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The dataset generation failed
Error code:   DatasetGenerationError
Exception:    CastError
Message:      Couldn't cast
n: int64
hits: int64
accuracy: double
base_model: string
adapter: string
results: list<item: struct<i: int64, label: string, pred: string, correct: bool, image: string, scientific: s (... 7 chars omitted)
  child 0, item: struct<i: int64, label: string, pred: string, correct: bool, image: string, scientific: string>
      child 0, i: int64
      child 1, label: string
      child 2, pred: string
      child 3, correct: bool
      child 4, image: string
      child 5, scientific: string
observation_id: int64
species: string
license: string
scientific: string
inat_taxon_id: int64
image_relpath: string
tier: string
to
{'observation_id': Value('int64'), 'species': Value('string'), 'scientific': Value('string'), 'tier': Value('string'), 'inat_taxon_id': Value('int64'), 'license': Value('string'), 'image_relpath': Value('string')}
because column names don't match
Traceback:    Traceback (most recent call last):
                File "/usr/local/lib/python3.14/site-packages/datasets/builder.py", line 1827, in _prepare_split_single
                  for key, table in generator:
                                    ^^^^^^^^^
                File "/src/services/worker/src/worker/job_runners/config/parquet_and_info.py", line 613, in wrapped
                  for item in generator(*args, **kwargs):
                              ~~~~~~~~~^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
                File "/usr/local/lib/python3.14/site-packages/datasets/packaged_modules/json/json.py", line 343, in _generate_tables
                  self._cast_table(pa_table, json_field_paths=json_field_paths),
                  ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
                File "/usr/local/lib/python3.14/site-packages/datasets/packaged_modules/json/json.py", line 132, in _cast_table
                  pa_table = table_cast(pa_table, self.info.features.arrow_schema)
                File "/usr/local/lib/python3.14/site-packages/datasets/table.py", line 2378, in table_cast
                  return cast_table_to_schema(table, schema)
                File "/usr/local/lib/python3.14/site-packages/datasets/table.py", line 2306, in cast_table_to_schema
                  raise CastError(
                  ...<3 lines>...
                  )
              datasets.table.CastError: Couldn't cast
              n: int64
              hits: int64
              accuracy: double
              base_model: string
              adapter: string
              results: list<item: struct<i: int64, label: string, pred: string, correct: bool, image: string, scientific: s (... 7 chars omitted)
                child 0, item: struct<i: int64, label: string, pred: string, correct: bool, image: string, scientific: string>
                    child 0, i: int64
                    child 1, label: string
                    child 2, pred: string
                    child 3, correct: bool
                    child 4, image: string
                    child 5, scientific: string
              observation_id: int64
              species: string
              license: string
              scientific: string
              inat_taxon_id: int64
              image_relpath: string
              tier: string
              to
              {'observation_id': Value('int64'), 'species': Value('string'), 'scientific': Value('string'), 'tier': Value('string'), 'inat_taxon_id': Value('int64'), 'license': Value('string'), 'image_relpath': Value('string')}
              because column names don't match
              
              The above exception was the direct cause of the following exception:
              
              Traceback (most recent call last):
                File "/src/services/worker/src/worker/job_runners/config/parquet_and_info.py", line 1369, in compute_config_parquet_and_info_response
                  parquet_operations, partial, estimated_dataset_info = stream_convert_to_parquet(
                                                                        ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~^
                      builder, max_dataset_size_bytes=max_dataset_size_bytes
                      ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
                  )
                  ^
                File "/src/services/worker/src/worker/job_runners/config/parquet_and_info.py", line 948, in stream_convert_to_parquet
                  builder._prepare_split(split_generator=splits_generators[split], file_format="parquet")
                  ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
                File "/usr/local/lib/python3.14/site-packages/datasets/builder.py", line 1694, in _prepare_split
                  for job_id, done, content in self._prepare_split_single(
                                               ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~^
                      gen_kwargs=gen_kwargs, job_id=job_id, **_prepare_split_args
                      ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
                  ):
                  ^
                File "/usr/local/lib/python3.14/site-packages/datasets/builder.py", line 1879, in _prepare_split_single
                  raise DatasetGenerationError("An error occurred while generating the dataset") from e
              datasets.exceptions.DatasetGenerationError: An error occurred while generating the dataset

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observation_id
int64
species
string
scientific
string
tier
string
inat_taxon_id
int64
license
string
image_relpath
string
118,308,660
quaking aspen
Populus tremuloides
colorado_core
54,840
cc-by-nc
images/Populus_tremuloides/199873970.jpg
254,601,413
quaking aspen
Populus tremuloides
colorado_core
54,840
cc-by-nc
images/Populus_tremuloides/456072686.jpg
16,423,717
quaking aspen
Populus tremuloides
colorado_core
54,840
cc-by-nc
images/Populus_tremuloides/24713068.jpg
16,423,717
quaking aspen
Populus tremuloides
colorado_core
54,840
cc-by-nc
images/Populus_tremuloides/24713078.jpg
42,019,918
quaking aspen
Populus tremuloides
colorado_core
54,840
cc-by-nc
images/Populus_tremuloides/66689335.jpg
42,019,918
quaking aspen
Populus tremuloides
colorado_core
54,840
cc-by-nc
images/Populus_tremuloides/66689360.jpg
42,019,918
quaking aspen
Populus tremuloides
colorado_core
54,840
cc-by-nc
images/Populus_tremuloides/66689384.jpg
42,019,918
quaking aspen
Populus tremuloides
colorado_core
54,840
cc-by-nc
images/Populus_tremuloides/66689413.jpg
86,086,910
quaking aspen
Populus tremuloides
colorado_core
54,840
cc-by-nc
images/Populus_tremuloides/141756898.jpg
74,313,358
quaking aspen
Populus tremuloides
colorado_core
54,840
cc-by-nc
images/Populus_tremuloides/121440566.jpg
33,830,186
quaking aspen
Populus tremuloides
colorado_core
54,840
cc-by-nc
images/Populus_tremuloides/53177221.jpg
61,630,840
quaking aspen
Populus tremuloides
colorado_core
54,840
cc-by-nc
images/Populus_tremuloides/98642320.jpg
130,028,872
quaking aspen
Populus tremuloides
colorado_core
54,840
cc-by-nc
images/Populus_tremuloides/221063921.jpg
102,972,907
quaking aspen
Populus tremuloides
colorado_core
54,840
cc-by-nc
images/Populus_tremuloides/172242391.jpg
102,972,907
quaking aspen
Populus tremuloides
colorado_core
54,840
cc-by-nc
images/Populus_tremuloides/172242538.jpg
102,972,907
quaking aspen
Populus tremuloides
colorado_core
54,840
cc-by-nc
images/Populus_tremuloides/172242558.jpg
151,083,363
quaking aspen
Populus tremuloides
colorado_core
54,840
cc-by-nc
images/Populus_tremuloides/260628477.jpg
151,083,363
quaking aspen
Populus tremuloides
colorado_core
54,840
cc-by-nc
images/Populus_tremuloides/260628493.jpg
51,173,455
quaking aspen
Populus tremuloides
colorado_core
54,840
cc-by-nc
images/Populus_tremuloides/81288887.jpg
186,324,930
quaking aspen
Populus tremuloides
colorado_core
54,840
cc-by-nc
images/Populus_tremuloides/325593045.jpg
186,324,930
quaking aspen
Populus tremuloides
colorado_core
54,840
cc-by-nc
images/Populus_tremuloides/325593146.jpg
68,971,381
quaking aspen
Populus tremuloides
colorado_core
54,840
cc-by-nc
images/Populus_tremuloides/111812011.jpg
68,971,381
quaking aspen
Populus tremuloides
colorado_core
54,840
cc-by-nc
images/Populus_tremuloides/111812023.jpg
244,213,460
quaking aspen
Populus tremuloides
colorado_core
54,840
cc-by-nc
images/Populus_tremuloides/435606009.jpg
317,850,170
quaking aspen
Populus tremuloides
colorado_core
54,840
cc-by-nc
images/Populus_tremuloides/574392057.jpg
342,110,391
quaking aspen
Populus tremuloides
colorado_core
54,840
cc-by-nc
images/Populus_tremuloides/622973804.jpg
342,110,391
quaking aspen
Populus tremuloides
colorado_core
54,840
cc-by-nc
images/Populus_tremuloides/622973859.jpg
342,110,391
quaking aspen
Populus tremuloides
colorado_core
54,840
cc-by-nc
images/Populus_tremuloides/622973920.jpg
205,138,420
quaking aspen
Populus tremuloides
colorado_core
54,840
cc-by
images/Populus_tremuloides/362675227.jpg
50,101,704
quaking aspen
Populus tremuloides
colorado_core
54,840
cc-by-nc
images/Populus_tremuloides/79556007.jpg
50,106,534
quaking aspen
Populus tremuloides
colorado_core
54,840
cc-by-nc
images/Populus_tremuloides/79563878.jpg
67,822,385
quaking aspen
Populus tremuloides
colorado_core
54,840
cc-by-nc
images/Populus_tremuloides/109677261.jpg
123,353,362
quaking aspen
Populus tremuloides
colorado_core
54,840
cc-by-nc
images/Populus_tremuloides/208959204.jpg
123,353,362
quaking aspen
Populus tremuloides
colorado_core
54,840
cc-by-nc
images/Populus_tremuloides/208959228.jpg
123,353,362
quaking aspen
Populus tremuloides
colorado_core
54,840
cc-by-nc
images/Populus_tremuloides/208959248.jpg
136,499,114
quaking aspen
Populus tremuloides
colorado_core
54,840
cc-by
images/Populus_tremuloides/232968982.jpg
144,042,846
quaking aspen
Populus tremuloides
colorado_core
54,840
cc-by-nc
images/Populus_tremuloides/247143794.jpg
144,042,846
quaking aspen
Populus tremuloides
colorado_core
54,840
cc-by-nc
images/Populus_tremuloides/247143797.jpg
144,212,564
quaking aspen
Populus tremuloides
colorado_core
54,840
cc-by-nc
images/Populus_tremuloides/247470771.jpg
148,579,774
quaking aspen
Populus tremuloides
colorado_core
54,840
cc-by
images/Populus_tremuloides/255892544.jpg
138,337,263
quaking aspen
Populus tremuloides
colorado_core
54,840
cc-by-nc
images/Populus_tremuloides/236424442.jpg
138,337,263
quaking aspen
Populus tremuloides
colorado_core
54,840
cc-by-nc
images/Populus_tremuloides/236504300.jpg
138,777,665
quaking aspen
Populus tremuloides
colorado_core
54,840
cc-by-nc
images/Populus_tremuloides/237247899.jpg
141,995,443
quaking aspen
Populus tremuloides
colorado_core
54,840
cc-by-nc
images/Populus_tremuloides/243371920.jpg
141,995,443
quaking aspen
Populus tremuloides
colorado_core
54,840
cc-by-nc
images/Populus_tremuloides/243372121.jpg
139,082,892
quaking aspen
Populus tremuloides
colorado_core
54,840
cc-by-nc
images/Populus_tremuloides/237818424.jpg
144,746,928
quaking aspen
Populus tremuloides
colorado_core
54,840
cc-by
images/Populus_tremuloides/248492801.jpg
221,844,205
quaking aspen
Populus tremuloides
colorado_core
54,840
cc-by-nc
images/Populus_tremuloides/392905586.jpg
151,449,286
quaking aspen
Populus tremuloides
colorado_core
54,840
cc-by
images/Populus_tremuloides/261316437.jpg
151,314,219
quaking aspen
Populus tremuloides
colorado_core
54,840
cc-by-nc
images/Populus_tremuloides/261059923.jpg
151,314,269
quaking aspen
Populus tremuloides
colorado_core
54,840
cc-by-nc
images/Populus_tremuloides/261060321.jpg
151,314,278
quaking aspen
Populus tremuloides
colorado_core
54,840
cc-by-nc
images/Populus_tremuloides/261060585.jpg
153,462,169
quaking aspen
Populus tremuloides
colorado_core
54,840
cc-by-nc
images/Populus_tremuloides/265051400.jpg
287,433,608
quaking aspen
Populus tremuloides
colorado_core
54,840
cc-by-nc
images/Populus_tremuloides/516824179.jpg
348,147,240
quaking aspen
Populus tremuloides
colorado_core
54,840
cc-by-nc
images/Populus_tremuloides/634894007.jpg
347,952,207
quaking aspen
Populus tremuloides
colorado_core
54,840
cc-by-nc
images/Populus_tremuloides/634507201.jpg
288,867,731
quaking aspen
Populus tremuloides
colorado_core
54,840
cc-by-nc
images/Populus_tremuloides/519515941.jpg
288,867,731
quaking aspen
Populus tremuloides
colorado_core
54,840
cc-by-nc
images/Populus_tremuloides/519522644.jpg
294,140,757
quaking aspen
Populus tremuloides
colorado_core
54,840
cc-by
images/Populus_tremuloides/529410222.jpg
294,143,267
quaking aspen
Populus tremuloides
colorado_core
54,840
cc-by-nc
images/Populus_tremuloides/529422322.jpg
298,753,174
quaking aspen
Populus tremuloides
colorado_core
54,840
cc-by-nc
images/Populus_tremuloides/538169942.jpg
298,753,174
quaking aspen
Populus tremuloides
colorado_core
54,840
cc-by-nc
images/Populus_tremuloides/538169948.jpg
298,753,174
quaking aspen
Populus tremuloides
colorado_core
54,840
cc-by-nc
images/Populus_tremuloides/538169937.jpg
346,584,647
quaking aspen
Populus tremuloides
colorado_core
54,840
cc-by-nc
images/Populus_tremuloides/631795985.jpg
258,783,575
narrowleaf cottonwood
Populus angustifolia
colorado_core
52,130
cc-by
images/Populus_angustifolia/464388310.jpg
258,783,575
narrowleaf cottonwood
Populus angustifolia
colorado_core
52,130
cc-by
images/Populus_angustifolia/464388332.jpg
258,783,575
narrowleaf cottonwood
Populus angustifolia
colorado_core
52,130
cc-by
images/Populus_angustifolia/464388352.jpg
230,116,324
narrowleaf cottonwood
Populus angustifolia
colorado_core
52,130
cc-by-nc
images/Populus_angustifolia/408554127.jpg
237,225,692
narrowleaf cottonwood
Populus angustifolia
colorado_core
52,130
cc-by
images/Populus_angustifolia/422155735.jpg
237,225,692
narrowleaf cottonwood
Populus angustifolia
colorado_core
52,130
cc-by
images/Populus_angustifolia/422155756.jpg
237,225,692
narrowleaf cottonwood
Populus angustifolia
colorado_core
52,130
cc-by
images/Populus_angustifolia/422155773.jpg
3,043
narrowleaf cottonwood
Populus angustifolia
colorado_core
52,130
cc-by
images/Populus_angustifolia/4346.jpg
6,786,582
narrowleaf cottonwood
Populus angustifolia
colorado_core
52,130
cc-by-nc
images/Populus_angustifolia/8630404.jpg
51,379,607
narrowleaf cottonwood
Populus angustifolia
colorado_core
52,130
cc-by-nc
images/Populus_angustifolia/82482409.jpg
281,675,390
narrowleaf cottonwood
Populus angustifolia
colorado_core
52,130
cc-by-nc
images/Populus_angustifolia/506018144.jpg
281,675,390
narrowleaf cottonwood
Populus angustifolia
colorado_core
52,130
cc-by-nc
images/Populus_angustifolia/506018173.jpg
275,249,857
narrowleaf cottonwood
Populus angustifolia
colorado_core
52,130
cc-by-nc
images/Populus_angustifolia/494614112.jpg
275,249,857
narrowleaf cottonwood
Populus angustifolia
colorado_core
52,130
cc-by-nc
images/Populus_angustifolia/494614187.jpg
354,733,828
narrowleaf cottonwood
Populus angustifolia
colorado_core
52,130
cc-by-nc
images/Populus_angustifolia/647079471.jpg
354,733,828
narrowleaf cottonwood
Populus angustifolia
colorado_core
52,130
cc-by-nc
images/Populus_angustifolia/647079516.jpg
217,395,117
narrowleaf cottonwood
Populus angustifolia
colorado_core
52,130
cc-by-nc
images/Populus_angustifolia/384585220.jpg
217,202,297
narrowleaf cottonwood
Populus angustifolia
colorado_core
52,130
cc-by-nc
images/Populus_angustifolia/384211884.jpg
217,202,297
narrowleaf cottonwood
Populus angustifolia
colorado_core
52,130
cc-by-nc
images/Populus_angustifolia/384211948.jpg
217,202,297
narrowleaf cottonwood
Populus angustifolia
colorado_core
52,130
cc-by-nc
images/Populus_angustifolia/384211942.jpg
248,933,994
narrowleaf cottonwood
Populus angustifolia
colorado_core
52,130
cc-by-nc
images/Populus_angustifolia/453293198.jpg
248,933,994
narrowleaf cottonwood
Populus angustifolia
colorado_core
52,130
cc-by-nc
images/Populus_angustifolia/453293228.jpg
243,173,272
narrowleaf cottonwood
Populus angustifolia
colorado_core
52,130
cc-by-nc
images/Populus_angustifolia/433579058.jpg
243,173,272
narrowleaf cottonwood
Populus angustifolia
colorado_core
52,130
cc-by-nc
images/Populus_angustifolia/433577521.jpg
232,778,592
narrowleaf cottonwood
Populus angustifolia
colorado_core
52,130
cc-by-nc
images/Populus_angustifolia/413601238.jpg
91,274,499
narrowleaf cottonwood
Populus angustifolia
colorado_core
52,130
cc-by-nc-nd
images/Populus_angustifolia/150949043.jpg
91,274,499
narrowleaf cottonwood
Populus angustifolia
colorado_core
52,130
cc-by-nc-nd
images/Populus_angustifolia/150949092.jpg
84,908,924
narrowleaf cottonwood
Populus angustifolia
colorado_core
52,130
cc-by-nc
images/Populus_angustifolia/139615448.jpg
359,098,586
narrowleaf cottonwood
Populus angustifolia
colorado_core
52,130
cc-by
images/Populus_angustifolia/655150879.jpg
359,098,586
narrowleaf cottonwood
Populus angustifolia
colorado_core
52,130
cc-by
images/Populus_angustifolia/655150907.jpg
359,098,586
narrowleaf cottonwood
Populus angustifolia
colorado_core
52,130
cc-by
images/Populus_angustifolia/655150935.jpg
357,239,563
narrowleaf cottonwood
Populus angustifolia
colorado_core
52,130
cc-by-nc
images/Populus_angustifolia/651524132.jpg
130,547,887
narrowleaf cottonwood
Populus angustifolia
colorado_core
52,130
cc-by-nc
images/Populus_angustifolia/222031670.jpg
136,101,657
narrowleaf cottonwood
Populus angustifolia
colorado_core
52,130
cc-by-nc
images/Populus_angustifolia/232231427.jpg
136,101,657
narrowleaf cottonwood
Populus angustifolia
colorado_core
52,130
cc-by-nc
images/Populus_angustifolia/232231461.jpg
139,176,088
narrowleaf cottonwood
Populus angustifolia
colorado_core
52,130
cc0
images/Populus_angustifolia/238760869.jpg
End of preview.

Foliage Hunter Experiments

Held-out methodology, split manifests, and metrics for the EdyVision/foliage-hunter-gemma3-12b LoRA adapter (adapters/colorado_v1), the model behind Foliage Hunter.

The CC BY 4.0 license on this dataset covers the metadata, manifests, and results published here. It does not relicense the underlying iNaturalist photos, which keep their own per-photo licenses (see below).

Important: no image bytes

This dataset publishes metadata only (observation IDs, licenses, species, split membership, eval predictions). The photos include NC and ND material and are not redistributed. Rebuild them with training/scripts/build_inat_corpus.py from the repo against colorado_v1/*_manifest.jsonl.

Layout

colorado_v1/
  METHODOLOGY.json          # train/eval protocol
  train_manifest.jsonl      # 1152 rows (observation_id, species, license, ...)
  eval_manifest.jsonl       # 288 rows
  eval_results.json         # per-image generate-and-match outcomes
  colorado_priority_species.json
  manifest.json

Manifest row fields: observation_id, species, scientific, tier, inat_taxon_id, license, image_relpath.

Held-out result

Metric Value
n 288
hits 245
accuracy 85.1%
matching case-insensitive exact / substring on common name

Stratification: every 5th image per species to eval (~20%).

Source data and attribution

Every photo referenced here is a research-grade observation photo contributed by an iNaturalist user and retrieved through the public iNaturalist API. 1,440 photos from 729 observations across 18 species (80 photos per species; Colorado place_id=34 filter for the local tiers). Species list in colorado_v1/colorado_priority_species.json.

Per-photo licenses in the corpus:

License Photos
CC BY-NC 1016
CC BY 301
CC0 47
CC BY-NC-ND 38
CC BY-NC-SA 28
CC BY-ND 6
CC BY-SA 4

The photos were used for private model training and evaluation only. To credit an individual photographer, open https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/<observation_id> for any row in the manifests; the observer's name and the photo license are shown there.

Thank you to the iNaturalist observers whose photos taught the model what a Colorado leaf looks like.

Citation

@misc{inaturalist2026,
  title        = {iNaturalist research-grade observations},
  author       = {{iNaturalist contributors}},
  year         = {2026},
  howpublished = {\url{https://www.inaturalist.org}},
  note         = {Retrieved via \url{https://api.inaturalist.org/v1/observations}, October 2026. Observation IDs listed in EdyVision/foliage-hunter-experiments}
}

@misc{rosado2026foliagehunter,
  title        = {Foliage Hunter: a Colorado-tuned Gemma 3 LoRA leaf guide},
  author       = {Rosado, Eidan},
  year         = {2026},
  howpublished = {\url{https://github.com/EdyVision/foliage-hunter}},
  note         = {Adapter: \url{https://huggingface.co/EdyVision/foliage-hunter-gemma3-12b}; experiments: \url{https://huggingface.co/datasets/EdyVision/foliage-hunter-experiments}}
}
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