoshino-ha) Sosuishi ryu Takenouchi Santo-ryū Japanese Shindo Muso-ryu Jodo info site (in Japanese) Shindo Muso Ryu Jodo on the Net (in English) | noise |
The Exchange Coffee House (1809-1818) was a hotel, coffeehouse, and place of business in Boston, Massachusetts, in the early 19th century. Designed by architect Asher Benjamin, the Exchange Coffee House was located at Congress Square on Congress Street, and in its day it was the largest building in Boston and one of the tallest buildings in the northeastern United States. Andrew Dexter Jr. financed the project. Dexter resorted to financial fraud to see the construction to completion, and fled to Nova Scotia to escape prosecution and his creditors. The Exchange Coffee House stood seven stories high and contained a five-story atrium. There were more than 200 rooms, including sleeping chambers, the public parts of the hotel, and kitchen facilities. The completed building passed to a succession of owners, who attempted to run it profitably, including Gilbert & Dean. The Exchange Coffee House burned down in November 1818. Its owners and financial backers lost most of their investment, amounting to hundreds of thousands of dollars. 1809 - Fencing demonstration by Tromelle & Girard. 1810 June 26: Two notable Boston musicians of the time, François Mallet and Gottlieb Graupner, presented a concert at the Exchange Coffee House featuring “all the Musicians of the town.” December: Mr. Rannie, ventriloquist. 1815 - Exhibit of the "panorama of the Battle of Leipsic." 1817 - Sculpture exhibit assembled by "Petre Alessandri, sculptor, lately arrived from Italy." 1818 February 27: A group of the Boston Associates (including Patrick Tracy Jackson and Daniel Pinckney Parker) met at the Exchange Coffee House to discuss organizing the Suffolk Bank, a clearinghouse bank which had been granted its corporate charter by the 38th Massachusetts General Court on February 10. The bank's directors continued meeting periodically at the Coffee House until March 19, when they began renting offices on State Street. Berger, Molly W. (2011). Hotel Dreams: Luxury, Technology, and Urban Ambition in America, 1829−1929. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press. ISBN 978-0-8018-9987-4. Jane Kamensky (2008). The Exchange Artist: A Tale of High-Flying Speculation and America's First Banking Collapse. Viking. ISBN 978-0-670-01841-3. Sandoval-Strausz, A. K. (2007). Hotel: An American Story. New Haven: Johns Hopkins University Press. ISBN 978-0-300-14202-0. Williamson, Jefferson (1930). The American Hotel: An Anecdotal History. New York: Alfred A. Knopf. "Reading Room and Marine Diary in the Exchange Coffee House, 1810", Bostonian Society Publications, vol. 8, pp. 123–131, 1911, hdl:2027/uc1.$b631311 Harold Kirker (Summer 1961), "Boston Exchange Coffee House", Old-Time New England, vol. 52, no. 185, Society for the Preservation of New England Antiquities, archived from the original on February 3, 2014, retrieved January 28, 2014 Jack Quinan (1975), "Boston Exchange Coffee House", Journal of the Society of Architectural Historians, vol. 38, no. 3, pp. 256–262 | noise |
Yoyetta hunterorum is a species of cicada, also known as the Sydney treetop ticker, in the true cicada family, Cicadettinae subfamily and Cicadettini tribe. The species is endemic to Australia. It was described in 1988 by Australian entomologist Maxwell Sydney Moulds. The length of the forewing is 20–30 mm. The species occurs in south-eastern Australia, from the Gosford area of central New South Wales southwards to eastern Victoria. Associated habitats include coastal eucalypt forest and adjacent parkland. Adult males may be heard from October to February, clinging to the trunks and upper branches of eucalypts, emitting variable clicking calls. | noise |
The lowland tiny greenbul (Phyllastrephus debilis), is a species of songbird in the bulbul family, Pycnonotidae. It is found in eastern Africa. Its natural habitats are subtropical or tropical moist lowland forest and subtropical or tropical moist shrubland. The lowland tiny greenbul was originally described in the genus Xenocichla (a synonym for Bleda). Until 2009, the montane tiny greenbul was considered as conspecific with the lowland tiny greenbul as the tiny bulbul. Some authorities continue to consider the two species as conspecific. = Two subspecies are recognized: Rabai yellow-streaked bulbul (P. d. rabai) - Hartert & van Someren, 1921: Found in south-eastern Kenya and north-eastern Tanzania North Nyasa yellow-streaked bulbul (P. d. debilis) - (Sclater, WL, 1899): Also named the smaller yellow-streaked bulbul. Found in south-eastern Tanzania to eastern Zimbabwe and southern Mozambique Lowland tiny greenbul - Species text in The Atlas of Southern African Birds. | noise |
Polychrus marmoratus or many-colored bush anole is a species of bush anole. It is also commonly referred to as the monkey lizard due to its slow movement. The lizard has many predators, including spiders and primates. Polychrus marmoratus weighs 101.19 grams. The lizard is 30 to 50 centimeters long. It has a blunt snout with large and smooth scales on the dorsal surface of the head. The scales on the flank and skin are smaller. The lizard is commonly brown or olive-grey. Blue or black spots may be present on the head. The neck is bluish, while the ventral region is whitish. Five or six "V-shaped bands" are present on the back. The lizard hunts insects and spiders using an ambush method. It will also feed on flowers and seeds. The lizard inhabits semi-deciduous forests. The species is present in Guyana, Brazil, Peru, and Ecuador. The species has also been sighted in Trinidad and Tobago, Venezuela, and Florida. | noise |
Horizons West is a 1952 American Western film directed by Budd Boetticher and starring Robert Ryan, Julia Adams and Rock Hudson. After the Civil War, Brothers Dan and Neil Hammond return to Texas and to their parents' ranch. Neil is happy to simply help run the spread, but Dan's ambition is to build an empire, the way ruthless business tycoon Cord Hardin has. From the moment they meet, Hardin's wife Lorna has romantic designs on Dan. After a series of confrontations between the two men results in Hardin's death, the two become involved. Dan becomes a powerful figure, overseeing a vast enterprise that involves rustling horses and buying up land by taking advantage of lax laws. He corrupts many officials and makes many enemies. When the marshal of Austin is relieved of duty due to his association with Dan, Neil becomes the law and a violent showdown between the brothers is inevitable. Horizons West at IMDb Horizons West at the AFI Catalog of Feature Films Horizons West at the TCM Movie Database | noise |
Action Africa Help International (AAH-I) is a non-governmental organization. In 2017 at the Juba Film Festival, the short film 'Waja Ta Jena', (translated 'Pain of a Child'), produced by AAH-I and Levi Lubari, won Best Video Scriptwriter, Best Cameraman, Best Video/Film Director and Best Video Editor. Refugee Law Project Juba Film Festival | noise |
Endothyra is an extinct genus of fusulinid belonging to the family Endothyridae. Specimens of the genus have been found in Carboniferous beds in North America and many other locations in the world. It was a common and widespread rock-forming fusulinid. E. baileyi E. bowmani Phillips 1846 | noise |
Krzysztof Kwiatkowski (born 14 May 1971, in Zgierz) is a Polish lawyer, politician and government official who served as the Minister of Justice of Poland in Cabinet of Donald Tusk from 2009 until 2011, Public Prosecutor General from 2009 until 2010, and as President of the Supreme Audit Office (NIK) from 2013 until 2019. He was also a member of Senate (from Civic Platform) from 2007 until 2011. Krzysztof Kwiatkowski at the age of 17 joined the Federation of Fighting Youth. He began his studies at the Faculty of Law and Administration at the University of Łódź. His education was interrupted due to cancer. Kwiatkowski graduated with the Master of Law and Administration degree at Warsaw University. He had been actively participating at Independent Students’ Association as a member of the national board. From 1997 until 2001 he held the position of the personal secretary of the Prime Minister of Poland, Jerzy Buzek. From 2004 until 2013 he was a member of Civic Platform. Kwiatkowski was also a national board member of Polish Paralympic Committee. On 14 October 2009 he had been appointed by the president Lech Kaczyński for the position of the Minister of Justice and the Public Prosecutor General in the first Cabinet of Donald Tusk. On 11 April 2011 he became a member of Parliamentary Committee for the investigation of the Tu-154M crash in Smolensk after the Smolensk air disaster which occurred on 10 April 2010. During parliamentary elections in 2011 Kwiatkowski was a candidate of Civic Platform to Sejm. He gained the mandate after reaching 68 814 votes. On 26 July 2013 he was appointed by Sejm for the position of the President of the Supreme Audit Office. In the same month he resigned from his membership in Civic Platform. On 19 August 2019 he handed his resignation from the position due to the participation in parliamentary elections in the same year. Officially, his term of office ended on 30 August 2019. Personal page (in Polish) Parliamentary page (in Polish) | noise |
Winna Góra [ˈvinna ˈɡura] is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Słupia, within Skierniewice County, Łódź Voivodeship, in central Poland. It lies approximately 4 km (2 mi) west of Słupia, 19 km (12 mi) south-west of Skierniewice, and 33 km (21 mi) east of the regional capital Łódź. | noise |
Omar Esteban Ortega is an Argentine Olympic middle-distance runner. He represented his country in the men's 1500 meters at the 1984 Summer Olympics. His time was a DNF in the first heat. Outdoor 800 metres – 1:48.78 (Madrid 1983) 1500 metres – 3:40.8 (Stanford 1984) former NR One mile – 4:02.45 (Boise 1984) former NR 3000 metres – 8:04.60 (Lausanne 1983) former NR 5000 metres – 14:03.94 (Pullman 1984) 10,000 metres – 29:49.82 (Santiago 1983) 3000 metres steeplechase – 8:53.8 (Corvallis 1981) Indoor 1500 metres – 3:44.9 (oversized track, Moscow, USA 1984) 3000 metres – 8:05.0 (Pullman 1983) | noise |
Joseph Hodges Choate (January 24, 1832 – May 14, 1917) was an American lawyer and diplomat. He was chairman of the American delegation at the Second Hague Conference, and ambassador to the United Kingdom. Choate was associated with many of the most famous litigations in American legal history, including the Kansas prohibition cases, the Chinese exclusion cases, the Isaac H. Maynard election returns case, the Income Tax Suit, and the Samuel J. Tilden, Jane Stanford, and Alexander Turney Stewart will cases. In the public sphere, he was influential in the founding of the Metropolitan Museum of Art. Choate was born in Salem, Massachusetts, on January 24, 1832. He was the son of Margaret Manning (née Hodges) Choate and physician George Choate. Among his siblings were William Gardner Choate, a United States district judge of the United States District Court for the Southern District of New York, Dr. George Cheyne Shattuck Choate, and a sister, Caroline Choate (von Gersdorff). His father's first cousin (his first cousin once removed) was Rufus Choate, a U.S. Representative and U.S. Senator from Massachusetts. His paternal grandparents were George Choate and Susanna Choate, and his maternal grandparents were Gamaliel Hodges and Sarah (née Williams) Hodges. Choate graduated from Harvard College in 1852 and Harvard Law School in 1854. After graduation from law school, Choate was admitted first to the Massachusetts in 1855, followed by admission to the New York bar in 1856, after which he entered the law office of Scudder & Carter in New York City. His success in his profession was immediate, and in 1860 he became junior partner in the firm of Evarts, Southmayd & Choate, the senior partner in which was William M. Evarts. This firm and its successor, that of Evarts, Choate & Beaman, remained for many years among the leading law firms of New York and of the country, the activities of both being national rather than local. During these busy years, Choate was associated with many of the most famous legal cases in American legal history, including the Tilden, Alexander Turney Stewart, and Jane Stanford will cases, the Kansas prohibition cases, the Chinese exclusion cases (in which he argued against the law's validity), the Isaac H. Maynard election returns case, and the Income Tax Suit. In 1871, he became a member of the Committee of Seventy in New York City, which was instrumental in breaking up the Tweed Ring, and later assisted in the prosecution of the indicted officials. He served as president of the American Bar Association, the New York State Bar Association, and the New York City Bar Association. In the retrial of the General Fitz-John Porter case, he obtained a reversal of the decision of the original court-martial. His greatest reputation was won perhaps in cross-examination. In politics, he allied himself with the Republican Party on its organization, being a frequent speaker in presidential campaigns, beginning with that of 1856. He never held political office, although he was a candidate for the Republican U.S. senatorial nomination for New York against Senator Thomas C. Platt in 1897. During this time he was a "true believer" in the cause of Cuban independence, being heavily informed and swayed by Cuban exiles in New York City, including Tomás Estrada Palma. In 1894, he was president of the New York state constitutional convention. = He was appointed, by President McKinley, U.S. Ambassador to the United Kingdom to succeed John Hay in 1899, and remained in this position after Theodore Roosevelt's ascendancy to the presidency until the spring of 1905. In England, he won great personal popularity, and accomplished much in fostering the good relations of the two great English-speaking powers. He represented the president at the funeral of Queen Victoria. He was one of the representatives of the United States at the Second Hague Peace Conference in 1907. = Upon the outbreak of the World War I, he ardently supported the cause of the Allies. He severely criticized President Wilson's hesitation to recommend America's immediate cooperation, but shortly before his death retracted his criticism. He was chairman of the mayor's committee in New York for entertaining the British and French commissions in 1917. His death was hastened by the physical strain of his constant activities in this connection. On October 16, 1861, he married Caroline Dutcher Sterling Choate (1837–1929), who had been born in Salisbury, Connecticut. She was the daughter of Caroline Mary (née Dutcher) Sterling and Frederick Augustine Sterling and a distant relative of Frederick A. Sterling. Caroline was an artist and an advocate for women's education, helping to establish both Brearley School and Barnard College. Joseph and Caroline were the parents of five children, two of whom predeceased their parents: Ruluff Sterling Choate (September 24, 1864 – April 5, 1884) George Choate (born January 28, 1867 – 1937) Josephine Choate (January 9, 1869 – July 20, 1896) Mabel Choate (December 26, 1870 – 1958), who did not marry and became a gardener and philanthropist. Joseph Hodges Choate Jr. (February 2, 1876 – 1968), who married Cora Lyman Oliver, daughter of General Robert Shaw Oliver, in 1903. The family owned a large country house, known as Naumkeag, which was designed by Stanford White and is today open to the public as a nonprofit museum in Stockbridge, Massachusetts. Choate died on May 14, 1917, at his residence, 8 East 63rd Street in Manhattan. His funeral was held on May 17 at St. Bartholomew's Church in New York, where it was attended by the British Ambassador, Sir Cecil Spring-Rice, the French Minister of Education, M. Hovelacque, and the Assistant Secretary of State, William Phillips, among many others. He was buried in the Stockbridge Cemetery in Stockbridge, Massachusetts. Memorial services were held on May 22 in London, England, and on May 31 at Trinity Church on Wall Street. = Through his granddaughter, Helen Choate Platt (1906–1974), he is the great-grandfather of diplomat Nicholas Platt (b. 1936), the former U.S. Ambassador to Zambia, the Philippines, and Pakistan; and the great-great-grandfather of actor Oliver Platt (b. 1960). = He was awarded an honorary doctorate (LL.D.) by the University of Edinburgh in March 1900; another LL.D. from Yale University in October 1901, during celebrations for the bicentenary of the university; an honorary doctorate (D.C.L.) by the University of Oxford in June 1902; and an honorary degree by the University of St Andrews in October 1902. He was an elected member of both the American Academy of Arts and Sciences and the American Philosophical Society. Elihu Root, Theodore Roosevelt, and Francis Lynde Stetson delivered memorial addresses on January 19, 1918 before the Century Association, where Choate had been a member since 1858 and served as president 1911–1917. James Bryce and Charles W. Eliot sent letters and Arthur Balfour sent a cable message for the occasion. In 1919, two years after his death, members of the Harvard Club of New York City established the Joseph Hodges Choate Memorial Fellowship at Harvard University to commemorate his life and legacy. It is awarded each year to a student from the University of Cambridge on the recommendation of the Cambridge Vice-Chancellor for study in any Department of Harvard University. Choate, Joseph Hodges (1900). Abraham Lincoln. Address delivered before the Edinburgh Philosophical Institution. November 13th, 1900. London: Harrison & Sons. The Choate story book; with a biographical sketch of J. H. Choate. New York: Cameron. 1903. Choate, Joseph Hodges (1910). Abraham Lincoln and Other Addresses in England. New York: The Century Co. Choate, Joseph Hodges (1911). American addresses. New York: The Century Co. ISBN 9780836914009. {{cite book}}: ISBN / Date incompatibility (help) Choate, Joseph Hodges; Choate, Caroline Sterling (1917). The boyhood and youth of Joseph Hodges Choate. New York: Scribner Press. Choate, Joseph Hodges (1920). The life of Joseph Hodges Choate as gathered chiefly from his letters. New York: C. Scribner's sons. "Joseph Hodges Choate papers". Library of Congress. Joseph Hodges Choate at Find a Grave Homans, James E., ed. (1918). "Choate, Joseph Hodges" . The Cyclopædia of American Biography. New York: The Press Association Compilers, Inc. Works by or about Joseph Hodges Choate at Wikisource Media related to Joseph Hodges Choate at Wikimedia Commons | noise |
Blepharocerus ignitalis, the flame-bordered longhorn, is a species of snout moth in the genus Blepharocerus. It was described by George Hampson in 1906. It is found from Mexico to Bolivia, where it is known from montane woodland and cloudforest habitats. | noise |
The Semper Synagogue, also known as the Dresden Synagogue or Old Synagogue (German: Alte Synagoge), was a Jewish synagogue, located in Dresden, in the Saxony region of Germany. Designed by Gottfried Semper and built from 1838 to 1840 in the Romanesque Revival and Moorish Revival styles, the synagogue was destroyed by the Nazis on November 9, 1938, during Kristallnacht. The New Synagogue, inaugurated in 2001, was erected adjacent to the site of the former Semper Synagogue where a monument showing a six branch menorah stands in memory of the six million Jews who perished in the Holocaust. The synagogue was destroyed in 1938 on Kristallnacht. Nazis burned down the synagogue on the night of 9 November 1938. A few days after the burning, the ruins were carried away "professionally" and the bill to cover these costs was handed to the Jewish congregation. A film made by the "Technischen Hilfswerk" documented the efficient removal of the building. All that remained of the synagogue was the Semper-designed Star of David, which Alfred Neugebauer, a fireman, removed from the burning rooftop, hid and returned to the congregation in 1949. Semper was the first architect to borrow the Moorish iconography for a synagogue. His countless imitators and followers include Semper's student Otto Simonson, who would construct the magnificent Moorish Revival Leipzig synagogue in 1855, and Adolf Wolff, who built the Great Synagogue of Łódź and synagogues in Nürnberg, Stuttgart, Helbronn and Ulm. Many other architects of the late 19th century followed the style of this synagogue. = While the exterior was Romanesque Revival, its interior featured the richly ornamented style that was to become the hallmark of Moorish Revival architecture. The elaborate Arabic-style interior had a two-tiered balcony supported by columns copied from the Alhambra. The arches and balcony fronts were richly worked with intricate polychrome foliate and lattice designs in the Moorish style. According to Harry Frances Mallgrave, most of the ornaments "were painted on the plaster surfaces in imitation of more costly materials." Eternal light The interior design included furnishings - all designed by Semper, who considered each project as a Gesamtkunstwerk. For the synagogue he created a Ner Tamid - silver lamp of eternal light, placed before the Torah scrolls, which caught Richard Wagner and his wife Cosima's fancy. They gave a great deal of effort to procure a copy of this lamp. = The synagogue was situated along the old city ramparts, along the river, some five hundred meters from the new theatre (known as the Semperoper) that Gottfried Semper was constructing at the same time he built the synagogue. The building was purposely designed to be modest, as Chief Rabbi Dr Zacharias Frankel said at the opening ceremony: "we were not driven by the desire to brag with an opulent building; rather we wanted to find an appropriate place of worship, (...) where we show ourselves before God in devout communion." The synagogue was a plain cube structure, built in a Romanesque style with a humble vestibule and twin towers that marked the entrance to the building. History of the Jews in Germany List of Jewish architects List of synagogues in Germany (in German) "The Semper Synagogue". Cafe Schoschana. Archived from the original (Pictures) on July 8, 2011. Morrone, Fancis (December 15, 2006). "Moorish Influence At Home in the City". New York Sun. Archived from the original on May 25, 2018. | noise |
Joyeuxiella is a genus of flatworms belonging to the family Dipylidiidae. Species of the genus are found worldwide in warm regions. They parasitize cats, dogs, and wild carnivores, while coprophagous beetles, reptiles, and small mammals serve as intermediary hosts. Two hosts (Eurasian lynx) of endangered species were recently found in Iran and the flatworm genus Joyeuxiella was proved to be the reason for death. Unlike some other related species, their egg sacs contain only one egg. There are three accepted species of the genus: Joyeuxiella echinorhynchoides (Sonsino, 1884) Joyeuxiella pasqualei (Diamara, 1893) Joyeuxiella rossicum (Skrjabin, 1928) | noise |
Kappa Phi Gamma National Sorority, Inc. (ΚΦΓ), also referred to as KPhiG, is an American South Asian interest collegiate sorority. It was founded in 1998, at the University of Texas at Austin in Austin, Texas. The sorority is affiliated with the National APIDA Panhellenic Association. Kappa Phi Gamma was founded on November 8, 1998, at The University of Texas at Austin as the first South Asian sorority in the United States. Its founders were: As of 2024, it has chartered 20 chapters and charters and has initiated more than 850 members. It is a member of the National APIDA Panhellenic Association. Its national headquarters are located at 801 Creekline Way in McKinney, Texas. Kappa Phi Gamma's motto is a quote from Pamela Vaull Starr: "Reach high, for stars lie hidden in your soul. Dream deep, for every dream precedes the goal." Its principals or pillars are Character, Leadership, Scholarship, Sisterhood, Service, Culture, Womanhood, and Self. The colors of Kappa Phi Gamma are green, black, and white. Its symbol is the Royal Bengal Tiger. Its flower is the Fire and Ice rose. Its jewel is the emerald. Its nickname KPhiG. The sorority helps support campus celebrations of Diwali, an Indian New Year celebration. Kappa Phi Gamma's national philanthropy is cancer awareness and research. Each spring, Kappa Phi Gamma sorority chapters from around the nation plan C.A.R.E. Week, a cancer awareness fundraising event. C.A.R.E. stands for Cancer Awareness, a Real Effort. Kappa Phi Gamma has raised over $95,000 and has donated its services to over 40 charities, including the Bite Me Cancer Foundation, Bringing Hope Home, the Linda Creed Breast Cancer Foundation, MD Anderson Cancer Center, My Hope Chest, and Pink Door. It has a partnership with Sunshine Kids Foundation from 2023 to 2026. Annually, Kappa Phi Gamma presents The Emerald Endowment, an annual scholarship for a non-member female student who has demonstrated excellence in leadership, scholarship, and service. In the following list, active chapters are noted in bold and inactive chapters are noted in italics. The sorority refers to its colonies as charters. List of social fraternities and sororities List of Asian American fraternities and sororities Cultural interest fraternities and sororities | noise |
Dreaming of Joseph Lees is a 1999 British romantic drama film directed by Eric Styles and starring Rupert Graves, Samantha Morton and Nicholas Woodeson. It is an adaptation of a story written by Catherine Linstrum set in rural England in the late 1950s. The film was distributed by the Fox Entertainment Group. Samantha Morton's performance in the film won the Evening Standard Award British Film Award for Best Actress. Set in rural England in the 1950s Eva (Samantha Morton) fantasises about her handsome, worldly cousin Joseph Lees (Rupert Graves), with whom she fell in love as a girl. However, stuck in a closed community she becomes the object of someone else's fantasy, Harry (Lee Ross). When Harry learns that Eva is planning to leave the village in order to live with and look after the injured Lees, he devises a gruesome scheme in order to force her to stay and look after him. Rupert Graves as Joseph Lees Samantha Morton as Eva Nicholas Woodeson as Mr. Dian Lee Ross as Harry Felix Billson as Robert Lauren Richardson as Janie Frank Finlay as father Vernon Dobtcheff as Italian Doctor Miriam Margolyes as Signora Caldoni Holly Aird as Maria Freddy Douglas as Danny (as Freddie Douglas) Dreaming of Joseph Lees at IMDb | noise |
The 2020–21 season is Valencia Basket's 35th in existence and the club's 25th consecutive season in the top flight of Spanish basketball and the sixth season in the EuroLeague. It is the third consecutive season under head coach Jaume Ponsarnau. Times up to 24 October 2020 and from 28 March 2021 are CEST (UTC+2). Times from 25 October 2020 to 27 March 2021 are CET (UTC+1). = Although many of its players have been training in the city for days or even weeks, either individually or in small groups, August 19 marked the first time that Valencia Basket brought all of them together for the first collective practice of the 2020–21 season. That group of 14 players under the direction of head coach Jaume Ponsarnau included five newcomers: Martin Hermannsson, Klemen Prepelič, Nikola Kalinić, Derrick Williams and Jaime Pradilla. Valencia planned to continue working daily, with the exception of the Sunday, on its way to a first preseason game against Joventut on Friday, August 28. The fans in Spain's third-largest city were delighted, too, that the team's very first Turkish Airlines EuroLeague game was at home against LDLC ASVEL on October 1, the opening night of the season! = = = In Out = = = = League table Results summary Source: Competitive matches Results by round Matches ACB Playoffs Win Loss = Quarterfinals = = Semifinals = = League table Results summary Source: Competitive matches Results by round Matches = Quarterfinals Official website | noise |
Taxi Ramudu is a 1961 Indian Telugu-language drama film, produced by D. V. K. Raju, K. N. Raju, K. Ramachandra Raju and C. S. Raju under the Sri Ramakrishna Productions banner and directed by V. Madhusudhana Rao. It stars N. T. Rama Rao, Devika, Jaggayya and music composed by T. V. Raju. Ramu, a taxi driver, meets his boyhood mate Saroja after ages, and they crush. Ramayya Saroja’s father is an employee at Zamindar Janardhana Rao. Whereat, Saroja joins as steno, gazing at her integrity. Janardhana Rao desires to knit her with his debauch son Mohan to reform him. So, he steps with the proposal, which they deny. Meanwhile, Ramayya misplaces a huge office amount and attempts suicide as charged. Now, Saroja pleads with Janardhan Rao to pardon when he is constrained to splice Mohan, which corners her. Recognizing their plight, Ramu raised the funds, but it was too late. Soon after the nuptial, Mohan maltreated Saroja despite the birth of progeny. So, Janardhana Rao entrusts totality to the child and expires. Later, Mohan is remorseful after comprehending Saroja's virtue and regenerates when Saroja retrieves his property. Yet, vindictive Naagu, a former mate of Mohan, seeks to extort him, but he boots him. So, Naagu wiles to slay Mohan. Besides being desolate, Ramu becomes an alcoholic who also moves to wipe out Mohan but backs, considering Saroja. At that point, he detects Mohan's threat and loses his eyesight while guarding him. Forthwith, Ramu is admitted and operated on, and it takes a few weeks to recover. Mohan & Saroja accommodate and serve him. Parallelly, enraged Naagu slaughters Mohini Mohan's ex-paramour and incriminates him. Fortunately, before dying, Mohini drafts a letter that shows Mohan's innocence, which Saroja gains but is clutched by Naagu. Discerning it, Ramu forcibly removes the bandage and recoups his vision. At last, he secures Saroja and ceases Naagu but is gravely injured. Finally, he lands at the court and proves Mohan is non-guilty by sacrificing his life. N. T. Rama Rao as ramu Devika as Saroja Jaggayya as Mohan Rajanala as Nagu Relangi as Jambulingam Gummadi as Janardhan Rao Chadalavada as Mallaiah K.V.S.Sarma as Ramaiah Girija as Alivelu Rushyendramani as Saroja's mother Chaya Devi as Andallu Ragini as Mohini Music composed by T. V. Raju. Taxi Ramudu at IMDb Watch Online Movie at Movie Archive | noise |
Akatsi College of Education (French: Collège d'éducation Akatsi; Ewe: Akatsi Sukudede ƒe Kɔledzi; AKATSICO) is a teacher training college located at Akatsi in the Volta Region of Ghana. It was established on 1 October 1963. Its motto is "Quality teacher education in a changing society", and the college is home to more than 700 students. Akatsi College of Education was first established as Akatsi Training College on 1 October 1963. It was however officially opened on 25 October 1963 with 42 all male students and teaching staff of 4 including the principal. Akatsi College of Education (AKATSICO) is in the Volta Region of Ghana and is along the main Accra-Aflao road, about thirty kilometers east of the lower Volta Bridge at Sogakofe. The government of Ghana at the time had decided to open more teacher training colleges in order to train more teachers to augment the teacher population of the country. Some of these new colleges opened in the Volta Region at the time were at Dzodze, Ho, Anloga, Shia, Dabala and Akatsi. Akatsi Training College was to be established in the deserted corrugated ted iron sheets structures of Taylor Woodrow Construction Firm. Taylor Woodrow Construction Firm was the construction firm that constructed the Akatsi - Denu section of the Accra – Aflao road. They left behind a road camp with uncompleted buildings. Mr. Seth Kwabla Ahiable was appointed the first principal of the college. Other tutors were Mr. Cletus Avugla Akorli, senior housemaster; Mr.Michael Adodo Gaba; Mr. Leo Marues Adotey, and Mr. E.N Pomary. An effort by Mr. Ahiable to bring Mr. Rockman Damalie, who was then teaching at Kpando Secondary School could not work until the following year. However, he was with principal on the first day of opening and helped him with the initial effort to get the students settled. One Mrs. De Souza was employed as a cook and she cooked the first meal for the first batch of students who arrived on the first day. The initial intake of students numbered 42 were admitted from Accra, most of them were staff of the workers Brigade who opted to be trained as teachers. Hence, many of them were from outside the Volta Region. By 28 October, the students' population had risen to 56. The college became coeducational in the 1967/68 academic year when 24 female students were admitted. The college has remained coeducational to date. Two prominent people who fought for the establishment of the college were Mr. M.K Maglo, the then Member of Parliament for Avenor and Mr. John G. Bedzo, also the then District Commissioner for Avenor. Torgbui Letsa Korba released a parcel of land for the establishment of the college. The initial challenges the college faced were the non-availability of water and electricity. Students had to trek to dams outside the town to bring unwholesome water to the college for use. Staff therefore decided to harvest rain water. Taylor Woodrow had left strong concrete platforms which strengthened the base of water tanks constructed. The college also relied on water tankers for water. Akatsi College of Education has run various programmes at various stages of her growth. It started with the Certificate "A" (4-year) Post Middle Programme. The first batch of students completed in 1967. This programme remained until 1974, when the first 2-year Agriculture Specialist Course was rolled out to run simultaneously with the 4-year certificate "A" course. The Specialist Programme was discontinued in 1975 to give way to the 3-year Post Secondary Programme, The first batch of students was admitted in October 1975. In December 1974, Mr. J.B Yegbe who had been acting principal left the college for another assignment. Mr. Nathaniel T. Nortey took over the administration of the college. Mr. N.T Nortey in his time fought for a lot of infrastructural development for the college. During his tenure of office, he was able to facilitate four staff bungalows, the round hall and the commencement of the Letsa Korba Hall. The 4-year Programme was suspended in 1978 when the last batch of its students passed out. In October 1981, the 4-year course was re-introduced as Modular Programme consisting of 2 years of sandwich vacation courses and 2 years of regular college tuition for an "A"- 4 year certificate. Eventually, all programmes except the 3-year Post Secondary Programme were terminated. The college is one out of ten which offers Technical and Science courses to train teachers especially for Junior High Schools in the country. In 2006, the Post Secondary Programme was phased out. The college started the 3-year Diploma in Basic Education. The college participated in the DFID-funded T-TEL programme. List of colleges of education in Ghana | noise |
Denis Johansson (8 April 1928 – 17 January 1991) was a Finnish middle-distance runner. He competed in the 1500 metres at the 1948 Summer Olympics and the 1952 Summer Olympics. | noise |
Jay Russell (born January 10, 1960, in North Little Rock, Arkansas), is an American film director, writer and producer. He graduated from Columbia University in 1985 with a MFA in screenwriting and directing, having studied with producer Michael Hausman and director Miloš Forman. He wrote the screenplay and served as director for his debut film, End of the Line (1987), which was a Sundance Institute project and was released by Orion Classics. In 1996 he directed two episodes of the PBS documentary mini-series Great Drives; notably interviewing Willie Morris for the episode "Highway 61: Memphis to New Orleans". Russell returned to feature film directing with the Warner Bros. family film My Dog Skip (2000). He next directed the Disney film, Tuck Everlasting (2002) and Ladder 49 (2004). He directed The Water Horse (2007) for Columbia Pictures. For the Hallmark Channel he directed the original film One Christmas Eve (2014). Russell served as a producer on Whole Lotta Sole (2011) and the 2015 stage adaptation of the Cornell Woolrich thriller Rear Window, starring his End of the Line and My Dog Skip (2000) collaborator Kevin Bacon. End of the Line (1987) Great Drives Highway 61 (1996) Highway 93 (1996) My Dog Skip (2000) Tuck Everlasting (2002) Ladder 49 (2004) The Water Horse: Legend of the Deep (2007) One Christmas Eve (2014) Jay Russell at IMDb Hollywood.com | noise |
Zachary Zorn (born March 10, 1947) is an American former competition swimmer for the University of California Los Angeles and a 1968 Olympic gold medalist in the 4x100-meter freestyle relay. An exceptional freestyle sprinter, he was a member of three world record setting 4x100-meter freestyle relay teams. Zorn was born March 10, 1947 in Dayton, Ohio. He swam for California's Buena Park High School, where as a Senior at the trials of the California Interscholastic Federation Swimming and Diving Finals in May 1965, he broke the National Interscholastic records for both the 50-yard freestyle with a time of 21.5 seconds and the 100-yard freestyle with a time of 48.3 seconds, .4 seconds faster than the standing record. As a high performing swimmer for Buena Park, Zorn signed to swim for the University of California Los Angeles in May 1965. In 1968, he won the 100-meter freestyle NCAA title competing for University of California, Los Angeles under exceptional Coach Bob Horn. At the Santa Clara Invitational, an International Meet in July 1968, he won the 100-meter event in 53.8, beating out Yale swimmer and 1964 Gold medalist Don Schollander. = He trained for the Olympics with the Phillips 66 team in Long Beach California under Hall of Fame Coach Don Gambril, who would also coach him at the 1968 Olympics, with Olympic Head Coach George Haines. In one of his most publicized swims, Zorn set a world record in the 100 m freestyle of 52.6 at the 1968 Olympic Trials in Los Angeles. At the 1968 Olympics in Mexico City, he earned a gold medal in the 4×100-meter freestyle relay. Though he progressed well in the preliminary rounds of the 100-meter freestyle, due to poor pacing placed eighth in the individual 100-meter freestyle finals. As he had previously set the individual world record in the 100-meter event at the Olympic trials, his last place finish was a disappointment and Australian teenager Michael Wenden's gold medal in the even was considered unexpected. Several American athletes performed poorly in Mexico City due to the high altitude. Zorn won a silver medal in the 100-meter freestyle event swimming at the 1967 Pan American Games in Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada, where the United States team heavily dominated the medal count. Winnipeg's Pan Am Pool, now a public facility, was built specifically for the 1967 Pan Am Games. = Besides swimming with the World record breaking 4x100-meter freestyle relay team at the Olympic trials with Steve Rerych, Ken Walsh, and Don Schollander, he was a member of two other World record breaking 4x100 meter teams. His first was at the 1967 Summer Universiade where he swam with Ken Walsh, Don Havens and Greg Charlton. His gold medal 4x100 meter freestyle relay team at the 1968 Mexico City Olympics also broke a world record. = In 1965, he was made the Buena Park High School athlete of the year for 1964-65. List of Olympic medalists in swimming (men) List of University of California, Los Angeles people World record progression 100 metres freestyle World record progression 4 × 100 metres freestyle relay | noise |
Zhong'anlun Monument (Chinese: 中安轮遇难烈士纪念馆) is a memorial monument dedicated to the victims of the Yangtze ferry disaster that occurred in October 1945, during the Chinese Civil War. Opened in October 1987, it is located in the Taixing Park on the north side of Taixing City in Taizhou, Jiangsu province. On 15 October 1945, about one thousand people boarded the ferry Zhong'anlun (中安轮) for a crossing of the Yangtze River from Wujin County to Taixing City, on orders that came from the Communist Party. The ferry sank about 2 km south of Taixing, resulting in the deaths of 800 people. Four decades later, the Jiangsu provincial government built a monument to commemorate the victims of the disaster. On 15 October 1987, the day of the 42nd anniversary of the ferry sinking, the Zhong'anlun Memorial was officially opened to the public. The environment of the memorial hall is beautiful and solemn with many hemlocks and other plants. The first scene in the memorial is a horizontal monument 6.4 m wide; the front of the monument carries a vigorous and forceful inscription of eight Chinese characters: 烈士英灵,永镇江海("The heroic spirit of the martyrs will abide forever, as long as the river [flows into] the sea"), by General Ye Fei. On the back of the monument is an inscriptions in honor of those martyrs. Another monument at the site is a magnificent stone stele, 18.8 m high, with the inscription "Monument to the martyrs of the New Fourth Army's Jiangsu-Zhejiang Military Region who perished while crossing the river during their retreat to the north" (新四军苏浙军区北撤渡江死难烈士碑)", also written by Ye Fei. The base of monument resembles a sinking boat, to make a metaphor of the cause of martyrs' death. The side of the monument looks like a leaping spray, symbolizing the revolutionary spirit of the martyrs that can be eternal as long as the Yangtze River, from generation to generation. The exhibition room is the most important part of the memorial, and it is divided into three parts. They are "Suzhe Military Region, great achievements", "the great fame of martyrs, and the hopeful future of generation" and "inherit tradition, carry forward". There are many historical photos and biographies of martyrs are displayed here, including 63 photos, five charts and four entities. Their heroic deeds are admired by many tourists every year, especially in the Tomb Sweeping Day. Those materials are divided into two parts according to Military Regions, Jiangsu province and Zhejiang province. The graveyard is located out of the showroom, and there are 800 martyrs buried in the cemetery. It looks like a round bed, and it covers an area of 98 square meters with 2.5 meters' diameter. The graveyard is surrounded by many hemlocks, which makes the phenomenon very solemn. [1] Archived 2012-05-03 at the Wayback Machine 中安轮遇难烈士纪念馆_旅游频道_新浪网 欢迎进入泰兴住房和城乡建设信息网 泰州旅游 | noise |
This article shows the rosters of all participating teams at the 5x5 men's basketball tournament at the 2024 Summer Olympics in Paris, France. = A 22-player roster was announced on 10 April 2024. It was cut to 17 players on 16 May. The final squad was finalized on 5 July. = A 20-player roster was announced on June 19, 2024. Andrew Wiggins and Zach Edey withdrew on June 29 and 30 respectively. Oshae Brissett and Kyle Alexander were released on July 3, 2024. Trae Bell-Haynes left the team on July 6, 2024. The final roster was announced on July 10, 2024 after the release of Thomas Scrubb, Phil Scrubb and Mfiondu Kabengele. = The roster was announced on 23 July 2024. = The roster was announced on 9 July 2024. = A 14-player roster was announced on 11 July 2024. Alexey Borges and Elinho Corazza were released and the final roster was announced on 23 July 2024. = A 19-player roster was announced on 16 May 2024. The final squad was announced on 7 July 2024. = A 16-player roster was announced on 4 June 2024. The final squad was revealed on 12 July 2024. = A 16-player roster was announced on 26 June 2024. The final squad was announced on 8 July 2024. = The roster was announced on 7 July 2024. = A 16-player roster was announced on 11 June 2024. Due to unavailability, Vladimir Lučić was replaced by Aleksa Radanov on 24 June 2024. The final squad was announced on 23 July 2024. = A 50-player roster was announced on 30 April 2024. It was cut to 25 players on 3 June 2024. The roster was announced on 24 July 2024. = The roster was announced on 17 April 2024. On July 10, 2024, Kawhi Leonard withdrew from the team due to injury and was replaced by Derrick White. Official website | noise |
Rage of Honor is a 1987 American martial arts film directed by Gordon Hessler and starring Sho Kosugi. Sho Kosugi – Shiro Tanaka Lewis Van Bergen – Havlock Robin Evans – Jennifer Lane Richard Wiley – Ray Jones Ulises Dumont – Harry Gerry Gibson – Dick Coleman Martín Coria – Jorge Ned Kovas – Havlock's guard Lilian Rinar – Havlock's girlfriend Hugo Halbrich – Pilot / Killer Masafumi Sakanashi – Prison ninja Kiyatsu Shimoyama – Prison ninja Alejo Apsega – Killer in hotel Ezequiel Ezquenazi – Killer in hotel Principal photography on the film took place at Phoenix, Arizona and Argentina beginning in December 1985 until production was shut down for unknown reasons before resuming in February 1986. Rage of Honor at IMDb Rage of Honor at Rotten Tomatoes Rage of Honor at the TCM Movie Database | noise |
The 2nd constituency of Territoire-de-Belfort is a French legislative constituency in the Territoire-de-Belfort département. The 2nd constituency of Territoire-de-Belfort includes most of Belfort itself as well as the territory in the north west of the department. The constituency is notable for being the home seat of former Interior Minister Jean-Pierre Chevènement, who left the Socialist Party to found the Citizens' Movement in 1993. = = * Vallverdu ran as a dissident LR candidate, without the support of the party or the UDC alliance. = = = = = Official results of French elections from 2002: "Résultats électoraux officiels en France" (in French). | noise |
Peter Forbes Ricketts, Baron Ricketts, (born 30 September 1952) is a retired British senior diplomat and a life peer. He has sat as a crossbencher in the House of Lords since 2016. Ricketts served as chair of the Joint Intelligence Committee (JIC) under Prime Minister Tony Blair. He was the UK government's first national security adviser from 2010 from 2012, serving under Prime Minister David Cameron. Ricketts attended Bishop Vesey's Grammar School, Sutton Coldfield, and Pembroke College, Oxford, where he read English Literature. He married Suzanne Horlington; they have two adult children. Ricketts began his career in the Foreign and Commonwealth Office in 1974 and served as the Assistant Private Secretary to former Foreign Secretary Geoffrey Howe. He later served as the Permanent Representative to NATO in Brussels. Apart from Brussels, he has been posted to Singapore, Washington DC and Paris. He served under Prime Minister Tony Blair as Chairman of the Joint Intelligence Committee, leading him to give evidence to The Iraq Inquiry ("The Chilcot Report") in November 2009. From 2006 to 2010, Ricketts served under Blair and Prime Minister Gordon Brown as the Permanent Secretary for the Foreign and Commonwealth Office. He served under Prime Minister David Cameron as the UK National Security Adviser from 2010 to 2012. He replaced Peter Westmacott as HM Ambassador to France effective January 2012, with Kim Darroch taking Ricketts's old role as National Security Adviser. In January 2016, he stepped down as the UK Ambassador to France and retired from the Diplomatic Service. He was nominated for a life peerage in the 2016 Prime Minister's Resignation Honours and was created Baron Ricketts, of Shortlands in the County of Kent, on 17 October. He now sits as a crossbencher. Between 2016 and January 2022 he was a Strategic Adviser to Lockheed Martin UK. In October 2020 a cross-party group of MPs and peers, backed by Lord Ricketts, planned to take legal action against Prime Minister Boris Johnson over his government's refusal to order an inquiry into Russian interference in UK elections. The move followed the publication in July 2020 of the Russia report by parliament's intelligence and security committee (ISC), which found that the government and its intelligence services had failed to investigate Kremlin meddling in the 2016 EU referendum vote. The high court claim named Prime Minister Johnson as defendant. In April 2022, Ricketts called Marine Le Pen's proposal for a Franco-British defence cooperation treaty "ignorant and dangerous." He was appointed CMG in the 1999 Birthday Honours, Knight Commander of the Order of St Michael and St George (KCMG) in 2003, Knight Grand Cross of the Order of St Michael and St George (GCMG) in the 2011 New Year Honours, and Knight Grand Cross of the Royal Victorian Order (GCVO) in 2014. Politics of the United Kingdom Media related to Peter Ricketts at Wikimedia Commons | noise |
Lauria fanalensis is a species of land snail in the family Lauriidae. It is native to Madeira and the Canary Islands (El Hierro, La Palma, La Gomera and Tenerife). This snail occurs in laurisilva habitat, where it lives in moss and lichen on the trunks of laurel trees. There are no immediate threats to the species though there is an extinction threat since 2011. | noise |
The 2007 World Sambo Championships was held in Prague, Czech Republic from 7 to 11 November 2007. This tournament hosted competition in Combat Sambo, and Sport Sambo events. Combat Sambo: 52 kg, 57 kg, 62 kg, 68 kg, 74 kg, 82 kg, 90 kg, 100 kg, +100 kg Men's: 52 kg, 57 kg, 62 kg, 68 kg, 74 kg, 82 kg, 90 kg, 100 kg, +100 kg Women's: 48 kg, 52 kg, 56 kg, 60 kg, 64 kg, 72 kg, 80 kg, +80 kg = = = = [1] Archived 27 May 2010 at the Wayback Machine [2] | noise |
Eoophyla cocos is a moth in the family Crambidae. It was described by Wolfram Mey in 2009. It is found in the Malaysian province of Sabah, on the island of Borneo. | noise |
Pyramidia (singular: pyramidion) are the capstones of ancient Egyptian pyramids. Tips of obelisks, also called pyramidia, were not separate stones and are not included in this list. Benben Arnold, Dieter (1992). The Pyramid Complex of Senwosret I. De Meulenaere, H. (1968). "Pyramidions d´Abydos". Jaarbericht Ex Oriente Lux (in French). 20: 1–20. Erman (1899). Ausführliches Verzeichnis der aegyptischen Altertümer und Gipsabgüsse (in German). Berlin, W. Spemann. Jánosi, Peter (1992). "Das Pyramidion der Pyramide G III-a. Bemerkungen zu den Pyramidenspitzen des Alten Reiches". Studia Aegyptiaca (in German). 14: 301–308. Jéquier, Gustave (1933). Deux pyramides du moyen empire (in French). Lehner, Mark (1997). The Complete Pyramids. London: Thames and Hudson. ISBN 0-500-05084-8.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: publisher location (link) Malek, Jaromir (1990). "New-Kingdom Pyramidia". The Journal of Egyptian Archaeology. 76: 180–184. doi:10.2307/3822024. JSTOR 3822024. Malek, Jaromir (2011). "Cairo, Egyptian Museum" (PDF). Mariette, Auguste (1880). "Pyramides". Catalogue général des monuments d'Abydos découverts pendant les fouilles de cette ville (in French). pp. 558–562. Myśliwiec, Karol (1978). "Zwei pyramidia der XIX. Dynastie aus Memphis". Studien zur Altägyptischen Kultur (in German). 6: 139–155. JSTOR 25150031. Polz, Daniel (2010). "New Archaeological Data From Dra Abu El-Naga and Their Historical Implications" (PDF). The Second Intermediate Period. pp. 343–353. Rammant-Peeters, Agnès (1983). Les pyramidions égyptiens du Nouvel Empire (in French). Peeters Publishers. ISBN 9789070192082. Schiaparelli, Ernesto (1887). Antichità egizie (in Italian). pp. 420–424. Steindorff, Georg (1937). Aniba (in German). Vol. 2. Augustin. | noise |
Ray Charles Leonard (born May 17, 1956), best known as Sugar Ray Leonard, is an American former professional boxer. Often regarded as one of the greatest boxers of all time, he competed professionally between 1977 and 1997, winning world titles in five weight classes; the lineal championship in three weight classes; as well as the undisputed welterweight championship. Leonard was part of the "Four Kings", a group of boxers who all fought each other throughout the 1980s, consisting of Leonard, Roberto Durán, Thomas Hearns, and Marvin Hagler. Leonard was the only one of them to beat the other three. As an amateur, Leonard won a light welterweight gold medal at the 1976 Summer Olympics. The "Four Kings" created a wave of popularity in the lower weight classes that kept boxing relevant in the post-Muhammad Ali era, during which Leonard defeated future fellow International Boxing Hall of Fame inductees Hearns, Durán, Hagler, and Wilfred Benítez. Leonard was also the first boxer to earn more than $100 million in purses, and was named "Boxer of the Decade" in the 1980s. The Ring magazine named him Fighter of the Year in 1979 and 1981, while the Boxing Writers Association of America named him Fighter of the Year in 1976, 1979, and 1981. In 2002, Leonard was voted by The Ring as the ninth greatest fighter of the last 80 years. In 2016, he was voted by The Ring to be the greatest living fighter. BoxRec ranks him as the 14th greatest boxer of all time, pound for pound. Outside his professional boxing career, Leonard has worked as a boxing analyst and actor, appearing in numerous television shows and films, including Half & Half, L.A. Heat, Married... with Children, Renegade, Tales from the Crypt, I Spy (2002), and The Fighter (2010). Leonard, the fifth of seven children of Cicero and Getha Leonard, was born in Wilmington, North Carolina. He was named after Ray Charles, his mother's favorite singer. The family moved to Washington, D.C., when he was three, and they settled permanently in Palmer Park, Maryland when he was ten. His father worked as a supermarket night manager and his mother was a nurse. He attended Parkdale High School. Leonard was a shy child, and aside from the time he nearly drowned in a creek during a flood in Seat Pleasant, Maryland, his childhood was uneventful. He stayed home a lot, reading comic books and playing with his dog. His mother said: "He never did talk too much. We never could tell what he was thinking. But I never had any problems with him. I never had to go to school once because of him." Leonard started boxing at the Palmer Park Recreation Center in 1969. His older brother, Roger, started boxing first. Roger helped start the boxing program, urging the center's director, Ollie Dunlap, to form a team. Dave Jacobs, a former boxer, and Janks Morton volunteered as boxing coaches. Roger won some trophies and showed them off in front of Ray, goading him to start boxing. In 1972, Leonard boxed in the featherweight quarterfinals of the National AAU Tournament, losing by decision to Jerome Artis. It was his first defeat. Later that year, he boxed in the Eastern Olympic Trials. The rules stated that a boxer had to be seventeen to box in international competition, so Leonard, only sixteen, lied about his age. He made it to the lightweight semifinals, losing a disputed decision to Greg Whaley, who took such a beating that he wasn't allowed to continue in the trials and never boxed again. Sarge Johnson, assistant coach of the US Olympic Boxing Team, said to Dave Jacobs, "That kid you got is sweet as sugar". The nickname stuck. However, given his style and first name, it was probably only a matter of time before people started calling him Sugar Ray, after the man many consider to be the greatest boxer of all time, Sugar Ray Robinson. In 1973, Leonard won the National Golden Gloves Lightweight Championship but lost to Randy Shields in the lightweight final of the US National Championships. The following year, Leonard won the National Golden Gloves and US National Championships at light welterweight. Leonard suffered his last two losses as an amateur in 1974. He lost a disputed decision to Anatoli Kamnev in Moscow, after which, Kamnev gave the winner's trophy to Leonard. In Poland, local fighter Jan Kwacz was given a disqualification victory over Leonard after being knocked down three times in the first round but the referee ruled that Leonard had punched after the bell. In 1975, Leonard again won the US National Championships at light welterweight, as well as the Light Welterweight Championship at the Pan American Games. In 1976, Leonard made the U.S. Olympic Team as the light welterweight representative. The team also included Leon and Michael Spinks, Howard Davis Jr., Leo Randolph, Charles Mooney, and John Tate. Many consider the 1976 U.S. team to be the greatest boxing team in the history of the Olympics. Leonard won his first four Olympic bouts by 5–0 decisions. In the semifinals, he faced Kazimierz Szczerba and won a 5–0 decision. In the final, Leonard boxed the great Cuban knockout artist Andrés Aldama, who scored five straight knockouts to reach the final and would go on to win the gold medal at the 1980 Summer Olympics. Leonard landed several good left hooks in the first round. In the second, he dropped Aldama with a left to the chin. Late in the final round, he again hurt Aldama, which brought a standing eight count from the referee. With only a few seconds left in the fight, a Leonard combination forced another standing eight count. Leonard was awarded a 5–0 decision and the Olympic gold medal. Afterward, Leonard announced, "I'm finished...I've fought my last fight. My journey has ended, my dream is fulfilled. Now I want to go to school." He was given a scholarship to the University of Maryland, a gift from the citizens of Glenarden, Maryland. He planned to study business administration and communications. He finished his amateur career with a record of 165–5 and 75 KOs. = 1973 National Golden Gloves Lightweight Champion, defeating Hilmer Kenty 1973 National AAU Light Welterweight Championship runner-up, losing to Randy Shields 1974 National Golden Gloves Light Welterweight Champion, defeating Jeff Lemeir 1974 National AAU Light Welterweight Champion, defeating Paul Sherry 1974 North American Championships Gold Medalist, defeating Robert Proulx 1975 National AAU Light Welterweight Champion, defeating Milton Seward 1975 North American Championships Gold Medalist, defeating Michel Briere 1975 Pan American Games Light Welterweight Gold Medalist, defeating Victor Corona from Cuba 1976 Olympic Light Welterweight Gold Medalist, defeating Andrés Aldama, also from Cuba. Olympic results 1/32: Defeated Ulf Carlsson (Sweden) by unanimous decision, 5–0 1/16: Defeated Valery Limasov (Soviet Union) by unanimous decision, 5–0 1/8: Defeated Clinton McKenzie (Great Britain) by unanimous decision, 5–0 1/4: Defeated Ulrich Beyer (East Germany) by unanimous decision, 5–0 1/2: Defeated Kazimierz Szczerba (Poland) by unanimous decision, 5–0 Finals: Defeated Andrés Aldama by unanimous decision, 5–0 Juanita Wilkinson, Leonard's high school girlfriend, told him she was pregnant in the summer of 1973. They decided to have the baby but marriage would be put off until after the Olympics in 1976. Leonard would continue to pursue his Olympic dream while she and the baby, Ray Charles Leonard Jr., lived with her parents. When Leonard boxed in the Olympics, he had a picture of Wilkinson taped to his sock. Shortly before the Olympics, Wilkinson had filed an application to receive $156 a month in child support payments from Prince George's County, Maryland. She named Leonard as the father and the county's state attorney's office filed a civil suit against Leonard to establish paternity and get support payments for the child. Leonard learned of the suit several days after returning home from the Olympics. The headline in the Washington Star read, "Sugar Ray Leonard Named in Welfare Dept. Paternity Suit". Wilkinson went to the Olympics to watch Leonard box, but she did not tell him about the suit and never asked him for any money. "I didn't feel like being bothered by all those complications by asking him for any money for support", she said. Leonard pledged he would support his son, even if he had to scrap plans to attend college. Leonard had hoped to get lucrative endorsements following his gold medal win, but the negative publicity from the paternity suit chased off any big commercial possibilities. To make matters worse, his father was hospitalized with meningitis and his mother had a heart attack. With neither parent able to work, with his child and the mother of his child to support, and without any endorsement opportunities, Leonard decided to become a professional boxer. = When Leonard decided to turn professional, Janks Morton introduced him to Mike Trainer, a friend of his who was an attorney. Trainer talked 24 of his friends and clients into underwriting Leonard's career with an investment of $21,000 to be repaid within four years at 8% interest. Trainer then made Leonard the sole stockholder in Sugar Ray Leonard, Inc. Angelo Dundee, Muhammad Ali's trainer, was brought in to be Leonard's trainer and manager. Many of the people being considered wanted absolute control and a cut somewhere near the manager's traditional 33%. Dundee had a different proposition. Although he would prescribe the training procedures, he would leave the day-to-day work to Dave Jacobs and Janks Morton. He would also choose Leonard's opponents. For his services, Dundee would get 15% of Leonard's purse. Leonard made his professional debut on February 5, 1977, before a crowd of 10,270 at the Civic Center in Baltimore. He was paid $40,044 for the fight. His opponent was Luis "The Bull" Vega, whom he defeated by a six-round unanimous decision. After the fight, Leonard paid back his $21,000 loan to the investors. In his fourteenth professional fight, Leonard fought his first world-ranked opponent, Floyd Mayweather, who was ranked seventeenth. The fight took place on September 11, 1978. Leonard won by a tenth-round knockout. A month later, Leonard defeated his old amateur nemesis Randy Shields by a ten-round unanimous decision. On August 12, 1979, Leonard knocked out Pete Ranzany in four rounds to win the NABF Welterweight Championship. The following month, he made his first title defense against Andy Price. Price, an up-and-coming contender who was sponsored by Marvin Gaye, had a reputation for prolonged bouts in earlier fights and was believed by sports reporters to defeat or give a long fight to Leonard. Although Price landed multiple good blows, Leonard knocked him out in the first round, advancing his record to 25–0 with 16 knockouts. = Leonard vs. Benitez Leonard fought Wilfred Benítez for the WBC Welterweight Championship on November 30, 1979, at Caesars Palace in Las Vegas, Nevada. There was a capacity crowd of about 4,600. Leonard received $1 million and Benitez, a two-division champion with a record of 38–0–1, received $1.2 million. It was a highly competitive and tactical battle. In the first round, Leonard rocked Benitez with a left hook that came off a jab and right cross. Late in the third, Leonard dropped Benitez on the seat of his pants with a stiff left jab. More embarrassed than hurt, Benitez got up quickly. Benitez started improving in the fourth, slipping numerous punches and finding the range with his right hand. "I wasn't aware I was in a championship early because I hit him so easy," Leonard said. "But then he adjusted to my style. It was like looking in a mirror." In the sixth, there was an accidental clash of heads, which opened a cut on the forehead of Benitez. Blood flowed down his forehead and the bridge of his nose but stayed out of his eyes. Leonard landed the harder punches and had Benitez hurt several times late in the fight, but Leonard couldn't put him away. Benitez was very slick. "No one, I mean no one, can make me miss punches like that," Leonard said. Going into the final round, Leonard led by scores of 137–130, 137–133, and 136–134. The two went toe-to-toe in the fifteenth. Late in the round, Leonard dropped Benitez with a left. He got up, but after a few more punches, the referee stopped the fight. The time was 2:54 of round fifteen. The Boxing Writers Association of America and The Ring named Leonard "Fighter of the Year" for 1979. Leonard vs. Green Leonard made his first title defense in Landover, Maryland, on March 31, 1980. His opponent was Dave "Boy" Green. The British challenger had a record of 33–2. In the fourth round, Leonard knocked Green out with a devastating left hook. Leonard called it "the hardest single punch I ever threw." = On June 20, 1980, Leonard returned to the Olympic Stadium in Montreal to defend his title against Roberto Durán before a crowd of 46,317. Durán, the former Undisputed World Lightweight Champion for 6+1⁄2 years, had a record of 71–1 and was the #1 welterweight contender and considered the best "Pound for Pound" fighter in the world. Durán received $1.5 million and Leonard, working for a percentage of the closed-circuit gate as well as a guarantee, received over $9 million. Durán forced the issue and took the fight to Leonard, cutting off the ring and denying Leonard space to fight his fight. Durán attacked at almost every turn. Leonard battled back again and again, but he had to work just to find room to breathe and swing, at times simply to survive. In the second, Durán rocked Leonard with a left hook, sending him into the ropes. Leonard started to do better by the fifth round, finding some punching room and throwing numerous multi-punch combinations. The two fought with great intensity throughout the fight. According to Bill Nack: It was, from almost the opening salvo, a fight that belonged to Durán. The Panamanian seized the evening and gave it what shape and momentum it had. He took control, attacking and driving Leonard against the ropes, bulling him back, hitting him with lefts and rights to the body as he maneuvered the champion against the ropes from corner to corner. Always moving forward, he mauled and wrestled Leonard, scoring inside with hooks and rights. For three rounds Durán drove at Sugar Ray with a fury, and there were moments when it seemed the fight could not last five. Unable to get away, unable to counter and unable to slide away to open up the ring, Leonard seemed almost helpless under the assault. Now and then he got loose and countered—left-right-left to Durán's bobbing head—but he missed punches and could not work inside, could not jab, could not mount an offense to keep Durán at bay. Durán was awarded a unanimous decision, although it was mistakenly read as a majority decision in the ring. The scorecard of judge Angelo Poletti was incorrectly added and announced as 147–147. He actually scored it 148–147. In rounds, he had it three for Durán, two for Leonard, and ten even. Sports Illustrated called his scorecard "a monument to indecision." Judges Raymond Baldeyrou and Harry Gibbs scored the fight 146–144 and 145–144, respectively. Associated Press had it 144–141 for Durán, while The New York Times had Leonard ahead 144–142. "I did the best I could," Leonard said. "I think I pretty much fought from the heart." Asked if Leonard was the best he ever fought, Durán thought for a moment and then answered, "Si, si." Durán said. "He does have a heart. That's why he's living." = The rematch billed as "Stone vs. Sugar... Once Again", took place November 25, 1980, at the Louisiana Superdome in New Orleans in front of 25,038 fans. Leonard received $7 million and Durán received $8 million. Dave Jacobs disagreed with the decision to have an immediate rematch with Durán and terminated his relationship with Leonard when the rematch was made. "My idea is that he should have a tune-up fight before he fights with Roberto again," Jacobs said. "I think he won the fight with Durán, but I don't think it is healthy for him to be fighting Durán right away." After the Montreal fight Durán went on a partying binge and ballooned in weight. Leonard was aware of this, and in an interview for Beyond the Glory he said: "My intention was to fight Durán ASAP because I knew Durán's habits. I knew he would indulge himself; he'd gain 40–50 lbs and then sweat it off to make 147." Unlike the fight in Montreal, Leonard used his superior speed and movement to outbox and befuddle Durán. "The whole fight, I was moving, I was moving," Leonard said. "And Voom! I snapped his head back with a jab. Voom! I snapped it back again. He tried to get me against the ropes, I'd pivot, spin off and Pow! Come under with a punch." In round seven, Leonard started to taunt Durán. Leonard's most memorable punch came late in the round. Winding up his right hand, as if to throw a bolo punch, Leonard snapped out a left jab and caught Durán flush in the face. "It made his eyes water," Leonard said. He continued to taunt Durán mercilessly. He stuck out his chin, inviting Durán to hit it. Durán hesitated. Leonard kept it up, continuing to move, stop, and mug. In the closing seconds of the eighth round, Durán turned his back to Leonard and quit, saying to referee Octavio Meyran, "No Más" (English: "No more"). Leonard was the winner by a technical knockout at 2:44 of round eight, regaining the WBC Welterweight Championship. Leonard led by scores of 68–66, 68–66 and 67–66. Durán said he quit because of stomach cramps, caused by overeating after the weigh-in. "At the end of the fifth round, I got cramps in my stomach, and it kept getting worse and worse," Duran later said. "I felt weaker and weaker in my body and arms." He then announced, "I am retiring from boxing right now." During the night Durán was admitted to a hospital with stomach pains and discharged the following day. Everyone was surprised by Durán's actions, none more so than his veteran trainers, Freddie Brown and Ray Arcel. "I was shocked," Brown said. "There was no indication that he was in pain or getting weak." Arcel was angry. "That's it," he said. "I've had it. This is terrible. I've handled thousands of fighters and never had anyone quit on me. I think he needs a psychiatrist more than he needs anything else." Durán's manager, Carlos Eleta, said, "Durán didn't quit because of stomach cramps. He quit because he was embarrassed. I know this." According to Randy Gordon, who witnessed Durán's antics beforehand and was in his dressing room immediately afterwards, Durán quit because of his huge eating binge prior to the fight. "I made him quit," Leonard said. "To make a man quit, to make Roberto Durán quit, was better than knocking him out." = Leonard vs. Bonds On March 28, 1981, Leonard defended his title against Larry Bonds, the WBC sixth-ranked contender, at the Carrier Dome in Syracuse, New York. Bonds was a southpaw, which made him a good opponent for Leonard, given that his next opponent was scheduled to be the WBA Light Middleweight Champion Ayub Kalule, a southpaw. Leonard was the aggressor throughout, with Bonds circling the ring. He staggered Bonds with a right in the fourth round and dropped him with a follow-up combination. Bonds got up and continued to move, with Leonard in pursuit. Leonard dropped him again in the tenth. Bonds rose but Leonard didn't let him off the hook. The referee stopped the fight with Bonds taking punishment in a corner. Leonard vs. Kalule Leonard moved up to the junior middleweight division and faced Kalule on June 25, 1981, at the Astrodome in Houston, Texas. Kalule, who was 36–0, had been the WBA Light Middleweight Champion for two years. Kalule and his handlers had expected Leonard to use lateral movement against him, but Leonard chose to fight inside instead. After eight tough rounds, Leonard was ahead although Kalule appeared to be coming on strong in the eighth and ninth. Leonard finally hurt him with a right to the head. Shortly afterward, Leonard dropped him with a flurry of punches. Kalule got up but the referee waved it off. Leonard celebrated his victory with a full 360-degree, no-hands flip. Despite an official stoppage time of 2.59, the fight was actually stopped at 3.06 into the round, meaning Kalule should have been saved by the bell. = Promoted as "The Showdown", Leonard fought Thomas Hearns on September 16, 1981, at Caesars Palace in Las Vegas to unify the World Welterweight Championship in a scheduled fifteen-rounder. They fought before a live crowd of 23,618. Hearns was paid $5.1 million, and Leonard made over $11 million. The fight grossed over $35 million. The live gate was $5.9 million, and the revenue from pay-per-view was $7.5 million. Hearns, 32–0 with 30 knockouts, won the WBA Welterweight Championship in 1980, scoring a second-round knockout of José "Pipino" Cuevas in Detroit, Michigan. He made three successful title defenses, stopping Luis Primera, Randy Shields, and Pablo Baez. The fight began as expected with Leonard boxing from a distance and Hearns stalking. Leonard had difficulty with Hearns' long reach and sharp jab. By the end of round five, Leonard had a growing swelling under his left eye, and Hearns had built a considerable lead on the scorecards. Leonard, becoming more aggressive, hurt Hearns in the sixth with a left hook to the chin. Leonard battered Hearns in rounds six and seven, but Hearns regrouped. Hearns started to stick and move, and he started to pile up points again. The roles reversed: Leonard became the stalker and Hearns became the boxer. The fight billed as a classic showdown between a powerful knockout artist and the best boxer/puncher the welterweight division had seen in decades devolved into a slow, tactical fight. Hearns won rounds nine through twelve on all three scorecards. Between rounds twelve and thirteen, Angelo Dundee told Leonard, "You're blowing it, son! You're blowing it!" Leonard, with a badly swollen left eye, came out roaring for the thirteenth round. After hurting Hearns with a right, Leonard exploded with a combination of punches. Hearns' legs were clearly gone and after more pressure from Leonard he was bundled through the ropes, no knockdown was given as it wasn't a punch that sent him there. Hearns managed to rise but was dropped by a flurry of hard punches near the end of the round. In round fourteen, after staggering Hearns with an overhand right, Leonard pinned Hearns against the ropes, where he unleashed another furious combination, prompting referee Davey Pearl to stop the contest and award Sugar Ray Leonard the Unified World Welterweight Championship. Hearns was leading by scores of 124–122, 125–122, and 125–121. After the fight, there was controversy due to the scoring of rounds six and seven. Even though Leonard dominated, hurting Hearns and battering him, all three judges gave both rounds to Leonard by a 10–9 margin. Many felt that the ten-point must scoring system was not properly used and those rounds should have been scored 10–8. Some also considered the stoppage premature. Veteran ringside commentator Don Dunphy said "They're stopping the fight. I don't believe it. Hearns was ahead on points." However, Emanuel Steward, Hearns' manager and trainer, said, "I felt that the referee was justified in stopping the fight ... Tommy did not have enough energy to make it through the fight." The fight was named "Fight of the Year" by The Ring. Leonard was named "Fighter of the Year" by The Ring and The Boxing Writers Association of America. He was also named "Athlete of the Year" by ABC's Wide World of Sports and "Sportsman of the Year" by Sports Illustrated. = On February 15, 1982, Leonard defended the unified title against Bruce Finch, the WBC fourth-ranked contender, in a bout at Reno, NV. Leonard knocked him out in the third round. Leonard's next fight was scheduled to be against Roger Stafford on May 14, 1982, in Buffalo, New York. While training, Leonard started to see floaters. He went to a doctor and discovered that he had a detached retina. The fight was canceled, and Leonard had surgery to repair the retina on May 9, 1982. On November 9, 1982, Leonard invited Marvin Hagler and other boxing dignitaries to a charity event in Baltimore, Maryland to hear him announce whether he would continue his career. Standing in a boxing ring with Howard Cosell, the master of ceremonies, Leonard announced his retirement, saying a bout with Hagler would unfortunately never happen. Leonard maintained his eye was fully healed, but that he just didn't want to box anymore. Missing the limelight and the competition, Leonard announced in December 1983 that he was returning to the ring. Leonard boasted that he would have a couple of ten-round bouts and then take on Milton McCrory, Donald Curry, Durán, Hearns and finally Hagler. This decision was met with a torrent of criticism from fans and the media, who felt Leonard was taking unnecessary risks with his surgically repaired eye. A bout with Philadelphia's Kevin Howard, who was 20–4–1, was scheduled for February 25, 1984. The fight was postponed when Leonard had minor surgery on his right eye to fix a loose retina. This latest eye problem further fueled the flames of those who opposed Leonard's comeback. Before the fight with Howard, Dave Jacobs rejoined Leonard's team in a limited role. Jacobs had quit in 1980, disagreeing with Leonard's decision to have an immediate rematch with Durán. Leonard and Howard fought on May 11, 1984, in Worcester, Massachusetts. Howard knocked Leonard flat on his back in the fourth round. It was the first knockdown of Leonard's professional career. Leonard came back to stop Howard in the ninth round, but the stoppage was disputed, with some feeling that the referee stopped the fight prematurely. Leonard was ahead on all three scorecards at the time of the stoppage. At the post-fight press conference, Leonard surprised everyone by announcing his retirement again, saying he just didn't have it anymore. = On March 10, 1986, Marvin Hagler knocked out John Mugabi in eleven rounds to retain the Undisputed World Middleweight Championship for the twelfth time and advance his record to 62–2–2. After the bout Hagler stated it may be his last fight. "I was ringside," Leonard said. "I'm watching John 'The Beast' Mugabi outbox Hagler. Of all people, John 'The Beast' Mugabi." It was then that Leonard decided to come back and fight Hagler. He called Mike Trainer and said, "I can beat Hagler." On May 1, 1986, Leonard announced on a Washington, D.C. talk show that he would return to the ring to fight Hagler. The announcement generated a lot of controversy because of Leonard's inactivity and eye injuries, yet it also excited many sports fans who had hoped to see them fight years earlier. Hagler took a few months to decide, then agreed to the match. The fight, promoted as "The Super Fight" and "The King of the Ring", was scheduled for April 6, 1987, at Caesars Palace in Las Vegas. Leonard was guaranteed $11 million, and Hagler was guaranteed $12 million. Hagler was a heavy favorite. The odds started at 4–1, then settled at 3–1. A paying crowd of 12,379 generated a live gate of $6.2 million. According to Bob Arum, the fight grossed $78 million (which equates to around $179 million in 2020). The original fight plan for Leonard was to go toe-to-toe with Hagler and try to cut him, but the plan changed about five days before the fight. Leonard got hit by sparring partner Quincy Taylor and was badly buckled. "He almost knocked me out," Leonard said. After that, Leonard decided to box Hagler. Many were surprised that Hagler, a natural southpaw, opened the fight boxing out of an orthodox stance. After the quick and slick Leonard won the first two rounds on all three scorecards, Hagler started the third round as a southpaw. Hagler did better, but Leonard's superior speed and boxing skill still allowed him to control the fight. Hagler looked stiff and mechanical and missed the speedy Leonard time and again prompting CBS ringside commentator Gil Clancy to remark "...and is he ever missing...Leonard isn't doing anything to make him miss, he's just missing!" By the fifth, Leonard, who was moving a lot, began to tire and Hagler started to get closer. Hagler buckled Leonard's knees with a right uppercut near the end of the round, which finished with Leonard on the ropes. Hagler continued to score somewhat effectively in round six. Leonard, having slowed down, was obliged to fight more and move less. However, he was able to outpunch Hagler along the ropes and got the better of several bristling exchanges. Hagler never seized total control of the fight as he had against Thomas Hearns two years earlier, when he brutalized Hearns and scored a third-round knockout. Hagler's punches lacked snap and, although he was scoring solidly to the body, he looked nothing like the powerful fighter who had dominated the middleweight division for the previous five years. Leonard's observation that the Hagler who beat John Mugabi was older and slower proved to be spot on. In rounds seven and eight, Hagler's southpaw jab was landing solidly, and Leonard's counter flurries were less frequent. Round nine was the most exciting round of the fight. Hagler hurt Leonard with a left cross and pinned him in a corner. Leonard looked to be in trouble, but he furiously fought his way out of the corner. The action see-sawed back and forth for the rest of the round, with each man having his moments. However, Hagler's moments were more spectacular and one of Hagler's cornermen: Roger Perron (in an interview that took place on an episode of HBO's Legendary Nights episode segments in 2003) later stated that: "the ninth round was probably Marvin (Hagler)'s, best round." Round ten was tame by comparison, as the pace slowed after the furious action of the previous round but with Hagler having more spectacular moments. Despite Leonard's obvious fatigue, he boxed well in the eleventh. Every time Hagler scored, Leonard came back with something flashier and more eye-catching, if not as effective. But at that point in the fight, Hagler appeared to be slightly more ring-general and clearly more aggressive. Between rounds eleven and twelve, Leonard's trainer: Angelo Dundee, implored Sugar Ray to get up off his stool yelling "We got three minutes...new champ...new champ!" Leonard yelled "Yeah!" and played to the screaming crowd. Hagler's corner was much more reserved prompting Clancy to comment: "They're talking to him like it's an IBM meeting or something...no emotion." In the final round, Hagler continued to chase Leonard. He hit Leonard with a big left hand and backed him into a corner. Leonard responded with a furious flurry, landing few punches but whipping the upset-hoping crowd into a frenzy. Hagler backed off, and Leonard danced away with Hagler in pursuit. The fight ended with Hagler and Leonard exchanging along the ropes. At the final bell, even uniformed ringside security rushed into the ring applauding and lauding Leonard's effort. Leonard threw 629 punches and landed 306, while Hagler threw 792 and landed 291. Leonard was awarded a controversial split-decision. Judge Dave Moretti scored it 115–113 for Leonard, while judge Lou Filippo had it 115–113 for Hagler. Judge José Guerra scored the fight 118–110 for Leonard. Many felt that Hagler deserved the decision because he was the aggressor and landed the harder punches. Scottish boxing journalist Hugh McIlvanney wrote that Leonard's plan was to "steal rounds with a few flashy and carefully timed flurries...he was happy to exaggerate hand speed at the expense of power, and neither he nor two of the scorers seemed bothered by the fact that many of the punches landed on the champion's gloves and arms." Many others felt that Leonard deservedly got the decision, arguing that Leonard landed more punches and showed better defense and ring generalship. Jim Murray, long-time sports columnist for the Los Angeles Times, wrote, "It wasn't even close...He didn't just outpoint Hagler, he exposed him. He made him look like a guy chasing a bus. In snowshoes...Leonard repeatedly beat Hagler to the punch. When he did, he hit harder. He hit more often...He made Hagler into what he perceived him to be throughout his career—a brawler, a swarmer, a man who could club you to death only if you stood there and let him. If you moved, he was lost." The scorecards from the ringside press and broadcast media attest to the polarizing views and opinions of the fight. The fight was named "Fight of the Year" and "Upset of the Year" by The Ring. Despite requests from the Hagler camp, Leonard was uninterested in a rematch and retired on May 27, 1987. "I'll try, I'll give it a shot," Leonard said of his latest retirement. "But you guys know me." A month after Hagler's formal retirement in June 1988, Leonard would announce another comeback. = Leonard vs. Lalonde On November 7, 1988, Leonard made another comeback, facing Donny Lalonde at Caesars Palace in Las Vegas. They fought for Lalonde's WBC Light Heavyweight Championship and the newly created WBC Super Middleweight Championship, which meant that Lalonde had to make 168 lbs. Many were critical of the fact that Lalonde's light heavyweight title was on the line when the weight limit of the fight with Leonard was at 168 pounds, and critical of Leonard for stipulating that his opponent—a natural 175-pounder—should weigh less than his usual fighting weight, which could possibly weaken him. However, Lalonde later told HBO's Larry Merchant that he didn't have any trouble making weight. Lalonde, 31–2 with 26 knockouts, was guaranteed at least $6 million and Leonard was guaranteed over $10 million. This would be Leonard's first professional fight without Angelo Dundee. For Leonard's fight with Hagler, Dundee worked without a contract and received $175,000, which was less than 2% of Leonard's purse. Dundee was unhappy with that amount. He requested a contract for the Lalonde fight and Leonard refused. "I don't have contracts. My word is my bond," Leonard said. Janks Morton and Dave Jacobs trained Leonard for the Lalonde fight. Lalonde's size and awkwardness troubled Leonard. In the fourth round, a right hand to the top of Leonard's head dropped him for just the second time in his career. Early in the ninth, Lalonde hurt Leonard with a right to the chin. Leonard fired back and hurt Lalonde with a right. He drove him to the ropes and unleashed a furious assault. Lalonde tried to tie up Leonard but got dropped with a powerful left hook. He rose but was soon down again, and the fight was stopped. Judges Chuck Giampa and Franz Marti had Leonard ahead by scores of 77–74 and 77–75, respectively. Judge Stuart Kirshenbaum had Lalonde ahead 76–75. After the fight, Leonard vacated the light heavyweight title, but kept the super middleweight title. Also, Leonard and Janks Morton split because of personal differences. Morton was replaced as co-trainer by Pepe Correa, who had worked with Leonard for most of the previous fifteen years. Leonard vs. Hearns On June 12, 1989, Leonard defended the WBC Super Middleweight Championship in a rematch with Thomas Hearns at Caesars Palace. It was promoted as "The War." Hearns was guaranteed $11 million, and Leonard was guaranteed $14 million. Hearns dropped Leonard with a right cross in the third round, but Leonard came back and battered Hearns around the ring in the fifth. Early in the seventh round, Hearns hurt Leonard but punched himself out going for the knockout. With Hearns fatigued, Leonard came back and had a strong finish to the round. Rounds nine and ten were good rounds for Leonard, but he ran into trouble in the eleventh round. Three booming rights from Hearns sent Leonard down for the second time in the fight. Knowing he needed a big finish; Leonard fought furiously and had a big final round. The judges scored the fight a draw and Leonard retained the title. Judge Jerry Roth scored the fight 113–112 for Hearns, Judge Tom Kazmarek scored it 113–112 for Leonard, and Judge Dalby Shirley scored it 112–112. Shirley was the only judge to give Leonard a 10–8 margin in the twelfth. If he had scored it 10–9, as his two colleagues did, Hearns would have won by a split decision. Eventually, Leonard admitted that Hearns deserved the decision. Leonard vs. Durán III – Uno Más On December 7, 1989, Leonard defended the title against Roberto Durán, who was the reigning WBC Middleweight Champion. Durán was guaranteed $7.6 million, and Leonard's arrangement guaranteed him over $13 million. For the Durán fight, Leonard cut his entourage from twenty-one to six. Dave Jacobs was one of the people let go, leaving Correa as the sole trainer. Correa was instructed not to spare the whip. "For the first time in a long time, I allowed someone to push me," Leonard said. The fight took place at the new Mirage Hotel in Las Vegas. Leonard used constant lateral movement and won by a lopsided twelve-round unanimous decision over a listless Durán. The scores were 120–110, 119–109, and 116–111. In a fight that many considered to be very boring, both fighters were booed often by the fans, and many left the arena before the decision was announced. Pat Putnam of Sports Illustrated wrote, "Leonard gave them artistic perfection when they wanted heated battle, and they booed lustily. Most fight fans would not spend a dime to watch Van Gogh paint Sunflowers, but they would fill Yankee Stadium to see him cut off his ear." Although Leonard dominated the fight, he suffered several cuts. His lower lip was cut from a headbutt in the fourth round, his left eye was cut in the eleventh round, and his right eye was cut in the twelfth round. The cuts required a total of 60 stitches. In August 1990, Leonard relinquished the WBC super-middleweight title, saying that he was under the weight for the division. He then offered Hearns a third fight, but Hearns said he could no longer make the weight and moved up to the light heavyweight division. Leonard vs. Norris On February 9, 1991, Leonard went down to 154 lbs and fought WBC Light Middleweight Champion Terry Norris at Madison Square Garden. Leonard entered the bout as a 3-1 favorite, but Norris dominated the fight, giving Leonard a heavy beating. He knocked Leonard down with a left hook in the second round, and in the seventh, he dropped Leonard again with a short right. Leonard had no answer for the skillful, younger, faster man. Leonard went the distance but lost by a lopsided decision. The scores were 120–104, 119–103, and 116–110. After the verdict was announced, Leonard announced his retirement. "It took this fight to show me it is no longer my time," Leonard said. "Tonight was my last fight. I know how Hagler felt now." = In October 1996, the 40-year-old Leonard announced that he was coming out of retirement to fight 34-year-old Héctor Camacho for the lightly regarded International Boxing Council (IBC) Middleweight Championship. Camacho, a light-hitting southpaw, was a three-time world champion with a record of 62–3–1. However, Camacho was also considered to be past his prime. Leonard decided to fight Camacho after commentating on Camacho's fight with the 45-year-old Roberto Durán the previous year, describing the disputed unanimous decision as "an early Christmas gift." Leonard blamed his poor performance against Norris on lack of motivation, a rib injury, moving down in weight, and divorce, which was being litigated while he was in training. "It was stupid for me to fight Norris at 154 pounds," Leonard said. "This is different. I'm in the best shape possible." For the Camacho fight, Leonard had a new trainer, Adrian Davis. "He's a great trainer, a throwback," Leonard said. "He has really helped me get ready." In January 1997, it was announced that Leonard had been voted into the International Boxing Hall Of Fame in Canastota, New York. The rules state that a boxer must be retired for five years before being eligible for induction. When the vote took place, Leonard had been retired for more than five years, therefore, he was eligible, even though he had a fight scheduled. The induction ceremony was on June 15, 1997. The fight with Camacho took place on March 1, 1997, in Atlantic City, New Jersey. Camacho applied pressure from the opening bell and started to score well in the third. He continued to score well in the fourth and opened a cut above Leonard's right eye. In the fifth, Camacho dropped Leonard with a right followed by two left uppercuts. Leonard got up but was unable to ward off Camacho. The referee stopped the fight with Camacho teeing off on a defenseless Leonard on the ropes. It was the only time in Leonard's career that he was knocked out. Afterward, Leonard retired again, saying, "For sure, my career is definitely over for me in the ring." However, less than a week after the fight, Leonard said he planned to fight again. He blamed his loss on a torn right calf muscle. His doctor suggested that he cancel the fight, but Leonard wanted to go through with it. Before the fight, he was given a shot of novocaine. Leonard said he planned to have a series of tune-up fights before fighting a champion. He was scheduled to fight Tony Menefee on February 15, 1998, in Australia, but he pulled out of the fight, saying that he didn't have the motivation. The Camacho fight was Leonard's last. He finished his career with a record of 36–3–1 with 25 knockouts. Leonard has worked as a boxing analyst for ABC, CBS, NBC, ESPN, HBO and EPIX. His relationship with HBO lasted for more than a decade. It ended in 1990, after HBO was not offered an opportunity to bid on the telecast rights to Leonard's fight with Terry Norris. HBO believed it would be inappropriate for Leonard to continue with them if they couldn't bid on his fights. Leonard's attorney, Mike Trainer, said, "There never has been a linkage between his broadcasting and his fighting." Leonard has provided commercial endorsements for companies including Coca-Cola, EA Sports, Ford, Nabisco, Revlon and 7 Up. His most famous commercial was a 7 Up ad he did with his son, Ray Jr., Roberto Durán and Durán's son Roberto Jr. in the early 1980s. Leonard is among the most sought-after motivational/inspirational speakers in the world today. His speech, entitled "Power" (Prepare, Overcome and Win Every Round), is consistently booked with major Fortune 500 companies throughout the United States and abroad. Leonard has also worked as an actor. He has appeared in numerous television shows, including Half & Half, L.A. Heat, Married... with Children, Renegade (1995) and Tales From The Crypt. He has also appeared in several movies, including I Spy and most recently The Fighter (2010), starring Christian Bale and Mark Wahlberg. This movie brought back memories of his fight with Dicky Eklund. He also worked as an adviser in the 2011 robot boxing film Real Steel. Leonard served as host and mentor to the aspiring fighters on The Contender. Sylvester Stallone, who co-hosted during the first season, was one of the executive producers, along with Mark Burnett. When Leonard left the show, he was replaced as host by Tony Danza for the final season. In 2001, Leonard launched Sugar Ray Leonard Boxing Inc., a boxing promotional company, and announced the company's strategic partnership with ESPN. Together, Leonard and ESPN would produce and promote "Sugar Ray Leonard and ESPN II Presents Friday Night Fights", which would air the first Friday of every month for twelve months. Leonard's boxing promotional company was dissolved in 2004. He had a falling out with partner Bjorn Rebney, whom he called "a cancer in my company." Speaking of his promotional company, Leonard said, "We did some great shows with evenly matched fights. I took great pride in it. But the TV show came about and made my decision a lot easier. I already had it in the back of my mind to dissolve the company. The working environment was not healthy." Leonard competed on season 12 of Dancing with the Stars, which premiered on Monday, March 21, 2011, on ABC. His partner was Anna Trebunskaya. He was voted off in Week 4 of the show. During his appearance on The Colbert Report in 2011, Leonard was defeated by host Stephen Colbert in a thumb wrestling contest. He appeared as a guest at the chef's table, along with Tito Ortiz, during the tenth season of Hell's Kitchen. He is the celebrity spokesperson for the Atlanta law firm John Foy and Associates, PC. Leonard was also the subject of a Seinfeld episode (season 6, episode 21) where George tries to flatter his boss by saying he looks like Sugar Ray Leonard. The real Leonard (a Seinfeld fan) mentioned that he was told about the episode by friends and family but had never seen it for himself until a friend gave him the DVD set for a gift. In March 2019, Leonard made a guest appearance on the popular daily morning show on YouTube, Good Mythical Morning, hosted by Rhett McLaughlin and Link Neal. In this episode of the "March Milkness" series (where Rhett and Link created a March Madness style bracket to determine the best breakfast cereal), Leonard was brought in to break a tie between the Fruity Region Champion, Froot Loops, and the Chocolatey Region Champion, Oreo O's. His decision was to push Froot Loops onto the Finals, where they were taken out by Cinnamon Toast Crunch. = Leonard married his high school sweetheart, Juanita Wilkinson, in January 1980. Their six-year-old son, who was born when they were teenagers, served as the ring bearer. In 1984, they had another son. They were divorced in 1990. During divorce proceedings, Juanita Leonard testified that her husband physically abused her while under the influence of alcohol. She also said he was an occasional cocaine user. In his testimony, Leonard confirmed his wife's claims and went on to reveal that the problems of their marriage were not due to drug and alcohol use. After the Los Angeles Times broke the story, Leonard held a press conference and publicly acknowledged that the accusations were true. He said he started using medication after he retired in 1982, following surgery to repair a detached retina. "I wanted more", Leonard said. "I wanted that arena. I didn't want anyone to tell me my career had to end." "I decided to search for a substitute...I resorted to cocaine. I used when I felt bad, I used when I missed competing at that level", he said. "It was a crutch, something that enabled me to forget." He said he quit using drugs in early 1986, when he woke up one morning and "what I saw in the mirror was scary." "I can never erase the pain or the scars I have made through my stupidity, my selfishness", Leonard said. "All I can do is say I'm sorry, but that is not enough." In 2011, Leonard revealed in an NPR interview that he had been free of alcohol since July 2006. In 1989, Leonard was introduced to Bernadette Robi by Kenny G at a Luther Vandross concert. Robi is the daughter of Paul Robi, one of the original Platters, and she is the ex-wife of Lynn Swann. Leonard and Robi were married at Leonard's $8.7 million estate in Pacific Palisades, California in August 1993. At the wedding ceremony, the grounds were converted into a garden with 10,000 roses and blossoms of other flowers flown in from the Netherlands. They have a daughter, Camille. Leonard is also the godfather of Khloé Kardashian and has appeared on many episodes of Keeping Up With The Kardashians. = For many years, Leonard has been the International Chairman of the Juvenile Diabetes Research Foundation's Walk for a Cure and is actively involved in raising both awareness and funds. Leonard testified before the Senate Committee on Homeland Security and Government Affairs in 2009. The Senate hearing was titled "Type 1 Diabetes Research: Real Progress and Real Hope for a Cure". He testified about the burden of diabetes and the need for continued research funding to find a cure. Leonard and his wife, Bernadette, founded the Sugar Ray Leonard Foundation to support the Juvenile Diabetes Research Foundation and its annual Walk for a Cure. In 2009, the foundation expanded to support programs that help people rebuild their communities in ten cities across the United States. It supports accessible housing, healthcare services, and educational services and job training. In 2007 he was awarded The Ambassador Award of Excellence by the LA Sports & Entertainment Commission at the Riviera Country Club for his continued community involvement. = In his autobiography The Big Fight: My Life in and out of the Ring, published in June 2011, Leonard reveals that as a young boxer he was the victim of sexual abuse from an Olympic trainer as well as another man, a benefactor. He has since made public appearances to bring attention to the issue of child sex abuse, declaring himself a "poster child" for the cause and encouraging victims to report their abuse. = WBA welterweight champion (147 lbs) WBC welterweight champion (147 lbs) (2×) WBA light middleweight champion (154 lbs) WBC middleweight champion (160 lbs) WBC super middleweight champion (168 lbs) WBC light heavyweight champion (175 lbs) = The Ring welterweight champion (147 lbs) (2×) The Ring light middleweight champion (154 lbs) The Ring middleweight champion (160 lbs) = NABF welterweight champion (147 lbs) = Undisputed welterweight champion = = Official website Boxing record for Sugar Ray Leonard from BoxRec (registration required) Sugar Ray Leonard at IMDb Sugar Ray Leonard's Amateur Boxing Record at the Wayback Machine (archived 2011-07-08) Sugar Ray Leonard in-depth interview about alcohol, cocaine, and being a champion at the Wayback Machine (archived 2014-03-20) Sugar Ray Leonard at the Team USA Hall of Fame (archive April 22, 2023) Sugar Ray Leonard at Olympics.com Sugar Ray Leonard at Olympedia | noise |
Gold Statue is a 2019 Nigerian comedy adventure drama film produced, written and directed by Tade Ogidan. It stars Gabriel Afolayan and Kunle Remi in the lead roles. The film was released on 17 May 2019 and received positive reviews from critics. It was also nominated for the Africa Movie Academy Award for Best Nigerian Film in 2019. The film also received some awards at film festivals. Two young men, Wale and Chike are in search of a treasure of "Gold Statue" which is believed to have been a deity inherited by their generation. They witness and go through a series of unimaginable unprecedented and unexpected ordeal when attempting to locate where the supposed Gold Statue is located. Eventually, they get the statue and become rich. Gabriel Afolayan as Wale Kunle Remi as Chike Richard Mofe Damijo as Mr. Esho Sola Sobowale as Grace Kelvin Ikeduba as Bryan Olakunle Fawole as Banjul Norbert Young as Antar Alibaba Akpobome as Mr. Manuel Segun Arinze as Zonal Commander Rykardo Agbor as Capone Greg 'Teddy Bear' Ojefua as Rambo Tade Ogidan, filmmaker and CEO of OGD Pictures, returned to the film industry after an eight-year hiatus with this project. He revealed that Gold Statue was originally written in 1991 but could not be produced at the time due to financial constraints. The film also marked the first onscreen appearance of actors Richard Mofe-Damijo and Sola Sobowale as a couple in 21 years. Gold Statue at IMDb | noise |
Richard Geren, OC (1917–2002), was an American geologist who was a key member of the team that defined high-grade iron ore deposits in the Knob Lake area of northeastern Quebec. The deposit's magnitude and significance led to the formation of the Iron Ore Company of Canada (IOCC) in 1949. Geren led pre-production studies and became Manager of IOCC's operations at Schefferville, where he faced numerous challenges associated with building a large mining operation in isolated sub-Arctic conditions. Geren was born in Columbus, Ohio. His interest in mining originated in 1935 by a chance meeting with two geologists in northern Ontario. He earned his B.Sc. degree in geology from Ohio State University. Then he returned to Canada and started his career in the Timmins gold-mining area. During the Second World War, he served in the Royal Canadian Air Force. Afterwards he was employed by the Labrador Mining and Exploration Company. He received a mandate to confirm iron ore deposits of sufficient size in Labrador and northeastern Quebec to justify building a mine and railroad. More than 400 million tonnes were proven in the Knob Lake area in Labrador, which led to the creation of the Iron Ore Company of Canada and the construction of the Quebec North Shore and Labrador Railway (QNS & L) and the Town of Schefferville. Geren became the supervising geologist and chief mining engineer and then Mine Superintendent from 1954 to 1961. In 1961, he became Assistant Manager of IOCC. He became an Executive Vice-President of IOCC in 1976, a position he held until his retirement. During retirement, Geren and another former IOCC employee, Blake McCullogh, collaborated in writing a corporate history of the Iron Ore Company of Canada titled Cain's Legacy: The Building of Iron Ore Company of Canada (1990). In 1983, Geren was awarded the Inco Medal by the Canadian Institute of Mining and Metallurgy (CIMM) in recognition of a "legacy of pioneering spirit and leadership that has helped the iron ore industry weather economic difficulties and rekindle hope to meet the challenge for survival." In 1984, Geren was invested as Officer of the Order of Canada, Canada's highest civilian honour. In 2001, he was inducted into the Canadian Mining Hall of Fame. [1] Hall of Fame (Mining) [2] Order of Canada | noise |
USNS Hayes (T-AGOR-16/T-AG-195) was a Hayes-class oceanographic research ship acquired by the United States Navy in 1971. In 1992 she was reconfigured as an acoustics research ship and assigned to the Navy's program of acoustic noise reduction for submarines. Hayes was built in Seattle, Washington, by Todd Shipyards, Corp., and was laid down on 12 November 1969 and launched on 2 July 1970. She was named after Dr. Harvey C. Hayes, a pioneer in underwater acoustics and the former head of the US Navy Sound Division of Naval Research Laboratory. She was delivered to the Navy 21 July 1971 and placed in service by the Military Sealift Command (MSC) as USNS Hayes (T-AGOR-16). After completing service with the MSC, she was placed into Ready Reserve 10 June 1983. In 1984 Hayes was laid up in the National Defense Reserve Fleet, James River, Fort Eustis, Virginia. Hayes was reacquired by the Navy during fiscal year 1986 and was converted into an Acoustic Research Ship at Tacoma Boatbuilding Company, Tacoma, Washington. MSC placed the ship back into service in 1992, this time as USNS Hayes (T-AG-195). Hayes was equipped in 1994 with one-of-a-kind sensor arrays, including three acoustic deploy-able buoys from each of which were suspended a custom designed seven hundred channel High Frequency Baffled Cylindrical Array designed and built by the Westinghouse Oceanic Division of Annapolis, MD; and a Low Frequency Array of vertical line arrays designed and constructed by SAIC of McLean, Virginia. Each buoy provided over 1500 acoustic channels of information that required extensive processing by two Cray IV computers also custom designed for the application. The arrays and computer created a fully steerable sensor suit that could isolate noise sources in the submarines and assist in determining the source of excessive noise emitted by the submarine. Submarines to be used for test and development, and to be quietened by engineers using the data from the Hayes, would pass submerged through the three buoy arrays in the deep waters off Andros Island, Bahamas. Hayes was assigned to underwater acoustics research for the purpose of reducing the acoustic noise of underwater submarines. She was struck from the Naval Register in 2008 and laid up at the Philadelphia Naval Shipyard. On December 16, 2021, ex-USNS Hayes was towed to Brownsville, TX, where she was scrapped the following year. There is no history of Hayes' operations in DANFS. United States Navy Sonar Photo gallery of USNS Hayes (T-AGOR-16) at NavSource Naval History The USNS Hayes – A New Dimension in Ocean Research (part 1) The USNS Hayes – A New Dimension in Ocean Research (part 2) Naval Vessel Historical Evaluation – USNS Hayes – 2011 | noise |
Eugeniusz Faber (6 April 1939 – 24 September 2021) was a Polish footballer who played as a forward for Ruch Chorzów and Lens. = Ruch Chorzów Ekstraklasa: 1960, 1967–68 Eugeniusz Faber at Soccerway.com Eugeniusz Faber at WorldFootball.net Eugeniusz Faber at National-Football-Teams.com Eugeniusz Faber at EU-Football.info Eugeniusz Faber at L'Équipe (in French) Eugeniusz Faber at Olympedia | noise |
E. Ponnuswamy (born 1 July 1936) was a member of the 14th Lok Sabha of India. He represented the Chidambaram constituency of Tamil Nadu and is a member of the Pattali Makkal Katchi (PMK) political party. He translate and wrote many books | noise |
Bagrat Vika Yesayan (Armenian: Բագրատ Եսայան; born June 8, 1965, in Yerevan, Armenia) is a journalist and scout administrator. He served as chairman of the Eurasia Regional Scout Committee from 2010 to 2013 as well as one of 12 elected volunteer members of the World Scout Committee, the main executive body of the World Organization of the Scout Movement. Yesayan graduated from Yerevan State University in 1988. Yesayan is married, a member of the Armenian Revolutionary Federation (ARF), and the editor-in-chief of Yerkir Daily newspaper. Asbarez with Bagrat Yesayan (interview in Armenian) (interview missing, image) | noise |
Epermenia gaedikei is a moth of the family Epermeniidae. It is found in Uzbekistan and the area around Dekhanobad and Derbent. | noise |
Mortlake Cemetery is a cemetery in Kew in the London Borough of Richmond upon Thames (historically in North Sheen, Surrey). It is also known as Hammersmith New Cemetery as it provided burials for the then Metropolitan Borough of Hammersmith when Margravine Cemetery was full. The cemetery opened in 1926 and is still in use. It is now managed by Hammersmith and Fulham Council. The cemetery is located on Mortlake Road (the A205 or South Circular Road), opposite North Sheen Cemetery. The nearest London Underground station is Kew Gardens. The cemetery contains the Commonwealth war graves of 109 service personnel of World War II. Many are buried in private graves but others are in a special services plot in the south-eastern corner of the cemetery. At the latter, the casualties are mainly buried in collective graves holding up to five bodies each due to the limited burial space. The names of those buried in the plot are listed on the CWGC-erected memorial that also lists service personnel of the same war who were cremated at Mortlake Crematorium. Mortlake Crematorium was built next to the cemetery in 1939. Seventy-seven Commonwealth servicemen of World War II who were cremated at the crematorium are listed on a screen wall memorial erected by the Commonwealth War Graves Commission in the cemetery. They include England rugby international Vivian Davies (1899–1941) who was a captain in the Royal Artillery. The memorial is listed Grade II by Historic England. Among those buried here were: Woman Police Constable Jane Philippa Arbuthnot (d.1983), one of three police officers killed by a car bomb that exploded outside Harrods department store in central London on 17 December 1983 James Collins (d.1934), Secretary of the Australian Government's Department of the Treasury. His signature appeared on Australia's bank notes from 1910 to 1926 Arthur Haynes (d.1966), TV comedian Stephen Ward (d.1963), the society osteopath who was one of the central figures in the Profumo affair and committed suicide Carol White (d.1991), actress who received public acclaim for her performance in the 1966 British television play Cathy Come Home Margravine Cemetery (Hammersmith Old Cemetery) North Sheen Cemetery (Fulham New Cemetery) Old Mortlake Burial Ground Official website: London Borough of Hammersmith and Fulham cemeteries Mortlake Cemetery at Find a Grave The Victorian Web: Photographs of Mortlake Cemetery | noise |
Aura-Sonic, Ltd. (ASL) is a remote recording company based in Queens, New York, that specializes in mobile and location production, audio for video broadcasting, video production, sound reinforcement and on-site automated dialogue replacement. ASL was founded in 1977 by recording engineer and producer Steve Remote. The company owns and utilizes a fleet of adaptable mobile vehicles and portable packages for its audio/production projects. In 1977, recording engineer Steve Remote partnered with Joel Schreiber to create Aura-Sonic, Ltd. Remote had been recording professionally at Max's Kansas City since 1976 while Schreiber, a graduate from the American Academy of the Dramatic Arts, was managing a children's clothing store in Flushing, Queens. Not content with operating a conventional recording studio, Steve decided to create a studio on wheels so they could go the client instead of the client going to them. From 1977 to 1983, Schreiber was the President of ASL with Remote acting as the Vice President and chief engineer. In 1983, Remote bought out Schreiber's stake in the company and became the sole owner. A company "in the forefront of mobile audio", ASL has worked with many artists including Aerosmith, Alabama Shakes, Alicia Keys, Allman Brothers Band, Bruce Springsteen, B-52's, Beck, Ben Harper, Bill Burr, Bill Frisell, Blink 182, Bon Jovi, Brandi Carlile, Branford Marsalis, Brittany Howard, Carlos Santana, Chick Corea, Coldplay, Counting Crows, Cro-Mags - Age of Quarrel, Crosby & Nash, Daryl Hall & Darius Rucker, Dave Brubeck, Dave Mathews & Tim Reynolds, Dawes, Denis Leary, Dolly Parton, Donald Harrison with Ron Carter & Billy Cobham, Eddie Palmieri, Elvin Jones, Elvis Costello, Esperanza Spalding, Frank Zappa, George Benson, Gil Evans & the Monday Night Orchestra, Green Day, Hall & Oates, Harry Connick Jr., Herbie Hancock, Hozier, Interpol, James Brown, James Blunt, James Taylor, Jeff Buckley, Jeff Tweedy, Jennifer Nettles, Jim James, Jimmy Eat World, Joe Jackson, Jon Batiste, John Hiatt, John Prine, Josh Groban, Joshua Redman Quartet, Kacey Musgraves, Kenny G, Lake Street Dive, Lee Konitz, Lenny Kravitz, Lucius, Lukas Nelson & Promise of the Real, Machine Head, Maggie Rogers, Marilyn Manson, Margo Price, Mavis Staples, McCoy Tyner, Mighty Mighty Bosstones, Morrissey, My Morning Jacket, Nathaniel Rateliff & The Night Sweats, Neil Young & Promise of the Real, Neville Brothers, Norah Jones, Odean Pope, Paquito D’Rivera, Puss N Boots, Queens of the Stone Age, Radiohead, Red Hot Chili Peppers, Rob Thomas, Rod Steward, Roger Daltrey, Roger Waters, Ryan Adams, Sepultura, Sheryl Crow, Skid Row w/ Rob Halford, Slipknot, Sonic Youth, Soundgarden, Spyro Gyra, Stevie Wonder, Stone Temple Pilots, Sturgill Simpson, Talking Heads, The Avett Brothers, The Beach Boys, The Black Crowes, The Brian Setzer Orchestra, The Highwomen, The Police, The Roots, UB40, Van Dyke Parks, Warren Haynes, Wayne Shorter, Wilco, Wynton Marsalis, XTC, and Yo Yo Ma. = Specifications 1966 Ford 600 Series 12’ X 7 ‘ X 7’ (body) control cabin Gross Vehicle Weight: 14,000 lbs Rear and Passenger side exits Select Acts Recorded Artists include Black Uhuru, Chris Rush, Elvin Jones, Frank Zappa (Halloween ‘81), Howard Jones, Johnny Thunders, Jerry Lee Lewis, Sam and Dave, The Buzzcocks, The Police, The Ramones, The Specials, and XTC. = Specifications GMC Chevrolet Gross Vehicle Weight: 18,000 lbs Power Requirements & information: 208 volts, single-phase, 50 amp service required Passenger side exit Select Acts Recorded Artists include Allen Toussaint, Bad Brains, Bobby Hutcherson, Boy George, Dr. John, Gill Evans and the Monday Night Orchestra, Lloyd Cole & the Commotions, Ron Carter, Rev. Timothy Wright, Randy Brecker, Sadao Watanabe, The Duke Ellington Orchestra, The Fleshtones, and The Neville Brothers. = Specifications Navistar International turbocharged Diesel truck Gross Vehicle Weight: 33,000 lbs Outside truck dimensions: 30' 6" long X 8' 0" wide X 11' 6" high Control cabin dimensions: 17' 0" long X 7' 5" wide X 7' 10" high Power Requirements & information: 208 volts, single-phase, 50 amp service required Passenger side exit Select Acts Recorded Artists include 24-7 Spyz, Aerosmith, Allman Brothers Band, Ben Harper, Branford Marsalis, Carlos Santana, David Matthews and Friends, Denis Leary, Elliott Smith, Jeff Buckley, Laura Nyro, Lenny Kravitz, Living Colour, Outkast, Pat Benatar, Public Enemy, Roberta Flack, Red Hot Chili Peppers, Sonic Youth, Soundgarden, The Beach Boys, and Tony Bennett. = Specifications Mercedes-Benz 1419 Gross Vehicle Weight: 33,000 lbs Exterior Vehicle Dimensions: 33.0' L x 12.5' H x 102" W Exterior Dimensions with Rear Platform & Stairs: 40.0' L x 12.5' H x 102" W Exterior Expando Dimensions: 22.0' L x 11.5' H x 14.0' W Power Requirements & information: 208 volts, single-phase, 100 amp service required Elroy carries 200' of entertainment power cable with Cam-Lok E1016 connectors Rear side exit Select Acts Recorded/Mixed Artists include Anat Cohen, Anthony Hamilton, Aretha Franklin, Chris Botti, Dave Holland, Esperanza Spalding, Herbie Hancock, Hey Guy, Hunters, Kenny Werner, Ledici, Los Gauchos, New York Dolls, Soulive and Wayne Shorter. = Specifications GMC / Grumman Kurbmaster Stepvan Gross Vehicle Weight: 14,000 lbs Exterior Vehicle Dimensions: 25.5' L x 11.5' H x 96" W Power Requirements & information: 208 volts, single-phase, 50 amp service required TBM carries 200' of entertainment power cable with Cam-Lok E1016 & E1015 connectors Passenger side exit Select Live Broadcasts NPR’s Toast of the Nation (2003-2007) J&R Downtown Music Festival (2003-2008) 88th PGA Tour (2006) Newport Folk Festival (2008-Present) Newport Jazz Festival (2008-Present) Select Acts Recorded Artists include Alabama Shakes, Andrew Bird, Beck, Conor Oberst, Conrad Herwig, Dawes, Eddie Palmieri, Elvis Costello, Fleet Foxes, Herbie Hancock, Jim James, Joshua Redman Quartet, Marcus Miller, Michael Kiwanuka, My Morning Jacket, Patty Griffin, The Avett Brothers, The Decemberists, The Lumineers, Trombone Shorty and Orleans Avenue, Wayne Shorter Quartet, Wilco and Wynton Marsalis. = Specifications Hino 268 A Gross Vehicle Weight: 25,950 lbs Exterior Vehicle Dimensions: 36.0' L x 11.5' H x 102" W Exterior Dimensions with Rear Platform & Stairs: 40.0' L x 11.5' H x 102" W Power Requirements & information: 208 volts, single-phase, 100 amp service required Cosmo carries 200' of entertainment power cable with Cam-Lok E1016 connectors Rear side exit = Specifications 2015 Ford Transit / 350 HD Ecoboost Gross Vehicle Weight: 5,878 lbs Exterior Vehicle Dimensions: 22' L x 9.6' H x 86" W Power Requirements & information: 208 volts, single-phase, 50 amp service required TBM II carries 90' of entertainment power cable with Cam-Lok E1016 & E1015 connectors Passenger side exit Select Live Broadcasts WPLJ-FM Summer Kick-Off Broadcast (2016) WPLJ-FM Holiday Broadcast from Children's Specialized Hospital (2016) Newport Folk Festivals (2017 & 2018) Farm Aid Live Television Broadcast (2018) Live X The Greatest Day Ever Fest - Coney Island - Live Broadcast (2019) Select Acts Recorded or Mixed Artists include Bon Iver, Brandi Carlile, Dave Matthews & Tim Reynolds, Devon Gilfillian, Drive-By Truckers, Fleet Foxes, Harry Connick Jr., Hurray for the Riff Raff, Jade Bird, Jason Isbell, Jim James, John Paul White, John Prine, Jon Batiste, Jonathan Wilson, Kermit the Frog, Lake Street Dive, Lucius, Lukas Nelson, Margo Price, Marlon Williams, Nathaniel Rateliff, Nathaniel Rateliff and the Night Sweats, Neil Young & Promise of the Real, Pinegrove, Sturgill Simpson, The War and Treaty, The Wild Reeds, Roger Waters, Shovels & Rope, Warren Haynes, Wilco, and Yebba. Remote Recording Facility for Grammy Award winning album in the category of Best Jazz Large Ensemble Album in 2011; Mingus Big Band Live at Jazz Standard. TEC Award winner in the category of Remote Production / Recording or Broadcast in 2009; JVC Newport Jazz Festival Remote Recording Facility for Grammy Award winning album in the category of Best Latin Jazz Album in 2001; Paquito D'Rivera Quintet - Live at the Blue Note Remote Recording Facility for Grammy Award winning album in the category of Best Jazz Instrumental Performance, Big Band in 1989; Gil Evans and the Monday Night Orchestra – Bud and Bird Nominee 1987, 1991, 2002, 2013 TEC Award Remote Recording Facility Official website | noise |
Alan Ralph Osmond (born June 22, 1949) is an American former singer and musician. He is best known for being a member of the family musical group The Osmonds. At the time, Alan (age 12) and his brothers were performing as the Osmond Brothers Boys' Quartet. Osmond was born in Ogden, Utah, the son of Olive May (née Davis; 1925–2004) and George Virl Osmond (1917–2007). He was the oldest of the seven siblings who could sing, as the two oldest brothers, Virl and Tom, are hearing impaired. Starting in 1958, Alan and three of his younger brothers (Wayne, Merrill, and Jay in their respective age orders) began singing as a barbershop quartet. In 1961, the group headed to Los Angeles to audition for The Lawrence Welk Show only for host Lawrence Welk to refuse to hear them sing; they met the Lennon Sisters at this audition, who directed them to Disneyland, where they found paying work as performers. It was at Disnelyand that Jay Emerson Williams, Andy Williams's father, discovered the group. In 1962, the four Osmonds were cast over a seven-year period on NBC's The Andy Williams Show, a musical variety program They also appeared in nine episodes of the 1963–1964 ABC western television series, The Travels of Jaimie McPheeters, with Alan in the role of young Micah Kissel. During much of the Osmonds' career, Alan, being the oldest of the group, was the band's creative leader, playing piano and guitar, co-writing many of their songs with Merrill, co-producing most of their recordings and arranging the dance choreography (he nevertheless seldom sang anything more than backing vocals, in contrast to his younger brothers). He mostly stopped performing with the group after 2007, and what he has professed to be his final performance with them was October 13, 2018, at Neal Blaisdell Arena in Honolulu, although, Alan did appear for a get-together with Jay, Wayne and Merrill in 2019, as per request for their sister Marie Osmond's 60th birthday. He was still writing songs at the time of his last performances, including a composition to celebrate the centennial anniversary of Orem, Utah. Alan, like all the Osmonds, is a member of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints. Alan enlisted in the California Army National Guard in the late 1960s. He served at Fort Ord in northern California as a 144th artillery unit clerk. In 1980, Alan Osmond, along with his brother Merrill Osmond, created Stadium of Fire, which has become one of the largest Independence Day celebrations in the United States. In September 2024, Osmond released his autobiography, One Way Ticket. = In 1987, Osmond was diagnosed with progressive multiple sclerosis. Osmond has credited his faith, and belief in the preexistence of the soul, for giving him hope and optimism for the future in the face of his condition. = Osmond married Suzanne Pinegar, at the time a cheerleader at Brigham Young University, on July 16, 1974. He and Suzanne have eight sons: Michael Alan Osmond (born 1975) Nathan Osmond Douglas Kenneth Osmond (born 1978) David Osmond Scott Merrill Osmond (born 1981) Jonathon Pinegar "Jon" Osmond (born 1983) Alexander Thomas "Alex" Osmond (born 1988) Tyler James Osmond (born 1990) Osmond had initially warned his children against following him into the entertainment business because of the touring commitments but later relented, stating his pride in his children following in the Osmond family tradition. The octet performed as the Osmond Boys beginning in the late 1980s, and later as The Osmonds Second Generation. Prior to his marriage, Osmond dated extensively, including a brief courtship with singer Karen Carpenter in the early 1970s. David Osmond David Levi Osmond (born 1979) is the lead singer of the Osmonds Second Generation and the Osmond Chapman Orchestra, a big band. He participated in the eighth season of American Idol on January 28, 2009, with a pass to Hollywood. However, due to laryngitis, he was not able to make it past Hollywood week. David also substitutes for his uncle Donny in stage shows with his aunt Marie, and his song "We Are One" was used as the theme song to the Glenn Beck Radio Program from 2016 to 2017; he also hosted a brief revival of Wonderama in 2017. Since 2021, David Osmond has been a host of KUTV's lifestyle/infotainment program Fresh Living. Like his father, David Osmond was also diagnosed with multiple sclerosis; David's case was diagnosed in 2005 and has, to date, been less severe than his father's. Nathan Osmond Nathan George Osmond (born 1977) records as an independent country musician. In November 2021, Alan and Suzanne Osmond were honored as Pillars of Utah Valley. In 2000, Alan Osmond received the Dorothy Corwin Spirit of Life Award from the National Multiple Sclerosis Society. In his acceptance speech, he stated that he had done some time in the military reserve and that he had taken karate lessons from Chuck Norris, both of which reinforced the "you can do it" attitude that he learned from his father. His motto is, "I may have MS, but MS does NOT have me!" He currently runs the OneHeart Foundation which Alan and his wife founded, and also works as a motivational speaker. | noise |
2000 WNBA draft On December 15, 1999, a WNBA expansion draft took place for four new WNBA teams, the Indiana Fever, Miami Sol, Portland Fire, and Seattle Storm. On April 25, 2000, the regular WNBA draft took place. = = = = = List of first overall WNBA draft picks "All-Time WNBA draft history". WNBA. Archived from the original on May 9, 2008. Retrieved June 4, 2008. | noise |
Ron Lagomarsino is an American film, theatre and television director. Lagomarsino is from San Francisco, California. He is an alumnus of Santa Clara University and Tisch School of the Arts. His television credits include Switched at Birth (TV series), Pretty Little Liars, The Unit, Once and Again, Ghost Whisperer, The Brotherhood of Poland, New Hampshire, Big Shots, Homefront, Picket Fences, The Trials of Rosie O'Neill, My So-Called Life, What About Brian, Ally McBeal, Joan of Arcadia, Side Order of Life, Shark, Another World, thirtysomething, One Life to Live, Running Mates, Hart of Dixie, Baby Boom, Hooperman, Love Monkey, Snowglobe, Century City, My Sister's Keeper, The Fosters, Pop Rocks and Mistresses. In 1985, Lagomarsino was nominated for a Drama Desk Award: Outstanding Director of a Play, for the play, Digby. Two years later, he was nominated again for the play Driving Miss Daisy. He won his nomination for the 1993 Directors Guild of America Award: Outstanding Directorial Achievement in Dramatic Series for the series Picket Fences. He earned a single Daytime Emmy Award nomination in 1985 and Primetime Emmy Award in 1992 for One Life to Live and Homefront, respectively. Ron Lagomarsino at IMDb | noise |
Head/tail breaks is a clustering algorithm for data with a heavy-tailed distribution such as power laws and lognormal distributions. The heavy-tailed distribution can be simply referred to the scaling pattern of far more small things than large ones, or alternatively numerous smallest, a very few largest, and some in between the smallest and largest. The classification is done through dividing things into large (or called the head) and small (or called the tail) things around the arithmetic mean or average, and then recursively going on for the division process for the large things or the head until the notion of far more small things than large ones is no longer valid, or with more or less similar things left only. Head/tail breaks is not just for classification, but also for visualization of big data by keeping the head, since the head is self-similar to the whole. Head/tail breaks can be applied not only to vector data such as points, lines and polygons, but also to raster data like digital elevation model (DEM). The head/tail breaks is motivated by inability of conventional classification methods such as equal intervals, quantiles, geometric progressions, standard deviation, and natural breaks - commonly known as Jenks natural breaks optimization or k-means clustering to reveal the underlying scaling or living structure with the inherent hierarchy (or heterogeneity) characterized by the recurring notion of far more small things than large ones. Note that the notion of far more small things than large one is not only referred to geometric property, but also to topological and semantic properties. In this connection, the notion should be interpreted as far more unpopular (or less-connected) things than popular (or well-connected) ones, or far more meaningless things than meaningful ones. Head/tail breaks uses the mean or average to dichotomize a dataset into small and large values, rather than to characterize classes by average values, which is unlike k-means clustering or natural breaks. Through the head/tail breaks, a dataset is seen as a living structure with an inherent hierarchy with far more smalls than larges, or recursively perceived as the head of the head of the head and so on. It opens up new avenues of analyzing data from a holistic and organic point of view while considering different types of scales and scaling in spatial analysis. Given some variable X that demonstrates a heavy-tailed distribution, there are far more small x than large ones. Take the average of all xi, and obtain the first mean m1. Then calculate the second mean for those xi greater than m1, and obtain m2. In the same recursive way, we can get m3 depending on whether the ending condition of no longer far more small x than large ones is met. For simplicity, we assume there are three means, m1, m2, and m3. This classification leads to four classes: [minimum, m1], (m1, m2], (m2, m3], (m3, maximum]. In general, it can be represented as a recursive function as follows: Recursive function Head/tail Breaks: Rank the input data values from the biggest to the smallest; Compute the mean value of the data Break the data (around the mean) into the head and the tail; // the head for data values greater the mean // the tail for data values less the mean If (length(head)/length(data) <=40%): Head/tail Breaks(head); End Function The resulting number of classes is referred to as ht-index, an alternative index to fractal dimension for characterizing complexity of fractals or geographic features: the higher the ht-index, the more complex the fractals. = The criterion to stop the iterative classification process using the head/tail breaks method is that the remaining data (i.e., the head part) are not heavy-tailed, or simply, the head part is no longer a minority (i.e., the proportion of the head part is no longer less than a threshold such as 40%). This threshold is suggested to be 40% by Jiang et al. (2013), just as the codes above (i.e., (length/head)/length(data) ≤ 40%). This process is called head/tail breaks 1.0. But sometimes a larger threshold, for example 50% or more, can be used, as Jiang and Yin (2014) noted in another article: "this condition can be relaxed for many geographic features, such as 50 percent or even more". However, all heads' percentage on average must be smaller than 40% (or 41, 42%), indicating far more small things than large ones. Many real-world data cannot be fit into a perfect long tailed distribution, therefore its threshold can be relaxed structurally. In head/tail breaks 2.0 the threshold only applies to the overall heads' percentage. This means that the percentages of all heads related to the tails should be around 40% on average. Individual classes can have any percentage spit around the average, as long as this averages out as a whole. For example, if there is data distributed in such a way that it has a clearly defined head and tail during the first and second iteration (length(head)/(length(data)<20%) but a much less well defined long tailed distribution for the third iteration (60% in the head), head/tail breaks 2.0 allows the iteration to continue into the fourth iteration which can be distributed 30% head - 70% tail again and so on. As long as the overall threshold is not surpassed the head/tail breaks classification holds. = A good tool to display the scaling pattern, or the heavy-tailed distribution, is the rank-size plot, which is a scatter plot to display a set of values according to their ranks. With this tool, a new index termed as the ratio of areas (RA) in a rank-size plot was defined to characterize the scaling pattern. The RA index has been successfully used in the estimation of traffic conditions. However, the RA index can only be used as a complementary method to the ht-index, because it is ineffective to capture the scaling structure of geographic features. = In addition to the ht-index, the following indices are also derived with the head/tail breaks. CRG-index. It is developed as a more sensitive ht-index to capture the slight changes of geographic features. In contrast to the ht-index, which is an integer, CRG-index is a real number. Unified metrics. Two unified metrics (UM1 and UM2) were proposed in an AAAG paper for characterizing the fractal nature of geographic features. One can be used to answer the question of "I know there are far more small things than large ones, but how small (or large) are these small (or large) things?", whereas the other one to answer "I know there are far more small things than large ones, but how many more?" Fht-index: It is a fractional ht-index, which is able to capture fractional hierarchy. The fht-index might be of help for creating an intermediate scale between two consecutive map scales, leading to so called continuous map scales. Instead of more or less similar things, there are far more small things than large ones surrounding us. Given the ubiquity of the scaling pattern, head/tail breaks is found to be of use to statistical mapping, map generalization, cognitive mapping and even perception of beauty . It helps visualize big data, since big data are likely to show the scaling property of far more small things than large ones. Essentially geographic phenomena can be scaleful or scale-free. Scaleful phenomena can be explained by conventional mathematical or geographical operations, but scale-free phenomena can not. Head/tail breaks can be used to characterize the scale-free phenomena, which are in the majority. The visualization strategy is to recursively drop out the tail parts until the head parts are clear or visible enough. In addition, it helps delineate cities or natural cities to be more precise from various geographic information such as street networks, social media geolocation data, and nighttime images. = As the head/tail breaks method can be used iteratively to obtain head parts of a data set, this method actually captures the underlying hierarchy of the data set. For example, if we divide the array (19, 8, 7, 6, 2, 1, 1, 1, 0) with the head/tail breaks method, we can get two head parts, i.e., the first head part (19, 8, 7, 6) and the second head part (19). These two head parts as well as the original array form a three-level hierarchy: the 1st level (19), the 2nd level (19, 8, 7, 6), and the 3rd level (19, 8, 7, 6, 2, 1, 1, 1, 0). The number of levels of the above-mentioned hierarchy is actually a characterization of the imbalance of the example array, and this number of levels has been termed as the ht-index. With the ht-index, we are able to compare degrees of imbalance of two data sets. For example, the ht-index of the example array (19, 8, 7, 6, 2, 1, 1, 1, 0) is 3, and the ht-index of another array (19, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8) is 2. Therefore, the degree of imbalance of the former array is higher than that of the latter array. = The use of fractals in modelling human geography has for a longer period been seen as useful in measuring the spatial distribution of human settlements. Head/tail breaks can be used to do just that with a concept called natural cities. The term 'natural cities' refers to the human settlements or human activities in general on Earth's surface that are naturally or objectively defined and delineated from massive geographic information based on head/tail division rule, a non-recursive form of head/tail breaks. Such geographic information could be from various sources, such as massive street junctions and street ends, a massive number of street blocks, nighttime imagery and social media users' locations etc. Based on these the different urban forms and configurations detected in cities can be derived. Distinctive from conventional cities, the adjective 'natural' could be explained not only by the sources of natural cities, but also by the approach to derive them [1]. Natural cities are derived from a meaningful cutoff averaged from a massive number of units extracted from geographic information. Those units vary according to different kinds of geographic information, for example the units could be area units for the street blocks and pixel values for the nighttime images. A natural cities model has been created using ArcGIS model builder, it follows the same process of deriving natural cities from location-based social media, namely, building up huge triangular irregular network (TIN) based on the point features (street nodes in this case) and regarding the triangles which are smaller than a mean value as the natural cities. These natural cities can also be created from other open access information like OpenStreetMap and further be used as an alternative delineation of administrative boundaries. Scaling law can also at the same time correctly be identified and the administrative borders can be created to respect this by the delineation of the natural cities. This type methodology can help urban geographers and planners by correctly identifying the effective urban territorial scope of the areas they work in. Natural cities can vary depending on the scale on which the natural cities are delineated, which is why optimally they have to be based on data from the whole world. Due to that being computationally impossible, a country or county scale is suggested as alternative. Due to the scale-free nature of natural cities and the data they are based on there are also possibilities to use the natural cities method for further measurements. One of the main advantages of natural cities is that it is derived bottom-up instead of top-down. That means that the borders are determined by the data of something physical rather than determined by an administrative government or administration. For example by calculating the natural cities of a natural city recursively the dense areas within a natural city are identified. These can be seen as city centers for example. By using the natural cities method in this way further border delineations can be made dependent on the scale the natural cities were generated from. Natural cities derived from smaller regional areas will provide less accurate but still usable results in certain analysis, like for example determining urban expansion over time. As mentioned before though, optimally natural cities should be based on a massive amount of for example street intersections for an entire country or even the world. This is because natural cities are based on the wisdom of crowds thinking, which needs the biggest set of available data for the best results. Also note that the structure of natural cities can be considered to be fractal in nature. It is important when head/tail breaks are being used to generate natural cities, that the data is not aggregated afterwards. For example, the amount of generated natural cities can only be known after they are generated. It is not possible to use a pre-defined number of cities for an area or country and aggregate the results of the natural cities to administratively determined city borders. Naturally natural cities should follow Zipf's law, if they do not, the area is most likely too small, or data has probably been processed wrongly. An example of this is seen in a research where head/tail breaks were used to extract natural cities, but they were aggregated to administrative borders, which following that concluded that the cities do not follow Zipf's law. This happens more often in science, where papers actually produce results which are actually false. = Current color renderings for DEM or density map are essentially based on conventional classifications such as natural breaks or equal intervals, so they disproportionately exaggerate high elevations or high densities. As a matter of fact, there are not so many high elevations or high-density locations. It was found that coloring based head/tail breaks is more favorable than those by other classifications. [2] = The pattern of far more small things than large ones frequently recurs in geographical data. A spiral layout inspired by the golden ratio or Fibonacci sequence can help visualize this recursive notion of scaling hierarchy and the different levels of scale. In other words, from the smallest to the largest scale, a map can be seen as a map of a map of a map, and so on. = Other applications of Head/tail breaks: Serving as a method for efficiently estimating the absolute Boltzmann's entropy of numerical raster data Quantifying the multiscale representation of a polyline Increasing computational efficiency in data-flow analysis by emphasizing the head part of the flow dataset Temporal analysis of urban expansion related to the thermal environment Image analysis where anisotropy is measured in point patterns extracted with a digital pulse transform with the use of head/tail breaks Visualizing and analyzing spatial patterns in bilateral trade To identify urban function graphs, note that this paper applies head/tail breaks on a Gaussian kernel density estimation which reduces the accuracy of the head/tail breaks method. Essentially a natural cities approach is taken but the initial data chosen to perform head/tail breaks on has been reduced beforehand. For a better representation of urban function graphs head/tail breaks may be applied as the first step in delineating these areas. Analyzing structures or hotspots naturally occurring within data to highlight areas of interest (Based on natural cities). (Over)Tourism analysis based on short term rentals (like AirBnB) by creating hotspots out of the distribution of rented out apartments. Measuring tourism intensification based on the fractal dimension delineated using natural cities Identifying urban hotspots based on taxi stops, where people are most likely to get out at major landmarks or public transport transfer areas. Head/tail breaks are applied to separate the less dense stops where few people exit, from the major stops where the most people exit. Determining traffic hotspots or congestion zones, which can be used to in turn determine road pricing. Natural cities is an effective approach when finding these areas. Using natural cities to identify the polycentric pattern of Chinese cities, i.e. identifying the multiple dense centers of activity found in cities. Determining how city growth affects the thermal environment in cities using natural cities as a measurement tool. Identifying resilient urban areas or systems. Identifying polycentric cities with night time imagery, which can be used to evaluate the urban development levels. Quantifying urban expansion by using POI data as indicators of built up areas. Detecting hierarchical crowd data with different clustering algorithms. Using twitter data obtained during the COVID-19 pandemic to analyze spatial hotspots with natural cities. Reducing carbon emissions by dividing urban spaces using head/tail breaks. Using remote sensing to identify core city expansion. Predicting urban growth with fractal dimension logistic curve modeling and head/tail breaks. Head/tail breaks can serve as a main indicator that phenomena are distributed long tailed and that Paretian thinking should favor Gaussian thinking in geographic spaces. For example within biodiversity and pedodiversity studies where there seem to be fractal relationships such as taxa-area relationships. Complementary to this the polygons of soil and vegetation maps also show scaling within their structures. This can be identified and highlighted by using head/tail breaks. In image feature and texture extraction, certain algorithms like the discrete pulse transform, where LULU smoothing is used to extract the features, can be sped up by using head/tail breaks in the algorithm by separating large features and smaller features more effectively. By analysing hierarchies in urban patterns (i.e. Streets, building outlines), visual salience can be determined because it follows a similar principle, namely a scaling law, or long tailed distribution. Head/tail breaks are an aid in determining the hierarchies present because of the scaling nature of urban morphology and could be of further use when studying urban street network applications. This is especially the case for accessibility analysis, combined with space syntax head/tail breaks allow for an in depth understanding of street network structure. Urban structures, like street networks have been proven to be fractal in nature. An important point to note is that this structure is not consisting of only one defined fractal, it is characterized by a multifractal complex network. This means that on different scales, the defined fractal can change. Head/tail breaks can be used to determine the structure of the complex network over different scales, as it adjusts based on the data with each new hierarchy. Head/tail breaks as a classification method can be used to visualize growth or spread patterns in for example a global pandemic, like the Covid-19 one. By using head/tail breaks, main spread events can be effectively mapped and visualized where locations with a high infection rate are highlighted specifically due to them being in the highest class. The risk measurement model based on the head/tail breaks approach can describe the spatial and temporal evolution characteristics of the risk of COVID-19, and can better predict the risk trend of future epidemics in each city and identify the risk of future epidemics even during low incidence periods. Rock fracture networks are properties of rocks which are very important in rock engineering with applications in mining, shale gas development or slope stability. Because of the self-similarity characteristics of these fractures combined with the fractal nature they inhibit, head/tail breaks provide accurate measurements and analysis into these rock fracture networks. Classifying tourist attractions into most visited, least visited and something in between for further research into the optimal route of sightseeing busses. Measuring the heterogeneity of crime distribution quantitatively while simultaneously considering the statistical and geometrical characteristics of crime distribution. Examining the urban sustainability of socioeconomic and environmental dynamics. The natural cities serve as the basic urban form measures to objectively capture the spatial patterns of the sustainability change. The following implementations are available under Free/Open Source Software licenses. HT calculator: a winform application for obtaining related metrics of head/tail breaks applying on a single data array. HT in JavaScript: a JavaScript implementation for applying head/tail breaks on a single data array. HT Mapping tool: a function in the free plug-in Axwoman 6.3 to ArcMap 10.2 that conducts geo-data symbolization automatically based on the head/tail breaks classification. HT in Python: Python and JavaScript code for the head/tail breaks algorithm. It works great for choropleth map coloring. pysal.esda.mapclassify: Python classification schemes for choropleth mapping, including head/tail breaks map classification. smoomapy 0.1.9: Brings smoothed maps through python. Ht-index calculator: A PostgreSQL function for calculating ht-index (also see ). RA calculator: Software for calculating the ratio of areas (RA) in a rank-size plot (also see ). HT 2.0 calculator: An excel sheet calculator which calculates both head/tail breaks 1.0 and head/tail breaks 2.0 with a version for smaller datasets and a version for very large (binned) datasets. classInt: R package that implements several methods for choosing univariate class intervals for mapping or other graphic purposes also includes head/tail breaks map classification. Natural cities python script: For generating natural cities using open source python packages Natural cities python script2: For generating natural cities from input point data using open source python packages | noise |
PUSEN Hornet Football Club (Malay: Kelab Bolasepak Pangkalan Udara TUDM Sendayan) is a Malaysian football club based in Bandar Sri Sendayan, Negeri Sembilan. The club currently plays in the Malaysia A2 Amateur League, the third tier of the Malaysian football league system. The club was founded In 2022 as PUSEN KSRNS, before adopting the name PUSEN Hornet. In 2024, PUSEN Hornet became the champion of the Seremban A3 Community League and qualified for the 2025–26 Malaysia A2 Amateur League. PUSEN Hornet plays its home matches at the Sendayan Air Base Stadium in Bandar Sri Sendayan, a ground with a capacity of approximately 500 spectators. The club’s identity is symbolised by a yellow and black hornet-themed crest, reflecting its nickname. The same colours are used in the club’s primary kits. = As of September 2025 Note: Flags indicate national team as defined under FIFA eligibility rules; some limited exceptions apply. Players may hold more than one non-FIFA nationality. As of September 2025 = League Seremban A3 Community League Champions (1): 2024–25 Football in Malaysia | noise |
Alexander Prokhorovich Losyukov (Russian: Александр Прохорович Лосюков; 15 November 1943 – 16 November 2021) was a Soviet and Russian diplomat. After graduating from the Moscow State Institute of International Relations in 1968, Losyukov entered the service of the Soviet Ministry of Foreign Affairs, working in various positions in the central office and in diplomatic missions abroad, including in Afghanistan, the United States and the Philippines. From 1992 to 1994, Losyukov was Ambassador of Russia to New Zealand, with concurrent accreditation to Samoa and Tonga. From 1994 to 1997, Losyukov was Ambassador of Russia to Australia, with concurrent accreditation to Fiji, Nauru and Vanuatu. In July 2001, as Deputy Minister of Foreign Affairs, he led the signature of the 2001 Sino-Russian Treaty of Friendship. On 19 September 2001, he met with PCR ambassador Zhang Deguang to discuss the aftermath of the September 11 attacks. In 2003, as soon as North Korea gave up the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons which led to the start of the North Korea nuclear crisis, Alexander Losyukov traveled to North Korea as soon as January 2003 with the mission to find a negotiation process between the communist country and the United States, considering Russia and the US as allies in the war against terrorism. He declared the talks with his North-Korean counterparts, and Kim Jong-il, as successful. In March 2004, Losyukov was appointed Ambassador of Russia to Japan. Losyukov spoke Russian, Pashto and English. | noise |
The Société Bel Motors was a French microcar (automobile) manufacturer established at Les Sables-d'Olonne in 1976 by Jean Bellier. The cars used the name Véloto which reflected aspects of their light-weight design, notably in respect of the spoked wheels which would not have looked out of place on a bicycle. Véloto production ended in 1980 when Jean Bellier founded the Bellier[1] company and started to manufacture vehicles badged with his own name. Bel Motors International had manufactured a number of products, including children's pedal cars, before progressing to automobile manufacture. The manufacturer's first car was the Super Véloto, described as a "quadricycle" with an auxiliary motor. The motor was a rear-mounted twin cylinder air-cooled 50cc engine from Motobécane which powered the rear wheel via a V-belt and chain linkage. Front suspension was a minimal affair involving rubber rings: suspension at the back was non-existent. Comfort was not a priority and nor was noise suppression in respect of the engine. There were no brakes at the front, but the rear wheels had drum brakes fitted: these were controlled using a hand-lever. The thick leather-look steering wheel was generously padded and provided a contrast with the minimalist approach applied to the rest of the design. When empty the Super Véloto weighed just 150 kg. The car was 2,120 mm (83.5 in) long and sat on a 1,460 mm (57.5 in) wheelbase. The Super Véloto's first public outing was at the 63rd Paris Motor Show in October 1976. Some observers spotted a retrospective character in the vehicle which sported simple technical solutions recalling the Vélocar of the early 1940s. The light weight design meant that it could legally be driven by people too young to qualify for a driving licence. Its appeal to young people will have been enhanced by a retail price advertised by the manufacturer in October 1976 of 5,950 francs, although this had risen to 6,850 francs by June 1977. By the autumn of 1978 there were two version of the Super Véloto advertised. The "Type A" had a listed price of 7,600 francs and the "Type B" was offered at 9,300 francs. The principal difference was apparent when starting the engine. On the "Type A" the driver was required to pedal hard and then connect the engine so that it could be started using the momentum of the movement built up through pedaling. The "Type B" came with an electric starter controlled using an ignition key. The Véloto C-10 S followed in 1979. In 1980 the Minoto was exhibited. This featured polyester bodywork strengthened with aluminium, supported by a conventional steel frame, but nothing more was heard of this vehicle. The name Minoto did, however, return on a lightweight vehicle produced by the aluminium Arola during their final two years of independence, 1982 and 1983, but the Arola Minoto was not technically related to the earlier Minoto design from Bel Motors. Microcarfan Archived 2007-09-29 at the Wayback Machine (französisch, accessed 6 April 2013) Harald Linz, Halwart Schrader: Die Internationale Automobil-Enzyklopädie. United Soft Media Verlag, München 2008, ISBN 978-3-8032-9876-8. (German) George Nick Georgano (Chefredakteur): The Beaulieu Encyclopedia of the Automobile. Volume 3: P–Z. Fitzroy Dearborn Publishers, Chicago 2001, ISBN 1-57958-293-1. (English) George Nick Georgano: Autos. Encyclopédie complète. 1885 à nos jours. Courtille, Paris 1975. (French) | noise |
Prunus fasciculata, also known as wild almond, desert almond, or desert peach is a spiny and woody shrub producing wild almonds, which is native to western deserts of North America. Prunus fasciculata grows up to 2 metres (6+1⁄2 feet) high, exceptionally to 3 metres (10 ft), with many horizontal (divaricate) branches, generally with thorns (spinescent), often in thickets. The bark is gray and without hairs (glabrous). The leaves are 5–20 millimetres (1⁄4–3⁄4 inch) long, narrow (linear), with a broad, flatten tip that tapers to a narrow base, (spatulate, oblanceolate), arranged on very short leaf stem (petiole) like bundles of needles (fascicles). Sepals are hairless and without lobes or teeth. The flowers are small and white with 3-mm petals, occurring either solitary or in fascicles and are without a petal stem (subsessile) growing from the leaf axils. They are dioecious. Male flowers have 10–15 stamens; female, one or more pistils. The plant displays numerous fragrant flowers from March to May, which attract the bees that pollinate it. The drupe is about 1 centimetre (1⁄2 in) long, ovoid, light brown and pubescent with thin flesh. The species lives many years (is perennial), and drops its leaves (deciduous). The plant was first classified as Emplectocladus fasciculata in an 1853 paper by John Torrey based on a collection of the plants of California acquired during the third expedition of John C. Fremont in 1845; whence the synonym Emplectocladus fasciculata (Torr.) The work was illustrated by Isaac Sprague. Torrey devised the genus Empectocladus to comprise a few desert shrubs. According to Silas C. Mason the genus has ... a top so densely branched, angled and interlocked as to well merit the name Emplectocladus (Greek, "woven branch"), signifying interlocked branches ... According to George Bentham and Joseph Dalton Hooker the name fasciculata means that the leaves are in fascicles, or little bundles: Leaves small, spatulate, as it were of precious stones, subglobose fasciculate However, Asa Gray publishing in 1874 reclassified Empectocladus to Prunus resulting in the designation Prunus fasciculata (Torr.) A. Gray (subg. Emplectocladus), in which the desert shrubs become a subgenus. In 1996 Jepson defined a California variety with smooth leaves, punctata, in comparison to which Gray's species, with pubescent leaves, becomes the variety, fasciculata. Unfortunately, the binomial Prunus punctata was already used in 1878 to describe what is now known to be Prunus phaeosticta. Prunus fasciculata punctata grows in the coastal ranges as well as in the desert. = Middens from rodent activities such as those of the pack rat are a rich source of plant macrofossils from late Pleistocene habitats. At Point of Rocks in Nevada by 11,700 BP, desert shrubs such as desert almond had replaced Juniper and Joshua trees, indicating the onset of the modern desert. Somewhat earlier, 17,000–14,000 BP, desert almond flourished in a mixed desert and woodland ecology on the Colorado Plateau. The species is native to the deserts of Arizona, California, Baja California, Nevada, and Utah. It prefers sandy or rocky soil on dry slopes and washes, usually below 7,000 feet (2,100 m) elevation. The plant is not cultivated. Some Native Americans in its limited range learned traditional ways of using it: the Cahuilla prepared the drupe as a delicacy. The wild almonds were considered a delicacy by Native Americans. The Kawaiisu found the tough twigs useful as drills in starting fires and as the front portion of arrow shafts. The seed contains too much cyanide to be edible, although there is some archaeological evidence that the ancient population of the Mojave Desert pounded the seeds into flour and leached it to make it edible. Media related to Prunus fasciculata at Wikimedia Commons Prunus fasciculata - U.C. CalPhoto Gallery "Prunus fasciculata". Plants for a Future. | noise |
José Antonio García Leyva (11 January 1960 – 28 November 2003) was a Mexican politician and educator from the Institutional Revolutionary Party. From 2000 to 2003 he served as Deputy of the LVIII Legislature of the Mexican Congress representing Zacatecas. | noise |
The 2015 Chinese Grand Prix (formally known as the 2015 Formula 1 Chinese Grand Prix) was a Formula One motor race that was held on 12 April 2015 at the Shanghai International Circuit in Shanghai, China. The race was the third round of the 2015 Formula One World Championship, and marked the twelfth time that the Chinese Grand Prix has been run as a round of the Formula One World Championship. Lewis Hamilton was the defending race winner and went into the weekend with a three-point lead in the World Drivers' Championship over Sebastian Vettel, who had surprised the field by taking victory in the previous round at Malaysia. Hamilton took pole position during Saturday's qualifying, the 41st of his career and the third in a row. He went on to win the race from his teammate Nico Rosberg. = After Sebastian Vettel's surprise victory two weeks prior in Malaysia, eyes were on Ferrari whether they would be able to continue their good race pace in China and challenge the Mercedes for the win. As lower track temperatures were expected for the race, a serious competitiveness of Ferrari was cast into doubt, as they had benefited from lower tyre degradation in the heat of Malaysia. All ten teams taking part in the 2015 Formula One World Championship participated in the race, with Marussia hoping to finally be able to run both cars continually, after Will Stevens had failed to start in Malaysia. As in 2014, Pirelli announced they would be supplying teams with the white-banded medium compound tyre as the prime selection and the yellow-banded soft compound as the option selection for the event. = Per the regulations for the 2015 season, three practice sessions were held, two 1.5-hour sessions on Friday and another one-hour session before qualifying on Saturday. World champion Lewis Hamilton took a clean sweep and topped the time sheets in all three sessions by a considerable margin. The first session saw Lotus test driver Jolyon Palmer participate in place of regular Romain Grosjean. He finished six-tenths of a second behind his teammate Pastor Maldonado and was one of several drivers to have off track experiences during the session. Both Mercedes drivers ran wide on different parts of the track, as did Felipe Massa, who spun his Williams in turn 14 towards the end of the session. Hamilton was over half a second clear of his teammate Nico Rosberg on Friday morning, with the Ferraris more than a second behind. Hamilton continued his strong performance during the second session on Friday afternoon, beating Malaysia winner Sebastian Vettel for the top spot, Vettel finishing almost half a second down. Most teams ran with both dry tyre compounds. Mercedes appeared more dominant on the harder tyres, one second ahead of the rest of the grid. Red Bull continued to struggle with the same brake problems they had endured in Malaysia two weeks before. The left rear brake of Daniil Kvyat started to smoke after a pit stop, leading the team to investigate the matter further. Felipe Massa spun yet again in turn 14, hitting the barrier with his front wing meaning the session was red-flagged for a while. The session was further disrupted by the appearance of a local man running across the main straight, jumping into pit lane before being stopped by security after entering the Ferrari garage, where he apparently stated he wanted to "try a car". Hamilton was once again fastest during third practice on Saturday morning, even while suffering from overheating under his seat. The two Mercedes cars were separated by two-tenths of a second with the two Ferraris of Vettel and Kimi Räikkönen behind, another half a second down. Red Bull had a slight upturn in fortune, with Daniel Ricciardo and Daniil Kvyat finishing fifth and sixth respectively. McLaren-Honda had another problematic session as Fernando Alonso stopped the car just after starting his installation lap. Teammate Jenson Button was called into the pit lane as well, citing a similar problem with the engine, but was able to continue later in the session. Felipe Massa experienced smoke in his cockpit both on Friday and Saturday, apparently caused by the new titanium plates underneath the cars which also create sparks when driving over bumps on the track. = Qualifying consisted of three parts, 18, 15 and 12 minutes in length respectively, with five drivers eliminated from competing after each of the first two sessions. In the session, which started at 15:00 local time (UTC +8) on Saturday afternoon, Lewis Hamilton took the third out of three possible pole positions of the season, narrowly beating his teammate by 0.04 seconds. Nico Rosberg was frustrated about the result, lamenting that his team had put unnecessary pressure on him by telling him to go faster during his last warm-up lap, saying "[w]e need to look at that as that was not ideal to put me under pressure like that". Mercedes were the only team to use the medium tyre in the first qualifying session (Q1), with all other teams using the faster soft tyre. Five drivers were eliminated in Q1, four of them being the two Marussia and McLaren cars, all of which had yet failed to go through to Q2. They were joined by the Force India of Nico Hülkenberg, who was to start 16th on the grid. The second session saw Hamilton post the fastest time, even though his car lost contact to pit lane and his seat overheating once more. He was three-tenths clear of his teammate Rosberg, with Sebastian Vettel in third. Daniil Kvyat suffered engine problems and failed to make it into Q3, as did the second Force India of Sergio Pérez, both Toro Rosso drivers and the Lotus of Pastor Maldonado. During Q3, contested by the top ten, Hamilton just beat his teammate to pole position, with a time set during his first timed lap. Both Ferrari drivers ran their first lap on used tyres in order to save one set for the race. In their second outing, Vettel was able to get ahead of the two Williams cars of Felipe Massa and Valtteri Bottas, while teammate Kimi Räikkönen struggled with the handling of his car in the first part of the track to finish sixth on the grid. = When the race started at 14:00 local time (UTC +8), Kimi Räikkönen managed to pass both Williams cars on the first lap to move up to fourth, while Nico Rosberg was able to fend off Sebastian Vettel for second. On the second lap, Carlos Sainz Jr. spun his Toro Rosso and dropped down the order. Nico Hülkenberg became the first retirement on lap ten, when he parked his Force India in the gravel after his gearbox failed. During the pit stops, Ferrari attempted an undercut by pitting Sebastian Vettel early on lap 13, a strategy in which a car running behind is pitting early in order to use a fast out-lap on fresh tyres to jump ahead of a rival without having to overtake them on track. However this was unsuccessful as Mercedes reacted by pitting Rosberg the following lap, allowing Rosberg to maintain track position over Vettel. On lap 17, Daniil Kvyat retired from the race when his Red Bull started to smoke due to an engine failure. After the first pit stops, the Mercedes drivers had to manage their tyres in order to cover from a possible attack by Ferrari, who had an extra set of fresh tyres saved from qualifying. Rosberg however complained over the radio about Hamilton in front of him driving too slow, which caused him to back into the charging Ferraris. He was unable to risk driving too close behind Hamilton, because dispersed air from the back of the car was accelerating tyre degradation. Hamilton was therefore asked by the team to pick up the pace. The top three began to spread out in the second half of the race, and by lap 54 Lewis Hamilton was leading Rosberg by 10.06 seconds, with Vettel a further 12.12 seconds behind Rosberg. However, due to Ferrari's earlier attempt to undercut Rosberg by pitting Vettel early, Räikkönen's tyres were 4 laps fresher than his teammate's, and he closed in on Vettel over the final stint. Having emerged from his final pit stop 4.84 seconds behind Vettel on lap 35, Räikkönen had closed the gap to 1.37 seconds by lap 54. However, the chance of a battle between the Ferrari teammates was extinguished after a transmission failure on Max Verstappen's Toro Rosso, who was stranded on the start/finish-straight, brought out the safety car for the final two laps, meaning that the race ended under safety car conditions. Hamilton crossed the line to win his second race of the season, with Rosberg following him home in second and Vettel completing the podium with third place. Pastor Maldonado had an eventful race. On lap 33, while running in seventh position ahead of teammate Romain Grosjean, he missed the pit entry and lost time, dropping several positions. He then proceeded to spin his car on lap 39 as he attempted to make up for lost time, and on lap 48 he had a collision with Jenson Button following a long battle for position, damaging his car and retiring with rear brake failure a few laps later. The stewards later deemed Button to be at fault for the incident. = At the podium interviews, conducted by two-time Olympic 400 metres hurdles champion Edwin Moses, race winner Lewis Hamilton acknowledged "a fantastic job by the team" and expressed disappointment over the late safety car, calling it "kind of an anti-climax when you have a good race like that". During the press conference after the race, Nico Rosberg accused his teammate of deliberately slowing down during the middle stint of the race and compromising his race in the process. Hamilton declared, when asked about the radio message telling him to speed up, that he "wasn't controlling his [Nico's] race, I was controlling my own race". Rosberg reacted to that statement by saying: "It's just now interesting to hear from you, Lewis, that you were just thinking about yourself with the pace in front, and necessarily that was compromising my race." Hamilton was subsequently backed up by Mercedes non-executive chairman Niki Lauda, who said: "Sure, everyone drives selfish. [...] What do you think these guys are here to do? I call them egocentric bastards. That is the only way to win and the only way to win the Championship, they are all the same." = = Notes ^1 – Jenson Button originally finished thirteenth, but received a five-second post-race time penalty for causing a collision with Pastor Maldonado. ^2 – Roberto Merhi received a five-second post-race time penalty for failing to stay above the required lap time under the safety car. ^3 – Max Verstappen was classified as he had completed over 90% of the race distance. Note: Only the top five positions are included for both sets of standings. 2015 TCR International Series Shanghai round | noise |
Trinity Christian School, founded in 1980, is a private Christian P-12 school located in Wanniassa in the Tuggeranong Valley of Canberra, ACT, Australia. The campus of Trinity Christian School consists of a mixture of brick and corrugated iron facade standalone buildings. In addition to classrooms the school's facilities include science labs, computer rooms, a performing arts center, a metal and woodwork workshop and a kitchen teaching space. Sporting facilities include two ovals, a large gymnasium hall and asphalt basketball/netball courts. Trinity Christian School has approximately 1150 students and is divided into three sections: Junior (K-5), Middle (6-8) and Senior (9-12). The staff includes 76 full-time teachers, and 32 part-time teachers. Extracurricular activities include several school bands and vocal ensembles, ISCF, Duke of Edinburgh's Award Scheme, musical production, academic clubs, and yearly grade-wide school camps. = Each year students from the senior section of the school are given the opportunity to go on a mission trip. Destinations have included Uganda (via South Africa), India, Morapoi Station, WA, Narromine, NSW and Wellington, NSW. = Students from Trinity have competed at several F1 in Schools competitions. Team Goshawk won the amateur championship in Canberra in 2007 and took second place overall at the 2008 World Championship in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. They were presented the coveted award for "Best Engineered Design". In 2008 team Redline Racing won the national finals in Canberra. They placed 2nd at the 2009 World Championships in London where they won the award for the fastest car. = In 2010 students from Trinity made contact with the International Space Station as part of the Wireless Institute of Australia's 100th anniversary. Students had the opportunity to ask astronauts about life in space. Shortly after its founding in 1980, Trinity was amongst three schools that were included in a proposal by the then Education minister, Wal Fife. The idea was that schools with falling enrolments should take in students from private schools. Trinity has a history of staff who wrote musicals, which the students then performed and toured around the country with. An example was To The Snowy, a musical about the Snowy Mountains Scheme, written in 1992 by teachers Peter Hind, Jenny Horsfield and Rob Long. The school toured the Snowy Mountains performing it at towns that were significant in the Snowy Scheme, including Cooma, Tumut, Adaminaby and Jindabyne. The school toured the musical again in the same region in 1999 as part of the 50th anniversary celebrations of the start of the Snowy Scheme. Alistair Coe, former leader of the Canberra Liberals Lydia Williams, Indigenous Australian goalkeeper for the Matildas List of schools in the Australian Capital Territory | noise |
Big dick energy (BDE) is a slang phrase which originated in 2018, denoting an easy confidence. The phrase big dick energy denotes an easy confidence or a sense of assurance and purpose. In general, having big dick energy is unrelated to whether or not someone actually has a large penis or any penis at all. The term is not gender-exclusive and can be applied to women as well as men. There are conflicting accounts of how the term originated, although both put the origin within a two-week timeframe in 2018. The term first entered popular culture after being used in 2018 on Twitter to describe Pete Davidson, then in a relationship with Ariana Grande. Replying to Grande a Twitter user tweeted that "Pete Davidson is 6'3 [1.91 m] with dark circles, exudes big dick energy, looks evil but apparently is an angel, and loves his girl publicly," The phrase was immediately picked up by the community. Following the popularization of the term relating to Davidson, another Twitter user took credit for coining the phrase, pointing to a comment they had made two weeks beforehand mourning the death of Anthony Bourdain. In 2021, the rapper Latto released her single "Big Energy" which referenced the meme. Latto told Billboard that in the lyrics she took the "masculine, trendy 'big dick energy' quote" from social media and made it a concept that all genders can have and take it deeper than just a sexual aspect." Latto added, "I wanted it to be empowering. It's an aura that you carry and a confidence. It's just an overall vibe and when you walk in the room, you have 'big energy' and no one can tell you otherwise." Her A&R representatives first played her the beat during a studio session in Los Angeles, which she felt keen on but perceived it as musically different and "out of [her] comfort zone". Latto described the writing process as a dynamic collaborative effort, collecting different opinions with "people in the room [to] bounce ideas off of each other... talking out loud, playing the beat out loud. It wasn't a sit-down-and-write type of thing... and I was asking the girls in the room, 'What does big energy mean to you?'" In 2025, Lambrini Girls released the song "Big Dick Energy" on their debut album Who Let the Dogs Out. = In December 2022, Andrew Tate addressed the environmentalist Greta Thunberg in a tweet extolling his carbon-emitting automobiles and asked for her email address to give her more information. Thunberg replied with the fake, satirical email address "smalldickenergy@getalife.com". The exchange received substantial attention on Twitter, with Thunberg's retort quickly becoming one of the most-liked tweets ever. | noise |
Barangay elections in the Philippines were held on May 14, 2018. The election elected the Punong Barangay, more commonly known as barangay captains, and members of the Sangguniang Barangay, or barangay council, in 41,948 barangays (villages) throughout the country whose terms start on June 30, 2018. Barangays are the smallest local government unit in the Philippines. Elections for the reformed Sangguniang Kabataan (SK; youth councils) were also held at the same time. This shall be the first SK elections since 2010. Originally scheduled for October 2016, these elections supposedly concluded the 2016 election cycle that started in May with the election of the Philippine president, the members of Philippine Congress and provincial, city and municipal officials. It was then postponed to October 2017, then was postponed further to May 2018. There were attempts to postpone it further, but Congress ran out of time to pass a law to postpone the elections further. Upon their election, barangay captains elected their cities' or municipalities' League of Barangays of the Philippines chairman, also known as the Association of Barangay Captains or ABC Chairman, who will also sit on their respective local municipal or city council. The provincial ABC chairman will also sit on the provincial board. The provincial and some city ABC chairmen shall elect among themselves the national leadership of the League. The winning officials were originally to serve until June 30, 2020, but since the 2020 elections were postponed to 2022 in 2019, and again to 2023, their terms were also extended to November 30, 2023. Each barangay has an elected chief executive, the Punong Barangay, and an 8-seat legislature, the Sangguniang Barangay, of which seven are elected at-large in this election. The youth also elect among themselves the Sangguniang Kabataan (SK) chairman, who is the eighth member of the Sangguniang Barangay, and all 7 members of the Sangguniang Kabataan at-large. Both barangay and SK chairmen are elected via the first-past-the-post system, while the legislatures are elected via multiple non-transferable vote. = On October 18, 2016, or roughly two weeks before the elections, it was confirmed that President Rodrigo Duterte signed into law a bill postponing the October 2016 barangay elections to October 2017. In addition, the subsequent election would be on the second Monday of May 2020, and every three years thereafter. Officials who were elected in 2013 shall continue to serve until 2017. By March 2017, Duterte expressed that he wanted to postpone the barangay elections until 2020, and replace the barangay officials whose terms are expiring, with his own appointees. This allegedly due to prevent drug money from influencing the result of the elections. His allies in Congress moved to enact a bill doing such. Experts later said that appointing barangay officials is unconstitutional. On October 2, 2017, President Rodrigo Duterte signed into law a bill postponing again the 2017 barangay and SK election to May 2018. The House of Representatives then passed a bill to postpone the election from May to October, but it was defeated in the Senate as there was no counterpart bill submitted there. At the hearings at the attempt to postpone it to October 2018, League national president Edmund Abesamis, who was supporting the election's postponement defending that it wasn't self-serving, was berated by Congressman Antonio Tinio of the Alliance of Concerned Teachers who branded him as shameless. Tinio added that several barangay officials are term limited and should have been replaced by an election as early as 2016. = As there was no law postponing the elections further, the commission released the schedule for the election. Filing of candidacies will be on April 14 to 20. The eligible ages for the Sangguniang Kabataan elections were changed to 18–24 years old for candidates, and 15-30 for voters. Candidates were required to submit a resumé. The commission also told politicians to keep the elections non-partisan, for candidates to refrain mentioning politicians' names, and for them to lower expenses. Filing for candidacies was extended until April 21. There were concerns that the number of candidates is less than the number of positions that shall be contested. The Sangguniang Kabataan posts were a concern, with only 181,296 candidacies as opposed to 338,584 positions. May 4, 2018 will be the start of the campaign period, that will end on May 12. Election silence is on May 13, and election day is on Monday, May 14. = Following the pronouncements of President Rodrigo Duterte, the Philippine Drug Enforcement Agency (PDEA) and the Department of the Interior and Local Government (DILG) released on 30 April 2018, the list of barangay officials allegedly involved in the drug trade. PDEA Director-General Aaron Aquino and DILG Officer-in-Charge Eduardo Año stated that nearly 200 personalities are in the list. PDEA admitted that the said list that were based on existing police and military intelligence reports, lacks adequate veracity hence cases have not been filed against the said personalities in the courts. The list is considered part of the earlier extensive narco list that was partially released by President Duterte in 2016. The Philippines has 42,044 barangays, each with 1 chairperson, 7 councilors, 1 SK chairperson and 7 SK councilors. In addition, the SK chairperson is an ex officio member of the barangay council. The newest barangays are in San Jose, Occidental Mindoro, Asipulo, Ifugao, Dumalneg, Ilocos Norte, and in Navotas, Metro Manila, where the barangays were reorganized. Furthermore, Barangay Rizal was transferred from Burdeos, Quezon to Panukulan, Quezon after a Supreme Court decision became final and executory. All 96 barangays in Marawi are not holding elections in May 2018 due to the aftermath of the Battle of Marawi. This means only 41,948 barangays shall be holding elections. The commission shall determine at a later date when to hold elections in the city. *Aside from the 7 regular members, the SK chairperson is also an ex officio member of the barangay council. There was no nationwide campaign, and the election was nonpartisan. = = = = After election day, the Commission on Elections said that there were no failure of elections for the first time, except for a case in Northern Samar. The Philippine National Police said that 35 people died in the run-up to the election, with election day itself "relatively peaceful". While most leading politicians voted, President Duterte notably didn't, saying he didn't want to disappoint his friends who ran against each other. Several candidates in the "narcolist" still won, while others lost. Three days after the election, the commission said 100% of the positions have been proclaimed. The DILG asked the commission to hold special elections in 39 barangays where no SK candidates ran. The DILG said that this the most democratic way in determining who gets the positions, as against to appointment of members to the posts. Furthermore, the commission also suspended the 729 candidacies of people who were either overage to run in the SK, or did not satisfy residency requirements; if any of these won, their proclamations would be suspended. After the winners were determined, the winning barangay and Sangguniang Kabataan chairmen started to vote among themselves on who would be sitting in their respective local legislatures as their representatives. The DILG has released a schedule and guidelines for these series of indirect elections. After nominations and candidacies were made, elections at the municipal and component city level was held on July 16. The winners shall sit in their respective Sangguniang Bayan or Sangguniang Panlungsod. Meanwhile, those who won in the component city and municipal level shall vote among themselves to determine who shall sit among them in their respective Sangguniang Panlalawigan, on July 30. Chairmen from independent component and highly urbanized cities also hold their elections on this date to determine their representatives in their respective Sangguniang Panlungsod. The sitting representatives in all Sangguniang Panlalawigan, and Sangguniang Panlungsod of independent component and highly urbanized cities shall vote among themselves the officials of the national chapter of the league, including the president on August 29. In the national convention held at the Manila Hotel, Barangay Captain Faustino Dy V of San Fabian, Echague, Isabela was elected national president of the Liga ng mga Barangay unopposed. Dy is the son of Isabela Governor Faustino Dy III. For deadlocked legislatures, these elections determine on whether the sitting executive will or will not have control of the legislature. The barangay elections in Marawi were delayed due to the siege of Marawi, which lasted for five months. By mid-July, the commission had planned to hold the barangay elections in Marawi in September 2018. The commission was uncertain, though, if the voters had returned to the city. On July 31, the commission decided to hold the elections on September 22. On Election Day, a brawl and allegations of vote-buying marred the proceedings. Despite this, Col. Romeo Brawner Jr., deputy commander of Joint Task Force Ranao, said that there were no casualties during the day. The commission later said that all winners were proclaimed at least by 6:00 a.m. the following morning. Republic Act No. 10923 An Act Postponing the October 2016 Barangay and Sangguniang Kabataan Elections Republic Act No. 10952 An Act Postponing the October 2017 Barangay and Sangguniang Kabataan Elections Calendar of Activities for barangay and Sangguniang Kabataan elections Calendar of Activities for barangay and Sangguniang Kabataan elections in Marawi Official Website of the Commission on Elections Republic Act No. 9340 | noise |
Nripen Goswami is an Indian politician. He was elected to the Lok Sabha, lower house of the Parliament of India from Nowgong, Assam in 1998 as a member of the Indian National Congress. Official biographical sketch in Parliament of India website | noise |
Information ethics has been defined as "the branch of ethics that focuses on the relationship between the creation, organization, dissemination, and use of information, and the ethical standards and moral codes governing human conduct in society". It examines the morality that comes from information as a resource, a product, or as a target. It provides a critical framework for considering moral issues concerning informational privacy, moral agency (e.g. whether artificial agents may be moral), new environmental issues (especially how agents should behave in the infosphere), problems arising from the life-cycle (creation, collection, recording, distribution, processing, etc.) of information (especially ownership and copyright, digital divide, and digital rights). It is very vital to understand that librarians, archivists, information professionals among others, really understand the importance of knowing how to disseminate proper information as well as being responsible with their actions when addressing information. Information ethics has evolved to relate to a range of fields such as computer ethics, medical ethics, journalism and the philosophy of information. As the use and creation of information and data form the foundation of machine learning, artificial intelligence and many areas of mathematics, information ethics also plays a central role in the ethics of artificial intelligence, big data ethics and ethics in mathematics. The term information ethics was first coined by Robert Hauptman and used in the book Ethical Challenges in Librarianship. The field of information ethics has a relatively short but progressive history having been recognized in the United States for nearly 20 years. The origins of the field are in librarianship though it has now expanded to the consideration of ethical issues in other domains including computer science, the internet, media, journalism, management information systems, and business. Evidence of scholarly work on this subject can be traced to the 1980s, when an article authored by Barbara J. Kostrewski and Charles Oppenheim and published in the Journal of Information Science, discussed issues relating to the field including confidentiality, information biases, and quality control. Another scholar, Robert Hauptman, has also written extensively about information ethics in the library field and founded the Journal of Information Ethics in 1992. One of the first schools to introduce an Information Ethics course was the University of Pittsburgh in 1990. The course was a master's level course on the concept of Information Ethics. Soon after, Kent State University also introduced a master's level course called "Ethical Concerns For Library and Information Professionals." Eventually, the term "Information Ethics" became more associated with the computer science and information technology disciplines in university. Still however, it is uncommon for universities to devote entire courses to the subject. Due to the nature of technology, the concept of information ethics has spread to other realms in the industry. Thus, concepts such as "cyberethics," a concept which discusses topics such as the ethics of artificial intelligence and its ability to reason, and media ethics which applies to concepts such as lies, censorship, and violence in the press. Therefore, due to the advent of the internet, the concept of information ethics has been spread to other fields other than librarianship now that information has become so readily available. Information has become more relevant now than ever now that the credibility of information online is more blurry than print articles due to the ease of publishing online articles. All of these different concepts have been embraced by the International Center for Information Ethics (ICIE), established by Rafael Capurro in 1999. Dilemmas regarding the life of information are becoming increasingly important in a society that is defined as "the information society". The explosion of so much technology has brought information ethics to a forefront in ethical considerations. Information transmission and literacy are essential concerns in establishing an ethical foundation that promotes fair, equitable, and responsible practices. Information ethics broadly examines issues related to ownership, access, privacy, security, and community. It is also concerned with relational issues such as "the relationship between information and the good of society, the relationship between information providers and the consumers of information". Information technology affects common issues such as copyright protection, intellectual freedom, accountability, privacy, and security. Many of these issues are difficult or impossible to resolve due to fundamental tensions between Western moral philosophies (based on rules, democracy, individual rights, and personal freedoms) and the traditional Eastern cultures (based on relationships, hierarchy, collective responsibilities, and social harmony). The multi-faceted dispute between Google and the government of the People's Republic of China reflects some of these fundamental tensions. Professional codes offer a basis for making ethical decisions and applying ethical solutions to situations involving information provision and use which reflect an organization's commitment to responsible information service. Evolving information formats and needs require continual reconsideration of ethical principles and how these codes are applied. Considerations regarding information ethics influence "personal decisions, professional practice, and public policy". Therefore, ethical analysis must provide a framework to take into consideration "many, diverse domains" (ibid.) regarding how information is distributed. Censorship is an issue commonly involved in the discussion of information ethics because it describes the inability to access or express opinions or information based on the belief it is bad for others to view this opinion or information. Sources that are commonly censored include books, articles, speeches, art work, data, music and photos. Censorship can be perceived both as ethical and non-ethical in the field of information ethics. Those who believe censorship is ethical say the practice prevents readers from being exposed to offensive and objectionable material. Topics such as sexism, racism, homophobia, and anti-semitism are present in public works and are widely seen as unethical in the public eye. There is concern regarding the exposure of these topics to the world, especially the young generation. The Australian Library Journal states proponents for censorship in libraries, the practice of librarians deciphering which books/ resources to keep in their libraries, argue the act of censorship is an ethical way to provide information to the public that is considered morally sound, allowing positive ethics instead of negative ethics to be dispersed. According to the same journal, librarians have an "ethical duty" to protect the minds, particularly young people, of those who read their books through the lens of censorship to prevent the readers from adopting the unethical ideas and behaviors portrayed in the books. However, others in the field of information ethics argue the practice of censorship is unethical because it fails to provide all available information to the community of readers. British philosopher John Stuart Mill argued censorship is unethical because it goes directly against the moral concept of utilitarianism. Mill believes humans are unable to have true beliefs when information is withheld from the population via censorship and acquiring true beliefs without censorship leads to greater happiness. According to this argument, true beliefs and happiness (of which both concepts are considered ethical) cannot be obtained through the practice of censorship. Librarians and others who disperse information to the public also face the dilemma of the ethics of censorship through the argument that censorship harms students and is morally wrong because they are unable to know the full extent of knowledge available to the world. The debate of information ethics in censorship was highly contested when schools removed information about evolution from libraries and curriculums due to the topic conflicting with religious beliefs. In this case, advocates against ethics in censorship argue it is more ethical to include multiple sources information on a subject, such as creation, to allow the reader to learn and decipher their beliefs. Illegal downloading has also caused some ethical concerns and raised the question whether digital piracy is equivalent to stealing or not. When asked the question "Is it ethical to download copyrighted music for free?" in a survey, 44 percent of a group of primarily college-aged students responded "Yes." Christian Barry believes that understanding illegal downloading as equivalent to common theft is problematic, because clear and morally relevant differences can be shown "between stealing someone’s handbag and illegally downloading a television series". On the other hand, he thinks consumers should try to respect intellectual property unless doing so imposes unreasonable cost on them. In an article titled "Download This Essay: A Defence of Stealing Ebooks", Andrew Forcehimes argues that the way we think about copyrights is inconsistent, because every argument for (physical) public libraries is also an argument for illegally downloading ebooks and every argument against downloading ebooks would also be an argument against libraries. In a reply, Sadulla Karjiker argues that "economically, there is a material difference between permitting public libraries making physical books available and allowing such online distribution of ebooks." Ali Pirhayati has proposed a thought experiment based on a high-tech library to neutralize the magnitude problem (suggested by Karjiker), and justify Forcehimes’ main idea. Ethical concerns regarding international security, surveillance, and the right to privacy are on the rise. The issues of security and privacy commonly overlap in the field of information, due to the interconnectedness of online research and the development of Information Technology (IT). Some of the areas surrounding security and privacy are identity theft, online economic transfers, medical records, and state security. Companies, organizations, and institutions use databases to store, organize, and distribute user's information—with or without their knowledge. Individuals are far more likely to part with personal information when it seems that they will have some sort of control over the use of the information or if the information is given to an entity that they already have an established relationship with. In these specific circumstances, subjects will be much inclined to believe that their information has been collected for pure collection's sake. An entity may also be offering goods or services in exchange for the client's personal information. This type of collection method may seem valuable to a user due to the fact that the transaction appears to be free in the monetary sense. This forms a type of social contract between the entity offering the goods or services and the client. The client may continue to uphold their side of the contract as long as the company continues to provide them with a good or service that they deem worthy. The concept of procedural fairness indicates an individual's perception of fairness in a given scenario. Circumstances that contribute to procedural fairness are providing the customer with the ability to voice their concerns or input, and control over the outcome of the contract. Best practice for any company collecting information from customers is to consider procedural fairness. This concept is a key proponent of ethical consumer marketing and is the basis of United States Privacy Laws, the European Union's privacy directive from 1995, and the Clinton Administration's June 1995 guidelines for personal information use by all National Information Infrastructure participants. An individual being allowed to remove their name from a mailing list is considered a best information collecting practice. In a few Equifax surveys conducted in the years 1994–1996, it was found that a substantial amount of the American public was concerned about business practices using private consumer information, and that is causes more harm than good. Throughout the course of a customer-company relationship, the company can likely accumulate a plethora of information from its customer. With data processing technology flourishing, it allows for the company to make specific marketing campaigns for each of their individual customers. Data collection and surveillance infrastructure has allowed companies to micro-target specific groups and tailor advertisements for certain populations. = A recent trend of medical records is to digitize them. The sensitive information secured within medical records makes security measures vitally important. The ethical concern of medical record security is great within the context of emergency wards, where any patient records can be accessed at all times. Within an emergency ward, patient medical records need to be available for quick access; however, this means that all medical records can be accessed at any moment within emergency wards with or without the patient present. Ironically, the donation of one's body organs "to science" is easier in most Western jurisdictions than donating one's medical records for research. = Warfare has also changed the security of countries within the 21st Century. After the events of 9-11 and other terrorism attacks on civilians, surveillance by states raises ethical concerns of the individual privacy of citizens. The USA PATRIOT Act 2001 is a prime example of such concerns. Many other countries, especially European nations within the current climate of terrorism, is looking for a balancing between stricter security and surveillance, and not committing the same ethical concerns associated with the USA Patriot Act. International security is moving to towards the trends of cybersecurity and unmanned systems, which involve the military application of IT. Ethical concerns of political entities regarding information warfare include the unpredictability of response, difficulty differentiating civilian and military targets, and conflict between state and non-state actors. The main, peer-reviewed, academic journals reporting on information ethics are the Journal of the Association for Information Systems, the flagship publication of the Association for Information Systems, and Ethics and Information Technology, published by Springer. Bioinformatics Business ethics Computer ethics Cyberethics Information ecology Library Bill of Rights Media ethics Floridi, Luciano (2013). The Ethics of Information. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Froehlich, Thomas (2017). "A Not-So-Brief Account of Current Information Ethics: The Ethics of Ignorance, Missing Information, Misinformation, Disinformation and Other Forms of Deception or Incompetence". BiD: textos universitaris de biblioteconomia i documentacio. Num. 39. Himma, Kenneth E.; and Tavani, Herman T. (eds.) (2008). The Handbook of Information and Computer Ethics, New Jersey: John Wiley and Sons, Inc.. Moore, Adam D. ed (2005). "Information Ethics: Privacy, Property, and Power", University of Washington Press. Spinello, Richard A.; and Herman T. Tavani (eds.) (2004). Readings in Cyberethics, second ed. Mass.: Jones and Bartlett Publishers. Tavani, Herman T. (2004). Ethics & Technology: Ethical Issues in an Age of Information and Communication Technology. New Jersey: John Wiley and Sons, Inc.. IRIE, The International Review of Information Ethics Computer Professionals for Social Responsibility IEG, the Information Ethics research Group at Oxford University Information Ethicist International Center for Information Ethics | noise |
The Rudolf-Kalweit-Stadion is an association football and rugby union stadium in Hanover, Germany. It is the home ground and owned by the football team Arminia Hannover and also frequently used for international games of the Germany national rugby union team. Additionally, the American football team Hannover Spartans also uses the ground. In its 2008-2010 European Nations Cup First Division and in its 2014–16 European Nations Cup First Division campaign, Germany played one of its five home games at the stadium. Opened in 1918, it was formerly called the Stadion Bischofsholer Damm until 2005. The stadium is a purpose-built rectangular football stadium. The standing rank of the stadium behind one of the goals was pulled down in favour of a widening of the road behind it, the Bischofsholer Damm, in 1963. Arminia was asked to move their home ground for the road widening but declined. No flood lights are installed. The roof of the grand stand is actually from the Stadion Rote Erde, the former home ground of Borussia Dortmund, the roof having been moved to Hanover in 1976. During the Second World War, the stadium was hit by three aerial bombs and was therefore unavailable for Arminia in the early post-war days. In 2005, the stadium was renamed to its current name, in honour of long-term Arminia member Rudolf Kalweit. With over 8,000 spectators, Germany's home game against the Netherlands at the stadium in April 2007 achieved the best crowd figures for a rugby match in Germany since the pre-Second World War days. The ground's record crowd was achieved in April 1960, when almost 20,000 people saw a 6–1 victory of Arminia versus the Bremer SV. (in German) The Rudolf-Kalweit-Stadion at weltfussball.de | noise |
George Robb Ellison (July 22, 1881 – July 17, 1957) was a justice of the Supreme Court of Missouri from 1931 to 1955. Born in Canton, Lewis County, Missouri, he attended St. Paul's School in New York before graduating from Harvard College in 1904. Afterwards, he attended the University of Missouri School of Law. His grandfather, James Ellison, was a member of the Missouri State Senate and circuit judge. In 1931, he was elected to the Supreme Court of Missouri. For three two year terms, he was elected as Chief Justice in 1935, 1942, and 1951. He retired in 1955. In 1950, he was given an honorary degree from Culver–Stockton College. He died in St. Louis in 1957. | noise |
Books and some articles relating to coal mining, especially historical. Burns, Daniel. The modern practice of coal mining (1907) Chirons, Nicholas P. Coal Age Handbook of Coal Surface Mining (1978) ISBN 0-07-011458-7 Hamilton, Michael S. Mining Environmental Policy: Comparing Indonesia and the USA (Burlington, VT: Ashgate, 2005). (ISBN 0-7546-4493-6). Hayes, Geoffrey. Coal Mining (2004), 32 pp National Energy Information Center. "Greenhouse Gases, Climate Change, Energy". Retrieved 2007-10-16. Charles V. Nielsen and George F. Richardson. 1982 Keystone Coal Industry Manual (1982) Saleem H. Ali. "Minding our Minerals, 2006." Speight, James G, "An Introduction to Petroleum Technology, Economics, and Politics," John Wiley & Sons 2011. Trade and Industry, UK Department of. "The Coal Authority". Archived from the original on 2008-10-13. Retrieved 2007-10-16. World Coal Institute. The Coal Resource (2005) covers all aspects of the coal industry in 48 pp. Woytinsky, W. S., and E. S. Woytinsky. World Population and Production Trends and Outlooks (1953) pp 840–881; with many tables and maps on the worldwide coal industry in 1950 Brierley, Walter. Means Test Man (1935). Chaplin, Sid.The Thin Seam (1949). Cookson, Catherine.Tilly Trotter (1980), and other books by this author. Cronin, A. J. The Stars Look Down (1935), The Citadel (1937). Davies, Idris. Gwalia Deserta (1938) and The Angry Summer: A Poem of 1926 (1943). Giardina, Denise. Storming Heaven (1988), The Unquiet Earth (1992). Grisham, John. Gray Mountain (2014) Harrison, Tony. "v." (1985). Hensher, Philip.The Northern Clemency (2008). Heslop, Harold. Last Cage Down (1935). Jones, Jack. Black Parade (1935). Jones, Lewis. Cwmardy (1937) and We Live (1939). Kirk, Sam. The Coal Boat (2018). Lawrence, D. H. Sons and Lovers (1913). Lillo, Baldomero. Sub terra (1904). Llewellyn, Richard. How Green Was My Valley (1939). Rosenberg, Madelyn. Canary in the Coal Mine (2013). Peace, David. GB84 (2004). Sinclair, Upton. King Coal (1917), The Coal War (1976). Verne, Jules. The Child of the Cavern (1877). Welsh, James C. Songs of A Miner (1917), The Underworld (1920), and The Morlocks (1924). Wiseman, Ellen Marie. "The Coal River" (2015). Zola, Emile. Germinal (1885). Freese, Barbara, Coal: A Human History (2004). ISBN 0142000981. Jeffrey, E. C. Coal and Civilization. 1925. = Bibliographic guides Benson, J., Thompson, C.H. & Neville, R.G. Bibliography of the British coal industry. 1981 British Library, Coal mining (Social Sciences Collection Guides: Topical Bibliographies) Galloway, R.L. Annals of coal mining and the coal trade. – v1 of the 1971 reprint has a bibliography in the introduction. Linsley, S.M. The Coal Industry – A Select Bibliography. Durham Mining Museum Mining History Network Bibliography of British Mining History: Published Since 1987. Despite the title there is earlier material included. North of England Institute of Mining and Mechanical Engineers. Nicholas Wood Memorial Library. History of mining in the UK: some useful books. 2018 Histories and manuals Ashton, T. S. & Sykes, J. The coal industry of the eighteenth century. 1929. Baylies, Carolyn. The History of the Yorkshire Miners, 1881–1918 Routledge (1993). Benson, John. "Coalmining" in Chris Wrigley, ed. A History of British industrial relations, 1875–1914 (Univ of Massachusetts Press, 1982), pp 187–208. Benson, John. British Coal-Miners in the Nineteenth Century: A Social History Holmes & Meier, (1980). Buxton, N.K. The economic development of the British coal industry: from Industrial Revolution to the present day. 1979. Coombes, B. L. These Poor Hands: The Autobiography of a Miner Working in South Wales (1939). Dron, Robert W. The economics of coal mining (1928). Fine, B. The Coal Question: Political Economy and Industrial Change from the Nineteenth Century to the Present Day (1990). Galloway, R.L. Annals of coal mining and the coal trade. First series [to 1835] 1898; Second series. [1835–80] 1904. Reprinted 1971 Galloway, Robert L. A History Of Coal Mining In Great Britain (1882) Online at Open Library Griffin, A. R. The British coalmining industry: retrospect and prospect. 1977. Hanley, James. Grey Children: A Study in Humbug and Misery. 1937. Hatcher, John, et al. The History of the British Coal Industry (5 vol, Oxford U.P., 1984–87); 3000 pages of scholarly history John Hatcher: The History of the British Coal Industry: Volume 1: Before 1700: Towards the Age of Coal (1993). Michael W. Flinn, and David Stoker. History of the British Coal Industry: Volume 2. 1700–1830: The Industrial Revolution (1984). Roy Church, Alan Hall and John Kanefsky. History of the British Coal Industry: Volume 3: Victorian Pre-Eminence Barry Supple. The History of the British Coal Industry: Volume 4: 1913–1946: The Political Economy of Decline (1988) excerpt and ISBN 019828294X. William Ashworth and Mark Pegg. History of the British Coal Industry: Volume 5: 1946–1982: The Nationalized Industry (1986) Heinemann, Margot. Britain's coal: A study of the mining crisis (1944). Hill, Alan. Coal: A Chronology for Britain. Northern Mine Research Society. Hull, Edward (1861). The coal-fields of Great Britain: their history, structure, and resources. London: 1861: Stanford.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location (link) Hughes. Herbert W, A Text-Book of Mining: For the use of colliery managers and others (London, many editions 1892–1917), the standard British textbook for its era. Hull, Edward. Our coal resources at the close of the nineteenth century (1897) Online at Open Library. Stress on geology. Jaffe, James Alan. The Struggle for Market Power: Industrial Relations in the British Coal Industry, 1800–1840 (2003). Jevons, H.S. The British coal trade. 1920, reprinted 1969 Jevons, W. Stanley. The Coal Question: An Inquiry Concerning the Progress of the Nation, and the Probable Exhaustion of Our Coal Mines (1865). Kirby, M.W. The British coalmining industry, 1870–1946: a political and economic history. 1977. Lucas, Arthur F. "A British Experiment in the Control of Competition: The Coal Mines Act of 1930." Quarterly Journal of Economics (1934): 418–441. in JSTOR Prest, Wilfred. "The British Coal Mines Act of 1930, Another Interpretation." Quarterly Journal of Economics (1936): 313–332. in JSTOR Lewis, B. Coal mining in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries. (Longman, 1971). McIvor, Arthur and Ronald Johnston. Miners' Lung: A History of Dust Disease in British Coal Mining 2007) ISBN 978-0-7546-3673-1 Nef, J. U. Rise of the British coal industry. 2v 1932, a comprehensive scholarly survey Orwell, George. "Down the Mine" (The Road to Wigan Pier chapter 2, 1937) full text Rowe, J.W.F. Wages In the coal industry (1923). Tonge, James. The principles and practice of coal mining (1906) Waller, Robert. The Dukeries Transformed: A history of the development of the Dukeries coal field after 1920 (Oxford U.P., 1983) on the Dukeries Williams, Chris. Capitalism, community and conflict: The south Wales coalfield, 1898–1947 (U of Wales Press, 1998). = Burning the Future: Coal in America (film) Mountain Top Removal (film) Loeb, Penny. Moving Mountains: How One Woman and Her Community Won Justice from Big Coal (University of Kentucky Press, 2007). Industry Adams, Sean Patrick, . "The US Coal Industry in the Nineteenth Century." EH.Net Encyclopedia, August 15, 2001 scholarly overview Adams, Sean Patrick. "Promotion, Competition, Captivity: The Political Economy of Coal," Journal of Policy History (2006) 18#1 pp 74–95 online Adams, Sean Patrick. Old Dominion, Industrial Commonwealth: Coal, Politics, and Economy in Antebellum America. Johns Hopkins University Press, 2004. Binder, Frederick Moore. Coal Age Empire: Pennsylvania Coal and Its Utilization to 1860. Harrisburg: Pennsylvania Historical and Museum Commission, 1974. Chandler, Alfred. "Anthracite Coal and the Beginnings of the 'Industrial Revolution' in the United States", Business History Review 46 (1972): 141–181. in JSTOR Davies, Edward J., II. The Anthracite Aristocracy: Leadership and Social Change in the Hard Coal Regions of Northeastern Pennsylvania, 1800–1930 (1985). DiCiccio, Carmen. Coal and Coke in Pennsylvania. Harrisburg: Pennsylvania Historical and Museum Commission, 1996 Conley, Phil. History of West Virginia Coal Industry (Charleston: Education Foundation, 1960) Eavenson, Howard. The First Century and a Quarter of the American Coal Industry 1942. Verla R. Flores and A. Dudley Gardner. Forgotten Frontier: A History of Wyoming Coal Mining (1989) Goodell, Jeff. Big Coal: The Dirty Secret Behind America's Energy Future (2006) ISBN 978-0-618-87224-4 Hudson Coal Company. The Story of Anthracite (New York, 1932), 425pp; Useful overview of the industry in the 20th century; fair-minded with an operators perspective Lauver, Fred J. "A Walk Through the Rise and Fall of Anthracite Might", Pennsylvania Heritage Magazine 27#1 (2001) online edition Long, Priscilla. Where the Sun Never Shines: A History of America's Bloody Coal Industry. Paragon, 1989. Nelson, Robert H. The Making of Federal Coal Policy (1983) Netschert, Bruce C. and Sam H. Schurr, Energy in the American Economy, 1850–1975: An Economic Study of Its History and Prospects. (1960) Parker, Glen Lawhon. The Coal Industry: A Study in Social Control (Washington: American Council on Public Affairs, 1940) Powell, H. Benjamin. Philadelphia's First Fuel Crisis. Jacob Cist and the Developing Market for Pennsylvania Anthracite. The Pennsylvania State University Press, 1978. Rottenberg, Dan. In the Kingdom of Coal: An American Family and the Rock That Changed the World (2003), owners' perspective Shnayerson, Michael. Coal River: How a Few Brave Americans Took on a Powerful Company–and the Federal Government–to Save the Land They Love (2008) Schurr, Sam H., and Bruce C. Netschert. Energy in the American Economy, 1850–1975: An Economic Study of Its History and Prospects. Johns Hopkins Press, 1960. Veenstra, Theodore A., and Wilbert G. Fritz. "Major Economic Tendencies in the Bituminous Coal Industry," Quarterly Journal of Economics 51#1 (1936) pp. 106–130 in JSTOR Vietor, Richard H. K. and Martin V. Melosi; Environmental Politics and the Coal Coalition Texas A&M University Press, 1980 Warren, Kenneth. Triumphant Capitalism: Henry Clay Frick and the Industrial Transformation of America. Pittsburgh: University of Pittsburgh Press, 1996. Primary sources United States Anthracite Coal Strike Commission, 1902–1903, Report to the President on the Anthracite Coal Strike of May–October, 1902 By United States Anthracite Coal Strike (1903) online edition Report of the United states coal commission.... (5 vol in 3; 1925) Official US government investigation of the 1922 anthracite strike. online vol 1–2 Tryon, Frederick Gale, and Joseph Henry Willits, eds. What the Coal Commission Found: An Authoritative Summary by the Staff (1925). General policies committee of anthracite operators. The anthracite coal strike of 1922: A statement of its causes and underlying purposes (1923); Official statement by the operators. online Coal miners and unions Arnold, Andrew B. Fueling the Gilded Age: Railroads, Miners, and Disorder in Pennsylvania Coal Country (2014) Aurand, Harold W. Coalcracker Culture: Work and Values in Pennsylvania Anthracite, 1835–1935 (2003). Baratz, Morton S. The Union and the Coal Industry (Yale University Press, 1955) Blatz, Perry. Democratic Miners: Work and Labor Relations in the Anthracite Coal Industry, 1875–1925. Albany: SUNY Press, 1994. Coal Mines Administration, U.S, Department Of The Interior. A Medical Survey of the Bituminous-Coal Industry. U.S. Government Printing Office. 1947. Corbin, David Alan Life, Work, and Rebellion in the Coal Fields: The Southern West Virginia Miners, 1880–1922 (1981) Dix, Keith. What's a Coal Miner to Do? The Mechanization of Coal Mining (1988), changes in the coal industry prior to 1940 Dubofsky, Melvyn and Warren Van Tine, John L. Lewis: A Biography (1977), leader of Mine Workers union, 1920–1960 Eller, Ronald D. Miners, Millhands, and Mountaineers: Industrialization of the Appalachian South, 1880–1930 1982. Price V. Fishback. Soft Coal, Hard Choices: The Economic Welfare of Bituminous Coal Miners, 1890–1930 (1992) Grossman, Jonathan. "The Coal Strike of 1902 – Turning Point in U.S. Policy" Monthly Labor Review October 1975. online Harvey, Katherine. The Best Dressed Miners: Life and Labor in the Maryland Coal Region, 1835–1910. Cornell University Press, 1993. Hinrichs; A. F. The United Mine Workers of America, and the Non-Union Coal Fields Columbia University, 1923. Lantz; Herman R. People of Coal Town Columbia University Press, 1958; on southern Illinois. Laslett, John H.M. ed. The United Mine Workers: A Model of Industrial Solidarity? Penn State University Press, 1996. Lewis, Ronald L. Black Coal Miners in America: Race, Class, and Community Conflict. University Press of Kentucky, 1987. Lunt, Richard D. Law and Order vs. the Miners: West Virginia, 1907–1933 Archon Books, 1979, On labor conflicts of the early 20th century. Lynch, Edward A. and David J. McDonald. Coal and Unionism: A History of the American Coal Miners' Unions (1939) McIntosh, Robert. Boys in the pits: Child labour in coal mines (McGill-Queen's Press-MQUP, 2000), Canadian mines Phelan, Craig. Divided Loyalties: The Public and Private Life of Labor Leader John Mitchell (1994) Rössel, Jörg. "Industrial Structure, Union Strategy and Strike Activity in Bituminous Coal Mining, 1881–1894", Social Science History (2002) 16#1 pp 1–32. Seltzer, Curtis. Fire in the Hole: Miners and Managers in the American Coal Industry University Press of Kentucky, 1985, conflict in the coal industry to the 1980s. Smith, Richard C. Human Crisis in the Kingdom of Coal Friendship Press, 1952, covers the plight of the coal worker in European and American coal centers. Trotter Jr., Joe William. Coal, Class, and Color: Blacks in Southern West Virginia, 1915–32 (1990) U.S. Immigration Commission, Report on Immigrants in Industries, Part I: Bituminous Coal Mining, 2 vols. Senate Document no. 633, 61st Cong., 2nd sess. (1911) Wallace, Anthony F.C. St. Clair. A Nineteenth-Century Coal Town's Experience with a Disaster-Prone Industry. Knopf, 1981. Ward, Robert D. and William W. Rogers, Labor Revolt in Alabama: The Great Strike of 1894 University of Alabama Press, 1965 online the coal strike = Dorian, James P. Minerals, Energy, and Economic Development in China Clarendon Press, 1994 Huaichuan Rui; Globalisation, Transition and Development in China: The Case of the Coal Industry Routledge, 2004 Kuenzer, Claudia. Coal Mining in China (In: Schumacher-Voelker, E., and Mueller, B., (Eds.), 2007: BusinessFocus China, Energy: A Comprehensive Overview of the Chinese Energy Sector. gic Deutschland Verlag, 281 pp., ISBN 978-3-940114-00-6 pp. 62–68) Thomson; Elspeth. The Chinese Coal Industry: An Economic History Routledge 2003. Wu, Shellen Xiao. Empires of Coal: Fueling China's Entry into the Modern World Order, 1860–1920 (Stanford University Press, 2015) 266 pp. online review = Parnell, Martin F. The German Tradition of Organized Capitalism: Self-Government in the Coal Industry Oxford University Press Inc., 1998 Pounds, Norman J. G., and William N. Parker; Coal and Steel in Western Europe; the Influence of Resources and Techniques on Production Indiana University Press, 1957 Pounds, Norman J. G. An Historical Geography of Europe, 1800–1914 (1993) Pounds, Norman J. G. The Ruhr: A Study in Historical and Economic Geography (1952) = Calderón, Roberto R. Mexican Coal Mining Labor in Texas & Coahuila, 1880–1930 (2000) 294pp. Frank, David. J. B. McLachlan: A Biography: The Story of a Legendary Labour Leader and the Cape Breton Coal Miners, (1999), in Canada Marsden, Susan, Coals to Newcastle: a History of Coal Loading at the Port of Newcastle, New South Wales 1797–1997 (2002) ISBN 0-9578961-9-0; Australia Nimura Kazuo, Andrew Gordon, and Terry Boardman; The Ashio Riot of 1907: A Social History of Mining in Japan Duke University Press, 1997 A.K. Srivastava. Coal Mining Industry in India (1998) (ISBN 81-7100-076-2) Coal mining | noise |
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Subsets and Splits
CMP Labels with Stock or Employee
Retrieves rows where the label is 'cmp' and the text mentions 'stock' or 'employee', providing a basic filtered view of the data.
Select Law Labels
Returns all entries from the train dataset labeled as 'law', providing a basic filter without much analytical insight.
Select Text and Label
The query retrieves text and label pairs from the train dataset, providing a basic view of the data without much analytical insight.