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The work is devoted to one of the variations of the Hadwiger--Nelson problem on the chromatic number of the plane. In this formulation one needs to find for arbitrarily small $\varepsilon$ the least possible number of colors needed to color a Euclidean plane in such a way that any two points, the distance between whic...
Phylogenetic networks are used in biology to represent evolutionary histories. The class of orchard phylogenetic networks was recently introduced for their computational benefits, without any biological justification.
The descent set of an oscillating (or up-down) tableau is introduced. This descent set plays the same role in the representation theory of the symplectic groups as the descent set of a standard tableau plays in the representation theory of the general linear groups.
We prove that if T is a tree on n vertices wih maximum degree D and the edge probability p(n) satisfies: np>c*max{D*logn,n^{\epsilon}} for some constant \epsilon>0, then with high probability the random graph G(n,p) contains a copy of T. The obtained bound on the edge probability is shown to be essentially tight ...
We develop a mutation theory for quivers with oriented 2-cycles using a structure called a homotopy, defined as a normal subgroupoid of the quiver's fundamental groupoid. This framework extends Fomin-Zelevinsky mutations of 2-acyclic quivers and yields involutive mutations that preserve the fundamental groupoid qu...
We prove that any class of permutations defined by avoiding a partially ordered pattern (POP) with height at most two has a regular insertion encoding and thus has a rational generating function. Then, we use Combinatorial Exploration to find combinatorial specifications and generating functions for hundreds of other ...
We comment on the paper "Extremal Cayley digraphs of finite Abelian groups" [Intercon. Networks 12 (2011), no. 1-2, 125--135]. In particular, we give some counterexamples to the results presented there, and provide a correct result for degree two.
The planar Turán number of a graph $H$, denoted by $ex_{_\mathcal{P}}(n,H)$, is the largest number of edges in a planar graph on $n $ vertices without containing $H$ as a subgraph. In this paper, we continue to study the topic of "extremal" planar graphs initiated by Dowden [J. Graph Theory 83 (2016) 213--230]...
Recently, a new class of words, denoted by L_n, was shown to be in bijection with a subset of the Dyck paths of length 2n having cardinality given by the (n-1)-st Catalan number. Here, we consider statistics on L_n recording the number of occurrences of a letter i.
We give combinatorially controlled series solutions to Dyson--Schwinger equations with multiple insertion places using tubings of rooted trees and investigate the algebraic relation between such solutions and the renormalization group equation.
We study d-dimensional generalizations of three mutually related topics in graph theory: Hamiltonian paths, (unit) interval graphs, and binomial edge ideals. We provide partial high-dimensional generalizations of Ore and Posa's sufficient conditions for a graph to be Hamiltonian.
The local metric dimension ${\rm dim}_l$ in relation to the clique number $\omega$ is investigated. It is proved that if $\omega(G)\leq n(G)-3$, then ${\rm dim}_l(G) \leq n(G)-3$ and the graphs attaining the bound classified.
Let $\alpha(G)$ denote the cardinality of a maximum independent set, while $\mu(G)$ be the size of a maximum matching in $G=\left( V,E\right) $. Let $\xi(G)$ denote the size of the intersection of all maximum independent sets.
Given a positive integer $N$ and real number $\alpha\in [0, 1]$, let $m(\alpha,N)$ denote the minimum, over all sets $A\subset \mathbb{Z}/N\mathbb{Z}$ of size at least $\alpha N$, of the normalized count of 3-term arithmetic progressions contained in $A$. A theorem of Croot states that $m(\alpha,N)$ converges as $N\to...
In this paper we represent the Vassiliev model for the homotopy type of the one-point compactification of subspace arrangements as a homotopy colimit of an appropriate diagram over the nerve complex of the intersection semilattice of the arrangement. Furthermore, using a generalization of simplicial collapses to diagr...
The $s$-colour size-Ramsey number of a hypergraph $H$ is the minimum number of edges in a hypergraph $G$ whose every $s$-edge-colouring contains a monochromatic copy of $H$. We show that the $s$-colour size-Ramsey number of the $t$-power of the $r$-uniform tight path on $n$ vertices is linear in $n$, for every fixed $...
For graphs $H_1,H_2$ by $r^*(H_1,H_2)$ we denote the minimum number of edges in a graph $G$ on $r(H_1,H_2)$ vertices such that $G\to (H_1,H_2)$. We show that for each pair of natural numbers $k,n$, $k\le n$, where $k$ is odd and $n$ is large enough, we have $$r^*(C_n,C_k)=\lceil (n+1)(2n-1)/2\rceil \,.
We give a new $q$-$(1+q)$-analogue of the Gaussian coefficient, also known as the $q$-binomial which, like the original $q$-binomial $\genfrac{[}{]}{0pt}{}{n}{k}_{q}$, is symmetric in $k$ and $n-k$. We show this $q$-$(1+q)$-binomial is more compact than the one discovered by Fu, Reiner, Stanton and Thiem.
A remarkable theorem due to Peter Dembowski states that if $I$ is an inversive plane of even order $q$ then $q$ must be a power of two and $I$ must be the incidence system of points versus plane ovals in an ovoid in the projective $3$-space over the field of order $q$. In this paper we present a short and self-contain...
In this paper, we study (zero) forcing sets which induce connected subgraphs of a graph. The minimum cardinality of such a set is called the connected forcing number of the graph.
In a graph $G=(V,E)$, each vertex $v\in V$ is labelled with $0$, $1$ or $2$ such that each vertex labelled with $0$ is adjacent to at least one vertex labelled $2$ or two vertices labelled $1$. Such kind of labelling is called an Italian dominating function (IDF) of $G$.
It is shown that, under mild conditions, a complex reflection group $G(r,p,n)$ may be decomposed into a set-wise direct product of cyclic subgroups. This property is then used to extend the notion of major index and a corresponding Hilbert series identity to these and other closely related groups.
A classical question in combinatorics is the following: given a partial latin square P, when can we complete P to a latin square L? In this paper, we will investigate the class of \leq\epsilon-dense partial latin squares: partial latin squares in which each symbol, row, and column contains \leq\epsilon n-many nonblank...
A spherical $L$-code, where $L \subseteq [-1,\infty)$, consists of unit vectors in $\mathbb{R}^d$ whose pairwise inner products are contained in $L$. Determining the maximum cardinality $N_L(d)$ of an $L$-code in $\mathbb{R}^d$ is a fundamental question in discrete geometry and has been extensively investigated for va...
For a given tiling of the euclidean plane ${\bf E}^2$, we call the degree of freedom of perturbed edges of prototiles {\it escher degree}. In this paper we consider non-periodic L-tilings by 2 prototiles and obtain the escher degree of them.
We introduce and study embeddings of graphs in finite projective planes, and present related results for some families of graphs including complete graphs and complete bipartite graphs. We also make connections between embeddings of graphs and the existence of certain substructures in a plane, such as Baer subplanes a...
We build, from the collection of all groups of unitriangular matrices, Hopf monoids in Joyal's category of species. Such structure is carried by the collection of class function spaces on those groups, and also by the collection of superclass function spaces, in the sense of Diaconis and Isaacs.
We present some examples that refute two recent results in the literature concerning the equality of the domination and matching numbers for power and generalized power hypergraphs. In this note we pinpoint the flaws in the proofs and suggest how they may be mended.
Recently it was shown (by the author) that every graph of size $q$ (the number of edges) and minimum degree $\delta$ is hamiltonian if $q\le\delta^2+\delta-1$ (<a href="https://arxiv.org/abs/1107.2201v1" data-arxiv-id="1107.2201v1" class="link-https">arXiv:1107.2201v1</a>). In this paper we present the exact analog of...
A diamond is the graph that is obtained from removing an edge from the complete graph on $4$ vertices. A ($C_4$,diamond)-free graph is a graph that does not contain a diamond or a cycle on four vertices as induced subgraphs.
The clique chromatic number of a graph is the smallest number of colors in a vertex coloring so that no maximal clique is monochromatic. In 2016 McDiarmid, Mitsche and Pralat noted that around p \approx n^{-1/2} the clique chromatic number of the random graph G_{n,p} changes by n^{\Omega(1)} when we increase the edge-...
The Fuss-Catalan numbers are a generalization of the Catalan numbers. They enumerate a large class of objects and in particular m-Dyck paths and m+1-ary trees.
Two colourings of a graph are orthogonal if they have the property that when two vertices are coloured with the same colour in one colouring, then those vertices receive distinct colours in the other colouring. In this paper, orthogonal colourings of Cayley graphs are discussed.
We reconsider an old problem, namely the dimension of the $G$-invariant subspace in $V^{\otimes p} \otimes V^{*\otimes q}$, where $G$ is one of the classical groups ${\rm GL}(V)$, ${\rm SL}(V)$, ${\rm O}(V)$, ${\rm SO}(V)$, or ${\rm Sp}(V)$. Spanning sets for the invariant subspace have long been well known, but linea...
In this paper, we study the linear structure of sets $A \subset \mathbb{F}_2^n$ with doubling constant $\sigma(A)&lt;2$, where $\sigma(A):=\frac{|A+A|}{|A|}$. In particular, we show that $A$ is contained in a small affine subspace.
We construct infinite classes of almost bent and almost perfect nonlinear polynomials, which are affinely inequivalent to any sum of a power function and an affine function.
Let $k_r(n,\delta)$ be the minimum number of $r$-cliques in graphs with $n$ vertices and minimum degree $\delta$. We evaluate $k_r(n,\delta)$ for $\delta \leq 4n/5$ and some other cases.
The notion of Rees product of posets was introduced by Björner and Welker, where they study connections between poset topology and commutative algebra. Björner and Welker conjectured and Jonsson proved that the dimension of the top homology of the Rees product of the truncated Boolean algebra $B_n \setminus \{0\}$ and...
We determine under which conditions certain natural models of random constraint satisfaction problems have sharp thresholds of satisfiability. These models include graph and hypergraph homomorphism, the $(d,k,t)$-model, and binary constraint satisfaction problems with domain size three.
We consider the triangular lattice ice model (20-Vertex model) with four types of domain-wall type boundary conditions. In types 1 and 2, the configurations are shown to be equinumerous to the quarter-turn symmetric domino tilings of an Aztec-like holey square, with a central cross-shaped hole.
A finite graph $\Gamma$ is called $G$-symmetric if $G$ is a group of automorphisms of $\Gamma$ which is transitive on the set of ordered pairs of adjacent vertices of $\Gamma$. We study a family of symmetric graphs, called the unitary graphs, whose vertices are flags of the Hermitian unital and whose adjacency relatio...
We give a different presentation of a recent bijection due to Chapuy and Dolęga for nonorientable bipartite quadrangulations and we extend it to the case of nonorientable general maps. This can be seen as a Bouttier--Di Francesco--Guitter-like generalization of the Cori--Vauquelin--Schaeffer bijection in the context o...
We bound the number of minimal hypergraph transversals that arise in tri-partite 3-uniform hypergraphs, a class commonly found in applications dealing with data. Let H be such a hypergraph on a set of vertices V. We give a lower bound of 1.4977 |V | and an upper bound of 1.5012 |V | .
Unlabeled sensing is the problem of recovering an element of a vector subspace of R^n, from its image under an unknown permutation of the coordinates and knowledge of the subspace. Here we study this problem for the special class of subspaces that admit a Toeplitz basis.
A hypergraph is a $T_0$-hypergraph if for every two different vertices of the hypergraph there exists an edge containing one of the vertices and not containing the other. A general method for the enumeration of certain classes of $T_0$-hypergraphs is given.
The present thesis studies structural properties of non-crossing partitions associated to finite Coxeter groups from both algebraic and geometric perspectives. On the one hand, non-crossing partitions are lattices, and on the other hand, we can view them as simplicial complexes by considering their order complexes.
We derive a formula for the reliability of a $d$-dimensional consecutive-$k$-out-of-$n$:F system. That is, a formula for the probability that an $n_1 \times \ldots \times n_d$ array whose entries are (independently of each other) $0$ with probability $p$ and $1$ with probability $q = 1 - p$ does not include a contiguo...
Grinblat (2002) asks the following question in the context of algebras of sets: What is the smallest number $\mathfrak v = \mathfrak v(n)$ such that, if $A_1, \ldots, A_n$ are $n$ equivalence relations on a common finite ground set $X$, such that for each $i$ there are at least $\mathfrak v$ elements of $X$ that belong...
The term &#34;strong approximation&#34; is used to describe phenomena where an arithmetic group as well as all of its Zariski dense subgroups have a large image in the congruence quotients. We exhibit analogues of such phenomena in a probabilistic, rather than arithmetic, setting.
We study the combinatorics of hyperplane arrangements over arbitrary fields. Specifically, we determine in which situation an arrangement and its reduction modulo a prime number have isomorphic lattices via the use of minimal strong $\sigma$-Gröbner bases.
The topology of the matching complex for the $2\times n$ grid graph is mysterious. We describe a discrete Morse matching for a family of independence complexes $\mathrm{Ind}(\Delta_n^m)$ that include these matching complexes.
Inversion sequences of length $n$, $\mathbf{I}_n$, are integer sequences $(e_1, \ldots, e_n)$ with $0 \leq e_i &lt; n$ for each $i$. The study of patterns in inversion sequences was initiated recently by Mansour-Shattuck and Corteel-Martinez-Savage-Weselcouch through a systematic study of inversion sequences avoiding ...
The zero forcing number $Z(G)$ of a graph $G$ is the minimum cardinality of a set $S$ with colored (black) vertices which forces the set $V(G)$ to be colored (black) after some times. &#34;color change rule&#34;: a white vertex is changed to a black vertex when it is the only white neighbor of a black vertex.
Let G be a graph with vertex set {1,...,n}. A spanning forest F of G is increasing if the sequence of labels on any path starting at the minimum vertex of a tree of F form an increasing sequence.
An $r$-uniform hypergraph $H$ is semi-algebraic of complexity $\mathbf{t}=(d,D,m)$ if the vertices of $H$ correspond to points in $\mathbb{R}^{d}$, and the edges of $H$ are determined by the sign-pattern of $m$ degree-$D$ polynomials. Semi-algebraic hypergraphs of bounded complexity provide a general framework for stu...
For a simple graph $G$, the $2$-distance graph, $D_2(G)$, is a graph with the vertex set $V(G)$ and two vertices are adjacent if and only if their distance is $2$ in the graph $G$. In this paper, we characterize all graphs with connected 2-distance graph.
The famous Szemerédi-Trotter theorem states that any arrangement of $n$ points and $n$ lines in the plane determines $O(n^{4/3})$ incidences, and this bound is tight. In this paper, we prove the following Turán-type result for point-line incidence.
An edge-coloured graph $G$ is {\it rainbow connected} if any two vertices are connected by a path whose edges have distinct colours. This concept was introduced by Chartrand et al. in \cite{ch01}, and it was extended to oriented graphs by Dorbec et al. in \cite{DI}.
Let $k, t$ be coprime integers, and let $1 \leq r \leq t$. We let $D_k^\times(r,t;n)$ denote the total number of parts among all $k$-indivisible partitions (i.e., those partitions where no part is divisible by $k$) of $n$ which are congruent to $r$ modulo $t$.
Let $M$ be an arbitrary matroid with circuits $\mathcal{C}(M)$. We propose a definition of a derived matroid $\delta M$ that has as its ground set $\mathcal{C}(M)$.
We show that the $\gamma$-vector of the order complex of any polytope is the f-vector of a balanced simplicial complex. This is done by proving this statement for a subclass of Stanley&#39;s S-shellable spheres which includes all polytopes.
Let $\mu(\varepsilon)$ be the minimum number of cubes of side $\varepsilon$ needed to cover the unit three-torus $[\mathbb{R}/\mathbb{Z}]^3$. We prove new lower and upper bounds for $\mu(\varepsilon)$ and find the exact value for all $\varepsilon\geq\frac{7}{15}$ and all $\varepsilon\in\left[\frac{1}{r+1/(r^2+r+1)},\f...
We show that the spanning tree degree enumerator polynomial of a connected graph $G$ is a real stable polynomial if and only if $G$ is distance-hereditary.
We call a (not necessarily properly) edge-colored graph edge-color-avoiding connected if after the removal of edges of any single color, the graph remains connected. For vertex-colored graphs, similar definitions of color-avoiding connectivity can be given.
A $K_r$-factor of a graph $G$ is a collection of vertex disjoint $r$-cliques covering $V(G)$. We prove the following algorithmic version of the classical Hajnal--Szemerédi Theorem in graph theory, when $r$ is considered as a constant.
The modules of logarithmic derivations for the (extended) Catalan and Shi arrangements associated with root systems are known to be free. However, except for a few cases, explicit bases for such modules are not known.
Given a graph $T$ and a family of graphs $\mathcal{F}$, the maximum number of copies of $T$ in an $\mathcal{F}$-free graph on $n$ vertices is called the generalized Turán number, denoted by $ex(n, T , \mathcal{F})$. When $T= K_2$, it reduces to the classical Turán number $ex(n, \mathcal{F})$.
Using the Lagrange inversion formula, $t$-ary trees are enumerated with respect to edge type (left, middle, right for ternary trees).
This paper contains a classification of countable lower 1-transitive linear orders. The notion of lower 1-transitivity generalises that of 1-transitivity for linear orders, and is essential for the structure theory of 1-transitive trees.
In this article, we study systems of $n \geq 1$, not necessarily linear, discrete differential equations (DDEs) of order $k \geq 1$ with one catalytic variable. We provide a constructive and elementary proof of algebraicity of the solutions of such equations.
Given a graph $F$, the planar Turán number of $F$, denoted $\text{ex}_{\mathcal{P}}(n, F)$, is the maximum number of edges in an $n$-vertex $F$-free planar graph. Such an extremal graph problem was initiated by Dowden while determining sharp upper bound for $\text{ex}_{\mathcal{P}}(n,C_4)$ and $\text{ex}_{\mathcal{P}}...
In the special case of graphs G of independence number a(G)=3 without induced chordless cycles C7 it is shown that exists connected dominating set D of vertices with number of vertices n(D)&lt;=4. Using the concept of connected dominating sets, we defined a new invariant h(G) that does not exceed the number of Hadwige...
We present families of combinatorial classes described as trees with nodes that can carry one of two types of &#34;flowers&#34;: integer partitions or integer compositions. Two parameters on the flowers of trees will be considered: the number of &#34;petals&#34; in all the flowers (petals&#39; weight) and the number o...
We study properties of 3-restricted min-wise independent sets of permutations and prove that the class of these sets is isomorphic to the class of subsets of vertices of multi-dimentional hypercube of certain size with certain pair-wise distances fixed.
Let $G$ be a graph and ${\mathcal{\tau}}: V(G)\rightarrow \Bbb{N}\cup \{0\}$ be an assignment of thresholds to the vertices of $G$. A subset of vertices $D$ is said to be a dynamic monopoly corresponding to $(G, \tau)$ if the vertices of $G$ can be partitioned into subsets $D_0, D_1,..., D_k$ such that $D_0=D$ and for...
Given integers $p\ge q&gt;1$, a family of sets satisfies the $(p,q)$ property if among any $p$ members of it some $q$ intersect. We prove that for any fixed integer constants $p\ge q&gt;1$, a family of $d$-intervals satisfying the $(p,q)$ property can be pierced by $O(d^{\frac{q}{q-1}})$ points, with constants dependi...
Halin showed that every thick end of every graph contains an infinite grid. We extend Halin&#39;s theorem to digraphs.
We present the basic elements of a generalization of symmetric function theory involving functions of commuting and anticommuting (Grassmannian) variables. These new functions, called symmetric functions in superspace, are invariant under the diagonal action of the symmetric group on the sets of commuting and anticomm...
We study a natural generalization of the noncrossing relation between pairs of elements in [n] to k-tuples in [n] that was first considered by Petersen, Pylyavskyy, Speyer (2010). We give an alternative approach to their result that the flag simplicial complex on $\binom{[n]}{k}$ induced by this relation is a regular,...
The anti-Kekulé number of a connected graph $G$ is the smallest number of edges whose deletion results in a connected subgraph having no Kekulé structures (perfect matchings). As a common generalization of (conditional) matching preclusion number and anti-Kekulé number of a graph $G$, we introduce $s$-restricted match...
We improve a previous sum--products estimates in R, namely, we obtain that max{|A+A|,|AA|} \gg |A|^{4/3+c}, where c any number less than 5/9813. New lower bounds for sums of sets with small the product set are found. Also we prove some pure energy sum--products results, improving a result of Balog and Wooley, in partic...
Infinite antichains of permutations have long been used to construct interesting permutation classes and counterexamples. We prove the existence and detail the construction of infinite antichains with arbitrarily large growth rates.
We derive by analytic means a number of bilateral identities of the Rogers--Ramanujan type. Our results include bilateral extensions of the Rogers--Ramanujan and the Göllnitz-Gordon identities, and of related identities by Ramanujan, Jackson, and Slater. We give corresponding results for multiseries including multilat...
Assume $G$ is a graph, $(v_1,\ldots,v_k)$ is a sequence of distinct vertices of $G$, and $(a_1,\ldots,a_k)$ is an integer sequence with $a_i \in \{1,2\}$. We say $G$ is \emph{$(a_1,\ldots,a_k)$-list extendable} (respectively, \emph{$(a_1,\ldots,a_k)$-AT extendable}) with respect to $(v_1,\ldots,v_k)$ if $G$ is $f$-cho...
We show that any $d$-colored set of points in general position in $\mathbb{R}^d$ can be partitioned into $n$ subsets with disjoint convex hulls such that the set of points and all color classes are partitioned as evenly as possible. This extends results by Holmsen, Kynčl &amp; Valculescu (2017) and establishes a speci...
We give a combinatorial proof of a natural generalization of the Murnaghan-Nakayama rule to loop Schur functions. We also define shifted loop Schur functions and prove that they satisfy a similar relation.
A full-homomorphism between a pair of graphs is a vertex mapping that preserves adjacencies and non-adjacencies. For a fixed graph $H$, a full $H$-colouring is a full-homomorphism of $G$ to $H$.
Using Stickelberger&#39;s theorem on Gauss sums, we show that if $F$ is a planar function on a finite field $\mathbb{F}_q$, then for all non-zero functions $G : \mathbb{F}_q \to \mathbb{F}_q$, we have \begin{equation*} d_{\mathsf{alg}}(G \circ F) - d_{\mathsf{alg}}(G) \le \frac{n(p-1)}{2}, \end{equation*} where $q = p^...
An induced forest of a graph G is an acyclic induced subgraph of G. The present paper is devoted to the analysis of a simple randomised algorithm that grows an induced forest in a regular graph. The expected size of the forest it outputs provides a lower bound on the maximum number of vertices in an induced forest of ...
We investigate the minimum number of cycles of specified lengths in planar $n$-vertex triangulations $G$. It is proven that this number is $\Omega(n)$ for any cycle length at most $3 + \max \{ {\rm rad}(G^*), \lceil (\frac{n-3}{2})^{\log_32} \rceil \}$, where ${\rm rad}(G^*)$ denotes the radius of the triangulation&#3...
This technical report accompanies the following three papers. It contains the computations necessary to verify some of the results claimed in those papers.
We find the number of compositions over finite abelian groups under two types of restrictions: (i) each part belongs to a given subset and
We give a combinatorial proof of a recent result of Bóna by constructing a bijection from the set of all neighbors of leaves of increasing trees of size $n$ to the set of derangements of length $n$.
A method of embedding partially ordered sets into linear spaces is presented. The problem of finding all orthocomplementations in a finite lattice is reduced to a linear programming problem.
En esta serie de tres articulos, damos una exposicion de varios resultados y problemas abiertos en tres areas de la combinatoria algebraica y geometrica: las matrices totalmente no negativas, las representaciones del grupo simetrico, y los arreglos de hiperplanos. Esta primera parte presenta una introduccion a las mat...
In this paper we study the minimal number of translates of an arbitrary subset $S$ of a group $G$ needed to cover the group, and related notions of the efficiency of such coverings. We focus mainly on finite subsets in discrete groups, reviewing the classical results in this area, and generalizing them to a much broad...
We consider relationships between cubic algebras and implication algebras. We first exhibit a functorial construction of a cubic algebra from an implication algebra.
We extend the Shi bijection from the Borel subalgebra case to parabolic subalgebras. In the process, the $I$-deleted Shi arrangement $\texttt{Shi}(I)$ naturally emerges.
We study a two-species PASEP, in which there are two types of particles, &#34;heavy&#34; and &#34;light,&#34; hopping right and left on a one-dimensional lattice of $n$ cells with open boundaries. In this process, only the &#34;heavy&#34; particles can enter on the left of the lattice and exit from the right of the la...
The partition number $\pi(K)$ of a simplicial complex $K\subset 2^{[n]}$ is the minimum integer $\nu$ such that for each partition $A_1\uplus\ldots\uplus A_\nu = [n]$ of $[n]$ at least one of the sets $A_i$ is in $K$. A complex $K$ is $r$-unavoidable if $\pi(K)\leq r$.