prompt stringclasses 1 value | messages list | prompt_id int64 0 0 |
|---|---|---|
Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.
| [
{
"content": "Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.\n\nContext:\nMannose-binding lectin (MBL) is an important mediator of innate immunity and is synthesized primarily by the liver. Low MBL levels are common, are due primarily to polymorphisms in the gene encoding MBL (MBL2), and are associated with an increased risk of infection, particularly when immunity is compromised. We report a large, retrospective study that examined the association between MBL status and clinically significant infection following orthotopic liver transplantation. One hundred two donor-recipient orthotopic liver transplantation pairs were studied. Five polymorphisms in the promoter and coding regions of MBL2 were examined. MBL levels were measured, using the mannan-binding and C4-deposition assays, in serum samples obtained before and after transplantation. Associations between MBL status, as assessed by serum MBL levels and MBL2 genotype, and time to first clinically significant infection (CSI) after transplantation were examined in survival analysis with consideration of competing risks. The median duration of follow-up after orthotopic liver transplantation was 4 years. Thirty-six percent of recipients developed CSI after transplantation. The presence of MBL2 coding mutations in the donor was significantly associated with CSI in the recipient; the cumulative incidence function of infection was 55% in recipients of deficient livers, compared with 32% for recipients of wild-type livers (P = .002). Infection was not associated with recipient MBL2 genotype. Low MBL levels after orthotopic liver transplantation levels (mannan-binding <1 microg/mL or C4 deposition <0.2 C4 U/microL) were also associated with CSI (cumulative incidence function, 52% vs. 20%, P = .003; and cumulative incidence function, 54% vs. 24%, P = .007, respectively). In multivariate analysis, mutation in the MBL2 coding region of the donor (hazard ratio, 2.8; P = .005) and the use of cytomegalovirus prophylaxis (hazard ratio, 2.6; P = .005) were independently associated with CSI.\n\nQuestion:\nDoes donor mannose-binding lectin deficiency increase the likelihood of clinically significant infection after liver transplantation?\n\nAnswer:",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "yes",
"role": "assistant"
}
] | 0 |
Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.
| [
{
"content": "Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.\n\nContext:\nThe assessment and treatment of trauma patients begins in the prehospital environment. Studies have validated the shock index as a correlate for mortality and the identification of shock in trauma patients. We investigated the use of the first shock index obtained in the prehospital environment and the first shock index obtained upon arrival in the trauma center as correlates for other outcomes to evaluate its usefulness as a triage tool. This is a retrospective review of data from a level I trauma center. Prehospital and trauma center shock indices for 16,269 patients were evaluated as correlates for duration of hospital stay, duration of stay in the intensive care unit, the number of ventilator days, blood product use, and destination of transfer from the trauma center. Pearson correlation coefficients revealed that the relationship of prehospital and trauma center shock indices were correlates for duration of hospital stay, duration of stay in the intensive care unit, the number of ventilator days, and blood product use. A chi-square analysis found that shock indices ≥0.9 indicate a higher likelihood of disposition to the intensive care unit, operating room, or death.\n\nQuestion:\nDoes a prehospital shock index for trauma correlate with measures of hospital resource use and mortality?\n\nAnswer:",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "yes",
"role": "assistant"
}
] | 0 |
Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.
| [
{
"content": "Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.\n\nContext:\nThis study evaluated the effects of the Lifestyle Education for Activity Program (LEAP), a comprehensive school-based intervention emphasizing changes in instruction and school environment, on variables derived from social-cognitive theory (SCT) as mediators of change in physical activity among black and white adolescent girls. Twenty-four high schools paired on enrollment size, racial composition, urban, suburban, or rural location, and class structure were randomized into control (n = 12) or experimental (n = 12) groups. There were 1038 girls in the control group and 1049 girls in the experimental group. The multicomponent intervention emphasized the enhancement of self-efficacy and development of behavioral skills by using curricular activities within physical education classes and health education instruction. The primary outcomes were self-efficacy, outcome-expectancy value, goal setting, satisfaction, and physical activity. Latent variable structural equation modeling indicated that: (1) self-efficacy and satisfaction exhibited synchronous, cross-sectional relationships with physical activity; (2) the intervention had direct effects on self-efficacy, goal setting, and physical activity; and (3) self-efficacy partially mediated the effect of intervention on physical activity.\n\nQuestion:\nDoes self-efficacy partially mediate the effect of a school-based physical-activity intervention among adolescent girls?\n\nAnswer:",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "yes",
"role": "assistant"
}
] | 0 |
Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.
| [
{
"content": "Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.\n\nContext:\nLeft ventricular hypertrophy is associated withincreased mortality in hemodialysis (HD) patients.Syndecan-4 plays a role in many processes that are involved in the heart fibrosis and hypertrophy.We designed this study to prospectively determine whether syndecan-4 was predictive of mortality in a group of HD patients. In total, 191 HD patients were included. Clinical, biochemical and echocardiographic parameters were recorded. HD patients were followed-up for 23.18 ± 4.02 months. Syndecan-4 levels correlated strongly with geometrical echocardiographic parameters and ejection fraction. Relations with pressure-related parameters were weak and only marginally significant. Using the receiver operating characteristics the optimal cut-off points in predicting all-cause as well as cardiovascular (CV) mortality were evaluated and patients were divided into low and high syndecan-4 groups. A Kaplan-Meier analysis showed that the cumulative incidences of all-cause as well as CV mortality were higher in high serum syndecan-4 group compared with those with low serum syndecan-4 (p<0.001 in both cases).A multivariate Cox proportional hazards regression analysis revealed syndecan-4 concentration to be an independent and significant predictor of all-cause (hazard ratio, 2.99; confidence interval, 2.34 to 3.113; p<0.001)as well as CV mortality (hazard ratio, 2.81;confidence interval, 2.28to3.02; p<0.001).\n\nQuestion:\nDoes syndecan-4 be an Independent Predictor of All-Cause as Well as Cardiovascular Mortality in Hemodialysis Patients?\n\nAnswer:",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "yes",
"role": "assistant"
}
] | 0 |
Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.
| [
{
"content": "Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.\n\nContext:\nSusceptibility to end-stage kidney disease (ESKD) among HIV-infected Americans of African ancestral heritage has been attributed to APOL1 genetic variation. We determined the frequency of the APOL1 G1 and G2 risk variants together with the prevalence of HIV-associated nephropathy (HIVAN) among individuals of Ethiopian ancestry to determine whether the kidney disease genetic risk is PanAfrican or restricted to West Africa, and can explain the previously reported low risk of HIVAN among Ethiopians. We studied a cohort of 338 HIV-infected individuals of Ethiopian ancestry treated in one Israeli and one Ethiopian center. We sought clinical evidence for HIVAN (serum creatinine >1.4 mg/dl or proteinuria >30 mg/dl in a spot urine sample). Genetic analyses included the genotyping of the APOL1 G1 and G2 variants, and a panel of 33 genomic ancestry-informative markers. Statistical analysis compared clinical and genetic indices for HIV-infected individuals of Ethiopian ancestry and overall Ethiopians to those reported for HIV-infected African-Americans, overall African-Americans, West Africans and non-Africans. Three (0.8%) of 338 HIV-infected patients of Ethiopian ancestry showed clinical criteria compatible with renal impairment. Two of these 3 patients also have severe poorly controlled diabetes mellitus. The third nondiabetic patient underwent renal biopsy which ruled out HIVAN. This absence of clinically apparent HIVAN was significantly different from that reported for African-Americans. The APOL1 G1 and G2 risk variants were found, respectively, in 0 and 2 (heterozygote state) of the 338 HIV-infected individuals. Global ancestry and the frequencies of the APOL1 G1 and G2 variants are not statistically different from their frequencies in the general Ethiopian population, but are significantly and dramatically lower than those observed among HIV-infected African-Americans, African-Americans and West Africans.\n\nQuestion:\nDoes absence of APOL1 risk variants protect against HIV-associated nephropathy in the Ethiopian population?\n\nAnswer:",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "yes",
"role": "assistant"
}
] | 0 |
Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.
| [
{
"content": "Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.\n\nContext:\nPhysical activity is promoted in patients with sleep disorders and obesity. The aim of the present study was to assess physiological factors influencing objectively measured spontaneous physical activity in already treated patients for obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) by nocturnal continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP). Fifty-five patients (age = 53 ± 3 years; body mass index (BMI) = 38 ± 3 kg/m As expected, the number of steps per day (6879 ± 2511) and mean intensity of physical activity (1.38 ± 0.15 METs) were below the recommendations for obese population. In age-adjusted stepwise regression models, peak oxygen consumption (VO\n\nQuestion:\nDoes physiological correlate to spontaneous physical activity variability in obese patients with already treated sleep apnea syndrome?\n\nAnswer:",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "yes",
"role": "assistant"
}
] | 0 |
Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.
| [
{
"content": "Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.\n\nContext:\nRecently, we showed that intratumoral delivery of low-dose, immunostimulatory CpG oligodeoxynucleotides conjugated with carbon nanotubes (CNT-CpG) was more effective than free CpG and not only eradicated intracranial (i.c.) gliomas but also induced antitumor immunity that protected mice from subsequent i.c. or systemic tumor rechallenge. Here, we examined whether the same \"intracerebral immunotherapy\" strategy could be applied to the treatment of metastatic brain tumors. Mice with both i.c. and s.c. melanomas were injected intratumorally with CNT-CpG into either location. Antitumor responses were assessed by flow cytometry, bioluminescent imaging, and animal survival. When given s.c., CNT-CpG response was mostly local, and it only modestly inhibited the growth of i.c. melanomas. However, i.c. CNT-CpG abrogated the growth of not only brain but also s.c. tumors. Furthermore, compared with s.c. injections, i.c. CNT-CpG elicited a stronger inflammatory response that resulted in more potent antitumor cytotoxicity and improved in vivo trafficking of effector cells into both i.c. and s.c. tumors. To investigate factors that accounted for these observations, CNT-CpG biodistribution and cellular inflammatory responses were examined in both tumor locations. Intracranial melanomas retained the CNT-CpG particles longer and were infiltrated by Toll-like receptor (TLR-9)-positive microglia. In contrast, myeloid-derived suppressive cells were more abundant in s.c. tumors. Although depletion of these cells before s.c. CNT-CpG therapy enhanced its cytotoxic responses, antitumor responses to brain melanomas were unchanged.\n\nQuestion:\nDoes intracerebral CpG immunotherapy with carbon nanotubes abrogate growth of subcutaneous melanomas in mice?\n\nAnswer:",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "yes",
"role": "assistant"
}
] | 0 |
Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.
| [
{
"content": "Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.\n\nContext:\nIt is well known that hydrogen sulfide (H(2)S), the main substance causing physiologic halitosis, is also involved in the etiology of periodontitis. Gingival crevicular epithelium is the first barrier against periodontal pathogens and their products; keratinocyte stem cells play key roles in maintaining this barrier. An increased apoptotic process can affect keratinocyte stem cells, having a direct impact on oral epithelial tissue architecture. Our objective is to determine whether H(2)S induces apoptosis in human keratinocyte stem cells. Apoptosis levels; p53 activity; reactive oxygen species; mitochondrial membrane depolarization; cytochrome C release; and caspase-9, -8, and -3 were assessed using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and flow cytometry. Genomic DNA damage was examined using single-cell gel electrophoresis. Real-time polymerase chain reaction was used for Bax detection. The percentage of apoptotic cells was significantly increased (20.5% +/- 1.6% versus 4.5% +/- 1.1% at 24 hours and 37.8% +/- 5.4% versus 4.8% +/- 0.9% at 48 hours; P <0.05, respectively; n = 5). Mitochondrial membrane potential was collapsed and reactive oxygen species levels were significantly increased compared to their control groups. At each time point the amount of released cytochrome C into the cytosol was significantly increased. Caspase-9 and -3 activities were significantly increased (P <0.05), whereas caspase-8 remained inactive. After both 24 and 48 hours, total and phosphorylated p53 levels were significantly increased.\n\nQuestion:\nDoes oral malodorous compound cause oxidative stress and p53-mediated programmed cell death in keratinocyte stem cells?\n\nAnswer:",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "yes",
"role": "assistant"
}
] | 0 |
Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.
| [
{
"content": "Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.\n\nContext:\nRandomized trials of thrombolytic stroke treatment have either excluded patients with posterior circulation ischemia or used inclusion criteria making enrollment of these patients less likely. Consequently, there is less published information on thrombolytic therapy for posterior circulation stroke. To determine effective thrombolytic treatment times for posterior circulation stroke and factors that might help predict clinical outcome. We describe our experience treating 21 consecutive patients with either intravenous or intra-arterial thrombolytic therapy for posterior circulation ischemic stroke between October 9, 1993, and February 19, 2001. National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale, Glasgow Coma Scale, and modified Rankin Scale scores were evaluated at baseline, and the modified Rankin Scale was measured 3 months after stroke, with a good outcome being a modified Rankin Scale score of 2 or less. Nine patients received intravenous therapy; 12 patients received intra-arterial therapy. The median National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale score at onset was 20 (range, 2-39), and the median Glasgow Coma Scale score was 9 (range, 3-15). Twelve patients were treated within 8 hours of symptom onset (range, 1 1/2 hours to 16 days). Nine patients (43%) had a modified Rankin Scale score of 2 or less at 3 months. The initial Glasgow Coma Scale score and treatment within 8 hours of symptom onset were each associated with good outcome, but the initial National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale score was not predictive.\n\nQuestion:\nDoes initial Glasgow Coma Scale score predict outcome following thrombolysis for posterior circulation stroke?\n\nAnswer:",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "yes",
"role": "assistant"
}
] | 0 |
Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.
| [
{
"content": "Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.\n\nContext:\nAngiogenesis defines the growth of new blood vessels from preexisting vascular endothelial networks and corresponds to the wound healing process that is typified by the process of liver fibrosis. Liver fibrosis is also associated with increased endotoxin within the gut lumen and its associated portal circulation. However, the interrelationship of gut endotoxin and its receptor, toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4), with liver fibrosis and associated angiogenesis remains incompletely defined. Here, using complementary genetic, molecular, and pharmacological approaches, we provide evidence that the pattern recognition receptor that recognizes endotoxin, TLR4, which is expressed on liver endothelial cells (LECs), regulates angiogenic responses both in vitro and in vivo. Mechanistic studies have revealed a key role for a cognate TLR4 effector protein, myeloid differentiation protein 88 (MyD88), in this process, which culminates in extracellular protease production that regulates the invasive capacity of LECs, a key step in angiogenesis. Furthermore, TLR4-dependent angiogenesis in vivo corresponds to fibrosis in complementary liver models of fibrosis.\n\nQuestion:\nDoes endothelial cell toll-like receptor 4 regulate fibrosis-associated angiogenesis in the liver?\n\nAnswer:",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "yes",
"role": "assistant"
}
] | 0 |
Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.
| [
{
"content": "Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.\n\nContext:\nChronic inflammatory airway disorders have been reported to be associated with vascular diseases of the heart and central nervous system, but their association with peripheral arterial disease (PAD), a high-prevalence vascular illness, has not been investigated. To evaluate the association of asthma and rhinitis with intermittent claudication, which is a typical symptom of PAD. The data were collected in the gene-environment interaction in respiratory disease survey, a population-based, multicase-control study. Participants underwent a standardized interview, skin prick tests and pulmonary function tests. The associations between respiratory diseases and intermittent claudication (i.e. pain in the leg during walking that disappears within 10 min when standing still) were estimated through relative risk ratios (RRR) by multinomial logistic regression models. 1174 subjects (aged 20-64 years, of which 52% were females) underwent clinical examinations and were classified into four groups: asthma only (n = 81), asthma-rhinitis overlap (n = 292), rhinitis only (n = 299) and controls (n = 345). The prevalence of intermittent claudication in these groups was, respectively, 2.5%, 3.4%, 6.4% and 2.3%. After adjusting for smoking habits and a wide range of established and potential vascular risk factors, rhinitis without asthma was associated with intermittent claudication (RRR:4.63, 95% CI:1.72-12.5), whereas no significant association was found with asthma alone (RRR:1.45, 95% CI:0.27-7.76) or asthma-rhinitis overlap (RRR:2.89, 95% CI:0.91-9.18). Atopy did not modify the observed association between intermittent claudication and rhinitis.\n\nQuestion:\nIs rhinitis associated with a greater risk of intermittent claudication in adults?\n\nAnswer:",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "yes",
"role": "assistant"
}
] | 0 |
Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.
| [
{
"content": "Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.\n\nContext:\nMitochondrial Tu translation elongation factor (TUFM) is a nuclear encoded protein that participates in mitochondrial polypeptide translation. TUFM has been reported to be over-expressed in many tumour types including colorectal carcinoma (CRC) by proteomics. The present study aims to examine the prognostic implication of TUFM in CRC. Immunohistochemical staining was performed in tissue microarrays composed of 123 cases of CRC using a polyclonal anti-TUFM antibody. Immunoreactivity was quantified using Image-Pro plus software, and analysed in association with patients' clinicopathological parameters and survival time. The immunoreactivity of TUFM was negative in 25%, weak in 50% and strong in 25% of CRC cases. TUFM immunoreactivity had no significant association with the clinicopathological parameters examined including TNM stage and grade. However, strong TUFM expression significantly correlated with a higher 5-year recurrence rate (p = 0.024). Kaplan-Meier analysis revealed that patients with strong TUFM expression had significantly shorter cancer-specific survival than patients with negative TUFM (log-rank test, p = 0.038). In multivariate analysis, strong TUFM expression remained a stage-independent unfavourable prognostic indicator (p = 0.024).\n\nQuestion:\nIs tUFM a potential new prognostic indicator for colorectal carcinoma?\n\nAnswer:",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "yes",
"role": "assistant"
}
] | 0 |
Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.
| [
{
"content": "Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.\n\nContext:\nIt has been proposed that the γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) plays a key role in the regulation of food intake and body weight by controlling the excitability, plasticity and the synchronization of neuronal activity in the frontal cortex (FC). It has been also proposed that the high-fat diet (HFD) could disturb the metabolism of glutamate and consequently the GABA levels, but the mechanism is not yet clearly understood. Therefore, the aim of this study was to investigate the effect of a HFD on the GABA levels in the FC and hippocampus of rats. The HFD significantly increased weight gain and blood glucose levels, whereas decreased the GABA levels in the FC and hippocampus compared with standard diet-fed rats.\n\nQuestion:\nDoes a high-fat diet decrease GABA concentration in the frontal cortex and hippocampus of rats?\n\nAnswer:",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "yes",
"role": "assistant"
}
] | 0 |
Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.
| [
{
"content": "Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.\n\nContext:\nControversy still exists regarding the long-term outcome of patients whose uninvolved lymph node stations are not prophylactically irradiated for non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) treated with definitive radiotherapy. To determine the frequency of elective nodal failure (ENF) and in-field failure (IFF), we examined a large cohort of patients with NSCLC staged with positron emission tomography (PET)/computed tomography (CT) and treated with 3-dimensional conformal radiotherapy (3D-CRT) that excluded uninvolved lymph node stations. We retrospectively reviewed the records of 115 patients with non-small cell lung cancer treated at our institution with definitive radiation therapy with or without concurrent chemotherapy (CHT). All patients were treated with 3D-CRT, including nodal regions determined by CT or PET to be disease involved. Concurrent platinum-based CHT was administered for locally advanced disease. Patients were analyzed in follow-up for survival, local regional recurrence, and distant metastases (DM). The median follow-up time was 18 months (3 to 44 months) among all patients and 27 months (6 to 44 months) among survivors. The median overall survival, 2-year actuarial overall survival and disease-free survival were 19 months, 38%, and 28%, respectively. The majority of patients died from DM, the overall rate of which was 36%. Of the 31 patients with local regional failure, 26 (22.6%) had IFF, 5 (4.3%) had ENF and 2 (1.7%) had isolated ENF. For 88 patients with stage IIIA/B, the frequencies of IFF, any ENF, isolated ENF, and DM were 23 (26%), 3 (9%), 1 (1.1%) and 36 (40.9%), respectively. The comparable rates for the 22 patients with early stage node-negative disease (stage IA/IB) were 3 (13.6%), 1(4.5%), 0 (0%), and 5 (22.7%), respectively.\n\nQuestion:\nIs exclusion of elective nodal irradiation associated with minimal elective nodal failure in non-small cell lung cancer?\n\nAnswer:",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "yes",
"role": "assistant"
}
] | 0 |
Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.
| [
{
"content": "Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.\n\nContext:\nBoth innate and specific defenses of the preterm infant are even less developed than those of term infants, and the immune systems of preterm infants might be skewed differently at birth. Their immune responses to food antigens started early in life might therefore differ from those of term infants. We sought to compare antibody levels to cow's milk, ovalbumin, and gliadin at age 10 years in children who had been born either preterm or at term. IgG and IgA isotype antibodies to whole cow's milk, beta-lactoglobulin, alpha-casein, and ovalbumin, as well as IgG antibody levels to gliadin and to tetanus and diphtheria toxoids, were measured for a group of 62 children born preterm and 61 control subjects born at term. These children were studied at the same time for atopy. Children born preterm had markedly lower levels of antibodies to cow's milk and to its protein fractions (P <.0001 for IgA and IgG antibodies to cow's milk and alpha-casein and IgG beta-lactoglobulin antibodies). IgG gliadin antibodies were also significantly lower in the preterm group (P =.03), although the difference was not significant for IgG ovalbumin antibodies. In the preterm group both those born before gestational week 30 and those given cow's milk-based formula early (before day 50) had the lowest levels of cow's milk antibodies. In the preterm group atopy was associated with low levels of IgG cow's milk antibodies but with high levels of IgG ovalbumin antibodies.\n\nQuestion:\nAre igG and IgA antibody levels to cow 's milk low at age 10 years in children born preterm?\n\nAnswer:",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "yes",
"role": "assistant"
}
] | 0 |
Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.
| [
{
"content": "Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.\n\nContext:\nAndrogen receptors are located throughout the brain, especially in regions involved with learning and memory. Different lengths of a CAG (glutamine) repeat polymorphism in exon 1 of the androgen receptor gene may influence androgen action, with longer repeat lengths conferring decreased androgen sensitivity. We sought to determine if this CAG polymorphism was associated with cognition in older men. Among 301 community-dwelling white men (mean age, 73.0 +/- 7.1), greater CAG repeat length was associated with lower scores on three cognitive tests (p <.05 for all). In addition, 12 participants (9.8%) had cognitive impairment in the low tertile of CAG repeat length whereas 29 (16.3%) had cognitive impairment in the two higher tertiles (odds ratio = 1.8; 95% confidence interval =.9-3.7).\n\nQuestion:\nIs androgen receptor CAG repeat polymorphism associated with cognitive function in older men?\n\nAnswer:",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "yes",
"role": "assistant"
}
] | 0 |
Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.
| [
{
"content": "Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.\n\nContext:\nS-100 protein is a sensitive marker of various brain diseases; however, its role in epilepsy is controversially discussed in the literature. We therefore studied the temporal profile of serial concentrations of S-100 protein in serum after secondarily generalized tonic-clonic seizures during video-EEG monitoring. Ten patients with mesial temporal lobe epilepsy were prospectively studied. Serum S-100 protein was measured after a seizure-free period of > or =24 h (baseline) and 30 min, 3, 6, 12, and 24 h after a secondarily generalized tonic-clonic seizure of temporal lobe origin in nine and a convulsive status epilepticus in one patient. All S-100 levels were within the normal range, except for those of one patient at baseline. Mean values were 0.045 microg/L (range, 0.003-0.13 microg/L) at baseline, 0.038 microg/L (range, 0.003-0.09 microg/L) at 30 min, 0.036 microg/L (range, 0.003-0.08 microg/L) at 3 h, 0.034 microg/L (range, 0.003-0.07 microg/L) at 6 h, 0.034 microg/L (range, 0.003-0.08 microg/L) at 12 h, and 0.035 microg/L (range, 0.003-0.09 microg/L) at 24 h after seizure offset. There were no significant differences between mean concentrations at any interval postictally.\n\nQuestion:\nIs serum s-100 protein a suitable seizure marker in temporal lobe epilepsy?\n\nAnswer:",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "no",
"role": "assistant"
}
] | 0 |
Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.
| [
{
"content": "Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.\n\nContext:\nThe aim of this study was to determine the role of serum prolidase activity and the possible association with oxidative stress parameters in non-diabetic metabolic syndrome. 30 obese patients without metabolic syndrome (MetS), 34 non-diabetic obese patients with MetS, and 23 volunteer control subjects were enrolled in the study. Fasting plasma glucose (FPG), plasma glucose following 75 g glucose administration, high-density lipoprotein- cholesterol (HDL-C), high-density lipoprotein- cholesterol (LDL-C), total cholesterol, triglyceride (TG), total antioxidant status (TAS), total oxidative status (TOS), oxidative stress index (OSI), and prolidase activities of all subjects were analyzed. Prolidase levels was significantly higher in MetS group compared to both obese and control groups (p < 0.001 and p < 0.05 respectively). Prolidase was also higher in the obese group than in the control group (p < 0.05). Prolidase was negatively correlated with TAS and HDL-C (r = -0,362, p < 0.001; r = -0.320, p < 0.01, respectively) and positively correlated with BMI, weight, waist-c, SBP, DBP, TG, TC, LDL-C.\n\nQuestion:\nIs serum prolidase activity associated with non-diabetic metabolic syndrome?\n\nAnswer:",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "yes",
"role": "assistant"
}
] | 0 |
Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.
| [
{
"content": "Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.\n\nContext:\nA mutation in the β(1) subunit of the voltage-gated sodium (Na(V)) channel, β(1) (C121W), causes genetic epilepsy with febrile seizures plus (GEFS+), a pediatric syndrome in which febrile seizures are the predominant phenotype. Previous studies of molecular mechanisms underlying neuronal hyperexcitability caused by this mutation were conducted at room temperature. The prevalence of seizures during febrile states in patients with GEFS+, however, suggests that the phenotypic consequence of β(1) (C121W) may be exacerbated by elevated temperature. We investigated the putative mechanism underlying seizure generation by the β(1) (C121W) mutation with elevated temperature. Whole-cell voltage clamp experiments were performed at 22 and 34°C using Chinese Hamster Ovary (CHO) cells expressing the α subunit of neuronal Na(V) channel isoform, Na(V) 1.2. Voltage-dependent properties were recorded from CHO cells expressing either Na(V) 1.2 alone, Na(V) 1.2 plus wild-type (WT) β(1) subunit, or Na(V) 1.2 plus β(1) (C121W). Our results suggest WT β(1) is protective against increased channel excitability induced by elevated temperature; protection is lost in the absence of WT β(1) or with expression of β(1) (C121W). At 34°C, Na(V) 1.2 + β(1) (C121W) channel excitability increased compared to NaV1.2 + WT β(1) by the following mechanisms: decreased use-dependent inactivation, increased persistent current and window current, and delayed onset of, and accelerated recovery from, fast inactivation.\n\nQuestion:\nIs a thermoprotective role of the sodium channel β1 subunit lost with the β1 ( C121W ) mutation?\n\nAnswer:",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "yes",
"role": "assistant"
}
] | 0 |
Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.
| [
{
"content": "Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.\n\nContext:\nExperimental CDH is often associated with malformations of neural crest origin. Several of these features are present in human CDH and therefore likely similar pathogenic mechanisms should be explored. The aim of the present study is to examine whether thyroid C-cells, another neural crest derivative, are abnormal in this rat model. Pregnant rats were exposed either to 100 mg of 2-4-dichlorophenyl-p-nitrophenyl ether (nitrofén) or vehicle (controls) on 9.5 day of gestation. Fetuses were recovered on day 21st and the thyroids of those with CDH (68%) were immuno-histochemically stained with anti-calcitonin antibody. The number of positively stained cells per high power field were counted using a computer-assisted image analysis method in at least 5 sections per thyroid. The distribution of the cells within the gland was assessed as well. Comparisons between CDH and control rats were made by non-parametric tests with a significance threshold of p<0.05. The number of c-cells was dramatically reduced in CDH animals in comparison with controls (101.2 +/- 61.3 vs 23.1 +/- 37, p<0.0001). Histology of the thyroid was similar in both groups, but the distribution of positive C-cells within the gland followed an abnormal pattern in CDH rats with the cells tending to be located at the periphery rather than at the core of the lobes.\n\nQuestion:\nAre [ Thyroid C cells decreased in experimental CDH ]?\n\nAnswer:",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "yes",
"role": "assistant"
}
] | 0 |
Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.
| [
{
"content": "Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.\n\nContext:\nType-D or \"distressed\" personality and depression following admission for acute coronary syndrome (ACS) have been associated with poor clinical outcome. The biological pathways underpinning this relationship may include disruption of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenocortical (HPA) axis. We therefore assessed cortisol output in patients who had recently suffered from ACS. Salivary cortisol was assessed eight times over a 24-h period in 72 patients within 5 days of admission for ACS. Depressive symptoms were measured with the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI), and type-D personality was measured with the Type-D Scale-16. Particular attention was given to cortisol awakening response (CAR), which was measured as the difference in cortisol between waking and peak responses 15-30 min later. Cortisol showed a typical diurnal pattern, with low levels in the evening, high levels early in the day, and CAR averaging 7.58+/-10.0 nmol/l. Cortisol was not related to the severity of ACS or underlying coronary artery disease or to BDI scores. The CAR was positively associated with type-D personality independently of age, gender, and body mass (P=.007). Linear regression showed that type-D personality accounted for 7.9% of the variance in CAR after age, sex, body mass, BDI, cortisol level on waking, and fatigue had been taken into account (P=.008).\n\nQuestion:\nIs cortisol awakening response elevated in acute coronary syndrome patients with type-D personality?\n\nAnswer:",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "yes",
"role": "assistant"
}
] | 0 |
Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.
| [
{
"content": "Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.\n\nContext:\nGrowth differentiation factor 5 (GDF5) is important for joint formation and associated with osteoarthritis (OA). Its role for the homeostasis of cartilage extracellular matrix (ECM) is, however, unknown. The canonical Wnt signaling pathway is also implemented in OA and activation of the pathway has detrimental effects on the cartilage ECM. The objective of this study was to investigate the effect of GDF5 stimulation on the Wnt signaling pathway and on the expression of known modulators of cartilage ECM. Human chondrocytes were cultured in the pellet mass system and stimulated with increasing concentrations of GDF5. Expression of matrix modulating enzymes and canonical Wnt inhibitors dickkopf 1 (DKK1) and frizzled related protein (FRZB) were measured with quantitative PCR (qPCR). Protein levels of matrix metalloprotease 13 (MMP13), DKK1 and β-catenin were measured with enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Canonical Wnt signaling was stimulated with Wnt3a and small molecule CHIR-99021 and DKK1 was blocked with small molecule WAY-262611. In this study, we show that GDF5 stimulation of human chondrocytes inhibits expression of the cartilage ECM degrading enzymes MMP13 and ADAMTS4 and stimulates the expression of cartilage anabolic genes ACAN and SOX9. We further show that the stimulation inhibits the canonical Wnt signaling pathway through expression of the canonical Wnt inhibitors DKK1 and FRZB. Finally we show that inhibition of MMP13 expression through GDF5 stimulation is mediated by DKK1.\n\nQuestion:\nDoes gDF5 reduce MMP13 expression in human chondrocytes via DKK1 mediated canonical Wnt signaling inhibition?\n\nAnswer:",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "yes",
"role": "assistant"
}
] | 0 |
Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.
| [
{
"content": "Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.\n\nContext:\nThe mechanisms by which PGE1 suppresses transforming growth factor beta 1 (TGF-beta 1) induced fibrillar collagen synthesis in human corpus cavernosum smooth muscle cells (HCC SMC) remain undefined. Since PGE1 induces cyclic AMP (cAMP) synthesis in HCC SMC, the aim of this research is to investigate the role of cAMP in the regulation of connective tissue biosynthesis in human corporal smooth muscle cells in culture. HCC SMC were incubated for 24 h in media containing [3H] proline with and without TGF-beta 1 in the presence or absence of agents which modulate cAMP or cGMP synthesis, or hydrolysis. Fibrillar collagen synthesis was determined by [3H]-proline incorporation into pepsin-resistant, trichloroacetic acid and precipitable protein. TGF-beta 1-induced collagen synthesis in HCC SMC was inhibited by receptor-mediated (PGE1) and non-receptor-mediated (forskolin) increases in cAMP synthesis, as well as the cell-permeable analog, dibutyryl cAMP. Sodium nitroprusside, a nitric oxide donor, and the cell-permeable analog, dibutyryl cGMP had no effect on TGF-beta 1-induced collagen synthesis.\n\nQuestion:\nDoes cyclic AMP modulate TGF-beta 1-induced fibrillar collagen synthesis in cultured human corpus cavernosum smooth muscle cells?\n\nAnswer:",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "yes",
"role": "assistant"
}
] | 0 |
Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.
| [
{
"content": "Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.\n\nContext:\nMesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) are heterogeneous cells with immunoregulatory and wound-healing properties. In cancer, they are known to be an essential part of the tumour microenvironment. However, their role in tumour growth and rejection remains unclear. To investigate this, we co-cultured human MSCs, tumour infiltrating lymphocytes (TIL), and melanoma cells to investigate the role of MSCs in the tumour environment. Mesenchymal stromal cells were co-cultured with melanoma antigen-specific TIL that were stimulated either with HLA-A*0201(+) melanoma cells or with a corresponding clone that had lost HLA-A*0201 expression. Activated TIL induced profound pro-inflammatory gene expression signature in MSCs. Analysis of culture supernatant found that MSCs secreted pro-inflammatory cytokines, including TH1 cytokines that have been previously associated with immune-mediated antitumor responses. In addition, immunohistochemical analysis on selected markers revealed that the same activated MSCs secreted both the TH1 cytokine (interleukin-12) and indoleamine 2,3 dioxygenase (IDO), a classical immunosuppressive factor.\n\nQuestion:\nDoes direct T cell-tumour interaction trigger TH1 phenotype activation through the modification of the mesenchymal stromal cells transcriptional programme?\n\nAnswer:",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "yes",
"role": "assistant"
}
] | 0 |
Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.
| [
{
"content": "Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.\n\nContext:\nTo establish the population-level predictive validity of the Framingham Heart Study risk equation used to derive cardiovascular disease risk-prediction charts for New Zealand management guidelines on raised blood pressure and dyslipidaemia. During 1992-3, standard cardiovascular risk factors were measured in a cohort of 6354 people (4638 men and 1716 women) aged 35-74 years with no history of cardiovascular disease, who were either enrolled on Auckland general electoral rolls or employed by a nationwide multi-industry corporation. Five-year cardiovascular event rates were predicted for the cohort using a Framingham risk equation and were compared with observed five-year cardiovascular event rates for hospitalisation and mortality. Incident cardiovascular hospitalisations or death were reported for 411 cohort participants (325 men and 86 women) during five years of follow up. There was good agreement between observed and predicted five-year cardiovascular event rates in all five-year age/sex categories up to 69 years. The risk equation tended to underestimate risk slightly in men and overestimate risk slightly in women up to 69 years, while in 70- to 74-year-olds it was accurate for men. Its accuracy in older women is uncertain.\n\nQuestion:\nDoes framingham Heart Study risk equation predict first cardiovascular event rates in New Zealanders at the population level?\n\nAnswer:",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "yes",
"role": "assistant"
}
] | 0 |
Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.
| [
{
"content": "Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.\n\nContext:\nHyperhomocysteinemia and B-vitamin deficiency are associated with recurrent abortion. Recent studies have not investigated functional markers of vitamin B12 deficiency, such as methylmalonic acid. A total of 43 consecutive Syrian women with unexplained recurrent abortion and 32 pregnant controls were enrolled in the study. Serum folate, vitamin B12, methylmalonic acid and plasma homocysteine were determined. Vitamin B12 was significantly decreased in patients with recurrent abortion compared to controls (mean concentrations 197 vs. 300 pg/mL, p=0.004). The lowest mean serum vitamin B12 (172 pg/mL) was observed in primary aborters. Homocysteine was elevated in aborters in comparison to controls (8.3 vs. 7.1 micromol/L, p=0.093). Folate and methylmalonic acid did not differ significantly between the study groups. A highly significant correlation between homocysteine and methylmalonic acid and vitamin B12 was observed only in patients but not in controls (p<0.001 and p=0.002, respectively). In the logistic regression model, only serum vitamin B12 emerged with a significant odds ratio.\n\nQuestion:\nIs low serum vitamin B12 associated with recurrent pregnancy loss in Syrian women?\n\nAnswer:",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "yes",
"role": "assistant"
}
] | 0 |
Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.
| [
{
"content": "Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.\n\nContext:\nNeoadjuvant chemotherapy has been associated with an increased risk of surgery because of chemotherapy-associated steatohepatitis and sinusoidal obstruction. The aim of the current study was to assess for other predictors of steatohepatitis and sinusoidal obstruction and to determine the role of obesity as a risk factor in patients with colorectal liver metastasis (CLM). An institutional review board-approved prospectively maintained database of 1,605 patients who underwent hepatic procedures for CLM from 2001 to 2009 was reviewed. In a review of 208 resected patients, body mass index was the only predictor of liver injury according to multivariate analysis (P < .001, odds ratio = 3.88). Diabetes, neoadjuvant chemotherapy, sleep apnea, alcohol use, tobacco use, age, and sex were not significant predictors. Among preoperative chemotherapy patients, BMI was a predictor of chemotherapy liver injury according to multivariate analysis (P < .0001). The rate of obesity (BMI >30) was 36%, and among obese patients (BMI >30) the rate of steatosis or steatohepatitis was 39%.\n\nQuestion:\nDoes obesity rather than neoadjuvant chemotherapy predict steatohepatitis in patients with colorectal metastasis?\n\nAnswer:",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "yes",
"role": "assistant"
}
] | 0 |
Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.
| [
{
"content": "Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.\n\nContext:\nThe use of an animal model to study the aqueous dynamic and the histological findings after deep sclerectomy with (DSCI) and without collagen implant. Deep sclerectomy was performed on rabbits' eyes. Eyes were randomly assigned to receive collagen implants. Measurements of intraocular pressure (IOP) and aqueous outflow facility using the constant pressure method through cannulation of the anterior chamber were performed. The system was filled with BSS and cationised ferritin. Histological assessment of the operative site was performed. Sections were stained with haematoxylin and eosin and with Prussian blue. Aqueous drainage vessels were identified by the reaction between ferritin and Prussian blue. All eyes were coded so that the investigator was blind to the type of surgery until the evaluation was completed. A significant decrease in IOP (p<0.05) was observed during the first 6 weeks after DSCI (mean IOP was 13.07 (2.95) mm Hg preoperatively and 9.08 (2.25) mm Hg at 6 weeks); DS without collagen implant revealed a significant decrease in IOP at weeks 4 and 8 after surgery (mean IOP 12.57 (3.52) mm Hg preoperatively, 9.45 (3.38) mm Hg at 4 weeks, and 9.22 (3.39) mm Hg at 8 weeks). Outflow facility was significantly increased throughout the 9 months of follow up in both DSCI and DS groups (p<0.05). The preoperative outflow facility (OF) was 0.15 (0.02) micro l/min/mm Hg. At 9 months, OF was 0.52 (0.28) microl/min/mm Hg and 0.46 (0.07) micro l/min/mm Hg for DSCI and DS respectively. Light microscopy studies showed the appearance of new aqueous drainage vessels in the sclera adjacent to the dissection site in DSCI and DS and the apparition of spindle cells lining the collagen implant in DSCI after 2 months.\n\nQuestion:\nDo aqueous dynamic and histological findings after deep sclerectomy with collagen implant in an animal model?\n\nAnswer:",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "yes",
"role": "assistant"
}
] | 0 |
Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.
| [
{
"content": "Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.\n\nContext:\nFrom our previous clinical trials, intracoronary infusion of granulocyte-colony stimulating factor (G-CSF)-mobilized peripheral blood mononuclear cells ((mob)PBMCs) proved to be effective in improving myocardial contractility and reducing infarct volume in acute myocardial infarction. We tested the effect of priming (mob)PBMCs with erythropoietin (EPO) to augment its therapeutic efficacy. (mob)PBMCs were obtained from healthy volunteers after a 3-day subcutaneous injection of G-CSF (10 μg/kg). About 40% of (mob)PBMCs were EPO receptor (EPOR) (+) and responded to 6 h EPO-priming (10 IU/mL) by increasing the expression of vasculogenic factors (i.e. IL8, IL10, bFGF, PDGF, MMP9) and adhesion molecules (i.e. integrin αV, β1, β2, β8) through the JAK2 and Akt pathway. These responses were also observed in PBMCs from elderly patients with coronary disease. The conditioned media from EPO-primed (mob)PBMCs contained various cytokines such as IL8, IL10, TNFα, and PDGF, which enhanced the migration and tube formation capability of endothelial cells. EPO-primed (mob)PBMCs also showed increased adhesion on endothelial cells or fibronectin. Augmented vasculogenic potential of EPO-primed (mob)PBMCs was confirmed in a Matrigel plug assay, ischaemic hindlimb, and myocardial infarction models of athymic nude mice. There were two action mechanisms: (i) cellular effects confirmed by direct incorporation of human (mob)PBSCs into mouse vasculature and (ii) indirect humoral effects confirmed by the therapeutic effect of the supernatant of EPO-primed (mob)PBMCs.\n\nQuestion:\nDoes erythropoietin priming improve the vasculogenic potential of G-CSF mobilized human peripheral blood mononuclear cells?\n\nAnswer:",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "yes",
"role": "assistant"
}
] | 0 |
Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.
| [
{
"content": "Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.\n\nContext:\nTo examine mobility, balance, fall risk, and cognition in older adults with multiple sclerosis (MS) as a function of fall frequency. Retrospective, cross-sectional design. University research laboratory. Community-dwelling persons with MS (N=27) aged between 50 and 75 years were divided into 2 groups-single-time (n=11) and recurrent (n=16; >2 falls/12 mo) fallers-on the basis of fall history. Not applicable. Mobility was assessed using a variety of measures including Multiple Sclerosis Walking Scale-12, walking speed (Timed 25-Foot Walk test), endurance (6-Minute Walk test), and functional mobility (Timed Up and Go test). Balance was assessed with the Berg Balance Scale, posturography, and self-reported balance confidence. Fall risk was assessed with the Physiological Profile Assessment. Cognitive processing speed was quantified with the Symbol Digit Modalities Test and the Paced Auditory Serial Addition Test. Recurrent fallers had slower cognitive processing speed than single-time fallers (P ≤.01). There was no difference in mobility, balance, or fall risk between recurrent and single-time fallers (P>.05).\n\nQuestion:\nIs cognitive processing speed related to fall frequency in older adults with multiple sclerosis?\n\nAnswer:",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "yes",
"role": "assistant"
}
] | 0 |
Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.
| [
{
"content": "Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.\n\nContext:\nHeat shock proteins (Hsps) have been detected in various tissues, including those in the intestines, and play a role in cellular protection. Polyamines, such as spermine (SPM), are found in human milk (HM) and act as antioxidants. We hypothesized that the antioxidative property of SPM is related to the expression of Hsp and examined this relationship in an intestinal epithelial cell (IEC) line. (i) Confluent IEC-6 cells were exposed to mild heat shock (43 degrees C, 1 h) and then allowed to recover at 37 degrees C for 24 h. Hydrogen peroxide (H(2)O(2)) was applied to induce oxidative stress and cell viability was evaluated. (ii) Cells were exposed to mild heat shock or pre-incubated with HM or pre-incubated with 5 microM SPM for 24 h. Hsp70 expression in IEC-6 cells was analysed by Western blot. The survival rate of cells treated with mild heat shock after H(2)O(2) challenge was significantly higher than that of non-pretreated cells. Western blot analysis demonstrated that Hsp70 was expressed in IEC-6 cells treated with mild heat shock but not in IEC-6 cells pre-incubated with HM or 5 microM SPM.\n\nQuestion:\nAre antioxidative properties of human milk and spermine related to expression of Hsp 70?\n\nAnswer:",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "no",
"role": "assistant"
}
] | 0 |
Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.
| [
{
"content": "Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.\n\nContext:\nMaternal prenatal stress during pregnancy is associated with fetal growth restriction and adverse neurodevelopmental outcomes, which may be mediated by impaired placental function. Imprinted genes control fetal growth, placental development, adult behaviour (including maternal behaviour) and placental lactogen production. This study examined whether maternal prenatal depression was associated with aberrant placental expression of the imprinted genes paternally expressed gene 3 (PEG3), paternally expressed gene 10 (PEG10), pleckstrin homology-like domain family a member 2 (PHLDA2) and cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor 1C (CDKN1C), and resulting impaired placental human placental lactogen (hPL) expression. A diagnosis of depression during pregnancy was recorded from Manchester cohort participants' medical notes (n = 75). Queen Charlotte's (n = 40) and My Baby and Me study (MBAM) (n = 81) cohort participants completed the Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale self-rating psychometric questionnaire. Villous trophoblast tissue samples were analysed for gene expression. In a pilot study, diagnosed depression during pregnancy was associated with a significant reduction in placental PEG3 expression (41%, p = 0.02). In two further independent cohorts, the Queen Charlotte's and MBAM cohorts, placental PEG3 expression was also inversely associated with maternal depression scores, an association that was significant in male but not female placentas. Finally, hPL expression was significantly decreased in women with clinically diagnosed depression (44%, p < 0.05) and in those with high depression scores (31% and 21%, respectively).\n\nQuestion:\nIs maternal prenatal depression associated with decreased placental expression of the imprinted gene PEG3?\n\nAnswer:",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "yes",
"role": "assistant"
}
] | 0 |
Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.
| [
{
"content": "Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.\n\nContext:\nThe purpose of the current study is to examine the efficacy of Counselor-Assisted Problem Solving (CAPS) in improving caregiver adaptation following traumatic brain injury (TBI). In a randomized clinical trial comparing CAPS (n = 65), an online problem-solving intervention with accompanying Web-based counseling sessions, with an information-based Internet Resource Comparison (IRC; n = 67) program, participants included families of 12- to 17-year-olds who had sustained a TBI in the past 6 months. Linear regression analyses were used to identify main effects and to examine whether caregiver education, race, or prior computer use moderated treatment efficacy. Computer experience moderated postintervention improvements in caregiving self-efficacy following CAPS, Specifically, parents in CAPS with low levels of prior use reporting the greatest improvements. CAPS participants who completed 5 or more sessions reported greater reductions in depression than did the IRC; however, the groups did not differ on global distress.\n\nQuestion:\nDoes counselor-assisted problem solving improve caregiver efficacy following adolescent brain injury?\n\nAnswer:",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "yes",
"role": "assistant"
}
] | 0 |
Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.
| [
{
"content": "Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.\n\nContext:\nThere have been found apoptotic changes in brain tissue samples from animals and humans after a traumatic brain injury (TBI). The protein cytokeratin 18 (CK-18), present in epithelial cells, is cleaved by the action of caspases during apoptosis, and the resulting fragments are released into the blood as caspase-cleaved CK (CCCK)-18. Circulating levels of CCCK-18, as biomarker of apoptosis, have been determined in patients with different processes; however, it has not been explored in TBI patients. Thus, the objective of this study was to determine whether there is an association between serum CCCK-18 levels and mortality and whether such levels could be used as a biomarker to predict outcomes in TBI patients. A prospective, observational, multicenter study carried out in six Spanish Intensive Care Units. We included patients with severe TBI defined as Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS) lower than 9; and were excluded those patients with Injury Severity Score (ISS) in non-cranial aspects higher than 9. We measured serum CCCK-18 levels at admission. The end-point of the study was 30-day mortality. Surviving patients (n = 73) showed lower serum CCCK-18 levels (P = 0.003) than non-survivors (n = 27). On ROC analysis, the area under the curve (AUC) for serum CCCK-18 levels as predictor of 30-day mortality was 0.69 (95% CI = 0.59-0.78; P = 0.006). We found in survival analysis that patients with serum CCCK-18 higher than 201 u/L had higher 30-day mortality than patients with lower levels (Hazard ratio = 3.9; 95% CI = 1.81-8.34; P<0.001). Regression analyses showed that serum CCCK-18 levels higher than 201 u/L were associated with 30-day mortality (OR = 8.476; 95% CI = 2.087-34.434; P = 0.003) after controlling for age and GCS.\n\nQuestion:\nAre serum levels of caspase-cleaved cytokeratin-18 in patients with severe traumatic brain injury associated with mortality : a pilot study?\n\nAnswer:",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "yes",
"role": "assistant"
}
] | 0 |
Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.
| [
{
"content": "Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.\n\nContext:\nInflammatory bowel disease (IBD) pathogenesis involves an inadequately controlled immune reaction to intestinal microbiota, and CD4(+) T cells, dependent on MHC class II (MHC-II) processing and presentation by antigen-presenting cells (APC), play important roles. The role of professional APC (macrophages and dendritic cells [DCs]) and nonprofessional APC (intestinal epithelial cells [IECs]) in microbial-driven intestinal inflammation remains controversial. We generated transgenic animals on an MHC-II(-/-) genetic background in which MHC-II is expressed on 1) DC via the CD11c promoter (CD11cTg) or 2) IEC via the fatty acid binding protein (liver) promoter (EpithTg). These mice were crossed with Rag2(-/-) mice to eliminate T and B cells (CD11cTg/Rag2(-/-) and EpithTg/Rag2(-/-)). Helicobacter bilis (Hb) infection and adoptive transfer (AT) of naïve CD4 T cells were used to trigger IBD. CD11cTg/Rag2(-/-) mice infected with Hb+AT developed severe colitis within 3 weeks post-AT, similar to disease in positive control Rag2(-/-) mice infected with Hb+AT. CD11cTg/Rag2(-/-) mice given AT alone or Hb alone had significantly less severe colitis. In contrast, EpithTg/Rag2(-/-) mice infected with Hb+AT developed mild colitis by 3 weeks and even after 16 weeks post-AT had only mild lesions.\n\nQuestion:\nDo lineage targeted MHC-II transgenic mice demonstrate the role of dendritic cells in bacterial-driven colitis?\n\nAnswer:",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "yes",
"role": "assistant"
}
] | 0 |
Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.
| [
{
"content": "Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.\n\nContext:\nAnticoagulation control quality affects the incidence of thromboembolic events in atrial fibrillation (AF) patients. However, the effects of anticoagulation control quality on the prothrombotic state of AF patients are unclear. Ninety-five AF patients who had been treated with warfarin were prospectively followed-up for 449 ± 92 days. We analyzed whether time in the therapeutic range (TTR) of the international normalized ratio (INR) of prothrombin time, percentage of INR values in the range (%INR), and coefficient of variation of INR values (CV-INR) were related to D-dimer levels. The mean values of TTR, %INR, and CV-INR were 62%, 59%, and 0.19, respectively, and their median values were 67%, 63%, and 0.19, respectively. TTR was significantly correlated with %INR (R(2) = 0.917, P<0.01), but not with CV-INR (R(2) = 0.050, P = 0.26). The mean and median D-dimer levels were 0.79 and 0.60 µg/ml, respectively. Low TTR, low %INR, and high CV-INR were found to contribute to high D-dimer levels (P = 0.02, 0.03, and 0.02, respectively).\n\nQuestion:\nDoes anticoagulation control quality affect the D-dimer levels of atrial fibrillation patients?\n\nAnswer:",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "yes",
"role": "assistant"
}
] | 0 |
Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.
| [
{
"content": "Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.\n\nContext:\nMicroRNAs (miR, miRNAs) play pivotal roles in numerous physiological and pathophysiological contexts. We investigated whether miR-362-5p act as an oncogene in chronic myeloid leukaemia (CML) and aimed to understand its potential underlying mechanisms. We compared the miR-362-5p expression levels between CML and non-CML cell lines, and between fresh blood samples from CML patients and normal healthy controls using quantitative real-time PCR (qPCR). Cell counting kit-8 (CCK-8) and Annexin V-FITC/PI analyses were used to measure the effects of miR-362-5p on proliferation and apoptosis, and Transwell assays were used to evaluate migration and invasion. A xenograft model was used to examine in vivo tumourigenicity. The potential target of miR-362-5p was confirmed by a luciferase reporter assay, qPCR and western blotting. Involvement of the JNK1/2 and P38 pathways was investigated by western blotting. miR-362-5p was up-regulated in CML cell lines and fresh blood samples from CML patients, and was associated with Growth arrest and DNA damage-inducible (GADD)45α down-regulation. Inhibition of miR-362-5p simultaneously repressed tumour growth and up-regulated GADD45α expression in a xenograft model. Consistently, the knockdown of GADD45α expression partially neutralized the effects of miR-362-5p inhibition. Furthermore study suggested that GADD45α mediated downstream the effects of miR-362-5p, which might indirectly regulates the activation of the JNK1/2 and P38 signalling pathways.\n\nQuestion:\nDoes miR-362-5p promote the malignancy of chronic myelocytic leukaemia via down-regulation of GADD45α?\n\nAnswer:",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "yes",
"role": "assistant"
}
] | 0 |
Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.
| [
{
"content": "Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.\n\nContext:\nSerum levels of lipoprotein(a) [Lp(a)] are determined largely by genetic variation in the gene encoding for apolipoprotein(a) [apo(a)], the specific protein component of Lp(a) that is very homologous to plasminogen. High plasma levels of Lp(a) increase the risk for premature atherosclerotic vessel diseases. We investigated the little-characterized role of Lp(a) as a risk factor for venous thromboembolic diseases, alone and in conjunction with established thrombophilic risk factors of proteins regulating blood coagulation and fibrinolysis. Serum levels of Lp(a) and lipids, protein C, protein S, and antithrombin, as well as the size of apo(a) isoforms and the presence of the factor V:Q(506) mutation, were determined in 186 consecutively admitted children from neonates to 18 years old with a history of venous thrombosis and in 186 age- and disease-matched control subjects. Children with a history of venous thrombosis had a significantly higher median Lp(a) level (19 versus 4.4 mg/dL) than control subjects. The risk for thromboembolic events in children with Lp(a) levels in the upper quartile, ie, >30 mg/dL, was 7.2 (95% CI, 3.7 to 14.5). The size of apo(a) isoforms was inversely related to Lp(a) levels and to the risk for thromboembolic events. Compared with the highest quartile of the apo(a) size distribution, the lowest quartile was associated with a risk of 8.2. In addition, multivariate statistical analysis gives evidence that the factor V:Q(506) mutation (OR/CI, 2.8/1.6 to 4.9), protein C (OR/CI, 6.5/2.1 to 19), and antithrombin deficiency (OR/CI, 10.4/1.2 to 90) were independent risk factors of childhood venous thrombosis. Coincidence of elevated Lp(a) with factor V:Q(506) mutation or deficiencies of protein C or antithrombin further increased the risk for thromboembolic events to 8.4.\n\nQuestion:\nIs increased lipoprotein ( a ) an important risk factor for venous thromboembolism in childhood?\n\nAnswer:",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "yes",
"role": "assistant"
}
] | 0 |
Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.
| [
{
"content": "Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.\n\nContext:\nMacrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF), originally described as an inhibitor of the random migration of macrophages, has been shown recently to be involved in the pathogenesis of several inflammatory diseases such as sepsis. The aim of this study was to clarify the role of MIF in acute pancreatitis (AP). Hemorrhagic necrotizing pancreatitis and edematous pancreatitis were induced by the injection of taurocholic acid (TCA pancreatitis) and cerulein (cerulein pancreatitis), respectively, on male Wistar rats. MIF levels in ascitic fluids, serum, and the organs were determined. The effects of anti-MIF antibody were examined on the prognosis of rats with TCA pancreatitis and of female CD-1 mice with choline-deficient, ethionine-supplemented, diet-induced model of severe AP. In addition, serum MIF levels in AP patients and in healthy controls were measured. Serum and ascitic MIF levels in TCA pancreatitis were increased rapidly and decreased gradually thereafter. Ascitic MIF levels were also increased in cerulein pancreatitis, but to a lesser degree. MIF level was increased in the lung in TCA pancreatitis, but not in the pancreas and the liver. Prophylactic (1 hour before and immediately after induction) administration of anti-MIF antibody significantly improved the survival rate of rats with TCA pancreatitis. The survival rate of mice with severe AP was also improved significantly by the antibody treatment. Serum MIF levels were higher in severe AP patients than mild AP patients and healthy controls.\n\nQuestion:\nIs macrophage migration inhibitory factor a critical mediator of severe acute pancreatitis?\n\nAnswer:",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "yes",
"role": "assistant"
}
] | 0 |
Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.
| [
{
"content": "Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.\n\nContext:\nThe failure of in utero transplantation in immune-competent recipients suggests the existence of a fetal immune barrier. The importance of donor major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I expression in the induction of prenatal tolerance remains undefined. We hypothesized that donor cell MHC class I expression facilitates engraftment in prenatal allogeneic recipients rather than promoting immune rejection. B6.Ly5.2 (class I(+)) or B6.TAP(-/-) (class I(-)) murine fetal liver cells were transplanted into age-matched allogeneic fetal recipients. Survival to weaning and subsequent growth was assessed. Engraftment rates and peripheral blood chimerism levels were measured serially. The presence or absence of class I expression did not affect survival or growth of recipients and no graft-vs-host disease developed. Allogeneic recipients of B6.Ly5.2 cells exhibited significantly higher levels of donor hematopoietic chimerism when compared to recipients of B6.TAP(-/-) cells (27% + 10% vs 11% + 8%; P = .004) that deteriorated further over time.\n\nQuestion:\nDoes donor major histocompatibility complex class I expression determine the outcome of prenatal transplantation?\n\nAnswer:",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "yes",
"role": "assistant"
}
] | 0 |
Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.
| [
{
"content": "Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.\n\nContext:\nPostoperative pulmonary hypertension in children after surgical intervention for congenital heart disease has been attributed to failure of the pulmonary endothelium to provide adequate vasodilation. Although we have shown that the impaired vasodilatory component attributable to the l-arginine-nitric oxide pathway is almost completely reversible, a nonrestorable component persists, implying an additional vasoconstrictive mechanism in postoperative pulmonary endothelial dysfunction. In this study of children after surgical intervention for congenital heart disease, we measured endothelin-1 levels and used BQ123, a selective endothelin-A receptor antagonist, together with inhaled nitric oxide to discriminate dysfunctional pulmonary endothelial vasodilation from endothelin-mediated pulmonary vasoconstriction. All children were examined early after surgical intervention in the intensive care unit. Pulmonary vascular resistance (with respiratory mass spectrometry), as well as arterial and venous endothelin-1 levels (measured by means of a quantitative enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay), were determined in 7 children (age range, 3.3-13.7 months; median age, 6.3 months) with intracardiac shunting defects at baseline and during ventilation with a fraction of inspired oxygen of 0.65, with additional BQ123 (0.1 mg/kg infused over 20 minutes), and with inhaled nitric oxide (20 ppm). Pulmonary vascular resistance decreased from 7.7 +/- 3.4 at baseline to 6.1 +/- 2.8 Woods units. m(-2) (P =.022) at a fraction of inspired oxygen of 0.65 and to 4.7 +/- 2.7 Woods units. m(-2) (P =.013) during BQ123 infusion. Inhaled nitric oxide had no further effect on pulmonary vascular resistance. Left atrial endothelin-1 levels (1.35-5.12 pg/mL; mean, 2.4 pg/mL) correlated significantly with the decrease in pulmonary vascular resistance in response to BQ123 infusion (r(2) = 0.89, P =.003).\n\nQuestion:\nDoes the endothelin antagonist BQ123 reduce pulmonary vascular resistance after surgical intervention for congenital heart disease?\n\nAnswer:",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "yes",
"role": "assistant"
}
] | 0 |
Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.
| [
{
"content": "Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.\n\nContext:\nTo assess whether immunization attenuates nicotinic stimulation of the brain and elucidate brain and behavioural responses during exposure to smoking cues and a working memory task. Randomized, placebo-controlled parallel-group, repeated-measures design. Maastricht University, the Netherlands. Forty-eight male smokers were randomized to receive five injections with either 400 μg/ml of the 3'-aminomethylnicotine Pseudomonas aeruginosa r-Exoprotein-conjugated vaccine or placebo. Subjects were tested on two occasions, once after a nicotine challenge and once after a placebo challenge, and were asked to refrain from smoking 10 hours before testing. Reaction-times and accuracies were recorded during an n-back task. Moreover, regional blood oxygenated level-dependent (BOLD) response was measured during this task and during smoking cue exposure. Greater activation was found in response to smoking cues compared to neutral cues in bilateral trans-occipital sulcus (P < 0.005); however, this effect did not survive correction for multiple comparisons. There was no difference in brain activity to smoking cues between the treatment groups and no effects of acute nicotine challenge were established. For the n-back task we found working memory load-sensitive increases in brain activity in several frontal and parietal areas (P < 0.0025). However, no effects of immunization or nicotine challenge were observed.\n\nQuestion:\nDoes treatment with a nicotine vaccine lead to changes in brain activity during smoking cue exposure or a working memory task?\n\nAnswer:",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "no",
"role": "assistant"
}
] | 0 |
Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.
| [
{
"content": "Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.\n\nContext:\nPrevious reports show that addition of omalizumab to standard therapy reduces asthma exacerbations and simultaneously decreases use of inhaled corticosteroids (ICSs) and rescue medication in patients with allergic asthma. To determine the effect of omalizumab on long-term disease control in patients with severe allergic asthma. The present study concerns the 24-week, double-blind extension phase to a previous 28-week core study in which patients received subcutaneous omalizumab or matching placebo (at least 0.016 mg/kg/IgE [IU/mL] every 4 weeks) for 16 weeks in addition to their existing ICS therapy (beclomethasone dipropionate [BDP]; steroid-stable phase), followed by a 12-week phase in which controlled attempts were made to gradually reduce ICS therapy (steroid-reduction phase). During the extension phase patients were maintained on randomized treatment (omalizumab or placebo) and the lowest sustainable dose of BDP. The use of other asthma medications was permitted during the extension phase. Investigators were also allowed to switch patients from BDP to other ICS medications if considered necessary. A total of 460 patients (omalizumab, n = 245; placebo, n = 215) entered the extension phase. Overall, omalizumab-treated patients experienced significantly fewer exacerbations vs placebo during the extension phase (0.60 and 0.83 exacerbations per patient, respectively; P = 0.023), despite a sustained significant reduction in their use of ICS (mean BDP equivalent dose: omalizumab, 227 microg/d; placebo, 335 microg/d; P < 0.001). Treatment with omalizumab was well tolerated and the incidence of adverse events was similar in both treatment groups.\n\nQuestion:\nIs omalizumab effective in the long-term control of severe allergic asthma?\n\nAnswer:",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "yes",
"role": "assistant"
}
] | 0 |
Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.
| [
{
"content": "Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.\n\nContext:\nStatins have been widely used to treat hypercholesterolemia. In addition to the inhibition of cholesterol synthesis, recent reports suggest bone anabolic property of statins. However, little notice has been paid to the direct effect of statins on osteoclastogenesis and bone resorption. The effect of fluvastatin on osteoclast differentiation was determined using in vitro culture of mouse bone marrow macrophages (BMMs) in the presence of macrophage colony-stimulating factor (M-CSF) and receptor activator of nuclear factor kappa B ligand (RANKL). The role of fluvastatin on bone erosion was examined in the P. gingivalis lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced alveolar bone loss model in mice. Fluvastatin significantly inhibited both RANKL- and LPS-induced osteoclast differentiation in mouse BMMs. Fluvastatin also markedly reduced the expression of osteoclast differentiation marker genes of Acp5, Calcr, and Ctsk as well as fusion markers, Atp6v0d2 and Dcstamp. These were accompanied by the decreased expression of c-Fos and NFATc1 transcription factors. Fluvastatin reduced the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) upon the addition of RANKL and LPS, suggesting an anti-oxidant role. Finally, the administration of fluvastatin in mice conspicuously reduced P. gingivalis LPS-induced osteoclastogenesis and alveolar bone erosion in vivo.\n\nQuestion:\nDoes fluvastatin inhibit Osteoclast Differentiation and P. gingivalis lipopolysaccharide-Induced Alveolar Bone Erosion in Mice?\n\nAnswer:",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "yes",
"role": "assistant"
}
] | 0 |
Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.
| [
{
"content": "Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.\n\nContext:\nWe have reported that vitamin D deficiency may be implicated in the pathogenesis of hypoalbuminemia observed in patients with end-stage renal disease, but the mechanism remains to be clarified. The aim of the present study was to determine whether supplementation with alfacalcidol might increase protein intake in hemodialyzed patients with hypoalbuminemia. Twelve patients with hypoalbuminemia under 3.5 g/dl undergoing maintenance hemodialysis and not taking active forms of vitamin D were orally supplemented with 0.5 microg of alfacalcidol daily for 8 weeks. Normalized protein catabolic rate (nPCR), an index of protein intake, and serum concentrations of albumin, interleukin-6 (IL-6), IL-1beta, and soluble tumor necrosis factor-alpha receptor-II (sTNFR-II), an index of tumor necrosis factor-alpha activity, were determined before and after supplementation with alfacalcidol. Supplementation with alfacalcidol increased nPCR from 0.96 +/- 0.20 to 1.16 +/- 0.15 g/kg/day (p < 0.005), thereby increasing serum albumin concentration from a baseline of 3.13 +/- 0.35 to 3.32 +/- 0.29 g/dl (p < 0.05). The baseline serum concentrations of sTNFR-II and IL-6 were markedly elevated, whereas those of IL-1beta were under the detection limit. Supplementation with alfacalcidol significantly decreased serum concentration of sTNFR-II from 23.8 +/- 4.38 to 19.7 +/- 3.93 ng/ml (p < 0.001) but did not alter serum IL-6 concentration.\n\nQuestion:\nDoes supplementation with Alfacalcidol increase protein intake and serum albumin concentration in patients undergoing hemodialysis with hpoalbumineamia?\n\nAnswer:",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "yes",
"role": "assistant"
}
] | 0 |
Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.
| [
{
"content": "Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.\n\nContext:\nThe aim of the present study was to elucidate whether tunicamycin (TM) induces paraptosis as a cell death subroutine in anaplastic thyroid carcinoma (ATC) cells. 8505C, CAL62 and FRO cells were used. After treatment of TM, cell survival and morphology were investigated. The effect of the BRAF(V600E) inhibitor PLX4032 in combination with TM was evaluated. In FRO cells, TM induced paraptosis characteristic of cytoplasmic vacuolation and endoplasmic reticulum (ER) swelling, which was not associated with caspase activation and ER stress. TM-induced paraptosis was ameliorated by pre-treatment with the translation inhibitor cycloheximide, while it was accelerated by pre-treatment with the proteasome inhibitor MG132. PLX4032 augmented TM-induced paraptosis.\n\nQuestion:\nDoes tunicamycin induce paraptosis potentiated by inhibition of BRAFV600E in FRO anaplastic thyroid carcinoma cells?\n\nAnswer:",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "yes",
"role": "assistant"
}
] | 0 |
Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.
| [
{
"content": "Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.\n\nContext:\nDetection of visual contours (strings of small oriented elements) is markedly poor in schizophrenia. This has previously been attributed to an inability to group local information across space into a global percept. Here, we show that this failure actually originates from a combination of poor encoding of local orientation and abnormal processing of visual context. We measured the ability of observers with schizophrenia to localise contours embedded in backgrounds of differently oriented elements (either randomly oriented, near-parallel or near-perpendicular to the contour). In addition, we measured patients' ability to process local orientation information (i.e., report the orientation of an individual element) for both isolated and crowded elements (i.e., presented with nearby distractors). While patients are poor at detecting contours amongst randomly oriented elements, they are proportionally less disrupted (compared to unaffected controls) when contour and surrounding elements have similar orientations (near-parallel condition). In addition, patients are poor at reporting the orientation of an individual element but, again, are less prone to interference from nearby distractors, a phenomenon known as visual crowding.\n\nQuestion:\nAre reduced crowding and poor contour detection in schizophrenia consistent with weak surround inhibition?\n\nAnswer:",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "yes",
"role": "assistant"
}
] | 0 |
Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.
| [
{
"content": "Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.\n\nContext:\nRetrospective study to investigate levels of components of the urokinase-type plasminogen activator (uPA) system in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Peripheral lung tissue was obtained from patients who underwent surgical resection for benign lung diseases: 16 patients with COPD, 10 controls without lung function impairment who were smokers, and 10 controls without lung function impairment who were nonsmokers. Immunohistochemical staining for uPA, uPA receptor (uPAR) and plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1) was quantified. Airway remodelling (collagen; detected by Sirius red staining), lung function (determined by spirometry) and emphysema (alveolar destruction; percentage of low attenuation areas on computed tomography scan) were evaluated. uPA, uPAR and PAI-1 were significantly different in structural lung cells and pulmonary macrophages from patients with COPD compared with controls. There were significant positive correlations between collagen levels and uPA and PAI-1, and between uPA and degree of emphysema. There were significant inverse correlations between lung function and uPA, uPAR and PAI-1.\n\nQuestion:\nAre levels of components of the urokinase-type plasminogen activator system related to chronic obstructive pulmonary disease parenchymal destruction and airway remodelling?\n\nAnswer:",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "yes",
"role": "assistant"
}
] | 0 |
Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.
| [
{
"content": "Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.\n\nContext:\nPublic attitude towards labor pain and pain relief in labor is not fully formed. To study the frequency of formation of acute and chronic pain during delivery. Retrospectively we surveyed 300 women 18-48 years old, who had childbirth naturally or by caesarean section for 4-6 months before the survey and analyzed the history of their childbirth. The obtained data showed that the problem with generic pain has real medical and social consequences, significantly altering the quality of life of women as during childbirth and the postpartum period. Of those surveyed, 74.9% of women in childbirth experienced severe pain during labor; which had 16.7% of women had led to a complete loss of mobility. With approximately 20% of women believed the use of methods of anaesthesia was dangerous and 63% thought that anaesthesia is possible only under strict obstetric indications. Only 20% of pregnant women expected to give birth without pain. In 3-6 months. after labor representation mothers opinion was not changed significantly. In 1 month or more after delivery or cesarean section pain was presented in 21% of women, in 2-3 months--13.7%, in more than 3 months--7%. In 4.3% of the patients the pain persistedfor 5-6 months.\n\nQuestion:\nDo [ PAIN AFTER CHILDBIRTH AND ITS IMPACT ON QUALITY OF LIFE ]?\n\nAnswer:",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "yes",
"role": "assistant"
}
] | 0 |
Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.
| [
{
"content": "Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.\n\nContext:\nAccumulating evidence suggest that the enteric nervous system (ENS) plays important roles in gastrointestinal inflammatory responses, which could be in part mediated by Toll-like receptor (TLR) activation. The aim of this study was to characterise the expression and functionality of TLR2/4/9 in the ENS. TLR2/4/9 expression was assessed in the plexuses of adult rats and embryonic ENS cultures by immunofluorescence and quantitative PCR. Following stimulation with TLR2/4/9 ligands or their combinations, activation of NF-kB, production of TNF-α, IL-6 and MCP-1 and chemoattraction of RAW264.7 macrophages were evaluated by means of Western blot, ELISA, immunofluorescence and migration assays in transwell inserts. TLR2/4/9 staining colocalised with enteric neuronal markers, whereas their presence in enteroglial processes was low to inexistent. Stimulation of ENS cultures with selective ligands induced NF-kB activation and release of cytokines and chemokines by neurons and resident immunocytes. TLR2 neutralisation before lipopolysaccharide (LPS) challenge reduced production of inflammatory mediators, whereas combination of TLR2/4 ligands promoted macrophage migration. Combined stimulation of cultures with LPS and the CpG oligonucleotide 1826 (TLR4/9 ligands) caused a synergic increase in chemoattraction and cytokine production.\n\nQuestion:\nDo tLR2 and TLR9 modulate enteric nervous system inflammatory responses to lipopolysaccharide?\n\nAnswer:",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "yes",
"role": "assistant"
}
] | 0 |
Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.
| [
{
"content": "Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.\n\nContext:\nInvestigations into the effect of deep brain stimulation (DBS) on subthalamic (STN) beta (13-30 Hz) oscillations have been performed in the perioperative period with the subject tethered to equipment. Using an embedded sensing neurostimulator, this study investigated whether beta power was similar in different resting postures and during forward walking in freely moving subjects with Parkinson's disease (PD) and whether STN DBS attenuated beta power in a voltage-dependent manner. Subthalamic local field potentials were recorded from the DBS lead, using a sensing neurostimulator (Activa(®) PC+S, Medtronic, Inc., Food and Drug Administration- Investigational Device Exemption (IDE)-, institutional review board-approved) from 15 PD subjects (30 STNs) off medication during lying, sitting, and standing, during forward walking, and during randomized periods of 140 Hz DBS at 0 V, 1 V, and 2.5/3 V. Continuous video, limb angular velocity, and forearm electromyography recordings were synchronized with neural recordings. Data were parsed to avoid any movement or electrical artifact during resting states. Beta power was similar during lying, sitting, and standing (P = 0.077, n = 28) and during forward walking compared with the averaged resting state (P = 0.466, n = 24), although akinetic rigid PD subjects tended to exhibit decreased beta power when walking. Deep brain stimulation at 3 V and at 1 V attenuated beta power compared with 0 V (P < 0.003, n = 14), and this was voltage dependent (P < 0.001).\n\nQuestion:\nAre beta oscillations in freely moving Parkinson 's subjects attenuated during deep brain stimulation?\n\nAnswer:",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "yes",
"role": "assistant"
}
] | 0 |
Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.
| [
{
"content": "Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.\n\nContext:\nPineal and melatonin interactions with the hypothalamo-neurohypophysial system are well documented. In addition, vasopressin and oxytocin secretion are known to be part of the neuroendocrine response to chronic heart failure evoked by myocardial infarction. The present study was undertaken to evaluate the possible regulatory role of melatonin in the vasopressin and oxytocin release in rats with myocardial infarction. The vasopressin and oxytocin content of the hypothalamus and neurohypophysis, as well as their plasma levels, were radioimmunoassayed in sham-operated or pinealectomized rats with left coronary artery ligation (CAL)-evoked myocardial infarction as well as under melatonin treatment. Infarcted rats demonstrated increased vasopressin and oxytocin plasma levels, but melatonin restricted the release of both neurohormones in these rats. Experimental myocardial infarction in pinealectomized rats caused a distinct inhibition of vasopressin release but intensified oxytocin secretion. In pinealectomized rats substituted with melatonin, pineal indole amine was seen to inhibit oxytocin release and stimulate vasopressin secretion.\n\nQuestion:\nIs function of the hypothalamo-neurohypophysial system in rats with myocardial infarction modified by melatonin?\n\nAnswer:",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "yes",
"role": "assistant"
}
] | 0 |
Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.
| [
{
"content": "Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.\n\nContext:\nPronounced postprandial lipemia has been established as a risk factor for cardiovascular disease, but reports regarding its effect on endothelial function have been controversial. In the present study the influence of a standardized fatty meal with its ensuing postprandial lipemia of highly varying magnitude on endothelium-dependent dilation (EDD) was investigated. In 17 healthy, normolipidemic men EDD of the brachial artery was quantified in two series of three measurements each. In both series initial measurements were performed at 08:00 h after an overnight fast followed by measurements at 12:00 and 16:00 h, in the first series with continued fasting and in the second following the ingestion of a standardized fatty test meal 4 and 8 h postprandially. Measurements of EDD in the fasting state revealed the recently appreciated diurnal variation with higher values in noon and afternoon hours compared with morning values (2.5+/-1.6% at 08:00, 7.5+/-2.7% at 12:00, and 7.0+/-2.1% at 16:00 h, P<0.001 by analysis of variance). Postprandial EDD values measured at 12:00 h were, at the average, lower than fasting EDD values measured at 12:00 h and correlated inversely with the magnitude of postprandial triglyceridemia (r=-0.81, P<0.001). In multivariate analysis, higher postprandial lipemia was associated with impaired postprandial EDD (P<0.001) independent of fasting triglycerides, low density lipoprotein (LDL) and high density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol, insulin, age and body mass index.\n\nQuestion:\nDoes pronounced postprandial lipemia impair endothelium-dependent dilation of the brachial artery in men?\n\nAnswer:",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "yes",
"role": "assistant"
}
] | 0 |
Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.
| [
{
"content": "Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.\n\nContext:\nIt has been suggested that penile length is negatively correlated to the degree of hypospadias; however, there are no studies in the literature actually comparing penile length in normal patients and patients with hypospadias. Between January and May 2011, we measured penile length in two groups of children aged up to 5 years. The first group comprised all boys admitted for hypospadias (40 patients; 25 distal and 15 proximal hypospadias). The control group comprised 100 boys seen for other surgical procedures excluding those with endocrine disorders. We measured the length of the dorsal aspect of the penis in the flaccid state, without stretching. We then established, using our control group, a range of 'normal' values for penile length in our population and determined whether children with hypospadias were within this 'normal' range. Mean penile length in the control group was 4.07 ± 0.92 cm, mean penile length in the hypospadias group was 4.36 ± 0.9 cm (4.48 ± 0.89 cm for distal hypospadias and 4.21 ± 0.79 cm for proximal hypospadias). There was no difference in penile length between the hypospadias group and the control group regardless of degree of hypospadias.\n\nQuestion:\nIs penile length comparable in boys with and without hypospadias?\n\nAnswer:",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "yes",
"role": "assistant"
}
] | 0 |
Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.
| [
{
"content": "Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.\n\nContext:\nHypothalamic lactate metabolism lowers hepatic glucose production and plasma glucose levels in normal rodents. However, it remains unknown whether activation of hypothalamic lactate metabolism lowers glucose production and plasma glucose levels in rodents with diabetes and obesity. We performed intracerebroventricular (ICV) administration of lactate to enhance central lactate metabolism in 1) early-onset streptozotocin-induced uncontrolled diabetic rodents, 2) experimentally induced hypoinsulinemic normal rodents, and 3) early-onset diet-induced insulin-resistant rodents. Tracer-dilution methodology was used to assess the impact of ICV lactate on the rate of glucose production in all three models. We first report that in the absence of insulin treatment, ICV lactate administration lowered glucose production and glucose levels in rodents with uncontrolled diabetes. Second, ICV lactate administration lowered glucose production and glucose levels in normal rodents with experimentally induced hypoinsulinemia. Third, and finally, ICV lactate administration lowered glucose production in normal rodents with diet-induced insulin resistance.\n\nQuestion:\nDoes activation of central lactate metabolism lower glucose production in uncontrolled diabetes and diet-induced insulin resistance?\n\nAnswer:",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "yes",
"role": "assistant"
}
] | 0 |
Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.
| [
{
"content": "Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.\n\nContext:\nTo evaluate the dependency of the sensitivity of [(11)C]choline positron emission tomography/computed tomography (PET/CT) for detecting and localizing primary prostate cancer (PCa) on tumor configuration in the histologic specimen. Forty-three patients with biopsy-proven PCa were included. They underwent radical prostatectomy within 31 days after [(11)C]choline PET/CT. The transaxial image slices and the histologic specimens were analyzed by comparing the respective slices. Maximum standardized uptake values (SUV(max)) were calculated in each segment and correlated with histopathology. The tumor configuration in the histologic specimen was grouped as: I, unifocal; II, multifocal; III, rind-like shaped; IV, size <5 mm. Data analysis included the investigation of detection of PCa by SUV(max), the assessment of the influence of potential contributing factors on tumor prediction, and the evaluation of whether SUV could discriminate cancer tissue from benign prostate hyperplasia (BPH), prostatitis, HGPIN (high-grade prostate intraepithelial neoplasm), or normal prostate tissue. General estimation equation models were used for statistical analysis. Tumor configuration in histology was classified as I in 21 patients, as II in 9, as III in 5, and as IV in 8. The prostate segment involved by cancer is identified in 79% of the patients. SUV(max) was located in the same side of the prostate in 95% of patients. Tumor configuration was the only factor significantly negatively influencing tumor prediction (P < 0.001). PCa-SUV(max) (median SUV(max) = 4.9) was not significantly different from BPH-SUV (median SUV(max) = 4.5) and prostatitis-SUV (median SUV(max) = 3.9), P = 0.102 and P = 0.054, respectively.\n\nQuestion:\nDoes the sensitivity of [ 11C ] choline PET/CT to localize prostate cancer depend on the tumor configuration?\n\nAnswer:",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "yes",
"role": "assistant"
}
] | 0 |
Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.
| [
{
"content": "Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.\n\nContext:\nAutomated analysis of computed tomographic (CT) lung images for epidemiologic nand genetic association studies is increasingly common, but little is known about the utility of visual versus semi-automated emphysema and airway assessments for genetic association studies. Assess the relative utility of visual versus semi-automated emphysema and airway assessments for genetic association studies. A standardized inspection protocol was used to visually assess chest CTs for 1540 non-Hispanic white subjects within the COPDGene Study for the presence and severity of radiographic features representing airway wall thickness and emphysema. A genome-wide association study (GWAS) was performed, and two sets of candidate SNPs with a higher prior likelihood of association were specified a priori for separate analysis. For each visual CT exam feature, a corresponding semi-automated CT feature(s) was identified for comparison in the same subjects. GWAS for visual features of chest CT scans identified a genome-wide significant association with visual emphysema at the 15q25 locus (p=6.3e-9). In the a priori specified set of 19 previously identified GWAS loci, seven and eight loci were associated with airway measures or emphysema measures, respectively. In the a priori specified candidate gene set, 13 out of 196 candidate genes harbored a nearby SNP significantly associated with an emphysema phenotype. Visual CT exam associations were robust to adjustment for semi-automated correlates in many cases.\n\nQuestion:\nIs visual Assessment of Chest CT Images Independently Useful for Genetic Association Analysis in Studies of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease?\n\nAnswer:",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "yes",
"role": "assistant"
}
] | 0 |
Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.
| [
{
"content": "Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.\n\nContext:\nSleep is defined as a reversible state of reduction in sensory responsiveness and immobility. A long-standing hypothesis suggests that a high arousal threshold during non-rapid eye movement (NREM) sleep is mediated by sleep spindle oscillations, impairing thalamocortical transmission of incoming sensory stimuli. Here we set out to test this idea directly by examining sensory-evoked neuronal spiking activity during natural sleep. We compared neuronal (n = 269) and multiunit activity (MUA), as well as local field potentials (LFP) in rat core auditory cortex (A1) during NREM sleep, comparing responses to sounds depending on the presence or absence of sleep spindles. We found that sleep spindles robustly modulated the timing of neuronal discharges in A1. However, responses to sounds were nearly identical for all measured signals including isolated neurons, MUA, and LFPs (all differences < 10%). Furthermore, in 10% of trials, auditory stimulation led to an early termination of the sleep spindle oscillation around 150-250 msec following stimulus onset. Finally, active ON states and inactive OFF periods during slow waves in NREM sleep affected the auditory response in opposite ways, depending on stimulus intensity.\n\nQuestion:\nAre responses in Rat Core Auditory Cortex Preserved during Sleep Spindle Oscillations?\n\nAnswer:",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "yes",
"role": "assistant"
}
] | 0 |
Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.
| [
{
"content": "Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.\n\nContext:\nThe authors compared the NBME subject examination scores and subspecialty profiles of 3rd-year medical students who were assigned to psychiatry subspecialties during their clerkship with those who were not. The authors collated and analyzed the shelf examination scores, the clinical grades, and the child psychiatry and emergency psychiatry shelf profiles of 361 junior medical students in two medical schools during their psychiatry clerkship. There were no significant differences on these parameters between the students assigned to subspecialty sites and those who were not.\n\nQuestion:\nDoes subspecialty exposure in a psychiatry clerkship improve student performance in the subject examination?\n\nAnswer:",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "no",
"role": "assistant"
}
] | 0 |
Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.
| [
{
"content": "Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.\n\nContext:\nThe first sacral nerve has the largest diameter among the spinal nerves and is resistant to local anesthetics. Ropivacaine is a newly developed local anesthetic. There is a possibility that a difference in chemical properties between ropivacaine and other local anesthetics produces a difference in the blockade of the S1 dermatome by lower thoracic epidural anesthesia. Mepivacaine, 2%, is frequently used for epidural anesthesia and produces a level of blockade similar to that of bupivacaine, 0.5%. The purpose of this study was to examine the sensory blockade in the sacral region induced by ropivacaine with that induced by mepivacaine administered in the lower thoracic epidural space. Eighteen adults undergoing lower thoracic epidural anesthesia (thoracic 11/12 interspace) were studied in a double-blind fashion. Patients were assigned to one of two groups: those who received 2% mepivacaine, 18 ml (group M; n = 9), and those who received 1% ropivacaine, 12 ml (group R; n = 9). The cephalad levels of sensory blockade to cold, pinprick, and touch in the L2, S1, and S3 dermatomes were assessed at 10, 20, and 35 min after injection. There were no differences in the cephalad levels of sensory block to cold (T4 [range, T4-T2] and T4 [range, T6-T2]), pinprick (T4 [range, T6-T4] and T4 [range, T6-T4]), or touch (T6 [range, T6-T4] and T6 [range, T6-T4]) between group M and group R respectively, at 35 min (P > 0.05). In the L2 and S3 dermatomes, there were no significant differences in the numbers of patients who obtained sensory block to cold or pinprick at 20 and 35 min after study drug administration. However, in the S1 dermatome, significantly higher numbers of patients in group R obtained sensory block to cold at 20 and 35 min after study drug administration than in group M (8 and 0; 9 and 0; P = 0.001 and P < 0.001; 20 min and 35 min after administration, respectively). Also in the S1 dermatome, significantly higher numbers of patients in group R obtained sensory block to pinprick at 20 and 35 min after study drug administration than in group M (6 and 0; 9 and 0; P = 0.027 and P < 0.001; 20 min and 35 min after administration, respectively). A significantly higher number of patients in group R had sensory block to touch in the S3 dermatome at 35 min (7 and 2; group R and group M, respectively; P = 0.01).\n\nQuestion:\nDoes ropivacaine produce sensory blockade in the lumbar sacral region more frequently than mepivacaine in lower thoracic epidural anesthesia?\n\nAnswer:",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "yes",
"role": "assistant"
}
] | 0 |
Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.
| [
{
"content": "Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.\n\nContext:\nIntravenous bisphosphonates reduce mortality following hip fracture. We determined whether new use of oral bisphosphonates was also associated with reductions in mortality in 209 hip fracture patients. Oral bisphosphonate exposure led to relative reduction of 8% per month of use (p = 0.001) or about a 60% reduction in mortality per year of use. Intravenous bisphosphonates reduce mortality following hip fracture. Using prospectively collected long-term data from a randomized trial of osteoporosis quality improvement for hip fracture, we determined whether new use of oral bisphosphonates was associated with reductions in mortality or the composite outcome of death or new fracture. Originally, 220 hip fracture patients were randomized to case manager (n = 110) or usual care followed by facilitated bone mineral density (BMD) testing (n = 110) interventions. All were eligible for bisphosphonate treatment. Post-randomization, we followed patients for 3 years and ascertained bisphosphonate treatment, medication adherence and persistence, all-cause mortality, and new clinical fractures. Proportional hazards analyses with time-varying treatment status were undertaken. The final study cohort included 209 patients: 136 (65%) females, 104 (50%) older than 75 years, 90 (43%) with poor self-reported health, and 38 (18%) underweight. Of these, 76 (36%) had a previous fracture before hip fracture and 132 (81%) had low BMD. A total of 101 (46%) patients started oral bisphosphonates and 65 (64%) remained on treatment at the final evaluation. Overall, 24 (11%) patients died, 19 (9%) had new fractures, and 42 (20%) reached the composite outcome of death or fracture. Compared to no treatment, bisphosphonate exposure was independently associated with reduced mortality (17[16%] vs. 7[7%]; adjusted hazard ratio (aHR) = 0.92 per month treated; 95%CI, 0.88-0.97) and composite endpoints (28[26%] vs. 5[15%]; aHR = 0.94 per month treated; 95%CI, 0.91-0.97).\n\nQuestion:\nAre oral bisphosphonates associated with reduced mortality after hip fracture?\n\nAnswer:",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "yes",
"role": "assistant"
}
] | 0 |
Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.
| [
{
"content": "Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.\n\nContext:\nFibroblast growth factors (Fgfs) are key orchestrators of development, and a role of Fgfs in tissue repair is emerging. Here we studied the consequences of inducible loss of Fgf receptor (Fgfr) 4, the major Fgf receptor (Fgfr) on hepatocytes, alone or in combination with Fgfr1 and Fgfr2, for liver regeneration after PH. We used siRNA delivered via nanoparticles combined with liver-specific gene knockout to study Fgfr function in liver regeneration. Liver or blood samples were analysed using histology, immunohistochemistry,real-time RT-PCR, western blotting and ELISA. siRNA-mediated knockdown of Fgfr4 severely affected liver regeneration due to impairment of hepatocyte proliferation combined with liver necrosis.Mechanistically, the proliferation defect resulted from inhibition of an Fgf15-Fgfr4-Stat3 signalling pathway,which is required for injury-induced expression of the Foxm1 transcription factor and subsequent cell cycle progression, while elevated levels of intrahepatic toxicbile acids were identified as the likely cause of the necrotic damage. Failure of liver mass restoration in Fgfr4 knockdown mice was prevented at least in part by compensatory hypertrophy of hepatocytes. Most importantly, our data revealed partially redundant functions of Fgf receptors in the liver, since knock down of Fgfr4 in mice lacking Fgfr1 and Fgfr2 in hepatocytes caused liver failure after PH due to severe liver necrosis and a defect in regeneration.\n\nQuestion:\nIs control of hepatocyte proliferation and survival by Fgf receptors essential for liver regeneration in mice?\n\nAnswer:",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "yes",
"role": "assistant"
}
] | 0 |
Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.
| [
{
"content": "Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.\n\nContext:\nFreezing of gait (FOG) is a disabling impairment for people with Parkinson's disease (PD) and may not respond to medications. The effectiveness of physical therapy for FOG is debatable. Action observation strategies to overcome FOG may enhance physical training. To assess whether action observation, combined with practicing the observed actions, may reduce FOG episodes. Twenty patients with PD entered a single-blind trial and were randomly assigned to the experimental (Action) or control (Landscape) groups. Those in the Action group watched video clips showing specific movements and strategies to circumvent FOG episodes, whereas those in the Landscape group watched video clips of static pictures showing different landscapes. All patients underwent identical physical therapy training, 3 sessions a week for 4 weeks. The FOG Questionnaire score and the number of FOG episodes were significantly reduced in both groups after the training period. At follow-up examination (4 weeks after the end of the intervention), a significant reduction in the number of FOG episodes was observed only in the Action group. Motor performance (walking and balance) and quality-of-life assessments were significantly improved in both groups at the end of training and at follow-up.\n\nQuestion:\nDoes action observation improve freezing of gait in patients with Parkinson 's disease?\n\nAnswer:",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "yes",
"role": "assistant"
}
] | 0 |
Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.
| [
{
"content": "Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.\n\nContext:\nIsometric and allometric scaling of a conserved floral plan could provide a parsimonious mechanism for rapid and reversible transitions between breeding systems. This scaling may occur during transitions between predominant autogamy and xenogamy, contributing to the maintenance of a stable mixed mating system. We compared nine disjunct populations of the polytypic, mixed mating species Oenothera flava (Onagraceae) to two parapatric relatives, the obligately xenogamous species O. acutissima and the mixed mating species O. triloba. We compared floral morphology of all taxa using principal component analysis (PCA) and developmental trajectories of floral organs using ANCOVA homogeneity of slopes. The PCA revealed both isometric and allometric scaling of a conserved floral plan. Three principal components (PCs) explained 92.5% of the variation in the three species. PC1 predominantly loaded on measures of floral size and accounts for 36% of the variation. PC2 accounted for 35% of the variation, predominantly in traits that influence pollinator handling. PC3 accounted for 22% of the variation, primarily in anther-stigma distance (herkogamy). During O. flava subsp. taraxacoides development, style elongation was accelerated relative to anthers, resulting in positive herkogamy. During O. flava subsp. flava development, style elongation was decelerated, resulting in zero or negative herkogamy. Of the two populations with intermediate morphology, style elongation was accelerated in one population and decelerated in the other.\n\nQuestion:\nDoes geographic variation in floral allometry suggest repeated transitions between selfing and outcrossing in a mixed mating plant?\n\nAnswer:",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "yes",
"role": "assistant"
}
] | 0 |
Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.
| [
{
"content": "Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.\n\nContext:\nThe prefrontal cortical (PFC) dopamine (DA) system has been implicated in anxiety-related behavioral changes, but direct, unequivocal support for this idea is sparse. The present aim was to study the functional significance of prefrontal DA using the pentylenetetrazol (PTZ) discrimination model of anxiety. A comparison was made with its role in the cue of the anxiolytic drug chlordiazepoxide (CDP). Two groups of rats were trained to discriminate either PTZ (20 mg/kg, s.c.) or CDP (10 mg/kg, i.p.) from saline using an operant drug discrimination procedure. After prolonged training, half of each group was used to assess biochemical changes induced by both drugs in different sub areas of the PFC. For the remaining rats, discrimination training continued and generalization tests with PTZ and CDP were performed. Rats were then provided with bilateral guide cannulae aimed at the ventromedial (vm) PFC, and the effects of local infusions of DAergic drugs on discriminative performance were evaluated. CDP did not affect PFC DA activity, but PTZ increased the DOPAC/DA ratio in the vmPFC selectively. Generalization tests showed that the cues of PTZ and CDP were dose dependent. In PTZ-trained rats, infusions of the DA receptor antagonist cis-flupenthixol into the vmPFC blocked the PTZ cue dose dependently, whereas the agonist apomorphine partially generalized to this cue. In CDP-trained rats, neither drug antagonized or generalized to the CDP cue, showing that PFC DA is not critically involved in the CDP cue and that local pharmacological manipulations of PFC DA do not affect discriminative abilities per se.\n\nQuestion:\nIs prefrontal dopamine directly involved in the anxiogenic interoceptive cue of pentylenetetrazol but not in the interoceptive cue of chlordiazepoxide in the rat?\n\nAnswer:",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "yes",
"role": "assistant"
}
] | 0 |
Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.
| [
{
"content": "Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.\n\nContext:\nThere is a scarcity of information on the effect of white matter degeneration in patients with spinocerebellar ataxia type 7. Therefore, we investigated the WM integrity in a large group of patients with spinocerebellar ataxia type 7 by using Tract-Based Spatial Statistics. Thirty-three patients with a molecular diagnosis of spinocerebellar ataxia type 7 and their age- and sex-matched healthy controls participated in this study. The patients' ataxia severity was evaluated with the Scale for the Assessment and Rating of Ataxia. Voxelwise analyses of diffusion metrics, including fractional anisotropy and mean diffusivity, were performed with Tract-Based Spatial Statistics. The correlation between WM abnormalities and ataxia severity was then calculated. Tract-Based Spatial Statistics analysis revealed WM abnormalities in the cerebellum and the cerebellar peduncles, as well as in other major cortical and subcortical pathways. Further analysis between the Scale for the Assessment and Rating of Ataxia score and WM mean diffusivity showed significant associations only in key areas related to motor control and visuospatial processing, including the cerebellar WM, the middle occipital WM, the superior cerebellar peduncle, and bilateral anterior thalamic radiation. No significant associations between fractional anisotropy and the Scale for the Assessment and Rating of Ataxia were found.\n\nQuestion:\nDoes ataxia Severity correlate with White Matter Degeneration in Spinocerebellar Ataxia Type 7?\n\nAnswer:",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "yes",
"role": "assistant"
}
] | 0 |
Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.
| [
{
"content": "Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.\n\nContext:\nDefibrillation current has been shown to be a clinically more relevant dosing unit than energy. However, the effects of average and peak current in determining shock outcome are still undetermined. The aim of this study was to investigate the relationship between average current, peak current and defibrillation success when different biphasic waveforms were employed. Ventricular fibrillation (VF) was electrically induced in 22 domestic male pigs. Animals were then randomized to receive defibrillation using one of two different biphasic waveforms. A grouped up-and-down defibrillation threshold-testing protocol was used to maintain the average success rate of 50% in the neighborhood. In 14 animals (Study A), defibrillations were accomplished with either biphasic truncated exponential (BTE) or rectilinear biphasic waveforms. In eight animals (Study B), shocks were delivered using two BTE waveforms that had identical peak current but different waveform durations. Both average and peak currents were associated with defibrillation success when BTE and rectilinear waveforms were investigated. However, when pathway impedance was less than 90Ω for the BTE waveform, bivariate correlation coefficient was 0.36 (p=0.001) for the average current, but only 0.21 (p=0.06) for the peak current in Study A. In Study B, a high defibrillation success (67.9% vs. 38.8%, p<0.001) was observed when the waveform delivered more average current (14.9±2.1A vs. 13.5±1.7A, p<0.001) while keeping the peak current unchanged.\n\nQuestion:\nIs average current better than peak current as therapeutic dosage for biphasic waveforms in a ventricular fibrillation pig model of cardiac arrest?\n\nAnswer:",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "yes",
"role": "assistant"
}
] | 0 |
Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.
| [
{
"content": "Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.\n\nContext:\nEarlier studies showed that mitochondrial damage is a hallmark of the candidacidal activity of an N-terminal peptide of human lactoferrin, further referred to as hLF(1-11). Since uptake of Ca(2+) by mitochondria may be essential for their activation, the aim of this study was to define the role of Ca(2+) in killing of Candida albicans by the hLF(1-11) peptide. The effect of compounds interfering with Ca(2+) homeostasis on the hLF(1-11)-induced candidacidal activity, changes in mitochondrial membrane potential, and reactive oxygen species production were evaluated using a killing assay, rhodamine 123 staining, and 2',7'-dichlorofluorescein diacetate, respectively. The increase in cellular Ca(2+) content was measured using (45)Ca(2+). Our results revealed that Ruthenium Red, which inhibits the mitochondrial Ca(2+)-uniporter and the voltage-sensitive Ca(2+) release from internal stores, blocked (P<0.05) the hLF(1-11)-induced candidacidal activity as well as changes in the membrane potential of mitochondria, and reactive oxygen species production. Oxalate, which precipitates Ca(2+) in intracellular organelles, decreased (P<0.05) the peptide-induced changes in the membrane potential of mitochondria, reactive oxygen species production, and candidacidal activity. Furthermore, the Ca(2+) ionophore ionomycin combined with high CaCl(2) concentrations enhanced the hLF(1-11)-induced candidacidal activity. Moreover, hLF(1-11) caused an influx of Ca(2+) from the extracellular medium into C. albicans reaching a three-fold increase at 2 h, whereas no increase was found in unexposed cells. In agreement, the Ca(2+)-chelator EGTA blocked the peptide-induced candidacidal activity.\n\nQuestion:\nAre release of calcium from intracellular stores and subsequent uptake by mitochondria essential for the candidacidal activity of an N-terminal peptide of human lactoferrin?\n\nAnswer:",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "yes",
"role": "assistant"
}
] | 0 |
Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.
| [
{
"content": "Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.\n\nContext:\nTo complement the activated methyl cycle (AMC) pathway at an AI-2 defect background in Streptococcus mutans (S. mutans) luxS null strain. A sahH gene was amplified from Pseudomonas aeruginosa and introduced into the S. mutans luxS null strain to complement the methyl-metabolic disruption at an AI-2 defect background. Western blot, reverse-transcription PCR and AI-2 bioassay were performed to confirm the heterogenous expression of SahH in S. mutans luxS null strain. The data was statistically analyzed by SAS8.0 software package. LuxS and SahH were detected to express in Escherichia coli BL21 as well as their mRNA were confirmed to be successfully transcribed in S. mutans luxS null strain. AI-2 production was found in wide type S. mutans and its luxS-introduced luxS null strain but not found in the luxS null strain and its sahH and empty plasmid-introduced strains.\n\nQuestion:\nDo [ Complementation and function of methyl-metabolic pathway in Streptococcus mutans luxS null strain ]?\n\nAnswer:",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "yes",
"role": "assistant"
}
] | 0 |
Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.
| [
{
"content": "Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.\n\nContext:\nBacterial keratitis is a sight-threatening infection of the cornea that is one of the leading causes of blindness globally. In this report, we analyze the role of moxifloxacin susceptibility in the relationship between causative organisms and clinical outcome in bacteria keratitis. A mediation analysis is used to assess the role of moxifloxacin susceptibility in the relationship between causative organisms and clinical outcome in bacterial keratitis using data collected in a randomized, controlled trial. In the Steroids for Corneal Ulcers Trial (SCUT), 500 corneal infections were treated with topical moxifloxacin. The outcome of 3-week best spectacle-corrected visual acuity was significantly associated with an organism (Streptococcus pneumoniae, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, etc., P = 0.008). An indirect effects mediation model suggests that MIC accounted for approximately 13% (95% confidence interval, 3%-24%, P = 0.015) of the effect of the organism on 3-week visual acuity.\n\nQuestion:\nDoes moxifloxacin susceptibility mediate the relationship between causative organism and clinical outcome in bacterial keratitis?\n\nAnswer:",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "yes",
"role": "assistant"
}
] | 0 |
Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.
| [
{
"content": "Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.\n\nContext:\nWe evaluated whether therapy designed to eradicate Helicobacter pylori infection resulted in a reduction in rebleeding in patients with peptic ulcer disease. Patients presenting because of major upper gastrointestinal hemorrhage from peptic ulcer and whose ulcers healed in a study in which they were randomized to receive ranitidine alone or triple therapy plus ranitidine were followed up regularly with endoscopy. No maintenance anti-ulcer therapy was given after ulcer healing. Patients received ranitidine, 300 mg, or ranitidine plus triple therapy. Triple therapy consisted of tetracycline, 2 g; metronidazole, 750 mg; and bismuth subsalicylate, 5 or 8 tablets (151 mg bismuth per tablet), and was administered for the first 2 weeks of treatment; ranitidine therapy was continued until the ulcer had healed or 16 weeks had elapsed. After ulcer healing, no maintenance antiulcer therapy was given. Development of ulcer recurrence with or without recurrent upper gastrointestinal bleeding was evaluated. Thirty-one patients with major upper gastrointestinal bleeding from peptic ulcer were studied; 17 received triple therapy and 14 ranitidine alone. Major rebleeding occurred significantly (p = 0.031) more often in those in the ranitidine group (28.6%), compared with none (0%) in the triple therapy group.\n\nQuestion:\nDoes treatment of Helicobacter pylori reduce the rate of rebleeding in peptic ulcer disease?\n\nAnswer:",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "yes",
"role": "assistant"
}
] | 0 |
Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.
| [
{
"content": "Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.\n\nContext:\nEpithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) is critical for the development of the invasion and metastasis in human cancers. Recently, signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3) activation has been linked to EMT program in breast cancer. However, the actual association of STAT3 activation with EMT, and its mediated tumor invasion and metastasis remains elusive in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). The aim of this study was to investigate the correlation between STAT3 activation and EMT, as well as the underlying mechanism involved in HCC progression. We treated SMMC-7721 cells with a known STAT3 activator, epithelial growth factor (EGF); in the absence or presence of JSI-124, a selective STAT3 inhibitor. The EMT-associated morphologic and molecular changes of cells were analyzed. The EMT-mediated HCC cell invasion, migration and adhesion were evaluated. In this study, we found that STAT3 activation induced by EGF was associated significantly with morphologic changes, cytoskeleton rearrangement and molecular changes consistent with EMT in SMMC-7721 cells; STAT3 activation-mediated EMT may be transcriptionally induced by Twist. STAT3 activation-mediated EMT also promoted HCC cell invasion, migration and adhesion significantly.\n\nQuestion:\nDoes sTAT3 activation mediate epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition in human hepatocellular carcinoma cells?\n\nAnswer:",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "yes",
"role": "assistant"
}
] | 0 |
Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.
| [
{
"content": "Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.\n\nContext:\nWe have shown that A(3) adenosine receptor mediates apoptosis in human lung cancer cells such as A549 cells, an epithelial adenocarcinoma cell line, and Lu-65 cells, a giant cell cancer cell line, via each different signaling pathway. AMID, a pro-apoptotic protein, induces caspase-independent apoptosis by accumulating in the nucleus. The present study investigated AMID-dependent apoptosis through A(3) adenosine receptor in SBC-3 cells, a human small cell lung cancer cell line. MTT assay, TUNEL staining, flow cytometry using propidium iodide and annexin V-FITC, and Western blotting were carried out in SBC-3 cells transfected with and without the siRNA to silence the A(3) adenosine receptor-targeted gene or the AMID-targeted gene. Adenosine induced SBC-3 cell apoptosis in a concentration (0.01-10 mM) and treatment time (24-72 h)-dependent manner, and a similar effect was obtained with the A(3) adenosine receptor agonist 2-Cl-IB-MECA. Adenosine-induced SBC-3 cell death was inhibited by the A(3) adenosine receptor inhibitor MRS1191, knocking-down A(3) adenosine receptor, or knocking-down AMID. Adenosine upregulated expression of the AMID mRNA and protein in SBC-3 cells, that is suppressed by knocking-down A(3) adenosine receptor. In addition, adenosine increased nuclear AMID localization in concert with decreased cytosolic AMID localization.\n\nQuestion:\nDoes adenosine induce apoptosis in SBC-3 human lung cancer cells through A ( 3 ) adenosine receptor-dependent AMID upregulation?\n\nAnswer:",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "yes",
"role": "assistant"
}
] | 0 |
Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.
| [
{
"content": "Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.\n\nContext:\nBlood vessels in tumors express higher level of aminopeptidase N (APN) than normal tissues. Evidence suggests that the CNGRC motif is an APN ligand which targets tumor vasculature. Increased expression of APN in tumor vascular endothelium, therefore, offers an opportunity for targeted delivery of NGR peptide-linked drugs to tumors. To determine whether an additional cyclic CNGRC sequence could improve endothelial cell homing and antitumor effect, human plasminogen kringle 5 (hPK5) was modified genetically to introduce a CNGRC motif (NGR-hPK5) and was subsequently expressed in yeast. The biological activity of NGR-hPK5 was assessed and compared with that of wild-type hPK5, in vitro and in vivo. NGR-hPK5 showed more potent antiangiogenic activity than wild-type hPK5: the former had a stronger inhibitory effect on proliferation, migration and cord formation of vascular endothelial cells, and produced a stronger antiangiogenic response in the CAM assay. To evaluate the tumor-targeting ability, both wild-type hPK5 and NGR-hPK5 were (99 m)Tc-labeled, for tracking biodistribution in the in vivo tumor model. By planar imaging and biodistribution analyses of major organs, NGR-hPK5 was found localized to tumor tissues at a higher level than wild-type hPK5 (approximately 3-fold). Finally, the effects of wild-type hPK5 and NGR-modified hPK5 on tumor growth were investigated in two tumor model systems. NGR modification improved tumor localization and, as a consequence, effectively inhibited the growth of mouse Lewis lung carcinoma (LLC) and human colorectal adenocarcinoma (Colo 205) cells in tumor-bearing mice.\n\nQuestion:\nDoes modification of cyclic NGR tumor neovasculature-homing motif sequence to human plasminogen kringle 5 improve inhibition of tumor growth?\n\nAnswer:",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "yes",
"role": "assistant"
}
] | 0 |
Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.
| [
{
"content": "Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.\n\nContext:\nTo estimate the prevalence and correlates of clinician-diagnosed DSM-IV nonaffective psychosis (NAP) in a national household survey. Data came from the United States National Comorbidity Survey Replication (NCS-R). A screen for NAP was followed by blinded sub-sample clinical reappraisal interviews. Logistic regression was used to impute clinical diagnoses to respondents who were not re-interviewed. The method of Multiple Imputation (MI) was used to estimate prevalence and correlates. Clinician-diagnosed NAP was well predicted by the screen (area under the curve [AUC] = .80). The MI prevalence estimate of NAP (standard error in parentheses) is 5.0 (2.6) per 1000 population lifetime and 3.0 (2.2) per 1000 past 12 months. The vast majority (79.4%) of lifetime and 12-month (63.7%) cases met criteria for other DSM-IV hierarchy-free disorders. Fifty-eight percent of 12-month cases were in treatment, most in the mental health specialty sector.\n\nQuestion:\nDoes the prevalence and correlate of nonaffective psychosis in the National Comorbidity Survey Replication ( NCS-R )?\n\nAnswer:",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "yes",
"role": "assistant"
}
] | 0 |
Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.
| [
{
"content": "Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.\n\nContext:\nPlatelet-derived growth factor (PDGF)-BB plays a crucial role in atherosclerosis and vascular remodeling by promoting the migration and proliferation of vascular smooth muscle cells. The objective of this study was to clarify the pleiotropic effect of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor α (PPARα) activators on PDGF-BB expression in megakaryocytes and platelets. The expression of PPARα in a human erythroleukemia (HEL) cells was clearly detected by reverse transcriptase-PCR and immunofluorescence microscopy. The expression level of PPARα in HEL cells was unchanged regardless of differentiation into megakaryocytic cells by treatment with phorbol 12-myristate 13 acetate (TPA). The TPA-induced expression of PDGF-B mRNA and PDGF-BB protein levels in culture media was significantly decreased by treatment with PPARα activators, Wy14643 and fenofibric acid, in a dose-dependent manner. PDGF-BB expression induced by inflammatory cytokines, including interleukin-1β or interleukin-6, was also significantly suppressed by treatment with PPARα activators. Immunohistochemistry of human bone marrow showed the expression of PPARα in both the nucleus and cytoplasm of megakaryocytes. In addition, PDGF-BB levels in platelets were significantly decreased from 1,800±870 to 1,470±840 pg/10(5) platelets (mean±SD, p<0.05) by treatment with 300 mg fenofibrate once daily for 4 weeks in 13 patients with dyslipidemia.\n\nQuestion:\nDoes activation of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor α in megakaryocytes reduce platelet-derived growth factor-BB in platelets?\n\nAnswer:",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "yes",
"role": "assistant"
}
] | 0 |
Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.
| [
{
"content": "Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.\n\nContext:\nType D personality is associated with recurrent coronary heart disease (CHD) risk but there is limited and inconsistent evidence regarding incident risk among persons free of clinical CHD. We examined the association between Type D personality and coronary heart disease (CHD) risk in apparently healthy adults. We also explored the association of these traits with waist circumference, body mass index (BMI), and inhibited physician consultation behavior. Cross-sectional study of North American retirement-aged residents (N = 303). The primary outcome variable was a modified 10-year absolute CHD risk score from the Framingham Heart Study. Secondary outcomes included adiposity and a 5-item measure of patient/provider interaction inhibition. We regressed CHD risk on negative affect (NA), social inhibition (SI), and the NAxSI interaction (i.e., the Type D personality) and repeated these analyses for adiposity and for patient/provider interaction inhibition. We also contrasted CHD risk across Type D and non-Type D categories. None of the personality variables were associated with CHD risk for the whole sample (regression coefficients from −0.11 to .10, Ps > 0.29) or in gender-specific analyses. For adiposity, NA was positively associated and SI was negatively associated with BMI in women (Ps < 0.05), but there were no other personality associations. Patient/provider interaction inhibition was associated with SI (P < 0.001) but not NA or the NAxSI interaction (P = 0.42). The contrast between Type D and non-Type D personality revealed no differences in CHD risk (P = 0.93).\n\nQuestion:\nIs type D personality associated with coronary heart disease risk in a North American sample of retirement-aged adults?\n\nAnswer:",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "no",
"role": "assistant"
}
] | 0 |
Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.
| [
{
"content": "Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.\n\nContext:\nMedical thoracoscopy and thoracoscopic talc poudrage (TTP) are accepted procedures in the management of pleural effusions. The relative merits of TTP compared with pleurodesis via intercostal catheter (ICC) continue to be debated. However, of the two procedures, only medical thoracoscopy allows both tissue diagnosis and pleurodesis to be achieved reliably in one procedure. The aim of this study was to assess the feasibility and accuracy of using frozen section analysis of samples taken during medical thoracoscopy to assist the thoracoscopist's decision to complete the procedure with a TTP. Twenty patients with undiagnosed pleural effusions after at least one diagnostic pleurocentesis underwent medical thoracoscopy and biopsy. Frozen sections were easily performed within the timeframe of medical thoracoscopy. The final diagnosis based on paraffin sections was malignant in 10 cases and benign in 10 cases. Frozen section at the time of thoracoscopy (before TTP) correctly identified nine of 10 cases as being benign and six of 10 cases as malignant. In the malignant group, reasons for incorrect identification as benign were sampling from superficial benign adipose tissue overlying the malignant deposits, difficult access to the most involved parts of the pleura and intense cellular infiltrate initially thought to be benign.\n\nQuestion:\nDoes frozen section of pleural biopsies at medical thoracoscopy assist in correctly identifying benign disease?\n\nAnswer:",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "yes",
"role": "assistant"
}
] | 0 |
Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.
| [
{
"content": "Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.\n\nContext:\nTo investigate the effects of nitric oxide (NO) inhalation (iNO) on alveolar liquid clearance (ALC), alveolar permeability, and lung edema, and its possible mechanism. Eighteen male rabbits were challenged with endotoxin, and they were randomly assigned into three groups: mechanical ventilator (MV) group [volume control ventilation: tidal volume (V(T)) 15 ml/kg, respiration rate (RR) 40 beats/minute, positive end-expiratory pressure (PEEP): 5 cm H(2)O (1 cm H(2)O=0.098 kPa)], high; NO ( 40 x 10(-6) NO, HNO) group and low concentration; NO (10 x 10(-6) NO, LNO) group. Indexes including haemodynamics, blood gas analysis, and mechanics of breathing were determined after MV at different time points in each group. The rabbits were sacrificed after MV lasting for 4 hours. Wet/dry weight (W/D) ratio of the lung was calculated, and the condition of alveolar exudation was observed. (1) Oxygenation index (PaO(2)/FiO(2)) in HNO group and LNO group were higher than those in MV group at 0.5 hour after treatment. (2) The peak pressure of airway (Ppeak) and plateau pressure of airway (Pplat) in LNO group were lower than those in MV group at 0.5, 2 and 4 hours after treatment (P<0.05 or P<0.01). Ppeak at 4 hours, Pplat at 2 hours and 4 hours were lower in HNO group as compared with those in MV group (P<0.05 or P<0.01). Pplat in LNO group was lower than that in HNO group at 2 hours and 4 hours (both P<0.01). (3) Alveolar exudation in HNO group and LNO group was milder than that in MV group (F=22.756, P<0.01). ALC in HNO group and LNO group were higher than that in MV group (F=3.965, P<0.05). The W/D ratio of lung in MV group was higher than that in HNO group, and the W/D rate in HNO group was higher than that in LNO group (F=11.740, P<0.01). (4) Lung injury score in HNO group and LNO group was higher than that in MV group, but without significant difference.\n\nQuestion:\nDoes [ Nitric oxide inhalation improve alveolar liquid clearance in rabbit with endotoxin induced acute lung injury ]?\n\nAnswer:",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "yes",
"role": "assistant"
}
] | 0 |
Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.
| [
{
"content": "Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.\n\nContext:\nDNA methylation varies throughout the normal colorectal mucosa and DNA methylation in normal appearing mucosa is associated with serrated and adenomatous neoplasia elsewhere within the colorectum. The purpose of this study was to measure luminal chemistry, rectal proliferation and mucosal DNA methylation and thus determine whether regional and pathological patterns of DNA methylation could be explained by luminal and epithelial factors. Twenty healthy subjects had normal rectal mucosal biopsies and a 24-h fecal collection. Rectal biopsies were analyzed for epithelial proliferation (Ki67 immunohistochemistry) and DNA methylation at 17 different markers, including \"type A\" markers (ESR1, GATA5, HIC1, HPP1, SFRP1), \"type C\" markers (MGMT, MLH1, CDKN2A, MINT1, MINT2, MINT31, IGF2, CACNA1G, NEUROG1, SOCS1, RUNX3), and LINE-1. Fecal analysis included short-chain fatty acids (SCFA), pH and ammonia. Mean \"type A\" and CIMP panel methylation Z-scores were calculated. Rectal proliferation was significantly correlated with methylation at ESR1 (ρ = 0.81, P = 0.003) and GATA5 (ρ = 0.78, P = 0.012). LINE-1 methylation was 71.7 vs. 74.1%, in patients with \"low\" and \"high\" fecal total SCFA concentration (defined by the median value), respectively (P = 0.0019). On multivariate linear regression \"type A\" methylation was independently associated with rectal proliferation (P = 0.001). LINE-1 methylation was directly associated with rectal proliferation (P = 0.038) and total fecal SCFA concentration (P = 0.002), and inversely associated with fecal NH(3) concentrations (P = 0.003).\n\nQuestion:\nIs dNA methylation in the rectal mucosa associated with crypt proliferation and fecal short-chain fatty acids?\n\nAnswer:",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "yes",
"role": "assistant"
}
] | 0 |
Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.
| [
{
"content": "Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.\n\nContext:\nIntratympanic steroid treatment prevents hearing loss and cochlear damage in a rat model of pneumococcal meningitis. Sensorineural hearing loss is a long-term complication of meningitis affecting up to a third of survivors. Streptococcus pneumoniae is the bacterial species most often associated with a hearing loss. Rats were randomly assigned to 3 treatment groups: a group treated with intratympanic betamethasone and 2 control groups treated with either intratympanic or systemic saline. Treatment was initiated 21 hours after infection and repeated once a day for 3 days. Hearing loss and cochlear damage were assessed by distortion product otoacoustic emissions, auditory brainstem response at 16 kHz, and spiral ganglion neuron density. Fifty-six days after infection, auditory brainstem response showed no significant differences between groups, and distortion product otoacoustic emissions showed significant hearing loss at the low frequencies in animals treated with intratympanic steroid compared with animals treated with systemic saline (p < 0.05; Mann-Whitney test). However, intratympanic steroid significantly increased the number of viable neurons in the spiral ganglion compared with both intratympanic and systemic saline (p = 0.0082 and p = 0.0089; Mann-Whitney test). Histology revealed fibrosis of the tympanic membrane and cavity in steroid-treated animals, which plausibly caused the low-frequency hearing loss.\n\nQuestion:\nDoes intratympanic steroid prevent long-term spiral ganglion neuron loss in experimental meningitis?\n\nAnswer:",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "yes",
"role": "assistant"
}
] | 0 |
Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.
| [
{
"content": "Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.\n\nContext:\nUnilateral hand contractions have been shown to induce relative activation of the contralateral hemisphere, which is in turn associated with distinct motivational states. Specifically, right hand contraction increases relative left activation and promotes an approach state, and left hand contractions promote relative right activation and withdrawal states. Using the same hand clenching technique, the present study extends this research to examine the incidental role of motivational tendency on interactive economic decision making. A total of 75 right-handed participants were randomly assigned to 1 of 3 conditions, including withdrawal/left-hand contractions, approach/right-hand contractions, and control/no contraction. Participants completed 2 well-known economic tasks, namely the Ultimatum Game (UG), Dictator Game (DG). In the UG, we found that relative to individuals in the withdrawal condition, those in the approach (right-hand contraction) condition made higher monetary offers to human partners who could either accept or reject these offers. Moreover, those in the approach condition rejected significantly more unfair offers from human partners.\n\nQuestion:\nDo unilateral hand contractions produce motivational biases in social economic decision making?\n\nAnswer:",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "yes",
"role": "assistant"
}
] | 0 |
Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.
| [
{
"content": "Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.\n\nContext:\nThe use of adenoviral vector for gene therapy is still an important strategy for advanced cancers, however, the lack of the requisite coxsackie-adenovirus receptor in cancer cells and host immune response to adenovirus limit the application of adenoviral vector in vivo. We designed the antiangiogenic gene therapy with recombinant PEDF adenovirus (Ad-PEDF) encapsulated in cationic liposome (Ad-PEDF/Liposome), and investigated the anti-tumor efficacy of Ad-PEDF/Liposome complex on inhibition of tumor metastasis. We found that systemic administration of Ad-PEDF/liposome was well tolerated and resulted in marked suppression of tumor growth, and was more potent than uncoated Ad-PEDF to induce apoptosis in B16-F10 melanoma cells and inhibit murine pulmonary metastases in vivo. After Ad-luciferase was encapsulated with liposome, its distribution decreased in liver and increased in lung. The anti-Ad IgG level of Ad-PEDF/Liposome was significantly lower than Ad-PEDF used alone.\n\nQuestion:\nDoes systemically administered liposome-encapsulated Ad-PEDF potentiate the anti-cancer effects in mouse lung metastasis melanoma?\n\nAnswer:",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "yes",
"role": "assistant"
}
] | 0 |
Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.
| [
{
"content": "Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.\n\nContext:\nThe aim of this study was to investigate the factors that could participate on salivary glands hypofunction during inflammation and the participation of endocannabinoids in hyposalivation induced by the presence of inflammogens in the submandibular gland (SMG) or in the brain. Salivary secretion was assessed in the presence of inflammogens and/or the cannabinoid receptor antagonist AM251 in the SMG or in the brain of rats. At the end of the experiments, some systemic and glandular inflammatory markers were measured and histopathological analysis was performed. The inhibitory effect observed 1h after lipopolysaccharide (LPS, 50μg/50μl) injection into the SMG (ig) was completely prevented by the injection of AM251 (5μg/50μl) by the same route (P<0.05). The LPS (ig)-induced increase in PGE2 content was not altered by AM251 (ig), while the glandular production of TNFα induced by the endotoxin (P<0.001) was partially blocked by it. Also, LPS injection produced no significant changes in the wet weight of the SMG neither damage to lipid membranes of its cells, nor significant microscopic changes in them, after hispopathological analysis, compared to controls. Finally, TNFα (100ng/5μl) injected intracerebro-ventricularly (icv) inhibited methacholine-induced salivary secretion evaluated 30min after (P<0.01), but the previous injection of AM251 (500ng/5μl, icv) prevented completely that effect.\n\nQuestion:\nDo endocannabinoids mediate hyposalivation induced by inflammogens in the submandibular glands and hypothalamus?\n\nAnswer:",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "yes",
"role": "assistant"
}
] | 0 |
Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.
| [
{
"content": "Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.\n\nContext:\nUnderstanding the mechanisms of protecting the kidneys from injury is of great importance because there are no effective therapies that promote repair and the kidneys frequently do not repair adequately. Evidence has shown that erythropoietin (EPO) has a vital renoprotective role, independent of its erythropoietic effect. However, whether EPO can contribute to kidney repair after injury and the potential mechanisms are not fully understood. To investigate the renoprotective mechanism of EPO, a kidney ischemia/reperfusion injury (IRI) model was induced in adult male Sprague-Dawley rats. The rats were subsequently randomly treated with EPO or a vehicle 6 hours after the kidney IRI. The rats were sacrificed on Day 3, Day 5, and Day 7 post kidney IRI. Renal function and histological alterations were examined. Renal interstitial macrophage infiltration, cell proliferation, apoptosis, and angiogenesis were evaluated by immunostaining. Furthermore, the effects of EPO on the Wnt/β-catenin pathway and IRI-related micro-RNAs were investigated. The administration of EPO significantly improved renal function and reduced tubular injury. Furthermore, EPO treatment significantly prevented tubular cell apoptosis and promoted cell proliferation after IRI. Erythropoietin significantly suppressed macrophage infiltration, compared to the vehicle. In addition, treatment with EPO markedly prevented the loss of microvasculature. We have also demonstrated that, compared to the vehicle, EPO administration enhanced the expression of Wnt7b and β-catenin, and downregulated miR-21, -214, -210, and -199a.\n\nQuestion:\nDoes the administration of erythropoietin attenuate kidney injury induced by ischemia/reperfusion with increased activation of Wnt/β-catenin signaling?\n\nAnswer:",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "yes",
"role": "assistant"
}
] | 0 |
Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.
| [
{
"content": "Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.\n\nContext:\nHelicobacter pylori infects an estimated 50% of the world population, however only a small proportion of individuals develop clinical symptoms of gastritis, peptic ulceration or gastric cancer. The variations in disease presentation may be due to differences in bacterial virulence and/or immune response to the pathogen. This study examined the expression of IL-2 receptor and ICAM-1 molecules on gastric mucosa infiltrating T lymphocytes in two groups of H. pylori infected patients: one group with an active ulcer disease and the other with non-ulcerative chronic gastritis. T lymphocytes were isolated from gastric mucosa biopsies by using mechanical and enzymatic tissue desegregation. Ficoll-purified lymphocytes were incubated with monoclonal antibodies and analyzed by using 3-color flow cytometry analysis for the IL-2 receptor (CD25) and ICAM-1 molecule (CD54) expression. Lymphocytes from 37 Helicobacter pylori infected patients with severe gastric mucosa infiltration (G2 and G3 histological type in Sydney classification) were analyzed; 18 patients had at least 5-year history of duodenal ulcer disease (group A) and 19 patients had at least 3-year history of non-ulcer dyspeptic disease (group B). We demonstrated a significant increase in IL-2 receptor expression on gastric mucosa T cells in ulcer patients (group A) compared with non-ulcer dyspeptic patients (group B). However, no difference in CD54 expression was found between the two groups of patients.\n\nQuestion:\nIs il-2 receptor expression on gastric mucosa T lymphocytes enhanced in duodenal ulcer patients compared with non-ulcer dyspeptic patients?\n\nAnswer:",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "yes",
"role": "assistant"
}
] | 0 |
Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.
| [
{
"content": "Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.\n\nContext:\nThe risk of Plasmodium falciparum malaria increases during pregnancy and at early postpartum. Immunological and physiological alterations associated with pregnancy that persist after delivery may contribute to the susceptibility to P. falciparum during early postpartum period. To determine changes in antibody-mediated responses after pregnancy, levels of Immunoglobulin G (IgGs) specific for P. falciparum were compared in 200 pairs of plasmas collected from Mozambican women at delivery and during the first two months postpartum. IgGs against the surface of erythrocytes infected with a P. falciparum chondroitin sulphate A binding line (CS2) and a paediatric isolate (MOZ2) were measured by flow cytometry. IgG levels against CS2 and MOZ2 were higher at postpartum than at delivery (p = 0.033 and p = 0.045, respectively) in women without P. falciparum infection. The analysis stratified by parity and period after delivery showed that this increase was significant in multi-gravid women (p = 0.023 for CS2 and p = 0.054 for MOZ2) and during the second month after delivery (p = 0.018 for CS2 and p = 0.015 for MOZ2).\n\nQuestion:\nDo immunoglobulins against the surface of Plasmodium falciparum-infected erythrocytes increase one month after delivery?\n\nAnswer:",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "yes",
"role": "assistant"
}
] | 0 |
Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.
| [
{
"content": "Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.\n\nContext:\nHepatitis A virus (HAV) infection is the most common cause of acute hepatitis but is rarely reported during pregnancy. Our aim was to evaluate the impact of acute HAV infection on pregnancy outcome. Consecutive admissions of 79,458 pregnant females during a 25-year period were retrospectively reviewed. Thirteen cases of second and third trimester HAV infection were found and evaluated. Nine of the 13 patients (69%) developed gestational complications, including premature contractions (n = 4), placental separation (n = 2), premature rupture of membranes (n = 2), and vaginal bleeding (n = 1). In 8 of these patients, complications led to preterm labor, at a median of 34 gestational weeks (range, 31-37 weeks). Delivery was vaginal in 12 of the 13 cases; fetal distress was noted in a single case, and meconium in amniotic fluid in 2 cases. Median birth weight was 1778 grams and 3040 grams in preterm and term deliveries, respectively (P < .05). Child outcome was favorable in all cases. In 4 cases, neonatal serum HAV RNA levels were measured and found negative. The presence of fever and hypoalbuminemia were associated with delivery at an earlier gestational week. There was a positive relation between gestational week at diagnosis of HAV infection and birth week (r = 0.68, P = .02), suggesting a causality relationship. All mothers featured full recovery from HAV infection.\n\nQuestion:\nIs acute hepatitis A infection in pregnancy associated with high rates of gestational complications and preterm labor?\n\nAnswer:",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "yes",
"role": "assistant"
}
] | 0 |
Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.
| [
{
"content": "Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.\n\nContext:\nHyperdiploid multiple myeloma (HMM) is being characterized by the presence of several trisomies and a low incidence of immunoglobulin heavy chain rearrangements. It has not well defined what specific steps are associated with disease progression. We present two patients that showed some primary trisomies rearranged as a step of cytogenetic and clinical progression. This prompted us to review cytogenetic results from all patients referred to our hospital to assess the importance of this phenomenon in HMM. We carried out conventional cytogenetics in all patients. In four cases we also performed spectral karyotype (SKY) and arm-specific chromosome painting (ASP). We demonstrate that in two patients some primary trisomies became along the disease course structurally altered and this coincided with clinical progression. We observed this phenomenon in more than 60% of HMM cases diagnosed at our laboratory.\n\nQuestion:\nAre structural rearrangements of trisomies a risk marker of clinical progression in hyperdiploid multiple myeloma?\n\nAnswer:",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "yes",
"role": "assistant"
}
] | 0 |
Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.
| [
{
"content": "Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.\n\nContext:\nThe mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPK) are a family of important proteins that respond to a variety of receptor-mediated stimuli and can link events occurring at the cell membrane with changes in the nucleus. In this study we investigate the effect of platelet activating factor (PAF), a lipid mediator formed in the cornea after injury, on the activation of a MAPK cascade in the rabbit corneal epithelium. Rabbit corneas were incubated with or without 500 nM PAF. PAF antagonists BN50730 or 50727 (10 microM) were added 10 min before PAF and the epithelium scraped and homogenated. To determine the enzymatic activity of MAPK and MAPK-kinase (MEK1 and MEK2), a 100,000 x g cytosolic fraction was used directly, fractionated by DE-52 cellulose or immunoprecipitated with antibodies. Activities of MAPK and MEK were assayed in the presence of myelin basic protein (MBP) as substrate (for MAPK) activity or inactive extracellular-signal regulated protein kinase (ERK2 or MAPK). Western blot analysis was performed using anti-ERK2, anti-MEK1, and anti-MEK2 antibodies. Corneal tissue expresses ERK2 or MAPK, and both MEK1 and MEK2, the immediate upstream regulators of MAPK. PAF produces a rapid activation of MEK, as measured by in vitro kinase assays using either inactive ERK2 as substrate or a MAPK fraction obtained by DE-52 chromatography. There was a subsequent activation of MAPK, the maximal activity of which occurs 15 min after stimulation by PAF. PAF antagonists blocked the MEK/MAPK cascade, suggesting that the activation was by a receptor-mediated mechanism.\n\nQuestion:\nIs a mitogen-activated protein kinase ( MAP-kinase ) cascade stimulated by platelet activating factor ( PAF ) in corneal epithelium?\n\nAnswer:",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "yes",
"role": "assistant"
}
] | 0 |
Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.
| [
{
"content": "Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.\n\nContext:\nUlcerative colitis (UC) is a chronic inflammatory condition. Previous reports suggested that UC may have a worse prognosis when associated with auto-immune diseases. We compared characteristics at diagnosis and natural history of the disease between classical ulcerative colitis (CUC) and UC associated with auto-immune diseases (CAI) in children. In this study, 67 children followed for UC at Nancy University Hospital between 1993 and 2012 were included: 45 patients in the CUC group and 22 in the CAI group. Median follow-up was 4.8 years. Median age at diagnosis was 11.6 years in the CAI group and 9.8 years in the CUC group. Time between symptoms onset and diagnosis was broadly similar in the two groups (<3 months) and there were no significant differences regarding biological and histological findings. At 5 years, the need for corticosteroids and azathioprine did not differ between the CAI and the CUC groups. There was also no significant difference between the two groups regarding infliximab use at 1 and 5 years.\n\nQuestion:\nDoes the association of autoimmune diseases with pediatric ulcerative colitis influence its disease course?\n\nAnswer:",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "no",
"role": "assistant"
}
] | 0 |
Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.
| [
{
"content": "Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.\n\nContext:\nThe purpose of this study was to determine whether a simulated training scenario improved resident performance in operative hysteroscopic resection. An interventional cohort study evaluated the ability of a hysteroscopic simulation model to improve resident performance in hysteroscopy. Residents were evaluated on operative hysteroscopy before training and at 1 and 6 months after training. Two physician graders, who were blinded to training status, evaluated the residents' performances. Statistical analyses included the chi2 and the t test, as appropriate. Hysteroscopic simulation training was associated with a reduction in operative times (11.8 minutes vs 7.4 minutes; P < .001) and resection times (4.3 minutes vs 2.4 minutes; P < .007) 1 month after training. At 6 months, total operative times were greater compared with those measured at 1 month, but resection times differed minimally. The total number of questions regarding hysteroscopic knowledge that were answered correctly increased from 15 to 26 (P < .001).\n\nQuestion:\nDoes simulation training improve resident performance in operative hysteroscopic resection techniques?\n\nAnswer:",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "yes",
"role": "assistant"
}
] | 0 |
Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.
| [
{
"content": "Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.\n\nContext:\nTo assess whether the origin of spermatozoa, ejaculate or testicular, affects intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI) outcome. Retrospective study of 890 consecutive first ICSI and embryo transfer cycles done for male infertility. The ICSI outcome of ejaculated spermatozoa (n=780) and testicular spermatozoa retrieved from patients with obstructive azoospermia (n=43), non-obstructive azoospermia (n=53) and severe oligoasthenoteratozoospermia (n=14) were compared by using chi-square test, independent t-test and ANOVA with Bonferroni test. All azoospermic males had a diagnostic testicular biopsy at least 6 months before the ICSI procedure. Spermatozoa were successfully retrieved in all 43 patients with obstructive azoospermia and in 72.6% of 73 non-obstructive cases. The cycle characteristics of the four groups were similar apart from a younger mean female age in the non-obstructive azoospermia group when compared with the ejaculated spermatozoa group. The fertilization, implantation and clinical pregnancy rates were comparable among the four groups.\n\nQuestion:\nDoes the origin of spermatozoa affect intracytoplasmic sperm injection outcome?\n\nAnswer:",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "no",
"role": "assistant"
}
] | 0 |
Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.
| [
{
"content": "Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.\n\nContext:\nSelf-management programs aim to improve patients' skills to manage their chronic condition in everyday life. Improvement in self-management is assumed to bring about improvements in more distal outcomes, such as quality of life. This study aimed to test the hypothesis that changes in self-reported self-management skills observed after participation in self-management programs predict changes in both quality of life and depressive symptoms three months later. Using latent change modeling, the relationship between changes in latent variables over three time points (start and end of rehabilitation, after three months) was analysed. The sample comprised 580 patients with different chronic conditions treated in inpatient rehabilitation clinics. The influence of additional predictor variables (age, sex, perceived social support) and type of disorder as a moderator variable was also tested. Changes in self-reported self-management skills after rehabilitation predicted changes in both quality of life and depressive symptoms at the end of rehabilitation and the 3 months follow-up. These relationships remained significant after the inclusion of other predictor variables and were similar across disorders.\n\nQuestion:\nDo improved self-management skills predict improvements in quality of life and depression in patients with chronic disorders?\n\nAnswer:",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "yes",
"role": "assistant"
}
] | 0 |
Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.
| [
{
"content": "Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.\n\nContext:\nMemory decline and hippocampal atrophy are two major aspects of Alzheimer's disease. Using a response-related fMRI design, we investigated the relationship between successful verbal retrieval and concurrent cerebral activation in elderly subjects in different stages of cognitive decline. We chose a correlational over the more traditional categorical approach to increase the power of detecting relevant activations. Eleven subjects with Alzheimer's disease, 21 elderly subjects with mild cognitive impairment, and 29 age-matched cognitively unimpaired subjects learned 180 nouns. While measuring brain activation with fMRI, the subjects had to classify these 180 learned plus 180 new distractor words as known or new. Response-related fMRI analysis was used to identify cerebral activation by correctly remembered words (hits) that correlated with retrieval success in the whole group. Successful verbal retrieval was significantly correlated with concurrent activation of the left hippocampus and posterior cingulate gyrus.\n\nQuestion:\nIs successful verbal retrieval in elderly subjects related to concurrent hippocampal and posterior cingulate activation?\n\nAnswer:",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "yes",
"role": "assistant"
}
] | 0 |
Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.
| [
{
"content": "Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.\n\nContext:\nThe effects of small interfering RNA (siRNA)-mediated knockdown of NOTCH1 and NOTCH2 on cell proliferation and downstream signaling pathways in leukemia cells were examined. Two T-lymphoblastic leukemia (T-ALL) cell lines and two acute myeloblastic leukemia (AML) cell lines were transfected with siRNAs targeting NOTCH1 and NOTCH2. The effects of knockdown on cell proliferation and protein expression were examined by colorimetric WST-8 assay and immunoblotting, respectively. In T-ALL cell lines, NOTCH1 knockdown as well as NOTCH2 knockdown suppressed cell proliferation and induced apoptosis. v-Myc avian myelocytomatosis viral oncogene homolog (MYC) protein expression was down-regulated in NOTCH1-knockdown cells but not affected in NOTCH2-knockdown cells. In AML cell lines, cell proliferation was not significantly affected by NOTCH siRNAs. NOTCH2 knockdown increased the level of cleaved NOTCH1 fragment without increasing NOTCH1 expression. NOTCH knockdown reduced the level of mechanistic target of rapamycin (mTOR) protein in the monoblastic leukemia cell line THP-1. Contrastingly, NOTCH activation by NOTCH ligand stimulation increased the expression of mTOR in THP-1 cells.\n\nQuestion:\nDoes nOTCH knockdown affect the proliferation and mTOR signaling of leukemia cells?\n\nAnswer:",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "yes",
"role": "assistant"
}
] | 0 |
Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.
| [
{
"content": "Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.\n\nContext:\nTo examine whether coagulation tests, sampled before and during cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB), are related to blood loss and blood product transfusion requirements, and to determine what test value(s) provide the best sensitivity and specificity for prediction of excessive hemorrhage. Prospective. University-affiliated, pediatric medical center. Four hundred ninety-four children. Coagulation tests. Demographic, coagulation test, blood loss, and transfusion data were noted in consecutive children undergoing cardiac surgery. Laboratory tests included hematocrit (Hct), prothrombin time, partial thromboplastin time (PTT), platelet count, fibrinogen concentration, and thromboelastography. Stepwise linear regression analysis indicated that platelet count during CPB was the variable most significantly associated with intraoperative blood loss (in milliliters per kilogram) and 12-hour chest tube output (in milliliters per kilogram). Other independent variables associated with blood loss were thromboelastography maximum amplitude (MA) during CPB, preoperative PTT, preoperative Hct, and preoperative thromboelastography angle and shear modulus values. Thromboelastography MA during CPB was the only variable associated with total products transfused (in milliliters per kilogram). Of all tests studied, platelet count during CPB (< or = 108,000/microL) provided the maximum sensitivity (83%) and specificity (58%) for prediction of excessive blood loss (receiver operating characteristic analysis). Blood loss was inversely related to patient age; neonates received the most donor units (median, 8 units; range, 6 to 10 units).\n\nQuestion:\nDo coagulation tests during cardiopulmonary bypass correlate with blood loss in children undergoing cardiac surgery?\n\nAnswer:",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "yes",
"role": "assistant"
}
] | 0 |
Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.
| [
{
"content": "Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.\n\nContext:\nTo investigate the effect of transcorneal electrical stimulation (TES) on the survival of axotomized RGCs and the mechanism underlying the TES-induced neuroprotection in vivo. Adult male Wistar rats received TES after optic nerve (ON) transection. Seven days after the ON transection, the density of the surviving RGCs was determined, to evaluate the neuroprotective effect of TES. The levels of the mRNA and protein of insulin-like growth factor (IGF)-1 in the retina after TES were determined by RT-PCR and Northern and Western blot analyses. The localization of IGF-1 protein in the retina was examined by immunohistochemistry. TES after ON transection increased the survival of axotomized RGCs in vivo, and the degree of rescue depended on the strength of the electric charge. RT-PCR and Northern and Western blot analyses revealed a gradual upregulation of intrinsic IGF-1 in the retina after TES. Immunohistochemical analysis showed that IGF-1 immunoreactivity was localized initially in the endfeet of Muller cells and then diffused into the inner retina.\n\nQuestion:\nDoes transcorneal electrical stimulation rescue axotomized retinal ganglion cells by activating endogenous retinal IGF-1 system?\n\nAnswer:",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "yes",
"role": "assistant"
}
] | 0 |
Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.
| [
{
"content": "Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.\n\nContext:\nPrenatal alcohol exposure has been shown to increase offspring susceptibility to some chemical carcinogens. Whether prenatal exposure to alcohol makes the offspring more susceptible to the development of prostate cancer is not known. Therefore, we determined whether any functional abnormalities and increased cancer susceptibility exist in the prostate of fetal alcohol-exposed male rats during the adult period. Pregnant rats were fed with a liquid diet containing alcohol (alcohol-fed [AF]), or pair-fed with isocaloric liquid diet (PF) or ad libitum fed with rat chow (ad lib-fed). Male offspring of these rats were given N-Nitroso-N-methylurea and testosterone to induce prostate neoplasia or left untreated. Around 6 to 8 months of age, the prostates of these animals were processed for determination of biochemical changes and histopathologies. Prostates of noncarcinogen treated animals that were alcohol exposed during the prenatal period demonstrated inflammatory cell infiltration and epithelial atypia and increased number of proliferative cells in the ventral lobe of this gland, but the prostate of control animal showed normal cytoarchitecture. In addition, prenatal alcohol-exposed rats showed decreased levels of cell-cell adhesion marker and increased estrogenic activity in the ventral prostate. Prenatally ethanol (EtOH)-exposed rats, when treated with carcinogen and testosterone, showed histological evidence for high-grade prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia (PIN) primarily in the ventral prostate, whereas control animals showed only low-grade PIN. Prenatally EtOH-exposed rats treated with carcinogen and testosterone also showed increased number of proliferative cells and androgen receptor with concomitant decreased levels of tumor suppressor proteins in the ventral prostate.\n\nQuestion:\nDoes alcohol exposure in utero increase susceptibility to prostate tumorigenesis in rat offspring?\n\nAnswer:",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "yes",
"role": "assistant"
}
] | 0 |
Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.
| [
{
"content": "Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.\n\nContext:\nApproximately 30% of breast carcinoma patients with negative lymph nodes die of their disease. Biologic markers such p53 protein and c-erb B-2 have been related to tumor progression, but their prognostic value remains controversial. Two large series of a total of 613 lymph node negative breast carcinoma patients from a single institution were analyzed with respect to tumor size, histologic grade, and immunohistochemical staining for p53, c-erb B-2, estrogen receptor (ER), and progesterone receptor (PgR). Interobserver variation in histologic grading was evaluated by Kappa statistics. The two series had different treatment modalities: 228 patients (SACGS group) were treated surgically with mastectomy and given 1 perioperative chemotherapy course, and 385 patients (HOST group) were treated with mastectomy and ovarian radiation and further randomized to receive postoperative treatment with radiotherapy or no adjuvant treatment. The follow-up ranged from 14-30 years. Immunoreactivities for p53, c-erb B-2, ER, and PgR did not differ significantly in the two series. p53 immunostaining was present in 187 of 613 tumors (29%), and c-erb B-2 immunoreactivity was present in 58 of the tumors (10%). Three hundred forty-eight tumors (57%) were positive for ER. Kappa statistics value of interobserver variation in the histologic grading of ductal carcinomas was 0.69, which is considered to be a substantial degree of agreement. No significant differences in survival were found when comparing p53, c-erb B-2, ER, and PgR positive and negative cases. However, both recurrence free survival rates and overall survival rates after 10 years were significantly better in the T1N0M0 group compared with the T2N0M0 group (81% vs. 67% [P < 0.0001] and 85% vs. 70% [P < 0.0001]). Ten-year recurrence free survival rates for patients with histologic Grade 1 versus Grades 2-3 (according to Elston and Ellis' modification of the Bloom and Richardson method) tumors were 90% and 70%, respectively (P < 0. 0001), and overall survival rates for the same groups were 94% and 81%, respectively (P=0.0002). After 30 years of follow-up, the overall survival rate for patients with tumors of histologic Grade 1 versus Grades 2-3 were 87% and 68%, respectively, and were 78% and 66%, respectively, for patients with tumors </= 2 mm versus those with tumors > 20-50 mm. Approximately 35% of the patients with tumors of histologic Grades 2-3 and measuring > 20 mm were dead after 10 years of follow-up, contrary to 6% of the patients with tumors of histologic Grade 1 measuring </= 20 mm. A significantly more favorable prognosis also was observed in patients in the HOST group treated with adjuvant radiotherapy.\n\nQuestion:\nIs the prognostic value of p53 and c-erb B-2 immunostaining overrated for patients with lymph node negative breast carcinoma : a multivariate analysis of prognostic factors in 613 patients with a follow-up of 14-30 years?\n\nAnswer:",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "yes",
"role": "assistant"
}
] | 0 |
Subsets and Splits
No community queries yet
The top public SQL queries from the community will appear here once available.