DioLiu/Test2 · Datasets at Hugging Face

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= = = Ratings = = =

At the time of its initial broadcast , " Hi , Infidelity " was viewed by 2 @.@ 75 million people , ranking 94th out of 97 in the weekly rankings .

= = = Reviews = = =

Eric Goldman of IGN gave the episode a 7 @.@ 8 out of 10 , indicating that it was " good " , but his review was mixed . Comparing it with the rest of the season , he opined that it suffered from some of the same problems of previous episodes . He thought that the actions of many of the characters in " Hi , Infidelity " were out of character or unrealistic . While writing that " the rape storyline is still not feeling nearly as weighty as it should , " he praised the development of the rape mystery for hinting that there were larger forces at work . Price Peterson of TV.com gave a positive review , praising the case @-@ of @-@ the @-@ week 's emotional connection to Veronica for " [ raising ] the stakes " and Piz 's increased role . He also believed that all the series regulars , excluding Wallace , had an important and interesting role to play . Television Without Pity gave the episode an " A " , which is one of its highest ratings given for the season .
Alan Sepinwall praised the episode compared to the first few episodes of the season , writing it balanced Veronica 's character traits well , including her jealousy and generosity . He also wrote that it showed her as a character with some " baser instincts " , giving the scene with Jeff as an example . Rowan Kaiser , writing for The A.V. Club , gave a mixed review . The reviewer was very critical of what he called the " ' radical feminist fakes her own rape ' " storyline , but he praised the episode as the first one of the third season to make the college setting feel natural . Although he thought that the case @-@ of @-@ the @-@ week contributed to his overall positive view of the episode , he thought that " it 's mostly the little things that make it work " , pointing out Piz 's increased role as an example .


= Ceratopsia =

Ceratopsia or Ceratopia ( / ˌsɛrəˈtɒpsiə / or / ˌsɛrəˈtoʊpiə / ; Greek : " horned faces " ) is a group of herbivorous , beaked dinosaurs that thrived in what are now North America , Europe , and Asia , during the Cretaceous Period , although ancestral forms lived earlier , in the Jurassic . The earliest known ceratopsian , Yinlong downsi , lived between 161 @.@ 2 and 155 @.@ 7 million years ago . The last ceratopsian species , Triceratops prorsus , became extinct during the Cretaceous – Paleogene extinction event , 66 million years ago .
Early members of the ceratopsian group , such as Psittacosaurus , were small bipedal animals . Later members , including ceratopsids like Centrosaurus and Triceratops , became very large quadrupeds and developed elaborate facial horns and frills extending over the neck . While these frills might have served to protect the vulnerable neck from predators , they may also have been used for display , thermoregulation , the attachment of large neck and chewing muscles or some combination of the above . Ceratopsians ranged in size from 1 meter ( 3 ft ) and 23 kilograms ( 50 lb ) to over 9 meters ( 30 ft ) and 5 @,@ 400 kg ( 12 @,@ 000 lb ) .
Triceratops is by far the best @-@ known ceratopsian to the general public . It is traditional for ceratopsian genus names to end in " -ceratops " , although this is not always the case . One of the first named genera was Ceratops itself , which lent its name to the group , although it is considered a nomen dubium today as its fossil remains have no distinguishing characteristics that are not also found in other ceratopsians .

= = Anatomy = =

Ceratopsians are easily recognized by features of the skull . On the tip of a ceratopsian upper jaw is the rostral bone , an edentulous ( toothless ) ossification , unique to ceratopsians . Othniel Charles Marsh recognized and named this bone , which acts as a mirror image of the predentary bone on the lower jaw . This ossification evolved to morphologically aid the mastication of plant matter . Along with the predentary bone , which forms the tip of the lower jaw in all ornithischians , the rostral forms a superficially parrot @-@ like beak . Also , the jugal bones below the eye are very tall and flare out sideways , making the skull appear somewhat triangular when viewed from above . This triangular appearance is accentuated in later ceratopsians by the rearwards extension of the parietal and squamosal bones of the skull roof , to form the neck frill .
The epoccipital is a distinctive bones found lining the frills of ceratopsians . The name is a misnomer , as they are not associated with the occipital bone . Epoccipitals begin as separate bones that fuse during the animal 's growth to either the squamosal or parietal bones that make up the base of the frill . These bones were ornamental instead of functional , and may have helped differentiate species . Epoccipitals probably were present in all known ceratopsids with the possible exception of Zuniceratops . They appear to have been broadly different between short @-@ frilled ceratopsids ( centrosaurines ) and long @-@ frilled ceratopsids ( chasmosaurines ) , being elliptical with constricted bases in the former group , and triangular with wide bases in the latter group . Within these broad definitions , different species would have somewhat different shapes and numbers . In centrosaurines especially , like Centrosaurus , Pachyrhinosaurus , and Styracosaurus , these bones become long and spike- or hook @-@ like . A well @-@ known example is the coarse sawtooth fringe of broad triangular epoccipitals on the frill of Triceratops . When regarding the ossification 's morphogenetic traits , it can be described as dermal . The term epoccipital was coined by famous paleontologist Othniel Charles Marsh in 1889 .

= = History of study = =

The first ceratopsian remains known to science were discovered during the U.S. Geological and Geographical Survey of the Territories led by the American geologist F.V. Hayden . Teeth discovered during an 1855 expedition to Montana were first assigned to hadrosaurids and included within the genus Trachodon . It was not until the early 20th century that some of these were recognized as ceratopsian teeth . During another of Hayden 's expeditions in 1872 , Fielding Bradford Meek found several giant bones protruding from a hillside in southwestern Wyoming . He alerted paleontologist Edward Drinker Cope , who led a dig to recover the partial skeleton . Cope recognized the remains as a dinosaur , but noted that even though the fossil lacked a skull , it was different from any type of dinosaur then known . He named the new species Agathaumas sylvestris , meaning " marvellous forest @-@ dweller " . Soon after , Cope named two more dinosaurs that would eventually come to be recognized as ceratopsids : Polyonax and Monoclonius . Monoclonius was notable for the number of disassociated remains found , including the first evidence of ceratopsid horns and frills . Several Monoclonius fossils were found by Cope , assisted by Charles Hazelius Sternberg , in the summer of 1876 near the Judith River in Chouteau County , Montana . Since the ceratopsians had not been recognised yet as a distinctive group , Cope was uncertain about much of the fossil material , not recognizing the nasal horn core , nor the brow horns , as part of a fossil horn . The frill bone was interpreted as a part of the breastbone .
In 1888 and 1889 , Othniel Charles Marsh described the first well preserved horned dinosaurs , Ceratops and Triceratops . In 1890 Marsh classified them together in the family Ceratopsidae and the order Ceratopsia . This prompted Cope to reexamine his own specimens and to realized that Triceratops , Monoclonius , and Agathaumas all represented a single group of similar dinosaurs , which he named Agathaumidae in 1891 . Cope redescribed Monoclonius as a horned dinosaur , with a large nasal horn and two smaller horns over the eyes , and a large frill .

= = Classification = =

Ceratopsia was coined by Othniel Charles Marsh in 1890 to include dinosaurs possessing certain characteristic features , including horns , a rostral bone , teeth with two roots , fused neck vertebrae , and a forward @-@ oriented pubis . Marsh considered the group distinct enough to warrant its own suborder within Ornithischia . The name is derived from the Greek κερας / keras meaning ' horn ' and οψις / opsis meaning ' face ' . As early as the 1960s , it was noted that the name Ceratopsia is actually incorrect linguistically and that it should be Ceratopia . However , this spelling , while technically correct , has been used only rarely in the scientific literature , and the vast majority of paleontologists continue to use Ceratopsia . As the ICZN does not govern taxa above the level of superfamily , this is unlikely to change .

= = = Taxonomy = = =

Following Marsh , Ceratopsia has usually been classified as a suborder within the order Ornithischia . While ranked taxonomy has largely fallen out of favor among dinosaur paleontologists , some researchers have continued to employ such a classification , though sources have differed on what its rank should be . Most who still employ the use of ranks have retained its traditional ranking of suborder , though some have reduced to the level of infraorder .
This list of ceratopsian genera by classification and location follows a review by Thomas R. Holtz , Jr. in 2010 .
Ceratopsia
Albalophosaurus - ( Japan )
Micropachycephalosaurus - ( Shandong , eastern China )
Stenopelix - ( Germany )
Yinlong - ( Xinjiang , western China )
Family Chaoyangsauridae
Chaoyangsaurus - ( Liaoning , northeastern China )
Xuanhuaceratops - ( Hebei , China )
Family Psittacosauridae
Psittacosaurus - ( China & Mongolia )
Neoceratopsia
Archaeoceratops - ( Gansu , northwestern China )
Auroraceratops - ( Gansu , northwestern China )
Helioceratops - ( Jilin , northwestern China )
Koreaceratops - ( South Korea )
Kulceratops - ( Uzbekistan )
Liaoceratops - ( Liaoning , northeastern China )
Microceratus - ( Mongolia )
Mosaiceratops - ( central China )
Yamaceratops - ( Mongolia )
Family Leptoceratopsidae
Asiaceratops - ( China , Mongolia , Uzbekistan )
Cerasinops - ( Montana , US )
Gryphoceratops - ( Alberta , Canada )
Ischioceratops - ( China )
Leptoceratops - ( Alberta , Canada & Wyoming , US )
Montanoceratops - ( Montana , US )
Prenoceratops - ( Montana , US )
Udanoceratops - ( Mongolia )
Unescoceratops - ( Alberta , Canada )
Zhuchengceratops - ( Zhucheng , China )
Family Bagaceratopidae
Ajkaceratops - ( Hungary )
Bagaceratops - ( Mongolia )
Bainoceratops - ( Mongolia )
Gobiceratops - ( Mongolia )
Lamaceratops - ( Mongolia )
Family Protoceratopsidae
Breviceratops - ( Mongolia )
Graciliceratops - ( Mongolia )
Magnirostris - ( Inner Mongolia , China )
Protoceratops - ( Mongolia )
Superfamily Ceratopsoidea
Turanoceratops - ( Uzbekistan )
Zuniceratops - ( New Mexico , US )
Family Ceratopsidae
Subfamily Centrosaurinae
Albertaceratops - ( Alberta , Canada & ? Montana , USA )
Avaceratops - ( Montana , USA )
Brachyceratops - ( Montana , USA & Alberta , Canada )
Centrosaurus - ( Alberta , Canada )
Coronosaurus - ( Alberta , Canada )
Diabloceratops - ( Utah , USA )
Monoclonius - ( Montana , USA & Alberta , Canada )
Nasutoceratops - ( Utah , USA )
Rubeosaurus - ( Montana , USA )
Spinops - ( Alberta , Canada )
Styracosaurus - ( Alberta , Canada & Montana , USA )
Xenoceratops - ( Alberta , Canada )
Tribe Pachyrhinosaurini
Achelousaurus - ( Montana , USA )
Einiosaurus - ( Montana , USA )
Pachyrhinosaurus- ( Alberta , Canada & Alaska , USA )
Sinoceratops - ( Shandong , China )
Subfamily Ceratopsinae
Ceratops - ( Montana , USA & Alberta , Canada )

= = = Ratings = = =

At the time of its initial broadcast , " Hi , Infidelity " was viewed by 2 @.@ 75 million people , ranking 94th out of 97 in the weekly rankings .

= = = Reviews = = =

Eric Goldman of IGN gave the episode a 7 @.@ 8 out of 10 , indicating that it was " good " , but his review was mixed . Comparing it with the rest of the season , he opined that it suffered from some of the same problems of previous episodes . He thought that the actions of many of the characters in " Hi , Infidelity " were out of character or unrealistic . While writing that " the rape storyline is still not feeling nearly as weighty as it should , " he praised the development of the rape mystery for hinting that there were larger forces at work . Price Peterson of TV.com gave a positive review , praising the case @-@ of @-@ the @-@ week 's emotional connection to Veronica for " [ raising ] the stakes " and Piz 's increased role . He also believed that all the series regulars , excluding Wallace , had an important and interesting role to play . Television Without Pity gave the episode an " A " , which is one of its highest ratings given for the season .

Alan Sepinwall praised the episode compared to the first few episodes of the season , writing it balanced Veronica 's character traits well , including her jealousy and generosity . He also wrote that it showed her as a character with some " baser instincts " , giving the scene with Jeff as an example . Rowan Kaiser , writing for The A.V. Club , gave a mixed review . The reviewer was very critical of what he called the " ' radical feminist fakes her own rape ' " storyline , but he praised the episode as the first one of the third season to make the college setting feel natural . Although he thought that the case @-@ of @-@ the @-@ week contributed to his overall positive view of the episode , he thought that " it 's mostly the little things that make it work " , pointing out Piz 's increased role as an example .

= Ceratopsia =

Ceratopsia or Ceratopia ( / ˌsɛrəˈtɒpsiə / or / ˌsɛrəˈtoʊpiə / ; Greek : " horned faces " ) is a group of herbivorous , beaked dinosaurs that thrived in what are now North America , Europe , and Asia , during the Cretaceous Period , although ancestral forms lived earlier , in the Jurassic . The earliest known ceratopsian , Yinlong downsi , lived between 161 @.@ 2 and 155 @.@ 7 million years ago . The last ceratopsian species , Triceratops prorsus , became extinct during the Cretaceous – Paleogene extinction event , 66 million years ago .

Early members of the ceratopsian group , such as Psittacosaurus , were small bipedal animals . Later members , including ceratopsids like Centrosaurus and Triceratops , became very large quadrupeds and developed elaborate facial horns and frills extending over the neck . While these frills might have served to protect the vulnerable neck from predators , they may also have been used for display , thermoregulation , the attachment of large neck and chewing muscles or some combination of the above . Ceratopsians ranged in size from 1 meter ( 3 ft ) and 23 kilograms ( 50 lb ) to over 9 meters ( 30 ft ) and 5 @,@ 400 kg ( 12 @,@ 000 lb ) .

Triceratops is by far the best @-@ known ceratopsian to the general public . It is traditional for ceratopsian genus names to end in " -ceratops " , although this is not always the case . One of the first named genera was Ceratops itself , which lent its name to the group , although it is considered a nomen dubium today as its fossil remains have no distinguishing characteristics that are not also found in other ceratopsians .

= = Anatomy = =

Ceratopsians are easily recognized by features of the skull . On the tip of a ceratopsian upper jaw is the rostral bone , an edentulous ( toothless ) ossification , unique to ceratopsians . Othniel Charles Marsh recognized and named this bone , which acts as a mirror image of the predentary bone on the lower jaw . This ossification evolved to morphologically aid the mastication of plant matter . Along with the predentary bone , which forms the tip of the lower jaw in all ornithischians , the rostral forms a superficially parrot @-@ like beak . Also , the jugal bones below the eye are very tall and flare out sideways , making the skull appear somewhat triangular when viewed from above . This triangular appearance is accentuated in later ceratopsians by the rearwards extension of the parietal and squamosal bones of the skull roof , to form the neck frill .

The epoccipital is a distinctive bones found lining the frills of ceratopsians . The name is a misnomer , as they are not associated with the occipital bone . Epoccipitals begin as separate bones that fuse during the animal 's growth to either the squamosal or parietal bones that make up the base of the frill . These bones were ornamental instead of functional , and may have helped differentiate species . Epoccipitals probably were present in all known ceratopsids with the possible exception of Zuniceratops . They appear to have been broadly different between short @-@ frilled ceratopsids ( centrosaurines ) and long @-@ frilled ceratopsids ( chasmosaurines ) , being elliptical with constricted bases in the former group , and triangular with wide bases in the latter group . Within these broad definitions , different species would have somewhat different shapes and numbers . In centrosaurines especially , like Centrosaurus , Pachyrhinosaurus , and Styracosaurus , these bones become long and spike- or hook @-@ like . A well @-@ known example is the coarse sawtooth fringe of broad triangular epoccipitals on the frill of Triceratops . When regarding the ossification 's morphogenetic traits , it can be described as dermal . The term epoccipital was coined by famous paleontologist Othniel Charles Marsh in 1889 .

= = History of study = =

The first ceratopsian remains known to science were discovered during the U.S. Geological and Geographical Survey of the Territories led by the American geologist F.V. Hayden . Teeth discovered during an 1855 expedition to Montana were first assigned to hadrosaurids and included within the genus Trachodon . It was not until the early 20th century that some of these were recognized as ceratopsian teeth . During another of Hayden 's expeditions in 1872 , Fielding Bradford Meek found several giant bones protruding from a hillside in southwestern Wyoming . He alerted paleontologist Edward Drinker Cope , who led a dig to recover the partial skeleton . Cope recognized the remains as a dinosaur , but noted that even though the fossil lacked a skull , it was different from any type of dinosaur then known . He named the new species Agathaumas sylvestris , meaning " marvellous forest @-@ dweller " . Soon after , Cope named two more dinosaurs that would eventually come to be recognized as ceratopsids : Polyonax and Monoclonius . Monoclonius was notable for the number of disassociated remains found , including the first evidence of ceratopsid horns and frills . Several Monoclonius fossils were found by Cope , assisted by Charles Hazelius Sternberg , in the summer of 1876 near the Judith River in Chouteau County , Montana . Since the ceratopsians had not been recognised yet as a distinctive group , Cope was uncertain about much of the fossil material , not recognizing the nasal horn core , nor the brow horns , as part of a fossil horn . The frill bone was interpreted as a part of the breastbone .

In 1888 and 1889 , Othniel Charles Marsh described the first well preserved horned dinosaurs , Ceratops and Triceratops . In 1890 Marsh classified them together in the family Ceratopsidae and the order Ceratopsia . This prompted Cope to reexamine his own specimens and to realized that Triceratops , Monoclonius , and Agathaumas all represented a single group of similar dinosaurs , which he named Agathaumidae in 1891 . Cope redescribed Monoclonius as a horned dinosaur , with a large nasal horn and two smaller horns over the eyes , and a large frill .

= = Classification = =

Ceratopsia was coined by Othniel Charles Marsh in 1890 to include dinosaurs possessing certain characteristic features , including horns , a rostral bone , teeth with two roots , fused neck vertebrae , and a forward @-@ oriented pubis . Marsh considered the group distinct enough to warrant its own suborder within Ornithischia . The name is derived from the Greek κερας / keras meaning ' horn ' and οψις / opsis meaning ' face ' . As early as the 1960s , it was noted that the name Ceratopsia is actually incorrect linguistically and that it should be Ceratopia . However , this spelling , while technically correct , has been used only rarely in the scientific literature , and the vast majority of paleontologists continue to use Ceratopsia . As the ICZN does not govern taxa above the level of superfamily , this is unlikely to change .

= = = Taxonomy = = =

Following Marsh , Ceratopsia has usually been classified as a suborder within the order Ornithischia . While ranked taxonomy has largely fallen out of favor among dinosaur paleontologists , some researchers have continued to employ such a classification , though sources have differed on what its rank should be . Most who still employ the use of ranks have retained its traditional ranking of suborder , though some have reduced to the level of infraorder .

This list of ceratopsian genera by classification and location follows a review by Thomas R. Holtz , Jr. in 2010 .

Ceratopsia

Albalophosaurus - ( Japan )

Micropachycephalosaurus - ( Shandong , eastern China )

Stenopelix - ( Germany )

Yinlong - ( Xinjiang , western China )

Family Chaoyangsauridae

Chaoyangsaurus - ( Liaoning , northeastern China )

Xuanhuaceratops - ( Hebei , China )

Family Psittacosauridae

Psittacosaurus - ( China & Mongolia )

Neoceratopsia

Archaeoceratops - ( Gansu , northwestern China )

Auroraceratops - ( Gansu , northwestern China )

Helioceratops - ( Jilin , northwestern China )

Koreaceratops - ( South Korea )

Kulceratops - ( Uzbekistan )

Liaoceratops - ( Liaoning , northeastern China )

Microceratus - ( Mongolia )

Mosaiceratops - ( central China )

Yamaceratops - ( Mongolia )

Family Leptoceratopsidae

Asiaceratops - ( China , Mongolia , Uzbekistan )

Cerasinops - ( Montana , US )

Gryphoceratops - ( Alberta , Canada )

Ischioceratops - ( China )

Leptoceratops - ( Alberta , Canada & Wyoming , US )

Montanoceratops - ( Montana , US )

Prenoceratops - ( Montana , US )

Udanoceratops - ( Mongolia )

Unescoceratops - ( Alberta , Canada )

Zhuchengceratops - ( Zhucheng , China )

Family Bagaceratopidae

Ajkaceratops - ( Hungary )

Bagaceratops - ( Mongolia )

Bainoceratops - ( Mongolia )

Gobiceratops - ( Mongolia )

Lamaceratops - ( Mongolia )

Family Protoceratopsidae

Breviceratops - ( Mongolia )

Graciliceratops - ( Mongolia )

Magnirostris - ( Inner Mongolia , China )

Protoceratops - ( Mongolia )

Superfamily Ceratopsoidea

Turanoceratops - ( Uzbekistan )

Zuniceratops - ( New Mexico , US )

Family Ceratopsidae

Subfamily Centrosaurinae

Albertaceratops - ( Alberta , Canada & ? Montana , USA )

Avaceratops - ( Montana , USA )

Brachyceratops - ( Montana , USA & Alberta , Canada )

Centrosaurus - ( Alberta , Canada )

Coronosaurus - ( Alberta , Canada )

Diabloceratops - ( Utah , USA )

Monoclonius - ( Montana , USA & Alberta , Canada )

Nasutoceratops - ( Utah , USA )

Rubeosaurus - ( Montana , USA )

Spinops - ( Alberta , Canada )

Styracosaurus - ( Alberta , Canada & Montana , USA )

Xenoceratops - ( Alberta , Canada )

Tribe Pachyrhinosaurini

Achelousaurus - ( Montana , USA )

Einiosaurus - ( Montana , USA )

Pachyrhinosaurus- ( Alberta , Canada & Alaska , USA )

Sinoceratops - ( Shandong , China )

Subfamily Ceratopsinae

Ceratops - ( Montana , USA & Alberta , Canada )