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A great deal of empirical research has examined who falls for misinformation and why. Here, we introduce a formal game-theoretic model of engagement with news stories that captures the strategic interplay between (mis)information consumers and producers.
We analyze situations in which players build reputations for honesty rather than for playing particular actions. A patient player facing a sequence of short-run opponents makes an announcement about their intended action after observing an idiosyncratic shock, and before players act.
We analyze the effect of homophily in the diffusion of a harmful state between two groups of agents that differ in immunization rates. Homophily has a very different impact on the steady state infection level (that is increasing in homophily when homophily is small, and decreasing when high), and on the cumulative num...
The consumption function maps current wealth and the exogenous state to current consumption. We prove the existence and uniqueness of a consumption function when the agent has a preference for wealth.
We develop a tractable career-concerns model of expert recommendations with a continuous private signal. In equilibrium, advice obeys a cutoff rule: the expert recommends the risky option if and only if the signal exceeds a threshold.
A decision maker's utility depends on her action $a\in A \subset \mathbb{R}^d$ and the payoff relevant state of the world $\theta\in \Theta$. One can define the value of acquiring new information as the difference between the maximum expected utility pre- and post information acquisition.
We provide a strategic model of the formation of production networks that subsumes the standard general equilibrium approach. The objective of firms in our setting is to choose their supply relationships so as to maximize their profit at the general equilibrium that unfolds.
In this paper, we consider a network of consumers who are under the combined influence of their neighbors and external influencing entities (the marketers). The consumers' opinion follows a hybrid dynamics whose opinion jumps are due to the marketing campaigns.
We study search, evaluation, and selection of candidates of unknown quality for a position. We examine the effects of "soft" affirmative action policies increasing the relative percentage of minority candidates in the candidate pool.
In a many-to-many matching model in which agents' preferences satisfy substitutability and the law of aggregate demand, we proof the General Manipulability Theorem. We result generalizes the presented in Sotomayor (1996 and 2012) for the many-to-one model.
This paper investigates third-degree price discrimination under endogenous market segmentation. Segmenting a market requires access to information about consumers, and this information comes with a cost.
I study a repeated game in which a patient player (e.g., a seller) wants to win the trust of some myopic opponents (e.g., buyers) but can strictly benefit from betraying them. Her benefit from betrayal is strictly positive and is her persistent private information.
Production networks, dynamic systems of firms linked through input-output relationships, transmit microeconomic shocks into macroeconomic fluctuations. While prior studies often assume static networks, real-world economies feature continuous firm entry (node addition) and exit (node deletion).
This paper characterizes extreme points of the set of incentive-compatible mechanisms for screening problems with linear utility. Extreme points are exhaustive mechanisms, meaning their menus cannot be scaled and translated to make additional feasibility constraints binding.
Although "climate litigation" is not an indigenous term in China, localizing it is essential to support the development of an independent environmental legal knowledge system in China. Rooted in China's judicial tradition, which emphasizes substantive rationality, traditional legal theories have primarily ...
Many U.S. colleges now use test-optional admissions. A frequent claim is that by not seeing standardized test scores, a college can admit a student body it prefers, say with more diversity.
Recent antitrust regulations in several countries have granted exemptions for collusion aimed at achieving environmental goals. Firms can apply for exemptions if collusion helps to develop or to implement costly clean technology, particularly in sectors like renewable energy, where capital costs are high and economies...
Mean field equilibrium (MFE) has emerged as a computationally tractable solution concept for large dynamic games. However, computing MFE remains challenging due to nonlinearities and the absence of contraction properties, limiting its reliability for counterfactual analysis and comparative statics.
A collective choice problem is a finite set of social alternatives and a finite set of economic agents with vNM utility functions. We associate a public goods economy with each collective choice problem and establish the existence and efficiency of (equal income) Lindahl equilibrium allocations.
We study a producer's problem of selling a product to a continuum of privacy-conscious consumers, where the producer can implement third-degree price discrimination, offering different prices to different market segments. We consider a privacy mechanism that provides a degree of protection by probabilistically mas...
I propose the new axiom of Indifferent Points (IP) that can replace continuity axioms in classical expected utility representations under the Independence Axiom over a finite set of prices. IP asserts the existence of a set of indifferent points that span a hyperplane.
In allocating objects via lotteries, it is common to consider ordinal rules that rely solely on how agents rank degenerate lotteries. While ordinality is often imposed due to cognitive or informational constraints, we provide another justification from an axiomatic perspective: for three-agent problems, the combinatio...
Search prominence may have a detrimental impact on a firm's profits in the presence of costly product returns. We analyze the impact of search prominence on firm profitability in a duopoly search model, considering the presence of costly product returns.
Online platforms collect rich information about participants and then share some of this information back with them to improve market outcomes. In this paper we study the following information disclosure problem in two-sided markets: If a platform wants to maximize revenue, which sellers should the platform allow to p...
Ecosystems enjoy increasing attention due to their flexibility and innovative power. It is well known, however, that this type of network-based economic governance structures occupies a potentially unstable position between the two stable (governance) endpoints, namely the firm (i.e., hierarchical governance) and the ...
Kin selection and direct reciprocity are two most basic mechanisms for promoting cooperation in human society. Generalizing the standard models of the multi-player Prisoner's Dilemma and the Public Goods games for heterogeneous populations, we study the effects of genetic relatedness on cooperation in the context ...
We develop a result on expected posteriors for Bayesians with heterogenous priors, dubbed information validates the prior (IVP). Under familiar ordering requirements, Anne expects a (Blackwell) more informative experiment to bring Bob's posterior mean closer to Anne's prior mean.
The standard criterion of rationality in economics is the maximization of a utility function that is stable across multiple observations of an agent's choice behavior. In this paper, we discuss two notions of the money pump that characterize two corresponding notions of utility-maximization.
Unlike tic-tac-toe or checkers, in which optimal play leads to a draw, it is not known whether optimal play in chess ends in a win for White, a win for Black, or a draw. But after White moves first in chess, if Black has a double move followed by a double move of White and then alternating play, play is more balanced ...
The connotation of transaction costs has never been definitively determined, and the independence of the concept has never been rigorously demonstrated. This paper delves into the thought systems of several prominent economists in the development of transaction cost economics, starting from first-hand materials.
We establish the Subgradient Theorem for monotone correspondences -- a monotone correspondence is equal to the subdifferential of a potential if and only if it is conservative, i.e. its integral along a closed path vanishes irrespective of the selection from the correspondence along the path. We prove two attendant re...
The idea of this paper comes from the famous remark of Piketty and Zuckman: "It is natural to imagine that $\sigma$ was much less than one in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries and became larger than one in the twentieth and twenty-first centuries. One expects a higher elasticity of substitution in high-tech ...
The paper presents a model of two-speed evolution in which the payoffs in the population game (or, alternatively, the individual preferences) slowly adjust to changes in the aggregate behavior of the population. The model investigates how, for a population of myopic agents with homogeneous preferences, changes in the ...
We use valid inequalities (cuts) of the binary integer program for winner determination in a combinatorial auction (CA) as "artificial items" that can be interpreted intuitively and priced to generate Artificial Walrasian Equilibria. While the lack of an integer programming gap is sufficient to guarantee a Wal...
We present a unified duality approach to Bayesian persuasion. The optimal dual variable, interpreted as a price function on the state space, is shown to be a supergradient of the concave closure of the objective function at the prior belief.
This paper proposes a framework and solution concept for repeated coalitional behavior. We model history-dependent schemes that deter coalitions from blocking using continuation promises and punishments.
This paper formalizes the lattice structure of the ballot voters cast in a ranked-choice election and the preferences that this structure induces. These preferences are shown to be counter to previous assumptions about the preferences of voters, which indicate that ranked-choice elections require different considerati...
Many of the world's renewable resources are in decline. Optimal harvests with smooth recruitment is well studied but in recent years, ecologists have concluded that tipping points in recruitment are common.
This paper argues and analytically demonstrates that, in a fully analytical Two-Agent New Keynesian model with Rotemberg-type nominal rigidities, monetary transmission is amplified if and only if two conditions hold: first, the heterogeneity-induced IS-slope effect dominates; second, the price-stickiness channel is act...
This paper develops a new model of business cycles. The model is economical in that it is solved with an aggregate demand-aggregate supply diagram, and the effects of shocks and policies are obtained by comparative statics.
We introduce and study a model of long-run convention formation for rare interactions. Players in this model form beliefs by observing a recency-weighted sample of past interactions, to which they noisily best respond.
We propose and develop an algebraic approach to revealed preference. Our approach dispenses with non algebraic structure, such as topological assumptions.
This paper adapts ideas from social identity theory to set out a new framework for modelling conspicuous consumption. Agents derive status from their own conspicuous consumption and from belonging to an identity group with high conspicuous consumption.
We propose a multivariate extension of a well-known characterization by S. Kusuoka of regular and coherent risk measures as maximal correlation functionals. This involves an extension of the notion of comonotonicity to random vectors through generalized quantile functions.
We explore the possibility of designing matching mechanisms that can accommodate non-standard choice behavior. We pin down the necessary and sufficient conditions on participants' choice behavior for the existence of stable and incentive compatible mechanisms.
Crowdfunding is gradually becoming a modern marketing pattern. By noting that the success of crowdfunding depends on network externalities, our research aims to utilize them to provide an applicable referral mechanism in a crowdfunding-based marketing pattern.
We develop conditions under which individual choices and Walrasian equilibrium prices and allocations can be exactly inferred from finite market data. First, we consider market data that consist of individual demands as prices and incomes change.
This paper models voters who invest effort to determine whether a particular claim relevant to their voting choices is correct. If a voter succeeds in determining whether the claim is correct, this information is shared via a social network.
Kakade, Kearns, and Ortiz (KKO) introduce a graph-theoretic generalization of the classic Arrow--Debreu (AD) exchange economy. Despite its appeal as a networked version of AD, we argue that the KKO model is too local, in the sense that goods cannot travel more than one hop through the network.
We show that under plausible levels of background risk, no theory of choice under risk -- such as expected utility theory, prospect theory, or rank dependent utility -- can simultaneously satisfy the following three economic postulates: (i) Decision makers are risk-averse over small gambles,
We consider a discrete-time nonatomic routing game with variable demand and uncertain costs. Given a routing network with single origin and destination, the cost function of each edge depends on some uncertain persistent state parameter.
Choice functions over a set $X$ that satisfy the Outcast, a.k.a. Aizerman, property are exactly those that attach to any set its maximal subset relative to some total order of ${2}^{X}$.
We propose a solution concept in which each agent $i$ does not necessarily optimize but selects one of their top $k_i$ actions. Our concept accounts for heterogeneous agents' bounded rationality.
A fundamental assumption in classical mechanism design is that buyers are perfect optimizers. However, in practice, buyers may be limited by their computational capabilities or a lack of information, and may not be able to perfectly optimize.
This paper introduces a novel binary stability property for voting rules-called binary self-selectivity-by which a society considering whether to replace its voting rule using itself in pairwise elections will choose not to do so. In Theorem 1, we show that a neutral voting rule is binary self-selective if and only if...
Is the overall value of a world just the sum of values contributed by each value-bearing entity in that world? Additively separable axiologies (like total utilitarianism, prioritarianism, and critical level views) say 'yes', but non-additive axiologies (like average utilitarianism, rank-discounted utilitariani...
The RR series extracted from human electrocardiogram signal (ECG) is considered as a fractal stochastic process. The manifestation of long-range dependencies is the presence of power laws in scale dependent process characteristics.
The aim of this study was to identify a signal that could be used as an androgen exposure indicator in the European bullhead (Cottus sp.). For this purpose, the ultra-structure of the kidney was characterized to identify normal structure of this organ, and histological changes previously described in the kidney of bre...
Cord-forming fungi form extensive networks that continuously adapt to maintain an efficient transport system. As osmotically driven water uptake is often distal from the tips, and aqueous fluids are incompressible, we propose that growth induces mass flows across the mycelium, whether or not there are intrahyphal conc...
Our empirical modeling suggests that deformation of placental vascular growth is associated with abnormal placental chorionic surface shape. Altered chorionic surface shape is associated with lowered placental functional efficiency.
We develop a model the dynamics of human mesenchymal stem cells (hMSCs) and chondrocytes evolving in a nonwoven polyethylene terephtalate (PET) scaffold impregnated with hyaluron and supplied with a differentiation medium. The scaffold and the cells are assumed to be contained in a bioreactor with fluid perfusion.
"Self-organization" has become a watchword in developmental biology, characterizing observations in which embryonic or induced stem cells of animals replicate morphological steps and outcomes seen in intact embryos. While the term was introduced in the 18th century by the philosopher Immanuel Kant to describe ...
Age spots are the brown spots that develop in the skin but change in color and shape with time. To understand the mechanism of development of age spots, characteristics of age spots are analyzed by Misrepair mechanism, a mechanism introduced in Misrepair-accumulation aging theory.
Swallowing disorders deteriorate significantly the quality of life and can be lifethreatening. Texture modification using shear thinning food thickeners have proven effective in the management of dysphagia.
How genes affect tissue scale organization remains a longstanding biological puzzle. As experimental efforts aim to quantify gene expression, chromatin organization, cellular structure, and tissue structure, computational modeling lags behind.
Machine-learning (ML) models in flow cytometry have the potential to reduce error rates, increase reproducibility, and boost the efficiency of clinical labs. While numerous ML models for flow cytometry data have been proposed, few studies have described the clinical deployment of such models.
Scroll wave chaos is thought to underlie life-threatening ventricular fibrillation. However, currently there is no direct way to measure action potential wave patterns transmurally throughout the thick ventricular heart muscle.
Human induced pluripotent stem cell-derived cardiomyocytes (hiPSC-CMs) are an effective tool for studying cardiac function and disease, and hold promise for screening drug effects on human tissue. Changes to motion patterns in these cells are one of the important features to be characterized to understand how an intro...
The biochemical changes on normal and degenerated tissues of rotator cuff supraspinatus tendons were probed by FT-Raman spectroscopy. The Raman spectra showed differences on the spectral regions of cysteine, amino acids, nucleic acids, carbohydrates, and lipids.
This work is concerned with modeling and simulation of the mitral valve, one of the four valves in the human heart. The valve is composed of leaflets, the free edges of which are supported by a system of chordae, which themselves are anchored to the papillary muscles inside the left ventricle.
In this paper, we derive an effective macroscale description suitable to describe the growth of biological tissue within a porous tissue-engineering scaffold. As in our recent work (Holden \textit{et al.
Congenital heart disease (CHD) encompasses a spectrum of cardiovascular structural abnormalities, often requiring customized treatment plans for individual patients. Computational modeling and analysis of these unique cardiac anatomies can improve diagnosis and treatment planning and may ultimately lead to improved ou...
It has been shown that geometrical, structural properties vary along the length of the aortic arch. There is a scarcity of studies focus on the variation in the vessel wall thickness of aortic arch.
Background: Biological effects of extra-low-frequency (ELF) magnetic fields (MFs) have lacked a credible mechanism of interaction between MFs and living material. Objectives: To examine the effect of ELF-MFs on cancer cells.
We review evidence supporting the role of early life programming in the susceptibility for adult neurodegenerative diseases while highlighting questions and proposing avenues for future research to advance our understanding of this fundamental process. The key elements of this phenomenon are chronic stress, neuroinfla...
A significant hallmark of hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM) is fiber disarray, which is associated with various cardiac events such as heart failure. Quantifying fiber disarray remains critical for understanding the disease s complex pathophysiology.
Due to the aging of the world population and westernization of lifestyles, the prevalence of neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer's disease (AD) and Parkinson's disease (PD) is rapidly rising and is expected to put a strong socioeconomic burden on health systems worldwide. Due to the limited success of...
Current methods to assess the gestational age during prenatal care or at birth are a global challenge. Disadvantages, such as low accessibility, high costs, and imprecision of clinical tests and ultrasonography measurements, may compromise health decisions at birth, based on the gestational age.
Photodynamically active fibres (PAFs) are a novel class of stimulus-sensitive systems capable of triggering antibiotic-free antibacterial effect on-demand when exposed to light. Despite their relevance in infection control, however, the broad clinical applicability of PAFs has not yet been fully realised due to the li...
The aim of this study was to investigate human erythrocytes as a carrier for targeted drug delivery of primaquine (PQ). The process of PQ loading in human erythrocytes, as well as the effect of PQ loading on the oxidative status of erythrocytes, was also studied.
Engineered heart tissues (EHTs) present a potential solution to some of the current challenges in the treatment of heart disease; however, the development of mature, adult-like cardiac tissues remains elusive. Mechanical stimuli have been observed to improve whole-tissue function and cardiomyocyte (CM) maturation, alt...
The human body is a complex organism whose gross mechanical properties are enabled by an interconnected musculoskeletal network controlled by the nervous system. The nature of musculoskeletal interconnection facilitates stability, voluntary movement, and robustness to injury.
A very small number of biomaterials investigated for bone regeneration was reported as able to prevent the oxidative stress. In this study beads based on alginate hydrogel and mesoporous glasses (MG) containing different amounts of cerium oxides (Ce3+/Ce4+) exhibiting antioxidant properties were investigated as a good...
We study a five-compartment mathematical model originally proposed by Kuznetsov et al. (1994) to investigate the effect of nonlinear interactions between tumour and immune cells in the tumour microenvironment, whereby immune cells may induce tumour cell death, and tumour cells may inactivate immune cells. Exploiting a...
We develop a multiphysics-based model to predict the response of localized tumors to combined-hyperthermia-radiotherapy (CHR) treatment. This procedure combines hyperthermia (tumor heating) with standard radiotherapy to improve efficacy of the overall treatment.
Some markers of oxidative injury were measured in different rat brain areas (hippocampus, cerebral cortex, striatum, hypothalamus, amygdala/piriform cortex and cerebellum) after the systemic administration of an excitotoxic dose of kainic acid (KA, 9 mg kg(-1) i.p.) at two different sampling times (24 and 48 h). Kaini...
In this study, we introduced a new simple effective technique for the treatment of diabetic retinopathy by the treatment of the periphery of the retina by transscleral micropulse diode laser (Taha Technique). Macular edema was improved and vitreous hemorrhage was disappeared in most of the cases.
The atlas of human acupoints and meridians has been utilized in clinical practice for almost a millennium although the anatomical structures and functions remain to be clarified. It has recently been reported that a long-distance interstitial fluid (ISF) circulatory pathway may originate from the acupoints in the extr...
We deduce a model for glioma invasion making use of DTI data and accounting for the dynamics of brain tissue being actively degraded by tumor cells via excessive acidity production, but also according to the local orientation of tissue fibers. Our approach has a multiscale character: we start with a microscopic descri...
The processes taking place inside the living cell are now understood to the point where predictive computational models can be used to gain detailed understanding of important biological phenomena. A key challenge is to extrapolate this detailed knowledge of the individual cell to be able to explain at the population ...
Skin is a highly non-linear, anisotropic, rate dependent inelastic, and nearly incompressible material which exhibits substantial hysteresis even under very slow (quasistatic) loading conditions. In this paper, a series of uniaxial cyclic loading tests of porcine and rat skin at different strain rates and with samples...
The quarter power allometric scaling of mammalian metabolic rate is largely regarded as a universal law of biology. However, it is well known that cell cultures do not obey this law.
Background: Cadmium chloride is an environmental toxic that affects the male reproductive system. This study was directed
Perfusion imaging is extensively utilized to assess hemodynamic status and tissue perfusion in various organs. Computed tomography perfusion (CTP) imaging plays a key role in the early assessment and planning of stroke treatment.
How might systematic left-right (L/R) asymmetry of the body plan originate in multicellular animals (and plants)? Somehow, the microscopic handedness of biological molecules must be brought up to macroscopic scales.
In the present paper, an asymptotic model is constructed for the short-time deformation of an articular cartilage layer modeled as transversely isotropic, transversely homogeneous (TITH) biphasic material. It is assumed that the layer thickness is relatively small compared with the characteristic size of the normal su...
Assuming that there is feedback between an expanding cancer system and its organ-typical microenvironment, we argue here that such local tumor growth is guided by co-existence rather than competition with the surrounding tissue. We then present a novel concept that understands cancer dissemination as a biological mech...
Gliomas are primary brain tumors with a high invasive potential and infiltrative spread. Among them, glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) exhibits microvascular hyperplasia and pronounced necrosis triggered by hypoxia.
It is now increasingly realized that the underlying mechanism which governs aging (ageing) is a complex interplay of genetic regulation and damage-accumulation. "Aging as a result of accumulation of 'faults' on cellular and molecular levels", has been proposed in the damage (fault)-accumulation theory....
The combination of cytotoxic therapies and anti-angiogenic agents is emerging as a most promising strategy in the treatment of malignant tumors. However, the timing and sequencing of these treatments seem to play essential roles in achieving a synergic outcome.

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