EcoWikiRS: Learning Ecological Representation of Satellite Images from Weak Supervision with Species Observations and Wikipedia
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[
"Stachys recta",
"Salvia pratensis",
"Lysimachia vulgaris",
"Lotus corniculatus",
"Tussilago farfara",
"Achillea millefolium",
"Filipendula ulmaria"
] |
{"Stachys recta": {"keywords": ["Close-up on flowers of S. recta subsp. recta The biological form of S. recta is hemicryptophyte scapose, as its overwintering buds are situated just below the soil surface and the floral axis is more or less erect with a few leaves.", "Stachys recta grows in lawns, in semi-dry and dry grasslands and in rocky hillsides.", "It prefers calcareous and moderately dry soil, at an altitude of above sea level."], "habitat_section": ["This plant is a sub-Mediterranean floral element and it is widespread from Europe to the Caucasus and Asia Minor.", "Stachys recta grows in lawns, in semi-dry and dry grasslands and in rocky hillsides.", "It prefers calcareous and moderately dry soil, at an altitude of above sea level."], "random_sentences": ["Stachys recta, commonly known as stiff hedgenettle or perennial yellow-woundwort, is herbaceous perennial plant of the family Lamiaceae.", "The generic epithet is derived from the Greek word , meaning \" an ear of grain \" , and refers to the fact that the inflorescence is often a spike.", "The specific epithet comes from the Latin recta, meaning \" straight \" , also refers to the shape of the inflorescence.", "Close-up on flowers of S. recta subsp. recta The biological form of S. recta is hemicryptophyte scapose, as its overwintering buds are situated just below the soil surface and the floral axis is more or less erect with a few leaves.", "The plant reaches on average in height.", "It has thick, woody roots.", "The stems are strong, simple or branched, with slightly rough glandular hairs.", "The leaves are ovate-spatulate to oblong-lanceolate, with toothed edges and a long petiole.", "The length of the leaves is and the width 0.5 to 2 cm.", "The flowers are gathered in a dense terminal spike and are usually yellowish-white, stained by purple or brown spots.", "The flowering period extends from July through October.", "The flowers are hermaphrodite and pollinated by insects.", "The fruit are achenes about 2 mm long, rounded, chestnut-brown and smooth or very finely punctured.", "This plant is strictly related to S. officinalis, and has similar properties and characteristics.", "This plant is a sub-Mediterranean floral element and it is widespread from Europe to the Caucasus and Asia Minor.", "Stachys recta grows in lawns, in semi-dry and dry grasslands and in rocky hillsides.", "It prefers calcareous and moderately dry soil, at an altitude of above sea level."]}, "Salvia pratensis": {"keywords": ["Salvia pratensis, the meadow clary or meadow sage, is a species of flowering plant in the family Lamiaceae, native to Europe, western Asia and northern Africa.", "The Latin specific epithet pratensis means \"of meadows\", referring to its preferred habitat.", "It also grows in scrub edges and woodland borders.", "The flowers may grow up to 2.5 cm and open starting from the base of the inflorescence, which grows up to 30.5 cm long.", "Salvia pratensis is native to Europe, western Asia and northern Africa where it grows in meadows, fields, banks and rough places.", "Salvia pratensis is hardy in the severest European climates, down to 40 C .", "It is widely grown in horticulture, especially Salvia pratensis subsp. haematodes, which is prized by flower arrangers as a cut flower.", "- 'Atroviolacea', dark blue to violet 'Baumgartenii', blue to violet 'Lupinoides', to 60 cm , white-flecked blue to purple 'Mitsommer' , sky blue 'Rosea', rose-pink to purple 'Rubicunda', rose-red 'Tenorii', to about 60 cm tall, blue flowers 'Variegata', blue and sometimes white-tipped flowers."], "habitat_section": ["Salvia pratensis is native to Europe, western Asia and northern Africa where it grows in meadows, fields, banks and rough places.", "It has become naturalized in many parts of the United States, and is considered a noxious weed in the state of Washington.", "At one time it was banned from California because it was thought to have naturalized in three locations."], "random_sentences": ["Salvia pratensis, the meadow clary or meadow sage, is a species of flowering plant in the family Lamiaceae, native to Europe, western Asia and northern Africa.", "The Latin specific epithet pratensis means \"of meadows\", referring to its preferred habitat.", "It also grows in scrub edges and woodland borders.", "This herbaceous perennial forms a basal clump 1 to 1.5 m tall, with rich green rugose leaves that are slightly ruffled and toothed on the edges.", "The stems have four edges and are clad in glandular and soft hairs.", "The leaves are arranged in opposite pairs, with those on the lower part of the stem up to 15 cm long, decreasing in size higher up the stem.", "The flower stalks are typically branched, with four to six flowers in each verticil forming a lax spike.", "The flowers may grow up to 2.5 cm and open starting from the base of the inflorescence, which grows up to 30.5 cm long.", "The small calyx is dark brown.", "The corolla is irregular, 20 to 30 mm long, fused with two lips and long-tubed.", "The upper lip arches in a crescent shape and the lower lip is three-lobed with the central lobe larger than the lateral lobes.", "In the wild the corolla is usually bluish-violet.", "In cultivation, the flowers have a wide variety of colors, from rich violet and violet-blue to bluish white, and from pink to pure white.", "There are two long stamens protected by the upper corolla lip and the fruit is a four-chambered schizocarp.", "Salvia pratensis is native to Europe, western Asia and northern Africa where it grows in meadows, fields, banks and rough places.", "It has become naturalized in many parts of the United States, and is considered a noxious weed in the state of Washington.", "At one time it was banned from California because it was thought to have naturalized in three locations.", "Salvia pratensis is hardy in the severest European climates, down to 40 C .", "It is widely grown in horticulture, especially Salvia pratensis subsp. haematodes, which is prized by flower arrangers as a cut flower.", "Some botanists consider it a separate species, S. haematodes.", "Named cultivars include:- 'Atroviolacea', dark blue to violet 'Baumgartenii', blue to violet 'Lupinoides', to 60 cm , white-flecked blue to purple 'Mitsommer' , sky blue 'Rosea', rose-pink to purple 'Rubicunda', rose-red 'Tenorii', to about 60 cm tall, blue flowers 'Variegata', blue and sometimes white-tipped flowers.", "The name of the plant 'clary' is derived from 'clear-eye' and the plant seeds were historically ground to a paste and used to clear irritations in the eye.", "It was also used for gargling and as an early form of toothpaste, as well as a flavouring for alcohol."]}, "Lysimachia vulgaris": {"keywords": ["Lysimachia vulgaris capsules and seeds Lysimachia vulgaris, the yellow loosestrife or garden loosestrife, is a species of herbaceous perennial flowering plant in the family Primulaceae.", "Yellow loosestrife is a tall downy semi-evergreen perennial plant with an upright habit, high, with erect panicles of conspicuous yellow flowers.", "L. vulgaris is native to Britain, where it is frequent to locally common, as well as Eurasia, and North Africa.", "It has been introduced to North America, where it is considered an exotic introduction, for its ornamental value in gardens.", "It grows best in moist habitats such as fens and wet woodlands as well as on lakesides and riverbanks.", "Although the seeds only appear to have a maximum viability of 3 years when stored in the soil, the plant can spread by vegetative means from rhizomes over extensive areas, sometimes to the detriment of other species.", "It remains in a vegetative state for some years before blooming, so that flowering stands of the plant indicate that it has long been present in that area."], "habitat_section": ["L. vulgaris is native to Britain, where it is frequent to locally common, as well as Eurasia, and North Africa.", "It has been introduced to North America, where it is considered an exotic introduction, for its ornamental value in gardens.", "It grows best in moist habitats such as fens and wet woodlands as well as on lakesides and riverbanks.", "Like many of its congeners, L. vulgaris provides an important nectar source for specialist solitary bees in the genus Macropis, especially Macropis europaea.", "However, the relationship between Lysimachia and Macropis is not thought to be obligate on the part of the plant.", "For the first time, a plant pathogen Ramularia lysimachiae Thun was found on the plant in County Durham in 2004.", "L. vulgaris has been listed as a noxious weed in Washington State on account of its invasiveness.", "Although the seeds only appear to have a maximum viability of 3 years when stored in the soil, the plant can spread by vegetative means from rhizomes over extensive areas, sometimes to the detriment of other species.", "It remains in a vegetative state for some years before blooming, so that flowering stands of the plant indicate that it has long been present in that area.", "L. vulgaris is an unpalatable species that is avoided by large herbivores due to its content of toxic compounds."], "random_sentences": ["Lysimachia vulgaris capsules and seeds Lysimachia vulgaris, the yellow loosestrife or garden loosestrife, is a species of herbaceous perennial flowering plant in the family Primulaceae.", "It was transferred to Myrsinoideae based on results of molecular phylogenetic research before being merged into the Primulaceae.", "Yellow loosestrife is a tall downy semi-evergreen perennial plant with an upright habit, high, with erect panicles of conspicuous yellow flowers.", "The edges of the petals lack the fringe of hairs seen in L. punctata, and the hairy, narrow triangular sepals have a conspicuous orange margin.", "It flowers from June through August in the British Isles.", "Measuring 5 - 12 cm long, the entire-margined leaves are opposite or 3-4-whorled, ovate to lanceolate and spotted with translucent orange glands.", "The stem is round or square in cross-section, downy, and usually solid and pith-filled", "The generic name Lysimachia means ending strife, derived from Lysimachus, a King of Thrace, Asia Minor and Macedon, also an army leader under Alexander the Great.", "The specific epithet vulgaris means common, or usual", "L. vulgaris is native to Britain, where it is frequent to locally common, as well as Eurasia, and North Africa.", "It has been introduced to North America, where it is considered an exotic introduction, for its ornamental value in gardens.", "It grows best in moist habitats such as fens and wet woodlands as well as on lakesides and riverbanks.", "Like many of its congeners, L. vulgaris provides an important nectar source for specialist solitary bees in the genus Macropis, especially Macropis europaea.", "However, the relationship between Lysimachia and Macropis is not thought to be obligate on the part of the plant.", "For the first time, a plant pathogen Ramularia lysimachiae Thun was found on the plant in County Durham in 2004.", "L. vulgaris has been listed as a noxious weed in Washington State on account of its invasiveness.", "Although the seeds only appear to have a maximum viability of 3 years when stored in the soil, the plant can spread by vegetative means from rhizomes over extensive areas, sometimes to the detriment of other species.", "It remains in a vegetative state for some years before blooming, so that flowering stands of the plant indicate that it has long been present in that area.", "L. vulgaris is an unpalatable species that is avoided by large herbivores due to its content of toxic compounds.", "Like many other plants in the genus Lysimachia, yellow loosestrife has historically been valued for its medicinal properties and is still sometimes used today in traditional folk medicine by some eastern cultures.", "It has been used as an effective anti-inflammatory agent as well as for treating fever, wounds, ulcers, and diarrhoea.", "It also has analgesic, astringent, and expectorant properties.", "Yellow loosestrife growing in Sweden."]}, "Lotus corniculatus": {"keywords": ["Lotus corniculatus is a flowering plant in the pea family Fabaceae, native to grasslands in temperate Eurasia and North Africa.", "It is typically sprawling at the height of the surrounding grassland.", "It is most often found in sandy soils.", "It is used in agriculture as a forage plant, grown for pasture, hay, and silage.", "It may be used as an alternative to alfalfa in poor soils.", "A double-flowered variety is grown as an ornamental plant.", "It is regularly included as a component of wildflower mixes in Europe.", "It can also prevent soil erosion and provide a good habitat for wildlife.", "In the Chicago Region, mostly non-native bees have been observed visiting the flowers, including Andrena wilkella, Anthidium oblongatum, Apis mellifera and Megachile rotundata.", "The native bees Bombus impatiens and Megachile relativa have also been observed visiting birdsfoot trefoil flowers, though the latter only rarely.", "It has been commonly planted along roadsides for erosion control or pastures for forage and then spreads into natural areas."], "habitat_section": ["Lotus corniculatus has a broad distribution worldwide.", "It is common everywhere in Britain and Ireland.", "The flowers are mostly visited by bumblebees.", "In the Chicago Region, mostly non-native bees have been observed visiting the flowers, including Andrena wilkella, Anthidium oblongatum, Apis mellifera and Megachile rotundata.", "The native bees Bombus impatiens and Megachile relativa have also been observed visiting birdsfoot trefoil flowers, though the latter only rarely.", "The plant is an important nectar source for many insects and is also used as a larval food plant by many species of Lepidoptera such as six-spot burnet and the silver-studded blue.", "It is a host plant for the wood white butterfly, Leptidea sinapis."], "random_sentences": ["Lotus corniculatus is a flowering plant in the pea family Fabaceae, native to grasslands in temperate Eurasia and North Africa.", "Common names include common bird's-foot trefoil, eggs and bacon, birdsfoot deervetch, and just bird's-foot trefoil, though the latter name is often also applied to other members of the genus.", "It is a perennial herbaceous plant, similar in appearance to some clovers.", "The name 'bird's foot' refers to the appearance of the seed pods on their stalk.", "Five leaflets are present, but with the central three held conspicuously above the others, hence the use of the name 'trefoil'.", "It is often used as forage and is widely used as food for livestock due to its nonbloating properties.", "The height of the plant is variable, from , occasionally more where supported by other plants", "the stems can reach up to long.", "It is typically sprawling at the height of the surrounding grassland.", "It can survive fairly close grazing, trampling, and mowing.", "It is most often found in sandy soils.", "It flowers from June to September.", "The flowers develop into small pea-like pods or legumes.", "The plant had many common English names in Britain, which are now mostly out of use.", "These names were often connected with the yellow and orange colour of the flowers, e.g. 'butter and eggs'.", "One name that is still used is eggs and bacon .", "Lotus corniculatus flowers in southeastern Minnesota ", "The following subspecies are accepted:", "Lotus corniculatus has a broad distribution worldwide.", "It is common everywhere in Britain and Ireland.", "It is used in agriculture as a forage plant, grown for pasture, hay, and silage.", "It is a high quality forage that does not cause bloat in ruminants.", "Taller-growing cultivars have been developed for this.", "It may be used as an alternative to alfalfa in poor soils.", "A double-flowered variety is grown as an ornamental plant.", "It is regularly included as a component of wildflower mixes in Europe.", "It can also prevent soil erosion and provide a good habitat for wildlife.", "Fresh bird's-foot trefoil contains cyanogenic glycosides, which release small amounts of hydrogen cyanide when macerated.", "This is not normally poisonous to humans, though, as the dose is very low, and the metabolization of cyanide is relatively quick.", "Condensed tannins are also present in L. corniculatus.", "In the traditional medicine of the Sannio regio of Italy, the diluted infusions were used for anxiety, insomnia, and exhaustion.", "The flowers are mostly visited by bumblebees.", "In the Chicago Region, mostly non-native bees have been observed visiting the flowers, including Andrena wilkella, Anthidium oblongatum, Apis mellifera and Megachile rotundata.", "The native bees Bombus impatiens and Megachile relativa have also been observed visiting birdsfoot trefoil flowers, though the latter only rarely.", "The plant is an important nectar source for many insects and is also used as a larval food plant by many species of Lepidoptera such as six-spot burnet and the silver-studded blue.", "It is a host plant for the wood white butterfly, Leptidea sinapis.", "Birdsfoot trefoil is an invasive species in many parts of North America and Australia.", "It has been commonly planted along roadsides for erosion control or pastures for forage and then spreads into natural areas.", "Once it has established in an area, it can outcompete native species.", "The use of prescribed fire is not an effective management tool against Lotus corniculatus and herbicide is recommended instead to control it."]}, "Tussilago farfara": {"keywords": ["The leaves of coltsfoot, which appear after the flowers have set seed, wither and die in the early summer.", "The plant is often found in waste and disturbed places and along roadsides and paths."], "habitat_section": ["Coltsfoot is widespread across Europe, Asia, and North Africa, from Svalbard to Morocco to China and the Russian Far East.", "It is also a common plant in North and South America where it has been introduced, most likely by settlers as a medicinal item.", "The plant is often found in waste and disturbed places and along roadsides and paths.", "In some areas it is considered an invasive species."], "random_sentences": ["Tussilago farfara, commonly known as coltsfoot, is a plant in the tribe Senecioneae in the family Asteraceae, native to Europe and parts of western and central Asia.", "The name \" tussilago \" is derived from the Latin tussis, meaning cough, and ago, meaning to cast or to act on.", "It has had uses in traditional medicine, but the discovery of toxic pyrrolizidine alkaloids in the plant has resulted in liver health concerns.", "Tussilago farfara is the only accepted species in the genus Tussilago, although more than two dozen other species have at one time or another been considered part of this group.", "Most of them are now regarded as members of other genera .", "Coltsfoot is a perennial herbaceous plant that spreads by seeds and rhizomes.", "Tussilago is often found in colonies of dozens of plants.", "The flowers, which superficially resemble dandelions, bear scale-leaves on the long stems in early spring.", "The leaves of coltsfoot, which appear after the flowers have set seed, wither and die in the early summer.", "The flower heads are of yellow florets with an outer row of bracts.", "The plant is typically in height.", "The leaves have angular teeth on their margins.", "Coltsfoot is widespread across Europe, Asia, and North Africa, from Svalbard to Morocco to China and the Russian Far East.", "It is also a common plant in North and South America where it has been introduced, most likely by settlers as a medicinal item.", "The plant is often found in waste and disturbed places and along roadsides and paths.", "In some areas it is considered an invasive species.", "The common name comes from the leaf's supposed resemblance in shape to a colt's foot.", "It is a 16th century translation of the medieval Latin name pes pulli, meaning \" foal's foot \" .", "Other common names include tash plant, ass's foot, bull's foot, coughwort , farfara, foal's foot, foalswort, and horse foot.", "Sometimes it is confused with Petasites frigidus, or western coltsfoot.", "It has been called bechion, bechichie, or bechie, from the Ancient Greek word for \" cough \" .", "Also ungula caballina , and chamleuce.", "Coltsfoot has been used in herbal medicine and has been consumed as a food product with some confectionery products, such as Coltsfoot Rock.", "Tussilago farfara leaves have been used in traditional Austrian medicine internally or externally for treatment of disorders of the respiratory tract, skin, locomotor system, viral infections, flu, colds, fever, rheumatism and gout.", "An extract of the fresh leaves has also been used to make cough drops and hard candy.", "Coltsfoot is used as a food plant by the larvae of some Lepidoptera species including the Gothic and small angle shades.", "It is also visited by honeybees, providing pollen and nectar.", "Fruit of coltsfoot with pappus.", "Tussilago farfara contains tumorigenic pyrrolizidine alkaloids.", "Senecionine and senkirkine, present in coltsfoot, have the highest mutagenetic activity of any pyrrolozidine alkaloid, tested using Drosophila melanogaster to produce a comparative genotoxicity test.", "Two cases of supposed liver damage due to coltsfoot tea have been shown to actually be the result of mistaken identity.", "In one, coltsfoot tea causing severe liver problems in an infant was actually the result of Adenostyles alliariae .", "In another case, an infant developed liver disease and died because the mother drank tea originally believed to contain coltsfoot during her pregnancy, but which was later shown to be Petasites hybridus or a similar species.", "In one 27-year-old male, ingesting a multicomponent herbal supplement that included coltsfoot may have caused him to develop non-lethal deep vein thrombosis and pulmonary embolism.", "In response, the German government banned the sale of coltsfoot.", "Clonal plants of coltsfoot free of pyrrolizidine alkaloids were then developed in Austria and Germany.", "This has resulted in the development of the registered variety Tussilago farfara 'Wien', which has no detectable levels of these alkaloids."]}, "Achillea millefolium": {"keywords": ["Other common names include old man's pepper, devil's nettle, sanguinary, milfoil, soldier's woundwort, and thousand seal. The plant is native to temperate regions of the Northern Hemisphere in Asia, Europe, and North America.", "Petiolate leaves on lower stems Illustration from Kohler's Medicinal Plants Achillea millefolium is an erect, herbaceous, perennial plant that produces one to several stems in height, and has a spreading rhizomatous growth form.", "Other names include arrowroot, nose bleed, death flower, eerie, hundred leaved grass, knyghten, old man's mustard, sanguinary, seven-year's love, snake's grass, soldier, and gordaldo.", "Wenatchee Foothills, Chelan County, Washington Yarrow grows from sea level to in elevation.", "Common yarrow is frequently found in the mildly disturbed soil of grasslands and open forests.", "In North America, both native and introduced genotypes, and both diploid and polyploid plants are found.", "Common yarrow produces an average yield of , with a total dry weight of .", "It has been introduced as a feed for livestock in New Zealand and Australia, where it is a common weed of both wet and dry areas, such as roadsides, meadows, fields and coastal places.", ", Moths The larvae of the moths Bucculatrix clavenae, B. cristatella, B. fatigatella, B. humiliella, B. latviaella, Cnephasia abrasana, Cochylimorpha elongana, Coleophora argentula, C. carelica, C. ditella, C. expressella, C. follicularis, C. gardesanella, C. millefolii, C. partitella, C. ptarmicia, C. quadristraminella, C. succursella, C. vibicigerella, Depressaria olerella, D. silesiaca, Dichrorampha alpinana , D. petiverella, D. vancouverana , Eupithecia millefoliata , E. nanata , Gillmeria pallidactyla, Idaea pallidata, Isidiella nickerlii, Loxostege manualis, Phycitodes maritima, P. saxicola, Pyncostola bohemiella, Sophronia sicariellus and Thetidia smaragdaria feed on Achillea millefolium in Europe.", "A. millefolium 'Paprika' cultivar A. millefolium cultivar Achillea millefolium is cultivated as an ornamental plant by many plant nurseries.", "It is planted in gardens and natural landscaping settings of diverse climates and styles.", "They include native plant, drought-tolerant, and wildlife gardens.", "The plant is a frequent component of butterfly gardens.", "The plant prefers well-drained soil in full sun, but can be grown in less ideal conditions.", "A. millefolium can be planted to combat soil erosion due to the plant's resistance to drought.", "Before the arrival of monocultures of ryegrass, both grass and pasture contained A. millefolium at a density of about 0.3 kg/ha.", "One factor for its use in grass mixtures was its deep roots, with leaves rich in minerals, minimizing mineral deficiencies in ruminant feed.", "It was introduced into New Zealand as a drought-tolerant pasture."], "habitat_section": ["Wenatchee Foothills, Chelan County, Washington Yarrow grows from sea level to in elevation.", "Common yarrow is frequently found in the mildly disturbed soil of grasslands and open forests.", "Active growth occurs in the spring.", "The plant is native to Eurasia and is found widely from the UK to China.", "In North America, both native and introduced genotypes, and both diploid and polyploid plants are found.", "It is found in every habitat throughout California except the Colorado and Mojave Deserts.", "Common yarrow produces an average yield of , with a total dry weight of .", "It has been introduced as a feed for livestock in New Zealand and Australia, where it is a common weed of both wet and dry areas, such as roadsides, meadows, fields and coastal places.", "Pollination by Eristalis arbustorum"], "random_sentences": ["Achillea millefolium, commonly known as yarrow or common yarrow, is a flowering plant in the family Asteraceae.", "Other common names include old man's pepper, devil's nettle, sanguinary, milfoil, soldier's woundwort, and thousand seal. The plant is native to temperate regions of the Northern Hemisphere in Asia, Europe, and North America.", "It has been introduced as a feed for livestock in New Zealand and Australia.", "Petiolate leaves on lower stems Illustration from Kohler's Medicinal Plants Achillea millefolium is an erect, herbaceous, perennial plant that produces one to several stems in height, and has a spreading rhizomatous growth form.", "Leaves are evenly distributed along the stem, with the leaves near the middle and bottom of the stem being the largest.", "The leaves have varying degrees of hairiness .", "The leaves are long, bipinnate or tripinnate, almost feathery, and arranged spirally on the stems.", "The leaves are cauline, and more or less clasping, being more petiolate near the base.", "The inflorescence has 4 to 9 phyllaries and contains ray and disk flowers which are white to pink, blooming from March to October.", "There are generally 3 to 8 ray flowers, which are long and ovate to round.", "The tiny disk flowers range from 10 to 40.", "The inflorescence is produced in a flat-topped capitulum cluster and the inflorescences are visited by many insects, featuring a generalized pollination system.", "The small achene-like fruits are called cypsela.", "The plant has a sweet scent similar to that of chrysanthemums, so powerful that it may be irritating to some.", "The dark blue essential oil of yarrow contains chemicals called proazulenes.", "Chamazulene and -Cadinol are chemical compounds found in A. millefolium.", "The chromophore of azulene was discovered in yarrow and wormwood and named in 1863 by Septimus Piesse.", "Yarrow contains isovaleric acid, salicylic acid, asparagine, sterols, and flavonoids.", "The several varieties and subspecies include:", "The genus name Achillea is derived from mythical Greek character Achilles, who reportedly carried it with his army to treat battle wounds.", "The specific epithet millefolium as well as the common names milfoil and thousand leaf come from the featherlike leaves which are minutely divided.", "The English name yarrow comes from its Saxon name gearwe, which is related to both the Dutch word gerw and the Old High German word garawa.", "In the eastern counties .", " it may be called yarroway.", "Other names include arrowroot, nose bleed, death flower, eerie, hundred leaved grass, knyghten, old man's mustard, sanguinary, seven-year's love, snake's grass, soldier, and gordaldo.", "In New Mexico and southern Colorado, it is called plumajillo from its leaf shape and texture.", "Wenatchee Foothills, Chelan County, Washington Yarrow grows from sea level to in elevation.", "Common yarrow is frequently found in the mildly disturbed soil of grasslands and open forests.", "Active growth occurs in the spring.", "The plant is native to Eurasia and is found widely from the UK to China.", "In North America, both native and introduced genotypes, and both diploid and polyploid plants are found.", "It is found in every habitat throughout California except the Colorado and Mojave Deserts.", "Common yarrow produces an average yield of , with a total dry weight of .", "It has been introduced as a feed for livestock in New Zealand and Australia, where it is a common weed of both wet and dry areas, such as roadsides, meadows, fields and coastal places.", "Several cavity-nesting birds, including the common starling, use yarrow to line their nests.", "Experiments conducted on the tree swallow, which does not use yarrow, suggest that adding yarrow to nests inhibits the growth of parasites.", "Achillea millefolium is a food source for many species of insects.", "Moths The larvae of the moths Bucculatrix clavenae, B. cristatella, B. fatigatella, B. humiliella, B. latviaella, Cnephasia abrasana, Cochylimorpha elongana, Coleophora argentula, C. carelica, C. ditella, C. expressella, C. follicularis, C. gardesanella, C. millefolii, C. partitella, C. ptarmicia, C. quadristraminella, C. succursella, C. vibicigerella, Depressaria olerella, D. silesiaca, Dichrorampha alpinana , D. petiverella, D. vancouverana , Eupithecia millefoliata , E. nanata , Gillmeria pallidactyla, Idaea pallidata, Isidiella nickerlii, Loxostege manualis, Phycitodes maritima, P. saxicola, Pyncostola bohemiella, Sophronia sicariellus and Thetidia smaragdaria feed on Achillea millefolium in Europe.", " The larvae of Chlorochlamys chloroleucaria , Coleophora quadruplex and Sparganothoides lentiginosana feed on A. millefolium in North America.", " Other species of moths with a more cosmopolitan distribution include Aethes smeathmanniana , Chloroclystis v-ata , Choristoneura diversana, Cochylidia richteriana, Epiblema graphana, Eupithecia succenturiata , E. vulgata , Jordanita budensis and Thiodia citrana .", "The Noctuid Agrotis stigmosa has also been reared on A. millefolium.", " Lafontaine, J. D., 2004.", "Noctuoidea, Noctuidae : Noctuinae, Agrotini in Hodges, R. W., ed.", ", The Moths of North America, fasc.", "Beetles Cassida denticollis, Galeruca tanaceti, Hypocassida subferruginea and Phytoecia virgula are cosmopolitan species of beetles that feed on A. millefolium.", " Chrysanthia viridissima is a European species whose adults can be found feeding on pollen and nectar.", " Trichodes ornatus is a species found in North America whose adults can be found feeding on A. millefolium.", "True bugs Horistus orientalis is a species of plant bugs that feeds on A. millefolium.", "Wasps Hedychrum rutilans is a species of cuckoo wasps whose adults can be found feeding on A. millefolium in Europe and North Africa.", "A. millefolium 'Paprika' cultivar A. millefolium cultivar Achillea millefolium is cultivated as an ornamental plant by many plant nurseries.", "It is planted in gardens and natural landscaping settings of diverse climates and styles.", "They include native plant, drought-tolerant, and wildlife gardens.", "The plant is a frequent component of butterfly gardens.", "The plant prefers well-drained soil in full sun, but can be grown in less ideal conditions.", "For propagation, seeds require light for germination, so optimal germination occurs when planted no deeper than .", "Seeds also require a germination temperature of .", "It has a relatively short life in some situations, but may be prolonged by division in the spring every other year, and planting apart.", "Yarrow can cause allergic skin rashes.", "It reportedly can induce menstruation and cause miscarriages.", "According to the American Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals, yarrow is toxic to dogs, cats, and horses, causing increased urination, vomiting, diarrhea and dermatitis.", "When consumed by cows, an unfavorable flavor is given to their milk.", "In a standard rodent model for reproductive toxicity, aqueous extracts of yarrow produced a significant increase in the percentage of abnormal sperm.", "A. millefolium was used in traditional medicine, in part due to its astringent properties and the mild laxative effect of its leaves.", "The Navajo historically considered it a \" life medicine \" and chewed the plant for toothaches and used its infusions for earaches.", "The Miwok in California used the plant as an analgesic and head cold remedy.", "Native American nations used the plant for healing cuts and abrasions, relief from earaches and throat infections, as well as for an eyewash.", "Common yarrow was used by Plains indigenous peoples to reduce pain or fever and aid sleep.", "In the early 20th century, some Ojibwe people used a decoction of yarrow leaves on hot stones and inhaled it to treat headaches, or applied decoctions of the root onto skin for its stimulating effect.", "The entire plant is reportedly edible and nutritious, but it is advised not to consume much.", "both its leaves and flowers are bitter and astringent.", "The leaves can be eaten young", "raw, they can be added to salad.", "The leaves, with an aniseed-grass flavour, can be brewed as tea.", "In the Middle Ages, yarrow was part of a herbal mixture known as gruit used in the flavoring of beer prior to the use of hops.", "The flowers and leaves are used in making some liquors and bitters.", "Yarrow is considered an especially useful companion plant, attracting beneficial insects and repelling some pests.", "It attracts predatory wasps, which drink the nectar and then use insect pests as food for their larvae.", "Similarly, it attracts ladybirds and hoverflies.", "A. millefolium can be planted to combat soil erosion due to the plant's resistance to drought.", "Before the arrival of monocultures of ryegrass, both grass and pasture contained A. millefolium at a density of about 0.3 kg/ha.", "One factor for its use in grass mixtures was its deep roots, with leaves rich in minerals, minimizing mineral deficiencies in ruminant feed.", "It was introduced into New Zealand as a drought-tolerant pasture.", "Some pick-up sticks are made of yarrow.", "Yarrow can be used for dying wool as it contains apigenin and luteolin.", "Depending on the mordant the color may be green to yellow.", "In antiquity, the plant was known as herba militaris for its use in stanching the flow of blood from wounds.", "For its association with the Abrahamic devil it was called bad man's plaything, devil's nettle, and devil's plaything.", "It was called old man's pepper due to its pungent flavor, while the name field hop came from its use in beer making in Sweden.", "In the Classical Greek epic Iliad, Homer tells of the centaur Chiron, who conveyed herbal secrets to his human pupils and taught Achilles to use yarrow on the battlegrounds of Troy.", "A bunch of 50 yarrow A. millefolium subsp. millefolium var. millefolium stalks, used for I Ching divination Yarrow and tortoiseshell are considered to be lucky in Chinese tradition.", "The stalks are dried and used as a randomising agent in I Ching divination.", "In the Hebrides a leaf held against the eyes was sometimes believed to give second sight.", "In Sussex and Devonshire superstition, yarrow was used for finding one's real sweetheart.", "One would pluck yarrow growing on a young man's grave while reciting: :Yarrow, sweet yarrow, the first that I have found, in the name of Jesus Christ, I pluck it from the ground", " As Joseph loved sweet Mary, and took her for his dear, so in a dream this night, I hope, my true love will appear.", "and go to sleep with the yarrow under the pillow.", "In a similar tradition in Wicklow, girls would pick yarrow on Hallow Eve and recite: :Thou pretty herb of Venus' tree, Thy true name is yarrow", " Now who my bosom friend may be, Pray tell thou me to-morrow.", "then retire for the night without speaking and go to sleep with an ounce of yarrow sewn in flannel under the pillow.", "In Suffolk a leaf was placed in the nose so it would bleed, while reciting :Green 'arrow, green 'arrow, you bears a white blow, If my love love me, my nose will bleed now", " If my love don't love me, it 'on't bleed a drop, If my love do love me, 'twill bleed every drop.", "In Dublin on May Day or the night before, women would place a stocking full of yarrow under their pillow and recite: :Good morrow, good yarrow, good morrow to thee, I hope by the yarrow my lover to see", " And that he may be married to me.", " The colour of his hair and the clothes he does wear, And if he be for me may his face be turned to me, And if he be not, dark and surely may he be, And his back be turned toward me.", "In the witchcraft trial of Elspeth Reoch in March 1616, she was alleged to have plucked \" melefour, \" thought to be another name for yarrow, and said \" In nomine Patris, Fiili, et Spiritus Sancti \" to become able to cure distemper and impart the faculty of prediction.", "Yarrow was thought to bring luck due to being, according to one woman cited by James Britten, \" the first herb our Saviour put in His hand when a child.", "\" This is apparently a corruption of the Achilles myth."]}, "Filipendula ulmaria": {"keywords": ["Filipendula ulmaria, commonly known as meadowsweet or mead wort, is a perennial herbaceous plant in the family Rosaceae that grows in damp meadows.", "Meadowsweet has also been referred to as queen of the meadow, pride of the meadow, meadow-wort, meadow queen, lady of the meadow, dollof, meadsweet, and bridewort.", "Meadowsweet has delicate, graceful, creamy-white flowers clustered close together in irregularly-branched cymes, having a very strong, sweet smell redolent of antiseptic.", "They flower from early summer to early autumn and are visited by various types of insects, in particular Musca flies.", "Many insects and fungi cause disease in meadowsweet.", "The meadowsweet rust gall on leaf midrib Meadowsweet leaves are commonly galled by the bright orange-rust fungus Triphragmium ulmariae, which creates swellings and distortions on the stalk and/or midrib.", "The fungus Podosphaera filipendulae causes mildew on the leaves and flower heads, coating them with a white powder.", "The English common name meadowsweet dates from the 16th century.", "An earlier common name dating from the 15th century was 'meadsweet' Meadowsweet is known by many other names.", "In Europe, it took its name \" queen of the meadow \" for the way it can dominate a low-lying, damp meadow.", "Wild meadowsweet in Wharfedale, near Conistone, North Yorkshire, England Meadowsweet is common throughout the British Isles in damp areas and is dominant in fens and wet woods.", "Juncus subnodulosus-Cirsium palustre fen-meadow and Purple moor grass and rush pastures BAP habitat plant associations of Western Europe consistently include this plant.", "The whole plant is a traditional remedy for an acidic stomach, and the fresh root is often used in homeopathic preparations.", "The dried flowers are used in potpourri.", "In 1838, Raffaele Piria obtained salicylic acid from the buds of meadowsweet.", "Thereafter in 1899, scientists at the firm Bayer used salicylic acid derived from meadowsweet to synthesise acetylsalicylic acid , which was named after the old botanical name for meadowsweet, Spiraea ulmaria.", "White-flowered meadowsweet has been found with the cremated remains of three people and at least one animal in a Bronze Age cairn at Fan Foel, Carmarthenshire.", "In Welsh mythology, Gwydion and Math created a woman out of oak blossom, broom, and meadowsweet and named her Blodeuwedd ."], "habitat_section": ["Wild meadowsweet in Wharfedale, near Conistone, North Yorkshire, England Meadowsweet is common throughout the British Isles in damp areas and is dominant in fens and wet woods.", "Juncus subnodulosus-Cirsium palustre fen-meadow and Purple moor grass and rush pastures BAP habitat plant associations of Western Europe consistently include this plant."], "random_sentences": ["Filipendula ulmaria, commonly known as meadowsweet or mead wort, is a perennial herbaceous plant in the family Rosaceae that grows in damp meadows.", "It is native throughout most of Europe and Western Asia .", "It has been introduced and naturalised in North America.", "Meadowsweet has also been referred to as queen of the meadow, pride of the meadow, meadow-wort, meadow queen, lady of the meadow, dollof, meadsweet, and bridewort.", "left The stems, growing up to 120 cm, are tall, erect and furrowed, reddish to sometimes purple.", "The leaves are dark-green on the upper side and whitish and downy underneath, much divided, interruptedly pinnate, having a few large serrate leaflets and small intermediate ones.", "Terminal leaflets are large, 48 cm long, and three- to five-lobed.", "Meadowsweet has delicate, graceful, creamy-white flowers clustered close together in irregularly-branched cymes, having a very strong, sweet smell redolent of antiseptic.", "They flower from early summer to early autumn and are visited by various types of insects, in particular Musca flies.", "The flowers are small and numerous, they show 5 sepals and 5 petals with 7 to 20 stamens.", "Many insects and fungi cause disease in meadowsweet.", "The meadowsweet rust gall on leaf midrib Meadowsweet leaves are commonly galled by the bright orange-rust fungus Triphragmium ulmariae, which creates swellings and distortions on the stalk and/or midrib.", "The fungus Ramularia ulmariae causes purple blotches on the leaves.", "The fungus Podosphaera filipendulae causes mildew on the leaves and flower heads, coating them with a white powder.", "The midge Dasineura ulmariae causes pinkish-white galls on the leaves that can distort the leaf surface.", "The English common name meadowsweet dates from the 16th century.", "It did not originally mean 'sweet plant of the meadow', but a plant used for sweetening or flavouring mead.", "An earlier common name dating from the 15th century was 'meadsweet' Meadowsweet is known by many other names.", "In Chaucer's The Knight's Tale it is known as meadwort and was one of the ingredients in a drink called \" save \" .", "It was also known as bridewort, because it was strewn in churches for festivals and weddings, and often made into bridal garlands.", "In Europe, it took its name \" queen of the meadow \" for the way it can dominate a low-lying, damp meadow.", "The specific epithet ulmaria means \" elmlike \" , possibly in reference to its individual leaves which resemble those of the elm .", "The generic name, Filipendula, comes from filum, meaning \" thread \" and pendulus, meaning \" hanging \" .", "This is said to describe the slender attachment of root tubers, which hang characteristically on the genus, on fibrous roots.", "Wild meadowsweet in Wharfedale, near Conistone, North Yorkshire, England Meadowsweet is common throughout the British Isles in damp areas and is dominant in fens and wet woods.", "Juncus subnodulosus-Cirsium palustre fen-meadow and Purple moor grass and rush pastures BAP habitat plant associations of Western Europe consistently include this plant.", "The whole herb possesses a pleasant taste and flavour, the green parts having a similar aromatic character to the flowers, hence the use of the plant as a strewing herb, strewn on floors to give the rooms a pleasant aroma, and its use to flavour wine, beer, and many kinds of vinegar.", "The flowers can be added to stewed fruit and jams, giving them a subtle almond flavour.", "Some foragers also use the flowers to flavour desserts such as panna cotta.", "It has many medicinal properties.", "The whole plant is a traditional remedy for an acidic stomach, and the fresh root is often used in homeopathic preparations.", "The dried flowers are used in potpourri.", "It is also a frequently used spice in Scandinavian varieties of mead.", "Chemical constituents include salicin, flavone glycosides, essential oils, and tannins.", "In 1838, Raffaele Piria obtained salicylic acid from the buds of meadowsweet.", "Thereafter in 1899, scientists at the firm Bayer used salicylic acid derived from meadowsweet to synthesise acetylsalicylic acid , which was named after the old botanical name for meadowsweet, Spiraea ulmaria.", "The name then became aspirin.", "A natural black dye can be obtained from the roots by using a copper mordant.", "A tea made from Filipendula ulmaria flowers or leaves has been used in traditional Austrian herbal medicine for the treatment of rheumatism, gout, infections, and fever.", "White-flowered meadowsweet has been found with the cremated remains of three people and at least one animal in a Bronze Age cairn at Fan Foel, Carmarthenshire.", "Similar finds have also been found inside a beaker from Ashgrove, Fife, and a vessel from North Mains, Strathallan.", "These could indicate honey-based mead or flavoured ale, or might suggest that the plant was placed on the grave as a scented flower.", "In Welsh mythology, Gwydion and Math created a woman out of oak blossom, broom, and meadowsweet and named her Blodeuwedd .", "In the 16th century, when it was customary to strew floors with rushes and herbs , it was a favorite of Elizabeth I of England.", "She desired it above all other herbs in her chambers."]}}
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|
2715204_1279681
| 2154
|
[
"Lathyrus vernus"
] |
{"Lathyrus vernus": {"keywords": ["Lathyrus vernus, the spring vetchling, spring pea, or spring vetch, is a species of flowering herbaceous perennial plant in the genus Lathyrus, native to forests of Europe and Siberia.", "This species, and the cultivar 'Alboroseus', have gained the Royal Horticultural Society's Award of Garden Merit.", "The stem grows to and is erect and nearly hairless.", "It does not wither after flowering but continues to grow until autumn.", "Lathyrus vernus is native to Europe and parts of northern Asia.", "Its typical habitat is broad-leaved woodland, forest margins, plantations and clearings."], "habitat_section": ["Lathyrus vernus is native to Europe and parts of northern Asia.", "Its typical habitat is broad-leaved woodland, forest margins, plantations and clearings."], "random_sentences": ["Lathyrus vernus, the spring vetchling, spring pea, or spring vetch, is a species of flowering herbaceous perennial plant in the genus Lathyrus, native to forests of Europe and Siberia.", "It forms a dense clump of pointed leaves with purple flowers in spring, shading to a greenish-blue with age.", "This species, and the cultivar 'Alboroseus', have gained the Royal Horticultural Society's Award of Garden Merit.", "Lathyrus vernus is a perennial plant with an upright stem without wings.", "The stem grows to and is erect and nearly hairless.", "The leaves are alternate with short stalks and large, wide stipules.", "The leaf blades are pinnate with two to four pairs of ovate tapering leaflets with blunt tips, entire margins and no tendrils.", "The inflorescence has a long stem and three to ten purplish-red flowers, each long, turning bluer as they age.", "These have five sepals and five petals and are irregular.", "The uppermost petal is known as the \" standard \" , the lateral two as the \" wings \" and the lowest two are joined to form the \" keel \" .", "There are ten stamens and a single carpel.", "The fruit is a long brown pod up to in length containing eight to fourteen seeds which are poisonous.", "This plant flowers early in the year, in May and June.", "It can be distinguished from bitter vetch (L.", "linifolius) and black pea (L.", "niger) by the breadth of its ovate leaflets.", "It does not wither after flowering but continues to grow until autumn.", "Lathyrus vernus is native to Europe and parts of northern Asia.", "Its typical habitat is broad-leaved woodland, forest margins, plantations and clearings."]}}
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|
2713921_1239786
| 524
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[
"Clinopodium vulgare",
"Ononis spinosa",
"Lathyrus pratensis"
] |
{"Clinopodium vulgare": {"keywords": ["Clinopodium vulgare, the wild basil, is a species of flowering plant in the family Lamiaceae.", "The inflorescence is a terminal spike consisting of several loose whorls of clusters of flowers growing in the axils of the leaves.", "Wild basil occurs in suitable locations in most of Europe, western and central Asia, North America and North Africa.", "Its typical habitat is dry grassland and heathland, usually on limestone or chalky soils."], "habitat_section": ["Wild basil occurs in suitable locations in most of Europe, western and central Asia, North America and North Africa.", "Its typical habitat is dry grassland and heathland, usually on limestone or chalky soils.", "Though its distribution is patchy it is widespread and not threatened in the UK. Pollination is by bees and Lepidoptera."], "random_sentences": ["Clinopodium vulgare, the wild basil, is a species of flowering plant in the family Lamiaceae.", "Wild basil is a perennial rhizomatous herb with square, upright, hairy stems and opposite pairs of leaves.", "The leaves are hairy, ovate or lanceolate in shape, and have short or no stalks, wedge-shaped bases and bluntly-toothed margins.", "The inflorescence is a terminal spike consisting of several loose whorls of clusters of flowers growing in the axils of the leaves.", "Each flower has a short stalk, five sepals about long and five petals in length which are fused into a tube.", "The flowers are pink, violet or purple and have two lips.", "Each has four stamens, a long style and fused carpels.", "Wild basil occurs in suitable locations in most of Europe, western and central Asia, North America and North Africa.", "Its typical habitat is dry grassland and heathland, usually on limestone or chalky soils.", "Though its distribution is patchy it is widespread and not threatened in the UK.", "The leaves of wild basil are used as an aromatic herb in the preparation of food dishes and to make a herbal tea.", "They can also be used in the preparation of both a brown and a yellow dye.", "This plant has traditionally been used as an astringent, a cardiac stimulant, an expectorant, to reduce flatulence and to increase perspiration.", "It has been used traditionally in Bulgaria for the healing of wounds and has been shown to have anti-bacterial properties.", "Pollination is by bees and Lepidoptera."]}, "Ononis spinosa": {"keywords": ["Spiny restharrow is an erect, bushy perennial. The wiry, branched stem is downy and nearly always spiny, and grows to a height of .", "The flowers are deep pink and white, with the wings shorter than the hooked keel, and the calyx usually shorter than the pod.", "Its typical habitat is lime-rich but nutrient-poor grassland on chalk and heavy, calcareous soils.", "It grows in the Plaster's Green Meadows, an SSSI in Lincolnshire.", "Though the original process is now lost, it is known it involved dipping the finished weapon into a vat containing a special liquid of which spiny restharrow extract was a part , then holding the sword aloft while galloping on a horse, allowing it to dry and harden against the wind."], "habitat_section": ["Spiny restharrow is found in southern temperate areas of Europe and Siberia.", "In the British Isles it occurs predominantly in central and southeastern England.", "Its typical habitat is lime-rich but nutrient-poor grassland on chalk and heavy, calcareous soils.", "It grows in the Plaster's Green Meadows, an SSSI in Lincolnshire."], "random_sentences": ["Ononis spinosa is a plant belonging to the family Fabaceae, that is commonly known as spiny restharrow or just restharrow.", "It is found throughout much of Europe including Britain, but seldom as far north as Scotland.", "Spiny restharrow is an erect, bushy perennial. The wiry, branched stem is downy and nearly always spiny, and grows to a height of .", "The leaves are small, dark green, oval or trefoil, with toothed leaf-like stipules at their base.", "The flowers are deep pink and white, with the wings shorter than the hooked keel, and the calyx usually shorter than the pod.", "Spiny restharrow is found in southern temperate areas of Europe and Siberia.", "In the British Isles it occurs predominantly in central and southeastern England.", "Its typical habitat is lime-rich but nutrient-poor grassland on chalk and heavy, calcareous soils.", "It grows in the Plaster's Green Meadows, an SSSI in Lincolnshire.", "In medieval Russia, it was used for manufacturing Bulat steel.", "Though the original process is now lost, it is known it involved dipping the finished weapon into a vat containing a special liquid of which spiny restharrow extract was a part , then holding the sword aloft while galloping on a horse, allowing it to dry and harden against the wind.", "In traditional Russian herbal medicine, it was used as an anodyne, antiphlogistic, aperient, coagulant and diuretic.", "A decoction of restharrow was used for eczema and other skin problems, hemorrhoids, chronic constipation, and infections of the anus."]}, "Lathyrus pratensis": {"keywords": ["Lathyrus pratensis or meadow vetchling, yellow pea, meadow pea and meadow pea-vine, is a perennial legume that grows to 1.2 m in height.", "As a perennial, this plant reproduces itself over many years, spreading out from the point it was introduced, especially in damp grassy areas.", "Meadow vetchling is a perennial plant with a limp, unwinged stem that grows to and is erect and hairy.", "Meadow vetchling is native to Europe and Asia, but has been introduced to other parts of the world.", "Its typical habitat is rough grassy places, broad-leaved woodland, forest margins, hedgerows and banks where it uses its tendrils to clamber over other vegetation."], "habitat_section": ["Meadow vetchling is native to Europe and Asia, but has been introduced to other parts of the world.", "In the United States, this plant is found primarily in the northwestern states of Oregon and Alaska.", "Its typical habitat is rough grassy places, broad-leaved woodland, forest margins, hedgerows and banks where it uses its tendrils to clamber over other vegetation."], "random_sentences": ["Lathyrus pratensis or meadow vetchling, yellow pea, meadow pea and meadow pea-vine, is a perennial legume that grows to 1.2 m in height.", "The hermaphrodite flowers are pollinated by bees.", "As a perennial, this plant reproduces itself over many years, spreading out from the point it was introduced, especially in damp grassy areas.", "This plant has been propagated in the past as animal fodder.", "Lathyrus pratensis is also a host plant for ovipositioning of the wood white butterfly .", "Meadow vetchling is a perennial plant with a limp, unwinged stem that grows to and is erect and hairy.", "The leaves are alternate with short stalks and large stipules.", "The leaf blades are pinnate with a single pair of broad lanceolate leaflets with blunt tips, entire margins and a terminal unbranched tendril.", "The inflorescence has a long stem and a cluster of five to twelve yellow flowers, each long.", "These have five sepals and five petals and are irregular.", "The uppermost petal is known as the \" standard \" , the lateral two as the \" wings \" and the lowest two are joined to form the \" keel \" .", "There are ten stamens and a single carpel.", "The fruit is a long black pod.", "This plant flowers from June to August.", "Inflorescence Lathyrus pratensis flowers - Keila.", "A close-up of the flowers 20130525Lathyrus latifolius5.", "Vigorous green growth Lathyrus pratensis IP0706078.", "Young fruit Lapr 002 shp .", "Meadow vetchling is native to Europe and Asia, but has been introduced to other parts of the world.", "In the United States, this plant is found primarily in the northwestern states of Oregon and Alaska.", "Its typical habitat is rough grassy places, broad-leaved woodland, forest margins, hedgerows and banks where it uses its tendrils to clamber over other vegetation."]}}
|
|
2799197_1142057
| 014
|
[
"Eriophorum scheuchzeri"
] |
{"Eriophorum scheuchzeri": {"keywords": ["Eriophorum scheuchzeri is a species of flowering plant in the sedge family known by the common names Scheuchzer's cottongrass and white cottongrass.", "It has an arctic circumpolar and circumboreal distribution in the Northern Hemisphere.", "It can be found in Alaska, across Canada, in the Arctic islands, Greenland, Iceland, and across Eurasia.", "Disjunct occurrences exist in the Rocky Mountains, in the high mountains of southern Europe and on Mount Daisetsu in Japan and some other Asian mountains.", "This plant can be found at sea level in northern parts of its range and at over in elevation farther south.", "It is restricted to wet habitat types, and grows in marshes and wet meadows, by ponds and lakes, and on riverbanks, in moist and wet gravel and sand substrates.", "It often lines the edges of standing water bodies commonly associated with mosses and other sedges, such as Carex aquatilis.", "pualunnguat, meaning \" imitation mittens \" , kumaksiutinnguat, meaning \" an imitation object to remove lice \" , and in North Baffin, kanguujat, meaning \" what looks like snow geese \" ."], "habitat_section": ["This plant can be found at sea level in northern parts of its range and at over in elevation farther south.", "It is a helophyte.", "It is restricted to wet habitat types, and grows in marshes and wet meadows, by ponds and lakes, and on riverbanks, in moist and wet gravel and sand substrates.", "It often lines the edges of standing water bodies commonly associated with mosses and other sedges, such as Carex aquatilis."], "random_sentences": ["Eriophorum scheuchzeri is a species of flowering plant in the sedge family known by the common names Scheuchzer's cottongrass and white cottongrass.", "It has an arctic circumpolar and circumboreal distribution in the Northern Hemisphere.", "It can be found in Alaska, across Canada, in the Arctic islands, Greenland, Iceland, and across Eurasia.", "Disjunct occurrences exist in the Rocky Mountains, in the high mountains of southern Europe and on Mount Daisetsu in Japan and some other Asian mountains.", "This species is a perennial herb producing colonies via its rhizomes.", "The thin stems may reach tall, but they are often much shorter.", "The rolled leaf blades are up to long.", "Leaves at the top of the stem have no blades, just black-tipped sheaths.", "The inflorescence is a solitary flower head with wispy, cottony, bright white, red-tinged, or silvery bristles up to long.", "This plant can be found at sea level in northern parts of its range and at over in elevation farther south.", "It is restricted to wet habitat types, and grows in marshes and wet meadows, by ponds and lakes, and on riverbanks, in moist and wet gravel and sand substrates.", "It often lines the edges of standing water bodies commonly associated with mosses and other sedges, such as Carex aquatilis.", "Native and indigenous peoples have long been familiar with the plant and its uses.", "The Inuit have at least three names for Scheuchzer's cottongrass: pualunnguat, meaning \" imitation mittens \"", "kumaksiutinnguat, meaning \" an imitation object to remove lice \"", "and in North Baffin, kanguujat, meaning \" what looks like snow geese \" .", "It has been used as lamp wicks, boot insoles, and swabs.", "The plant is also edible and sweet-tasting.", "This plant is consumed by muskoxen.", "Waterfowl feed on the seeds."]}}
|
|
2619616_1264219
| 2457
|
[
"Symphoricarpos albus"
] |
{"Symphoricarpos albus": {"keywords": ["Symphoricarpos albus is a species of flowering plant in the honeysuckle family known by the common name common snowberry.", "Native to North America, it is browsed by some animals and planted for ornamental and ecological purposes, but is poisonous to humans.", "S. albus is an erect, deciduous shrub, producing a stiff, branching main stem and often several smaller shoots from a rhizome.", "It grows in shady and moist mountain and forest habitat, in woodlands and on floodplains and riverbanks.", "This shrub is an important food source for a number of animals, including bighorn sheep, white-tailed deer, and grizzly bears.", "The fruit and shrub are poisonous to humans, causing vomiting.", "This shrub is used for erosion control in riparian areas, and it is planted in ecological restoration projects on disturbed sites such as abandoned mines.", "It grows in full sun to full light shade and a well-drained soil that is slightly acid to well alkaline, pH range of about 6.0 to 8.5."], "habitat_section": ["S. albus occurs across much of Canada and the northern and western United States.", "It grows in shady and moist mountain and forest habitat, in woodlands and on floodplains and riverbanks.", "It can grow in a wide variety of habitat types.", "It is naturalized in parts of Britain, where it has been planted as an ornamental and cover for game animals.", "This shrub is an important food source for a number of animals, including bighorn sheep, white-tailed deer, and grizzly bears.", "Livestock such as cattle and sheep readily browse it.", "Many birds and small mammals use it for food and cover.", "Pocket gophers dig burrows underneath it during the winter."], "random_sentences": ["Symphoricarpos albus is a species of flowering plant in the honeysuckle family known by the common name common snowberry.", "Native to North America, it is browsed by some animals and planted for ornamental and ecological purposes, but is poisonous to humans.", "S. albus is an erect, deciduous shrub, producing a stiff, branching main stem and often several smaller shoots from a rhizome.", "It can spread and colonize an area to form a dense thicket.", "It reaches in maximum height.", "The leaves are oppositely arranged on the spreading branches.", "They are generally oval, differing in size and shape, and up to long, or slightly larger on the shoots.", "The inflorescence is a raceme of up to 16 flowers.", "Each flower has a small, five-toothed calyx of sepals.", "The bell-shaped, rounded corolla is about long and bright pink in color.", "It has pointed lobes at the mouth and the inside is filled with white hairs.", "The fruit is a fleshy white berry-like drupe about 1 cm wide which contains two seeds.", "The plant sometimes reproduces via seed but it is primarily vegetative, reproducing by sprouting from its spreading rhizome.", "Birds disperse the seeds after they eat the fruit.", "S. albus occurs across much of Canada and the northern and western United States.", "It grows in shady and moist mountain and forest habitat, in woodlands and on floodplains and riverbanks.", "It can grow in a wide variety of habitat types.", "It is naturalized in parts of Britain, where it has been planted as an ornamental and cover for game animals.", "This shrub is an important food source for a number of animals, including bighorn sheep, white-tailed deer, and grizzly bears.", "Livestock such as cattle and sheep readily browse it.", "Many birds and small mammals use it for food and cover.", "Pocket gophers dig burrows underneath it during the winter.", "The fruit and shrub are poisonous to humans, causing vomiting.", "Native Americans used the plant as medicine, soap, sometimes for food, and the wood was good for arrow shafts.", "In Russia, the berries are crushed in the hands and rubbed about for a soothing folk-remedy hand lotion.", "This shrub is used for erosion control in riparian areas, and it is planted in ecological restoration projects on disturbed sites such as abandoned mines.", "Its white fruits and blue-green foliage made it popular as an ornamental plant planted around old houses of the 1890s through the 1920s like with the Vanhoutte Spirea or Bridalwreath.", "It is still sold by some large diverse conventional nurseries and native plant nurseries, and occasionally found in modern landscapes.", "It grows in full sun to full light shade and a well-drained soil that is slightly acid to well alkaline, pH range of about 6.0 to 8.5.", "it is easy to transplant with its fibrous, shallow root system.", "It fares well in U.S. Department of Agriculture hardiness zones of 2 to 7."]}}
|
|
2705595_1155687
| 1243
|
[
"Arnica montana",
"Lasiocampa quercus",
"Nucifraga caryocatactes"
] |
{"Arnica montana": {"keywords": ["Arnica montana, also known as wolf's bane, leopard's bane, mountain tobacco and mountain arnica, is a moderately toxic European flowering plant in the daisy family Asteraceae.", "Arnica montana Arnica montana is a flowering plant about tall aromatic fragrant, herbaceous perennial. Its basal green ovate leaves with rounded tips are bright coloured and level to the ground.", "The flowering season is between May and August .", "The achenes have a one-piece rough pappus which opens in dry conditions.", "Arnica montana is a hemicryptophyte, which helps the plant to survive the extreme overwintering condition of its habitat.", "the rosette part grows at its front while its tail is slowly dying.", "The Latin specific epithet montana refers to mountains or coming from mountains.", "Arnica montana grows in nutrient-poor siliceous meadows or clay soils.", "It mostly grows on alpine meadows and up to nearly .", "However Arnica does not grow on lime soil, thus it is an extremely reliable bioindicator for nutrient poor and acidic soils.", "It is becoming rarer, particularly in the north of its distribution, largely due to increasingly intensive agriculture and commercial wildcrafting .", "Planting density for Arnica montana is of 20 plants/m 2 such that the maximum yield density will be achieved in the second flowering season.", "The flowers are harvested when fully developed and dried without their bract nor receptacles.", "Arnica montana is sometimes grown in herb gardens.", "Extensive agriculture has been replaced by intensive management."], "habitat_section": ["Distribution map of Arnica montana.", "Arnica montana is widespread across most of Europe.", "It is absent from the Celtic Isles and the Italian and Balkan peninsulas.", "In addition, it is considered extinct in Hungary and Lithuania.", "Arnica montana grows in nutrient-poor siliceous meadows or clay soils.", "It mostly grows on alpine meadows and up to nearly .", "In more upland regions, it may also be found on nutrient-poor moors and heaths.", "However Arnica does not grow on lime soil, thus it is an extremely reliable bioindicator for nutrient poor and acidic soils.", "It is rare overall, but may be locally abundant.", "It is becoming rarer, particularly in the north of its distribution, largely due to increasingly intensive agriculture and commercial wildcrafting .", "Nevertheless, it is cultivated on a large scale in Estonia."], "random_sentences": ["Arnica montana, also known as wolf's bane, leopard's bane, mountain tobacco and mountain arnica, is a moderately toxic European flowering plant in the daisy family Asteraceae.", "It is noted for its large yellow flower head.", "The names \" wolf's bane \" and \" leopard's bane \" are also used for another plant, aconitum, which is extremely poisonous.", "Arnica montana is used as an herbal medicine for analgesic and anti-inflammatory purposes, but there is insufficient high-quality clinical evidence for such effects, and it is toxic when taken internally or applied to injured skin.", "Arnica montana Arnica montana is a flowering plant about tall aromatic fragrant, herbaceous perennial. Its basal green ovate leaves with rounded tips are bright coloured and level to the ground.", "In addition, they are somewhat downy on their upper surface, veined and aggregated in rosettes.", "By contrast, the upper leaves are opposed, spear-shaped and smaller which is an exception within the Asteraceae.", "The chromosome number is 2n38.", "The flowering season is between May and August .", "The hairy flowers are composed of yellow disc florets in the center and orange-yellow ray florets at the external part.", "The achenes have a one-piece rough pappus which opens in dry conditions.", "Arnica montana is a hemicryptophyte, which helps the plant to survive the extreme overwintering condition of its habitat.", "In addition, Arnica forms rhizomes, which grow in a two-year cycle: the rosette part grows at its front while its tail is slowly dying.", "The Latin specific epithet montana refers to mountains or coming from mountains.", "Distribution map of Arnica montana.", "Arnica montana is widespread across most of Europe.", "It is absent from the Celtic Isles and the Italian and Balkan peninsulas.", "In addition, it is considered extinct in Hungary and Lithuania.", "Arnica montana grows in nutrient-poor siliceous meadows or clay soils.", "It mostly grows on alpine meadows and up to nearly .", "In more upland regions, it may also be found on nutrient-poor moors and heaths.", "However Arnica does not grow on lime soil, thus it is an extremely reliable bioindicator for nutrient poor and acidic soils.", "It is rare overall, but may be locally abundant.", "It is becoming rarer, particularly in the north of its distribution, largely due to increasingly intensive agriculture and commercial wildcrafting .", "Nevertheless, it is cultivated on a large scale in Estonia.", "Chemical structure of helenalin The main constituents of Arnica montana are essential oils, fatty acids, thymol, pseudoguaianolide sesquiterpene lactones and flavanone glycosides.", "Pseudoguaianolide sesquiterpenes constitute 0.20.8% of the flower head of Arnica montana.", "They are the toxin helenalin and their fatty esters.", "2,5-Dimethoxy-p-cymene and thymol methyl ether are the primary components of essential oils from both the plant's roots and rhizomes.", "The quality and chemical constitution of the plant substance Arnicae flos can be monitored by near-infrared spectroscopy.", "Arnica montana fruits and seeds Arnica montana: Photo taken at Botanical Garden in Erlangen, Germany.", "Arnica montana is propagated from seed.", "Generally, 20% of seeds do not germinate.", "For large scale planting, it is recommended to raise plants first in a nursery and then to transplant them in the field.", "Seeds sprout in 1420 days but germination rate depends highly on the seed quality.", "Planting density for Arnica montana is of 20 plants/m 2 such that the maximum yield density will be achieved in the second flowering season.", "While Arnica montana has high exigencies of soil quality, analyses should be done before any fertilizer input.", "The flowers are harvested when fully developed and dried without their bract nor receptacles.", "The roots can be harvested in autumn and dried as well after being carefully washed.", "Arnica montana is sometimes grown in herb gardens.", "Historically, Arnica montana has been used as an herbal medicine for centuries.", "Traditional uses for the plant are similar to those for willow bark, with it generally being employed for analgesic and anti-inflammatory purposes.", "Clinical trials of Arnica montana have yielded mixed results: .", " A. montana has also been the subject of studies of homeopathic preparations.", "A 1998 systematic review of homeopathic A. montana conducted at the University of Exeter found that there are no rigorous clinical trials that support the claim that it is efficacious beyond a placebo effect at the concentrations used in homeopathy.", "The US Food and Drug Administration has classified Arnica montana as an unsafe herb because of its toxicity.", "It should not be taken orally or applied to broken skin where absorption can occur.", "Arnica irritates mucous membranes and may elicit stomach pain, diarrhea, and vomiting.", "It may produce contact dermatitis when applied to skin.", "Contact with the plant can also cause skin irritation.", "In the Ames test, an extract of A. montana was found to be mutagenic.", "The demand for A. montana is 50 tonnes per year in Europe, but the supply does not cover the demand.", "it is protected in Belgium, France, Germany, Italy, Poland, and in some regions of Switzerland.", "France and Romania produce A. montana for the international market.", "Changes in agriculture in Europe during the last decades have led to a decline in the occurrence of A. montana.", "Extensive agriculture has been replaced by intensive management."]}, "Lasiocampa quercus": {"keywords": ["It feeds on a variety of plant species , and may develop over two years in higher latitudes, where it may be known as the northern eggar.", "The oak eggar's habitat is wide-ranging, including scrub, heath, moor, downland, hedges and sea cliffs, reflecting the larva's very varied range of food plants.", "In more northerly latitudes, development can span two years, with larvae overwintering the first year, and the pupae in the second year.", "Larvae feed on a wide variety of plant species, low down, including blackthorn, hawthorn, viburnum, dogwood, ivy and ling, bilberry, broom, larch, birch, willow, hazel, sea buckthorn and Rubus species, including bramble.", "The Oak Eggar caterpillar , a pest particularly of oak forests, is known to be capable of adapting itself to a variety of trees in default of oak Larvae can be infected by a baculovirus, a virus that changes their behaviour, causing them to climb out of the protection of low scrub and leave them open to predation, facilitating the spread of the infection."], "habitat_section": ["The oak eggar's habitat is wide-ranging, including scrub, heath, moor, downland, hedges and sea cliffs, reflecting the larva's very varied range of food plants."], "random_sentences": ["Lasiocampa quercus, the oak eggar, is a common moth of the family Lasiocampidae found in Europe, including Britain and Ireland.", "It feeds on a variety of plant species , and may develop over two years in higher latitudes, where it may be known as the northern eggar.", "Its specific name quercus refers to the fact that its cocoon generally resembles an acorn, not that its primary food source is oak.", "The oak eggar's habitat is wide-ranging, including scrub, heath, moor, downland, hedges and sea cliffs, reflecting the larva's very varied range of food plants.", "The moth's wingspan is about 45 mm to 75 mm , the female being larger and paler than the male.", "It is Britain's largest day-flying moth.", "The oak eggar is on the wing for about two months between May and September, depending on the latitude.", "In more northerly latitudes, development can span two years, with larvae overwintering the first year, and the pupae in the second year.", "In northern areas it is known as the northern eggar", "this was formerly thought to be a separate species, but is generally assumed to be a subspecies Lasiocampa quercus callunae, there is no clear geographical separation of the two types, but the northern eggar tends to be the larger of the two.", "There are morphological differences and different food preferences.", "Males tend to be day fliers, while females tend to fly from dusk.", "Unpaired females may attract a large number of males, and eggs are laid loosely in undergrowth.", "Larvae feed on a wide variety of plant species, low down, including blackthorn, hawthorn, viburnum, dogwood, ivy and ling, bilberry, broom, larch, birch, willow, hazel, sea buckthorn and Rubus species, including bramble.", "It is not known to feed on oak", "however, one entomologist is quoted as saying: The Oak Eggar caterpillar , a pest particularly of oak forests, is known to be capable of adapting itself to a variety of trees in default of oak Larvae can be infected by a baculovirus, a virus that changes their behaviour, causing them to climb out of the protection of low scrub and leave them open to predation, facilitating the spread of the infection.", "The caterpillar hairs of some species of moth, such as the oak processionary moth , can cause skin irritation, but there is no evidence that the oak eggar is one of these, despite the similar name.", "The caterpillar pupates on the ground inside a silken cocoon, the exterior of which is hard and yellowish, and resembles an acorn, hence the moth's name.", "Eggar is an obsolete word relating to the shape of the cocoon."]}, "Nucifraga caryocatactes": {"keywords": ["In western Uttarakhand, India The most important food resources for this species are the seeds of various pines , principally the cold-climate species of white pine with large seeds.", "Surplus seed is always stored for later use and it is this species that is responsible for the sowing of new trees of their favoured pines, including the re-establishment of the Swiss pine over large areas in the Alps of central Europe formerly cleared by man.", "The spotted nutcracker has an extensive range forming a broad swathe eastwest from Scandinavia right across northern Europe, Siberia and to eastern Asia, including Japan, inhabiting the huge taiga conifer forests in the north.", "Three further disjunct populations occur in mountain conifer forests further south, one centered on the mountains of central and southeast Europe , another in the western Himalayas, and the third in western China seaboard and separated from the northern population by a relatively small gap in the north centre of China."], "habitat_section": ["The spotted nutcracker has an extensive range forming a broad swathe eastwest from Scandinavia right across northern Europe, Siberia and to eastern Asia, including Japan, inhabiting the huge taiga conifer forests in the north.", "Three further disjunct populations occur in mountain conifer forests further south, one centered on the mountains of central and southeast Europe , another in the western Himalayas, and the third in western China seaboard and separated from the northern population by a relatively small gap in the north centre of China.", "See subspecies list above for race distributions.", "Some of the populations can be separated on bill size.", "This species has a large range, extending over 10,000,000 km 2 globally.", "It also has a large global population, with an estimate of between 800,000-1,700,000 individuals in Europe.", "Spotted nutcrackers are not migratory, but will erupt out of range when a cone crop failure leaves them short of a food supply, the thin-billed eastern race macrorhynchos being the more likely to do this.", "Britain records very sporadic vagrants, but in 1968 over 300 nutcrackers visited Britain as part of a larger irruption into western Europe, probably due to a spell of early cold weather in Siberia."], "random_sentences": ["The spotted nutcracker, Eurasian nutcracker, or simply nutcracker is a passerine bird slightly larger than the Eurasian jay.", "It has a much larger bill and a slimmer looking head without any crest.", "The feathering over its body is predominantly chocolate brown with distinct white spots and streaks .", "The wings and upper tail are virtually black with a greenish-blue gloss.", "The spotted nutcracker is one of three currently-recognized species of nutcracker.", "The Kashmir nutcracker was formerly considered a subspecies of the spotted.", "The other member of the genus, Clark's nutcracker (N.", "columbiana), occurs in western North America.", "Skeleton The nutcracker was one of the many species originally described by Carl Linnaeus in his landmark 1758 10th edition of Systema Naturae, and it still bears its original name Nucifraga caryocatactes.", "The scientific name is a reduplication", "nucifraga is a New Latin translation of German Nussbrecher, \" nut-breaker \" based on Latin nucis \" nut \" , and frangere \" to shatter \" , and caryocatactes based on Greek: karuon \" nut \" , and kataseio \" to shatter \" .", "The common English name nutcracker first appears in 1693 in a translation of a German travel guide, where it is a calque on the German name Nuknacker, as the bird was not recorded in England until 1753.", "Other Germanic languages have etymologically related names: Danish: nddekrige", "left The spotted nutcracker is a dark brown, broad-winged, short-tailed corvid.", "Body plumage is mid-to-dark chocolate brown, heavily spotted with white on face, neck, mantle and underparts.", "It has a large white loral spot, a white eye-ring, blackish-brown cap extending onto the nape, dark blackish wings with a greenish-blue gloss, all white vent, and dark tail with white corners above and a white terminal band on the undertail.", "In flight, broad wings, white vent and short tail are noticeable", "The black bill is slender and rather long, sharply pointed, and varies in size amongst races.", "The iris, legs and feet are black.", "Nutcrackers range from 3238 cm in length and have a wingspan ranging from 4953 cm.", "The voice is similar to that of the Eurasian jay and is loud and harsh.", "It is described as kraak-kraak-kraak-kraak.", "In western Uttarakhand, India The most important food resources for this species are the seeds of various pines , principally the cold-climate species of white pine with large seeds: P. armandii, P. bungeana, P. cembra, P. gerardiana, P. koraiensis, P. parviflora, P. peuce, Siberian dwarf pine", "pumila, P. sibirica and P. wallichiana.", "In some regions, where none of these pines occur, the seeds of spruce and hazel nuts form an important part of the diet too.", "The forms that take hazel nuts have thicker bills for cracking their hard shells, with a special ridge on the inside of the bill edge near the base.", "If the shell is too hard, it holds the nut between its feet and hacks at it with its bill like a chisel.", "A special adaptation is found in the tongue of the nutcracker.", "The tip of the tongue forks with two long pointed appendages which are keratinized into nail like surfaces.", "This is thought to help them handle and shell conifer seeds.", "Surplus seed is always stored for later use and it is this species that is responsible for the sowing of new trees of their favoured pines, including the re-establishment of the Swiss pine over large areas in the Alps of central Europe formerly cleared by man.", "Various insects are also taken, and also small birds, their eggs and nestlings, small rodents and carrion such as roadkills.", "It digs out bumble bee and wasp nests avidly to get at the grubs.", "Egg of spotted nutcracker Nutcracker couples stay together for life and their territory expands between 20 and 30 acres.", "Nesting is always early in this species across its whole range, so as to make the best use of pine nuts stored the previous autumn.", "The nest is usually built high in a conifer and usually on the sunny side.", "There are normally 2-4 eggs laid and incubated for 18 days.", "Both sexes feed the young which are usually fledged by about 23 days and stay with their parents for many months, following them to learn the food storage techniques essential for survival in their harsh environment.", "The spotted nutcracker has an extensive range forming a broad swathe eastwest from Scandinavia right across northern Europe, Siberia and to eastern Asia, including Japan, inhabiting the huge taiga conifer forests in the north.", "Three further disjunct populations occur in mountain conifer forests further south, one centered on the mountains of central and southeast Europe ", "another in the western Himalayas", "and the third in western China seaboard and separated from the northern population by a relatively small gap in the north centre of China.", "See subspecies list above for race distributions.", "Some of the populations can be separated on bill size.", "This species has a large range, extending over 10,000,000 km 2 globally.", "It also has a large global population, with an estimate of between 800,000-1,700,000 individuals in Europe.", "Spotted nutcrackers are not migratory, but will erupt out of range when a cone crop failure leaves them short of a food supply, the thin-billed eastern race macrorhynchos being the more likely to do this.", "Britain records very sporadic vagrants, but in 1968 over 300 nutcrackers visited Britain as part of a larger irruption into western Europe, probably due to a spell of early cold weather in Siberia."]}}
|
|
2585746_1116241
| 2457
|
[
"Lepidium draba"
] |
{"Lepidium draba": {"keywords": ["Whitetop has slightly domed flower clusters in which the individual flower stalks grow upward from various points off the branch to approximately the same height .", "It is native to western Asia and southeastern Europe and is an invasive species in North America, introduced by contaminated seeds in the early 1900s.", "It has been suggested that native grasses from the Poa genera may be able to outcompete hoary cress in North America."], "habitat_section": ["It is native to western Asia and southeastern Europe and is an invasive species in North America, introduced by contaminated seeds in the early 1900s.", "Also known as Cardaria draba, hoary cress is a weed in much of south-east and south-west Australia as well.", "It has been suggested that native grasses from the Poa genera may be able to outcompete hoary cress in North America."], "random_sentences": ["Lepidium draba, also known as whitetop, hoary cress, or Thanet cress, is a rhizomatous perennial flowering plant in the family Brassicaceae.", "It is native to western Asia and southeastern Europe and has been widely introduced elsewhere.", "Whitetop is a perennial herb that reproduces by seeds and by horizontal creeping roots.", "The stem is stoutish, erect or spreading, 10 to 80 cm tall, branched, covered sparsely with ash-colored soft hairs to heavily covered.", "The leaves are alternating, simple, and mostly toothed.", "The basal leaves are 4 to 10 cm, have a slight stem , and are long and flat, lance-shaped to egg-shaped, with the narrow end attached to the stalk.", "On the upper part of the stem the leaves are attached directly to the stalk , are 2 to 6.5 cm long, and are oblong or tapering the point, with broad bases that clasp the stalk.", "Whitetop has slightly domed flower clusters in which the individual flower stalks grow upward from various points off the branch to approximately the same height .", "The petals are white, clawed, and 3 to 5 mm long, about twice the length of the sepals.", "Typically, each flower has four petals.", "Hoary cress was traditionally used for medicinal purposes, including anti-inflammatory and antibacterial treatments.", "It is native to western Asia and southeastern Europe and is an invasive species in North America, introduced by contaminated seeds in the early 1900s.", "Also known as Cardaria draba, hoary cress is a weed in much of south-east and south-west Australia as well.", "It has been suggested that native grasses from the Poa genera may be able to outcompete hoary cress in North America."]}}
|
|
2618462_1127487
| 524
|
[
"Columba palumbus"
] |
{"Columba palumbus": {"keywords": ["Photograph taken in Cambridge, England The common wood pigeon or common woodpigeon , also known as simply wood pigeon, wood-pigeon or woodpigeon, is a large species in the dove and pigeon family , native to the western Palearctic.", "It has a flexible diet, predominantly feeding on vegetable matter, including cereal crops, leading to them being regarded as an agricultural pest.", "In the colder northern and eastern parts of Europe and western Asia the common wood pigeon is a migrant, but in southern and western Europe it is a well distributed and often abundant resident.", "In Great Britain wood pigeons are commonly seen in parks and gardens and are seen with increasing numbers in towns and cities.", "Like many species of pigeon, wood pigeons take advantage of trees and buildings to gain a vantage point over the surrounding area, and their distinctive call means that they are usually heard before they are seen.", "Two young Columba palumbus in a nest It breeds in trees in woods, parks and gardens, laying two white eggs in a simple stick nest which hatch after 17 to 19 days.", "Wood pigeons seem to have a preference for trees near roadways and rivers.", "Their plumage becomes much darker, especially the head, during hot summer periods.", "For birds that survive the first year the typical lifespan is thus only three years, but the maximum recorded age is 17 years and 8 months for a bird ringed and recovered on the Orkney Islands.", "Most of its diet is vegetable, round and fleshy leaves from Caryophyllaceae, Asteraceae, and cruciferous vegetables taken from open fields or gardens and lawns, young shoots and seedlings are favoured, and it will take grain, pine nuts, and certain fruits and berries.", "In the autumn they also eat figs and acorns, and in winter buds of trees and bushes.", "This is an extremely rich fluid that is produced in the adult birds' crops during the breeding season.", "Due to their feeding on cereal crops, wood pigeons are considered an agricultural pest."], "habitat_section": ["In the colder northern and eastern parts of Europe and western Asia the common wood pigeon is a migrant, but in southern and western Europe it is a well distributed and often abundant resident.", "In Great Britain wood pigeons are commonly seen in parks and gardens and are seen with increasing numbers in towns and cities."], "random_sentences": ["altA large common wood pigeon standing on a garden fence", "Common wood pigeon perched on a fence.", "Photograph taken in Cambridge, England The common wood pigeon or common woodpigeon , also known as simply wood pigeon, wood-pigeon or woodpigeon, is a large species in the dove and pigeon family , native to the western Palearctic.", "It belongs to the genus Columba, which includes closely related species such as the rock dove .", "It has historically been known as the ring dove, and is locally known in southeast England as the \" culver \"", "the latter name has given rise to several areas known for keeping pigeons to be named after it, such as Culver Down.", "It has a flexible diet, predominantly feeding on vegetable matter, including cereal crops, leading to them being regarded as an agricultural pest.", "Wood pigeons are extensively hunted over large parts of their range, but this does not seem to have a great impact on their population.", "The common wood pigeon was formally described by the Swedish naturalist Carl Linnaeus in 1758 in the tenth edition of his Systema Naturae.", "He placed it with all the other pigeons in the genus Columba and coined the binomial name Columba palumbus.", "The specific epithet palumbus is from the Latin palumbes for a wood pigeon.", "Five subspecies are recognised, one of which is now extinct: extinct", "Adult common wood pigeon, photograph taken in Birmingham, England The three Western European Columba pigeons, common wood pigeon, stock dove and rock dove, though superficially alike, have very distinctive characteristics", "the common wood pigeon may be identified at once by its larger size at and weight , and the white on its neck and wing.", "It is otherwise a basically grey bird, with a pinkish breast.", "The wingspan can range from and the wing chord measures .", "The tail measures , the bill is and the tarsus is .", "Adult birds bear a series of green and white patches on their necks, and a pink patch on their chest.", "The eye colour is a pale yellow, in contrast to that of rock doves, which is orange-red, and the stock pigeon, which is black.", "Juvenile birds do not have the white patches on either side of the neck.", "When they are about 6 months old they gain small white patches on both sides of the neck, which gradually enlarge until they are fully formed when the bird is about 68 months old (approx.", "Juvenile birds also have a greyer beak and an overall lighter grey appearance than adult birds.", "The call is a characteristic cooing, coo-COO-coocoo-coo.", "In the colder northern and eastern parts of Europe and western Asia the common wood pigeon is a migrant, but in southern and western Europe it is a well distributed and often abundant resident.", "In Great Britain wood pigeons are commonly seen in parks and gardens and are seen with increasing numbers in towns and cities.", "A flock of common wood pigeons feeding in a field right", "Adult sitting on its nest in a tree Egg Hatching of a Common Wood Pigeon Its flight is quick, performed by regular beats, with an occasional sharp flick of the wings, characteristic of pigeons in general. It takes off with a loud clattering.", "It perches well, and in its nuptial display walks along a horizontal branch with swelled neck, lowered wings, and fanned tail.", "During the display flight the bird climbs, the wings are smartly cracked like a whiplash, and the bird glides down on stiff wings.", "The common wood pigeon is gregarious, often forming very large flocks outside the breeding season.", "Like many species of pigeon, wood pigeons take advantage of trees and buildings to gain a vantage point over the surrounding area, and their distinctive call means that they are usually heard before they are seen.", "Wood pigeons are known to fiercely defend their territory, and will fight each other to gain access to nesting and roosting locations.", "Male wood pigeons will typically attempt to drive competitors off by threat displays and pursuit, but will also directly fight, jumping and striking their rival with both wings.", "This species can be an agricultural pest, and it is often shot, being a legal quarry species in most European countries.", "It is wary in rural areas, but often quite tame where it is not persecuted.", "Two young Columba palumbus in a nest It breeds in trees in woods, parks and gardens, laying two white eggs in a simple stick nest which hatch after 17 to 19 days.", "Wood pigeons seem to have a preference for trees near roadways and rivers.", "Males exhibit aggressive behaviour towards each other during the breeding season by jumping and flapping wings at each other.", "Their plumage becomes much darker, especially the head, during hot summer periods.", "Breeding can happen year round if there is food abundant however breeding season most commonly occurs in autumn usually in the months of August and September.", "The nests are vulnerable to attack, particularly by crows.", "The young usually fly at 33 to 34 days", "however, if the nest is disturbed, some young may be able to survive having left the nest as early as 20 days from hatching.", "In a study carried out using ring-recovery data, the survival rate for juveniles in their first year was 52 per cent, and the adult annual survival rate was 61 per cent.", "For birds that survive the first year the typical lifespan is thus only three years, but the maximum recorded age is 17 years and 8 months for a bird ringed and recovered on the Orkney Islands.", "Most of its diet is vegetable, round and fleshy leaves from Caryophyllaceae, Asteraceae, and cruciferous vegetables taken from open fields or gardens and lawns", "young shoots and seedlings are favoured, and it will take grain, pine nuts, and certain fruits and berries.", "In the autumn they also eat figs and acorns, and in winter buds of trees and bushes.", "They will also eat larvae, ants, and small worms.", "They need open water to drink and bathe in.", "Young common wood pigeons swiftly become fat, as a result of the crop milk they are fed by their parents.", "This is an extremely rich fluid that is produced in the adult birds' crops during the breeding season.", "Due to their feeding on cereal crops, wood pigeons are considered an agricultural pest.", "In Ireland and the UK, the traditional mnemonic for the distinctive call of the bird has been interpreted as \" Take two cows, Teddy \" , or \" Take two cows, Taffy \" .", "Another interpretation for the birdsong has been \" My toe bleeds, Betty \" .", "AS PER NEW WIKIPEDIA POLICY, GALLERY MUST BE REFERENCED TO AS COMMONS.", "DON'T ADD IT HERE PLEASE "]}}
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[
"Tettigonia viridissima",
"Cervus elaphus"
] |
{"Tettigonia viridissima": {"keywords": ["This species can be encountered in most of Europe, in the eastern Palearctic realm, in the Near East, and in North Africa, especially in meadows, grasslands, prairies and occasionally in gardens at an elevation up to above sea level.", "Tettigonia viridissima is distinguished by its very long and thin antennae, which can sometimes reach up to three times the length of the body, thus differentiating them from grasshoppers, which always carry short antennae."], "habitat_section": ["This species can be encountered in most of Europe, in the eastern Palearctic realm, in the Near East, and in North Africa, especially in meadows, grasslands, prairies and occasionally in gardens at an elevation up to above sea level."], "random_sentences": ["Tettigonia viridissima, the great green bush-cricket, is a large species of bush-cricket belonging to the subfamily Tettigoniinae.", "This species can be encountered in most of Europe, in the eastern Palearctic realm, in the Near East, and in North Africa, especially in meadows, grasslands, prairies and occasionally in gardens at an elevation up to above sea level.", "viridissima, female The adult males grow up to long, while females reach .", "This insect is most often completely green , excluding a rust-colored band on top of the body.", "The organ of the stridulation of the males is generally brown.", "Tettigonia viridissima is distinguished by its very long and thin antennae, which can sometimes reach up to three times the length of the body, thus differentiating them from grasshoppers, which always carry short antennae.", "It could be confused with Tettigonia cantans, whose wings are a centimeter shorter than the ovipositor, or Tettigonia caudata whose hind femurs bear conspicuous black spines.", "The morphology of both sexes is very similar, but the female has an egg-laying organ that can reach a length of .", "It reaches the end of the elytra and is slightly curved downward.", "The larvae are green and as the imago show on their back a thin brown longitudinal stripe.", "The ovipositor can be seen from the fifth stage", "the wings appear in both genders from the sixth stage.", "Tettigonia viridissima is carnivorous and arboreal. Its diet is mostly composed of flies, caterpillars and larvae.", "Unlike grasshoppers, it is essentially active in day and night, as testified by its endless crepuscular and nocturnal singing.", "The species can bite painfully but is not particularly aggressive.", "It is best to avoid holding the insect in the fist, as that almost guarantees a bite.", "They can fly, but they tend to avoid flying where possible.", "Most often they move \" on foot \" or jumps, which allow them to travel about in bushes and trees."]}, "Cervus elaphus": {"keywords": ["The red deer inhabits most of Europe, the Caucasus Mountains region, Anatolia, Iran, and parts of western Asia.", "It also inhabits the Atlas Mountains of Northern Africa, its early ancestors are thought to have crossed over to Morocco, then to Algeria, Libya and Tunisia via the Strait of Gibraltar, becoming the only species of true deer to inhabit Africa.", "The closely related and slightly larger American elk, or wapiti, native to North America and northeastern Asia, had been regarded as a subspecies of red deer, but recently it has been established as a distinct species.", "Subtle differences in appearance are noted between the various subspecies of red deer, primarily in size and antlers, with the smallest being the Corsican red deer found on the islands of Corsica and Sardinia and the largest being the Caspian red deer of Asia Minor and the Caucasus Region to the west of the Caspian Sea.", "The deer of central and western Europe vary greatly in size, with some of the largest deer found in the Carpathian Mountains in Central Europe.", "Western European red deer, historically, grew to large size given ample food supply , and descendants of introduced populations living in New Zealand and Argentina have grown quite large in both body and antler size.", "Large red deer stags, like the Caspian red deer or those of the Carpathian Mountains, may rival North American elk in size.", "Size varies in different subspecies with the largest, the huge but small-antlered deer of the Carpathian Mountains , weighing up to .", "Only the stags have antlers, which start growing in the spring and are shed each year, usually at the end of winter.", "During the autumn, all red deer subspecies grow thicker coats of hair, which helps to insulate them during the winter.", "By the time summer begins, the heavy winter coat has been shed, the animals are known to rub against trees and other objects to help remove hair from their bodies.", "Red deer have different colouration based on the seasons and types of habitats, with grey or lighter colouration prevalent in the winter and more reddish and darker coat colouration in the summer.", "The deer has particularly expanded its footprint into forests at higher altitudes than before.", "Carted deer were kept by stag hunts with no wild red deer in the locality and were normally recaptured after the hunt and used again, although the hunts are called \" stag hunts \" , the Norwich Staghounds only hunted hinds , and in 1950, at least eight hinds were known to be at large near Kimberley and West Harling, they formed the basis of a new population based in Thetford Forest in Norfolk.", "Further substantial red deer herds originated from escapes or deliberate releases in the New Forest, the Peak District, Suffolk, Lancashire, Brecon Beacons, and North Yorkshire, as well as many other smaller populations scattered throughout England and Wales, and they are all generally increasing in numbers and range.", "Caspian red deer are found in the Hyrcanian Forests.", "The first red deer to reach New Zealand were a pair sent by Lord Petre in 1851 from his herd at Thorndon Park, Essex, to the South Island, but the hind was shot before they had a chance to breed.", "The first deer to reach the North Island were a gift to Sir Frederick Weld from Windsor Great Park and were released near Wellington, these were followed by further releases up to 1914.", "In 1927, the State Forest Service introduced a bounty for red deer shot on their land, and in 1931, government control operations were commenced.", "The introduced red deer have adapted well and are widely hunted on both islands, many of the 220 introductions used deer originating from Scotland or one of the major deer parks in England, principally Warnham, Woburn Abbey or Windsor Great Park.", "This is having adverse effects on the integrity of wild herds, as now more and larger herds are being grown due to the superior genetics that have been attained by selective breeding.", "Wild red deer are a feral pest species in Australia, do considerable harm to the natural environment, and are a significant road traffic hazard.", "Red deer in Europe generally spend their winters at lower altitudes in more wooded terrain.", "During the summer, they migrate to higher elevations where food supplies are greater and better for the calving season.", "Until recently, biologists considered the red deer and elk or wapiti the same species, forming a continuous distribution throughout temperate Eurasia and North America.", "Name Subspecies Status Historical range Notes Central European or common red deer C. e. hippelaphus Western and Central Europe, Balkans Medium to large subspecies, with the largest deer found in the Carpathian Mountains in Central Europe.", "Caspian red deer or maral C. e. maral Asia Minor, Crimea, the Caucasus and northwestern Iran Large subspecies, its coat is dark grey, except in the summer, when it is a dark brown.", "Spanish red deer C. e. hispanicus Iberian Peninsula Smaller than the common red deer and more greyish in colour Mesola red deer C. e. italicus Once widespread across the Italian northeastern coast, but now restricted to Bosco della Mesola Nature Reserve One of the smallest subspecies, similar to the Corsican and Atlas subspecies.", "Two males roaring Male European red deer have a distinctive roar during the rut, which is an adaptation to forested environments, in contrast to male American elk stags which \" bugle \" during the rut in adaptation to open environments.", "The Monarch of the Glen, 1851, by Sir Edwin Landseer, an iconic image of the 19th century Red deer are widely depicted in cave art found throughout European caves, with some of the artwork dating from as early as 40,000 years ago, during the Upper Paleolithic.", "Some estates in the Scottish Highlands still sell deer-stalking accompanied by a gillie in the traditional way, on unfenced land, while others operate more like farms for venison."], "habitat_section": ["Stag and hinds The Cervus genus ancestors of red deer first appear in fossil records 12 million years ago during the Miocene in Eurasia."], "random_sentences": ["The red deer is one of the largest deer species.", "A male red deer is called a stag or hart, and a female is called a hind.", "The red deer inhabits most of Europe, the Caucasus Mountains region, Anatolia, Iran, and parts of western Asia.", "It also inhabits the Atlas Mountains of Northern Africa", "its early ancestors are thought to have crossed over to Morocco, then to Algeria, Libya and Tunisia via the Strait of Gibraltar, becoming the only species of true deer to inhabit Africa.", "Red deer have been introduced to other areas, including Australia, New Zealand, the United States, Canada, Peru, Uruguay, Chile and Argentina.", "In many parts of the world, the meat from red deer is used as a food source.", "Red deer are ruminants, characterized by a four-chambered stomach.", "Genetic evidence indicates that the red deer, as traditionally defined, is a species group, rather than a single species, though exactly how many species the group includes remains disputed.", "The closely related and slightly larger American elk, or wapiti, native to North America and northeastern Asia, had been regarded as a subspecies of red deer, but recently it has been established as a distinct species.", "The ancestor of all red deer probably originated in central Asia and resembled sika deer.", "Additional genetic research has suggested that the closest living species to the red deer is the fallow deer, Dama dama.", "Although at one time red deer were rare in parts of Europe, they were never close to extinction.", "Reintroduction and conservation efforts, such as in the United Kingdom and Portugal, have resulted in an increase of red deer populations, while other areas, such as North Africa, have continued to show a population decline.", "Skull of a red deer The red deer is the fourth-largest extant deer species, behind the moose, elk, and sambar deer.", "It is a ruminant, eating its food in two stages and having an even number of toes on each hoof, like camels, goats, and cattle.", "European red deer have a relatively long tail compared to their Asian and North American relatives.", "Subtle differences in appearance are noted between the various subspecies of red deer, primarily in size and antlers, with the smallest being the Corsican red deer found on the islands of Corsica and Sardinia and the largest being the Caspian red deer of Asia Minor and the Caucasus Region to the west of the Caspian Sea.", "The deer of central and western Europe vary greatly in size, with some of the largest deer found in the Carpathian Mountains in Central Europe.", "Western European red deer, historically, grew to large size given ample food supply , and descendants of introduced populations living in New Zealand and Argentina have grown quite large in both body and antler size.", "Large red deer stags, like the Caspian red deer or those of the Carpathian Mountains, may rival North American elk in size.", "Female red deer are much smaller than their male counterparts.", "Skeleton of Cervus elaphus found at Gar Dalam Red deer buck bugling.", "Communication consists primarily of smell and vocal cues.", "The male red deer is typically long from the nose to the base of the tail and typically weighs", "the female is long and often weighs .", "In Scotland, stags average in head-and-body length and high at the shoulder and females average long and tall.", "Based on body mass, they are likely the fourth largest extant deer species on average, behind the moose, the elk and the sambar deer.", "Size varies in different subspecies with the largest, the huge but small-antlered deer of the Carpathian Mountains (C.", "e. elaphus), weighing up to .", "At the other end of the scale, the Corsican red deer (C.", "e. corsicanus) weighs about , although red deer in poor habitats can weigh as little as .", "The males of many subspecies also grow a short neck mane during the autumn.", "The male deer of the British Isles and Norway tend to have the thickest and most noticeable manes.", "Male Caspian red deer (C.", "e. maral) and Spanish red deer (C.", "e. hispanicus) do not carry neck manes.", "Male deer of all subspecies, however, tend to have stronger and thicker neck muscles than female deer, which may give them an appearance of having neck manes.", "Red deer hinds do not have neck manes.", "Only the stags have antlers, which start growing in the spring and are shed each year, usually at the end of winter.", "Antlers typically measure in total length and weigh , although large ones can grow to and weigh .", "The antlers are testosterone-driven and as the stag's testosterone levels drop in the autumn, the velvet is shed and the antlers stop growing.", "With the approach of autumn, the antlers begin to calcify and the stags' testosterone production builds for the approaching rut .", "European red deer antlers are distinctive in being rather straight and rugose, with the fourth and fifth tines forming a \" crown \" or \" cup \" in larger males.", "Any tines in excess of the fourth and fifth tines grow radially from the cup, which are generally absent in the antlers of smaller red deer, such as Corsican red deer.", "Western European red deer antlers feature \" bez \" tines that are either absent or smaller than the brow tines.", "However, bez tines occur frequently in Norwegian red deer.", "Antlers of Caspian red deer carry large bez tines and form less-developed cups than western European red deer, their antlers are thus more like the \" throw back \" top tines of the North American elk (C.", "canadensis), known as maraloid characteristics.", "A stag can have antlers with no tines, and is then known as a switch.", "Similarly, a stag that does not grow antlers is a hummel.", "European red deer tend to be reddish-brown in their summer coats, and some individuals may have a few spots on the backs of their summer coats.", "During the autumn, all red deer subspecies grow thicker coats of hair, which helps to insulate them during the winter.", "Autumn is also when some of the stags grow their neck manes.", "The autumn/winter coats of most subspecies are most distinct.", "The Caspian red deer's winter coat is greyer and has a larger and more distinguished light rump-patch compared to the Western European red deer, which has more of a greyish-brown coat with a darker yellowish rump patch in the winter.", "By the time summer begins, the heavy winter coat has been shed", "the animals are known to rub against trees and other objects to help remove hair from their bodies.", "Red deer have different colouration based on the seasons and types of habitats, with grey or lighter colouration prevalent in the winter and more reddish and darker coat colouration in the summer.", "Stag and hinds The Cervus genus ancestors of red deer first appear in fossil records 12 million years ago during the Miocene in Eurasia.", "The European red deer is found in southwestern Asia , North Africa, and Europe.", "The red deer is the largest nondomesticated land mammal still existing in Ireland.", "In the Netherlands, a large herd lives in the Oostvaardersplassen, a nature reserve.", "Ireland has its own unique subspecies.", "In France, the population is thriving, having multiplied five-fold in the last half-century, increasing from 30,000 in 1970 to around 160,000 in 2014.", "The deer has particularly expanded its footprint into forests at higher altitudes than before.", "In the UK, indigenous populations occur in Scotland, the Lake District, and the south west of England .", "Not all of these are of entirely pure bloodlines, as some of these populations have been supplemented with deliberate releases of deer from parks, such as Warnham or Woburn Abbey, in an attempt to increase antler sizes and body weights.", "The University of Edinburgh found that, in Scotland, extensive hybridisation with the closely related sika deer has occurred.", "Several other populations have originated either with \" carted \" deer kept for stag hunts being left out at the end of the hunt, escapes from deer farms, or deliberate releases.", "Carted deer were kept by stag hunts with no wild red deer in the locality and were normally recaptured after the hunt and used again", "although the hunts are called \" stag hunts \" , the Norwich Staghounds only hunted hinds , and in 1950, at least eight hinds were known to be at large near Kimberley and West Harling", "they formed the basis of a new population based in Thetford Forest in Norfolk.", "Further substantial red deer herds originated from escapes or deliberate releases in the New Forest, the Peak District, Suffolk, Lancashire, Brecon Beacons, and North Yorkshire, as well as many other smaller populations scattered throughout England and Wales, and they are all generally increasing in numbers and range.", "A census of deer populations in 2007 and again in 2011 coordinated by the British Deer Society records the red deer as having continued to expand their range in England and Wales since 2000, with expansion most notable in the Midlands and East Anglia.", "Caspian red deer are found in the Hyrcanian Forests.", "Deer near Lake George Scott In New Zealand, red deer were introduced by acclimatisation societies along with other deer and game species.", "The first red deer to reach New Zealand were a pair sent by Lord Petre in 1851 from his herd at Thorndon Park, Essex, to the South Island, but the hind was shot before they had a chance to breed.", "Lord Petre sent another stag and two hinds in 1861, and these were liberated near Nelson, from where they quickly spread.", "The first deer to reach the North Island were a gift to Sir Frederick Weld from Windsor Great Park and were released near Wellington", "these were followed by further releases up to 1914.", "Between 1851 and 1926, 220 separate liberations of red deer involved over 800 deer.", "In 1927, the State Forest Service introduced a bounty for red deer shot on their land, and in 1931, government control operations were commenced.", "Between 1931 and March 1975, 1,124,297 deer were killed on official operations.", "The introduced red deer have adapted well and are widely hunted on both islands", "many of the 220 introductions used deer originating from Scotland or one of the major deer parks in England, principally Warnham, Woburn Abbey or Windsor Great Park.", "Some hybridisation happened with the closely related American elk introduced in Fiordland in 1921.", "New Zealand red deer produce very large antlers and are regarded as amongst the best in the world by hunters.", "Along with the other introduced deer species, they are, however, officially regarded as a noxious pest and are still heavily culled using professional hunters working with helicopters, or even poisoned.", "The first red deer to reach Australia were probably the six that Prince Albert sent in 1860 from Windsor Great Park to Thomas Chirnside, who was starting a herd at Werribee Park, south west of Melbourne in Victoria.", "Further introductions were made in New South Wales, Queensland, South Australia, and Western Australia.", "Today, red deer in Australia range from Queensland south through New South Wales into Victoria and across to South Australia, with the numbers increasing.", "The Queensland, Victorian and most New South Wales strains can still be traced to the early releases, but South Australia's population, along with all others, is now largely recent farm escapees.", "This is having adverse effects on the integrity of wild herds, as now more and larger herds are being grown due to the superior genetics that have been attained by selective breeding.", "Wild red deer are a feral pest species in Australia, do considerable harm to the natural environment, and are a significant road traffic hazard.", "In Argentina and Chile, the red deer has had a potentially adverse impact on native animal species, such as the South Andean deer or huemul", "the International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources has labelled the animal as one of the world's 100 worst invaders.", "Red deer in Europe generally spend their winters at lower altitudes in more wooded terrain.", "During the summer, they migrate to higher elevations where food supplies are greater and better for the calving season.", "Until recently, biologists considered the red deer and elk or wapiti (C.", "canadensis) the same species, forming a continuous distribution throughout temperate Eurasia and North America.", "This belief was based largely on the fully fertile hybrids that can be produced under captive conditions.", "Genetic evidence clearly shows the wapiti and red deer form two separate species.", "Another member of the red deer group which may represent a separate species is C. corsicanus.", "If so, C. corsicanus includes the subspecies C. e. barbarus , and is restricted to Maghreb in North Africa, Corsica, and Sardinia.", "The International Union for Conservation of Nature originally listed nine subspecies of red deer : three as endangered, one as vulnerable, one as near threatened, and four without enough data to give a category .", "The species as a whole, however, is listed as least concern.", "However, this was based on the traditional classification of red deer as one species , including the wapiti.", "The common red deer is also known as simply red deer.", "Selected members of the red deer species group are listed in the table below.", "Of the ones listed, C. e. hippelaphus and C. e. scoticus may be junior synonyms.", "Cervus elaphus appeared in Europe by the beginning of the Middle Pleistocene around 800,000 years ago.", "These earliest forms belonged to the palaeosubspecies Cervus elaphus acoronatus.", "Other palaeosubspecies are known, including those belonging to C. elaphus rianensis from the Middle Pleistocene of Italy, C. elaphus siciliae from the late Middle and Late Pleistocene of Sicily.", "Name Subspecies Status Historical range Notes Central European or common red deer C. e. hippelaphus Western and Central Europe, Balkans Medium to large subspecies, with the largest deer found in the Carpathian Mountains in Central Europe.", "It is light-coloured, with a light-coloured rump patch bordering with black.", "Caspian red deer or maral C. e. maral Asia Minor, Crimea, the Caucasus and northwestern Iran Large subspecies", "its coat is dark grey, except in the summer, when it is a dark brown.", "Norwegian red deer C. e. atlanticus Norway Small subspecies Scottish red deer C.", "e. scoticus England, Scotland and Ireland This deer is slightly smaller than red deer in Western Europe and its coat is lighter in colour, with a distinct border to the lighter patch on the rump.", "Spanish red deer C. e. hispanicus Iberian Peninsula Smaller than the common red deer and more greyish in colour Mesola red deer C.", "e. italicus Once widespread across the Italian northeastern coast, but now restricted to Bosco della Mesola Nature Reserve One of the smallest subspecies, similar to the Corsican and Atlas subspecies.", "C. e. elaphus Corsican red deer C. e. corsicanus Near Threatened Corsica and Sardinia", "probably introduced there in historical times and identical with the Barbary stag One of the smallest subspecies Barbary stag or Atlas deer C. e. barbarus Near Threatened Morocco, Algeria and Tunisia One of the smallest subspecies Crimean red deer C. e. brauneri Near Threatened Crimea", "A group of hinds with calves Mature red deer (C.", "elaphus) usually stay in single-sex groups for most of the year.", "During the mating season, called the rut, mature stags compete for the attentions of the hinds and will then try to defend the hinds they attract.", "Rival stags challenge opponents by belling and walking in parallel.", "This allows combatants to assess each other's antlers, body size and fighting prowess.", "If neither stag backs down, a clash of antlers can occur, and stags sometimes sustain serious injuries.", "Red deer are among the mammals exhibiting homosexual behavior.", "Dominant stags follow groups of hinds during the rut, from August into early winter.", "The stags may have as many as 20 hinds to keep from other, less attractive males.", " Only mature stags hold harems , and breeding success peaks at about eight years of age.", "Stags two to four years old rarely hold harems and spend most of the rut on the periphery of larger harems, as do stags over 11 years old.", "Young and old stags that do acquire a harem hold it later in the breeding season than those stags in their prime.", "Harem-holding stags rarely feed and lose up to 20% of their body weight.", "Stags that enter the rut in poor condition are less likely to make it through to the peak conception period.", "Two males roaring Male European red deer have a distinctive roar during the rut, which is an adaptation to forested environments, in contrast to male American elk stags which \" bugle \" during the rut in adaptation to open environments.", "The male deer roars to keep his harem of females together.", "The females are initially attracted to those males that both roar most often and have the loudest roar call.", "Males also use the roar call when competing with other males for females during the rut, and along with other forms of posturing and antler fights, is a method used by the males to establish dominance.", "Roaring is most common during the early dawn and late evening, which is also when the crepuscular deer are most active in general.", "Red deer mating juvenile Female red deer reach sexual maturity at 2 years of age.", "Red deer mating patterns usually involve a dozen or more mating attempts before the first successful one.", "There may be several more matings before the stag will seek out another mate in his harem.", "Females in their second autumn can produce one or very rarely two offspring per year.", "The gestation period is 240 to 262 days, and the offspring weigh about .", "After two weeks, calves are able to join the herd and are fully weaned after two months.", "The offspring will remain with their mothers for almost one full year, leaving around the time the next season's offspring are produced.", "The gestation period is the same for all subspecies.", "All red deer calves are born spotted, as is common with many deer species, and lose their spots by the end of summer.", "However, as in many species of Old World deer, some adults do retain a few spots on the backs of their summer coats.", "Red deer live over 20 years in captivity and in the wild they live 10 to 13 years, though some subspecies with less predation pressure average 15 years.", "Remains of a fawn carried by a wolf Male red deer retain their antlers for more than half the year, and are less gregarious and less likely to group with other males when they have antlers.", "The antlers provide self-defence, as does a strong front-leg kicking action performed by both sexes when attacked.", "Once the antlers are shed, stags tend to form bachelor groups which allow them to cooperatively work together.", "Herds tend to have one or more members watching for potential danger, while the remaining members eat and rest.", "After the rut, females form large herds of up to 50 individuals.", "The newborn calves are kept close to the hinds by a series of vocalizations between the two, and larger nurseries have an ongoing and constant chatter during the daytime hours.", "When approached by predators, the largest and most robust females may make a stand, using their front legs to kick at their attackers.", "Guttural grunts and posturing is used with all but the most determined of predators with great effectiveness.", "Aside from humans and domestic dogs, the grey wolf is probably the most dangerous predator European red deer encounter.", "Occasionally, the brown bear will prey on European red deer.", "Red deer in folklore and art", "The Monarch of the Glen, 1851, by Sir Edwin Landseer, an iconic image of the 19th century Red deer are widely depicted in cave art found throughout European caves, with some of the artwork dating from as early as 40,000 years ago, during the Upper Paleolithic.", "Siberian cave art from the Neolithic of 7,000 years ago has abundant depictions of red deer, including what can be described as spiritual artwork, indicating the importance of this mammal to the peoples of that region (Note: these animals were most likely wapiti (C.", "canadensis) in Siberia, not red deer).", "Red deer are also often depicted on Pictish stones , from the early medieval period in Scotland, usually as prey animals for human or animal predators.", "In medieval hunting, the red deer was the most prestigious quarry, especially the mature stag, which in England was called a hart.", "Red deer are held in captivity for a variety of reasons.", "The meat of the deer, called venison, was until recently restricted in the United Kingdom to those with connections to the aristocratic or poaching communities, and a licence was needed to sell it legally, but it is now widely available in supermarkets, especially in the autumn.", "The Queen followed the custom of offering large pieces of venison to members of the Cabinet of the United Kingdom and others.", "Some estates in the Scottish Highlands still sell deer-stalking accompanied by a gillie in the traditional way, on unfenced land, while others operate more like farms for venison.", "Venison is widely considered to be both flavourful and nutritious.", "It is higher in protein and lower in fat than either beef or chicken.", "The red deer can produce of antler velvet annually.", "On ranches in New Zealand, China, Siberia, and elsewhere, this velvet is collected and sold to markets in East Asia, where it is used for holistic medicines, with South Korea being the primary consumer.", "In Russia, a medication produced from antler velvet is sold under the brand name Pantokrin (", "The antlers themselves are also believed by East Asians to have medicinal purposes and are often ground up and used in small quantities.", "Historically, related deer species such as Central Asian red deer, wapiti, Thorold's deer, and sika deer have been reared on deer farms in Central and Eastern Asia by Han Chinese, Turkic peoples, Tungusic peoples, Mongolians, and Koreans.", "In modern times, western countries such as New Zealand and United States have taken to farming European red deer for similar purposes.", "Deer hair products are also used in the fly fishing industry, being used to tie flies.", "Deer antlers are also used for decorative purposes and have been used for artwork, furniture and other novelty items.", "Deer antlers were and still are the source material for horn furniture.", "Already in the 15th century trophies of case were used for clothes hook, storage racks and chandeliers, the so-called Lusterweibchen.", "In the 19th century the European nobility discovered red deer antlers as perfect decorations for their manors and hunting castles.", "This fashion trend splashes over to upper- and middle-class households in the mid of the 19th century.", "Rustic deer antler candle holder At the increasingly popular World Expositions, producers of horn furniture, mainly in Germany, Austria and the United States, such as and Friedrich Wenzel, showed their horn furniture and a kind of series manufacturing began.", "In recent times deer antler home decors can be found in home styling magazines."]}}
|
|
2568424_1201267
| 321
|
[
"Aruncus dioicus"
] |
{"Aruncus dioicus": {"keywords": ["Aruncus dioicus, known as goat's beard, buck's-beard or bride's feathers, is a flowering herbaceous perennial plant in the family Rosaceae, found in Europe, Asia, and eastern and western North America.", "It has alternate, pinnately compound leaves, on thin, stiff stems, with plumes of feathery white or cream flowers borne in summer.", "Very small, 5-petaled white or cream flowers are displayed in showy panicles, blooming in late spring to early summer.", "This plant can be found in moist woodland, often at higher altitudes, throughout temperate areas of Europe, Asia, and eastern and western North America.", "In the UK it is considered suitable for planting in and around water areas, and has gained the Royal Horticultural Society's Award of Garden Merit.", "Goat's beard prefers humus-rich soil and shade or partial shade.", "It can be grown in full sun if it has consistent moisture.", "Native Americans in the Northwest used the plant medicinally as a diuretic, as a poultice, and to treat blood diseases, smallpox, and sore throats."], "habitat_section": ["This plant can be found in moist woodland, often at higher altitudes, throughout temperate areas of Europe, Asia, and eastern and western North America.", "In the UK it is considered suitable for planting in and around water areas, and has gained the Royal Horticultural Society's Award of Garden Merit.", "Goat's beard prefers humus-rich soil and shade or partial shade.", "It can be grown in full sun if it has consistent moisture.", "Aruncus dioicus is the host plant for the dusky azure butterfly."], "random_sentences": ["Aruncus dioicus, known as goat's beard, buck's-beard or bride's feathers, is a flowering herbaceous perennial plant in the family Rosaceae, found in Europe, Asia, and eastern and western North America.", "It is the type species of the genus Aruncus.", "It has alternate, pinnately compound leaves, on thin, stiff stems, with plumes of feathery white or cream flowers borne in summer.", "The Latin specific epithet dioicus means \" having the male reproductive organs on one plant, and the female on another \" .", "The leaves are alternate and pinnately compound.", "The species is from tall, with compound leaves consisting of 3 or 5 leaflets.", "Very small, 5-petaled white or cream flowers are displayed in showy panicles, blooming in late spring to early summer.", "Male and female flowers are borne on different plants.", "The flower spikes rise high above the plant, adding to the showiness of the species.", "Plants with male flowers have a showier bloom than the ones with female flowers.", "This plant can be found in moist woodland, often at higher altitudes, throughout temperate areas of Europe, Asia, and eastern and western North America.", "In the UK it is considered suitable for planting in and around water areas, and has gained the Royal Horticultural Society's Award of Garden Merit.", "Goat's beard prefers humus-rich soil and shade or partial shade.", "It can be grown in full sun if it has consistent moisture.", "Aruncus dioicus is the host plant for the dusky azure butterfly.", "In Italy the young shoots are eaten, usually boiled briefly in herb infused water, and then cooked with eggs and cheese.", "In Friuli it is one of the ingredients in the local home-made soup based on wild greens called 'pistic'.", "Aruncus dioicus var. kamtschaticus has shown potent cytotoxicity against Jurkat T cells.", "Native Americans in the Northwest used the plant medicinally as a diuretic, as a poultice, and to treat blood diseases, smallpox, and sore throats."]}}
|
|
2600933_1227830
| 2154
|
[
"Salvia pratensis"
] |
{"Salvia pratensis": {"keywords": ["Salvia pratensis, the meadow clary or meadow sage, is a species of flowering plant in the family Lamiaceae, native to Europe, western Asia and northern Africa.", "The Latin specific epithet pratensis means \"of meadows\", referring to its preferred habitat.", "It also grows in scrub edges and woodland borders.", "The flowers may grow up to 2.5 cm and open starting from the base of the inflorescence, which grows up to 30.5 cm long.", "Salvia pratensis is native to Europe, western Asia and northern Africa where it grows in meadows, fields, banks and rough places.", "Salvia pratensis is hardy in the severest European climates, down to 40 C .", "It is widely grown in horticulture, especially Salvia pratensis subsp. haematodes, which is prized by flower arrangers as a cut flower.", "- 'Atroviolacea', dark blue to violet 'Baumgartenii', blue to violet 'Lupinoides', to 60 cm , white-flecked blue to purple 'Mitsommer' , sky blue 'Rosea', rose-pink to purple 'Rubicunda', rose-red 'Tenorii', to about 60 cm tall, blue flowers 'Variegata', blue and sometimes white-tipped flowers."], "habitat_section": ["Salvia pratensis is native to Europe, western Asia and northern Africa where it grows in meadows, fields, banks and rough places.", "It has become naturalized in many parts of the United States, and is considered a noxious weed in the state of Washington.", "At one time it was banned from California because it was thought to have naturalized in three locations."], "random_sentences": ["Salvia pratensis, the meadow clary or meadow sage, is a species of flowering plant in the family Lamiaceae, native to Europe, western Asia and northern Africa.", "The Latin specific epithet pratensis means \"of meadows\", referring to its preferred habitat.", "It also grows in scrub edges and woodland borders.", "This herbaceous perennial forms a basal clump 1 to 1.5 m tall, with rich green rugose leaves that are slightly ruffled and toothed on the edges.", "The stems have four edges and are clad in glandular and soft hairs.", "The leaves are arranged in opposite pairs, with those on the lower part of the stem up to 15 cm long, decreasing in size higher up the stem.", "The flower stalks are typically branched, with four to six flowers in each verticil forming a lax spike.", "The flowers may grow up to 2.5 cm and open starting from the base of the inflorescence, which grows up to 30.5 cm long.", "The small calyx is dark brown.", "The corolla is irregular, 20 to 30 mm long, fused with two lips and long-tubed.", "The upper lip arches in a crescent shape and the lower lip is three-lobed with the central lobe larger than the lateral lobes.", "In the wild the corolla is usually bluish-violet.", "In cultivation, the flowers have a wide variety of colors, from rich violet and violet-blue to bluish white, and from pink to pure white.", "There are two long stamens protected by the upper corolla lip and the fruit is a four-chambered schizocarp.", "Salvia pratensis is native to Europe, western Asia and northern Africa where it grows in meadows, fields, banks and rough places.", "It has become naturalized in many parts of the United States, and is considered a noxious weed in the state of Washington.", "At one time it was banned from California because it was thought to have naturalized in three locations.", "Salvia pratensis is hardy in the severest European climates, down to 40 C .", "It is widely grown in horticulture, especially Salvia pratensis subsp. haematodes, which is prized by flower arrangers as a cut flower.", "Some botanists consider it a separate species, S. haematodes.", "Named cultivars include:- 'Atroviolacea', dark blue to violet 'Baumgartenii', blue to violet 'Lupinoides', to 60 cm , white-flecked blue to purple 'Mitsommer' , sky blue 'Rosea', rose-pink to purple 'Rubicunda', rose-red 'Tenorii', to about 60 cm tall, blue flowers 'Variegata', blue and sometimes white-tipped flowers.", "The name of the plant 'clary' is derived from 'clear-eye' and the plant seeds were historically ground to a paste and used to clear irritations in the eye.", "It was also used for gargling and as an early form of toothpaste, as well as a flavouring for alcohol."]}}
|
|
2602673_1256526
| 1141
|
[
"Cardamine heptaphylla",
"Mercurialis perennis"
] |
{"Cardamine heptaphylla": {"keywords": ["Cardamine heptaphylla, common name pinnate coralroot is a species of flowering plant in the family Brassicaceae.", "The genus name cardamine is derived from the Greek kardamon, cardamom - an unrelated plant in the ginger family, used as a pungent spice in cooking.", "This species grows mainly in mountain woods, especially in beech and spruce forests, but sometimes in plain, at an elevation up to above sea level.", "It prefers calcareous soils.", "These deciduous, perennial, rhizomatous, herbaceous, flowering plants are characterized by a glabrous, erect, unbranched stem, and by few but very large imparipinnate leaves, with 5 to 9 large opposite leaflets, ovate-lanceolate, irregularly toothed.", "The large flowers grow in a many-flowered inflorescence.", "The inflorescence is composed by a cluster with four cup-shaped broad flowers."], "habitat_section": ["This species is widespread in Central and Southern Europe, from Northern Spain, to Italy and S.W. Germany.", "This species grows mainly in mountain woods, especially in beech and spruce forests, but sometimes in plain, at an elevation up to above sea level.", "It prefers calcareous soils."], "random_sentences": ["Cardamine heptaphylla, common name pinnate coralroot is a species of flowering plant in the family Brassicaceae.", "The genus name cardamine is derived from the Greek kardamon, cardamom - an unrelated plant in the ginger family, used as a pungent spice in cooking.", "The specific epithet heptaphylla is composed of ancient Greek , hepta and , phullon .", "This species is widespread in Central and Southern Europe, from Northern Spain, to Italy and S.W. Germany.", "This species grows mainly in mountain woods, especially in beech and spruce forests, but sometimes in plain, at an elevation up to above sea level.", "Cardamine heptaphylla can reach a size of .", "These deciduous, perennial, rhizomatous, herbaceous, flowering plants are characterized by a glabrous, erect, unbranched stem, and by few but very large imparipinnate leaves, with 5 to 9 large opposite leaflets, ovate-lanceolate, irregularly toothed.", "They have a horizontally crawling rhizome.", "The large flowers grow in a many-flowered inflorescence.", "The inflorescence is composed by a cluster with four cup-shaped broad flowers.", "Each flower is carried by a rather long pedicel.", "Flowers may be white, pink or purplish.", "Petals are 18 to 23 mm long, obovate, usually somewhat wrinkled and three times longer than the calyx.", "Corolla has a diameter of .", "They bloom from April to July.", "The pollination is done by bees, flies, butterflies and moths.", "The fruit is a 4 to 7 cm long pod."]}, "Mercurialis perennis": {"keywords": ["It characteristically forms dense, extensive carpets on the floor of woodlands and beneath hedgerows.", "It usually grows in dense masses often in the ground flora of beech, oak, ash, elm and other types of woodlands in Europe.", "It also grows under the shade of hedgerows and scrub.", "It is able to colonize new deciduous woods on dry, calcareous soils at an annual rate of a meter or more.", "Its period of reproductive activity depends upon a number of factors such as illumination, soil reaction, soil moisture, etc.", "Mercurialis perennis extends from sea level to the mountain range.", "The ultimate height attained in different mountainous regions, e.g.", "Existing colonies in some parts of Britain , are expanding and showing increased vigor, perhaps as a result of deeper shade in woodlands where coppicing has ceased.", "The genus Mercurialis itself consists of nine species and the main taxonomic characteristics used in distinguishing them are the clusters of floration, the annual or perennial habit, and the glabrous or hairy condition of the vegetative organs, but chiefly the ovary and the capsule, the woody or herbaceous nature of the plant, and lastly the character of the lamina.", "A researcher induced toxicity with dog's mercury, frozen at different stages of growth and fed it to sheep."], "habitat_section": ["Besides those three variations of M. perennis there are six habitat forms in nature."], "random_sentences": ["Mercurialis perennis, commonly known as dog's mercury, is a poisonous woodland plant found in much of Europe as well as in Algeria, Iran, Turkey, and the Caucasus, but almost absent from Ireland, Orkney and Shetland.", "A member of the spurge family , it is a herbaceous, downy perennial with erect stems bearing simple, serrate leaves.", "The dioecious inflorescences are green, bearing inconspicuous flowers from February to April.", "It characteristically forms dense, extensive carpets on the floor of woodlands and beneath hedgerows.", "Mercurialis perennis is a herbaceous plant.", "It usually grows in dense masses often in the ground flora of beech, oak, ash, elm and other types of woodlands in Europe.", "It also grows under the shade of hedgerows and scrub.", "It has a preference for moderately shady to densely shady habitats.", "It is able to colonize new deciduous woods on dry, calcareous soils at an annual rate of a meter or more.", "Under such conditions, the plants, especially the females, often display a darker green color.", "Its period of reproductive activity depends upon a number of factors such as illumination, soil reaction, soil moisture, etc.", "These factors also affect the duration of reproductive activity.", "but in the open, it eventually gives way to other plants.", "Mercurialis perennis extends from sea level to the mountain range.", "The ultimate height attained in different mountainous regions, e.g. in Scotland, England, Germany, and Switzerland, naturally varies with the latitude and other geographical factors.", "Existing colonies in some parts of Britain , are expanding and showing increased vigor, perhaps as a result of deeper shade in woodlands where coppicing has ceased.", "The plant's common name derives from the plant's resemblance to the unrelated Chenopodium bonus-henricus .", "Since Mercurialis perennis is highly poisonous, it was named \" dog's \" mercury .", "It has also been known as boggard posy.", "There are separate male and female plants .", "the plants are born at the base of the leaves similar to nettles.", "The flower spikes appear between February and May.", "The catkin-like male flowers have a yellow color and female flowers have 3 tepals .", "The genus Mercurialis belongs to the family Euphorbiaceae and to the subfamily Crotonoideae.", "It is included in the tribe Acalyphae, which is characterized by clusters of flowers It is also characterized by the lack of any laticiferous tissue, in the place of which tanniniferous cells are sometimes found.", "According to Pax , there are three other genera related to Mercurialis", "The differences between these are based on the characteristics of the calyx and stamens.", "The genus Mercurialis itself consists of nine species and the main taxonomic characteristics used in distinguishing them are the clusters of floration, the annual or perennial habit, and the glabrous or hairy condition of the vegetative organs, but chiefly the ovary and the capsule, the woody or herbaceous nature of the plant, and lastly the character of the lamina.", "Dog's mercury is one of the characteristic plants of several woodland types, in particular:", "M. perennis has variation in its morphological characters.", "This is noticeable in the outline, shape, and hairiness of its leaves, in the size of the lower leaves, in the number of stamens, and in the size of the seeds and fruits.", "M. perennis possesses three distinct varieties are: M. perennis L. var. genuina Miiller-Aarg M. perennis L. var. Salisburyana Mukerji .", "M. perennis L. var. leiocarpa Mukerji (syn.", ") Note:- M. perennis L. var. Salisburyana Mukerji was discovered in March 1926 at Staplehurst .", "It differs from M. perennis L. var. genuina Miiller-Aarg in the following respects:", "Besides those three variations of M. perennis there are six habitat forms in nature:", "All parts of the dog's mercury are highly poisonous.", " but boiling or drying destroys the toxins.", " Methylamine and trimethylamine are thought to be present, together with a volatile basic oil, mercurialine, and saponins.", "The scent of the plant is often described as 'foetid' due to the presence of trimethylamine which often gives off a rotting fish smell.", "Mercurialine is thought to be one of the active principle parts that are responsible for the toxicity of the herb.", "It is known to induce hemorrhagic inflammation of the gastrointestinal tract and kidneys.", "There is apparently some narcotic action, which induces drowsiness, and mild muscular spasms.", "One hypothesized mechanism of toxicity was discovered in 1900s.", "A researcher induced toxicity with dog's mercury, frozen at different stages of growth and fed it to sheep.", "Based on this experiment, these effects may be due to different toxic factors that are developed at different growth stages.", "Another hypothesis is that one toxin might be culpable for the symptoms and illness.", "Symptoms of poisoning appear within a few hours", "they can include vomiting, pain, gastric and kidney inflammation, and sometimes inflammation of the cheeks and jaw and drowsiness.", "Larger doses cause lethargy, jaundice, painful urination, apparently by making the urine acid, and coma before death.", "The first-known account of this phenomenon probably dates from 1693, when a family of five became seriously ill as a result of eating the plant ", "one of the children died some days later as a result.", "Apart from Chenopodium bonus-henricus and some other edible members of the Chenopodiaceae , the most similar-looking species is probably Mercurialis annua, annual mercury, which is also thought to be poisonous.", "Dog's mercury has been eaten in mistake for brooklime.", "In 1983, a couple was reported of having eaten a large quantity of leaves after washing and boiling the plant after mistaking it for brooklime.", "Both patients were hospitalized complaining of nausea, vomiting, and severe bilateral colicky loin pain and present signs of malar erythema but no signs of cardiovascular/respiratory disorders.", "They presented signs similar to an allergic reaction.", "They suffered severe gastrointestinal complications which led to dehydration.", "Once the toxin was identified, they were given sodium bicarbonate four times a day to neutralize the acidity of the urine.", "They recovered after two days of rest and continuous observation and monitoring.", "The dog's mercury is poisonous by itself but with a thorough drying/heating, one is able to destroy its poisonous quality.", "The juice of the plant is emetic, ophthalmic and purgative.", "It can be used externally to treat menstrual pain, ear, and eye problems, warts, and sores.", "A lotion can be made from the plant for antiseptic external dressing due to its ability to soften and moisturize the skin.", "A fine blue dye can be obtained from the leaves although it is able to be turned red by acids and destroyed by alkalis.", "It is often permanent and colouration is similar to indigo.", "A yellow dye can be obtained from the leaves.", "The seeds are also a good source of drying oil."]}}
|
|
2582690_1130059
| 1749
|
[
"Caltha palustris"
] |
{"Caltha palustris": {"keywords": ["Caltha palustris, known as marsh-marigold and kingcup, is a small to medium size perennial herbaceous plant of the buttercup family, native to marshes, fens, ditches and wet woodland in temperate regions of the Northern Hemisphere.", "It flowers between April and August, dependent on altitude and latitude, but occasional flowers may occur at other times.", "Caltha palustris is a high, hairless, fleshy, perennial, herbaceous plant that dies down in autumn and overwinters with buds near the surface of the marshy soil.", "In their youth the leaves are protected by a membranous sheath, that may be up to long in fully grown plants.", "The common marsh-marigold mostly has several flowering stems of up to long, carrying mostly several seated leaflike stipules, although lower ones may be on a short petiole, and between four and six flowers.", "A Caltha palustris flower and bud at the Ljubljana Botanical Garden in Slovenia The generic name Caltha is derived from the Ancient Greek , meaning \" goblet \" , and is said to refer to the shape of the flower.", "These include in addition to the most common two, marsh marigold and kingcup, also brave bassinets, crazy Beth, horse blob, Molly-blob, May blob, mare blob, boots, water boots, meadow-bright, bullflower, meadow buttercup, water buttercup, soldier's buttons, meadow cowslip, water cowslip, publican's cloak, crowfoot, water dragon, drunkards, water goggles, meadow gowan, water gowan, yellow gowan, goldes, golds, goldings, gools, cow lily, marybuds, and publicans-and-sinners.", "Both are herbaceous plants with yellow flowers, but Primula veris is much smaller.", "The species is native to marshes, fens, ditches and wet woodland in temperate regions of the Northern Hemisphere.", "The marsh-marigold on spring flood plains of the Narew river.", "The marsh-marigold grows in places with oxygen-rich water near the surface of the soil.", "It likes richer soils, but dislikes application of fertilizer and avoids high concentrations of phosphate and ammonium, and is also shy of brackish water.", "The resulting insoluble mineral appears as \" rusty \" flocs on the water soil and the surface of the stems of marsh plants.", "Around the edge of lakes and rivers it grows between reeds, and it can be found in black alder coppices and other regularly flooded and always moist forests.", "It also used to be common on wet meadows, but due to agricultural rationalization it is now limited to ditches.", "It is a component of purple moor grass and rush pastures a type of Biodiversity Action Plan habitat in the UK. It occurs on poorly drained neutral and acidic soils of the lowlands and upland fringe.", "In western Europe, the marsh-marigold moth Micropterix calthella bites open the anthers of the marsh-marigold and other plants to eat the pollen.", "The caterpillars that are present in summer and autumn also feed on marsh-marigold, although these are sometimes found on mosses too.", "The seeds also have some spongy tissue that makes them float on water, until they wash up in a location that may be suitable for this species to grow.", "Young leaves or buds should be submerged a few times in fresh boiling water until barely tender, cut into bite-sized pieces, lightly salted, and served with melted butter and vinegar.", "The common marsh marigold is planted as an ornamental throughout temperate regions in the world, and sometimes recommended for low maintenance wildlife gardens.", "The double-flowered cultivar 'Flore Pleno' has won the Royal Horticultural Society's Award of Garden Merit.", "to-day all this young verdure smiled clear in sunlight, transparent emerald and amber gleams played over it and in Thomas Hardy's poem 'Overlooking the River Stour'."], "habitat_section": ["The species is native to marshes, fens, ditches and wet woodland in temperate regions of the Northern Hemisphere.", "It can be found in much of the northeastern United States.", "The marsh-marigold on spring flood plains of the Narew river.", "The marsh-marigold grows in places with oxygen-rich water near the surface of the soil.", "It likes richer soils, but dislikes application of fertilizer and avoids high concentrations of phosphate and ammonium, and is also shy of brackish water.", "It is often associated with seepage that is rich in iron, because iron ions react with phosphate, thus making it unavailable for plants.", "The resulting insoluble mineral appears as \" rusty \" flocs on the water soil and the surface of the stems of marsh plants.", "Around the edge of lakes and rivers it grows between reeds, and it can be found in black alder coppices and other regularly flooded and always moist forests.", "When it is present it often visually dominates when it is in bloom.", "It also used to be common on wet meadows, but due to agricultural rationalization it is now limited to ditches.", "It is a component of purple moor grass and rush pastures a type of Biodiversity Action Plan habitat in the UK. It occurs on poorly drained neutral and acidic soils of the lowlands and upland fringe.", "In western Europe, the marsh-marigold moth Micropterix calthella bites open the anthers of the marsh-marigold and other plants to eat the pollen.", "The caterpillars that are present in summer and autumn also feed on marsh-marigold, although these are sometimes found on mosses too.", "Another visitor of Caltha palustris in western Europe is the leaf beetle Prasocuris phellandrii, which is black with four orange stripes and around cm and eats the sepals.", "Its larvae inhabit the hollow stems of members of the parsley family.", "In the USA two species of leaf beetle can be found on Caltha.", "Plateumaris nitida and Hydrothassa vittata.", "The maggots of some Phytomyza species are miners in Caltha leaves."], "random_sentences": ["Caltha palustris, known as marsh-marigold and kingcup, is a small to medium size perennial herbaceous plant of the buttercup family, native to marshes, fens, ditches and wet woodland in temperate regions of the Northern Hemisphere.", "It flowers between April and August, dependent on altitude and latitude, but occasional flowers may occur at other times.", "Caltha palustris is a high, hairless, fleshy, perennial, herbaceous plant that dies down in autumn and overwinters with buds near the surface of the marshy soil.", "The plants have many, thick strongly branching roots.", "Its flowering stems are hollow, erect or more or less decumbent.", "The alternate true leaves are in a rosette, each of which consist of a leaf stem that is about four times as long as the kidney-shaped leaf blade, itself between long and wide, with a heart-shaped foot, a blunt tip, and a scalloped to toothed, sometime almost entire margin particularly towards the tip.", "In their youth the leaves are protected by a membranous sheath, that may be up to long in fully grown plants.", "The common marsh-marigold mostly has several flowering stems of up to long, carrying mostly several seated leaflike stipules, although lower ones may be on a short petiole", "and between four and six flowers.", "The flowers are approximately but range between in diameter.", "There are four to nine petal-like, brightly colored , inverted egg-shaped sepals, each about but ranging from long, and about , ranging from wide", "they have a blunt or sometimes acute tip.", "Real petals and nectaries are lacking.", "Between 50 and 120 stamens with flattened yellow filaments and yellow tricolpate or sometimes pantoporate pollen encircle 525 free, flattened, linear-oblong, yellow to green carpels, with a two-lobed, obliquely positioned stigma, and each with many seedbuds.", "This later develops into a seated, funnel-shaped fruit of long and wide, that opens with one suture at the side of the axis and contains 720 ovoid, brown to black seeds of about .", "The oldest description that is generally acknowledged in the botanical literature dates from 1700 under the name Populago by Joseph Pitton de Tournefort in", "PA273 part 1 of his Institutiones rei herbariae.", "He distinguished between P. flore major, P. flore minor and P. flore plena, and already says all of these are synonymous to Caltha palustris, without mentioning any previous author.", "As a plant name published before 1 May 1753, Populago is invalid.", "And so is the first description as Caltha palustris by Carl Linnaeus in his Genera Plantarum of 1737.", "But Linnaeus re-describes the species under the same name in Species Plantarum of 1 May 1753, thus providing the correct name.", "A Caltha palustris flower and bud at the Ljubljana Botanical Garden in Slovenia The generic name Caltha is derived from the Ancient Greek , meaning \" goblet \" , and is said to refer to the shape of the flower.", "The species epithet palustris is Latin for \" of the marsh \" and indicates its common habitat.", "In the UK, Caltha palustris is known by a variety of vernacular names, varying by geographical region.", "These include in addition to the most common two, marsh marigold and kingcup, also brave bassinets, crazy Beth, horse blob, Molly-blob, May blob, mare blob, boots, water boots, meadow-bright, bullflower, meadow buttercup, water buttercup, soldier's buttons, meadow cowslip, water cowslip, publican's cloak, crowfoot, water dragon, drunkards, water goggles, meadow gowan, water gowan, yellow gowan, goldes, golds, goldings, gools, cow lily, marybuds, and publicans-and-sinners.", "The common name \" marigold \" refers to its use in medieval churches at Easter as a tribute to the Virgin Mary, as in \" Mary gold \" .", "In North America Caltha palustris is sometimes known as cowslip.", "However, cowslip more often refers to Primula veris, the original plant to go by that name.", "Both are herbaceous plants with yellow flowers, but Primula veris is much smaller.", "Subdivision, synonymy and culture varieties", "White form seen in the Himalayas in Kashmir, India Caltha palustris is a very variable species.", "Since most character states occur in almost any combination, this provides little basis for subdivisions.", "The following varieties are nevertheless widely recognised.", "They are listed with their respective synonyms.", "If an epithet based on the same type specimen is used at different levels, only the use at the highest taxonomic rank is listed, so as C. himalensis is already listed, C. palustris var. himalensis is not.", "Double flowered: \" Flore Pleno \" , \" Multiplex \" , \" Plena \" , \" Semiplena \" .", "The species is native to marshes, fens, ditches and wet woodland in temperate regions of the Northern Hemisphere.", "It can be found in much of the northeastern United States.", "The marsh-marigold on spring flood plains of the Narew river.", "The marsh-marigold grows in places with oxygen-rich water near the surface of the soil.", "It likes richer soils, but dislikes application of fertilizer and avoids high concentrations of phosphate and ammonium, and is also shy of brackish water.", "It is often associated with seepage that is rich in iron, because iron ions react with phosphate, thus making it unavailable for plants.", "The resulting insoluble mineral appears as \" rusty \" flocs on the water soil and the surface of the stems of marsh plants.", "Around the edge of lakes and rivers it grows between reeds, and it can be found in black alder coppices and other regularly flooded and always moist forests.", "When it is present it often visually dominates when it is in bloom.", "It also used to be common on wet meadows, but due to agricultural rationalization it is now limited to ditches.", "It is a component of purple moor grass and rush pastures a type of Biodiversity Action Plan habitat in the UK.", "It occurs on poorly drained neutral and acidic soils of the lowlands and upland fringe.", "In western Europe, the marsh-marigold moth Micropterix calthella bites open the anthers of the marsh-marigold and other plants to eat the pollen.", "The caterpillars that are present in summer and autumn also feed on marsh-marigold, although these are sometimes found on mosses too.", "Another visitor of Caltha palustris in western Europe is the leaf beetle Prasocuris phellandrii, which is black with four orange stripes and around cm and eats the sepals.", "Its larvae inhabit the hollow stems of members of the parsley family.", "In the USA two species of leaf beetle can be found on Caltha: Plateumaris nitida and Hydrothassa vittata.", "The maggots of some Phytomyza species are miners in Caltha leaves.", "Caltha palustris pollination by a syrphid fly The flowers produce both nectar and copious amounts of pollen which attract many insect visitors.", "They may be most commonly pollinated by hoverflies .", "In Canada, beetles , thrips , bugs , butterflies , sawflies , bees , ants and flies have been observed to visit the leaves or flowers, many of which were found carrying Caltha pollen.", "In addition to other forms of pollination, this plant is adapted to rain-pollination.", "Caltha palustris is infertile when self-pollinated.", "Rather high fertility in crosses between sibling plants suggest that this phenomenon is genetically regulated by several genes.", "This regulation mechanism also occurs in Ranunculus and as far as known only in these two genera.", "In Caltha palustris up to two hundred seeds may be produced by each flower.", "When the follicles open, they form a \" splash cup \" .", "When a raindrop hits one at the right angle, the walls are shaped such that the seeds are expelled.", "The seeds also have some spongy tissue that makes them float on water, until they wash up in a location that may be suitable for this species to grow.", "The marsh-marigold is affected by the rust species Puccinia calthea and P. calthicola.", "Caltha contains several active substances of which the most important from a toxicological point of view is protoanemonin.", "Larger quantities of the plant may cause convulsions, burning of the throat, vomiting, bloody diarrhea, dizziness and fainting.", "Contact of the skin or mucous membranes with the juices can cause blistering or inflammation, and gastric illness if ingested.", "Younger parts seem to contain less toxics and heating breaks these substances down.", "Small amounts of Caltha in hay do not cause problems when fed to husbandry, but larger quantities lead to gastric illness.", "Additionally, plants that live in raw water may carry toxic organisms which can be neutralized by cooking.", "Early spring greens and buds of Caltha palustris are edible when cooked .", "Young leaves or buds should be submerged a few times in fresh boiling water until barely tender, cut into bite-sized pieces, lightly salted, and served with melted butter and vinegar.", "Very young flowerbuds have been prepared like capers and used as a spice.", "The common marsh marigold is planted as an ornamental throughout temperate regions in the world, and sometimes recommended for low maintenance wildlife gardens.", "The double-flowered cultivar 'Flore Pleno' has won the Royal Horticultural Society's Award of Garden Merit.", "Caltha palustris is a plant commonly mentioned in literature, including Shakespeare: :Winking Marybuds begin :To open their golden eyes (Cymbeline, ii.", "It also appears in Charlotte Bronte's Shirley: :They both halted on the green brow of the Common: they looked down on the deep valley robed in May raiment", "on varied meads, some pearled with daisies, and some golden with king-cups: to-day all this young verdure smiled clear in sunlight", "transparent emerald and amber gleams played over it and in Thomas Hardy's poem 'Overlooking the River Stour': :Closed were the kingcups", "and the mead/Dripped in monotonous green,/Though the day's morning sheen/Had shown it golden and honeybee'd.", "Kingcup Cottage by Racey Helps is a children's book which features the plant.", "In Latvia Caltha palustris is also known as , which is also used as a girls name and symbolizes fire.", "The word is made from 2 words and .", "This refers to the burning reaction that some people experience from contact with Caltha sap."]}}
|
|
2657442_1142743
| 423
|
[
"Ptyonoprogne rupestris"
] |
{"Ptyonoprogne rupestris": {"keywords": ["It breeds in the mountains of southern Europe, northwestern Africa and across the Palearctic.", "Many European birds are resident, but some northern populations and most Asian breeders are migratory, wintering in northern Africa, the Middle East or India.", "The Eurasian crag martin builds a nest adherent to the rock under a cliff overhang or increasingly onto a man-made structure.", "It makes a neat half-cup mud nest with an inner soft lining of feathers and dry grass.", "It feeds on a wide variety of insects that it catches with its beak while flying near to cliff faces or over streams and alpine meadows.", "The specific rupestris means \" of rocks \" , from the Latin rupes \" rock \" .", "Two races, Central Asian P. r. centralasica and P. r. theresae in the Atlas Mountains of Morocco, have been proposed, but the slight differences in size and colour show no consistent geographical pattern.", "The groups are the \" core martins \" including burrowing species like the sand martin, the \" nest-adopters \" , which are birds like the tree swallow that use natural cavities, and the \" mud nest builders \" .", "The Ptyonoprogne species construct an open mud nest and therefore belong to the last group, Hirundo species also build open nests, Delichon house martins have a closed nest, and the Cecropis and Petrochelidon swallows have retort-like closed nests with an entrance tunnel.", "Ptyonoprogne is closely related to the larger swallow genus Hirundo into which it is often subsumed, but a DNA analysis showed that an enlarged genus Hirundo should logically contain all the mud-builder genera, including the Delichon house martins, a practice which few authorities follow.", "Although the nests of the Ptyonoprogne crag martins resemble those of typical Hirundo species like the barn swallow, the research showed that if Delichon, Cecropis and Petrochelidon are split from Hirundo, Ptyonoprogne should also be treated as a separate genus.", "Mostly brownish martins perching on brownish rocky ground The Eurasian crag martin is long with a wingspan, and weighs an average .", "It has ash-brown upperparts and paler underparts, and has a broader body, wings and tail than any other European swallow.", "Breeding habitat in Spain The Eurasian crag martin breeds in mountains from Iberia and northwesternmost Africa through southern Europe, the Persian Gulf and the Himalayas to southwestern and northeastern China.", "Northern populations are migratory, with European birds wintering in north Africa, Senegal, Ethiopia and the Nile Valley, and Asian breeders going to southern China, the Indian subcontinent and the Middle East.", "Some European birds stay north of the Mediterranean, and, like martins in warmer areas such as India, Turkey and Cyprus, just move to lower ground after breeding.", "Crag martins breed on dry, warm and sheltered cliffs in mountainous areas with crags and gorges.", "In South Asia, migrant Eurasian birds sometimes join with flocks of the dusky crag martin and roost communally on ledges of cliffs or buildings.", "The largest known wintering roost of Eurasian crag martins has been recorded at the Gorham's Cave Complex in Gibraltar.", "The caves were home to a maximum of 12,000 birds during the 2020-2021 winter season, 1-2% of the entire European population of Eurasian crag martins.", "Nest with young Ptyonoprogne rupestris MHNT In flight The Gorham's Cave Complex in Gibraltar holds the largest known wintering roost of Eurasian crag martins in the world Crag martin pairs nest alone or in small colonies, usually containing fewer than ten nests.", "It is constructed under an overhang on a rock cliff face, in a crevice or cave, or on a man-made structure.", "An Italian study showed that, as with other aerial feeders, the start of breeding was delayed by cold or wet weather, but this had no influence on the clutch size nor on the number of fledged young.", "The authors suggested that hot weather dried up the small rivers where the parents found food.", "The Eurasian crag martin feeds mainly on insects caught in its beak in flight, although it will occasionally take prey items off rocks, the ground, or a water surface.", "At other times, they may hunt while flying above streams or alpine meadows.", "Aquatic species such as stoneflies, caddisflies and pond skaters appear to be important in at least Spain .", "Eurasian crag martins are known to form large roosts in winter, with the largest known roost being the Gorham's Cave Complex in Gibraltar.", "A study carried out at these caves and published in Scientific Reports in 2021, revealed that birds showed very high fidelity towards individual caves within and between years.", "Mark-recapture showed there was over a 90% chance of recapturing birds at the caves where they were first caught.", "The condition of birds from different caves suggests differences in roost quality which correlates to the fitness of Eurasian crag martins and, ultimately, survivorship."], "habitat_section": ["Breeding habitat in Spain The Eurasian crag martin breeds in mountains from Iberia and northwesternmost Africa through southern Europe, the Persian Gulf and the Himalayas to southwestern and northeastern China.", "Northern populations are migratory, with European birds wintering in north Africa, Senegal, Ethiopia and the Nile Valley, and Asian breeders going to southern China, the Indian subcontinent and the Middle East.", "Some European birds stay north of the Mediterranean, and, like martins in warmer areas such as India, Turkey and Cyprus, just move to lower ground after breeding.", "none from Ireland, and the first record for Sweden was reported as recently as 1996.", "South of its normal wintering range, it has occurred as a vagrant in The Gambia.", "In 2022, the first nesting of the species was recorded on the territory of the Slovak Republic in the Mala Fatra National Park.", "Crag martins breed on dry, warm and sheltered cliffs in mountainous areas with crags and gorges.", "The typical altitude is but breeding occurs up to in Central Asia.", "In South Asia, migrant Eurasian birds sometimes join with flocks of the dusky crag martin and roost communally on ledges of cliffs or buildings.", "The largest known wintering roost of Eurasian crag martins has been recorded at the Gorham's Cave Complex in Gibraltar.", "The caves were home to a maximum of 12,000 birds during the 2020-2021 winter season, 1-2% of the entire European population of Eurasian crag martins."], "random_sentences": ["The Eurasian crag martin or just crag martin is a small passerine bird in the swallow family.", "It is about long with ash-brown upperparts and paler underparts, and a short, square tail that has distinctive white patches on most of its feathers.", "It breeds in the mountains of southern Europe, northwestern Africa and across the Palearctic.", "It can be confused with the three other species in its genus, but is larger with brighter tail spots and different plumage tone.", "Many European birds are resident, but some northern populations and most Asian breeders are migratory, wintering in northern Africa, the Middle East or India.", "The Eurasian crag martin builds a nest adherent to the rock under a cliff overhang or increasingly onto a man-made structure.", "It makes a neat half-cup mud nest with an inner soft lining of feathers and dry grass.", "Nests are often solitary, although a few pairs may breed relatively close together at good locations.", "Two to five brown-blotched white eggs are incubated mainly by the female, and both parents feed the chicks.", "This species does not form large breeding colonies, but is gregarious outside the breeding season.", "It feeds on a wide variety of insects that it catches with its beak while flying near to cliff faces or over streams and alpine meadows.", "Adults and young may be hunted and eaten by birds of prey or corvids, and this species is a host of blood-sucking mites.", "With its large, expanding range and large population, there are no significant conservation concerns involving the species.", "This bird is closely related to the other three crag martins which share its genus, and has sometimes been considered to be the same species as one or more of them, although it appears that there are areas where two species' ranges overlap without hybridisation occurring.", "All four Ptyonoprogne crag martins are quite similar in behaviour to other Old World swallows that build mud nests, and are sometimes subsumed into the larger genus Hirundo, but this approach leads to inconsistencies in classifying several other genera, particularly the house martins.", "The Eurasian crag martin was formally described as Hirundo rupestris by Italian naturalist Giovanni Antonio Scopoli in 1769 and was moved to the new genus Ptyonoprogne by German ornithologist Heinrich Gustav Reichenbach in 1850.", "Its nearest relatives are the three other members of the genus, the pale crag martin, P. obsoleta, the rock martin, P. fuligula, and the dusky crag martin, P. concolor.", "The genus name is derived from the Greek ptuon , \" a fan \" , referring to the shape of the opened tail, and Procne , a mythological girl who was turned into a swallow.", "The specific rupestris means \" of rocks \" , from the Latin rupes \" rock \" .", "There are no generally recognised subspecies.", "Two races, Central Asian P. r. centralasica and P. r. theresae in the Atlas Mountains of Morocco, have been proposed, but the slight differences in size and colour show no consistent geographical pattern.", "Fossils of this species have been found in Late Pleistocene deposits in Bulgaria, and in central France in layers dated at 242,000 to 301,000 years ago.", "The four Ptyonoprogne species are members of the swallow family, and are placed in the subfamily Hirundininae, which comprises all swallows and martins except the very distinctive river martins.", "DNA studies suggest that there are three major groupings within the Hirundininae, broadly correlating with the type of nest built.", "The groups are the \" core martins \" including burrowing species like the sand martin, the \" nest-adopters \" , which are birds like the tree swallow that use natural cavities, and the \" mud nest builders \" .", "The Ptyonoprogne species construct an open mud nest and therefore belong to the last group", "Hirundo species also build open nests, Delichon house martins have a closed nest, and the Cecropis and Petrochelidon swallows have retort-like closed nests with an entrance tunnel.", "Ptyonoprogne is closely related to the larger swallow genus Hirundo into which it is often subsumed, but a DNA analysis showed that an enlarged genus Hirundo should logically contain all the mud-builder genera, including the Delichon house martins, a practice which few authorities follow.", "Although the nests of the Ptyonoprogne crag martins resemble those of typical Hirundo species like the barn swallow, the research showed that if Delichon, Cecropis and Petrochelidon are split from Hirundo, Ptyonoprogne should also be treated as a separate genus.", "Group perched on a rocky surface", "altMostly brownish martins perching on brownish rocky ground The Eurasian crag martin is long with a wingspan, and weighs an average .", "It has ash-brown upperparts and paler underparts, and has a broader body, wings and tail than any other European swallow.", "The tail is short and square, with white patches near the tips of all but the central and outermost pairs of feathers.", "The underwing and undertail coverts are blackish, the eyes are brown, the small bill is mainly black, and the legs are brownish-pink.", "The sexes are alike, but juveniles have buff-brown tips to the plumage of the head, upperparts and wing coverts.", "This species can be distinguished from the sand martin by its larger size, the white patches on the tail, and its lack of a brown breast band.", "Where the range overlaps with that of another Ptyonoprogne species, the Eurasian crag martin is darker, browner and 15% larger than the rock martin.", " and larger and paler, particularly on its underparts than the dusky crag martin.", "The white tail spots of the Eurasian crag martin are significantly larger than those of both its relatives.", "The crag martin's flight appears relatively slow for a swallow.", "Rapid wing beats are interspersed with flat-winged glides, and its long flexible primaries give it the agility to manoeuvre near cliff faces.", "The bird often flies high, and shows the white spots as it spreads its tail.", "The vocalisations include short high pli, and piieh and tshir calls resembling those of the linnet and the house martin, respectively.", "alt bare cliffs with meadow in the foreground", "Breeding habitat in Spain The Eurasian crag martin breeds in mountains from Iberia and northwesternmost Africa through southern Europe, the Persian Gulf and the Himalayas to southwestern and northeastern China.", "Northern populations are migratory, with European birds wintering in north Africa, Senegal, Ethiopia and the Nile Valley, and Asian breeders going to southern China, the Indian subcontinent and the Middle East.", "Some European birds stay north of the Mediterranean, and, like martins in warmer areas such as India, Turkey and Cyprus, just move to lower ground after breeding.", " none from Ireland, and the first record for Sweden was reported as recently as 1996.", "South of its normal wintering range, it has occurred as a vagrant in The Gambia.", "In 2022, the first nesting of the species was recorded on the territory of the Slovak Republic in the Mala Fatra National Park.", "Crag martins breed on dry, warm and sheltered cliffs in mountainous areas with crags and gorges.", "The typical altitude is but breeding occurs up to in Central Asia.", "In South Asia, migrant Eurasian birds sometimes join with flocks of the dusky crag martin and roost communally on ledges of cliffs or buildings.", "The largest known wintering roost of Eurasian crag martins has been recorded at the Gorham's Cave Complex in Gibraltar.", "The caves were home to a maximum of 12,000 birds during the 2020-2021 winter season", "1-2% of the entire European population of Eurasian crag martins.", "alt mud cup nest containing three young", "Nest with young Ptyonoprogne rupestris MHNT In flight The Gorham's Cave Complex in Gibraltar holds the largest known wintering roost of Eurasian crag martins in the world Crag martin pairs nest alone or in small colonies, usually containing fewer than ten nests.", "It is constructed under an overhang on a rock cliff face, in a crevice or cave, or on a man-made structure.", "It takes one to three weeks to build and is re-used for the second brood and in subsequent years.", "The clutch is two to five eggs with an average of three.", "The eggs are white with brownish blotches particularly at the wide end, and average with a weight of .", "The eggs are incubated mainly by the female for 1317 days to hatching, and the chicks take another 2427 days to fledge.", "Both parents feed the chicks bringing food every two to five minutes, and the young are fed for 1421 days after fledging.", " With such frequent feeding rates the adults mainly forage in the best hunting zones in the immediate vicinity of the nest, since the further they fly to forage the longer it would take to bring food to the chicks in the nest.", "In an Italian study, the hatching rate was 80.2 percent, and the average number of fledged young was 3.1.", "An Italian study showed that, as with other aerial feeders, the start of breeding was delayed by cold or wet weather, but this had no influence on the clutch size nor on the number of fledged young.", "Unexpectedly, it was found that once the eggs had hatched there was a negative relationship between temperature and the number of fledged young.", "The authors suggested that hot weather dried up the small rivers where the parents found food.", "Colony size did not influence the laying date, the clutch size or the number of successfully fledged young, but this species does not form large colonies anyway.", "The Eurasian crag martin feeds mainly on insects caught in its beak in flight, although it will occasionally take prey items off rocks, the ground, or a water surface.", "When breeding, birds often fly back and forth near to a rock face hunting for insects, feeding both inside and outside the nesting territory.", "At other times, they may hunt while flying above streams or alpine meadows.", "The insects taken depend on what is locally available and may include flies, ants, aerial spiders, and beetles.", "Aquatic species such as stoneflies, caddisflies and pond skaters appear to be important in at least Spain .", "Eurasian crag martins are known to form large roosts in winter, with the largest known roost being the Gorham's Cave Complex in Gibraltar.", "A study carried out at these caves and published in Scientific Reports in 2021, revealed that birds showed very high fidelity towards individual caves within and between years.", "Mark-recapture showed there was over a 90% chance of recapturing birds at the caves where they were first caught.", "The condition of birds from different caves suggests differences in roost quality which correlates to the fitness of Eurasian crag martins and, ultimately, survivorship.", "This species is occasionally hunted by the peregrine falcon, which shares its mountain habitat, and during its migration over the Himalayas, it is reported to be subject to predation by crows.", "Common kestrels, Eurasian sparrowhawks, Eurasian jays and common ravens are also treated as predators and attacked by repeated dives if they approach nesting cliffs.", "Despite the general aggressiveness of the crag martin, it tolerates sympatric common house martins, perhaps because the large numbers of that highly colonial species provide an early warning of predators.", "Two new species of parasites were first discovered on this martin, the fly Ornithomya rupes in Gibraltar and the flea Ceratophyllus nanshanensis from China.", "altEurasian Crag Martin nesting at Nice Airport", "Eurasian Crag Martin nesting at Nice Airport The European population of the Eurasian crag martin is estimated to be 360,0001,110,000 individuals, including 120,000370,000 breeding pairs.", "A rough estimate of the worldwide population is 500,0005,000,000 individuals, with Europe hosting between one-quarter and one-half of the total. The population is estimated to be increasing following a northward expansion, which may be partly due to increased use of man-made structures as nest sites.", "Expansions of the range have been reported in Austria , Switzerland, the former Yugoslavia, Romania, and Bulgaria.", "With its very large range and high numbers, the Eurasian crag martin is not considered to be threatened, and it is classed as Least Concern on the IUCN Red List."]}}
|
|
2683826_1239776
| 2457
|
[
"Impatiens parviflora"
] |
{"Impatiens parviflora": {"keywords": ["Flower Impatiens parviflora is a species of annual herbaceous plants in the family Balsaminaceae, native to some areas of Eurasia, naturalized elsewhere and found in damp shady places.", "Impatiens parviflora can grow in sandy, loamy, and clay soils and prefer moist soil.", "Impatiens parviflora flowers are pollinated by insects."], "habitat_section": ["Impatiens parviflora flowers are pollinated by insects."], "random_sentences": ["Flower Impatiens parviflora is a species of annual herbaceous plants in the family Balsaminaceae, native to some areas of Eurasia, naturalized elsewhere and found in damp shady places.", "Impatiens parviflora can grow in sandy, loamy, and clay soils and prefer moist soil.", "Impatiens parviflora flowers are pollinated by insects.", "Impatiens parviflora has many uses.", "If cooked, the leaves are completely edible.", "The seeds can be consumed either raw or cooked.", "Impatiens parviflora is also used as a treatment for warts, ringworm, and nettle stings.", "It is also used as a hair rinse to relieve an itchy scalp."]}}
|
|
2567333_1131929
| 1952
|
[
"Colchicum autumnale"
] |
{"Colchicum autumnale": {"keywords": ["Colchicum autumnale, commonly known as autumn crocus, meadow saffron, or naked ladies, is a toxic autumn-blooming flowering plant that resembles the true crocuses, but is a member of the plant family Colchicaceae, unlike the true crocuses, which belong to the family Iridaceae.", "The name \" naked ladies \" is because the flowers emerge from the ground long before the leaves appear.", "The species is cultivated as an ornamental in temperate areas, in spite of its toxicity.", "The cultivar 'Nancy Lindsay' has gained the Royal Horticultural Societys Award of Garden Merit."], "habitat_section": ["C. autumnale is the only species of its family native to Great Britain and Ireland,"], "random_sentences": ["Colchicum autumnale, commonly known as autumn crocus, meadow saffron, or naked ladies, is a toxic autumn-blooming flowering plant that resembles the true crocuses, but is a member of the plant family Colchicaceae, unlike the true crocuses, which belong to the family Iridaceae.", "The name \" naked ladies \" is because the flowers emerge from the ground long before the leaves appear.", "Despite the vernacular name of \" meadow saffron \" , this plant is not the source of saffron, which is obtained from the saffron crocus, Crocus sativus and that plant, too, is sometimes called \" autumn crocus \" .", "The species is cultivated as an ornamental in temperate areas, in spite of its toxicity.", "The cultivar 'Nancy Lindsay' has gained the Royal Horticultural Societys Award of Garden Merit.", "This herbaceous perennial has leaves up to long.", "The flowers are solitary, across, with six tepals and six stamens with orange anthers and three white styles.", "At the time of fertilisation, the ovary is below ground.", "C. autumnale is the only species of its family native to Great Britain and Ireland,", "The bulb-like corms of C. autumnale contain colchicine, a useful drug with a narrow therapeutic index.", "Colchicine is approved in many countries for the treatment of gout and familial Mediterranean fever, but has a low therapeutic index.", "Colchicine is also used in plant breeding to produce polyploid strains.", "Colchicum plants are deadly poisonous due to their colchicine content and have been mistaken by foragers for ramsons, which they vaguely resemble.", "The symptoms of colchicine poisoning are similar to those of arsenic, and no antidote is known.", "This plant poses a particular threat to felines.", "The leaves and fruit of meadow saffron contain the highest level of toxins, but all parts of the plant are regarded as poisonous."]}}
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in Data Studio
EcoWikiRS: Learning Ecological Representations of Satellite Images from Weak Supervision with Species Observations and Wikipedia
Authors
Valerie Zermatten · Javiera Castillo-Navarro · Pallavi Jain · Devis Tuia · Diego Marcos
Overview
The WikiRS dataset, composed of triplets of images, species list and Wikipedia sentences :
- 91k high-resolution aerial images (50cm, RGB bands) from the swissIMAGE product
- crowd-sourced species observations from 2745 different species, collected from GBIF, geolocated within the footprint of the aerial image.
- 103K different sentences describing the habitat of the observed species, extracted from the corresponding Wikipedia article.
Data formats in this repository
1. Original raw data
- In
ecowikirs.zip - Original data structure used in the codebase and archived on Zenodo
- Intended for full reproducibility
2. Hugging Face processed version
- In the
data/directory - Automatically loaded via
load_dataset("EPFL-ECEO/EcoWikiRS")
HF Features
- id (string): Unique site/sample identifier
- EUNIS (ClassLabel): Habitat class label. Original codes remapped to contiguous indices to handle gaps.
- species_list (list[string]): All species recorded at the site.
- image (Image): PNG version of original TIFF image (from
swissimage/{id}.tifin the raw data), loaded as PIL image. - species_text (json string): Aggregated JSON data per species (from
wiki/{species_name}.jsonin the raw data), keyed by binomial_name, including keywords, habitat_section, and random_sentences.
Notes
EUNIS labels have been remapped in the Hugging Face processed version to contiguous integers. The mapping is the following:
{0: 14, 1: 15, 2: 16, 3: 21, 4: 23, 5: 24, 6: 25, 7: 26, 8: 31, 9: 32, 10: 40, 11: 41, 12: 43, 13: 44, 14: 45, 15: 47, 16: 48, 17: 49, 18: 50, 19: 52, 20: 53, 21: 54, 22: 55, 23: 56, 24: 57}
How to cite this work:
@InProceedings{Zermatten_2025_WikiRS,
author = { Zermatten, Valerie and Castillo-Navarro, Javiera and Jain, Pallavi and Tuia, Devis and Marcos, Diego},
title = {EcoWikiRS: Learning Ecological Representations of Satellite Images from Weak Supervision with Species Observations and Wikipedia},
booktitle = {Proceedings of the IEEE/CVF Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition (CVPR) Workshops},
month = {June},
year = {2025},
pages = {00-00}
}
Additional data information
More information on the EUNIS ecosystem type map is available on the European Environment Agency website : Ecosystem type map (all classes).
The raw aerial images with 10cm resolution from the swissIMAGE product can be openly downloaded from the swisstopo website
Contacts & Information
- Contact Email: valerie.zermatten@epfl.ch
- Shared by: ECEO Lab
- License: MiT License
- Downloads last month
- 38
Size of downloaded dataset files:
8.29 GB
Size of the auto-converted Parquet files:
8.29 GB
Number of rows:
91,800