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Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.
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"content": "Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.\n\nContext:\nTo investigate the mechanism of autologous mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) in prolonging the survival of dogs receiving living donor liver transplantation. Canine models of allogenic living donor liver transplantation was established in 14 beagle dogs by non-venous by-pass method, and in 7 of the recipients, autologous MSCs labeled by BrdU was infused into the portal vein, with the other 7 dogs as the control. The survival time of the two groups of the dogs was observed after the operation. The liver function (AST and ALT levels), liver pathologies and the differentiation of the transplanted cells were also evaluated postoperatively. Compared with the control group, the dogs receiving MSC transplantation showed significantly increased median survival time (P<0.001) with lowered levels of AST and ALT (P<0.01). The two groups exhibited similar graft rejection after the operation. In dogs with MSC transplantation, the BrdU-labeled MSCs differentiated into liver-like cells in the liver and secreted albumin.\n\nQuestion:\nDoes [ Infusion of autologous mesenchymal stem cells prolong the survival of dogs receiving living donor liver transplantation ]?\n\nAnswer:",
"role": "user"
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{
"content": "yes",
"role": "assistant"
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Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.
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{
"content": "Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.\n\nContext:\nAirway inflammation and remodelling contribute to chronic airway obstruction of asthma. Currently, no medication effectively controls airway remodelling and related vascular changes. Therefore, new strategies need to be developed. The kringle 5 domain has anti-angiogenic activity resulting from the tetrapeptide Lys-Leu-Tyr-Asp (KLYD). To investigate the therapeutic effect of KLYD and its inverse form Asp-Tyr-Leu-Lys (DYLK) on the inflammation and remodelling of toluene-2,4-diisocyanate (TDI)-sensitization/challenged mice. Cell numbers were measured in the presence of various concentrations of KLYD and DYLK using in vitro endothelial cell proliferation assay. The changes of cell number and the level of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) in bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) fluid and response to methacholine (MCh) were measured using the in vivo TDI-sensitized/challenged mice model. Muc5ac, smooth muscle actin (SMA) and proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) protein expression was analysed on trachea and intrapulmonary bronchi using immunohistochemical stain. Compared with KLYD, DYLK had a greater inhibitory effect on endothelial cell proliferation (P<0.05). Pre-treatment of DYLK showed dose-dependent reduction in the response to MCh (P<0.05) and numbers of inflammatory cells in BAL fluids of TDI-sensitized/challenged mice. TDI induced increases in Muc5ac, SMA and PCNA protein expression and VEGF levels, which were also abolished by DYLK treatment.\n\nQuestion:\nDoes asp-Tyr-Leu-Lys tetrapeptide inhibit airway inflammation in toluene-2,4-diisocyanate-induced asthma mice?\n\nAnswer:",
"role": "user"
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"content": "yes",
"role": "assistant"
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Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.
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{
"content": "Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.\n\nContext:\nFalls are a major health problem in nursing homes, but no interventions have been shown to prevent falls in nursing home residents. To evaluate an intervention program designed to prevent falls and associated injuries in high-risk nursing home residents. Randomized controlled trial. Seven pairs of middle Tennessee nursing homes with 1 facility in each pair randomly assigned to the intervention. Facilities had 482 (261 control, 221 intervention) residents who qualified for the study because they had high risk of falls and a potential safety problem that could be addressed by the intervention. Comprehensive structured individual assessment with specific safety recommendations that targeted suboptimal practices for environmental and personal safety, wheelchair use, psychotropic drug use, and transferring and ambulation. Facility staff were encouraged to implement the individual recommendations and to improve overall facility safety. The mean proportion of recurrent fallers and incidence rate of injurious falls in the facility in the year following the intervention. The mean proportion of recurrent fallers in intervention facilities (43.8%) was 19.1% (95% confidence interval, 2.4%-35.8%) lower than that in control facilities (54.1%, P=.03). Intervention facilities had a nonsignificant trend toward a lower mean rate of injurious falls (13.7 vs 19.9 per 100 person-years, reduction of 31.2%, P=.22). Subgroup analyses suggested greatest benefits for residents for whom the recommended interventions were carried out or who had 3 or more falls in the preceding year.\n\nQuestion:\nDoes a randomized trial of a consultation service to reduce fall in nursing homes?\n\nAnswer:",
"role": "user"
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"content": "yes",
"role": "assistant"
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Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.
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{
"content": "Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.\n\nContext:\nThe growing discrepancy between supply and demand for liver transplantation has necessitated a greater use of higher risk grafts. Donation after Circulatory Death (DCD) liver transplant recipients have an increased frequency of acute kidney injury (AKI). We hypothesised that other higher risk grafts might also impact negatively on renal function. Our aim was to examine the effect of the evolving use of higher risk grafts on the incidence of post liver transplant AKI. Single-centre study of 1152 patients undergoing first-single-organ liver transplantation for chronic liver disease 01/2000-12/2011. To assess the impact of the evolution of graft quality over time; donor/graft/recipient variables were compared over three 4-year periods. Pretransplant recipient renal function improved during follow-up (p<0.001), and the median postoperative day-1 (p<0.001), -2 (p<0.001), and -3 (p<0.001) tacrolimus trough levels fell. The proportion of patients receiving a higher risk graft was 31.8% in 2000-2003, 40.9% in 2004-2007, and 59.1% in 2008-2011 (p<0.001). There was a progressive increase in AKI (2000-2003, OR 1.00; 2004-2007, OR 1.43; 2008-2011, OR 2.40, p<0.001). After adjusting for recipient variables increasing recipient warm ischaemic time (p=0.019), DCD transplantation (p<0.001), donor age ≥60 years (p=0.020), and donor body mass index ≥30 kg/m(2) (p<0.001) were independent predictors of AKI.\n\nQuestion:\nIs the evolving use of higher risk grafts associated with an increased incidence of acute kidney injury after liver transplantation?\n\nAnswer:",
"role": "user"
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"content": "yes",
"role": "assistant"
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Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.
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"content": "Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.\n\nContext:\nRenal ischaemia-reperfusion (IR) is associated with activation of the coagulation system and inflammation within the kidney. The aim of the present study was to examine the effects of selective thrombin inhibition with melagatran on kidney morphology and function in rats subjected to renal IR. Sprague-Dawley rats underwent renal IR (35 min of bilateral renal arterial clamping), or sham surgery. Treatment groups were: (i) IR-Saline, (ii) IR-Melagatran, (iii) Sham-Saline, and (iv) Sham-Melagatran. Twenty minutes prior to renal IR, the rats were administered a bolus dose of saline vehicle or melagatran [0.5 mumol/kg, subcutaneously (s.c.)] followed by a continuous infusion throughout (0.08 micromol/kg/h, s.c.). Forty-eight hours after IR, renal function was assessed in anaesthetized animals and kidney histology was analysed semi-quantitatively. Rats in group IR-Saline showed an approximate 85% reduction in glomerular filtration rate, 5-fold increases in fractional urinary excretion rates of sodium, potassium and water, and marked renal histological abnormalities, compared with sham (P < 0.05). Renal histopathological changes in the cortex and outer medulla were characterized by tubular necrosis and atrophy, tubular cast formation and interstitial inflammation. In addition, there was significant vascular congestion in the inner stripe of the outer medullary zone. Melagatran treatment had no significant effects on any of the abnormalities in kidney morphology or function in rats subjected to renal IR. Plasma melagatran concentrations were within a range known to exert significant antithrombotic effects, throughout the study period.\n\nQuestion:\nDoes thrombin inhibition with melagatran attenuate renal ischaemia-reperfusion injury in rats?\n\nAnswer:",
"role": "user"
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{
"content": "no",
"role": "assistant"
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Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.
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"content": "Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.\n\nContext:\nVitamin K-dependent matrix Gla protein (MGP) acts as a calcification inhibitor in vitro and in vivo. The present study was performed to (1) determine plasma levels of the inactive, dephosphorylated, uncarboxylated MGP (dp-ucMGP) in a cohort of patients at different stages of chronic kidney disease (CKD) and (2) evaluate the association between dp-ucMGP levels on one hand and aortic calcification and mortality on the other. 107 patients (67 +/- 13 years; 60% male; 32% at CKD stages 2 to 3, 31% at stages 4 to 5, 37% at stage 5D) were assayed for dp-ucMGP and underwent multislice spiral computed tomography scans to quantify aortic calcification at baseline. They were prospectively monitored for mortality. Plasma dp-ucMGP levels augmented progressively with CKD stage, with a significant difference from CKD stage 4. CKD stage, hemoglobin, age, and coumarin use were independently associated with plasma dp-ucMGP levels. Furthermore, plasma dp-ucMGP and age were positively and independently associated with the aortic calcification score. During follow-up (802 +/- 311 days), 34 patients died (20 from cardiovascular events). In a crude analysis, [plasma dp-ucMGP] > 921 pM was associated with overall mortality; this association was lost after adjusting for both age and the calculated propensity score.\n\nQuestion:\nIs the circulating inactive form of matrix gla protein a surrogate marker for vascular calcification in chronic kidney disease : a preliminary report?\n\nAnswer:",
"role": "user"
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"content": "yes",
"role": "assistant"
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Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.
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"content": "Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.\n\nContext:\nIntermittent preventive treatment with sulphadoxine-pyrimethamine (IPT-SP) is currently the recommended regimen for prevention of malaria in pregnancy in endemic areas. This study sets out to evaluate the effectiveness of IPT-SP in the prevention of maternal and placental malaria in parturient mothers in Ibadan, Nigeria, where the risk of malaria is present all year round. During a larger study evaluating the epidemiology of congenital malaria, the effect of malaria prophylaxis was examined in 983 parturient mothers. Five hundred and ninety eight mothers (60.8%) received IPT-SP, 214 (21.8%) received pyrimethamine (PYR) and 171 (17.4%) did not take any chemoprophylactic agent (NC). The prevalence of maternal parasitaemia in the IPT-SP, PYR and NC groups was 10.4%, 15.9% and 17% respectively (p = 0.021). The prevalence of placental parasitaemia was 10.5% in the IPT-SP, 16.8% PYR and 17% NC groups, respectively (p = 0.015). The prevalence of maternal anaemia (haematocrit <30%) was 5.7% vs. 8.9% vs. 13.4% among the IPT-SP, PYR and NC groups respectively (p < 0.0001) while that of pre-term delivery (GA <37 weeks) was 10.5%, 19.2% and 25.3% among IPT-SP, PYR and NC groups respectively (p < 0.0001). Babies born to mothers in the IPT-SP, PYR and NC groups had mean birth weights of 3204 +/- 487.16, 3075 +/- 513.24 and 3074 +/- 505.92 respectively (rho < 0.0001). There was a trend towards a lower proportion of low birth weight babies in the IPT-SP group (p = 0.095).\n\nQuestion:\nIs intermittent preventive treatment with sulphadoxine-pyrimethamine effective in preventing maternal and placental malaria in Ibadan , south-western Nigeria?\n\nAnswer:",
"role": "user"
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{
"content": "yes",
"role": "assistant"
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Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.
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"content": "Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.\n\nContext:\nAgaricus blazei Murrill (ABM) has been shown to exhibit immunostimulatory and anti-cancer activities; however, its mechanism of action is poorly understood. We recently found that the diffusible fraction of hot-water extract of ABM exhibits anti-tumor activity toward leukemic cells, and identified it as agaritine, a hydrazine-containing compound. In the present study, we examined the morphological and cytochemical effects of agaritine on U937 cells to elucidate the tumoricidal mechanism of agaritine. Surface expression of phosphatidylserine (evaluated by annexin V binding), Fas antigen, DNA cleavage using TUNEL staining, changes in caspase activities and cytochrome c release, before and after treatment with agaritine, were examined using U937 cells. Nuclear damage, DNA fragmentation, was observed by Wright-Giemsa, TUNEL staining and agarose gel electrophoresis when U937 cells were incubated with 10μg/mL of agaritine for 48h. Flow cytometric analysis indicated that agaritine augments the proportion of annexin V-positive U937 cells without significant change in Fas antigen expression. Activities of caspase-3, -8 and -9 were gradually increased after the addition of agaritine. In the presence of caspase-3 or granzyme B inhibitor, except for the caspase-8 inhibitor, annexin V expression was significantly decreased, suggesting that mainly caspase-3 and -9 participate in the apoptotic pathway. Furthermore, cytochrome c release was detected by western blotting analysis after agaritine treatment.\n\nQuestion:\nDoes agaritine from Agaricus blazei Murrill induce apoptosis in the leukemic cell line U937?\n\nAnswer:",
"role": "user"
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{
"content": "yes",
"role": "assistant"
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Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.
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{
"content": "Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.\n\nContext:\nTh17 cells and their cytokines play a critical role in the pathogenesis of various autoimmune and inflammatory diseases. Recently, we have demonstrated that intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIG) suppresses differentiation, amplification, and functions of human Th17 cells. In this report we investigated whether IVIG inhibits IL-17 production by Th17 cells cultured in the presence of IL-23 and whether the inhibitory effect of IVIG on IL-17 production implicates anti-IL-17 antibodies. Naive CD4(+) T cells were stimulated in the presence of TGF-β, IL-21, and IL-23 for the differentiation of Th17 cells. Memory CD4(+) T cells were stimulated with IL-1β, IL-6, and IL-23 for the amplification of Th17 cells. IVIG (0.15 mM) was added to the cells 12 h after initiation of cultures. IL-17A cytokine and anti-IL-17 antibodies were measured by ELISA. IL-23 did not deter the inhibitory effect of IVIG on IL-17 production from the differentiating and expanding Th17 cells. Further, suppression of IL-17 by IVIG did not implicate anti-IL-17 antibodies in the immunoglobulin preparations.\n\nQuestion:\nIs inhibitory effect of IVIG on IL-17 production by Th17 cells independent of anti-IL-17 antibodies in the immunoglobulin preparations?\n\nAnswer:",
"role": "user"
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{
"content": "yes",
"role": "assistant"
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Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.
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{
"content": "Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.\n\nContext:\nMultiple studies have reported an association between proton pump inhibitor (PPI) use and fracture. However, the causality of this association is questionable, as there is not a well defined mechanism of action, nor is there evidence of an effect on PPIs on areal bone mineral density (aBMD) using dual photon X-ray absorptiometry (DXA). It is possible that PPIs may induce changes in bone structure which would predispose to fracture in the absence of changes in aBMD. We used three-dimensional quantitative computed tomography (3D-QCT) imaging to determine if long-term PPI use was associated with structural changes in bone independent of aBMD. We enrolled a sample of long-term (≥5 years) PPI users matched to a similar cohort of persons with no PPI use in the previous 5 years. All subjects underwent assessment of aBMD using DXA, volumetric BMD using 3D-QCT, as well as markers of bone metabolism. Measures of bone strength, including buckling ratio and section modulus, were also compared between the two samples. 104 subjects were enrolled (52 PPI users and 52 PPI non-users). There were no differences detected in standard BMD, volumetric BMD, markers of bone metabolism or measures of bone strength between the two groups.\n\nQuestion:\nIs long-Term Proton Pump Inhibitor Use Associated With Changes in Bone Strength and Structure?\n\nAnswer:",
"role": "user"
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{
"content": "no",
"role": "assistant"
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Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.
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{
"content": "Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.\n\nContext:\nWe previously showed that preoperative and intraoperative evaluations of papillary thyroid carcinoma (PTC) are important for predicting a patient's prognosis, and we identified several prognostic factors. In this study, we investigated differences in the significance of these factors according to patient age and sex. A total of 5768 PTC patients (608 men, 5160 women) without distant metastasis at diagnosis who underwent initial surgery between 1987 and 2004 in Kuma Hospital were enrolled in this study. The postoperative follow-up period was 129 months (10.8 years) on average. We examined variations in the prognostic significance of tumor size >4 cm (T), extrathyroid extension (Ex), node metastasis >3 cm (N), and extranodal (tumor extension (LN-Ex)--which were identified as prognostic factors in our previous studies--in four subsets of patients based on age and sex. In older women, Ex was the most significant prognostic factor for local and distant recurrences and carcinoma death. In older men as well, Ex was a strong prognostic factor, but N had a prognostic impact similar to Ex for local recurrence and LN-Ex was the strongest prognostic factor for carcinoma death. N was the most significant prognostic factor for local and distant recurrences and carcinoma death in younger women. T and N independently affected local recurrence with similar significance, and Ex was the only independent prognostic factor for distant recurrence in younger men. Because only two of the younger men in this series died of carcinoma, we could not analyze prognostic factors for carcinoma death in this subgroup.\n\nQuestion:\nDo prognostic factors of papillary thyroid carcinoma vary according to sex and patient age?\n\nAnswer:",
"role": "user"
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"content": "yes",
"role": "assistant"
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Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.
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{
"content": "Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.\n\nContext:\nThe cell and molecular biology of heart valve wound repair is not well understood. Valve interstitial cells (IC) are thought to play an important role in valvular wound repair. Because nitric oxide (NO) has been implicated in wound repair, we tested the hypothesis that NO promotes valvular wound repair by examining the presence of the inducible form of nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) in wounded IC monolayers, in vitro. Linear denuding wounds were made in confluent monolayers of porcine mitral valve IC plated on glass coverslips. Cultures were fixed at various times (0 to 48 h postwounding), and iNOS was localized in the cells by immunofluorescence microscopy. Cultures were also incubated with iNOS inhibitors L-N(G)-nitroarginine methyl ester (L-NAME) and N-(3-(Aminomethyl)benzyl)acetamidine (1400W), and the extent of wound closure with and without inhibitor was measured at 24, 48 and 72 h postwounding. From 6 to 24 h postwounding, iNOS localization was increased at the wound edge. At 48 h, iNOS was localized beyond the wound edge, into the monolayer, where the intensity of the signal gradually diminished until it was virtually imperceptible. At 24 and 48 h, the inhibition of iNOS with both L-NAME and 1400W resulted in a significant delay in wound closure.\n\nQuestion:\nDoes nitric oxide promote in vitro interstitial cell heart valve repair?\n\nAnswer:",
"role": "user"
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"content": "yes",
"role": "assistant"
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Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.
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{
"content": "Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.\n\nContext:\nTo investigate the relationship between the infection rate of Mycoplasma pneumoniae (MP) and age, sex and season. Passive agglutination assay was used to detect Mycoplasma pneumoniae antibodies (MP-Ab) in the serum of patients with respiratory tract infection, and MP-Ab test results in 2010 were analyzed. The positive rates of 5 year test results were 30.10%; among the results, the positive rates of male and female patients were respectively 30.74% and 36.12%, the difference was statistically significant (P < 0.05); And every age group were significantly different (P < 0.001), among each group, the positive rate of 3-14 years old patients was the highest; the season was no significant difference in incidence rates; the patients of positive titer > 1:640 accounted for 10.18% of the patients.\n\nQuestion:\nDoes [ The analyses of Mycoplasma pneumoniae antibody test result in patients with respiratory tract infection ]?\n\nAnswer:",
"role": "user"
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"content": "yes",
"role": "assistant"
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Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.
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{
"content": "Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.\n\nContext:\nTo study short-term results and clinical application of Tri-lock BPS in total hip arthoplasty. From May 2010 to July 2011, 32 hips in 31 patients (18 males and 13 females, ranging in age from 50 to 77 years old, with an average of 60.5 years old) were treated by total hip arthroplasty with Tri-lock BPS, including 8 patients with osteonecrosis (ON), 13 patients with fresh femoral neck fracture, 10 patients with developmental dysplasia of the hip (DDH). The therapeutic effects were evaluated by self assessment form, preoperative and postoperative Harris hip score, radiographs, Engh score and bone in growth of femoral side described by Gruen. Based on the short-term results,its design characteristic and clinical properties were analyzed. All the incisions healed well and there were no complications such as femoral fracture, infection, dislocation and neurovascular injuries. All the patients were followed up with an average time of 12.2 months (ranged, 10 to 14 months). All the joints had good or excellent clinical results. The Harris score increased from preoperative 38.3 +/- 4.9 to 92.5 +/- 11.2 at the latest follow-up (t = 27.53, P < 0.01). Radiographically, the positions of the prostheses were normal,the average limbs length and femoral eccentricity recovered to normal. X-ray of the hips showed that the femoral stem prosthesis was in line with good initial fixed standard. At 3 months after surgery, X-ray of the hips showed that bone in growth in Gruen II and VI of femoral side.\n\nQuestion:\nDo [ Clinical apprehension on application of Tri-lock BPS total hip arthroplasty ]?\n\nAnswer:",
"role": "user"
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"content": "yes",
"role": "assistant"
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Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.
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{
"content": "Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.\n\nContext:\nProduction of anti-citrullinated protein antibodies (ACPAs) is an important biomarker for rheumatoid arthritis (RA). We undertook this study to determine whether genetic factors (HLA-DRB1 alleles) are associated with extreme ACPA levels in individuals with ACPA-positive RA, and to ascertain whether there are any phenotypic characteristics associated with these subgroups of RA. HLA-DRB1 allelic groups were genotyped in 1,073 ACPA-positive RA patients from the Swedish Epidemiological Investigation of Rheumatoid Arthritis study. We found that 283 patients (26.4%) had high ACPA levels (defined as >1,500 units/ml using the Euro-Diagnostica anti-CCP2 test), while the rest of the patients had moderate ACPA levels and served as the comparison group. A replication group consisted of 235 RA patients. No significant differences in baseline disease activity were observed between patients with high and those with moderate ACPA levels. However, the HLA-DRB1*15 allele was associated with high ACPA levels (P=0.0002). A similar trend was detected in HLA-DRB1*15-positive patients in the replication cohort, with meta-analysis of the discovery and replication cohorts demonstrating an overall effect of HLA-DRB1*15 on development of high ACPA levels in both the discovery and replication cohorts (P<0.0001 by Mantel-Haenszel test with a fixed-effects model).\n\nQuestion:\nAre very high levels of anti-citrullinated protein antibodies associated with HLA-DRB1*15 non-shared epitope allele in patients with rheumatoid arthritis?\n\nAnswer:",
"role": "user"
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{
"content": "yes",
"role": "assistant"
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Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.
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"content": "Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.\n\nContext:\nAlcohol consumption is a major cause of liver injury but the mechanisms are not completely understood. Protein S (PS) is an anticoagulant glycoprotein with multiple functions. The role of PS in liver injury is unknown. This study investigated the role of PS in acute alcoholic hepatitis. A mouse overexpressing human PS (hPS-TG) was generated in which acute hepatitis was induced by intraperitoneal injection of ethanol. The levels of serum liver enzymes and liver tissue inflammatory cytokines and the degree of hepatic steatosis were significantly increased in hPS-TG mice treated with ethanol compared with ethanol-treated wild type (WT) mice. Cell expansion, activation and inhibition of apoptosis were significantly augmented in natural killer T (NKT) cells from hPS-TG mice compared with WT mice. Liver mononuclear cells from hPS-TG mice express higher levels of inflammatory cytokines than those from WT mice after stimulation with a specific stimulant of NKT cells in vitro. In a co-culture system of hepatocytes and NKT cells, the effects of PS on ethanol-mediated cell injury were suppressed by a CD1d neutralizing antibody. Alcoholic liver injury was significantly improved in mice pre-treated with PS siRNA and anti-protein S antibody compared with control mice. Patients with alcoholic hepatitis showed significantly increased plasma PS levels and enhanced liver expression of PS and CD1d compared with controls.\n\nQuestion:\nDoes protein S exacerbate alcoholic hepatitis by stimulating liver natural killer T cells?\n\nAnswer:",
"role": "user"
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{
"content": "yes",
"role": "assistant"
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Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.
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{
"content": "Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.\n\nContext:\nThis study aimed to investigate the association between comorbidity, anti-cancer treatment, and overall survival in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) with extrahepatic metastases. We retrospectively analyzed data from 57 patients diagnosed as having treatment-naïve stage IV HCC with extrahepatic metastases between 2007 and 2010. Comorbidity was assessed using two scoring systems, the Charlson comorbidity index (CCI) and the Kaplan-Feinstein index. Associations between comorbidity, demographic variables, treatment modality, and overall survival were analyzed. Univariate analysis showed that a CCI of ≥ 2 (P = 0.017), an Okuda score of II/III (P = 0.026), and the use of anti-cancer therapy (P = 0.039) was associated with overall survival. Fewer patients with a CCI of ≥ 2 received treatment (P < 0.001), and anti-cancer treatment of any modality did not show a survival benefit in these patients (P = 0.174). The multivariate analysis showed that a CCI of ≥ 2 was the only independent prognostic factor for overall survival (P = 0.043).\n\nQuestion:\nIs the Charlson Comorbidity Index an Independent Prognostic Factor for Treatment-Naïve Hepatocellular Carcinoma Patients with Extrahepatic Metastases?\n\nAnswer:",
"role": "user"
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{
"content": "yes",
"role": "assistant"
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Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.
| [
{
"content": "Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.\n\nContext:\nAcute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) makes up a significant proportion of all pediatric cancers, and relapsed ALL is a leading cause of cancer-associated deaths in children. Identification of risk factors and druggable molecular targets in ALL can lead to a better stratification of treatments and subsequent improvement in prognosis. We enrolled 59 children with relapsed or primary refractory ALL who were treated in our institutions. We primarily performed RNA sequencing (RNA-seq) using patients' leukemic cells to comprehensively detect gene fusions and analyze gene expression profiles. On the basis of results obtained by RNA-seq, we performed genetic validation, functional analysis, and in vitro drug sensitivity testing using patients' samples and an exogenous expression model. We identified a total of 26 gene fusions in 22 patients by RNA-seq. Among these, 19 were nonrandom gene fusions already described in ALL, and four of the remaining seven involved identical combination of MEF2D and BCL9. All MEF2D-BCL9-positive patients had B-cell precursor immunophenotype and were characterized as being older in age, being resistant to chemotherapy, having very early relapse, and having leukemic blasts that mimic morphologically mature B-cell leukemia with markedly high expression of HDAC9. Exogenous expression of MEF2D-BCL9 in a B-cell precursor ALL cell line promoted cell growth, increased HDAC9 expression, and induced resistance to dexamethasone. Using a primary culture of leukemic blasts from a patient, we identified several molecular targeted drugs that conferred inhibitory effects in vitro.\n\nQuestion:\nDoes mEF2D-BCL9 Fusion Gene be Associated With High-Risk Acute B-Cell Precursor Lymphoblastic Leukemia in Adolescents?\n\nAnswer:",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "yes",
"role": "assistant"
}
] | 0 |
Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.
| [
{
"content": "Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.\n\nContext:\nTechniques for interim analysis, the statistical analysis of results while they are still accumulating, are highly-developed in the setting of clinical trials. But in the setting of laboratory experiments such analyses are usually conducted secretly and with no provisions for the necessary adjustments of the Type I error-rate.\n\nQuestion:\nDo interim analyses of data as they accumulate in laboratory experimentation?\n\nAnswer:",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "yes",
"role": "assistant"
}
] | 0 |
Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.
| [
{
"content": "Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.\n\nContext:\nTo investigate the therapeutic effects of OM-85 BV as an adjunctive treatment on experimental chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS) in mice. Female BALB/c mice aged 8-12 weeks were sensitized and administrated by intranasal Aspergillus fumigatis (AF) three times per week for 1 week, 3 weeks, 2 months and 3 months (n = 10 each time point). The mice were randomly and equally assigned to four groups: normal control group, model group, OM-85-BV plus amoxicillin group, and isolated amoxicillin group. Inflammatory changes were determined by hematoxylin-eosin (HE) staining. The expression levels of suppressor of cytokine signaling (SOCS) 1, SOCS3, tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, and interferon (IFN)-γ in samples were assessed by using real-time PCR (RT-PCR) and Western blotting. There were significantly inflammatory and structural changes between the model and other groups. Compared to the model group, the mRNA expression levels of SOCS1, SOCS3, TNF-α, and IFN-γ were significantly decreased in OM-85-BV plus amoxicillin group and isolated amoxicillin group, along with the protein levels.\n\nQuestion:\nDoes bacterial extract OM-85 BV protect mice against experimental chronic rhinosinusitis?\n\nAnswer:",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "yes",
"role": "assistant"
}
] | 0 |
Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.
| [
{
"content": "Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.\n\nContext:\nIt is well known that pituitary TSH exerts the major task in the regulation of thyroid function. However, this gland is capable of certain degree of autonomy, independently of TSH control. Iodine plays an important role in thyroid physiology and biochemistry. The thyroid is capable of producing different iodolipids such as 2-iodohexadecanal (2-IHDA). It was shown that this iodolipid mimic some of the inhibitory effects of excess iodide on several thyroid parameters. To identify the miRNAs regulated by 2-IHDA in rat thyroid cells and likely characterize their role in thyroid cell proliferation and function. FRTL-5 cells were grown in the presence of TSH and treated with 2-IHDA. Among the miRNAs up-regulated by 2-IHDA we focused on miR-let-7f and miR-138. When we transfected the miRNAs, miR-let-7f but not miR-138 overexpression inhibited proliferation of FRTL 5 cells, while miR-let-7f inhibition restored cell growth in 2-IHDA treated cultures. Analysis of cell cycle by flow cytometric DNA analysis revealed that miR-let-7f inhibition reduced the percentage of 2-IHDA treated cells in G1 phase and an increased of the percentage of cells in S phase was observed upon anti-let-7f transfection. The expresion of Cyclin D1 and Cyclin D3 were reduced after the transfection of miR-let-7f and miR-138, respectively. In in vivo studies we observed that miR-let-7f and miR-138 were up regulated by 2-IHDA during goiter involution.\n\nQuestion:\nDoes 2-Iodohexadecanal inhibit thyroid cell growth in part through the induction of let-7f microRNA?\n\nAnswer:",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "yes",
"role": "assistant"
}
] | 0 |
Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.
| [
{
"content": "Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.\n\nContext:\nThere is a growing literature on the relationship between low serum B-vitamins, elevated homocysteine, and cognitive impairment; however, few studies have examined radiological markers of associated neuropathology in geropsychiatry inpatients. The authors examined the relationship of homocysteine, folate, and vitamin B12 with magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) markers of neuropathology. In this archival study, authors reviewed the MRIs and medical records of 34 inpatients in a geriatric psychiatry unit. Patients were selected if folate, B12, and/or homocysteine levels had been assessed and if the appropriate clinical MRIs were performed (19 men; mean age, 75 years). Patients with schizophrenia or current substance dependence were excluded. The relationships between MRI volume measures, white-matter hyperintensity (WMH) grade, and serum concentrations of folate, B12, and homocysteine were analyzed, using age-adjusted Pearson correlations. Homocysteine was related to WMH grade, but not brain-volume measures. Folate was associated with hippocampus and amygdala, and negatively associated with WMH. B12 level was not statistically associated with any brain measure.\n\nQuestion:\nDo homocysteine and B vitamins relate to brain volume and white-matter changes in geriatric patients with psychiatric disorders?\n\nAnswer:",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "yes",
"role": "assistant"
}
] | 0 |
Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.
| [
{
"content": "Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.\n\nContext:\nDecreased levels of circulating bone marrow-derived progenitor cells have been associated with risk factors and cardiovascular diseases. Smoking is the most important modifiable risk factor for atherosclerosis in young women. The aim of this pilot study was to assess in healthy premenopausal women without other risk factors for cardiovascular disease the influence of nicotine abuse on the number of circulating progenitor cells in relation to endothelial function. The number of endothelial progenitor cells, measured as colony-forming units in a cell-culture assay (EPC-CFU) and the number of circulating CD34 + and CD34 + /CD133 + cells, measured by flow cytometry, was estimated in 32 women at the menstrual phase of the menstrual cycle. In addition, flow-mediated dilation (FMD) was assessed as a marker for vascular function. In a subgroup of these women (n = 20), progenitor cells were also investigated at the mid-follicular and luteal phases of the menstrual cycle. Compared to non-smokers, the abundance of circulating CD34 + cells was significantly lower in smoking women in the menstrual, mid-luteal, and mid-follicular phases of the menstrual cycle. The number of CD34 + progenitor cells was revealed to have significant positive correlation with FMD in young healthy women, whereas CD34 + /CD133 + progenitor cells and EPC-CFU showed no significant correlation.\n\nQuestion:\nDoes smoking decrease the level of circulating CD34+ progenitor cells in young healthy women -- a pilot study?\n\nAnswer:",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "yes",
"role": "assistant"
}
] | 0 |
Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.
| [
{
"content": "Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.\n\nContext:\nBrugada syndrome and idiopathic ventricular fibrillation (VF) associated with inferolateral early repolarization patterns are termed \"J-wave syndromes.\" In such patients, an implantable cardioverter-defibrillator (ICD) is first-line therapy for prevention of sudden cardiac death. However, frequent ICD shocks due to recurrent VF remain serious problems. The purpose of this study was to ascertain if combination therapy of cilostazol and bepridil could suppress recurrent VF. We enrolled 7 patients with J-wave syndromes who experienced ICD shocks due to recurrent VF after ICD implantation. At first, cilostazol was instituted. In all subjects, palpitations due to sinus tachycardia caused by cilostazol were symptomatic. Addition of bepridil attenuated cilostazol-induced palpitations and maintained the suppressive effect of cilostazol against VF (87 ± 12 bpm to 66 ± 7 bpm, P < .01). Six patients remained free of VF. Three patients underwent replacement of the ICD generator 4-5 years after ICD placement. Cilostazol was discontinued 2 days before replacement because of its antiplatelet effects. In all 3 patients, temporary discontinuation of cilostazol led to the reappearance of J waves, culminating in VF and an appropriate ICD shock in 1 patient. J waves disappeared with reinstitution of cilostazol.\n\nQuestion:\nDoes combination therapy of cilostazol and bepridil suppress recurrent ventricular fibrillation related to J-wave syndromes?\n\nAnswer:",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "yes",
"role": "assistant"
}
] | 0 |
Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.
| [
{
"content": "Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.\n\nContext:\nCardiac aging is associated with progressive structural changes and functional impairment, such as left ventricular hypertrophy, fibrosis and diastolic dysfunction. Aging also increases myocardial activity of endothelin-1 (ET-1), a multifunctional peptide with growth-promoting and pro-fibrotic activity. Because the G protein-coupled estrogen receptor (GPER) regulates vascular responsiveness to ET-1, we investigated whether GPER also plays a role in the regulation of the myocardial endothelin system with aging. Young (4month-old) and aged (24month-old) wild-type and Gper-deficient (Gper(-/-)) mice were studied. Gene expression levels of prepro-ET-1, endothelin converting enzymes ECE-1 and ECE-2, and endothelin ETA and ETB receptors were determined by qPCR in left ventricular myocardium. Aging markedly increased steady-state mRNA expression levels of ECE-1, ECE-2, ETA and ETB receptors (each p<0.001 vs. young mice). Deletion of Gper inhibited the age-dependent increase in ECE-2 and ETB receptor mRNA levels (57% and 40% reduction, respectively, each p<0.01 vs. wild-type mice), whereas gene expression of prepro-ET-1, ECE-1, and the ETA receptor was unaffected in Gper(-/-) mice.\n\nQuestion:\nIs gPER required for the age-dependent upregulation of the myocardial endothelin system?\n\nAnswer:",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "yes",
"role": "assistant"
}
] | 0 |
Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.
| [
{
"content": "Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.\n\nContext:\nTheophylline has been shown to have corticosteroid-sparing effects for the treatment of human asthma. A similar effect, if present in horses, would allow diminishing the dose of corticosteroids administered to equine patients with inflammatory airway diseases. To evaluate whether theophylline potentiates the effects of a low dose of dexamethasone when treating horses with recurrent airway obstruction (RAO). Theophylline has steroid-sparing effects in horses with RAO. Ten mature mixed breed horses in clinical exacerbation of RAO were studied. Using an incomplete crossover design and 3 experimental periods of 7 days duration, horses were distributed randomly in 5 treatment groups; and administered dexamethasone s.i.d., at either 0.05 mg/kg bwt i.v. or per os, or 0.02 mg/kg bwt alone or combined with theophylline at 5 mg/kg bwt per os b.i.d. A fifth group was treated with theophylline alone at the above dosage. Lung function was evaluated prior to drug administration and then 3 and 7 days later. Oral administration of dexamethasone alone or combined with theophylline failed to improve lung function significantly in RAO affected horses. Theophylline alone also failed to improve lung function in all treated horses. Conversely, dexamethasone administration at 0.05 mg/kg bwt i.v. resulted in a significant improvement in lung function starting on Day 3.\n\nQuestion:\nDoes theophylline potentiate the effects of a low dose of dexamethasone in horses with recurrent airway obstruction?\n\nAnswer:",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "no",
"role": "assistant"
}
] | 0 |
Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.
| [
{
"content": "Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.\n\nContext:\nThe timing and urgency of salvage attempts for acutely thrombosed hemodialysis vascular accesses remain poorly defined. We examined the outcome of early surgical thrombectomy after acute access thrombosis to assess the influence of expedited timing on access salvage. Between January 2007 and October 2012, 114 surgical thrombectomy attempts were performed on 82 patients to salvage 89 accesses. The time between the diagnosis of thrombosis and admission to the operative suite (T1), the time between diagnosis and the following dialysis session (T2), and clinical and biologic parameters were collected prospectively. Data were retrospectively compared between the early (T1 <6 hours) and later (T1 >6 hours) treatment groups. The main outcome measure was technical success. Kaplan-Meier survival analysis was used to estimate functional patency rates. Mean patient follow-up was 22 ± 18 months. The mean time from referral to procedure (T1) was 5.7 ± 4.5 hours. The mean time T1 was 3.6 ± 1.2 hours in the early group and 10.3 ± 5.4 hours in the later group. The mean time to dialysis (T2) was 14.3 ± 6.5 hours in the early group and 23.9 ± 9.4 hours in the later group. Thrombectomy performed ≤ 6 hours after diagnosis (T1 <6 hours) had significantly higher technical success of 86% compared with 69% for thrombectomy performed later (T1 >6 hours; P = .04). The two groups did not differ significantly in patient comorbidities, type of access, or adjunctive procedures performed (P ≥ .1). At 12 months, the primary patency rate for all index cases, including technical failures, was 55% ± 7.1% in the early group and 33% ± 9.7% in the later group (P = .13). The secondary patency rate was 67% ± 6.8% in the early group and 50% ± 9.9% in the later group (P = .05).\n\nQuestion:\nDoes early surgical thrombectomy improve salvage of thrombosed vascular accesses?\n\nAnswer:",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "yes",
"role": "assistant"
}
] | 0 |
Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.
| [
{
"content": "Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.\n\nContext:\nIncreased thyroid cancer incidence is at least partially attributed to increased detection and shows considerable regional variation. We investigated whether regional variation in cancer incidence was associated with variations in thyroid disease management. We conducted a retrospective population-based cohort study that involved linking data from the Belgian Health Insurance database and the Belgian Cancer Registry to compare thyroid-related procedures between regions with high and low cancer incidence. Primary outcome measures were rates of TSH testing, imaging, fine-needle aspiration cytology (FNAC), and thyroid surgery. Secondary study outcomes were proportions of subjects with thyrotoxicosis and nodular disease treated with surgery, of subjects treated with surgery preceded by FNAC or with synchronous lymph node dissection, and of thyroid cancer diagnosis after surgery. The rate of TSH testing was similar, but the rate of imaging was lower in the low incidence region. The rate of FNAC was similar, whereas the rate of surgery was lower in the low incidence region (34 [95% CI 33; 35 ] vs 80 [95% CI 79; 81 ] per 100,000 person years in the high incidence region; P < .05). In the low incidence region compared to the high incidence region, surgery represented a less chosen therapy for euthyroid nodular disease patients (47% [95% CI 46; 48] vs 69% [95% CI 68; 70]; P < .05), proportionally more surgery was preceded by FNAC, more cancer was diagnosed after total thyroidectomy, and thyroid cancer patients had more preoperative FNAC and synchronous lymph node dissection.\n\nQuestion:\nIs regional variation in thyroid cancer incidence in Belgium associated with variation in thyroid imaging and thyroid disease management?\n\nAnswer:",
"role": "user"
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{
"content": "yes",
"role": "assistant"
}
] | 0 |
Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.
| [
{
"content": "Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.\n\nContext:\nCellular adaptation to hypoxia is mediated in part by the transcription factor hypoxia-inducible factor 1 (HIF-1). Accumulating data suggest that pro-inflammatory mediators can up-regulate HIF-1alpha protein expression and HIF-1 DNA-binding activity in the absence of hypoxia. Accordingly, we investigated HIF-1 mediated signaling in endotoxemic rats. We studied three groups of male Sprague Dawley rats. Controls (N = 5) were injected i.p. with saline. Endotoxemic rats (N = 9) received a sublethal dose of lipopolysaccaride (Escherichia coli; 5 mg/kg, i.p.). A third group of rats (N = 5) received the HIF-1 stabilizing agent CoCl(2) (14 mg/kg, i.p.) at T = 0 h and T = 16 h. At T = 18 h, liver microvascular perfusion was measured using laser Doppler flowmetry and hepatic tissue samples were obtained. RNA was isolated and mRNA levels of the HIF-1 dependent genes aldolase A and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) were determined using quantitative real-time RT-PCR. HIF-1alpha content was estimated by immunoprecipitation followed by Western blotting. HIF-1alpha increased in hepatic tissue after treatment with LPS or CoCl(2). LPS markedly increased hepatic expression of aldolase A, but failed to alter expression of VEGF. CoCl(2) increased aldolase A and VEGF mRNA expression. Although hepatic microvascular perfusion was comparable in saline- and LPS-treated rats, hepatic microvascular blood flow and aldolase A expression were significantly inversely correlated among endotoxemic rats (r = 0.773; P = 0.003).\n\nQuestion:\nDoes lPS increase hepatic HIF-1alpha protein and expression of the HIF-1-dependent gene aldolase A in rats?\n\nAnswer:",
"role": "user"
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{
"content": "yes",
"role": "assistant"
}
] | 0 |
Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.
| [
{
"content": "Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.\n\nContext:\nHydrocephalus causes damage to periventricular white matter at least in part through chronic ischemia. The sodium channel-blocking agents mexiletine and riluzole have been shown to be of some protective value in various models of neurological injury. We hypothesized that these agents would ameliorate the effects of experimental childhood-onset hydrocephalus. Hydrocephalus was induced in 4-week-old rats by injection of kaolin into the cisterna magna. Tests of cognitive and motor function were performed on a weekly basis. In a blinded and randomized manner, mexiletine (0.7, 7, or 42 mg/kg/d) or riluzole (1.4 or 13.6 mg/kg/d) was administered by osmotic minipump for 2 weeks, beginning 2 weeks after induction of hydrocephalus. The brains were then subjected to histopathological and biochemical analyses. Compared with untreated hydrocephalic rats, neither mexiletine nor riluzole was associated with a protective effect on behavioral, structural, or biochemical abnormalities.\n\nQuestion:\nAre sodium channel-blocking agents of benefit to rats with kaolin-induced hydrocephalus?\n\nAnswer:",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "no",
"role": "assistant"
}
] | 0 |
Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.
| [
{
"content": "Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.\n\nContext:\nWe aimed to assess the ability of the multiplanar review modality of three-dimensional echocardiography to examine the dynamic morphology and the functional characteristics of malformed tricuspid valves in patients previously identified as having Ebstein's malformation. Based on these characteristics, we attempted to differentiate Ebstein's malformation from tricuspid valvar dysplasia. Using three-dimensional multiplanar review, analysed with either Qlab 6.0 or Tomtech Image Arena 3.0, we studied 23 patients, aged from 1 day to 70 years, previously diagnosed using cross-sectional echocardiography as having Ebstein's malformation. Using the features of rotational abnormality, and the orientation, of the effective tricuspid valvar orifice as diagnostic features of Ebstein's malformation, we reclassified 11 patients (48 per cent) as exhibiting tricuspid valvar dysplasia. In addition, we studied the dynamic morphology as well as the function of the tricuspid valve. Surgical treatment was undertaken on 10 patients, revealing good correlation with the findings obtained using three-dimensional multiplanar review. In those with Ebstein's malformation, we found varying degrees of rotation, with the effective valvar orifice always directed towards the right ventricular outflow tract. The opening of the orifice of dysplastic tricuspid valves, in contrast, was towards the apex of the right ventricle. The degree of delamination, and abnormalities of subcordal apparatus, were similar in the two groups.\n\nQuestion:\nDoes multiplanar review of three-dimensional echocardiography give new insights into the morphology of Ebstein 's malformation?\n\nAnswer:",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "yes",
"role": "assistant"
}
] | 0 |
Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.
| [
{
"content": "Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.\n\nContext:\nSeveral observational studies indicate that trans isomeric fatty acids may interfere with the metabolism of essential fatty acids in the human organism. The objective was to investigate the relation between trans fatty acids and long-chain polyunsaturates in mature human milk. Human milk samples (n=769) were obtained at the 6th week of lactation from mothers participating in a birth cohort study in Germany. The fatty acid composition of the milk samples was measured by high-resolution capillary gas-liquid chromatography. trans Octadecenoic and trans octadecadienoic acids were inversely correlated with linoleic acid (r=-0.32 and -0.33, P<0.0001 for both), alpha-linolenic acid (r=-0.35 and -0.27, P<0.0001), arachidonic acid (r=-0.60 and -0.47, P<0.0001), and docosahexaenoic acid (r=-0.51 and -0.33, P<0.0001). In contrast, no inverse correlations were observed between trans hexadecenoic acid and polyunsaturated fatty acids.\n\nQuestion:\nAre trans Octadecenoic acid and trans octadecadienoic acid inversely related to long-chain polyunsaturates in human milk : results of a large birth cohort study?\n\nAnswer:",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "yes",
"role": "assistant"
}
] | 0 |
Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.
| [
{
"content": "Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.\n\nContext:\nAgeing induces changes in gut microbiota that may affect the quality of life. In this work we analyze the effect of Lactobacillus plantarum CECT 7315/7316 on the regulation of intestinal transit and on nutritional status. We carried out a double-blind, randomized and controlled by placebo clinical trial. We evaluated the evolution of the weekly defecation frequency and blood levels of total proteins, albumin, cholesterol and reactive C-protein. Lactobacillus plantarum CECT 7315/7316 helps to regulate intestinal transit and improves the nutritional status in elderly.\n\nQuestion:\nDoes [ Consumption of the probiotic Lactobacillus planctarum CECT 7315/7316 improve general health in the elderly subjects ]?\n\nAnswer:",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "yes",
"role": "assistant"
}
] | 0 |
Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.
| [
{
"content": "Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.\n\nContext:\nWe have previously shown that autologous bone marrow mononuclear cell (ABMNC) therapy improves measures of limb perfusion, rest pain, wound healing, and amputation-free survival (AFS) at 1 year in patients with critical limb ischemia (CLI). Long-term durability of ABMNC therapy for CLI remains unknown. The objective of the current study was to evaluate long-term clinical outcomes 5 years after treatment. Data were retrospectively gathered from a database and via a patient survey and review of medical records of patients previously enrolled in this phase I/II trial. AFS, freedom from major amputation, and freedom from major adverse limb events (MALE) were calculated using the product-limit estimate. The incidence of cardiac, malignant, and other medical events relevant to the safety of cell therapy were tabulated during the time from treatment to follow-up. Twenty-one of the 24 patients (88%) who completed the initial 1-year phase I/II trial were available for the 5-year analysis; AFS was 74% (95% confidence interval [CI], 0.53-0.87), freedom from major amputation was 78% (95% CI, 0.58-0.90), and freedom from MALE was 65% (95% CI, 0.45-0.80). Three patients (14%) had major cardiac events. There were no incidences of malignancies or diagnoses of clinically significant proliferative retinopathy. Fifteen patients (71%) report continued improvement in pain-free walking. Nineteen (90%) patients believed that the study was of significant medical value and would participate again.\n\nQuestion:\nIs autologous bone marrow mononuclear cell therapy for critical limb ischemia effective and durable?\n\nAnswer:",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "yes",
"role": "assistant"
}
] | 0 |
Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.
| [
{
"content": "Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.\n\nContext:\nNeuroendocrine tumors (NETs) of the ileum are rare submucosal tumors that are often diagnosed at advanced stages with metastatic spread to the liver causing a carcinoid syndrome. They present as solitary or multiple tumors. In NETs, loss of sequences on chromosomes 11, 16, 18 and 22 or gain of sequences on chromosomes 17 and 19 has been described. In this study we explored the expression of two novel candidate genes, CDX2 and Oct4, in NETs of the ileum and analyzed whether the molecular expression pattern correlates with the clinical phenotype (solitary/multiple tumors). Data from all patients who underwent surgery for a NET of the ileum between 2000 and 2010 were retrieved from a prospective database. For each patient, frozen normal and tumor tissue was used for the comparison of gene expression levels of two putative cancer stem cell markers, CDX2 and Oct4, using real-time PCR (rtPCR). Serial slides from paraffin blocks were used for immunohistochemistry. Gene expression was compared between normal and tumor tissue as well as between solitary and multiple tumors. 78 patients were identified. In rtPCR, a statistically significant higher expression of CDX2 in tumor tissue (p < 0.001) compared to normal tissue was found. The expression of Oct4 was elevated in the tumors, but did not reach the level of significance (p = 0.155). The expression of both candidate genes was confirmed immunohistochemically and showed a nuclear expression pattern. There was no difference in expression between solitary and multiple tumors or between tumors that had already spread to the liver.\n\nQuestion:\nAre embryonic transcription factors CDX2 and Oct4 overexpressed in neuroendocrine tumors of the ileum : a pilot study?\n\nAnswer:",
"role": "user"
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{
"content": "yes",
"role": "assistant"
}
] | 0 |
Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.
| [
{
"content": "Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.\n\nContext:\nIn weight loss trials, a considerable inter-individual variability in reduction of fat mass and changes of insulin resistance is observed, even under standardized study conditions. The underlying mechanisms are not well understood. Given the metabolic properties of the atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) system, we hypothesized that ANP signaling might be involved in this phenomenon by changes of ANP secretion or receptor balance. Therefore, we investigated the impact of systemic, adipose and myocellular ANP system on metabolic and anthropometric improvements during weight loss. We comprehensively investigated 143 subjects (31 male, 112 female) before and after a 3 month-standardized weight loss program. The time course of BMI, fat mass, insulin sensitivity, circulating mid-regional proANP (MR-proANP) levels as well as adipose and myocellular natriuretic receptor A (NPR-A) and C (NPR-C) mRNA expression were investigated. BMI decreased by -12.6±3.7%. This was accompanied by a remarkable decrease of adipose NPR-C expression (1005.0±488.4 vs. 556.7±465.6; p<0.001) as well as a tendency towards increased adipose NPR-A expression (4644.7±946.8 vs. 4877.6±869.8; p=0.051). Weight loss induced changes in NPR-C (ΔNPR-C) was linked to relative reduction of total fat mass (ΔFM) (r=0.281; p<0.05), reduction of BMI (r=0.277; p<0.01), and increase of free fatty acids (ΔFFA) (r=-0.258; p<0.05). Basal NPR-C expression and weight loss induced ΔNPR-C independently explained 22.7% of ΔFM. In addition, ΔMR-proANP was independently associated with improvement of insulin sensitivity (standardized ß=0.246, p<0.01).\n\nQuestion:\nDoes aNP system activity predict variability of fat mass reduction and insulin sensitivity during weight loss?\n\nAnswer:",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "yes",
"role": "assistant"
}
] | 0 |
Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.
| [
{
"content": "Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.\n\nContext:\nAsthma phenotypes are well described among children. However, there are few studies comparing airway inflammation in different clinical presentations of pediatric asthma. We tested the hypothesis that nonatopic asthma is associated with a predominant noneosinophilic inflammation in the airways, as assessed by induced sputum. The objective of this study was to evaluate the cytological characteristics of induced sputum (IS) in atopic (AA), nonatopic asthmatics (NAA) and nonatopic nonasthmatic children (NANA). Of 90 selected children, 77 met eligibility criteria for performing IS and were classified as: AA, n = 28, NAA, n = 29 and NANA, n = 19. Subjects answered to a set of ISAAC-based questions and were skin-tested for common aeroallergens. A defined series of exclusion criteria was applied. Induced sputum was obtained from 54 (70.1%) subjects (21 AA, 20 NAA and 13 NANA). Demographic data and mean FEV(1) were similar in the three groups. The proportion of eosinophils [median, inter quartile range (IQR)] was significantly higher in the sputum of AA [(6.0.)12)] compared with NAAs [0 (2)] and NANAs [0 (1)], P < 0.001. The proportion of children with sputum eosinophilia (eos > 3%) was also significantly higher in AA (71.4%) when compared with NAA (28.6%); none of the NANA had sputum eosinophilia. Nonatopic asthmatic children had significantly higher proportions and absolute number of neutrophils than AA and controls.\n\nQuestion:\nIs neutrophilic airway inflammation a main feature of induced sputum in nonatopic asthmatic children?\n\nAnswer:",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "yes",
"role": "assistant"
}
] | 0 |
Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.
| [
{
"content": "Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.\n\nContext:\nThe aim of the present study was to investigate the effects of the alanyl-glutamine dipeptide (Ala-Gln) or the combination supplementation of free alanine and glutamine (Ala+Gln) on the mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) and ubiquitin-proteasome proteolysis (UPP) signaling pathways in piglets. We randomly allocated 180 piglets to three treatments with three replicates of 20 piglets each, fed with diets containing 0.62% Ala, 0.5% Ala-Gln, 0.21% Ala+0.34% Gln, respectively. The duration of the experiment was 28 d. The results showed that Ala-Gln increased average daily gain of piglets, and decreased the ratio of feed to gain (P < 0.05). Ala-Gln supplementation increased the concentrations of Gln and glutamate and decreased the activity of glutamine synthetase in liver and skeletal muscle (P < 0.05). Ala-Gln increased the expression of glutaminase and glutamate dehydrogenate (P < 0.05). The increased phosphorylation of eIF-4 E binding protein 1 (4E-BP1) and ribosomal protein S6 kinase 1 (S6K1) in Ala-Gln treatment were associated with phosphorylation of the mTOR in liver and skeletal muscle. Ala+Gln did not affect the phosphorylation abundances of mTOR, 4E-BP1, or S6K1 (P > 0.05). Ala-Gln supplementation inhibited the mRNA expressions of MAFbx and MuRF1 in skeletal muscle of piglets (P < 0.05).\n\nQuestion:\nDoes alanyl-glutamine supplementation regulate mTOR and ubiquitin proteasome proteolysis signaling pathways in piglets?\n\nAnswer:",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "yes",
"role": "assistant"
}
] | 0 |
Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.
| [
{
"content": "Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.\n\nContext:\nTo study whether examination of CagA antibodies could increase the odds ratio for gastric cancer in a case-control study, and how often other serum markers of gastric cancer risk could be found in Helicobacter pylori -negative patients. H pylori CagA and parietal cell antibodies (PCAs), and serum pepsinogen I (SPGI) levels were compared between patients with gastric cancer and controls who received endoscopic examination due to reasons other than gastrointestinal malignancy. The odds ratio (OR) for gastric cancer was 2.9 (95% CI 1.4-5.8) in H pylori + patients, and 2.4 (95% CI 1.2-4.9) in CagA+ patients. When results of H pylori and CagA antibodies were combined, OR increased to 5.0 (95% CI 2.5-10.0). Furthermore, if cardia cancer patients were excluded, the OR increased to 6.8 (95% CI 3.1-14.8). Among patients with a low SPGI level, the OR was 12.0 (95% CI 4.1-35.3). However, the risk was significant only in the older age group. The number of patients with low SPGI was significantly higher in H pylori -/CagA+ patients as compared to other cancer patients.\n\nQuestion:\nDo helicobacter pylori infection and low serum pepsinogen I level as risk factors for gastric carcinoma?\n\nAnswer:",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "yes",
"role": "assistant"
}
] | 0 |
Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.
| [
{
"content": "Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.\n\nContext:\nAtopic individuals are predisposed to mounting vigorous T(H)2-type immune responses to environmental allergens. The skin is often the first organ that manifests allergic disease and may provide an early entry point for antigen sensitization. We sought to determine whether epicutaneous exposure to the aeroallergen Aspergillus fumigatus induces nasal allergic responses. Furthermore, we aimed to examine the mechanism involved. Wild-type and signal transducer and activator of transcription 6 (STAT6)-deficient mice were exposed to epicutaneous A fumigatus and control antigen ovalbumin. Nasal inflammation and responsiveness to methacholine were monitored. Exposure to epicutaneous A fumigatus antigen induced a marked atopic dermatitis-like phenotype in a manner significantly more efficient than epicutaneous ovalbumin. A single A fumigatus intranasal challenge induced clinical nasal responses and hyperresponsiveness to methacholine in the nose as manifested by nasal symptoms, accompanied by allergic airway and nasal inflammation. Mechanistic analysis using gene-targeted mice revealed that the clinical nasal responses and hyperresponsiveness were STAT6-dependent. Although STAT6 was required for changes in nasal responses, it was not required for epicutaneous pathology except eosinophilia.\n\nQuestion:\nDoes epicutaneous aeroallergen exposure induce systemic TH2 immunity that predisposes to allergic nasal responses?\n\nAnswer:",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "yes",
"role": "assistant"
}
] | 0 |
Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.
| [
{
"content": "Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.\n\nContext:\nTo investigate whether gut bacteria translocation occurs in end-stage renal disease patients and contributes to microinflammation in end-stage renal disease (ESRD). The subjects were divided into two groups: nondialysed ESRD patients (n = 30) and healthy controls (n = 10). Blood samples from all participants were subjected to bacterial 16S ribosomal DNA amplification and DNA pyrosequencing to determine the presence of bacteria, and the alteration of gut microbiomes were examined with the same methods. High-sensitive C-reactive protein and interleukin-6 were detected. Plasma D-lactate was tested for gut permeability. Bacterial DNAs were detected in the blood of 20% (6/30) of the ESRD patients. All the observed genera in blood (Klebsiella spp, Proteus spp, Escherichia spp, Enterobacter spp, and Pseudomonas spp) were overgrown in the guts of the ESRD patients. Plasma D-lactate, High-sensitive C-reactive protein, and interleukin-6 levels were significantly higher in patients with bacterial DNA than those without. The control group showed the same results as that of patients without bacterial DNA.\n\nQuestion:\nIs gut bacterial translocation associated with microinflammation in end-stage renal disease patients?\n\nAnswer:",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "yes",
"role": "assistant"
}
] | 0 |
Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.
| [
{
"content": "Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.\n\nContext:\nBoth underweight and obesity have been suggested as risk factors for pressure ulcers (PU) development, although data are limited. Our aim was to evaluate the odds of PU in underweight and obese, relative to optimal weight patients. Secondary data analysis of a prospective cohort study of risk factors for PU on admission or by hospital day 3 in 3214 elderly patients admitted during 1998-2001 to two hospitals in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. Patients who were underweight had greater odds of developing PU (adjusted odds ratio [OR] = 1.8, 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.2-2.6). Patients who were obese had reduced odds (adjusted OR = 0.7, 95% CI, 0.4-1.0), and those with severe obesity had the lowest odds of PU (adjusted OR = 0.1, 95% CI, 0.01-0.6).\n\nQuestion:\nDoes obesity reduce the risk of pressure ulcers in elderly hospitalized patients?\n\nAnswer:",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "yes",
"role": "assistant"
}
] | 0 |
Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.
| [
{
"content": "Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.\n\nContext:\nIn castrate resistant prostate cancer cells we investigated the cytotoxic effect of simvastatin and the mechanism involved. After treating PC3 and DU-145 cells with simvastatin, cell viability and apoptosis were determined using tetrazolium salt based colorimetric assay and annexin-V-fluorescein isothiocyanate/propidium iodide double staining assay, respectively. To determine whether simvastatin affects the nuclear factor-κB pathway, we assessed IκBα and phosphorylated IκBα expression, and p65 and phosphorylated p65 subcellular localization by Western blot analysis. Also, changes in nuclear factor-κB transcriptional activity were assessed using a luciferase reporter assay. After treating PC3 and DU-145 cells with 0, 20 or 40 μM simvastatin for 24, 48 or 72 hours, the proportion of viable cells decreased and the proportion of apoptotic cells increased in a dose and time dependent manner. Western blot analysis showed that simvastatin inhibited IκBα phosphorylation and degradation. It also demonstrated that simvastatin increased p65 protein levels in cytoplasmic fractions and decreased phosphorylated p65 protein levels in nuclear fractions but did not change p65 protein levels in cytoplasm. Luciferase reporter assay showed that simvastatin dose dependently reduced nuclear factor-κB activity. Reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction and Western blot revealed that simvastatin inhibited nuclear factor-κB regulated cIAP-1 and 2, cFLIP-S and XIAP expression in dose and time dependent fashion.\n\nQuestion:\nDoes simvastatin induce apoptosis in castrate resistant prostate cancer cells by deregulating nuclear factor-κB pathway?\n\nAnswer:",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "yes",
"role": "assistant"
}
] | 0 |
Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.
| [
{
"content": "Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.\n\nContext:\nTo determine predictors of failed enhanced recovery after surgery (ERAS) in patients after elective colorectal surgery. A cohort of 55 patients undergoing elective colorectal surgery was monitored prospectively. Perioperative care was based on a previously established protocol for ERAS. Pre-, intra-, and postoperative parameters were analyzed to elicit predictors of ERAS failure. ERAS failure was defined as prolonged hospital stay (> 7 days). The risk calculator CR-POSSUM was evaluated for its clinical utility. Body mass index (BMI) or the American Society of Anesthesiologists score (ASA) was not associated with ERAS failure on univariate analysis, but patients that failed ERAS were significantly older (64 y vs 54 y ; p = 0.023). Prolonged length of stay (> 7 days) was also associated with an open approach (p = 0.009), intraoperative nasogastric tube placement (p = 0.005), blood loss > 500 ml (p = 0.008), stoma formation (p = 0.006) and insertion of more than one intraabdominal drain during surgery (p = 0.005). Postoperative continuation of intravenous fluids (p = 0.027), reinsertion of urinary catheter (p = 0.045) and postoperative ileus (p = 0.020) were also strongly associated with delayed discharge on univariate analysis. After multivariate analysis the preoperative parameters CR-POSSUM score (p = 0.022), increasing BMI (p = 0.014) and preoperative albumin level (p = 0.031) were all independently associated with failure of ERAS.\n\nQuestion:\nDoes the CR-POSSUM Risk Calculator predict Failure of Enhanced Recovery after Colorectal Surgery?\n\nAnswer:",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "yes",
"role": "assistant"
}
] | 0 |
Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.
| [
{
"content": "Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.\n\nContext:\nThe aim of this study was to compare the optimal vibration frequency (OVF), which corresponds to maximal electromyographic muscle response during whole-body vibration, between young, middle-aged, and older women in four muscles of the lower-limbs. OVF was measured as the frequency corresponding to maximal root mean square of the surface electromyogram (RMSmax) during a continuous incremental protocol, with a succession of vibration frequencies from 20 to 55 Hz (A = 2 mm), on the vastus lateralis, vastus medialis, rectus femoris, and gastrocnemius lateralis muscles of the dominant lower-limb. Seventy-eight women were divided into three age groups, that is, young, 21.6 ± 2.4 yrs; middle aged, 43.0 ± 5.2 yrs; and older, 74.2 ± 6.0 yrs. OVF in the vastus medialis was lower in the older women than in the middle-aged and young women, whereas OVF in the vastus lateralis was lower in the older than in the young women. There were no differences in OVF between muscles within each group. RMSmax was higher in the older than in the young women in all muscles.\n\nQuestion:\nDoes older Age be Associated with Lower Optimal Vibration Frequency in Lower-Limb Muscles During Whole-Body Vibration?\n\nAnswer:",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "yes",
"role": "assistant"
}
] | 0 |
Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.
| [
{
"content": "Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.\n\nContext:\nWe evaluated BCR-ABL1 kinetics in patients treated with nilotinib and analyzed whether a dynamic model of changes in BCR-ABL1 levels over time could be used to predict long-term responses. Patients from the nilotinib registration trial (CAMN107A2101; registered at http://www.clinicaltrials.gov as NCT00109707) who had imatinib-resistant or -intolerant Philadelphia chromosome-positive (Ph+) chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) in chronic phase (CP) or accelerated phase with BCR-ABL1 > 10% (on the international scale [IS]) at baseline and, in the first 6 months, had at least three BCR-ABL1 transcript measurements and an average daily dose of at least 720 mg were included in this analysis (N = 123). More than half of patients (65/123; 53%) had a slow monophasic response and the remainder (58/123; 47%) had a biphasic response, in which patients had a rapid initial decrease in BCR-ABL1 transcripts followed by a more gradual response. The biphasic response type strongly correlated with improved event-free survival (EFS). Data in the first 6 months of follow-up were sufficient to predict EFS at 24 months.\n\nQuestion:\nIs rapid initial decline in BCR-ABL1 associated with superior responses to second-line nilotinib in patients with chronic-phase chronic myeloid leukemia?\n\nAnswer:",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "yes",
"role": "assistant"
}
] | 0 |
Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.
| [
{
"content": "Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.\n\nContext:\nSevere neonatal encephalopathy (NE) of hypoxic-ischaemic origin may cause death or life-long disability. Acute encephalopathy may also affect cerebrovascular control. Pourcelot's cerebrovascular resistance index (RI) ≤0.55 was predictive of poor outcome in normothermic NE infants. Recent studies have questioned its predictive power during therapeutic hypothermia (HT). To assess the predictive power of RI during HT and after rewarming. 45 infants with NE treated with HT for 72 h had their RI calculated during early (median 11 h) and late (median 62 h) cooling and after rewarming (median 89 h). Poor outcome was defined as death or abnormalities on day 10 magnetic resonance imaging shown to predict severe neuromotor disability. RI ≤0.55 during cooling did not differentiate between good and poor outcome (late cooling, p = 0.08), but was powerful after rewarming (p = 0.004). RI ≤0.55 predicted true poor outcome in 43% (95% confidence interval (CI): 12, 80) during late cooling and in 100% (95% CI: 31, 100) after rewarming. RI >0.55 predicted good outcome in 86% (95% CI: 69, 95) during late cooling and in 89% (95% CI: 74, 96) after rewarming.\n\nQuestion:\nDoes hypothermia make cerebral resistance index a poor prognostic tool in encephalopathic newborns?\n\nAnswer:",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "yes",
"role": "assistant"
}
] | 0 |
Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.
| [
{
"content": "Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.\n\nContext:\nPublication bias is a problem in systematic reviews of randomized controlled trials. The aim of this study was to assess the influence of publication bias in a systematic review of the effectiveness of Progressive Resistance Training (PRT) in older people. The relevant studies were ascertained from three sources: electronic databases, experts, and handsearching. Capture-recapture, visual inspection of funnel plots, two statistical tests, and two methods that make adjustments for publication bias, were employed to check the robustness of the conclusions of the systematic review. The methods employed gave broadly consistent results. Capture-recapture estimated that 3 (95% CI ) relevant studies were missed, while Trim and Fill suggested 16 studies had been missed. Both Egger's test for bias and a funnel plot regression approach suggested that publication bias was present. A selection model approach suggested that the funnel plot asymmetry observed may not be entirely due to publication bias.\n\nQuestion:\nIs capture-recapture a potentially useful method for assessing publication bias?\n\nAnswer:",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "yes",
"role": "assistant"
}
] | 0 |
Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.
| [
{
"content": "Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.\n\nContext:\nPeroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARgamma) agonists can cause peripheral edema in susceptible individuals. To investigate the mechanistic basis underlying this adverse event, we performed a candidate gene analysis of patients enrolled in clinical trials of muraglitazar, an investigational PPARalpha/gamma dual agonist, and developed a cell culture-based gene expression assay and nonhuman primate model of edema to study the edemagenic properties of PPARgamma agonists. A total of 213 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in 63 genes were genotyped in 730 participants. Chi-square and logistic regression analyses were used to test for association with edema. Transcriptional responses to PPARgamma agonists were evaluated in Calu-6 cells using quantitative real-time PCR. Male Cynomolgus monkeys were treated with PPAR agonists and were evaluated for edema using MRI. SNPs in renin (rs2368564) and endothelin-1 (rs5370) were associated with reduced risk of edema (P=0.003 and P=0.028, respectively) and an SNP in beta1 adrenergic receptor (rs1801253) was associated with increased susceptibility to edema (P=0.034). Gene expression studies revealed that renin and endothelin-1 were regulated by PPARgamma in Calu-6 cells. A survey of 10 PPARgamma agonists further revealed that a compound's in vitro potency was correlated with its edemagenic potential leading to the prediction that one of three previously uncharacterized PPARgamma agonists would cause less edema. This prediction was validated in a nonhuman primate model of PPARgamma agonist-induced edema.\n\nQuestion:\nDo genetic and gene expression studies implicate renin and endothelin-1 in edema caused by peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma agonists?\n\nAnswer:",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "yes",
"role": "assistant"
}
] | 0 |
Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.
| [
{
"content": "Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.\n\nContext:\nThe long-term consequences of unsuccessful interferon-α based hepatitis C treatment on liver disease progression and survival have not been fully explored. We performed retrospective analyses to assess long-term clinical outcomes among treated and untreated patients with hepatitis C virus in two independent cohorts from a United States Veterans Affairs Medical Center and a University Teaching Hospital. Eligible patients underwent liver biopsy during consideration for interferon-α based treatment between 1992 and 2007. They were assessed for the probability of developing cirrhosis and of dying during follow-up using Cox proportional hazards models, stratified by pretreatment liver fibrosis stage and adjusted for known risk factors for cirrhosis and characteristics affecting treatment selection. The major predictor was a time-dependent covariate for treatment outcome among four patient groups: 1) patients with sustained virological response to treatment; 2) treatment relapsers; 3) treatment nonresponders; and 4) never treated patients. Treatment nonresponders in both cohorts had a statistically significantly increased hazard of cirrhosis compared to never treated patients, as stratified by pretreatment liver fibrosis stage and adjusted for clinical and psychosocial risk factors that disproportionately affect patients who were ineligible for treatment (Veterans Affairs HR=2.35, CI 1.18-4.69, mean follow-up 10 years, and University Hospital HR=5.90, CI 1.50-23.24, mean follow-up 7.7 years). Despite their increased risk for liver disease progression, the overall survival of nonresponders in both cohorts was not significantly different from that of never treated patients.\n\nQuestion:\nIs nonresponse to interferon-α based treatment for chronic hepatitis C infection associated with increased hazard of cirrhosis?\n\nAnswer:",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "yes",
"role": "assistant"
}
] | 0 |
Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.
| [
{
"content": "Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.\n\nContext:\nBecause the trace element selenium behaves as an antioxidant and peroxynitrite scavenger when incorporated into selenoproteins, our objective was to determine whether low selenium status was associated with a greater risk of occurrence of preeclampsia. Fifty-three preeclamptic patients and 53 matched pregnant controls at the John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, gave clippings of their toenails (laid down from 3-12 months previously) for selenium determination by neutron activation analysis. Clinical characteristics of the women and their infants were recorded. Statistical analysis was by Wilcoxon signed rank test and odds ratios were calculated by the ratio of discordant pairs. Median toenail selenium concentrations in the preeclamptic subjects were significantly lower than in their matched controls (P=.001). Being in the bottom tertile of toenail selenium was associated with a 4.4-fold (95% CI 1.6-14.9) greater incidence of the condition. Within the preeclamptic group, lower selenium status was significantly associated (P=.029) with more severe expression of disease, as measured by delivery before 32 weeks.\n\nQuestion:\nIs low selenium status associated with the occurrence of the pregnancy disease preeclampsia in women from the United Kingdom?\n\nAnswer:",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "yes",
"role": "assistant"
}
] | 0 |
Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.
| [
{
"content": "Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.\n\nContext:\nColorectal cancer is one of the most common malignancies in the Western world. Screening and detection of its precursor lesion, the adenoma could prevent development of colorectal cancer. Many studies have been done to evaluate the prevalence of colorectal cancer in different countries. In daily practice, it was noticed that colorectal cancer was rarely seen in patients of Turkish decent. To evaluate the prevalence of colorectal cancer and adenoma in patients living in the Zaanstreek region, the Netherlands, and correlate these findings with ethnicity. All patients undergoing endoscopy of the colon and rectum during a period of 16 consecutive years in whom colorectal cancer and/or a polyp were diagnosed, were included in this study. All available histological data were retrieved in order to confirm the endoscopic diagnosis. In the study period, 907 patients were diagnosed with colorectal cancer. Of these 13 (1.4%) were of Turkish descent (10 men and 3 women). The remaining 894 were authentic Dutch (473 men and 421 women). A total of 2,744 patients had one or more polyp(s) during endoscopy. There were 2,705 authentic Dutch (1,386 men, 1,319 women) and 39 Turkish patients (25 men, 14 women). There was no significant difference in gender in either of the groups.\n\nQuestion:\nAre colorectal cancer and adenomas rare in individuals of Turkish descent living in the Zaanstreek region in the Netherlands?\n\nAnswer:",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "yes",
"role": "assistant"
}
] | 0 |
Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.
| [
{
"content": "Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.\n\nContext:\nThe chemical exchange saturation transfer (CEST) effect observed in brain tissue in vivo at the frequency offset 3.5 ppm downfield of water was assigned to amide protons of the protein backbone. Obeying a base-catalyzed exchange process such an amide-CEST effect would correlate with intracellular pH and protein concentration, correlations that are highly interesting for cancer diagnosis. However, recent experiments suggested that, besides the known aliphatic relayed-nuclear Overhauser effect (rNOE) upfield of water, an additional downfield rNOE is apparent in vivo resonating as well around +3.5 ppm. In this study, we present further evidence for the underlying downfield-rNOE signal, and we propose a first method that suppresses the downfield-rNOE contribution to the amide-CEST contrast. Thus, an isolated amide-CEST effect depending mainly on amide proton concentration and pH is generated. The isolation of the exchange mediated amide proton effect was investigated in protein model-solutions and tissue lysates and successfully applied to in vivo CEST images of 11 glioblastoma patients. Comparison with gadolinium contrast enhancing longitudinal relaxation time-weighted images revealed that the downfield-rNOE-suppressed amide-CEST contrast forms a unique contrast that delineates tumor regions and show remarkable overlap with the gadolinium contrast enhancement.\n\nQuestion:\nDoes downfield-NOE-suppressed amide-CEST-MRI at 7 Tesla provide a unique contrast in human glioblastoma?\n\nAnswer:",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "yes",
"role": "assistant"
}
] | 0 |
Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.
| [
{
"content": "Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.\n\nContext:\nThe aim of the present study was to assess the association between the pre-operative plasma fibrinogen level and the adjacent organ involvement in advanced gastric cancer. A total of 923 pre-operative plasma samples were obtained from 923 patients diagnosed clinically as having advanced gastric cancer, and fibrinogen levels were measured by immunoassay. Associations between fibrinogen levels and clinicopathologic findings (depth of tumor, adjacent organ involvement, and lymph node metastasis), along with survival were examined by univariate and multivariate analyses. Tumor size, tumor depth, and the presence of lymph node metastasis were found to be positively correlated with the preoperative plasma fibrinogen levels (P<0.001). Fifty (5.4%) patients had adjacent organ involvement. Lymphatic invasion (P<0.001), tumor size (P<0.001), clinical T (depth of invasion) stage (P<0.001), and clinical nodal stage (P=0.018) were found to be associated with adjacent organ involvement. Univariate and multivariate regression analyses showed that a preoperatively elevated plasma fibrinogen level was associated with adjacent organ involvement (P<0.001, 0.028), and Kaplan-Meier analysis showed that it was associated with poorer survival (P<0.001).\n\nQuestion:\nIs preoperative plasma fibrinogen level a useful predictor of adjacent organ involvement in patients with advanced gastric cancer?\n\nAnswer:",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "yes",
"role": "assistant"
}
] | 0 |
Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.
| [
{
"content": "Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.\n\nContext:\nGhrelin increases food intake, body weight, and growth hormone (GH) secretion. Serum concentrations of ghrelin are low in obese hyperinsulinemic persons, are reduced by infusion of insulin into normal-weight subjects, and are increased in underweight hypoinsulinemic patients with anorexia nervosa. Laron syndrome is an autosomal recessive disorder of GH insensitivity that results in decreased insulinlike growth factor-I (IGF-I) synthesis and growth failure. These patients have elevated GH levels, excess adipose tissue, and are insulin resistant. Because IGF-I has insulinlike actions and patients with GH insensitivity syndrome (GHIS) exhibit excess adiposity, we sought to determine whether ghrelin levels were elevated in these patients and potentially regulated by IGF-I replacement. Thirteen children with GHIS and 20 normal control children matched for age, sex, and body mass index underwent complete physical examination and a fasting blood draw at baseline. The GHIS subjects then underwent follow-up fasting blood draws during therapy with human recombinant IGF-I (80-120 mug/kg, given subcutaneously twice daily). Fasting glucose, insulin, and IGF-I concentrations were measured at the time of collection. Fasting total ghrelin levels were measured on stored serum samples. The GHIS subjects had 2-fold higher fasting ghrelin levels (2926 +/- 1869 pg/mL) compared with the normal control children (1492 +/- 493 pg/mL; P = 0.009), and mean ghrelin values were reduced 56% during 6.4 +/- 0.2 years of IGF-I replacement (P < 0.05).\n\nQuestion:\nAre serum ghrelin concentrations increased in children with growth hormone insensitivity and decrease during long-term insulinlike growth factor-I treatment?\n\nAnswer:",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "yes",
"role": "assistant"
}
] | 0 |
Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.
| [
{
"content": "Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.\n\nContext:\nPeriventricular white matter (PWM) is particularly vulnerable in very preterm infants. Non-cystic white matter injury, known as non-cystic periventricular leukomalacia (ncPVL), is the commonest 'lesion' affecting the preterm brain. There is no consensus about whether ncPVL can be reliably identified from cerebral ultrasound (cUS) or whether there is any reliable correlate of ncPVL on cUS at term-equivalent age (TEA). To compare brain volumes and linear measures at TEA in infants with and without a diagnosis of ncPVL. Preterm infants of ≤32 weeks' gestation without major lesions were serially assessed using cUS. ncPVL was defined as PWM echogenicity comparable to the choroid plexus on two scans at least 2 weeks apart after the first postnatal week. At TEA, infants were scanned for the estimation of brain volume and ventricular and tissue dimensions. Head circumference was measured. The data were compared between those with/without ncPVL. Observer agreement was assessed using kappa statistic. Of 63 eligible infants 29% had ncPVL. Significant differences were found between those with/without ncPVL for 5 min Apgar score, CRIB score, invasive ventilation rates and chronic lung disease but not for other relevant clinical data. No significant differences were found for estimated brain volume, ventricular size, corpus callosum length/thickness or central grey matter width. Intra-observer reliability was moderate (kappa = 0.51-0.56); inter-observer reliability was poor (kappa = 0.20-0.32).\n\nQuestion:\nAre persistent periventricular echogenicities in preterms related to smaller brains at term-equivalent age?\n\nAnswer:",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "no",
"role": "assistant"
}
] | 0 |
Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.
| [
{
"content": "Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.\n\nContext:\nInsulin regulates albumin synthesis in vitro and in various experimental models. The current study was undertaken to determine the effects of a physiologic hyperinsulinemia on albumin synthesis in postoperative patients in whom plasma albumin concentrations are decreased. Studies were performed in postabsorptive patients after major abdominal operations. Mass spectrometry techniques were used to directly determine the incorporation rate of 1-[(13)C]-leucine into albumin. Consecutive blood samples were taken during a continuous isotope (D-Glc) infusion (0.16 µmol/kg/min). Isotopic enrichments were determined at baseline (period I) and after a 4-hour D-glucose (D-Glc) infusion at currently recommended rates (170 mg/kg/h, n = 10) or after infusion of saline (control group, n = 8) (period II). After D-Glc infusion, plasma insulin concentrations increased significantly (period I, 6.6 ± 1.8 µU/mL; period II, 21.4 ± 2.1 µU/mL; P < .01). In contrast, plasma insulin concentration remained constant in control patients (period I, 3.8 ± 0.9 µU/mL(-1); period II, 5.9 ± 1.1 µU/mL; not significant vs period I, but P < .005 vs the corresponding value at the end of period II in the control group). Hyperinsulinemia was without effect on fractional albumin synthesis (period I, 12.8% ± 1.9%/d; period II, 11.9% ± 1.9%/d; not significant), and synthesis rates corresponded to those measured in controls (period I, 13.0% ± 1.2%/d; period II, 12.1% ± 0.1%/d; not significant vs period I and vs D-Glc infusion).\n\nQuestion:\nAre albumin synthesis rates responsive to hyperglycemic hyperinsulinemia in postoperative patients?\n\nAnswer:",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "no",
"role": "assistant"
}
] | 0 |
Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.
| [
{
"content": "Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.\n\nContext:\nTo test the hypothesis that high numbers of uterine natural killer (uNK) cells in the endometrium of women with recurrent miscarriage (RM) could be reduced with prednisolone. A before and after study. A tertiary referral teaching hospital. Eighty-five women with idiopathic RM recruited from all over the UK and 18 women attending for sterilization (controls). An endometrial sample was taken on day 21 +/- 2 of the menstrual cycle. Immunohistochemistry was used to identify uNK (CD56+, CD16-, CD3-). Twenty-nine women with RM and >5% uNK agreed to take 20 mg oral prednisolone daily from day 1 to 21 of their menstrual cycle, when a second biopsy was obtained and analyzed. The percentage of stromal cells that were uNK. The normal range was defined using control samples as <5%. Women with RM had significantly more uNK than the controls (P=.008). Prednisolone treatment significantly reduced the number of CD56 cells in the endometrium, from a median of 14% (before) to 9% (after) (P=.0004).\n\nQuestion:\nDoes prednisolone reduce preconceptual endometrial natural killer cells in women with recurrent miscarriage?\n\nAnswer:",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "yes",
"role": "assistant"
}
] | 0 |
Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.
| [
{
"content": "Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.\n\nContext:\nAdrenaline stimulates biphasic aggregation in plasma through the G(i) -coupled α(2A) -adrenoreceptor. In the present study, we demonstrate that both primary and secondary wave aggregation induced by adrenaline in plasma is blocked by two structurally distinct inhibitors of Src family kinases, dasatinib and PD0173952. In contrast, primary aggregation is partially inhibited or unaffected in the presence of inhibitors of cyclo-oxygenase, phosphoinositide (PI) 3-kinases, and P2Y(1) and P2Y(12) ADP receptors, although secondary aggregation is abolished. The ability of adrenaline to inhibit adenylyl cyclase and to synergize with platelet agonists in mediating platelet activation in plasma is retained in the presence of Src family kinase inhibition. Moreover, adrenaline does not activate Src family kinases, as determined by western blotting of their regulatory tyrosines, suggesting that constitutive signaling from Src family kinases may underlie their role in activation. Adrenaline is widely used in clinical laboratories for investigation of patients with suspected bleeding disorders. In a group of 90 unrelated patients with a clinically diagnosed platelet bleeding disorder, we identified four who did not exhibit primary wave aggregation in response to adrenaline, although the catecholamine potentiated the response to other agonists, and five who failed to undergo secondary wave aggregation. In contrast, adrenaline stimulated biphasic aggregation in 60 controls. All of the patients with a defective response to adrenaline had impaired ADP-induced platelet activation.\n\nQuestion:\nAre src family kinases essential for primary aggregation by G ( i ) -coupled receptors?\n\nAnswer:",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "yes",
"role": "assistant"
}
] | 0 |
Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.
| [
{
"content": "Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.\n\nContext:\nInflammatory cytokines may influence both labile anger and depression. Both psychiatric conditions can occur during interferon alfa-based treatments. Evidence also indicates a central nervous system role for tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha), whose expression may be increased by interferon alfa. A polymorphism in the promoter region of TNF-alpha has been associated with various inflammatory illnesses. We therefore hypothesized that this TNF-alpha polymorphism would influence susceptibility to psychiatric symptoms during interferon alfa therapy. One hundred five patients with hepatitis C, initially without active major depression (major depressive disorder), were treated with interferon alfa and then prospectively monitored using the Structured Clinical Interview for Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fourth Edition, the Beck Depression Inventory II, the Anger Irritability and Assault Questionnaire, and circulating TNF-alpha levels. The A-308G polymorphism (rs1800629) was determined using the 5'-nuclease assay. Repeated-measure mixed-effect analyses compared changes in symptoms over time. Beck Depression Inventory II score increased during interferon alfa therapy (F = 6.2; P < 0.001), with 27% developing MDD. The TNF-alpha A allele was associated with worsened labile anger (F = 2.5; P < 0.05) and fatigue (F = 2.9; P < 0.05) during treatment but not with major depression incidence (chi = 0.0; P = 0.99) or increased Beck Depression Inventory II (F = 1.2; P = 0.31). Labile anger was not predicted by the serotonin transporter polymorphism (F = 0.8; P = 0.59).\n\nQuestion:\nIs labile anger during interferon alfa treatment associated with a polymorphism in tumor necrosis factor alpha?\n\nAnswer:",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "yes",
"role": "assistant"
}
] | 0 |
Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.
| [
{
"content": "Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.\n\nContext:\nElevated levels of proinflammatory proteins are predictive of both cardiovascular (CV) disease and type 2 diabetes. Previously, atherogenic changes in traditional CV risk factors in the prediabetic state were mainly seen in insulin-resistant subjects rather than in those with a predominant defect in insulin secretion. We studied in prediabetic individuals from the Insulin Resistance Atherosclerosis Study (IRAS) the relation of C-reactive protein (CRP), plasminogen activator inhibitor (PAI)-1, and fibrinogen to defects in insulin sensitivity (SI) and first-phase insulin secretion, respectively, as assessed using a frequently sampled intravenous glucose tolerance test. One hundred forty-eight of 906 (16.3%) nondiabetic individuals developed diabetes after a mean follow-up of 5.2 years. Prediabetic individuals who were insulin resistant had higher levels of PAI-1 (mean [95% CI], 25.83 ng/mL [22.42 to 29.77] versus 16.31 ng/mL [12.56 to 21.18]; P=0.003) and CRP (mean [95% CI], 2.88 mg/L [2.33 to 3.56] versus 1.68 mg/L [1.13 to 2.49]; P=0.018) than insulin-sensitive individuals, but individuals with decreased acute insulin response tended to have lower rather than higher levels of inflammatory proteins compared with those with high insulin secretion. Prediabetic subjects who were predominantly insulin resistant had higher levels of inflammatory proteins compared with both prediabetic subjects with decreased insulin secretion as well as nonconverters. By contrast, prediabetic subjects with a predominant defect in first-phase insulin secretion had levels of inflammatory proteins indistinguishable from those in nonconverters.\n\nQuestion:\nIs inflammation in the prediabetic state related to increased insulin resistance rather than decreased insulin secretion?\n\nAnswer:",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "yes",
"role": "assistant"
}
] | 0 |
Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.
| [
{
"content": "Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.\n\nContext:\nReduced extracellular matrix is a prominent feature of cerebral aneurysms (CAs). We previously reported excessive ECM degradation in CA walls. In the present study, we examined collagen biosynthesis in CA walls and the molecular mechanisms underlying it in CA progression. RT-PCR and immunohistochemistry showed reduced expression of procollagen type I, III, and lysyl oxidase (LOX) in CA walls. Treatment with the LOX inhibitor beta-aminopropionitrile resulted in enhanced progression of CA. Expression of procollagen type I, III, and LOX was inhibited by interleukin-1beta (IL-1beta) in cultured rat aortic smooth muscle cells (RASMCs) in vitro. Nuclear factor kappa-B (NF-kappaB) was activated in IL-1beta-stimulated RASMCs, and treatment with NF-kappaB decoy oligodeoxynucleotides (ODN) restored reduced expression of procollagen type I, III, and LOX in vitro. NF-kappaB decoy ODNs ameliorated the expression of procollagen type I, III, and LOX in CA walls in vivo.\n\nQuestion:\nIs reduced collagen biosynthesis the hallmark of cerebral aneurysm : contribution of interleukin-1beta and nuclear factor-kappaB?\n\nAnswer:",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "yes",
"role": "assistant"
}
] | 0 |
Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.
| [
{
"content": "Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.\n\nContext:\nTo determine if putrescine and the higher polyamines spermidine and spermine are released from cultured vascular smooth muscle cells. Vascular smooth muscle cell line A7r5. Cells were treated with aminoguanidine (10 or 100 microM) for 1 to 24 h with or without fetal calf serum (10%) present in the culture medium. Cellular and medium concentrations of polyamines were determined by liquid chromatography. Total cellular protein was determined by the Bradford procedure. Student's two-tailed t-test was used for statistical calculations. A constitutive release of putrescine was disclosed within 5 h if serum diamine oxidase was inhibited by 10 microM aminoguanidine. The release was linear with time for 24 h and specific for putrescine in the sense that the higher polyamines spermidine and spermine, despite similar cellular concentrations, were not released. Similar amounts of putrescine were released from the smooth muscle cells whether or not culture medium contained serum. Cells, that had been cultured in medium from which fetal calf serum had been omitted for last 48 h, contained less putrescine, spermidine and protein than those that persisted in medium that contained serum.\n\nQuestion:\nDoes inhibition of serum diamine oxidase disclose a constitutive putrescine release from cultured vascular smooth muscle cells?\n\nAnswer:",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "yes",
"role": "assistant"
}
] | 0 |
Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.
| [
{
"content": "Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.\n\nContext:\nWe have previously reported that finasteride administration in intermittent androgen deprivation therapy (IADT) can improve survival of nude mice bearing LNCaP xenograft tumors when the duration of off-cycle in IADT was fixed. A recent retrospective study showed that addition of finasteride doubled the duration of the off-cycle, without changing progression to castration resistance. In view of the above difference, we attempted to investigate the relationship of 5alpha-reductase inhibition with the off-cycle interval and overall survival in a murine model. Subcutaneous LNCaP tumors were established in nude mice (Balb/C-Nu). After the tumors reached a size of 0.5 cm in diameter, the mice were castrated and followed up for 2 weeks after which they were randomized to continuous androgen deprivation (CAD), CAD plus finasteride, IADT, and IADT plus finasteride. The off-cycle was discontinued when the tumor volume was doubled. Subsequent cycles were carried out similarly. Use of finasteride during the off-cycle of IADT doubled the first off-cycle duration. However, prolongation of the off-cycle by finasteride did not translate into an increase in overall survival.\n\nQuestion:\nIs prolongation of off-cycle interval by finasteride associated with survival improvement in intermittent androgen deprivation therapy in LNCaP tumor model?\n\nAnswer:",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "no",
"role": "assistant"
}
] | 0 |
Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.
| [
{
"content": "Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.\n\nContext:\nOsteopontin (OPN) is thought to play an important role in rheumatoid synovitis. We investigated the expression of OPN in rheumatoid synovial fluid mononuclear cells (SFMC) and its potential association with genetic polymorphism of the OPN gene and joint inflammation in rheumatoid arthritis (RA). 1. The expression of OPN mRNA in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) and SFMC of patients with RA was analyzed quantitatively by real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Results were analyzed in paired PBMC and SFMC and control PBMC. 2. Six single nuclear acid polymorphisms of the OPN gene were genotyped in a cohort of 192 Chinese patients with RA and controls (n = 288) by restriction fragment length polymorphism PCR or direct DNA sequencing. 3. SF derived from RA patients was examined for the stimulating effect on mRNA expression of the OPN gene in PBMC. The expression of OPN gene was significantly increased in SFMC and, to a lesser degree, in PBMC of patients with RA compared to control PBMC (p < 0.01). However, the prevalence of OPN genotype and allele frequencies at the selected positions did not differ significantly between RA patients and the control group (p > 0.05). Further characterization indicated that SF known to contain a variety of proinflammatory factors significantly stimulated mRNA expression of OPN in PBMC obtained from RA patients or healthy controls.\n\nQuestion:\nIs overexpression of osteopontin in rheumatoid synovial mononuclear cells associated with joint inflammation , not with genetic polymorphism?\n\nAnswer:",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "yes",
"role": "assistant"
}
] | 0 |
Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.
| [
{
"content": "Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.\n\nContext:\nThe vitamin D-endocrine system is thought to play a role in physiologic processes that range from mineral metabolism to immune function. Serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D [25(OH)D] is the accepted biomarker for vitamin D status. Skin color is a key determinant of circulating 25(OH)D concentrations, and genes responsible for melanin content have been shown to be under strong evolutionary selection in populations living in temperate zones. Little is known about the effect of latitude on mean concentrations of 25(OH)D in dark-skinned populations. The objective was to describe the distribution of 25(OH)D and its subcomponents in 5 population samples of African origin from the United States, Jamaica, Ghana, South Africa, and the Seychelles. Participants were drawn from the Modeling of the Epidemiologic Transition Study, a cross-sectional observational study in 2500 adults, ages 25-45 y, enrolled between January 2010 and December 2011. Five hundred participants, ∼50% of whom were female, were enrolled in each of 5 study sites: Chicago, IL (latitude: 41°N); Kingston, Jamaica (17°N); Kumasi, Ghana (6°N); Victoria, Seychelles (4°S); and Cape Town, South Africa (34°S). All participants had an ancestry primarily of African origin; participants from the Seychelles trace their history to East Africa. A negative correlation between 25(OH)D and distance from the equator was observed across population samples. The frequency distribution of 25(OH)D in Ghana was almost perfectly normal (Gaussian), with progressively lower means and increasing skewness observed at higher latitudes.\n\nQuestion:\nDoes 25-Hydroxyvitamin D in African-origin populations at varying latitudes challenge the construct of a physiologic norm?\n\nAnswer:",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "yes",
"role": "assistant"
}
] | 0 |
Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.
| [
{
"content": "Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.\n\nContext:\nPlatelet-leukocyte aggregation is believed to contribute to acute thrombotic events. While the effect of aspirin on platelet-to-platelet aggregation is well established, the impact of the drug on pro-inflammatory platelet function remains equivocal. Thus we investigated the effect of aspirin on selected platelet-related inflammatory biomarkers in both acute ischaemic stroke patients and healthy volunteers. Using five-colour flow cytometry the platelet surface expression of CD62P and CD40L and subpopulations of leukocyte-platelet aggregates were assessed in 63 acute stroke patients and 40 healthy volunteers at baseline and after a 10-day period of aspirin intake at a daily dose of 150 mg. Simultaneously the plasma levels of soluble CD62P and CD40L, serum level of TxB(2), and whole blood impedance platelet aggregation under arachidonic acid (AA) stimulation were investigated. No differences in values of studied platelet-related inflammatory biomarkers in both resting platelets and those activated with TRAP after 10-day treatment with aspirin were confirmed in stroke subjects. In healthy individuals the resting platelet expression of CD62P, plasma level of soluble CD62P and percentage of circulating monocyte-platelet aggregates were lower after the aspirin intake period (P=0.009; P=0.04; P=0.004, respectively). In both studied groups serum level of TxB(2) and platelet aggregation under AA stimulation were lower than before treatment (P<0.001).\n\nQuestion:\nDoes aspirin treatment influence platelet-related inflammatory biomarkers in healthy individuals but not in acute stroke patients?\n\nAnswer:",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "yes",
"role": "assistant"
}
] | 0 |
Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.
| [
{
"content": "Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.\n\nContext:\nAlthough most tracheal intubations with direct laryngoscopy are not performed with a styletted endotracheal tube, it is recommended that a stylet can be used with indirect videolaryngoscopy. Recently, there were several reports of complications associated with styletted endotracheal tubes and videolaryngoscopy. In this study, we compared three videolaryngoscopes (VLSs) in patients undergoing tracheal intubation for elective surgery: the GlideScope Ranger (GlideScope, Bothell, WA), the V-MAC Storz Berci DCI (Karl Storz, Tuttlingen, Germany), and the McGrath (McGrath series 5, Aircraft medical, Edinburgh, UK) and tested whether it is feasible to intubate the trachea of patients with indirect videolaryngoscopy without using a stylet. Four hundred fifty consecutive adults (ASA PS I-II) undergoing tracheal intubation for elective surgery were randomly allocated for airway management with one of the three devices. Anesthesia induction for tracheal intubation consisted of fentanyl-propofol-rocuronium. An independent anesthesiologist used the Cormack-Lehane grading system to score an initial direct laryngoscopic view using a classic metal Macintosh blade. After subsequent positive-pressure ventilation using a face mask and an oxygen-sevoflurane mixture for 1 min, the trachea was intubated using one of the three VLSs. During intubation, the following data were collected: intubation time, number of intubation attempts, use of extra tools to facilitate intubation, and overall satisfaction score of the intubation conditions. The trachea of every patient was intubated using the VLSs, and none of the patients required conversion to the classic Macintosh laryngoscope. All three VLSs offered equal or better view of the glottis as assessed by the mean Cormack-Lehane grade, compared with the traditional Macintosh laryngoscopy, including a larger viewing angle of the glottic entrance. The average intubation time was 34 +/- 20 s for the GlideScope, 18 +/- 12 s for the V-MAC Storz, and 38 +/- 23 s for the McGrath VLS. Intubation with the Storz was faster (P < 0.05) than the other two VLS tested and necessitated fewer additional tools (P < 0.01), resulting in a higher first-pass successful intubation rate. A stylet had to be used in 7% of the patients in the Storz group versus about 50% of the patients when the other two VLS were used.\n\nQuestion:\nDoes a Macintosh laryngoscope blade for videolaryngoscopy reduce stylet use in patients with normal airways?\n\nAnswer:",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "yes",
"role": "assistant"
}
] | 0 |
Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.
| [
{
"content": "Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.\n\nContext:\nThe aim of this study was to assess whether carbon dioxide insufflation (CDI) pneumoperitoneum prevents intraperitoneal adhesions (IPAs). Laparotomy was performed in 40 8-week-old Lewis rats and their bowels delivered through the wound and manipulated. The rats were divided into 4 groups, namely, those that would have laparotomy (Lp group, n = 15), Lp with CDI (Lp-CDI group, n = 15), Lp and bowel anastomosis (LpBA group, n = 5), and LpBA with CDI (LpBA-CDI group, n = 5). LpBA and LpBA-CDI group rats had 1 cm of ileum excised and end-to-end anastomosis performed. To accelerate IPA formation, all rats then had their bowels heated to 45 degrees C for 40 seconds and 0.5 mL of Lewis rat blood spilled over them. Rats in the control group (n = 5) had Lp alone without heating or blood spillage. Pneumoperitoneum involved insufflating carbon dioxide into the peritoneal cavity through a cannula at the time of final abdominal closure to create pneumoperitoneum to a pressure of 5 mm Hg. All rats had relaparotomy 10 days after surgery and IPAs were assessed blindly using an IPA severity score (IPASS: 0 = no adhesions, 1 = no serosal tears during adhesiolysis, 2 = serosal tears during adhesiolysis, 3 = bowel perforation during adhesiolysis). Only the worst IPA in each rat was scored. Rats were killed after the peritoneum and bowels were excised for histopathology. Pneumoperitoneum resolved in approximately 5 days. There were no associated side effects. The Lp-CDI group had significantly lower IPASS than the Lp group (0.23 +/- 0.46 vs 1.07 +/- 1.18, P < .05), and the LpBA-CDI group had significantly lower IPASS than the LpBA group (1.50 +/- 0.61 vs 2.40 +/- 0.55, P < .05). Histopathology showed pneumoperitoneum had no effect on the peritoneum or bowels.\n\nQuestion:\nDoes carbon dioxide pneumoperitoneum prevent intraperitoneal adhesions after laparotomy in rats?\n\nAnswer:",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "yes",
"role": "assistant"
}
] | 0 |
Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.
| [
{
"content": "Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.\n\nContext:\nLocal corticosteroids are widely used in the treatment of nasal polyps and chronic rhinosinusitis both before and after nasal surgery. Their efficacy after functional endoscopic sinus surgery (FESS) has not been fully established by placebo-controlled trials. This double-blind placebo-controlled randomized study was performed in order to investigate whether fluticasone propionate aqueous nasal spray (FPANS) reduces the recurrence rate of nasal polyps and chronic rhinosinusitis during the first year after FESS. The trial looked at 162 patients aged 18 years and older requiring FESS for chronic rhinosinusitis or nasal polyps. After FESS combined with peri-operative systemic corticosteroids, patients were randomized and given FPANS 400 microg b.i.d., FPANS 800 microg b.i.d. or placebo b.i.d. for the duration of 1 year. Patients were withdrawn from the trial (but still included in the study for statistical purposes) if there were recurrent or persistent diseases, defined as progressive regrowth of nasal polyps, recurrent signs and symptoms of chronic sinusitis combined with abnormalities on computed tomography scan and persistent complaints for at least 2 months after FESS. A significant reduction of symptoms was seen after FESS. After 1 year, 46 patients had been withdrawn from the trial because of recurrent diseases and 32 patients because of persistent symptoms. No differences in the number of patients withdrawn because of recurrent or persistent diseases were found between the patients treated with FPANS and patients treated with placebo. We were also unable to find a positive effect of FPANS compared with placebo in several subgroups such as patients with nasal polyps, high score at FESS or no previous sinus surgery.\n\nQuestion:\nDoes fluticasone propionate aqueous nasal spray influence the recurrence rate of chronic rhinosinusitis and nasal polyps 1 year after functional endoscopic sinus surgery?\n\nAnswer:",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "no",
"role": "assistant"
}
] | 0 |
Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.
| [
{
"content": "Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.\n\nContext:\nTheoretically, the high spatial resolution of US makes it well suited to monitor the decrease in articular cartilage thickness in osteoarthritis. A requirement is, however, that the borders of the cartilage are correctly identified and that the cartilage is measured under orthogonal insonation. If US measurements are compared to measurements with other techniques, they should be corrected for the higher sound speed in cartilage. To study whether investigators correctly identify the articular cartilage, whether they insonate orthogonally, and whether they correct for sound speed. A literature search limited to the last 10 years of studies applying US to measure cartilage thickness. 15 studies were identified and they referred to another 8 studies describing methods of thickness measurement. 11 of the 15 studies identified the superficial cartilage border incorrectly, and 6 applied oblique insonation. 2 of the 15 studies corrected for sound speed. Of the further 8 studies, one might correctly identify the superficial cartilage border, 4 applied oblique insonation, and none corrected for sound speed.\n\nQuestion:\nIs articular cartilage thickness measured with US as easy as it appears : a systematic review of measurement techniques and image interpretation?\n\nAnswer:",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "no",
"role": "assistant"
}
] | 0 |
Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.
| [
{
"content": "Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.\n\nContext:\nWe hypothesized that lung injury and rib cage fracture quantification would be associated with adverse outcomes. Consecutive admissions to a trauma center with Injury Severity Score ≥ 9, age 18-75, and blunt trauma. CT scans were reviewed to score rib and sternal fractures and lung infiltrates. Sternum and each anterior, lateral, and posterior rib fracture was scored 1 = non-displaced and 2 = displaced. Rib cage fracture score (RCFS) = total rib fracture score + sternal fracture score + thoracic spine Abbreviated Injury Score (AIS). Four lung regions (right upper/middle, right lower, left upper, and left lower lobes) were each scored for % of infiltrate: 0% = 0; ≤ 20% = 1, ≤ 50% = 2, > 50% = 3; total of 4 scores = lung infiltrate score (LIS). Of 599 patients, 193 (32%) had 854 rib fractures. Rib fracture patients had more abdominal injuries (p < 0.001), hemo/pneumothorax (p < 0.001), lung infiltrates (p < 0.001), thoracic spine injuries (p = 0.001), sternal fractures (p = 0.0028) and death or need for mechanical ventilation ≥ 3 days (Death/Vdays ≥ 3) (p < 0.001). Death/Vdays ≥ 3 was independently associated with RCFS (p < 0.001), LIS (p < 0.001), head AIS (p < 0.001) and abdominal AIS (p < 0.001). Of the 193 rib fracture patients, Glasgow Coma Score 3-12 or head AIS ≥ 2 occurred in 43%. A lung infiltrate or hemo/pneumothorax occurred in 55%. Thoracic spine injury occurred in 23%. RCFS was 6.3 ± 4.4 and Death/Vdays ≥ 3 occurred in 31%. Death/Vdays ≥ 3 rates correlated with RCFS values: 19% for 1-3; 24% for 4-6; 42% for 7-12 and 65% for ≥ 13 (p < 0.001). Death/Vdays ≥ 3 was independently associated with RCFS (p = 0.02), LIS (p = 0.001), head AIS (p < 0.001) and abdominal AIS (p < 0.001). Death/Vdays ≥ 3 association was better for RCFS (p = 0.005) than rib fracture score (p = 0.08) or number of fractured ribs (p = 0.80).\n\nQuestion:\nAre trauma patient adverse outcomes independently associated with rib cage fracture burden and severity of lung , head , and abdominal injuries?\n\nAnswer:",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "yes",
"role": "assistant"
}
] | 0 |
Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.
| [
{
"content": "Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.\n\nContext:\nTo discuss surgical intervention strategies among patients with horizontal gaze palsy with concurrent esotropia. Five consecutive patients with dorsal pontine lesions are presented. Each patient had horizontal gaze palsy with symptomatic diplopia as a consequence of esotropia in primary gaze and an anomalous head turn to attain single binocular vision. Clinical findings in the first 2 patients led us to presume there was complete loss of rectus muscle function from rectus muscle palsy. Based on this assumption, medial rectus recessions with simultaneous partial vertical muscle transposition (VRT) on the ipsilateral eye of the gaze palsy and recession-resection surgery on the contralateral eye were performed, resulting in significant motility limitation. Sequential recession-resection surgery without simultaneous VRT on the 3rd patient created an unexpected motility improvement to the side of gaze palsy, an observation differentiating rectus muscle palsy from paresis. Recession combined with VRT approach in the esotropic eye was abandoned on subsequent patients. Simultaneous recession-resection surgery without VRT in the next 2 patients resulted in alleviation of head postures, resolution of esotropia, and also substantial motility improvements to the ipsilateral hemifield of gaze palsy without limitations in adduction and vertical deviations.\n\nQuestion:\nDo surgical planning and innervation in pontine gaze palsy with ipsilateral esotropia?\n\nAnswer:",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "yes",
"role": "assistant"
}
] | 0 |
Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.
| [
{
"content": "Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.\n\nContext:\nThe transdifferentiation of hepatic stellate cells (HSCs) into myofibroblasts is a major mechanism for stroma development in hepatic metastasis, but their regulatory pathways remain unclear. Transdifferentiated HSCs from fibrotic liver express high levels of the fibrillar collagen receptor discoidin domain receptor 2 (DDR2), but it is unclear if DDR2 plays a direct profibrogenic role in the tumour microenvironment. To assess the impact of DDR2 on the prometastatic role of HSC-derived myofibroblasts. Hepatic metastases were induced in DDR2(-/-) and DDR2(+/+) mice by intrasplenic injection of MCA38 colon carcinoma cells, and their growth and features were characterised. Stromagenic, angiogenic and cancer cell proliferation responses were quantified in metastases by immunohistochemistry. The adhesion-, migration- and proliferation-stimulating activities of supernatants from primary cultured DDR2(-/-) and DDR2(+/+) HSCs, incubated in MCA38 cell-conditioned medium, were evaluated in primary cultured liver sinusoidal endothelium cells (LSECs) and MCA38 cells. Gene expression signatures from freshly isolated DDR2(-/-) and DDR2(+/+) HSCs were compared and DDR2-regulated genes were studied by RT-PCR under basal conditions and after stimulation with MCA38 tumour-conditioned media. Metastases were increased three fold in DDR2(-/-) livers, and contained a higher density of α-smooth muscle actin-expressing myofibroblasts, CD31-expressing microvessels and Ki67-expressing MCA38 cells than metastases in DDR2(+/+) livers. Media conditioned by MCA38-activated DDR2(-/-) HSCs significantly increased adhesion, migration and proliferation of LSECs and MCA38 cells, compared with DDR2(+/+) HSCs. DDR2 deficiency in HSCs led to decreased gene expression of interferon γ-inducing factor interleukin (IL)-18 and insulin-like growth factor-I; and increased gene expression of prometastatic factors IL-10, transforming growth factor (TGF)β and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), bone morphogenetic protein-7 and syndecan-1. MC38 tumour-conditioned media further exacerbated expression changes in DDR2-dependent IL-10, TGFβ and VEGF genes.\n\nQuestion:\nDoes discoidin domain receptor 2 deficiency predispose hepatic tissue to colon carcinoma metastasis?\n\nAnswer:",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "yes",
"role": "assistant"
}
] | 0 |
Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.
| [
{
"content": "Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.\n\nContext:\nPatients with diabetes have increased cardiovascular risk. Atherosclerosis in these patients is often associated with increased plaque macrophages and dyslipidemia. We hypothesized that diabetic atherosclerosis involves processes that impair favorable effects of lipid reduction on plaque macrophages. Reversa mice are LDL receptor-deficient mice that develop atherosclerosis. Their elevated plasma LDL levels are lowered after conditional knockout of the gene encoding microsomal triglyceride transfer protein. We examined the morphologic and molecular changes in atherosclerotic plaques in control and streptozotocin-induced diabetic Reversa mice after LDL lowering. Bone marrow-derived macrophages were also used to study changes mediated by hyperglycemia. Reversa mice were fed a western diet for 16 weeks to develop plaques (baseline). Four weeks after lipid normalization, control (nondiabetic) mice had reduced plasma cholesterol (-77%), plaque cholesterol (-53%), and plaque cells positive for macrophage marker CD68+ (-73%), but increased plaque collagen (+116%) compared with baseline mice. Diabetic mice had similarly reduced plasma cholesterol, but collagen content increased by only 34% compared with baseline; compared with control mice, there were lower reductions in plaque cholesterol (-30%) and CD68+ cells (-41%). Diabetic (vs. control) plaque CD68+ cells also exhibited more oxidant stress and inflammatory gene expression and less polarization toward the anti-inflammatory M2 macrophage state. Many of the findings in vivo were recapitulated by hyperglycemia in mouse bone marrow-derived macrophages.\n\nQuestion:\nDoes diabetes adversely affect macrophages during atherosclerotic plaque regression in mice?\n\nAnswer:",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "yes",
"role": "assistant"
}
] | 0 |
Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.
| [
{
"content": "Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.\n\nContext:\nWe determined whether milrinone, a phosphodiesterase III inhibitor, attenuates serotonin-induced (5-hydroxytryptamine [5HT]) pulmonary hypertension (PH) and bronchoconstriction. Dogs were anesthetized with pentobarbital (30 mg/kg + 2 mg. kg(-1). h(-1)). Bronchoconstriction and PH were elicited by 5HT (10 microg/kg + 1.0 mg. kg(-1). h(-1)). Pulmonary vascular resistance was used to assess PH. Bronchoconstriction was also assessed by changes in bronchial cross-sectional area obtained from our bronchoscopic method. At 30 min after 5HT infusion started, seven dogs were given milrinone: 0 (saline), 5, 50, 500, and 5000 microg/kg at 10-min intervals. The other 12 dogs were given milrinone 5000 microg/kg 30 min after 5HT infusion, and 5 min later were given propranolol 0.2 mg/kg (n = 6) or saline (n = 6) IV. The 5HT significantly increased percentage of pulmonary vascular resistance to 208% +/- 27% and decreased percentage of bronchial cross-sectional area to 52% +/- 5% of the basal. Milrinone significantly attenuated both PH and bronchoconstriction in a dose-dependent manner. However, -log 50% effective concentration (mean ED(50) in microg/kg) of milrinone for bronchoconstriction: 4.32 +/- 0.13 (47.6) was significantly smaller than that for PH: 3.84 +/- 0.29 (144.9) (P < 0.01). In addition, the spasmolytic effects of milrinone (5000 microg/kg) were not antagonized by propranolol, although this dose significantly increased plasma catecholamines. In conclusion, milrinone attenuates 5HT-induced PH and bronchoconstriction; however, this drug may be more sensitive to phosphodiesterase III in the airway smooth muscle than in pulmonary vascular smooth muscle. In addition, the relaxant effects could not be caused by beta-adrenoceptor activation because beta-blocker did not antagonize.\n\nQuestion:\nDoes milrinone attenuate serotonin-induced pulmonary hypertension and bronchoconstriction in dogs?\n\nAnswer:",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "yes",
"role": "assistant"
}
] | 0 |
Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.
| [
{
"content": "Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.\n\nContext:\nCD103(+) gut dendritic cells (DCs) have been shown to be required for de novo conversion of adaptive T regulatory (Treg) cells. Indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase (IDO) is an enzyme involved in tryptophan catabolism that is expressed by DCs isolated from tumour-draining lymph nodes. IDO-expressing DCs sustain and differentiate Tregs. The aim of this study was to investigate the expression and the possible physiological role of IDO in the tolerogenic properties of intestinal DCs. The expression level of IDO in CD103(+) and CD103(-) DCs was analysed by qRT-PCR, western blot and immunofluorescence. CD103(+) and CD103(-) DCs were sorted from mesenteric lymph nodes (MLNs) and the small intestinal lamina propria, and the role of IDO in the conversion of Tregs and Th effector cell development was evaluated via specific inhibition or gene deletion. Oral tolerance, experimental colitis and T cell differentiation in vivo were assessed upon IDO inactivation. We show that, primarily, CD103(+) but not CD103(-) gut DCs express IDO whose inhibition results in reduced CD4(+)Foxp3(+) T regulatory cell conversion and enhanced T cell proliferation. When IDO was inhibited or genetically deleted there was an increase in Th1 and Th17 differentiation both in vitro and in vivo. Finally, in vivo IDO blockade affected the development of Tregs specific for orally administered antigens, impaired oral tolerance induction and exacerbated colitis.\n\nQuestion:\nDo gut CD103+ dendritic cells express indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase which influences T regulatory/T effector cell balance and oral tolerance induction?\n\nAnswer:",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "yes",
"role": "assistant"
}
] | 0 |
Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.
| [
{
"content": "Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.\n\nContext:\nChronic inflammation and reduced airways integrity in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) potentially results from secondary necrosis as a result of impaired phagocytosis of apoptotic material by airway macrophages, and increased bacterial colonization. We have previously shown that administration of low-dose azithromycin to subjects with COPD improved macrophage phagocytosis of apoptotic airway epithelial cells, reduced inflammation and increased expression of macrophage mannose receptor. We firstly investigated whether there were defects in the ability of both alveolar (AM) and monocyte-derived macrophages (MDM) to phagocytose bacteria in COPD, as we have previously reported for phagocytosis of apoptotic cells. We then assessed the effects of administration of low-dose azithromycin to COPD patients on the ability of AM and MDM to phagocytose bacteria. Azithromycin (250 mg orally daily for 5 days then 2× weekly (total 12 weeks)) was administered to 11 COPD subjects and phagocytosis of fluorescein isothiocyanate-labelled Escherichia coli assessed by flow cytometry. COPD subjects had a significant defect in the ability of both AM and MDM to phagocytose bacteria that was significantly improved by administration of low-dose azithromycin\n\nQuestion:\nDoes low-dose azithromycin improve phagocytosis of bacteria by both alveolar and monocyte-derived macrophages in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease subjects?\n\nAnswer:",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "yes",
"role": "assistant"
}
] | 0 |
Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.
| [
{
"content": "Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.\n\nContext:\nEnterovirus 71 (EV71) infections can cause hand, foot, and mouth disease (HFMD), which is a potentially fatal illness in children. Epidemics of HFMD are seen every year globally and present an increasing threat to public health worldwide. To identify potential severity markers for severe HFMD, laboratory findings and levels of eight serum cytokines in 143 EV71-infected patients in Beijing You'an Hospital were analyzed. Patients were grouped by disease severity: Mild (no severe complications) (n = 59), isolated isolated brainstem encephalitis (BE) (n = 47), isolated pulmonary edema (PE) (n = 12), and BE+PE (n = 25). IL-8 levels peaked at day one after admission and were found to be correlated to disease severity, maximal body temperature, and length of hospital stay. Among all tested cytokines, IL-8 was correlated to only IL-6 (p = 0.010). IL-6 and IL-10 were elevated in most patients (98.6% and 70.6%), but not correlated to disease severity (both p > 0.05). IFNγ was only negatively correlated to mild cases (p = 0.025).\n\nQuestion:\nIs interleukin-8 elevated in severe hand , foot , and mouth disease?\n\nAnswer:",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "yes",
"role": "assistant"
}
] | 0 |
Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.
| [
{
"content": "Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.\n\nContext:\nThe rising epidemic of obesity is associated with cognitive decline and is considered as one of the major risk factors for neurodegenerative diseases. Neuroinflammation is a critical component in the progression of several neurological and neurodegenerative diseases. Increased metabolic flux to the brain during overnutrition and obesity can orchestrate stress response, blood-brain barrier (BBB) disruption, recruitment of inflammatory immune cells from peripheral blood and microglial cells activation leading to neuroinflammation. The lack of an effective treatment for obesity-associated brain dysfunction may have far-reaching public health ramifications, urgently necessitating the identification of appropriate preventive and therapeutic strategies. The objective of our study was to investigate the neuroprotective effects of Momordica charantia (bitter melon) on high-fat diet (HFD)-associated BBB disruption, stress and neuroinflammatory cytokines. C57BL/6 female mice were fed HFD with and without bitter melon (BM) for 16 weeks. BBB disruption was analyzed using Evans blue dye. Phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) perfused brains were analyzed for neuroinflammatory markers such as interleukin-22 (IL-22), IL-17R, IL-16, NF-κB1, and glial cells activation markers such as Iba1, CD11b, GFAP and S100β. Additionally, antioxidant enzymes, ER-stress proteins, and stress-resistant transcription factors, sirtuin 1 (Sirt1) and forkhead box class O transcription factor (FoxO) were analyzed using microarray, quantitative real-time RT-PCR, western immunoblotting and enzymatic assays. Systemic inflammation was analyzed using cytokine antibody array. BM ameliorated HFD-associated changes in BBB permeability as evident by reduced leakage of Evans blue dye. HFD-induced glial cells activation and expression of neuroinflammatory markers such as NF-κB1, IL-16, IL-22 as well as IL-17R were normalized in the brains of mice supplemented with BM. Similarly, HFD-induced brain oxidative stress was significantly reduced by BM supplementation with a concomitant reduction in FoxO, normalization of Sirt1 protein expression and up-regulation of Sirt3 mRNA expression. Furthermore, plasma antioxidant enzymes and pro-inflammatory cytokines were also normalized in mice fed HFD with BM as compared to HFD-fed mice.\n\nQuestion:\nDoes momordica charantia ( bitter melon ) attenuate high-fat diet-associated oxidative stress and neuroinflammation?\n\nAnswer:",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "yes",
"role": "assistant"
}
] | 0 |
Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.
| [
{
"content": "Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.\n\nContext:\nA physically active life-style plays an independent role in the protection against type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular diseases. Irisin, a novel exercise-induced myokine, activates thermogenesis in rodents through increasing beige fat cells abundance within white fat. We aimed to investigate circulating irisin levels in association with the degree of physical activity and various metabolic parameters in humans. Circulating irisin levels (ELISA) and metabolic parameters were analyzed in 428 subjects (195 men/233 women). Participants were classified according to their self-reported physical activity and to their area of residence. Circulating irisin levels were higher in active than in sedentary subjects (p = 0.006). Rural inhabitants showed higher circulating irisin levels than urban subjects (p < 0.0001). The increase in irisin levels related to an active lifestyle was only observed in rural citizens (p = 0.014). Among sedentary participants, irisin levels were positively associated with metabolic risk factors (BMI, fasting insulin, HOMA and fasting triglycerides). The area of residence (β = - 0.592, p = < 0.0001) contributed independently to circulating irisin levels variance after controlling for age, gender, BMI, HOMAIR, triglycerides and physical activity.\n\nQuestion:\nAre circulating irisin levels positively associated with metabolic risk factors in sedentary subjects?\n\nAnswer:",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "yes",
"role": "assistant"
}
] | 0 |
Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.
| [
{
"content": "Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.\n\nContext:\nTreatment of advancing prostate cancer focuses on blocking the activation of the androgen receptor with resultant prolonged perturbation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis. Androgen deprivation therapy (ADT) is marked, however, by eventual progression to castration- resistant prostate cancer (CRPC). Emerging evidence has postulated that follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) may lead to proliferative and mutagenic responses of prostate cancer. We investigated the association of serum FSH and time to castration resistance. This was a single-centre retrospective study assessing serum FSH levels of patients undergoing ADT for advancing prostate cancer. The primary outcome was time of ADT initiation to the development of CRPC. For each patient on treatment and with castrate levels of testosterone, the maximum FSH value between ADT commencement and CRPC was identified and recorded. FSH was analyzed as a continuous and categorical variable. Cox multivariate regression in a step-wise fashion was used to explore the association between FSH levels and time to CRPC. From a database of 323 prostate cancer patients actively managed with ADT, 103 men had a documented FSH value while castrate, with 45 men progressing to CRPC. The mean ± standard deviation maximum FSH value of these patients was 6.66 ± 4.22 mIU/mL (range: 1.5-28.1). The mean duration from ADT commencement to CRPC was 3.03 ± 0.34 years (range: 0.36-9.71). Univariate analysis suggested a trend of a negative correlation between FSH values and time to castrate resistance. A FSH value of less than or equal to the lowest tertile (4.8 mIU/mL) was associated with a longer time to CRPC (hazard ratio 0.46; p = 0.006). In the Cox regression analysis, elevated FSH was associated with a shorter duration time to CRPC (p = 0.03).\n\nQuestion:\nDo serum follicle-stimulating hormone levels predict time to development of castration-resistant prostate cancer?\n\nAnswer:",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "yes",
"role": "assistant"
}
] | 0 |
Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.
| [
{
"content": "Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.\n\nContext:\nThe role of endothelial G protein-coupled receptor kinase 2 (GRK2) was investigated in mice with selective deletion of the kinase in the endothelium (Tie2-CRE/GRK2(fl/fl)). Aortas from Tie2-CRE/GRK2(fl/fl) presented functional and structural alterations as compared with control GRK2(fl/fl) mice. In particular, vasoconstriction was blunted to different agonists, and collagen and elastic rearrangement and macrophage infiltration were observed. In primary cultured endothelial cells deficient for GRK2, mitochondrial reactive oxygen species was increased, leading to expression of cytokines. Chronic treatment with a reactive oxygen species scavenger in mice corrected the vascular phenotype by recovering vasoconstriction, structural abnormalities, and reducing macrophage infiltration.\n\nQuestion:\nDoes endothelial G protein-coupled receptor kinase 2 regulate vascular homeostasis through the control of free radical oxygen species?\n\nAnswer:",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "yes",
"role": "assistant"
}
] | 0 |
Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.
| [
{
"content": "Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.\n\nContext:\nThe flow-induced relaxation of a branch of the rabbit middle cerebral artery was examined to determine if an endothelial-independent as well as -dependent component occurs in pial as well as systemic small arteries and the possible role of products of the cyclooxygenase and the L-arginine nitric oxide synthase pathways. Intraluminal flow was achieved by the infusion of a tissue bath solution into isometrically mounted rabbit pial arteries in a resistance artery myograph through a small pipette. Intraluminal flow caused relaxation of the artery segment precontracted with 10 microM histamine. Treatment of endothelium-intact vessels with the nitric oxide synthase inhibitors NG-nitro-L-arginine (L-NNA) (100 microM) or NG-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester (L-NAME) (0.3 mM) significantly reduced the relaxation at flow rates of 5-30 microliters/min. This effect was partially reversed by 1 mM L-arginine. These inhibitors had no effect on the flow-induced relaxation of endothelium-denuded vessels. L-NNA did not influence the relaxation to 1 and 3 microM papaverine. Exposure to 10 microM aspirin, 10 microM indomethacin, or 300 nM tetrodotoxin had no effect on the flow-induced relaxation of either endothelium-intact or -denuded vessels (n = 6). Flow-induced relaxation was attenuated, but not abolished, by removal of the cerebrovascular endothelium. This reduction was not statistically significant.\n\nQuestion:\nIs flow-induced relaxation of the rabbit middle cerebral artery composed of both endothelium-dependent and -independent components?\n\nAnswer:",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "yes",
"role": "assistant"
}
] | 0 |
Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.
| [
{
"content": "Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.\n\nContext:\nSubthalamic nucleus deep brain stimulation (STN0 DBS) is a widely performed surgical treatment in PD. However, the relationship between motor results and cognitive/behavioural modifications is unclear. This study investigated the correlation patterns of the motor, cognitive and behavioural consequences of STN DBS with respect to positioning of the active contact. Fifty-eight consecutive PD patients having undergone STN DBS were assessed pre-operatively and 12 months after surgery. Motor, cognitive and behavioural results were neither correlated to each other nor linked to the position of the active contact. Three patients with a history of pre-operative, dopaminergic psychosis or post-surgical confusion became demented. Age and a distant history of depression were associated with the occurrence of post-surgical depression.\n\nQuestion:\nAre stimulation of the subthalamic nucleus in Parkinson 's disease : cognitive and affective changes linked to the motor outcome?\n\nAnswer:",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "no",
"role": "assistant"
}
] | 0 |
Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.
| [
{
"content": "Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.\n\nContext:\nProstate cancer is the second most common cancer in Western countries. Although various treatment options have been available, most of the patients have frequently observed recurrence even in successful initial treatment. These symptoms indicated an incurable prostate cancer treatment-resistant state. We aimed to investigate the characteristics of prostate cancer stem-like cells (PCSCs) and their formation of the Lncap spheres. PCSCs were enriched from prostate cancer Lncap cells in serum-free medium. Lncap stem-like cells displayed resistance against the hydros-induced apoptosis during the formation of spheres. Flow cytometry analysis revealed that these cells of Lncap spheres are mostly composed of G0-G1 phase cells. Western blotting and immunohistochemistry staining showed high expressions of Wnt/β-catenin and hypoxia-inducible factor 1-alpha (HIF-1α) in the Lncap sphere differentiate into cells, indicating the characteristic of Lncap spheres \"stemness\" during the development of apoptosis resistance. These findings provide insights into the mechanisms of PCSCs resistant against chemotherapy.\n\nQuestion:\nDo prostate cancer Lncap stem-like cells demonstrate resistance to the hydros-induced apoptosis during the formation of spheres?\n\nAnswer:",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "yes",
"role": "assistant"
}
] | 0 |
Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.
| [
{
"content": "Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.\n\nContext:\nIntegrin-linked kinase (ILK) functions in cooperative integrin-growth factor receptor-mediated signaling to control cell survival and proliferation. The effect of tyrosine kinase (tk) inhibition of the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) on radiation survival and growth was evaluated in human FaDu squamous cell carcinoma cells expressing different forms of ILK. ILK-wild-type (wk) and -hyperactive kinase (hk) transfected cells were grown on fibronectin (Fn) under serum presence or depletion, irradiated (0-6Gy) and/or treated with the EGFR-tk inhibitor BIBX1382BS. ILK-wk and -hk transfectants showed significant radiosensitization compared to vector control cells. Antisurvival and antiproliferative effects of EGFR-tk inhibition plus/minus irradiation were counteracted by adhesion to Fn relative to the control substratum, poly-L-lysine. Similar to vector controls, ILK transfectants exhibited a strong decrease in cell proliferation but no enhanced radiation sensitivity after EGFR-tk inhibition. This decrease was accompanied by changes in cyclin D1 and phosphorylated MAPK persisting to day 10 following transient drug exposure.\n\nQuestion:\nAre antiproliferative effects of EGFR tyrosine kinase inhibition and radiation-induced genotoxic injury attenuated by adhesion to fibronectin?\n\nAnswer:",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "yes",
"role": "assistant"
}
] | 0 |
Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.
| [
{
"content": "Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.\n\nContext:\nIndividuals with chronic kidney disease have a high mortality rate after acute myocardial infarction. It is not known how frequently these individuals are prescribed combination cardioprotective therapy and if survival is affected by such therapy after acute myocardial infarction. A retrospective cohort study of 1,342 Medicare recipients with acute myocardial infarction. Data were collected by medical chart abstraction as part of the Cooperative Cardiovascular Project in 60 hospitals in North Carolina during 5/30/1996-12/28/1997. We categorized cardioprotective medication use as aspirin alone, aspirin with beta-blockers, and aspirin with beta-blockers and ace-inhibitors. Chronic kidney disease was defined as a derived glomerular filtration rate (GFR) ranging from 15-89 mL/min/1.73 m2. Cox proportional hazards regression analyses were performed to determine the effect of cardioprotective medication use on survival while controlling for potential explanatory variables. The prevalence of cardioprotective medication use differed among levels of chronic kidney disease. Those with severe kidney disease (GFR 15-29 mL/min/1.73 m2) were less frequently prescribed aspirin with beta-blockers, 27.1%, and only 8.6% were prescribed aspirin with beta-blockers and ace-inhibitors. Survival was improved with prescribed cardioprotective medication use. In severe kidney disease (GFR 15-29 mL/min/1.73 m2), the hazards risk for death was 0.21 (0.08, 0.53) for aspirin alone, 0.17 (0.06, 0.51) for aspirin with beta-blockers, and 0.35 (0.09, 1.42) for aspirin with beta-blockers and ace-inhibitors.\n\nQuestion:\nDoes combination therapy improve survival after acute myocardial infarction in the elderly with chronic kidney disease?\n\nAnswer:",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "yes",
"role": "assistant"
}
] | 0 |
Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.
| [
{
"content": "Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.\n\nContext:\nOrgan shortage has led to an increased number of transplantations from extended criteria donors. These organs are more vulnerable to ischemia-reperfusion injury. Thus, improvement of organ preservation is needed. HTK is a widely used preservation solution for static cold storage in liver transplantation. The present study was to investigate the beneficial effect of warm HTK donor pretreatment on liver preservation. Male inbred Wistar rats (weighing 230-260 g) served as donors and recipients (n=6/group). Donors of treatment groups received i.v. 0.01 mL/g body weight (BW) warm (21 degree centigrade) HTK systemically 15 minutes prior to cold perfusion. Control groups received 0.01 mL/g BW warm (21 degree centigrade) NaCl 0.9%. Following pretreatment, donors were flushed with 4 degree centigrade cold HTK, livers were explanted and stored in 4 degree centigrade HTK for six hours. Thereafter orthotopic liver transplantation was performed. Recipients were harvested four hours, two and five days after reperfusion and blood and liver tissue samples were obtained. Blood samples were analyzed for AST, ALT, lactate dehydrogenase and bilirubin. Liver histological analysis as well as tissue analysis for pro-MMP2, MMP2 and pro-MMP9 using zymography was conducted. Treatment groups showed significantly lower ALT and lactate dehydrogenase levels as well as significantly lower activities of pro-MMP2, MMP2 and pro-MMP9. Histological analysis revealed only minor damage in all groups.\n\nQuestion:\nDoes warm HTK donor pretreatment reduce liver injury during static cold storage in experimental rat liver transplantation?\n\nAnswer:",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "yes",
"role": "assistant"
}
] | 0 |
Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.
| [
{
"content": "Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.\n\nContext:\nThe exercise electrocardiogram (ECG) is a standard examination in patients with suspected coronary artery disease. However, despite a pathologic result, many patients undergoing diagnostic coronary angiography do not have any significant epicardial stenosis. In this study, we assessed the relation between a pathologic exercise ECG and coronary microvascular dysfunction in response to intracoronary acetylcholine (ACh) provocation in patients without any relevant epicardial stenosis. Coronary microvascular dysfunction is significantly more often in patients with angina, unobstructed coronary arteries and a pathologic exercise stress test compared to those without pathologic stress test. This study recruited 137 consecutive patients with exertional angina pectoris who underwent diagnostic coronary angiography between September 2008 and April 2011 (68% women; mean age, 63 ± 10 years). In none of the patients was there a stenosis of >50%. All patients underwent an exercise ECG before angiography and intracoronary ACh provocation testing for assessment of coronary vasomotor responses directly after angiography. The exercise ECG showed an abnormal result in 69 patients (50%; ST-segment depression ≥0.1 mV and/or reproduction of the patient's usual symptoms). The ACh test revealed a coronary vasomotor abnormality (reproduction of the patient's symptoms, ischemic ECG shifts ± diffuse distal vasoconstriction) in 87 patients (64%). Such a result was significantly more often found in patients with a pathologic exercise ECG (50/69 [72%] vs 19/69 [28%], P = 0.034). There were no other statistically significant differences between patients with and those without pathologic exercise ECG.\n\nQuestion:\nIs coronary microvascular dysfunction assessed by intracoronary acetylcholine provocation testing a frequent cause of ischemia and angina in patients with exercise-induced electrocardiographic changes and unobstructed coronary arteries?\n\nAnswer:",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "yes",
"role": "assistant"
}
] | 0 |
Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.
| [
{
"content": "Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.\n\nContext:\nNerve injury-induced neuropathic pain is a major health problem worldwide. Notch signaling is a highly conserved pathway in evolution, which has an important role in synaptic plasticity and inflammation in central nervous system. The present study was designed to investigate the potential role of notch signaling in the development of neuropathic pain. The neuropathic pain was induced by spared nerve injury (SNI) in rats. The activation of notch signaling in the lumbar spinal dorsal horn was measured. DAPT, an inhibitor of notch signaling, was intrathecally (i.t.) administered before SNI or after appearance of pain sensitivity. Moreover, Jagged-1 (JAG-1) peptide, a ligand of notch signaling, was i.t. administered to normal rats. The mechanical allodynia was assessed by von Frey test. Here, we found that DAPT administered 0.5 h before SNI operation could significantly prevent the decrease of mechanical paw withdrawal threshold (PWT) for more than 4 weeks (P < 0.05 vs. SNI group). DAPT administered after appearance of pain sensitivity could also significantly reverse the decrease of mechanical PWT in a dose-dependent manner (P < 0.05). In addition, administration of Jagged-1 (JAG-1) peptide significantly decreased the mechanical PWT of normal rats in a dose-dependent manner (P < 0.05).\n\nQuestion:\nIs notch signaling activation critical to the development of neuropathic pain?\n\nAnswer:",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "yes",
"role": "assistant"
}
] | 0 |
Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.
| [
{
"content": "Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.\n\nContext:\nFollowing genome sequencing of crop plants, one of the main challenges today is determining the function of all the predicted genes. When gene validation approaches are used for woody species, the main obstacle is the low recovery rate of transgenic plants from elite or commercial cultivars. Embryogenic calli have frequently been the target tissue for transformation, but the difficulty in producing or maintaining embryogenic tissues is one of the main problems encountered in genetic transformation of many woody plants, including Coffea arabica. We identified the conditions required for successful long-term proliferation of embryogenic cultures in C. arabica and designed a highly efficient and reliable Agrobacterium tumefaciens-mediated transformation method based on these conditions. The transformation protocol with LBA1119 harboring pBin 35S GFP was established by evaluating the effect of different parameters on transformation efficiency by GFP detection. Using embryogenic callus cultures, co-cultivation with LBA1119 OD600 = 0.6 for five days at 20 °C enabled reproducible transformation. The maintenance conditions for the embryogenic callus cultures, particularly a high auxin to cytokinin ratio, the age of the culture (optimum for 7-10 months of proliferation) and the use of a yellow callus phenotype, were the most important factors for achieving highly efficient transformation (> 90%). At the histological level, successful transformation was related to the number of proembryogenic masses present. All the selected plants were proved to be transformed by PCR and Southern blot hybridization.\n\nQuestion:\nIs agrobacterium-mediated genetic transformation of Coffea arabica ( L. ) greatly enhanced by using established embryogenic callus cultures?\n\nAnswer:",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "yes",
"role": "assistant"
}
] | 0 |
Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.
| [
{
"content": "Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.\n\nContext:\nSchistosomiasis, a chronic helminth infection, elicits distinct immune responses within the host, ranging from an initial TH1 and subsequent TH2 phase to a regulatory state, and is associated with dampened allergic reactions within the host. We sought to evaluate whether non-transplacental helminth infection during pregnancy alters the offspring's susceptibility to allergy. Ovalbumin-induced allergic airway inflammation was analyzed in offspring from Schistosoma mansoni-infected mothers mated during the TH1, TH2, or regulatory phase of infection. Embryos derived from in vitro fertilized oocytes of acutely infected females were transferred into uninfected foster mice to determine the role of placental environment. The fetomaternal unit was further characterized by helminth-specific immune responses and microarray analyses. Eventually, IFN-γ-deficient mice were infected to evaluate the role of this predominant cytokine on the offspring's allergy phenotype. We demonstrate that offspring from schistosome-infected mothers that were mated in the TH1 and regulatory phases, but not the TH2 immune phase, are protected against the onset of allergic airway inflammation. Interestingly, these effects were associated with distinctly altered schistosome-specific cytokine and gene expression profiles within the fetomaternal interface. Furthermore, we identified that it is not the transfer of helminth antigens but rather maternally derived IFN-γ during the acute phase of infection that is essential for the progeny's protective immune phenotype.\n\nQuestion:\nDoes maternal immune response to helminth infection during pregnancy determine offspring susceptibility to allergic airway inflammation?\n\nAnswer:",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "yes",
"role": "assistant"
}
] | 0 |
Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.
| [
{
"content": "Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.\n\nContext:\nClinical trials have shown the therapeutic effect of fingolimod in reducing disease activity in relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis (RR-MS), but its influence on nervous conduction assessed by evoked potentials (EPs) has not been previously investigated. EP data of 20 patients examined 12months prior to initiation of fingolimod (t=-1), at treatment initiation (t=0) and 1year later (t=+1) were compared. Each EP (VEP, MEP, SEP) and EP sum score, a global evoked potential score as the sum score of the each EP score was evaluated and correlated with Expanded Disability Status Scale (EDSS). During pre-treatment period (1year) EDSS worsened while one year after fingolimod treatment EDSS remained stable. From t-1 to t0 VEP, SEP, MEP and EP sum score worsened while from t0 to t+1 VEP, SEP and EP sum score improved, and MEP score remain stable. VEP and SEP were related to EDSS at baseline (t=-1), while MEP and total EP sum score were related to EDSS at all time points.\n\nQuestion:\nDo multimodal evoked potentials follow up in multiple sclerosis patients under fingolimod therapy?\n\nAnswer:",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "yes",
"role": "assistant"
}
] | 0 |
Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.
| [
{
"content": "Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.\n\nContext:\n18β-Glycyrrhetinic acid (GA) is a natural anti-inflammatory compound derived from licorice root extract (Glycyrrhiza glabra). The effect of GA on experimental periodontitis and its mechanism of action were determined in the present study. Periodontitis was induced by oral infection with Porphyromonas gingivalis W83 in interleukin-10-deficient mice. The effect of GA, which was delivered by subcutaneous injections in either prophylactic or therapeutic regimens, on alveolar bone loss and gingival gene expressions was determined on day 42 after initial infection. The effect of GA on lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated macrophages, T cell proliferation and osteoclastogenesis was also examined in vitro. 18β-Glycyrrhetinic acid administered either prophylactically or therapeutically resulted in a dramatic reduction of infection-induced bone loss in interleukin-10-deficient mice, which are highly disease susceptible. Although GA has been reported to exert its anti-inflammatory activity via downregulation of 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase-2 (HSD2), which converts active glucocorticoids to their inactive forms, GA did not reduce HSD2 gene expression in gingival tissue. Rather, in glucocorticoid-free conditions, GA potently inhibited LPS-stimulated proinflammatory cytokine production and RANKL-stimulated osteoclastogenesis, both of which are dependent on nuclear factor-κB. Furthermore, GA suppressed LPS- and RANKL-stimulated phosphorylation of nuclear factor-κB p105 in vitro.\n\nQuestion:\nDoes 18β-glycyrrhetinic acid inhibit periodontitis via glucocorticoid-independent nuclear factor-κB inactivation in interleukin-10-deficient mice?\n\nAnswer:",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "yes",
"role": "assistant"
}
] | 0 |
Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.
| [
{
"content": "Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.\n\nContext:\nPreoperative duplex ultrasound mapping of veins and arteries has been widely advocated to maximize the creation of native arteriovenous fistula (AVF) for hemodialysis access, but reliable diameter criteria have not been established. We sought to determine patient and anatomic variables predictive of fistula maturation in patients receiving their initial permanent hemodialysis access. All patients undergoing dialysis access creation from January 2003 to June 2007 were retrospectively reviewed. We analyzed fistula type and functional maturation rates (Society for Vascular Surgery [SVS] reporting standards) based on patient characteristics and findings on physical examination, preoperative vein mapping studies, or venography. Maturation and patency rates were determined by Kaplan Meier analysis. The following factors were analyzed: age, race, gender, body-mass index (BMI), fistula site, preoperative duplex vein diameter, diabetes, hyperlipidemia, HTN, prior central catheter placement, HIV, and history of IV drug abuse. From January 2003 to June 2007, 298 vascular access procedures were performed. One hundred ninety-five (65%) were initial hemodialysis access procedures, among which a native AVF was created in 185 (95%); 158 patients with posterior radiocephalic AVF (PRCAVF, n = 24), wrist radiocephalic AVF (WRCAVF, n = 72), or brachiocephalic AVF (BCAVF, n = 62) had adequate follow-up and were included in the analysis. PRCAVF, WRCAVF, and BCAVF had 54%, 66%, and 81% maturation rates, respectively. Both the type of fistula type (P = .032) and vein size (P = .002) significantly affected maturation by univariate analysis. In contrast, by multivariate logistic regression analysis, vein diameter was the sole independent predictor of fistula functional maturation (P = .002).\n\nQuestion:\nIs vein diameter the major predictor of fistula maturation?\n\nAnswer:",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "yes",
"role": "assistant"
}
] | 0 |
Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.
| [
{
"content": "Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.\n\nContext:\nLysophospholipids, particularly sphingosine 1-phosphate and lysophosphatidic acid, are known to be involved in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis; however, the role of lysophosphatidylserine (LysoPS) in the onset of atherosclerotic diseases remains uncertain. We investigated the effects of LysoPS on the uptake of oxidized low-density lipoprotein (oxLDL) and the modulation of inflammatory mediators and ER stress utilizing RAW264.7 cells and mouse peritoneal macrophages (MPMs). We found that LysoPS augmented cholesterol accumulation in both models. Consistent with these findings, LysoPS increased the expression of scavenger receptors (CD36, MSR1, LOX1 and TLR4). Regarding the involvement of these lipids in inflammation, LysoPS significantly decreased the expression of inflammatory mediators in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-treated RAW264.7 cells and MPMs. LysoPS also attenuated ER stress in LPS-untreated RAW264.7 cells. The expression patterns of LysoPS receptors differed considerably among the LPS-untreated RAW264.7 cells, LPS-treated RAW264.7 cells and MPMs.\n\nQuestion:\nDoes lysophosphatidylserine have Bilateral Effects on Macrophages in the Pathogenesis of Atherosclerosis?\n\nAnswer:",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "yes",
"role": "assistant"
}
] | 0 |
Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.
| [
{
"content": "Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.\n\nContext:\nRecent neuroimaging studies of autism have indicated reduced functional connectivity during both cognitive tasks and rest. These data suggest long-range connectivity may be compromised in this disorder, and current neurological theories of autism contend disrupted inter-regional interactions may be an underlying mechanism explaining behavioral symptomatology. However, it is unclear whether deficient neuronal communication is attributable to fewer long-range tracts or more of a local deficit in neural circuitry. This study examines the integrity of local circuitry by focusing on gamma band activity in auditory cortices of children and adolescents with autism. Ten children and adolescents with autism and 10 matched controls participated. Both groups listened to 500 ms duration monaural click trains with a 25 ms inter-click interval, as magnetoencephalography was acquired from the contralateral hemisphere. To estimate 40 Hz spectral power density, we performed time-frequency decomposition of the single-trial magnetic steady-state response data using complex demodulation. Children and adolescents with autism exhibited significantly reduced left hemispheric 40 Hz power from 200-500 ms post-stimulus onset. In contrast, no significant between group differences were observed for right hemispheric cortices.\n\nQuestion:\nDo children and adolescents with autism exhibit reduced MEG steady-state gamma responses?\n\nAnswer:",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "yes",
"role": "assistant"
}
] | 0 |
Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.
| [
{
"content": "Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.\n\nContext:\nTo investigate linkage between the renin gene restriction fragment length polymorphisms in families with a history of preeclampsia/eclampsia. Nine Icelandic families with at least three affected females in two or three generations were investigated. DNA from lymphocytes was digested with the endonuclease restriction enzyme Bgl I and restriction fragments were transferred by Southern Blotting. Hybridisation was effected with the 32P-oligonucleotide-labeled diallelic genomic probe pHRnX 0.8. LOD scores were calculated by the Liped program for two forms of inheritance patterns. Affected sib pairs were analysed. Frequencies of the 9.0 kb and 5.0 kb alleles were 0.67 and 0.33, with no significant differences between affected females and spouses and combined LOD scores of -2 for recombination values of 3%. Allele sharing in affected sibs was not different from the expected random assortment.\n\nQuestion:\nDo renin gene restriction fragment length polymorphisms show linkage with preeclampsia and eclampsia?\n\nAnswer:",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "no",
"role": "assistant"
}
] | 0 |
Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.
| [
{
"content": "Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.\n\nContext:\nThe present experiments were conducted to explore the role of mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathways, potential upstream regulators of MMPs, in abdominal aortic aneurysms (AAAs). Rat aortic smooth muscle cells (RASMCs) from males and females were treated with media containing interleukin (IL)-1beta (2 ng/mL), a concentration known to be present in AAAs. Levels of both total and phosphorylated (activated) extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK), c-Jun amino terminal kinase/stress-activated protein kinase (JNK/SAPK), and p38 were examined by Western blotting at various time intervals up to 60 min. Similar experiments were conducted following exposure of RASMCs to elastase (6 U/mL), a concentration known to induce AAA formation in rodents. Finally, media was assayed for MMP activity by zymography. Total ERK (t-ERK) was consistently no different in females compared with males prior to or following IL-1beta exposure. In contrast, levels of phosphorylated ERK (p-ERK) were significantly higher in males than females throughout the postexposure period (P < 0.0001). Levels of t-p38, p-p38, and t-JNK were not altered in a gender-dependent manner. The lack of p-JNK levels detected in both male and female RASMCs did not allow for conclusions to be drawn regarding gender disparities in this pathway. Results were similar following RASMC elastase exposure, although t-ERK levels were consistently higher in females than males (P < 0.0001). Pro-MMP2 levels were significantly higher (P = 0.0035) in males than females at each time point following elastase exposure.\n\nQuestion:\nIs gender-dependent differential phosphorylation in the ERK signaling pathway associated with increased MMP2 activity in rat aortic smooth muscle cells?\n\nAnswer:",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "yes",
"role": "assistant"
}
] | 0 |
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