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We construct a sequence of finite graphs that weakly converge to a Cayley graph, but there is no labelling of the edges that would converge to the corresponding Cayley diagram. A similar construction is used to give graph sequences that converge to the same limit, and such that a spanning tree in one of them has a lim...
Given a class $\mathcal{C}$ of graphs and a fixed graph $H$, the online Ramsey game for $H$ on $\mathcal C$ is a game between two players Builder and Painter as follows: an unbounded set of vertices is given as an initial state, and on each turn Builder introduces a new edge with the constraint that the resulting graph...
Two interesting sequences arose in the study of the series expansions of the complete elliptic integrals, which are called the Catalan-Larcombe-French sequence $\{P_n\}_{n\geq 0}$ and the Fennessey-Larcombe-French sequence $\{V_n\}_{n\geq 0}$ respectively. In this paper, we prove the log-convexity of $\{V_n^2-V_{n-1}V...
The binary rank of a $0,1$ matrix is the smallest size of a partition of its ones into monochromatic combinatorial rectangles. A matrix $M$ is called $(k_1, \ldots, k_m ; n_1, \ldots, n_m)$ circulant block diagonal if it is a block matrix with $m$ diagonal blocks, such that for each $i \in [m]$, the $i$th diagonal blo...
It was proved by Scott that for every $k\ge2$, there exists a constant $c(k)>0$ such that for every bipartite $n$-vertex graph $G$ without isolated vertices, there exists an induced subgraph $H$ of order at least $c(k)n$ such that $\textrm{deg}_H(v) \equiv 1\pmod{k}$ for each $v \in H$. Scott conjectured that $c(k)...
In [Ho] A.J. Hoffman proved a lower bound on the chromatic number of a graph in the terms of the largest and the smallest eigenvalues of its adjacency matrix. In this paper, we prove a higher dimensional version of this result and give a lower bound on the chromatic number of a pure $d$-dimensional simplicial complex ...
We study cyclic sieving phenomena (CSP) on combinatorial objects from an abstract point of view by considering a rational polyhedral cone determined by the linear equations that define such phenomena. Each lattice point in the cone corresponds to a non-negative integer matrix which jointly records the statistic and cy...
In this paper we examine four different models for the realization space of a polytope: the classical model, the Grassmannian model, the Gale transform model, and the slack variety. Respectively, they identify realizations of the polytopes with the matrix whose columns are the coordinates of their vertices, the column...
Call a simple graph $H$ of order $n$ well-separable, if by deleting a separator set of size $o(n)$ the leftover will have components of size at most $o(n)$. We prove, that bounded degree well-separable spanning subgraphs are easy to embed: for every $\gamma >0$ and positive integer $\Delta$ there exists an $n_0$ su...
It was conjectured by Kotlar and Ziv that for any two bases $B_1$ and $B_2$ in a matroid $M$ and any subset $X \subset B_1$, there is a subset $Y$ and orderings $x_1 \prec x_2 \prec \cdots \prec x_k$ and $y_1 \prec y_2 \prec \cdots \prec y_k$ of $X$ and $Y$, respectively, such that for $i = 1, \dots ,k$, $B_1 - \{ x_1,...
Seymour proved that the chromatic numbers and the list chromatic numbers of loop-free finite matroids are the same. In this paper we prove the same statement for infinite, loop-free finitary matroids.
Given an edge colouring of a graph with a set of $m$ colours, we say that the graph is $m$-\textit{coloured} if each of the $m$ colours is used. For an $m$-colouring $\Delta$ of $\mathbb{N}^{(2)}$, the complete graph on $\mathbb{N}$, we denote by $\mathcal{F}_{\Delta}$ the set all values $\gamma$ for which there exist...
A graph is said to be equimatchable if all its maximal matchings are of the same size. In this work we introduce two extensions of the property of equimatchability by defining two new graph parameters that measure how far a graph is from being equimatchable.
Let $\Sigma$ be an $n$-vertex controllable or almost controllable signed bipartite graph, and let $\Delta_\Sigma$ denote the discriminant of its characteristic polynomial $\chi(\Sigma; x)$. We prove that if (\rmnum{1}) the integer $2^{ -\lfloor n/2 \rfloor }\sqrt{\Delta _{\Sigma}}$ is squarefree, and (\rmnum{2}) the c...
(Note. The results of this manuscript has been merged and published with another paper of the same authors: A new approach to nonrepetitve sequences.) <br>A repetition of size $h$ ($h\geqslant1$) in a given sequence is a subsequence of consecutive terms of the form: $xx=x_1.. .
Ellis, Filmus, and Friedgut proved an old conjecture of Simonovits and Sós showing that the maximum size of a triangle-intersecting family of graphs on $n$ vertices has size at most $2^{\binom{n}{2} - 3}$, with equality for the family of graphs containing some fixed triangle. They conjectured that their results extend...
Given a tournament T=(V,A), a subset X of $V$ is an interval of T provided that for every a, b in X and x\in V-X, (a,x) in A if and only if (b,x) in A. For example, $\emptyset$, {x}(x in V) and V are intervals of T, called trivial intervals. A tournament, all the intervals of which are trivial, is indecomposable; othe...
Let $NPO(k)$ be the smallest number $n$ such that the adjacency matrix of any undirected graph with $n$ vertices or more has at least $k$ nonpositive eigenvalues. We show that $NPO(k)$ is well-defined and prove that the values of $NPO(k)$ for $k=1,2,3,4,5$ are $1,3,6,10,16$ respectively.
In this paper, we consider various theorems of P.A. MacMahon and M.V. Subbarao. For a non-negative integer $n$, MacMahon proved that the number of partitions of $n$ wherein parts have multiplicity greater than 1 is equal to the number of partitions of $n$ in which odd parts are congruent to 3 modulo 6.
We study the curvature-dimension inequality in regular graphs. We develop techniques for calculating the curvature of such graphs, and we give characterizations of classes of graphs with positive, zero, and negative curvature.
We generalize the notion of a de Bruijn sequence to a &#34;multi de Bruijn sequence&#34;: a cyclic or linear sequence that contains every k-mer over an alphabet of size q exactly m times. For example, over the binary alphabet {0,1}, the cyclic sequence (00010111) and the linear sequence 000101110 each contain two inst...
We introduce and study additive posets. We show that the top homology group (with coefficients in Z/2Z) of a finite dimensional CW-complex carries a structure of an additive poset invariant under subdivisions.
Let SPEX$_\mathcal{P}(n,F)$ and SPEX$_\mathcal{OP}(n,F)$ denote the sets of graphs with the maximum spectral radius over all $n$-vertex $F$-free planar and outerplanar graphs, respectively. Define $tP_l$ as a linear forest of $t$ vertex-disjoint $l$-paths and $P_{t\cdot l}$ as a starlike tree with $t$ branches of leng...
In various application fields, such as fluid-, cell-, or crowd-simulations, spatial data structures are very important. They answer nearest neighbor queries which are instrumental in performing necessary computations for, e.g., taking the next time step in the simulation.
In this paper we investigate light dual multinets labeled by a finite group in the projective plane $PG(2,\mathbb{K})$ defined over a field $\mathbb{K}$. We present two classes of new examples.
Linear compartmental models are a widely used tool for analyzing systems arising in biology, medicine, and more. In such settings, it is essential to know whether model parameters can be recovered from experimental data.
Let $K_m-H$ be the graph obtained from $K_m$ by removing the edges set $E(H)$ of $H$ where $H$ is a subgraph of $K_m$. In this paper, we characterize the potentially $K_5-P_3$, $K_5-A_3$, $K_5-K_3$ and $K_5-K_{1,3}$-graphic sequences where $A_3$ is $P_2\cup K_2$.
In this note, among other things, we show: There are periodic wild SLk-frieze patterns whose entries are positive integers. There are non-periodic SLk-frieze patterns whose entries are positive integers.
Let $G$ be a graph of even order, and consider $K_G$ as the complete graph on the same vertex set as $G$. A perfect matching of $K_G$ is called a pairing of $G$.
For an arbitrary word $w$ on an alphabet, we can define the alternating symbol graph, $G(w)$, as the graph in which the edge $(a, b)$ is in $E$ iff the letters $a$ and $b$ alternate in the word $w$. A graph $G = (V, E)$ is said to be word-representable if $G = G(w)$ for some word $w$ on $V$.
For any positive integers $n\ge d+1\ge 3$, what is the maximum size of a $(d+1)$-uniform set system in $[n]$ with VC-dimension at most $d$? In 1984, Frankl and Pach initiated the study of this fundamental problem and provided an upper bound $\binom{n}{d}$ via an elegant algebraic proof.
The integer hull of a polyhedron is the convex hull of the integer points contained in it. We show that the vertices of the integer hulls of a rational family of polyhedra of size O(n) have quasipolynomial coordinates.
This paper deals with finite cubic ($3$-regular) graphs whose automorphism group acts transitively on the edges of the graph. Such graphs split into two broad classes, namely arc-transitive and semisymmetric cubic graphs, and then these divide respectively into $7$ types (according to a classification by Djoković and ...
We define a weakly threshold sequence to be a degree sequence $d=(d_1,\dots,d_n)$ of a graph having the property that $\sum_{i \leq k} d_i \geq k(k-1)+\sum_{i &gt; k} \min\{k,d_i\} - 1$ for all positive $k \leq \max\{i:d_i \geq i-1\}$. The weakly threshold graphs are the realizations of the weakly threshold sequences....
In 1973, Lemmens and Seidel posed the problem of determining the maximum number of equiangular lines in $\mathbb{R}^r$ with angle $\arccos(\alpha)$ and gave a partial answer in the regime $r \leq 1/\alpha^2 - 2$. At the other extreme where $r$ is at least exponential in $1/\alpha$, recent breakthroughs have led to an ...
In 1992, Hendrickson proved that (d+1)-connectivity and redundant rigidity are necessary conditions for a generic (non-complete) bar-joint framework to be globally rigid in $\mathbb{R}^d$. Jackson and Jordan confirmed in 2005 that these conditions are also sufficient in $\mathbb{R}^2$, giving a combinatorial character...
Drisko \cite{drisko} proved (essentially) that every family of $2n-1$ matchings of size $n$ in a bipartite graph possesses a partial rainbow matching of size $n$. In \cite{bgs} this was generalized as follows: Any $\lfloor \frac{k+2}{k+1} n \rfloor -(k+1)$ matchings of size $n$ in a bipartite graph have a rainbow matc...
Let $H$ be a $k$-uniform hypergraph with $n$ vertices. A {\em strong $r$-coloring} is a partition of the vertices into $r$ parts, such that each edge of $H$ intersects each part.
For the ideal $I = \langle y_1 + \dots + y_n, y^2_1, \dots , y^2_n \rangle$ in $R = {\mathbb F}[y_1, \dots , y_n]$ with char($\mathbb F$) = 0, we show that the reduced Gröbner basis with lex-order consists of polynomials $g_\alpha$ that are represented in terms of paths, moving northeast in the Cartesian plane, that st...
The interior polynomial and the exterior polynomial are generalizations of valuations on $(1/\xi,1)$ and $(1,1/\eta)$ of the Tutte polynomial $T_G(x,y)$ of graphs to hypergraphs, respectively. The pair of hypergraphs induced by a connected bipartite graph are abstract duals and are proved to have the same interior pol...
This work studies the typical structure of sparse $H$-free graphs, that is, graphs that do not contain a subgraph isomorphic to a given graph $H$. Extending the seminal result of Osthus, Prömel, and Taraz that addressed the case where $H$ is an odd cycle, Balogh, Morris, Samotij, and Warnke proved that, for every $r \...
A corner in a map is an edge-vertex-edge triple consisting of two distinct edges incident to the same vertex. A corneration is a set of corners that covers every arc of the map exactly once.
The reflections in a Coxeter group are defined as conjugates of a single generator, and thus admit palindromic expressions as products of generators. Our main result gives closed formulas providing a palindromic reduced expression for each reflection in any finite Weyl group.
We introduce the fractional version of oriented coloring and initiate its study. We prove some basic results and study the parameter for directed cycles and sparse planar graphs.
The unit ball random geometric graph $G=G^d_p(\lambda,n)$ has as its vertices $n$ points distributed independently and uniformly in the $d$-dimensional unit ball, with two vertices adjacent if and only if their $l_p$-distance is at most $\lambda$. Like its cousin the Erdos-Renyi random graph, $G$ has a connectivity th...
The intersection data of a hyperplane arrangement is described by a geometric lattice, or equivalently a simple matroid. There is a rich interplay between this combinatorial structure and the topology of the arrangement complement.
Periodic tilings play a role in the decorative arts, in construction and in crystal structures. Combinatorial tiling theory allows the systematic generation, visualization and exploration of such tilings of the plane, sphere and hyperbolic plane, using advanced algorithms and <a href="http://software.Here" rel="extern...
Let F be a family of subsets of {1,2,...,n}. The width-degree of an element x in at least one member of F is the width of the family {U in F | x in U}.
Motivated by Dohmen-Pönitz-Tittmann&#39;s bivariate chromatic polynomial $\chi_G(x,y)$, which counts all $x$-colorings of a graph $G$ such that adjacent vertices get different colors if they are $\le y$, we introduce a bivarate version of Stanley&#39;s order polynomial, which counts order preserving maps from a given p...
Given a positive integer $r$ and a prime power $q$, we estimate the probability that the characteristic polynomial $f_{A}(t)$ of a random matrix $A$ in $\mathrm{GL}_{n}(\mathbb{F}_{q})$ is square-free with $r$ (monic) irreducible factors when $n$ is large. We also estimate the analogous probability that $f_{A}(t)$ has...
In the last forty years, many scientists used graph theory to develop mathematical models for analyzing structures and properties of various chemical compounds. In this paper, we will establish formulas and bounds for generalized first Zagreb Index and coindex, which are based on degrees of vertices.
By extending the definition of boxicity, we extend a Helly-type result given by Danzer and Grumbaum on 2-piercings of family of boxes in $d$-dimensional Euclidian space by lowering the dimension of the boxes in the ambient space.
A self-contained graph is an infinite graph which is isomorphic to one of its proper induced subgraphs. In this paper, these graphs are studied by presenting some examples and defining some of their sub-structures such as removable subgraphs and the foundation.
We explore novel connections between antimatroids and matchings in bipartite graphs. In particular, we prove that a combinatorial structure induced by stable matchings or maximum-weight matchings is an antimatroid.
A classification of discrete polymatroids whose independence polytopes are reflexive will be presented.
Let S(n,k) be the Stirling number of the second kind. Wilf conjectured that the alternating sum of S(n,k) for k from 0 to n is not zero for all n&gt;2.
In earlier work in collaboration with Pavel Galashin and Thomas McConville we introduced a version of chip-firing for root systems. Our investigation of root system chip-firing led us to define certain polynomials analogous to Ehrhart polynomials of lattice polytopes, which we termed the symmetric and truncated Ehrhar...
Let $n$ be a positive integer. For any integer $a$, we say that $a$ is idempotent modulo $n$ if $a^2\equiv a\pmod n$.
We propose an algorithm for solving of the graph isomorphism problem. Also, we introduce the new class of graphs for which the graph isomorphism problem can be solved polynomially using the algorithm.
The Turán number of an r-uniform hypergraph H is the maximum number of edges in any r-graph on n vertices which does not contain H as a subgraph. Let P_l^(r) denote the family of r-uniform loose paths on l edges, F(k,l) denote the family of hypergraphs consisting of k disjoint paths from P_l^(r), and P&#39;_l^(r) deno...
We establish two expansions of the Potts model partition function of a graph. One is along the deletions of a graph, a rewritten formula given in Biggs (1977).
Motzkin and Straus established a remarkable connection between the maximum clique and the Lagrangian of a graph in 1965. This connection and its extensions were successfully employed in optimization to provide heuristics for the maximum clique number in graphs.
The hypersimplex $\Delta_{k+1,n}$ is the image of the positive Grassmannian $Gr^{\geq 0}_{k+1,n}$ under the moment map. It is a polytope of dimension $n-1$ in $\mathbb{R}^n$.
A position $p$ in a word $w$ is critical if the minimal local period at $p$ is equal to the global period of $w$. According to the Critical Factorisation Theorem all words of length at least two have a critical point.
We study a two-player game played on undirected graphs called {\sc Trail Trap}, which is a variant of a game known as {\sc Partizan Edge Geography}. One player starts by choosing any edge and moving a token from one endpoint to the other; the other player then chooses a different edge and does the same.
We present a formula for the values of the sign representations of the complex reflection groups $G(r,p,n)$ in terms of its image under a generalized Robinson-Schensted map.
A floorplan is a tiling of a rectangle by rectangles. There are natural ways to order the elements---rectangles and segments---of a floorplan.
The localization game is a two player combinatorial game played on a graph $G=(V,E)$. The cops choose a set of vertices $S_1 \subseteq V$ with $|S_1|=k$.
Let $E\subset\mathbb{F}_q^d$ and $\lVert \cdot \rVert:\mathbb{F}_q^d\to \mathbb{F}_q$ defined as $\lVert \alpha\rVert:= \alpha_1^2+\dots+\alpha_d^2$ if $\alpha=(\alpha_1,\dots,\alpha_d)\in \mathbb{F}_q^d$, where $\mathbb{F}_q^d$ is the $d$-dimensional vector space over the finite field $\mathbb{F}_q$ with $q$ elements....
It has been conjectured by W. Chen that the distribution of the length of the longest increasing subsequence in a uniformly random permutation is log-concave. We propose a stronger version of this conjecture which involves the Kronecker coefficients of the symmetric group.
In this paper, we work toward answering the following question: given a uniformly random algebra homomorphism from the ring of symmetric functions over the integers to a finite field $\mathbb{F}_q$, what is the probability that the Schur function $s_\lambda$ maps to zero? We show that this probability is always at lea...
The power domination problem seeks to find the placement of the minimum number of sensors needed to monitor an electric power network. We generalize the power domination problem to hypergraphs using the infection rule from Bergen et al: given an initial set of observed vertices, $S_0$, a set $A\subseteq S_0$ may infec...
The switch chain is a well-studied Markov chain which can be used to sample approximately uniformly from the set $\Omega(\boldsymbol{d})$ of all graphs with a given degree sequence $\boldsymbol{d}$. Polynomial mixing time (rapid mixing) has been established for the switch chain under various conditions on the degree s...
We consider the binomial random graph $G(n,p)$, where $p$ is a constant, and answer the following two questions. <br>First, given $e(k)=p{k\choose 2}+O(k)$, what is the maximum $k$ such that a.a.s.~the binomial random graph $G(n,p)$ has an induced subgraph with $k$ vertices and $e(k)$ edges?
We examine and clarify in detail the contributions of Yoshisuke Matsunaga (1694?--1744) to the computation of Bell numbers in the eighteenth century (in the Edo period), providing modern perspectives to some unknown materials that are by far the earliest in the history of Bell numbers. Later clarification and developme...
We study grooming for two-period optical networks, a variation of the traffic grooming problem for WDM ring networks introduced by Colbourn, Quattrocchi, and Syrotiuk. In the two-period grooming problem, during the first period of time, there is all-to-all uniform traffic among $n$ nodes, each request using $1/C$ of t...
We codify a short self-contained proof of the existence of $K_q^r$-absorbers implicit in Keevash&#39;s original proof of the Existence Conjecture. Combining this with the work of the first and third authors in yields a proof of the Existence Conjecture for Combinatorial Designs that is not reliant on the construction ...
In the past three decades, the study of rhombus tilings and domino tilings of various plane regions has been a thriving subfield of enumerative combinatorics. Physicists classify such work as the study of dimer covers of finite graphs.
It is shown that for $n\geq 141$, among all triangle-free graphs on $n$ vertices, the complete equibipartite graph is the unique triangle-free graph with the greatest number of cycles.
There exists a bijection between the set of Latin squares of order $n$ and the set of feasible solutions of the 3-dimensional planar assignment problem ($3PAP_n$). In this paper, we prove that, given a Latin square isotopism $\Theta$, we can add some linear constraints to the $3PAP_n$ in order to obtain a 1-1 correspo...
In this work we will construct bipartite graphs, famously known as Dessin d&#39;enfant, corresponding to finite index subgroups of Hecke triangle groups $(2, q, \infty )$. Then using a results of \cite{ll} we shall show the correspondences among the special polygons, the bi-partite graph, and the tree diagram for a fi...
We consider the Schur-positivity of monomial immanants of Jacobi-Trudi matrices, in particular whether a non-negative coefficient of the trivial Schur function implies non-negative coefficients for other Schur functions in said immanants. We prove that this true for hook-shape Schur functions using combinatorial metho...
The Euler characteristic of a semialgebraic set can be considered as a generalization of the cardinality of a finite set. An advantage of semialgebraic sets is that we can define &#34;negative sets&#34; to be the sets with negative Euler characteristics.
We study a poset of compositions restricted by part size under a partial ordering introduced by Björner and Stanley. We show that our composition poset $C_{d+1}$ is isomorphic to the poset of words $A_d^*$.
The process of $H$-bootstrap percolation for a graph $H$ is a cellular automaton, where, given a subset of the edges of $K_n$ as initial set, an edge is added at time $t$ if it is the only missing edge in a copy of $H$ in the graph obtained through this process at time $t-1$. We discuss an extremal question about the ...
In a Maker-Breaker game on a graph $G$, Breaker and Maker alternately claim edges of $G$. Maker wins if, after all edges have been claimed, the graph induced by his edges has some desired property.
Mohar recently adapted the classical game of Cops and Robber from graphs to metric spaces, thereby unifying previously studied pursuit-evasion games. He conjectured that finitely many cops can win on any compact geodesic metric space, and that their number can be upper-bounded in terms of the ranks of the homology gro...
In [BNRR], it was shown that tiling of general regions with two rectangles is NP-complete, except for a few trivial special cases. In a different direction, Rémila showed that for simply connected regions by two rectangles, the tileability can be solved in quadratic time (in the area).
Gyárfás famously showed that in every $r$-coloring of the edges of the complete graph $K_n$, there is a monochromatic connected component with at least $\frac{n}{r-1}$ vertices. A recent line of study by Conlon, Tyomkyn, and the second author addresses the analogous question about monochromatic connected components wi...
Fishburn&#39;s alternating scheme domains occupy a special place in the theory of Condorcet domains. Karpov (2023) generalised these domains and made an interesting observation proving that all of them are single-picked on a circle.
Given positive integers $n$ and $k$, a $k$-term semi-progression of scope $m$ is a sequence $(x_1,x_2,...,x_k)$ such that $x_{j+1} - x_j \in \{d,2d,\ldots,md\}, 1 \le j \le k-1$, for some positive integer $d$. Thus an arithmetic progression is a semi-progression of scope $1$.
Let \( G \) be a graph with order \( n(G) \geq 5 \), local metric dimension \( \dim_l(G) \), and clique number \( \omega(G) \). In this paper, we investigate the local metric dimension of \( K_5 \)-free graphs and prove that \( \dim_l(G) \leq \lfloor\frac{2}{3}n(G)\rfloor \) when \( \omega(G) = 4 \).
We prove strict unimodality of the q-binomial coefficients \binom{n}{k}_q as polynomials in q. The proof is based on the combinatorics of certain Young tableaux and the semigroup property of Kronecker coefficients of S_n representations.
We investigate a natural Heyting algebra structure on the set of Dyck paths of the same length. We provide a geometrical description of the operations of pseudocomplement and relative pseudocomplement, as well as of regular elements.
Seymour&#39;s second neighborhood conjecture states that every simple digraph (without digons) has a vertex whose first out-neighborhood is at most as large as its second out-neighborhood. Such a vertex is said to have the second neighborhood property (SNP).
Let $G$ be a graph of minimum degree at least two with no induced subgraph isomorphic to $K_{1,6}$. We prove that if $G$ is not isomorphic to one of eight exceptional graphs, then it is possible to assign two-element subsets of $\{1,2,3,4,5\}$ to the vertices of $G$ in such a way that for every $i\in\{1,2,3,4,5\}$ and...
Let $r_k(N)$ denote the size of the largest subset of $[N] = \{1,\ldots,N\}$ with no $k$-term arithmetic progression. We show that for $k\ge 5$, there exists $c_k&gt;0$ such that \[r_k(N)\ll N\exp(-(\log\log N)^{c_k}).
Let $G$ be a bipartite planar graph with edges directed from black to white. For each vertex $v$ let $n_v$ be a positive integer.
We study the palindromic complexity of infinite words $u_\beta$, the fixed points of the substitution over a binary alphabet, $\phi(0)=0^a1$, $\phi(1)=0^b1$, with $a-1\geq b\geq 1$, which are canonically associated with quadratic non-simple Parry numbers $\beta$.
The diamond product is the poset operation that when applied to the face lattices of two polytopes results in the face lattice of the Cartesian product of the polytopes. Application of the diamond product to two Eulerian posets is a bilinear operation on the cd-indices of the two posets, yielding a product on cd-polyn...