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Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.
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"content": "Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.\n\nContext:\nIn industrial large scale bio-reactions micro-organisms are generally exposed to a variety of environmental stresses, which might be detrimental for growth and productivity. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) play a key role among the common stress factors--directly--through incomplete reduction of O(2) during respiration, or indirectly--caused by other stressing factors. Vitamin C or L-ascorbic acid acts as a scavenger of ROS, thereby potentially protecting cells from harmful oxidative products. While most eukaryotes synthesize ascorbic acid, yeast cells produce erythro-ascorbic acid instead. The actual importance of this antioxidant substance for the yeast is still a subject of scientific debate. We set out to enable Saccharomyces cerevisiae cells to produce ascorbic acid intracellularly to protect the cells from detrimental effects of environmental stresses. We report for the first time the biosynthesis of L-ascorbic acid from D-glucose by metabolically engineered yeast cells. The amount of L-ascorbic acid produced leads to an improved robustness of the recombinant cells when they are subjected to stress conditions as often met during industrial fermentations. Not only resistance against oxidative agents as H(2)O(2) is increased, but also the tolerance to low pH and weak organic acids at low pH is increased.\n\nQuestion:\nDoes biosynthesis of vitamin C by yeast lead to increased stress resistance?\n\nAnswer:",
"role": "user"
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{
"content": "yes",
"role": "assistant"
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Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.
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"content": "Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.\n\nContext:\nTo test the hypothesis that deuterium oxide (D2O) might induce endothelium-dependent and nitric oxide-mediated vasodilation by altering intracellular calcium concentration ([Ca2+]i) in vascular endothelial cells. The endothelium-dependent and nitric oxide-mediated regulation of vascular tone by D2O was first examined in perfused rat mesenteric arterial beds. Direct effects of D2O on [Ca2+]i in cultured vascular endothelial cells were then examined in order to elucidate a cellular mechanism for D2O-induced vasodilation. Vascular reactivity was assayed by measuring the perfusion pressure of isolated rat mesenteric arterial beds. [Ca2+]i in cultured bovine and rat vascular endothelial cells was measured with the fura-2 fluorescence technique. D2O relaxed precontracted rat mesenteric arterial beds with an intact endothelium. This effect of D2O was either inhibited by N omega-nitro-L- arginine (a nitric oxide synthase inhibitor) or eliminated by the removal of endothelium. In cultured bovine aortic, rat aortic, and rat tail artery endothelial cells, D2O induced a biphasic increase in [Ca2+]i, with a characteristic initial transient increase followed by various patterns of sustained [Ca2+]i increase. The sustained phase was entirely dependent on the extracellular calcium entry.\n\nQuestion:\nIs the vasorelaxant effect of deuterium oxide secondary to calcium-induced liberation of nitric oxide by endothelial cells?\n\nAnswer:",
"role": "user"
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"content": "yes",
"role": "assistant"
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Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.
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{
"content": "Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.\n\nContext:\nThe on-field diagnosis of sports-related concussion (SRC) is complicated by the lack of an accurate and objective marker of brain injury. To compare subject-specific changes in the astroglial protein, S100B, before and after SRC among collegiate and semi-professional contact sport athletes, and compare these changes to differences in S100B before and after non-contact exertion. Longitudinal cohort study. From 2009-2011, we performed a prospective study of athletes from Munich, Germany, and Rochester, New York, USA. Serum S100B was measured in all SRC athletes at pre-season baseline, within 3 hours of injury, and at days 2, 3 and 7 post-SRC. Among a subset of athletes, S100B was measured after non-contact exertion but before injury. All samples were collected identically and analyzed using an automated electrochemiluminescent assay to quantify serum S100B levels. Forty-six athletes (30 Munich, 16 Rochester) underwent baseline testing. Thirty underwent additional post-exertion S100B testing. Twenty-two athletes (16 Rochester, 6 Munich) sustained a SRC, and 17 had S100B testing within 3 hours post-injury. The mean 3-hour post-SRC S100B was significantly higher than pre-season baseline (0.099±0.008 µg/L vs. 0.058±0.006 µg/L, p = 0.0002). Mean post-exertion S100B was not significantly different than the preseason baseline. S100B levels at post-injury days 2, 3 and 7 were significantly lower than the 3-hour level, and not different than baseline. Both the absolute change and proportional increase in S100B 3-hour post-injury were accurate discriminators of SRC from non-contact exertion without SRC (AUC 0.772 and 0.904, respectively). A 3-hour post-concussion S100B >0.122 µg/L and a proportional S100B increase of >45.9% over baseline were both 96.7% specific for SRC.\n\nQuestion:\nDo subject-specific increases in serum S-100B distinguish sports-related concussion from sports-related exertion?\n\nAnswer:",
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"content": "yes",
"role": "assistant"
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Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.
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{
"content": "Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.\n\nContext:\nTo elucidate whether serum adiponectin is associated with renal function, low-grade inflammatory markers, metabolic control, and insulin resistance in type 1 diabetic patients with and without nephropathy. A total of 189 type 1 diabetic patients from the Finnish Diabetic Nephropathy Study were divided into three groups based on their urinary albumin excretion rate (AER): patients with normal AER (n = 66) had no antihypertensive medication, while patients with microalbuminuria (n = 63) or macroalbuminuria (n = 60) were all treated with an ACE inhibitor. Renal function was estimated with the Cockcroft-Gault formula. Adiponectin was measured by an in-house time-resolved immunofluorometric assay. Adiponectin concentrations were higher in women than in men, but since there was no significant difference in sex distribution between the groups, data were pooled. Adiponectin concentrations were higher in patients with macroalbuminuria (19.8 +/- 12.0 mg/l) than in patients with microalbuminuria (13.1 +/- 4.8 mg/l) or normoalbuminuria (11.8 +/- 4.2 mg/l). In a univariate analysis, adiponectin was positively associated with creatinine (r = 0.41; P < 0.0001), AER (r = 0.33; P < 0.0001), interleukin-6 (r = 0.22; P = 0.002), systolic blood pressure (r = 0.22; P = 0.004), HbA(1c) (r = 0.17; P = 0.02), total cholesterol (r = 0.16; P = 0.03), and HDL cholesterol (r = 0.16; P = 0.03) and negatively with estimated glomerular filtration rate (GFR; r = -0.52; P < 0.0001) and waist-to-hip ratio (WHR; r = -0.16; P = 0.03). In a multiple linear regression analysis including the above variables, estimated GFR, AER, and WHR were independently associated with adiponectin levels (r(2) = 0.32).\n\nQuestion:\nIs serum adiponectin increased in type 1 diabetic patients with nephropathy?\n\nAnswer:",
"role": "user"
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"content": "yes",
"role": "assistant"
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Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.
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"content": "Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.\n\nContext:\nTransposable Elements (TEs) comprise nearly 45% of the entire genome and are part of sophisticated regulatory network systems that control developmental processes in normal and pathological conditions. The retroviral/retrotransposon gene machinery consists mainly of Long Interspersed Nuclear Elements (LINEs-1) and Human Endogenous Retroviruses (HERVs) that code for their own endogenous reverse transcriptase (RT). Interestingly, RT is typically expressed at high levels in cancer cells. Recent studies report that RT inhibition by non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NNRTIs) induces growth arrest and cell differentiation in vitro and antagonizes growth of human tumors in animal model. In the present study we analyze the anticancer activity of Abacavir (ABC), a nucleoside reverse transcription inhibitor (NRTI), on PC3 and LNCaP prostate cancer cell lines. ABC significantly reduces cell growth, migration and invasion processes, considerably slows S phase progression, induces senescence and cell death in prostate cancer cells. Consistent with these observations, microarray analysis on PC3 cells shows that ABC induces specific and dose-dependent changes in gene expression, involving multiple cellular pathways. Notably, by quantitative Real-Time PCR we found that LINE-1 ORF1 and ORF2 mRNA levels were significantly up-regulated by ABC treatment.\n\nQuestion:\nDoes the reverse transcription inhibitor abacavir show anticancer activity in prostate cancer cell lines?\n\nAnswer:",
"role": "user"
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"content": "yes",
"role": "assistant"
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Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.
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{
"content": "Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.\n\nContext:\nAsthma and rhinitis are often comorbid conditions, and several studies have suggested that rhinitis often precedes asthma. Sensitization to allergen has been shown to be one of the strongest determinants of incident asthma, but little is known about the effects of cigarette smoking among individuals with allergic rhinitis. We sought to evaluate the importance of cigarette smoking as an additional risk factor for incident asthma in a cohort of hospital-referred nonasthmatic adult subjects with allergic rhinitis. The study population selected at baseline was invited for a follow-up visit 10 years later to check for possible asthma features. Categories of smokers, exsmokers, and never smokers were used in the analyses together with pack-years to calculate the level of cumulative exposure. Complete data were available from 325 patients. Smoking was significantly related to the risk of incident asthma, with the odds ratio (OR) being 2.67 (95% CI, 1.70-4.19) for univariate and 2.98 (95% CI, 1.81-4.92) for multivariate analyses. A clear dose-response association for exposure to tobacco and risk of new-onset asthma was observed in the multivariate analyses: those with 1 to 10 pack-years had an OR of 2.05 (95% CI, 0.99-4.27), those with 11 to 20 pack years had an OR of 3.71 (95% CI, 1.77-7.78), and those with 21 or more pack-years had an OR of 5.05 (95% CI, 1.93-13.20) compared with never smokers.\n\nQuestion:\nIs cigarette smoking associated with a greater risk of incident asthma in allergic rhinitis?\n\nAnswer:",
"role": "user"
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"content": "yes",
"role": "assistant"
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Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.
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{
"content": "Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.\n\nContext:\nIonizing radiation interacts with biological systems through the generation of free radicals, which induce oxidative stress. Aluminium (Al) can negatively impact human health by direct interaction with antioxidant enzymes. Ellagic acid (EA) and Ferulic acid (FA) are plant polyphenolic compounds, have gained attention due to their multiple biological activities. To date, no studies investigating the antioxidant effect of EA/FA in a model involving both γ radiation and aluminium chloride (AlCl3) have been reported. Herein, we investigated the protective effect of EA and FA against oxidative stress induced by γ radiation and AlCl3 in rats. Rats were divided into thirteen groups: a negative control group, 3 positive control groups (γ-irradiated, AlCl3-treated and γ-irradiated+AlCl3-treated) and 9 groups (3 γ-irradiated, 3 AlCl3-treated and 3 γ-irradiated+AlCl3-treated) treated with EA and/or FA. Liver function and lipid profile were assessed. Levels of lipid peroxidation, protein oxidation and endogenous antioxidants as well as the concentrations of copper, iron and zinc were estimated in liver tissue homogenate. Furthermore, liver tissue sections were histologically examined. Oral administration of EA and/or FA resulted in 1) amelioration of AlCl3 and/or γ-radiation-induced hepatic function impairment, dyslipidemia and hepatic histological alterations; 2) reduction in liver MDA and PCC levels; 3) elevation of liver CAT, GPx and SOD activity as well as GSH level; 4) elevation in liver Cu concentrations which was accompanied by a reduction in Fe and Zn concentrations.\n\nQuestion:\nDo ellagic and ferulic acids alleviate gamma radiation and aluminium chloride-induced oxidative damage?\n\nAnswer:",
"role": "user"
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{
"content": "yes",
"role": "assistant"
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Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.
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"content": "Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.\n\nContext:\nEmerging scientific evidence has disclosed a correlation between iron metabolism and type 2 diabetes (T2D). The objective of this study was to test the hypothesis that body iron stores are higher in a Chinese population with altered glucose homeostasis. Serum iron, ferritin, and soluble transferrin receptor concentrations were measured in 298 subjects, including 70 subjects with normal glucose tolerance (NGT group), 60 subjects with prediabetes (prediabetes group), and 168 subjects with T2D (T2D group). Hepatic iron stores in 88 subjects were assessed by using a magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) T2* gradient-recalled-echo technique. A general linear model ANOVA was performed for comparisons between groups after adjustment for age and BMI. Stepwise multiple linear regression analysis was used to identify factors associated with the MRI-estimated hepatic iron concentration (M-HIC). Mean (±SD) M-HIC and R2* values in the prediabetes and T2D groups were significantly higher than in the NGT group (M-HIC: 40.6 ± 8.6 and 39.3 ± 10.7 μmol/g compared with 27.8 ± 9.1 μmol/g; R2* values: 47.9 ± 11.9 and 47.3 ± 11.5 s(-1) compared with 34.9 ± 7.0 s(-1); all P < 0.01). No significant difference was shown in M-HIC and R2* values between prediabetes and T2D groups. The M-HIC independently contributed to 43.3% of the glycated hemoglobin variance after adjustment for main clinical indexes (P < 0.001). The proportions of subjects with mild hepatic iron overload in the NGT, prediabetes, and T2D groups were 12.5%, 70.6%, and 63.6%, respectively.\n\nQuestion:\nAre hepatic iron stores increased as assessed by magnetic resonance imaging in a Chinese population with altered glucose homeostasis?\n\nAnswer:",
"role": "user"
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{
"content": "yes",
"role": "assistant"
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Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.
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{
"content": "Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.\n\nContext:\nThis study was conducted to investigate the association of diabetic peripheral neuropathy (DPN) with both arterial stiffness and intima-media thickness (IMT). We conducted a cross-sectional analysis of 731 subjects with type 2 diabetes. DPN was diagnosed on the basis of neuropathic symptoms, insensitivity to a 10-g monofilament, abnormal pin-prick sensation, and abnormal current perception threshold. Arterial stiffness was assessed by cardio-ankle vascular index (CAVI), and IMT was assessed by B-mode ultrasonography. Patients with DPN had higher CAVI than those without DPN in multivariate-adjusted models, whereas no differences in IMT were observed between patients with and without DPN after adjustment for age and sex. In the multivariate analysis, CAVI was a significant determinant of DPN (odds ratio 1.36 [95% CI 1.13-1.65], P = 0.001).\n\nQuestion:\nIs diabetic peripheral neuropathy associated with increased arterial stiffness without changes in carotid intima-media thickness in type 2 diabetes?\n\nAnswer:",
"role": "user"
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{
"content": "yes",
"role": "assistant"
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Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.
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{
"content": "Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.\n\nContext:\nVitamin D deficiency has been known to be associated with the aggressiveness and prognosis of several cancers. This study evaluated the effect of preoperative serum vitamin D levels on the aggressiveness and prognosis of papillary thyroid cancer (PTC). In total, 820 patients with PTC were enrolled. 25-hydroxyvitamin D levels were measured in blood samples before surgery. Clinical, pathologic, and recurrence data were accessed to examine the prognostic effects of vitamin D. Patients were categorized into four quartiles by preoperative serum vitamin D levels. Of the enrolled patients, 795 (97%) had insufficient vitamin D levels (<30 ng/mL). Vitamin D levels showed positive correlations with age and body mass index (BMI), and negative correlations with serum thyrotropin levels and antithyroid peroxidase antibody titers. The association between vitamin D quartile and the risks of extrathyroidal invasion, lymph node metastasis, advanced cancer stages (III or IV), and risk of recurrence were not significant after adjusting for age, sex, BMI, preoperative ionized calcium, and parathyroid hormone. Additionally, serum vitamin D was not associated with recurrent or persistent PTC.\n\nQuestion:\nDoes serum 25-Hydroxyvitamin D Level Affect the Aggressiveness and Prognosis of Papillary Thyroid Cancer?\n\nAnswer:",
"role": "user"
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{
"content": "no",
"role": "assistant"
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Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.
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{
"content": "Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.\n\nContext:\nMutations in the gene encoding for dysferlin cause recessive autosomal muscular dystrophies called dysferlinopathies. These mutations induce several alterations in skeletal muscles, including, inflammation, increased membrane permeability and cell death. Despite the fact that the etiology of dysferlinopathies is known, the mechanism that explains the aforementioned alterations is still elusive. Therefore, we have now evaluated the potential involvement of connexin based hemichannels in the pathophysiology of dysferlinopathies. Human deltoid muscle biopsies of 5 Chilean dysferlinopathy patients exhibited the presence of muscular connexins (Cx40.1, Cx43 and Cx45). The presence of these connexins was also observed in human myotubes derived from immortalized myoblasts derived from other patients with mutated forms of dysferlin. In addition to the aforementioned connexins, these myotubes expressed functional connexin based hemichannels, evaluated by ethidium uptake assays, as opposed to myotubes obtained from a normal human muscle cell line, RCMH. This response was reproduced in a knock-down model of dysferlin, by treating RCMH cell line with small hairpin RNA specific for dysferlin (RCMH-sh Dysferlin). Also, the presence of P2X7 receptor and the transient receptor potential channel, TRPV2, another Ca(2+) permeable channels, was detected in the myotubes expressing mutated dysferlin, and an elevated resting intracellular Ca(2+) level was found in the latter myotubes, which was in turn reduced to control levels in the presence of the molecule D4, a selective Cx HCs inhibitor.\n\nQuestion:\nDoes the absence of dysferlin induce the expression of functional connexin-based hemichannels in human myotubes?\n\nAnswer:",
"role": "user"
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{
"content": "yes",
"role": "assistant"
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Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.
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{
"content": "Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.\n\nContext:\nOxidative stress plays an important role in the pathophysiology of ischemic heart disease and heart failure, and antioxidants might be beneficial in the treatment of these patients. This study was performed to determine the scavenging effects of amiodarone on oxygen free radicals and its protective effects against oxygen radical-mediated injury in cardiac myocytes. The formation of the radical spin adduct with hydroxy radical (.OH) in the presence of H(2)O(2) (10 mmol/L) and Fe(3+)-nitrilotriacetate (20 micromol/L) was monitored by electron paramagnetic resonance spectroscopy combined with a spin trapping agent, 5,5-dimethyl pyrroline-N-oxide (DMPO). Amiodarone decreased the intensity of the DMPO-OH signals in a dose-dependent manner (0.1 to 100 micromol/L), whereas other antiarrhythmia drugs such as disopyramide and atenolol had no such effects. Furthermore, amiodarone (10 micromol/L) protected intact adult canine cardiac myocytes against.OH-mediated myocyte injury, as assessed by the degree of morphological change from rod shape to the irreversible hypercontracture state during the exposure of cells to H(2)O(2) and Fe(3+) in vitro.\n\nQuestion:\nDoes amiodarone protect cardiac myocytes against oxidative injury by its free radical scavenging action?\n\nAnswer:",
"role": "user"
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"content": "yes",
"role": "assistant"
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Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.
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{
"content": "Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.\n\nContext:\nElevated blood levels of homocysteine have been associated with cerebrovascular disease and cognitive impairment. The authors' objective was to determine the relationship between cognitive changes and variations in tHcy levels over time in healthy elderly volunteers. This prospective cohort study was conducted in healthy community-dwelling older adults without cerebrovascular disease at baseline and followed them for 2.3 years. Cobalamin, red blood cell folate, total serum homocysteine (tHcy), and creatinine levels were measured and recorded. Cognitive measures included the Mini Mental State Examination, California Verbal Learning Test, Mattis Dementia Rating Scale, and Stroop Neuropsychological Inventory. At baseline, participants with elevated tHcy levels had lower Stroop scores (72.7 vs 85.35, p <.05) than did participants with normal tHcy levels. The tHcy levels correlated significantly with Stroop scores at baseline and follow-up. At follow-up, tHcy levels had increased in 104 participants (group I) and decreased in 76 participants (group II). Compared to mean baseline values, the mean tHcy in both groups had changed significantly at follow-up (p <.05 and p <.001, respectively). Participants in group I had significantly lower Stroop scores in multivariate analyses at follow-up than at baseline. The scores of participants in group II at follow-up were not significantly different than their scores at baseline. The rate of change of tHcy levels and the rate of change of the Stroop scores were significantly correlated (r = -0.264, p <.001) after multivariate analysis. Stroop scores decreased by 22% at follow-up in participants whose tHcy levels increased by 40% from baseline to follow-up.\n\nQuestion:\nAre increases in homocysteine related to worsening of stroop scores in healthy elderly persons : a prospective follow-up study?\n\nAnswer:",
"role": "user"
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"content": "yes",
"role": "assistant"
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Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.
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{
"content": "Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.\n\nContext:\nThe induction of nonanaphylactogenic 'blocking' IgG antibodies capable of inhibiting the IgE/allergen interaction represents a favorable therapeutic concept for type I allergy. However, IgG antibodies to allergens may block or enhance specific IgE binding, depending on the recognized epitope. Taking the major birch pollen allergen Bet v 1 as a model, we developed a strategy for the precise induction of IgG antibodies of a desired epitope specificity. Random phage display peptide libraries were applied to define peptide structures mimicking natural epitopes (mimotopes) of Bet v 1. Selections were performed with BIP 1, a murine monoclonal antibody known to enhance the IgE binding to Bet v 1, and with anti-Bet v 1 IgE purified from patients' sera. The characterized Bet v 1 mimotopes were used to localize the corresponding epitope at the surface of Bet v 1 by a computer-aided mathematical approach based on the three-dimensional structure and the chemical character of the amino acids. The Bet v 1 mimotopes were further used to immunize BALB/c mice. The specificity of the induced antibodies was tested by immunoblotting and inhibition assays. With the three-dimensional epitope search it became possible to localize a discontinuous IgE epitope on the surface of Bet v 1 in a substantial distance from the IgG epitope of the monoclonal antibody BIP 1. Moreover, we could demonstrate that phage displaying mimotopes are immunogenic vectors for the precise induction of epitope-specific IgG. Immunization with BIP 1 mimotopes induced IgG enhancing the IgE binding to Bet v 1, whereas immunization with IgE mimotopes resulted in IgG capable of blocking human IgE binding in vitro.\n\nQuestion:\nDo igE mimotopes of birch pollen allergen Bet v 1 induce blocking IgG in mice?\n\nAnswer:",
"role": "user"
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"content": "yes",
"role": "assistant"
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Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.
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{
"content": "Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.\n\nContext:\nRadiotherapy has shown its efficacy in controlling optic nerve sheath meningiomas (ONSM) tumor growth while allowing visual acuity to improve or stabilize. However, radiation-induced toxicity may ultimately jeopardize the functional benefit. The purpose of this study was to identify predictive factors of poor visual outcome in patients receiving radiotherapy for ONSM. We conducted an extensive analysis of 10 patients with ONSM with regard to clinical, radiologic, and dosimetric aspects. All patients were treated with conformal radiotherapy and subsequently underwent biannual neuroophthalmologic and imaging assessments. Pretreatment and posttreatment values of visual acuity and visual field were compared with Wilcoxon's signed rank test. Visual acuity values significantly improved after radiotherapy. After a median follow-up time of 51 months, 6 patients had improved visual acuity, 4 patients had improved visual field, 1 patient was in stable condition, and 1 patient had deteriorated visual acuity and visual field. Tumor control rate was 100% at magnetic resonance imaging assessment. Visual acuity deterioration after radiotherapy was related to radiation-induced retinopathy in 2 patients and radiation-induced mature cataract in 1 patient. Study of radiotherapy parameters showed that the mean eye dose was significantly higher in those 3 patients who had deteriorated vision.\n\nQuestion:\nIs standard-fractionated radiotherapy for optic nerve sheath meningioma : visual outcome predicted by mean eye dose?\n\nAnswer:",
"role": "user"
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{
"content": "yes",
"role": "assistant"
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Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.
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{
"content": "Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.\n\nContext:\nSomatic mutations in calreticulin (CALR) are present in approximately 40% of patients with myeloproliferative neoplasms (MPN), but the mechanism by which mutant CALR is oncogenic remains unclear. Here, we demonstrate that expression of mutant CALR alone is sufficient to engender MPN in mice and recapitulates the disease phenotype of patients with CALR-mutant MPN. We further show that the thrombopoietin receptor MPL is required for mutant CALR-driven transformation through JAK-STAT pathway activation, thus rendering mutant CALR-transformed hematopoietic cells sensitive to JAK2 inhibition. Finally, we demonstrate that the oncogenicity of mutant CALR is dependent on the positive electrostatic charge of the C-terminus of the mutant protein, which is necessary for physical interaction between mutant CALR and MPL. Together, our findings elucidate a novel paradigm of cancer pathogenesis and reveal how CALR mutations induce MPN.\n\nQuestion:\nDoes mutant Calreticulin require Both Its Mutant C-terminus and the Thrombopoietin Receptor for Oncogenic Transformation?\n\nAnswer:",
"role": "user"
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"content": "yes",
"role": "assistant"
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Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.
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{
"content": "Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.\n\nContext:\nTo improve control of blood glucose concentrations in critically ill patients through use of a bedside, nurse-managed, intravenous insulin nomogram. Retrospective, before-after cohort study. Fifteen-bed mixed medical/surgical intensive care unit in a tertiary, teaching hospital. A total of 167 intensive care unit patients requiring intravenous insulin infusions during two 9-month periods. The sliding scale group was treated using ad hoc sliding scale infusion therapy. The intervention group was treated using a dosing nomogram that allowed the nurse to adjust the insulin infusion rate based on current glucose concentration and concurrent insulin infusion rates. The adjustments were made independent of physician input. Time from initiating the insulin infusion to initial control of glucose concentration (<11.5 mmol/L) was determined. Effectiveness of glucose control was determined retrospectively by measuring the area under the curve of blood concentrations >11.5 mmol/L versus time of insulin infusion, divided by total duration of insulin infusion. The median time to initial control of glucose (<11.5 mmol/L) was 4 hr (range 1-38 hr) for the baseline and 2 hr (range 1-22 hr) for nomogram group (p =.0004). The median area under the curve of glucose concentration divided by duration of insulin infusion was 0.9 (range 0.0-5.9) for sliding scale group and 0.3 (range 0.0-11.1) for nomogram (p =.0001), without any increase in the frequency of episodes of hypoglycemia.\n\nQuestion:\nDoes intravenous insulin nomogram improve blood glucose control in the critically ill?\n\nAnswer:",
"role": "user"
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"content": "yes",
"role": "assistant"
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Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.
| [
{
"content": "Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.\n\nContext:\nTo investigate the association between body mass index (BMI) and waist circumference (WC) and all-cause mortality of Chinese residents in long-term care facilities in Taiwan. Prospective cohort study. Eight long-term care facilities in Taiwan. Three hundred fifty-four residents aged 60 and older (median 78.4, range 60-101; 156 men, 198 women) were recruited during the study period. Anthropometrics and metabolic parameters were measured at baseline. Mean BMI was 21.7 ± 4.2 kg/m(2) (range 11.6-35.3 kg/m(2) , and mean WC was 82.4 ± 10.9 cm (range 55.0-124.0 cm). Mortality data were from the Department of Health in Taiwan. There were 219 deaths during the 5 years of follow-up. After adjusting for age, sex, albumin, Karnofsky performance status scale, hypertension, and diabetes mellitus, subjects in the highest quartile of BMI (27.3 ± 2.8 kg/m(2) ) and WC (96.7 ± 7.4 cm) had a significantly lower mortality rate than did subjects in the lowest quartile (BMI, 16.7 ± 1.7 kg/m(2) ; WC, 69.6 ± 4.2 cm). After further stratification according to central obesity status, the subjects in the two highest BMI quartiles had a lower mortality rate than those in the lowest BMI quartile but only in the central obesity group (≥ 90 cm in men or ≥ 80 cm in women). The adjusted relative risk for all-cause mortality in the highest versus lowest BMI quartile was 0.17 (95% confidence interval = 0.05-0.57).\n\nQuestion:\nAre larger body mass index and waist circumference associated with lower mortality in Chinese long-term care facility residents?\n\nAnswer:",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "yes",
"role": "assistant"
}
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Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.
| [
{
"content": "Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.\n\nContext:\nIn women with congenital heart disease (CHD), cardiovascular complications during pregnancy are common, but the risk assessment of these patients remains difficult. This study sought to determine the independent role of N-terminal pro-B-type natriuretic peptide (NT-proBNP) levels in addition to other parameters in predicting adverse cardiovascular events during pregnancy in women with CHD. We conducted a national, prospective multicentre cohort study. Follow-up with clinical evaluation and echocardiography and NT-proBNP measurement was performed at 20-week gestation. Adverse cardiovascular events occurred in 10.3% of 213 pregnancies. N-terminal pro-B-type natriuretic peptide levels >128 pg/mL at 20-week gestation, the presence of a mechanical valve, and subpulmonary ventricular dysfunction before conception were independently associated with events [odds ratio (OR) 10.6 (P = 0.039), OR 12.0 (P = 0.016), and OR 4.2 (P = 0.041), respectively]. The negative predictive value of NT-proBNP levels <128 pg/mL was 96.9%. N-terminal pro-B-type natriuretic peptide levels >128 pg/mL at 20 weeks of gestation had an additional value in predicting the occurrence of adverse cardiovascular events on the top of the other identified predictors (area under the curve 0.90 vs. 0.78, P = 0.035).\n\nQuestion:\nDoes n-terminal pro-B-type natriuretic peptide predict cardiovascular complications in pregnant women with congenital heart disease?\n\nAnswer:",
"role": "user"
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{
"content": "yes",
"role": "assistant"
}
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Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.
| [
{
"content": "Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.\n\nContext:\nThe RADI pressure wire may be used in stenotic coronary arteries to calculate myocardial fractional flow reserve (FFR(myo)), the ratio between distal hyperaemic coronary pressure and aortic pressure. A ratio less than 0.75 categorizes lesions of haemodynamic significance for which percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) or coronary artery bypass surgery (CABG) may be warranted. We undertook this study to evaluate the cost implications of performing these measurements. We recorded FFR(myo) using RADI wires in 32 coronary artery lesions of between 30 and 60% diameter stenosis in 31 patients and assessed how this information changed our management. We followed our original \"management plan\" in only eight patients. PCI or CABG was performed in eight whose lesions were characterised by a FFR(myo) value of 0.76 or less. Myocardial perfusion imaging (MPI) was done in only one of nine for whom this had seemed to be appropriate. Two-thirds of those for whom PCI had appeared to be warranted were treated conservatively and only one quarter of the original \"surgical\" group underwent CABG.\n\nQuestion:\nIs measurement of myocardial fractional flow reserve a cost-effective way to identify coronary artery lesions of indeterminate severity that warrant revascularisation?\n\nAnswer:",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "yes",
"role": "assistant"
}
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Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.
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{
"content": "Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.\n\nContext:\nOculocutaneous albinism type 1 (OCA1), caused by pathogenic variations in the tyrosinase gene (TYR), is the most frequent and severe form of hypopigmentary disorder worldwide. While OCA1A manifests as a complete loss of melanin pigment, patients with OCA1B show residual pigmentation of the skin, hair and eyes. Limited experimental evidence suggests retention of TYR in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) causes OCA1 pathogenesis. However, a comprehensive functional analysis of TYR missense variations and correlation with genotype is lacking. Functional characterization of nonsynonymous tyrosinase variants in patients with OCA1 reported in the Albinism Database, dbSNP and the published literature, and an attempt to correlate them with reported and predicted phenotypes. Thirty-four reported missense variants of TYR were subcloned by site-directed mutagenesis, and the dual-enzyme activities of the variant proteins were compared with the wild-type. The degree of ER retention was also checked for each of the variants through endoglycosidase H (Endo H) digestion followed by immunoprecipitation and densitometric analysis. Functional studies revealed one reported OCA1A variation with nearly 100% enzyme activity, 10 OCA1B variants lacking any enzyme activity, eight nonsynonymous single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) with ~30-70% of enzyme activity, and three SNPs that completely lacked activity altogether. The Endo H assay corroborated these results.\n\nQuestion:\nIs functional assessment of tyrosinase variants identified in individuals with albinism essential for unequivocal determination of genotype-to-phenotype correlation?\n\nAnswer:",
"role": "user"
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{
"content": "yes",
"role": "assistant"
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Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.
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{
"content": "Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.\n\nContext:\nTo assess how ovarian-derived sex hormones (in particular progesterone) modify the effects of single acute stress on the mechanical and biochemical properties of left ventricular cardiomyocytes in the rat. Non-ovariectomized (control, n=8) and ovariectomized (OVX, n=8) female rats were kept under normal conditions or were exposed to stress (control-S, n=8 and OVX-S, n=8). Serum progesterone levels were measured using a chemiluminescent immunoassay. Left ventricular myocardial samples were used for isometric force measurements and protein analysis. Ca(2+)-dependent active force (Factive), Ca(2+)-independent passive force (Fpassive), and Ca(2+)-sensitivity of force production were determined in single, mechanically isolated, permeabilized cardiomyocytes. Stress- and ovariectomy-induced alterations in myofilament proteins (myosin-binding protein C [MyBP-C], troponin I [TnI], and titin) were analyzed by sodium dodecyl sulfate gel electrophoresis using protein and phosphoprotein stainings. Serum progesterone levels were significantly increased in stressed rats (control-S, 35.6±4.8 ng/mL and OVX-S, 21.9±4.0 ng/mL) compared to control (10±2.9 ng/mL) and OVX (2.8±0.5 ng/mL) groups. Factive was higher in the OVX groups (OVX, 25.9±3.4 kN/m(2) and OVX-S, 26.3±3.0 kN/m(2)) than in control groups (control, 16.4±1.2 kN/m(2) and control-S, 14.4±0.9 kN/m(2)). Regarding the potential molecular mechanisms, Factive correlated with MyBP-C phosphorylation, while myofilament Ca(2+)-sensitivity inversely correlated with serum progesterone levels when the mean values were plotted for all animal groups. Fpassive was unaffected by any treatment.\n\nQuestion:\nDo single acute stress-induced progesterone and ovariectomy alter cardiomyocyte contractile function in female rats?\n\nAnswer:",
"role": "user"
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{
"content": "yes",
"role": "assistant"
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Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.
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{
"content": "Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.\n\nContext:\nAtopic dermatitis (AD) is a chronic inflammatory skin disease with immunopathologic features that vary depending on the duration of the lesion. Skin lesions of AD patients show an increased number of Th2 cells in the dermis and superficial Staphylococcus aureus colonization. The purpose of this study was to predict the effects of peptido- glycan (PEG) from S. aureus on the induction of interleukin (IL)-4 production in AD patients. PEG was applied to barrier-disrupted abdominal mouse skin every 5 days. Twenty days later, IL-4 production in the spleen was investigated by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). Spleen cells from normal mice were also treated in vitro with PEG and processed for IL-4 production by RT-PCR and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. IL-4 production was significantly increased in the spleen of PEG-treated mice compared with that of PBS-applied mice. In addition, in vitro experiments demonstrated that PEG was able to induce IL-4 production in murine spleen cells. Furthermore, IL-4 production was associated with IL-18 production, but not with IL-2 production from PEG-stimulated spleen cells, and IL-4 mRNA was expressed in CD4+ lymphocytes in the spleen cells. In in vivo experiments, percutaneous treatment with PEG induced mRNA expression not only for IL-4 but also for IL-18 in the spleen.\n\nQuestion:\nDoes peptidoglycan from Staphylococcus aureus induce IL-4 production from murine spleen cells via an IL-18-dependent mechanism?\n\nAnswer:",
"role": "user"
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{
"content": "yes",
"role": "assistant"
}
] | 0 |
Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.
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{
"content": "Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.\n\nContext:\nT cell protein tyrosine phosphatase (TC-PTP) is an important regulator of hematopoiesis and cytokine signaling. Recently, several genome-wide association studies have identified single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in the locus of TC-PTP that are associated with rheumatoid arthritis and juvenile idiopathic arthritis, among other autoimmune diseases. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of TC-PTP deficiency on the bone and joint environment using a knockout mouse model. Radiographic and micro-computed tomography analyses were performed on femurs of 3-week-old mice. In addition, the femorotibial joints were assessed by histology, flow cytometry, and cytokine detection. Deficiency of TC-PTP resulted in decreased bone volume as well as an increase in osteoclast density within the mouse femurs. In addition, synovitis, characterized by infiltration of mixed inflammatory cell types and proinflammatory cytokines, developed in the knee joints of TC-PTP(-/-) mice.\n\nQuestion:\nDoes t cell protein tyrosine phosphatase deficiency result in spontaneous synovitis and subchondral bone resorption in mice?\n\nAnswer:",
"role": "user"
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{
"content": "yes",
"role": "assistant"
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Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.
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{
"content": "Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.\n\nContext:\nIn patients presenting with acute vertigo or dizziness, identifying the posterior fossa stroke as the underlying cause can be a major challenge. We therefore evaluated the serum biomarkers for the differential diagnosis of nonvascular vertigo and posterior circulation stroke. Of a total of 80 patients, 31 patients had an ischemic stroke in the posterior circulation and 12 infratentorial hemorrhage. Findings in these patients were compared with those in 22 patients with vertigo of nonvascular origin and 15 matched control patients without neurological symptoms. Blood samples drawn <24 h after symptom onset were analyzed for S100 calcium-binding protein B (S100β), matrix metalloproteinase 9 (MMP-9), soluble vascular cellular adhesion molecule-1 (sVCAM-1), and glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP).\n\nQuestion:\nIs serum protein S100β a diagnostic biomarker for distinguishing posterior circulation stroke from vertigo of nonvascular causes?\n\nAnswer:",
"role": "user"
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{
"content": "yes",
"role": "assistant"
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Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.
| [
{
"content": "Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.\n\nContext:\nIt is well known that glaucoma results in performance impairments on tasks processed early in the visual pathways. Glaucoma should also impair cortical visual processing because of reduced input from retinal ganglion cells and also possibly because of abnormal cortical function. This study was undertaken to assess whether cortically processed global percepts are disrupted in glaucoma in areas of visual field classified as normal by standard automated perimetry (SAP). Performance on global tasks (motion and form) was compared to measures of presumed precortical magnocellular and parvocellular function in the same individuals. Fifteen control subjects and 12 patients with primary open-angle glaucoma participated. Testing was performed foveally and midperipherally (12.5 degrees). Contrast-discrimination thresholds were measured by using the steady-pedestal (magnocellular) and pulsed-pedestal (parvocellular) contrast-discrimination tasks of Pokorny and Smith. Global motion coherence and global form coherence thresholds were measured at high and low contrast. Patients with glaucoma demonstrated higher global motion and form-coherence thresholds than did control subjects for targets presented in the midperiphery (P < 0.05), but not foveally. Different individuals performed poorly on the motion and form tasks. The subjects with the greatest presumed magnocellular and parvocellular loss were those with the largest deficits on the global motion and form tasks, respectively.\n\nQuestion:\nIs the detection of both global motion and global form disrupted in glaucoma?\n\nAnswer:",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "yes",
"role": "assistant"
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] | 0 |
Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.
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{
"content": "Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.\n\nContext:\nPeople with severe hemophilia A or B, X-linked bleeding disorders due to decreased blood levels of coagulants, suffer recurrent bleeding into joints and soft tissues. Before clotting factor concentrates were available, most people with severe hemophilia developed crippling musculoskeletal deformities. Clotting factor concentrate prophylaxis aims to preserve joint function by converting severe hemophilia (factor VIII or IX less than 1%) into a clinically milder form of the disease. Prophylaxis has long been used in Sweden, but not universally adopted because of medical, psychosocial, and cost controversies. Use of clotting factor concentrates is the single largest predictor of cost in treating hemophilia. To determine the effectiveness of clotting factor concentrate prophylaxis in the management of people with hemophilia A or B. We searched the Cystic Fibrosis and Genetic Disorders Group's Trials Register comprising references from comprehensive electronic database searches and handsearches of journals and abstract books. Reference lists of relevant articles were reviewed. Most recent search: November 2005. Randomized controlled trials (RCTs) evaluating people with severe hemophilia A or B, receiving prophylactic clotting factor concentrates. Two authors independently reviewed studies for eligibility, assessed methodological quality and extracted data. Twenty-nine studies were identified; four studies (including 37 participants) were eligible for inclusion. Three studies evaluated hemophilia A; one showed a decrease in frequency of joint bleeds with prophylaxis compared to placebo (non-physiological dose), with a rate difference (RD) -10.80 (95% confidence interval (CI) -16.33 to -5.27) bleeds per year. The remaining two studies evaluating hemophilia A compared two prophylaxis regimens, one study showed no difference in joint bleed frequency, RD -5.04 (95%CI -17.02 to 6.94) bleeds per year and another failed to demonstrate an advantage of factor VIII dosing based on individual pharmacokinetic data over the standard prophylaxis regimen with RD -0.14 (95% CI -1.34 to 1.05) bleeds per year. The fourth study evaluated hemophilia B and showed fewer joint bleeds with weekly (15 IU/kg) versus bi-weekly (7.5 IU/kg) prophylaxis, RD -3.30 (95% CI -5.50 to - 1.10) bleeds per year.\n\nQuestion:\nDoes clotting factor concentrate given to prevent bleeding and bleeding-related complications in people with hemophilia A or B?\n\nAnswer:",
"role": "user"
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{
"content": "yes",
"role": "assistant"
}
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Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.
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{
"content": "Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.\n\nContext:\nRecent studies suggest an association between vitamin D activity and cardiometabolic risk. We investigated vitamin D status and its association with subclinical atherosclerosis in a population-based cohort study, the Korean Longitudinal Study on Health and Aging (KLoSHA). Participants were 439 men and 561 women aged 65 yr or older who were recruited by random stratified sampling for KLoSHA. Anthropometric and biochemical parameters, the concentration of 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25-OHD), and intact PTH were measured. We evaluated the coronary artery calcium score and stenosis using multidetector-row cardiac computed tomography, the intima-media thickness using carotid sonography, pulse wave velocity, and the ankle-brachial index. Among the participants, 49.8, 44.2, and 6.0% had 25-OHD deficiency (<15 ng/ml), insufficiency (15-29.9 ng/ml), and adequacy (≥30 ng/ml), respectively. The frequency of coronary artery stenosis (>50%) differed between 25-OHD categories: 18.5, 12.9, and 1.9% in the 25-OHD-deficient, -insufficient, and -adequate groups, respectively (P < 0.05). After adjusting for cardiometabolic risks and intact PTH concentration, multivariate regression analysis showed that participants with a low 25-OHD concentration had a higher risk of significant coronary artery stenosis; the odds ratios were 2.08 for 25-OHD concentration of 15-29.9 ng/ml vs. at least 30 ng/ml and 3.12 for 25-OHD concentration below 15 ng/ml vs. at least 30 ng/ml (both P < 0.05).\n\nQuestion:\nIs vitamin D inadequacy associated with significant coronary artery stenosis in a community-based elderly cohort : the Korean Longitudinal Study on Health and Aging?\n\nAnswer:",
"role": "user"
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{
"content": "yes",
"role": "assistant"
}
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Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.
| [
{
"content": "Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.\n\nContext:\nPancreatic neuritis is a histopathological hallmark of pancreatic neuropathy and correlates to abdominal neuropathic pain sensation in pancreatic adenocarcinoma (PCa) and chronic pancreatitis (CP). However, inflammatory cell subtypes that compose pancreatic neuritis and their correlation to the neuropathic pain syndrome in PCa and CP are yet unknown. Inflammatory cells within pancreatic neuritis lesions of patients with PCa (n = 20) and CP (n = 20) were immunolabeled and colorimetrically quantified with the pan-leukocyte marker CD45, with CD68 (macrophages), CD8 (cytotoxic T-lymphocytes), CD4 (T-helper cells), CD20 (B-lymphocytes), NCL-PC (plasma cells), neutrophil elastase, PRG2 (eosinophils), anti-mast cell (MC) tryptase and correlated to pain sensation. Perineural mast cell subtypes were analyzed by double immunolabeling with MC chymase. Expression and neural immunoreactivity of protease-activated receptor type 1 (PAR-1) and type 2 (PAR-2) were analyzed in PCa and CP and correlated to pain status of the patients. In PCa and CP, nerves were predominantly infiltrated by cytotoxic T-lymphocytes (PCa: 35% of all perineural inflammatory cells, CP: 33%), macrophages (PCa: 39%, CP: 33%) and MC (PCa: 21%, CP: 27%). In both entities, neuropathic pain sensation was associated with a specific increase of perineural MC (PCa without pain: 14% vs. PCa with pain: 31%; CP without pain: 19% vs. CP with pain: 34%), not affecting the frequency of other inflammatory cell subtypes. The vast majority of these MC contained MC chymase. PAR-1 and PAR-2 expression did not correlate to the pain sensation of PCa and CP patients.\n\nQuestion:\nAre perineural mast cells specifically enriched in pancreatic neuritis and neuropathic pain in pancreatic cancer and chronic pancreatitis?\n\nAnswer:",
"role": "user"
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{
"content": "yes",
"role": "assistant"
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Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.
| [
{
"content": "Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.\n\nContext:\nIn Canada, staging of carcinoid tumors is largely based on computed tomography (CT) imaging sometimes complemented with somatostatin receptor scintigraphy (SRS). This study assessed the diagnostic accuracy of 6-[¹⁸F]fluoro-3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine (¹⁸F-FDOPA) PET/CT in neuroendocrine tumors. We prospectively included 27 patients with either suspected carcinoid (n=6, with all prior tests negative) or with an established diagnosis of intestinal carcinoid tumor (n=21) from two Canadian treatment centers. Findings of ¹⁸F-FDOPA PET/CT were compared with SRS, CT, and combined SRS/CT using a composite reference standard comprising all available imaging, biochemistry, surgery, and follow-up data. Sensitivity was calculated per patient, per body region, and per lesion. The contribution to patient management was estimated from the feedback of attending physicians. In documented carcinoid patients, ¹⁸F-FDOPA PET/CT identified disease in 20 of 21 patients (patient-based sensitivity 95%). In 56 positive regions, ¹⁸F-FDOPA PET/CT detected 53, CT detected 34, SRS detected 34, and CT+SRS detected 39 regions, leading to region-based sensitivities of 95, 61, 62, and 71%, respectively. Lesion-based sensitivities were 96, 69, 50, and 72%, respectively. In the six patients with suspected disease only, one CT scan was positive, but ¹⁸F-FDOPA PET/CT was negative for all. ¹⁸F-FDOPA PET contributed to patient management in 12/21 patients (57%).\n\nQuestion:\nDoes pET/CT using ¹⁸F-FDOPA provides improve staging of carcinoid tumor patients in a Canadian setting?\n\nAnswer:",
"role": "user"
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{
"content": "yes",
"role": "assistant"
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Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.
| [
{
"content": "Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.\n\nContext:\nThrombospondin type I domain containing 7A (THSD7A) is a novel neural protein that is known to affect endothelial migration and vascular patterning during development. To further understand the role of THSD7A in angiogenesis, we investigated the post-translational modification scheme of THS7DA and to reveal the underlying mechanisms by which this protein regulates blood vessel growth. Full-length THSD7A was overexpressed in human embryonic kidney 293T (HEK293T) cells and was found to be membrane associated and N-glycosylated. The soluble form of THSD7A, which is released into the cultured medium, was harvested for further angiogenic assays. We found that soluble THSD7A promotes human umbilical vein endothelial cell (HUVEC) migration and tube formation. HUVEC sprouts and zebrafish subintestinal vessel (SIV) angiogenic assays further revealed that soluble THSD7A increases the number of branching points of new vessels. Interestingly, we found that soluble THSD7A increased the formation of filopodia in HUVEC. The distribution patterns of vinculin and phosphorylated focal adhesion kinase (FAK) were also affected, which implies a role for THSD7A in focal adhesion assembly. Moreover, soluble THSD7A increased FAK phosphorylation in HUVEC, suggesting that THSD7A is involved in regulating cytoskeleton reorganization.\n\nQuestion:\nIs soluble THSD7A an N-glycoprotein that promotes endothelial cell migration and tube formation in angiogenesis?\n\nAnswer:",
"role": "user"
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{
"content": "yes",
"role": "assistant"
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] | 0 |
Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.
| [
{
"content": "Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.\n\nContext:\nThe vaginal microbiota can impact the susceptibility of women to bacterial vaginosis (BV) and sexually transmitted infections (STIs). BV is characterized by depletion of Lactobacillus spp., an overgrowth of anaerobes (often dominated by Gardnerella vaginalis) and a pH > 4.5. BV is associated with an increased risk of acquiring STIs such as chlamydia and gonorrhea. While these associations have been identified, the molecular mechanism(s) driving the risk of infections are unknown. An ex vivo porcine vaginal mucosal model (PVM) was developed to explore the mechanistic role of Lactobacillus spp. in affecting colonization by G. vaginalis and Neisseria gonorrhoeae. The data presented here demonstrate that all organisms tested can colonize and grow on PVM to clinically relevant densities. Additionally, G. vaginalis and N. gonorrhoeae form biofilms on PVM. It was observed that lactic acid, acetic acid, and hydrochloric acid inhibit the growth of G. vaginalis on PVM in a pH-dependent manner. N. gonorrhoeae grows best in the presence of lactic acid at pH 5.5, but did not grow well at this pH in the presence of acetic acid. Finally, a clinical Lactobacillus crispatus isolate (24-9-7) produces lactic acid and inhibits growth of both G. vaginalis and N. gonorrhoeae on PVM.\n\nQuestion:\nDoes lactobacillus crispatus inhibit growth of Gardnerella vaginalis and Neisseria gonorrhoeae on a porcine vaginal mucosa model?\n\nAnswer:",
"role": "user"
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{
"content": "yes",
"role": "assistant"
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] | 0 |
Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.
| [
{
"content": "Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.\n\nContext:\nTo assess the relationship between the spectroscopically measured axonal damage in the normal-appearing white matter of the brainstem, the total brain T2-hyperintense lesion volume (T2LV), and disability in patients with early relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis (RRMS). Forty-three RRMS patients and 10 sex- and age-matched healthy controls were prospectively studied for 2 years. T2-weighted magnetic resonance (MR) images and proton MR spectroscopy were acquired at the time of recruitment and at year 2. Brainstem was considered, where large tracts join together, as a suitable region to detect early axonal damage. The T2LV was calculated with a semiautomatic program; N-acetylaspartate (NAA), creatine (Cr), and choline (Cho) resonances areas were integrated with the jMRUI program, and the ratios were calculated for the sum of the volume elements represented at brainstem. The basal NAA/Cho ratio was significantly decreased in patients compared with controls. After 2-year follow-up, there was a decrease in the NAA/Cho (-9%; p = 0.002) and NAA/Cr (-13%; p = 0.001) ratios, and an increase in the T2LV (19%; p = 0.043) in multiple sclerosis patients, whereas control subjects had no significant metabolic changes. Significant NAA/Cr ratio decreases were observed in both patients, with and without relapses, whereas T2LV only increased in patients with relapses. The final Expanded Disability Status Scale (EDSS) score correlated with T2LV at baseline, but no significant correlations were found between metabolic values, T2LV change, or EDSS score over the study period.\n\nQuestion:\nIs axonal loss progressive and partly dissociated from lesion load in early multiple sclerosis?\n\nAnswer:",
"role": "user"
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{
"content": "yes",
"role": "assistant"
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Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.
| [
{
"content": "Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.\n\nContext:\nOral administration of live Lactobacillus casei strain GG is associated with the reduction of duration of diarrhea in children admitted to the hospital because of diarrhea. The purposes of this work were to investigate the clinical efficacy of oral administration of Lactobacillus in children with mild diarrhea who were observed as outpatients, and to see whether Lactobacillus GG can reduce the duration of rotavirus excretion. Duration of diarrhea was recorded in 100 children seen by family pediatricians and randomly assigned to receive oral rehydration or oral rehydration followed by the administration of lyophilized Lactobacillus casei, strain GG. Rotavirus was looked for in the stools of all children and in those in whom results were positive, stools were examined again 6 days after the onset of diarrhea. In 61 children results were positive for rotavirus and in 39 results were negative. Duration of diarrhea was reduced from 6 to 3 days in children receiving Lactobacillus GG, with a similar pattern in rotavirus-positive and -negative children. Six days after the onset of diarrhea, stools in only 4 out of 31 children that received Lactobacillus GG were positive for rotavirus compared with positive findings in 25 out of 30 control subjects.\n\nQuestion:\nDoes oral bacterial therapy reduce the duration of symptoms and of viral excretion in children with mild diarrhea?\n\nAnswer:",
"role": "user"
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{
"content": "yes",
"role": "assistant"
}
] | 0 |
Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.
| [
{
"content": "Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.\n\nContext:\nThe purpose of this study was to compare aortic valve function and morphology in adult wild-type (WT) mice and in low-density lipoprotein receptor-deficient (LDLr-/-) mice fed or not fed a high-fat/high-carbohydrate (HF/HC) diet. Observations suggest a link between degenerative aortic valve stenosis (AS) and atherosclerosis. Aortic valve stenosis has been successfully induced in animal models of extreme hypercholesterolemia, but these models are less relevant to humans. It is not known if a proatherogenic HF/HC diet without added cholesterol could have the same negative impacts. Forty C57BL/6J mice were divided into four groups: WT + normal diet, WT + HF/HC diet, LDLr-/- with a normal diet, and LDLr-/- with a HF/HC diet. Aortic valve function and histology were evaluated by echocardiography after four months. Wild-type mice on a HF/HC diet became mildly hypercholesterolemic, obese, and hyperglycemic. As expected, LDLr-/- mice became severely hypercholesterolemic. Both WT and LDLr-/- mice on a HF/HC diet displayed smaller valve areas and higher transvalvular velocities (p < 0.01) after four months. Aortic valve leaflets were thicker and infiltrated with lipids and macrophages in both HF/HC groups.\n\nQuestion:\nDoes a high fat/high carbohydrate diet induce aortic valve disease in C57BL/6J mice?\n\nAnswer:",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "yes",
"role": "assistant"
}
] | 0 |
Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.
| [
{
"content": "Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.\n\nContext:\nIn the 7,12-dimethylbenz[a]anthracene (DMBA) model of rat mammary carcinogenesis, microvascular density and angiogenic potential increase with progression from normal to invasive disease, but the mechanisms involved are unknown. Using RT-PCR, we determined the expression of angiogenic regulators in DMBA-induced intraductal hyperplasia (IDP), carcinoma in situ (CIS), invasive tumors (INV), as well as normal tissue. RT-PCR was performed on frozen tissue sections of each type of pathology for factors known to regulate angiogenesis in other systems. MMP-2, MMP-9, uPA, PAI-1, IGF-2, BFGF, VEGF, ANG-1, IRS-1, and TSP-1 were significantly (p < or =0.05) upregulated in CIS and INV, whereas TIMP-1, ANG-2, MASPIN, IGF1-R and HBEGF were unchanged. IGF-1 was uniquely elevated in IDP. SPARC was downregulated in CIS. Inhibition of IGF-1R by the tyrphostin, AG1024, blocked endothelial tubulogenesis in vitro, confirming that IGF-1 functions as a regulator of angiogenesis.\n\nQuestion:\nIs expression of angiogenic factors upregulated in DMBA-induced rat mammary pathologies?\n\nAnswer:",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "yes",
"role": "assistant"
}
] | 0 |
Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.
| [
{
"content": "Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.\n\nContext:\nThis study examined whether rumination, the tendency to passively and repeatedly dwell on negative events, mediated the relationship between peer alienation and eating disorder symptoms among adolescent girls. Participants included 101 girls (ages 10-14; 47% Hispanic, 24% African American) who completed questionnaires regarding peer relationships, symptoms of eating pathology, rumination, and depressive symptoms. Girls who reported experiencing more peer alienation reported a higher degree of pathological eating symptoms. The relationship between peer alienation and eating pathology was mediated by rumination, even after controlling for depressive symptoms.\n\nQuestion:\nDoes rumination mediate the relationship between peer alienation and eating pathology in young adolescent girls?\n\nAnswer:",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "yes",
"role": "assistant"
}
] | 0 |
Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.
| [
{
"content": "Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.\n\nContext:\nLarge full thickness skin defects caused by trauma or surgery require skin grafting, often in conjunction with dermal scaffolds such as INTEGRA(®). Due to the size and severity of these procedures, complications such as infection may occur. This can lead to poor healing outcomes. To identify early biomarkers of complications during INTEGRA(®) healing. Levels of EGF, TGF-β1, FGF-2, VEGF, IFN-α, GM-CSF, IL-4 and IL-8 were measured pre-surgery and at days 1, 7 and 25 post-surgery in peripheral blood of 15 pediatric patients treated with INTEGRA(®) for reconstructive procedures. The levels of these molecules were analysed with respect to the occurrence of complications. Complications (local infection) occurred in a group of 4 patients. This resulted in a reduced INTEGRA(®) take rate comparing to the group without complications (71.5±5.4% vs. 98.1±0.7%). In cases with complications there were significantly higher plasma concentrations of IL-4 and FGF-2 on day 7 (p=0.037 and p=0.008 respectively). Other markers were not significantly different between groups or at very low level at all time-points. WCC and CRP remained within normal ranges at all time-points.\n\nQuestion:\nAre changes in the plasma cytokine and growth factor profile associated with impaired healing in pediatric patients treated with INTEGRA® for reconstructive procedures?\n\nAnswer:",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "yes",
"role": "assistant"
}
] | 0 |
Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.
| [
{
"content": "Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.\n\nContext:\nTo test the hypothesis that somatosensory stimulation would enhance the effects of training functional hand tasks immediately after practice and 1 day later in chronic subcortical stroke patients. Single-blinded and randomized, crossover study. Human research laboratory. Nine chronic subcortical stroke patients. Three separate sessions of motor training preceded by (1) synchronous peripheral nerve stimulation (PNS), (2) no stimulation, or (3) asynchronous PNS. Time to complete the Jebsen-Taylor Hand Function Test (JTHFT time) and corticomotor excitability tested with transcranial magnetic stimulation. After familiarization practice, during which all patients reached a performance plateau, training under the effects of PNS reduced JTHFT time by 10% beyond the post-familiarization plateau. This behavioral gain was accompanied by a specific reduction in GABAergically mediated intracortical inhibition in the motor cortex. These findings were not observed after similar practice under the influence of no stimulation or asynchronous PNS sessions.\n\nQuestion:\nDoes somatosensory stimulation enhance the effects of training functional hand tasks in patients with chronic stroke?\n\nAnswer:",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "yes",
"role": "assistant"
}
] | 0 |
Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.
| [
{
"content": "Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.\n\nContext:\nLiver kinase B1 (LKB1) and its downstream effector AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) play critical roles in polarity establishment by regulating membrane trafficking and energy metabolism. In collagen sandwich-cultured hepatocytes, loss of LKB1 or AMPK impaired apical ABCB11 (Bsep) trafficking and bile canalicular formation. In the present study, we used liver-specific (albumin-Cre) LKB1 knockout mice (LKB1(-/-) ) to investigate the role of LKB1 in the maintenance of functional tight junction (TJ) in vivo. Transmission electron microscopy examination revealed that hepatocyte apical membrane with microvilli substantially extended into the basolateral domain of LKB1(-/-) livers. Immunofluorescence studies revealed that loss of LKB1 led to longer and wider canalicular structures correlating with mislocalization of the junctional protein, cingulin. To test junctional function, we used intravital microscopy to quantify the transport kinetics of 6-carboxyfluorescein diacetate (6-CFDA), which is processed in hepatocytes into its fluorescent derivative 6-carboxyfluorescein (6-CF) and secreted into the canaliculi. In LKB1(-/-) mice, 6-CF remained largely in hepatocytes, canalicular secretion was delayed, and 6-CF appeared in the blood. To test whether 6-CF was transported through permeable TJ, we intravenously injected low molecular weight (3 kDa) dextran in combination with 6-CFDA. In wild-type mice, 3 kDa dextran remained in the vasculature, whereas it rapidly appeared in the abnormal bile canaliculi in LKB1(-/-) mice, confirming that junctional disruption resulted in paracellular exchange between the blood stream and the bile canaliculus.\n\nQuestion:\nDoes liver kinase B1 regulate hepatocellular tight junction distribution and function in vivo?\n\nAnswer:",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "yes",
"role": "assistant"
}
] | 0 |
Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.
| [
{
"content": "Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.\n\nContext:\nTo study the suppressing effect of acetazolamide on tumor metastasis in vivo and observe the protein alteration of lung in mice bearing Lewis lung carcinoma. The functional role of aquaporin-1 (AQP1) was investigated in tumor tissues by SDS-PAGE and Western blot. The effect of acetazolamide on tumor metastasis was analyzed by Lewis-lung-carcinoma model. Differential protein was identified by SDS-PAGE, isoelectrofocusing (IEF) methods, and peptide mass fingerprinting (PMF). Acetazolamide (40 mg/kg/d po for 21 d) dramatically reduced the numbers of lung metastasis after sc inoculating Lewis lung carcinoma. The inhibition rate of lung metastases was 83.9 %. Simultaneously, the AQP1 protein level and actin-cytoplasmic in lungs containing metastatic tumor deposits were found to be higher than that in the normal tissue. After treated with acetazolamide for 21 d, the expression of AQP1 was obviously inhibited.\n\nQuestion:\nDoes acetazolamide suppress tumor metastasis and related protein expression in mice bearing Lewis lung carcinoma?\n\nAnswer:",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "yes",
"role": "assistant"
}
] | 0 |
Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.
| [
{
"content": "Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.\n\nContext:\nThe aim was to investigate assisted reproductive technology (ART) outcomes after routine use of EmbryoGlue(®) as a human embryo transfer (ET) medium with high concentration of hyaluronan (HA, hyaluronic acid). A cohort of total 229 patients was retrospectively enrolled for the present study. They were subjected for embryo transfer on day 2 either in EmbryoGlue(®) (n = 117) as study group or in conventional ET medium with low concentration of HA as control group (n = 112). Patients in the both groups, in regards to the mean level of day 3 FSH, the etiology of infertility, the history of implantation failure and the rate of good quality embryos showed similar characteristics. There were no significant differences between two groups in terms of clinical and ongoing pregnancies, implantation, delivery and live birth rates. In spite of a decreased abortion and increased multiple pregnancy rates in the study group compared to the control group (15.8 vs. 19 % and 20.6 vs. 15.6 respectively), the differences were not statistically significant.\n\nQuestion:\nDoes routine use of EmbryoGlue ( ® ) as embryo transfer medium improve the ART outcomes?\n\nAnswer:",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "no",
"role": "assistant"
}
] | 0 |
Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.
| [
{
"content": "Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.\n\nContext:\nTo investigate the relationship among angiogenic cytokines, inflammatory markers, and fibrinolytic activity in tuberculous pleural effusion (TBPE) and their clinical importance. Forty-two patients diagnosed with TBPE were studied. Based on chest ultrasonography, there were 26 loculated and 16 nonloculated TBPE patients. The effusion size radiological scores and effusion vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), interleukin- (IL-) 8, plasminogen activator inhibitor type-1 (PAI-1), and tissue type plasminogen activator (tPA) were measured. Treatment outcome and pleural fibrosis, defined as radiological residual pleural thickening (RPT), were assessed at 6-month follow-up. The effusion size and effusion lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), VEGF, IL-8, PAI-1, and PAI-1/tPA ratio were significantly higher, while effusion glucose, pH value, and tPA were significantly lower, in loculated than in nonloculated TBPE. VEGF and IL-8 correlated positively with LDH and PAI-1/tPA ratio and negatively with tPA in both loculated and nonloculated TBPE. Patients with higher VEGF or greater effusion size were prone to develop RPT (n=14; VEGF, odds ratio 1.28, P=0.01; effusion size, odds ratio 1.01, P=0.02), and VEGF was an independent predictor of RPT in TBPE (receiver operating characteristic curve AUC=0.985, P<0.001).\n\nQuestion:\nDoes vEGF correlate with inflammation and fibrosis in tuberculous pleural effusion?\n\nAnswer:",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "yes",
"role": "assistant"
}
] | 0 |
Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.
| [
{
"content": "Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.\n\nContext:\nCD133 has been suggested to be a cancer stem cell (CSC) marker in various types of cancers. The present study assessed the relationship between CD133 expression and clinicopathological features of gastric cancer. In addition, the prognostic value of CD133 for gastric cancer was evaluated. In total, 100 advanced gastric cancer patients who received curative gastrectomy and adjuvant chemotherapy were included. CD133 expression was determined by immunohistochemistry and clinicopathological results, including survival, were analyzed. CD133 was expressed in 23% of advanced gastric cancer patients (23/100). CD133 expression was significantly associated with serosal exposure (P = 0.036), venous invasion (P = 0.047), well and moderate differentiation (P = 0.002), and intestinal-type Lauren classification (P = 0.001). CD133-positive patients had a significantly worse 5-year disease-free (28.1% vs. 65.8%, P = 0.002) and overall (47.5% vs. 74.0%, P = 0.037) survival rate than those who were CD133-negative. A multivariate analysis suggested that CD133 expression significantly affected the 5-year disease-free and overall survival.\n\nQuestion:\nIs cD133 expression correlated with chemoresistance and early recurrence of gastric cancer?\n\nAnswer:",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "yes",
"role": "assistant"
}
] | 0 |
Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.
| [
{
"content": "Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.\n\nContext:\nNurses and physicians often describe critical care that is not expected to provide meaningful benefit to a patient as futile, and providing treatments perceived as futile is associated with moral distress. To explore concordance of physicians' and nurses' assessments of futile critical care. A focus group of clinicians developed a consensus definition of \"futile\" critical care. Daily for 3 months, critical care physicians and nurses in a health care system identified patients perceived to be receiving futile treatment. Assessments and patients' survival were compared between nurses and physicians. Nurses and physicians made 6254 shared assessments on 1086 patients. Nurses and physicians assessed approximately the same number of patients as receiving futile treatment (110 for nurses vs 113 for physicians, P = .82); however, concordance was low as to which patients were assessed as receiving futile treatment (κ = 0.46). The 110 patients categorized by nurses as receiving futile treatment had lower 6-month mortality than did the 113 patients so assessed by physicians (68% vs 85%, P = .005). Patients who were assessed as receiving futile treatment by both providers were more likely to die in the hospital than were patients assessed as receiving futile treatment by the nurse alone (76% vs 32%, P < .001) or by the physician alone (76% vs 57%, P = .04).\n\nQuestion:\nAre concordance of Nurses and Physicians on Whether Critical Care Patients Receiving Futile Treatment?\n\nAnswer:",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "yes",
"role": "assistant"
}
] | 0 |
Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.
| [
{
"content": "Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.\n\nContext:\nTo investigate the role of Th17/Treg unbalance in the pathogenesis of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE). EAE was modeled in mice and the number of regulatory T cells (Tregs) in spleen of EAE mice was detected by flow cytometry. The expressions of Foxp3 and RoR-γt mRNA in the spleen of EAE mice and IL-17 mRNA in the brain of EAE mice were evaluated by real-time quantitative PCR and the levels of IL-6, TGF-β and IL-17 in the serum of EAE mice were examined by ELISA. Compared with control group, the number of CD4(+)CD25(+) Foxp3(+) Tregs and the expression of Foxp3 mRNA in the spleen of EAE mice dramatically decreased in the early and peak stage of EAE (P<0.05), but increased in chronic stage of EAE (P<0.05); the RoR-γt mRNA expression from mouse spleen at the early stage of EAE was significant raised (P<0.05), but was not significantly different at the peak and chronic stage of EAE from that in control group (P>0.05). The levels of IL-6 and TGF-β in the serum of EAE group dramatically increased compared with control group (P<0.05). With the development of EAE, the level of IL-6 gradually decreased, and there was no statistical difference in the chronic stage of EAE compared with control group (P>0.05). However, the level of TGF-β was higher than that in control group in the chronic stage of EAE (P<0.05). Compared with those in control group, the concentration of IL-17A and the expression of IL-17 mRNA dramatically increased in different stages of EAE group, especially in peak stage (P<0.05).\n\nQuestion:\nIs [ Th17/Treg unbalance involved in the pathogenesis of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis ]?\n\nAnswer:",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "yes",
"role": "assistant"
}
] | 0 |
Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.
| [
{
"content": "Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.\n\nContext:\nDuring erythrocytic schizogony, Plasmodium falciparum interacts with the human erythrocyte membrane when it enters into, grows within and escapes from the erythrocyte. An interaction between the P. falciparum M18 aspartyl aminopeptidase (PfM18AAP) and the human erythrocyte membrane protein spectrin was recently identified using phage display technology. In this study, recombinant (r) PfM18AAP was characterized and the interaction between the enzyme and spectrin, as well as other erythrocyte membrane proteins, analyzed. rPfM18AAP was produced as a hexahistidine-fusion protein in Escherichia coli and purified using magnetic bead technology. The pI of the enzyme was determined by two-dimensional gel electrophoresis and the number of subunits in the native enzyme was estimated from Ferguson plots. The enzymatic activity over a pH and temperature range was tested by a coupled enzyme assay. Blot overlays were performed to validate the spectrin-PfM18AAP interaction, as well as identify additional interactions between the enzyme and other erythrocyte membrane proteins. Sequence analysis identified conserved amino acids that are expected to be involved in cofactor binding, substrate cleavage and quaternary structure stabilization. rPfM18AAP has a molecular weight of ~67 kDa and the enzyme separated as three entities with pI 6.6, 6.7 and 6.9. Non-denaturing gel electrophoresis indicated that rPfM18AAP aggregated into oligomers. An in vitro coupled enzyme assay showed that rPfM18AAP cleaved an N-terminal aspartate from a tripeptide substrate with maximum enzymatic activity at pH 7.5 and 37 degrees C. The spectrin-binding region of PfM18AAP is not found in Homo sapiens, Saccharomyces cerevisiae and otherPlasmodium species homologues. Amino acids expected to be involved in cofactor binding, substrate cleavage and quaternary structure stabilization, are conserved. Blot overlays with rPfM18AAP against spectrin and erythrocyte membrane proteins indicated that rPfM18AAP binds to spectrin, as well as to protein 4.1, protein 4.2, actin and glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase.\n\nQuestion:\nDoes the M18 aspartyl aminopeptidase of Plasmodium falciparum bound to human erythrocyte spectrin in vitro?\n\nAnswer:",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "yes",
"role": "assistant"
}
] | 0 |
Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.
| [
{
"content": "Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.\n\nContext:\nThe genetic polymorphism with an isoleucine-to-methionine substitution at position 148 (rs738409 C>G) in the patatin-like phospholipase domain protein 3 (PNPLA3) gene confers risk of steatosis. PNPLA3 polymorphism is shown to be associated with alcoholic liver disease (ALD). We performed a systematic review and meta-analysis to examine association of this genetic polymorphism with ALD spectrum and its severity. Medline, Embase, and Cochrane Library were searched for studies on association of PNPLA3 polymorphism and ALD spectrum: alcoholic fatty liver (AFL), alcoholic liver injury (ALI), alcoholic cirrhosis (AC), and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Pooled data are reported as odds ratio (OR) with 95% confidence interval. Heterogeneity was assessed using the I(2) statistics and publication bias using Egger's test and Begg and Mazumdar's test. Individual participant data obtained from five studies were used for subgroup analyses. Among 10 studies included in this pooled analysis, compared with controls, OR for rs738409 CG and GG among ALI patients was 1.45 (1.24-1.69) and 2.22 (1.50-3.28), respectively, compared with CC. Respective OR among AC patients was 2.09 (1.79-2.44) and 3.37 (2.49-4.58) and among AC patients with HCC was 2.87 (1.61-5.10) and 12.41 (6.99-22.03). Data for AFL were inconsistent. Among ALD patients, OR of CG and GG genotypes was 2.62 (1.73-3.97) and 8.45 (2.52-28.37), respectively, for AC compared with fatty liver (FL) patients. Similar OR for AC compared with ALI was 1.98 (1.24-3.17) and 3.86 (1.18-12.60). The OR for CG and GG genotypes among AC patients for HCC occurrence was 1.43 (0.76-2.72) and 2.81 (1.57-5.01), respectively. Individual participant data analysis showed age to predispose to AC among ALI patients.\n\nQuestion:\nDoes pNPLA3 Gene Polymorphism be Associated With Predisposition to and Severity of Alcoholic Liver Disease?\n\nAnswer:",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "yes",
"role": "assistant"
}
] | 0 |
Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.
| [
{
"content": "Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.\n\nContext:\nVascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) is one of the most potent angiogenic mitogens specific for vascular endothelial cells. It also induces vascular hyperpermeability and protein leakage into the extracellular space. Leukotriene D(4) (LTD(4)), one of the cysteinyl leukotrienes (CysLTs), is known to be one of the key molecules of allergic inflammation. The interaction between LTD(4) and VEGF production in human monocytes/macrophages is not well characterized. We examined VEGF production by THP-1 cells, a human monocytic leukemia cell line, and human peripheral blood CD14+monocytes/macrophages stimulated with LTD(4) and/or tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α). We also determined the inhibitory effects of pranlukast, a CysLT(1) receptor antagonist, on VEGF production by LTD(4) stimulation. LTD(4) significantly induced VEGF production and enhanced TNF-α-induced VEGF release in THP-1 cells and human peripheral blood CD14+monocytes/macrophages. VEGF mRNA expression was also induced by stimulation of THP-1 cells with LTD(4) and TNF-α. In addition, 10(-7)-10(-10)M pranlukast completely inhibited VEGF production enhanced by LTD(4). The 50% inhibitory concentration (IC50) for VEGF production in THP-1 cells was 10(-10)-10(-11)M.\n\nQuestion:\nDoes leukotriene D4 enhance tumor necrosis factor-α-induced vascular endothelial growth factor production in human monocytes/macrophages?\n\nAnswer:",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "yes",
"role": "assistant"
}
] | 0 |
Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.
| [
{
"content": "Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.\n\nContext:\nThe voltage gated sodium channel Na(v) 1.8 has a highly restricted expression pattern to predominantly nociceptive peripheral sensory neurones. Behaviourally Na(v) 1.8-null mice show an increased acute pain threshold to noxious mechanical pressure and also deficits in inflammatory and visceral, but not neuropathic pain. Here we have made in vivo electrophysiology recordings of dorsal horn neurones in intact anaesthetised Na(v) 1.8-null mice, in response to a wide range of stimuli to further the understanding of the functional roles of Na(v) 1.8 in pain transmission from the periphery to the spinal cord. Na(v) 1.8-null mice showed marked deficits in the coding by dorsal horn neurones to mechanical, but not thermal, -evoked responses over the non-noxious and noxious range compared to littermate controls. Additionally, responses evoked to other stimulus modalities were also significantly reduced in Na(v) 1.8-null mice where the reduction observed to pinch > brush. The occurrence of ongoing spontaneous neuronal activity was significantly less in mice lacking Na(v) 1.8 compared to control. No difference was observed between groups in the evoked activity to electrical activity of the peripheral receptive field.\n\nQuestion:\nDo na ( v ) 1.8-null mice show stimulus-dependent deficits in spinal neuronal activity?\n\nAnswer:",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "yes",
"role": "assistant"
}
] | 0 |
Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.
| [
{
"content": "Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.\n\nContext:\nFew studies have reported on the relative ratio between the depths to which acupuncture needles are inserted in therapy (therapeutic depth) and safety depth (the distance from the surface of the skin of the acupoint to the transverse fascia). This ratio may be of clinical importance because it may have an impact on the safety and the therapeutic effectiveness of acupuncture. We retrospectively studied children aged 7 to 15 years who underwent abdominal computed tomography (CT) at our hospital during the period January 1997-March 2006. Twelve (12) abdominal acupuncture points (CV-3, CV-4, CV-6, CV-10, CV-12, CV-14, KI-12, ST-24, ST-25, SP-15, LV-13, and LV-4) were measured directly on the CT images. The ratio between the therapeutic depth and safe depth of the 12 abdominal acupoints with factors sex, body weight, age, and waist girths were analyzed by one-way analysis of variance and multiple linear regression analysis. A total of 204 patients were included in this study. There was no significant difference in the therapeutic depth over safety depth ratio (T/S ratio) between genders. The T/S ratio of these 12 acupuncture points ranged from 0.67 to 0.88 and increased significantly with body weight, age, and waist girth (p < 0.001).\n\nQuestion:\nDoes the therapeutic depth of abdominal acupuncture points approach the safe depth in overweight and in older children?\n\nAnswer:",
"role": "user"
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{
"content": "yes",
"role": "assistant"
}
] | 0 |
Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.
| [
{
"content": "Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.\n\nContext:\nAn elevated preoperative C-reactive protein/albumin (CRP/Alb) ratio has been reported to be associated with a poor prognosis for hepatocellular carcinoma. The aim of the present study was to investigate the prognostic value of the preoperative CRP/Alb ratio and compare it with other systemic inflammatory response markers in patients with gastric cancer (GC). A retrospective study was performed in 455 patients with GC undergoing curative resection. We investigated the correlations between the preoperative CRP/Alb ratio and overall survival (OS). Kaplan-Meier and Cox regression models were used to assess independent prognostic factors. The area under the curve was used to compare the prognostic value of different markers. On multivariate analysis, the CRP/Alb ratio were independently associated with OS in patients with GC (hazard ratio: 1.626; 95% confidence interval: 1.191-2.219; P = .002), along with age (P = .003), preoperative body weight loss (P = .001), tumor location (P = .008), metastatic lymph node ratio (P < .001), and seventh tumor-nodes-metastasis stage (American Joint Committee on Cancer) (P = .007). However, several other systemic inflammation-based prognostic scores (neutrophil lymphocyte ratio, platelet lymphocyte ratio and systemic immune-inflammation index, Glasgow Prognostic Score, modified Glasgow prognostic score, and high-sensitivity modified Glasgow prognostic score) were not. In addition, the CRP/Alb ratio had a higher area under the curve value (0.625) compared with several other systemic inflammation-based prognostic scores (P < .001).\n\nQuestion:\nDoes preoperative C-Reactive Protein/Albumin Ratio predict Prognosis of Patients after Curative Resection for Gastric Cancer?\n\nAnswer:",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "yes",
"role": "assistant"
}
] | 0 |
Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.
| [
{
"content": "Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.\n\nContext:\nOur objective was to assess whether there is an association between the presence of allelic variants of the gene for cytochrome P450 (CYP) 2C9 and anticoagulation problems during the initial 3 to 6 months of acenocoumarol treatment. A prospective follow-up study was performed at 2 anticoagulation clinics in the Netherlands. Included subjects started with a standard dose regimen as follows: 6 mg on the first day, 4 mg on the second day, and 2 mg on the third day. CYP2C9 genotypes were assessed, and data on international normalized ratio (INR), comedication, and comorbidity were collected. The CYP2C9 genotype of 231 subjects was assessed. Of these, 147 (63.6%) were wild-type subjects (CYP2C9*1/*1), 38 (16.5%) were carriers of CYP2C9*2, and 46 (19.9%) were carriers of CYP2C9*3. Compared with wild-type subjects, carriers of the CYP2C9*3 allele had (1) a lower chance to achieve stability in the first 6 months of therapy (hazard ratio, 0.62; 95% confidence interval, 0.42-0.91; P <.05) and (2) an increased risk of severe overanticoagulation (INR >6.0) (hazard ratio, 3.80; 95% confidence interval, 1.54-9.39; P <.01). For both outcomes, there was no significant difference between carriers of the CYP2C9*2 allele and wild-type subjects.\n\nQuestion:\nIs acenocoumarol stabilization delayed in CYP2C93 carriers?\n\nAnswer:",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "yes",
"role": "assistant"
}
] | 0 |
Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.
| [
{
"content": "Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.\n\nContext:\nErythropoietin (EPO) is a cytokine that regulates the proliferation, differentiation, and survival of erythroid progenitor cells. EPO has recently been demonstrated to have a tissue-protective role by mediating anti-apoptotic signals through the erythropoietin receptor (EPOR) in various tissues, including brain, liver, and heart. We have previously examined pancreatic β-cell line NIT-1 cells for the expression of EPOR by real-time PCR and determined that these cells were protected by EPO against cytokine-induced apoptosis. The precise underlying anti-apoptotic mechanisms in pancreatic β-cells are poorly understood. The purpose of this study is to examine erythropoietin receptor expression in the NIT-1 pancreatic beta-cell line and the intracellular pathway related with its anti-apoptosis effect in NIT-1 cells. we examined the expression of EPOR by western blot. We investigate the role of erythropoietin in the survival of these cells, and whether the PI3K/AKT pathway is involved in this protective process. NIT-1 cells expressed EPOR and, in the presence of certain cytokines, exposure of NIT-1 cells to recombinant human erythropoietin (rhEPO) significantly improved the impaired insulin secretion and inhibited cytokine-induced apoptosis. RhEPO caused a rapid activation of Akt and increased expression of Bcl-2. The protective anti-apoptotic effect of rhEPO was significantly abolished by a specific phosphatidylinositol 3-kiniase (PI3K) inhibitor, LY294002.\n\nQuestion:\nDoes erythropoietin protect pancreatic β-cell line NIT-1 cells against cytokine-induced apoptosis via phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase/Akt signaling?\n\nAnswer:",
"role": "user"
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{
"content": "yes",
"role": "assistant"
}
] | 0 |
Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.
| [
{
"content": "Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.\n\nContext:\nPosttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is a complex disorder associated with an intricate biological and psychological symptom profile and various common comorbidities. Despite an existing myriad of evidence-based and experimental treatments, PTSD is often difficult to treat. This reality necessitates a discussion of the potential of emerging treatments. A literature search using PubMed and PsychInfo was done using the following keywords: randomized clinical trials, treatment guidelines, pharmacotherapy and psychotherapy, all in addition to PTSD. A comprehensive treatment review establishes that early intervention approaches have not yet been found to prevent PTSD in trauma survivors. However, psychotherapy research provides substantial support for cognitive behavioral therapies and eye movement desensitization and reprocessing for chronic PTSD, and psychopharmacological approaches are myriad - although at present there is FDA approval only for sertraline and paroxetine. However, the efficacy of these treatments varies and, unfortunately, not everyone will achieve remission.\n\nQuestion:\nDoes new approach to combining pharmacotherapy and psychotherapy for posttraumatic stress disorder?\n\nAnswer:",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "yes",
"role": "assistant"
}
] | 0 |
Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.
| [
{
"content": "Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.\n\nContext:\nThere is conflicting data as to whether obesity is an independent risk factor for mortality in severe pandemic (H1N1) 2009 influenza (A(H1N1)pdm09). It is postulated that excess inflammation and cytokine production in obese patients following severe influenza infection leads to viral pneumonitis and/or acute respiratory distress syndrome. Demographic, laboratory and clinical data prospectively collected from obese and non-obese patients admitted to nine adult Australian intensive care units (ICU) during the first A(H1N1)pdm09 wave, supplemented with retrospectively collected data, were compared. Of 173 patients, 100 (57.8%), 73 (42.2%) and 23 (13.3%) had body mass index (BMI) <30 kg/m(2), ≥30 kg/m(2) (obese) and ≥40 kg/m(2) (morbidly obese) respectively. Compared to non-obese patients, obese patients were younger (mean age 43.4 vs. 48.4 years, p = 0.035) and more likely to develop pneumonitis (61% vs. 44%, p = 0.029). Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation use was greater in morbidly obese compared to non-obese patients (17.4% vs. 4.7%, p = 0.04). Higher mortality rates were observed in non-obese compared to obese patients, but not after adjusting for severity of disease. C-reactive protein (CRP) levels and hospital length of stay (LOS) were similar. Amongst ICU survivors, obese patients had longer ICU LOS (median 11.9 vs. 6.8 days, p = 0.017). Similar trends were observed when only patients infected with A(H1N1)pdm09 were examined.\n\nQuestion:\nIs viral pneumonitis increased in obese patients during the first wave of pandemic A ( H1N1 ) 2009 virus?\n\nAnswer:",
"role": "user"
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{
"content": "yes",
"role": "assistant"
}
] | 0 |
Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.
| [
{
"content": "Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.\n\nContext:\nManagement of antiplatelet therapy at the time of device implantation remains controversial. This study aimed to assess the risk of bleeding complications in patients receiving clopidogrel at the time of cardiac device surgery. We performed a retrospective case-control study. Between 2004 and 2010, 101 consecutive patients receiving clopidogrel underwent cardiac device surgery (pacemaker or implantable cardioverter-defibrillator implantation, and generator replacement) in our institution. Controls were 1:1 matched on age, sex, device, type of procedure, number of leads implanted, and venous approach (cephalic or subclavian). A significant bleeding complication was defined as pocket hematoma requiring surgical evacuation or prolonged hospitalization, hemothorax, pericardial effusion, or tamponade. Bleeding complications occurred more frequently in patients receiving clopidogrel at the time of device procedure: 11.9% versus 4.0% (P = 0.037; odds radio [OR] 3.27 [1.02-10.5]). Significant bleeding complications were noted in 12 patients (11.9%) receiving clopidogrel, including two patients with pericardial effusion and one patient with hemothorax. Four controls (4.0%) had bleeding complications (three pocket hematomas and one pericardial effusion). The single factor associated with increased bleeding complications in patients receiving clopidogrel was subclavian puncture (P = 0.008). In the entire cohort (n = 202), multivariate analysis identified two independent predictors of significant bleeding complications: clopidogrel treatment at the time of surgery (P = 0.03; OR 3.7 [1.1-12.6]) and subclavian venous puncture (P = 0.03; OR 3.44 [1.1-10.4]).\n\nQuestion:\nDoes clopidogrel increase bleeding complications in patients undergoing heart rhythm device procedures?\n\nAnswer:",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "yes",
"role": "assistant"
}
] | 0 |
Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.
| [
{
"content": "Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.\n\nContext:\nIn anorexia nervosa (AN) patients immunologic alterations are known, although their clinical significance remains a matter of debate. Currently, no recommendation can be given on the safety and immunogenicity of indicated vaccinations in this malnourished population. In this exploratory study, 10 AN patients' (eight female, two male, mean age 31.1 years, SD 16.3 years; mean BMI 14.8 kg/m(2), SD 1.6 kg/m(2)) antibody levels against H1N1 influenza were measured before vaccination, and were followed-up for two and three weeks after vaccination. They were compared with the immunological response in normal weight population, as reported in the literature. Clinical and socio-demographical data were collected. In the AN group, H1N1 vaccination showed to be sufficiently immunogenic and safe, comparable to published data of normal weight population.\n\nQuestion:\nDoes immunogenicity and safety of H1N1 vaccination in anorexia nervosa -- result from a pilot study?\n\nAnswer:",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "yes",
"role": "assistant"
}
] | 0 |
Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.
| [
{
"content": "Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.\n\nContext:\nThe precision of the metaphase-anaphase transition ensures stable genetic inheritance. The spindle checkpoint blocks anaphase onset until the last chromosome biorients at metaphase plate, then the bonds between sister chromatids are removed and disjoined chromatids segregate to the spindle poles. But, how sister separation is triggered is not fully understood. We identify PIASgamma as a human E3 sumo ligase required for timely and efficient sister chromatid separation. In cells lacking PIASgamma, normal metaphase plates form, but the spindle checkpoint is activated, leading to a prolonged metaphase block. Sister chromatids remain cohered even if cohesin is removed by depletion of hSgo1, because DNA catenations persist at centromeres. PIASgamma-depleted cells cannot properly localize Topoisomerase II at centromeres or in the cores of mitotic chromosomes, providing a functional link between PIASgamma and Topoisomerase II.\n\nQuestion:\nIs pIASgamma required for faithful chromosome segregation in human cells?\n\nAnswer:",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "yes",
"role": "assistant"
}
] | 0 |
Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.
| [
{
"content": "Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.\n\nContext:\nCritically ill patients including trauma patients are at high risk of urinary tract infection (UTI). The composition of urine in trauma patients may be modified due to inflammation, systemic stress, rhabdomyolysis, life support treatment and/or urinary catheter insertion. Prospective, single-centre, observational study conducted in patients with severe trauma and without a history of UTIs or recent antibiotic treatment. The 24-hour urine samples were collected on the first and the fifth days and the growth of Escherichia coli in urine from patients and healthy volunteers was compared. Biochemical and hormonal modifications in urine that could potentially influence bacterial growth were explored. Growth of E. coli in urine from trauma patients was significantly higher on days 1 and 5 than in urine of healthy volunteers. Several significant modifications of urine composition could explain these findings. On days 1 and 5, trauma patients had an increase in glycosuria, in urine iron concentration, and in the concentrations of several amino acids compared to healthy volunteers. On day 1, the urinary osmotic pressure was significantly lower than for healthy volunteers.\n\nQuestion:\nDo changes in urine composition after trauma facilitate bacterial growth?\n\nAnswer:",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "yes",
"role": "assistant"
}
] | 0 |
Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.
| [
{
"content": "Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.\n\nContext:\nto investigate the effects of Vitamin D calcitriol/1,25(OH)2D3 on NETosis in systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) patients with hypovitamin D. neutrophlis of five SLE patients with hypovitamin D were divided into 4 groups, P0 (0 nM/control), P1 (1 nM), P2 (10 nM), and P3 (100 nM) as cultured samples. Phorbol Myristate Acetate (PMA) was used to stimulate NETs formation. The supernatant was separated and cocultured with HUVECs. Externalization of Neutrophil Elastase (NE) and Myeloperoxidase (MPO) during NETosis was measured by immunofluorescence and ELISA respectively. Early and late apoptosis of endothelial cell was measured by flowcytometry using cell death kit (Annexin V and PI antibody). this study showed significant decrease in early apoptosis with 10 nM of 1,25(OH)2D3 compared to control group. Significance of NE externalization found in all treatment groups (p<0.05), while MPO absorbance in the same tendency but not statistically significant. Further analysis also found a moderate positive correlation between NE externalizations with early apoptosis.\n\nQuestion:\nDoes vitamin D prevent endothelial damage induced by increased neutrophil extracellular traps formation in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus?\n\nAnswer:",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "yes",
"role": "assistant"
}
] | 0 |
Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.
| [
{
"content": "Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.\n\nContext:\nCognitive models propose that anxiety disorders are associated with an attentional bias toward potentially threatening stimuli. In this study, it was analyzed whether patients with obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) show enhanced responses of their event-related brain potentials to novel stimuli, either in a context of potential threat or in a neutral context. In this study, 20 OCD patients and 20 matched healthy control subjects performed a visual recognition task during which irrelevant repeated standard sounds and unitary novel sounds were interspersed. As expected, OCD patients showed an increase in the novelty-P3 amplitude elicited by unitary novel sounds. However, no effect of emotional context conditions was observed.\n\nQuestion:\nIs auditory novelty processing enhanced in obsessive-compulsive disorder?\n\nAnswer:",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "yes",
"role": "assistant"
}
] | 0 |
Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.
| [
{
"content": "Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.\n\nContext:\nGestational zinc deficiency has been confirmed to impair the infant immune function. However, knowledge about effects of maternal mild zinc deficiency during pregnancy on hepatitis B vaccine responsiveness in offspring is limited. In this report, we aimed to examine how maternal zinc deficiency during pregnancy influences humoral and cellular immune responses to hepatitis B vaccination in offspring of BALB/c mice. From day 1 of pregnancy upon delivery, maternal mice were given a standard diet (30 mg/kg/day zinc), zinc deficient diet (8 mg/kg/day zinc), or combination of zinc deficient diet (8 mg/kg/day zinc in the first 2 weeks of gestation) and zinc supplement diet (150 mg/kg/day zinc for the last week of pregnancy), respectively. Newborn pups of these maternal mice were immunized with hepatitis B vaccine at postnatal weeks 0, 2 and 4. Then, splenocytes and blood samples from the offspring mice were harvested for detection of serum zinc concentrations, humoral and cell-mediated immune responses, expression of cytokines using ELISA, CCK-8 and flow cytometric analysis. Results from the present study demonstrated that gestational zinc deficiency inhibited antibody responses, and decreased the proliferative capacity of T cells in offsprings immunized with hepatitis B vaccine. Additionally, HBsAg-specific cytokines analysis revealed that gestational zinc deficiency could inhibit secretion of IFN-γ from splenocytes, and decrease IFN-γ expression of CD4(+) and CD8(+) T cells.\n\nQuestion:\nDoes gestational zinc deficiency impair humoral and cellular immune responses to hepatitis B vaccination in offspring mice?\n\nAnswer:",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "yes",
"role": "assistant"
}
] | 0 |
Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.
| [
{
"content": "Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.\n\nContext:\nThe pathogenesis of insulin resistance involves dysregulated gene expression and function in multiple cell types, including endothelial cells (ECs). Post-transcriptional mechanisms such as microRNA-mediated regulation of gene expression could affect insulin action by modulating EC function. To determine whether microRNA-181b (miR-181b) affects the pathogenesis of insulin resistance by regulating EC function in white adipose tissue during obesity. MiR-181b expression was reduced in adipose tissue ECs of obese mice, and rescue of miR-181b expression improved glucose homeostasis and insulin sensitivity. Systemic intravenous delivery of miR-181b robustly accumulated in adipose tissue ECs, enhanced insulin-mediated Akt phosphorylation at Ser473, and reduced endothelial dysfunction, an effect that shifted macrophage polarization toward an M2 anti-inflammatory phenotype in epididymal white adipose tissue. These effects were associated with increased endothelial nitric oxide synthase and FoxO1 phosphorylation as well as nitric oxide activity in epididymal white adipose tissue. In contrast, miR-181b did not affect insulin-stimulated Akt phosphorylation in liver and skeletal muscle. Bioinformatics and gene profiling approaches revealed that Pleckstrin homology domain leucine-rich repeat protein phosphatase, a phosphatase that dephosphorylates Akt at Ser473, is a novel target of miR-181b. Knockdown of Pleckstrin homology domain leucine-rich repeat protein phosphatase increased Akt phosphorylation at Ser473 in ECs, and phenocopied miR-181b's effects on glucose homeostasis, insulin sensitivity, and inflammation of epididymal white adipose tissue in vivo. Finally, ECs from diabetic subjects exhibited increased Pleckstrin homology domain leucine-rich repeat protein phosphatase expression.\n\nQuestion:\nDoes microRNA-181b improve Glucose Homeostasis and Insulin Sensitivity by Regulating Endothelial Function in White Adipose Tissue?\n\nAnswer:",
"role": "user"
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{
"content": "yes",
"role": "assistant"
}
] | 0 |
Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.
| [
{
"content": "Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.\n\nContext:\nWe determined the contribution of the desmosomal cadherin desmoglein-2 to cell-cell cohesion in cardiomyocytes. In the intercalated disc, providing mechanical strength and electrical communication between adjacent cardiomyocytes, desmoglein-2 is closely associated with N-cadherin and gap junctions. We studied intercalated discs of HL-1 cardiomyocytes by immunostaining of desmoglein-2 and N-cadherin. Cohesion was measured using a liberase-based dissociation-assay and compared with cell-free single-molecule atomic force microscopy measurements. L-tryptophan caused irregular desmoglein-2 condensation, weakened cell-cell cohesion and impaired both homophilic desmoglein-2 and N-cadherin trans-interaction, whereas l-phenylalanine had no effect. L-tryptophan did not affect N-cadherin localization and its inhibitory effect on cell-cohesion and desmoglein-2 binding, but not on N-cadherin interaction, was blocked by a desmoglein-specific tandem peptide. Moreover, Ca(2+)-depletion, desmoglein-2 knockdown, a desmoglein-specific single peptide and certain desmoglein-2 mutations associated with arrhythmogenic cardiomyopathy reduced cell-cell cohesion, whereas cell adhesion was strengthened by desmoglein-2 overexpression. Since single peptide did not interfere with N-cadherin trans-interaction, these data indicate that (i) desmoglein-2 binding is crucial for cardiomyocyte cohesion and (ii) L-tryptophan reduced both desmoglein-2 and N-cadherin binding, whereas single and tandem peptide can be used to specifically target desmoglein-2-mediated adhesion. L-tryptophan and single peptide also induced ultrastructural alterations of areae compositae. Functional analyses at the organ level revealed reduced cardiomyocyte function and inefficient response to adrenergic stimulation in both L-tryptophan- and single peptide-challenged murine Langendorff hearts paralleled by redistribution of connexin 43 in L-tryptophan-treated heart slices.\n\nQuestion:\nIs desmoglein-2 interaction crucial for cardiomyocyte cohesion and function?\n\nAnswer:",
"role": "user"
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{
"content": "yes",
"role": "assistant"
}
] | 0 |
Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.
| [
{
"content": "Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.\n\nContext:\nAngiotensin (Ang) II, a major regulatory factor for left ventricular mass, is generated from Ang I by ACE. ACE levels are associated with an insertion/deletion (I/D) polymorphism in the ACE gene. The ACE polymorphism should result in varied Ang II concentrations and hence affect left ventricular mass. We therefore investigated whether ACE genotype is a predictor of heart weight. From 693 consecutive patients autopsied between 1994 and 1998 in our hospital, patients with valvular disease, myocardial infarction, or cardiomyopathy were excluded. The remaining 443 autopsy patients were the subjects of our study. The heart weight at autopsy was corrected for body surface area. Genomic DNA was purified from the kidney, and ACE genotype was determined by polymerase chain reaction. Heart weight in the DD genotype (249. 9+/-49.9 g/m(2)) was significantly higher than that in the ID (230. 0+/-51.2 g/m(2); P<0.05) and II (226.8+/-49.8 g/m(2); P<0.01) genotypes. Heart weight was also positively related to age (r=0.145, P<0.0001) and coronary stenosis index (r=0.147, P=0.0019). Multiple regression analysis showed that a history of hypertension (P<0.0001), age (P=0.0001), and DD genotype (P=0.0154) were independent predictors of heart weight.\n\nQuestion:\nDoes insertion/deletion polymorphism in the angiotensin-converting enzyme gene affect heart weight?\n\nAnswer:",
"role": "user"
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{
"content": "yes",
"role": "assistant"
}
] | 0 |
Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.
| [
{
"content": "Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.\n\nContext:\nThe underlying mechanisms of steatosis, the first stage of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) that is characterized by the accumulation of lipids in hepatocytes, remain unclear. Our study aimed to investigate the hypothesis that cigarette smoke is known to change circulating lipid profiles and thus may also contribute to the accumulation of lipids in the liver. Mice and cultured hepatocytes were exposed to sidestream whole smoke (SSW), a major component of \"second-hand\" smoke and a variety of cellular and molecular approaches were used to study the effects of cigarette smoke on lipid metabolism. SSW increases lipid accumulation in hepatocytes by modulating the activity of 5'-AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) and sterol response element binding protein-1 (SREBP-1), two critical molecules involved in lipid synthesis. SSW causes dephosphorylation/ inactivation of AMPK, which contributes to increased activation of SREBP-1. These changes of activity lead to accumulation of triglycerides in hepatocytes.\n\nQuestion:\nDoes second-hand smoke stimulate lipid accumulation in the liver by modulating AMPK and SREBP-1?\n\nAnswer:",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "yes",
"role": "assistant"
}
] | 0 |
Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.
| [
{
"content": "Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.\n\nContext:\nRecent advances in antiretroviral therapy have led to effective but increasingly complex strategies for the treatment of HIV infection. In a previous study, we demonstrated that physicians' experience in the care of patients with AIDS improves survival. We conducted this study to determine whether greater physician experience is associated with earlier adoption and appropriate use of new antiretroviral treatment regimens. Retrospective medical record review of a population-based sample of HIV-infected individuals who received antiretroviral treatment between December 1995 and May 1997 by primary care physicians practicing throughout the state of Washington. We classified antiretroviral regimens observed into one of four categories based on national treatment guidelines. The use of new antiretroviral treatment regimens significantly increased during the study period; 22% of patients were treated with a protease inhibitor (PI)-based regimen or an alternative PI- or nonnucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor (NNRTI)-based regimen between December 1995 and November 1996, compared with 57% between April and May 1997 (p < .001). After controlling for CD4 count and the calendar period of treatment, patients cared for by physicians with greater HIV experience were significantly more likely to receive PI-based regimens or alternative PI- or NNRTI-based antiretroviral regimens (p = .02). Use of PI-based regimens was also associated with lower CD4 count (p < .001) and treatment after January 1997 (p = .02), but independent of patient demographic characteristics and the geographic location of physicians' practices.\n\nQuestion:\nIs physician experience in the care of HIV-infected persons associated with earlier adoption of new antiretroviral therapy?\n\nAnswer:",
"role": "user"
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{
"content": "yes",
"role": "assistant"
}
] | 0 |
Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.
| [
{
"content": "Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.\n\nContext:\nTreatment of chronic skin wounds is difficult and largely ineffective. Little improvement has been shown in promoting the healing of these wounds in the past few decades. Innovative treatments to enhance chronic wound healing process are therefore needed. In this study, we examined the efficacy of angiopoietin-1 gene-modified bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (Ang1-MSCs) on the promotion of cutaneous wound healing in rats. Excisional full-thickness wounds were treated with Ang1-MSCs, a recombinant adenovirus encoding angiopoietin-1 (Ad-Ang1), unmodified bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs), or vehicle medium (sham). The results showed that Ang1-MSCs significantly promoted wound healing with increased epidermal and dermal regeneration, and enhanced angiogenesis compared with MSCs, Ad-Ang1 or sham treatment. Moreover, Ang1-MSCs expressed CD31 in the wound, suggesting a direct contribution of Ang1-MSCs to angiogenesis.\n\nQuestion:\nDo mesenchymal stem cells modified with angiopoietin-1 gene promote wound healing?\n\nAnswer:",
"role": "user"
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{
"content": "yes",
"role": "assistant"
}
] | 0 |
Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.
| [
{
"content": "Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.\n\nContext:\nTetrahydrobiopterin (BH4), an essential cofactor for the synthesis of NO, improves endothelial dysfunction after ischemia/reperfusion. Therefore, we hypothesized that reduction of BH4 is involved in the attenuation of endothelium-dependent vasodilation in atherosclerosis, and we investigated the effect of alterations of the BH4 level on the vasodilatory potential of coronary resistance vessels from humans and pigs with atherosclerosis. Coronary arterioles were obtained from patients undergoing CABG (atherosclerosis group) or valve replacement (control group) and from pigs fed either a standard diet (control group) or atherogenic diet (atherosclerosis group). After isolation, vessels were cannulated, pressurized, and placed on the stage of an inverted microscope. Dose-response curves were investigated in response to the endothelium-dependent agonists histamine, serotonin, and acetylcholine (for pigs, substance P) and to the endothelium-independent agonist sodium nitroprusside (SNP) under control conditions and before and after incubation of the vessels with sepiapterin (substrate for BH4 synthesis). In vessels from patients and from animals with atherosclerosis, compared with vessels from the control groups, there was a significant (P:<0.05) reduction of vasodilation to all tested endothelium-dependent agonists but not to SNP. After application of sepiapterin, the responses to the endothelium-dependent agonists but not to SNP were significantly improved in vessels from the atherosclerosis groups. Sepiapterin did not influence vascular reactivity in the control groups.\n\nQuestion:\nIs endothelial dysfunction of coronary resistance arteries improved by tetrahydrobiopterin in atherosclerosis?\n\nAnswer:",
"role": "user"
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{
"content": "yes",
"role": "assistant"
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Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.
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{
"content": "Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.\n\nContext:\nThe increase in obesity, especially the increase of visceral fat, has been directly associated with health risk. Additionally, a waist-to-height ratio (WHtR) (0.5) has been proposed as an indicator of early health risk. To test the association between anthropometric measurements and inflammatory mRNA expression and to evaluate the effectiveness of WHtR to predict inflammatory risk in children. Anthropometric measurements and fasting blood samples were collected in 94 Brazilian children (46 boys) aged 9-11 years. Children were identified as being at inflammatory risk based on cytokine mRNA expression levels at and above the 75 Body mass index (BMI), waist circumference (WC) and WHtR showed moderate-to-strong association with inflammatory cytokine mRNA gene expression. WHtR 0.51 was the most accurate cut-off point in distinguishing children at inflammatory risk. Compared with children with WHtR < 0.51, children with a WHtR≥0.51 presented an odds ratio of 2.643 (95% CI, 1.749-3.994) for both diagnosed IL-6 and MCP-1 above the 75\n\nQuestion:\nDoes waist circumference to height ratio predict inflammatory risk in children?\n\nAnswer:",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "yes",
"role": "assistant"
}
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Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.
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{
"content": "Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.\n\nContext:\nEarly vocal development of German-speaking cochlear implant recipients has rarely been assessed so far. There-fore the purpose of this study was to describe the early vocal development following successful implantation. A case study was designed to assess the temporal progression of early vocal development in a young cochlear implant recipient who was bilaterally implanted at the age of 8;3 months. Data were collected during one year by recording parent-child interactions on a monthly basis. The first recording was made before the onset of the signal-processors, the 12 following recordings were made during the first year of implant use. The child's vocalizations were classified according to the vocalization categories and developmental levels from the Stark Assessment of Early Vocal Development--Revised (SAEVD-R). This assessment tool was translated into German in this study and used with German-speaking children for the first time. It allows a coding of prelinguistic utterances via auditory perceptual analysis. The results show an overall decrease of early vocalizations and an increase of speech-like vowels and consonants. In the first six months no apparent progress took place; The child produced almost exclusively vocalizations from Levels 1-3. In the second half of the year an increase of canonical utterances (Level 4) and advanced forms (Level 5) was observed. However, vocalizations beyond the canonical babbling phase, especially vocants and closants as well as their combinations, continued to be dominant throughout the first year of implant use. The progress of development of the child investigated in this study is comparable to other children implanted at young age who had also been assessed with the SAEVD-R. In comparison to normal-hearing children, the implanted child's development seemed to progress slightly faster. Interrater- and intrarater-reliability using the SAEVD-R were measured for two independent observers and for a first and second coding procedure and revealed to be acceptable to good.\n\nQuestion:\nDo [ An assessment tool for analysing the early vocal development of young children with cochlear implant ]?\n\nAnswer:",
"role": "user"
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{
"content": "yes",
"role": "assistant"
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Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.
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{
"content": "Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.\n\nContext:\nSalidroside, the predominant component of a Chinese herbal medicine, Rhodiola rosea L., becomes an attractive bio-agent due to its multifunction. Although it is well proposed that this herbal medicine may have photoprotective effect according to the folk hearsay, the direct supportive experimental evidences linking the drug with skin ageing have rarely been reported so far. The study was conducted to investigate the photoprotective role of salidrosdie and its related mechanisms in vitro. First, a premature senescence model induced by UVB irradiation (250 mJ cm(-2)) in human dermal fibroblasts (HDFs) was established, and senescent phenotypes were evaluated by cell morphology, cell proliferation, senescence-associated beta-galactosidase (SA-β-gal) activity and cell cycle distribution. Then the photoprotective effect of salidroside was investigated. Cells were pre-treated with various doses of salidroside (1, 5 and 10 μM) followed by the sublethal dosage of UVB exposure and then were harvested for various detections, including senescence-associated phenotypes and molecules, alteration of oxidative stress, matrix metalloproteinase-1 (MMP-1) secretion and inflammatory response. Pre-treatment of salidroside dose dependently reversed the senescent state of HDFs induced by UVB as evidenced by elevated cell viability, decreased SA-β-gal activity and relieving of G1/G0 cell cycle arrest. UVB-induced increased protein expression of cyclin-dependent kinase (CDK) inhibitors p21(WAF) (1) and p16(INK) (4) was also repressed by salidrosdie treatment in a dose-dependent manner. Meanwhile, the increment of malondialdehyde (MDA) level in UVB-irradiated HDFs was inhibited upon salidroside treatment. Additionally, salidroside significantly attenuated UVB-induced synthesis of MMP-1 as well as the production of IL-6 and TNF-α in HDFs.\n\nQuestion:\nDoes salidroside protect against premature senescence induced by ultraviolet B irradiation in human dermal fibroblasts?\n\nAnswer:",
"role": "user"
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{
"content": "yes",
"role": "assistant"
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Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.
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{
"content": "Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.\n\nContext:\nPseudolaric acid B (PAB) is a diterpene acid isolated from the root and trunk bark of Pseudolaric kaempferi Gordon. Previous work has found that PAB has anti-inflammatory and anti-tumor effects in xenograft models of human hepatocellular carcinoma. The aim of this study is to evaluate the correlation between anti-cancer and anti-inflammatory effects of PAB and its molecular mechanisms on HT-29 cells. Production of prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) in HT-29 cells was evaluated by ELISA. mRNA of cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) was analyzed by RT-PCR assay. High-content screening (HCS) method was adopted to detect the cytokine mixture (CM)-induced transcription activity of NF-κB and STAT3. Western blotting was used to evaluate the protein expression levels of inflammatory mediators induced by CM. After treatment with PAB in various concentrations, the inhibition rate of cell proliferation was measured with sulforhodamine B assays. For the in vivo studies, tumor-bearing models xenografted with HT-29 cells were developed in nude mice, and following oral administration with PAB, tumor inhibition rate was calculated. PAB inhibited the PGE2 production in HT-29 cells significantly (P < 0.05) with similar results detected at the COX-2 mRNA level. Furthermore, PAB suppressed the COX-2 protein expression and significant nuclear translocation of NF-κB and STAT3 induced by CM, which correlated with a concomitant degradation of I-κB and a decrease in constitutive STAT3 phosphorylation (P < 0.05). Moreover, various concentrations of PAB inhibited the proliferation of HT-29 cells in a dose- and time-dependent manner. In vivo, after treatment with PAB for 17 days, the tumor weight of the 50 and 100 mg/kg treated groups was 0.62 ± 0.15 and 0.54 ± 0.06 g, respectively. When compared to the control group (0.82 ± 0.16 g), the inhibition rate of tumor weight was 24.2% at 50 mg/kg (P < 0.05) and 34.7% at 100 mg/kg (P < 0.001).\n\nQuestion:\nDoes pseudolaric acid B inhibit inducible cyclooxygenase-2 expression via downregulation of the NF-κB pathway in HT-29 cells?\n\nAnswer:",
"role": "user"
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{
"content": "yes",
"role": "assistant"
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Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.
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{
"content": "Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.\n\nContext:\nRecent evidence implicates endogenous interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma) in the host response to an immunogenic tumor (MCA105); antibody blockade of host IFN-gamma increased tumor growth rate (Doherty et al., Ann. Surg. Oncol. 3: 198-203, 1996). Those experiments did not attempt to determine the site of IFN-gamma activity (the host, the tumor, or both). MCA101 murine tumor cells were transfected with a plasmid expression vector containing an antisense construct to the IFN-gamma receptor (IFN-gamma R) or a control construct. Clones were isolated and tested for IFN-gamma stimulation of MHC I expression, sensitivity to IFN-gamma growth effects in vitro, and specific [125I]IFN-gamma binding. The antisense strategy was successful in decreasing the number of cell-surface IFN-gamma binding sites and in vitro response to IFN-gamma. Finally, in vivo experiments demonstrated significantly increased untransfected tumor growth rate in animals after blockade of endogenous IFN-gamma by a single dose of anti-IFN-gamma antibody and more rapid growth of the IFN-gamma R-deficient cells compared to controls.\n\nQuestion:\nDoes endogenous interferon-gamma act directly on tumor cells in vivo to suppress growth?\n\nAnswer:",
"role": "user"
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{
"content": "yes",
"role": "assistant"
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Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.
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{
"content": "Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.\n\nContext:\nNHS England deems 90-day readmission rates as a marker of quality of care. The causes of readmission have not been previously reported in the UK. The aim of this study was to examine the factors associated with 90-day readmission following colorectal cancer surgery at a hospital trust with a catchment population 1.2 million. A retrospective review was performed of all patients undergoing resection for colorectal cancer between January 2012 and December 2013. Unplanned readmission was defined as an emergency admission to the trust for any cause within 90 days of surgery. Readmission analyses were restricted to patients discharged from hospital within 28 days of resection. A total of 570 patients underwent surgery, of whom 522 were discharged within 28 days and are included for readmission analysis. The readmission rate was 24.3% (127 patients with a total of 163 episodes of hospital readmissions) within 90 days following surgery. The most frequent cause for readmission was complications related to adjuvant chemotherapy (18.4%) followed by wound-related complications (14.1%). Most patients presenting with wound-related complications were admitted within 60 days and patients with chemotherapy-related complications after 61 days; 13/127 (10.2%) patients who were readmitted underwent emergency surgery, and one patient died following readmission. Multivariate analysis demonstrated that comorbidity was the only independent risk factor.\n\nQuestion:\nIs the most frequent cause of 90-day unplanned hospital readmission following colorectal cancer resection chemotherapy complications?\n\nAnswer:",
"role": "user"
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{
"content": "yes",
"role": "assistant"
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Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.
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{
"content": "Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.\n\nContext:\nThe interactions between cancer stem cells (CSCs) and tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs) can promote tumor progression, maintain the CSCs population, and reduce therapeutic effects. The objective of this study was to investigate the coexpression of CSCs and TAMs and its clinical significance in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC). Ninety-six patients with PDAC were included in this study. Tissue microarrays were constructed for immunostaining of the CSCs markers CD44 and CD133 and the TAMs marker CD204. Correlations between the expression of CSCs and TAMs markers and clinicopathologic characteristics or disease progression were analyzed. Expression levels of CD44/CD133 and CD204 were significantly higher in tumor tissues than in normal tissues (P < .0001). The variables associated with survival were high coexpression of CD44/CD133 (P = .000), high expression of CD204 (P = .011), and tumor grade (P = .014). There was a positive correlation between CD44/CD133 and CD204 expression (r = 0.294; P = .004). Survival analysis indicated that high coexpression of CD44/CD133 and CD204 was associated significantly with shorter overall survival (P = .000) and disease-free survival (P = .003). Multivariate analysis revealed that high CD44/CD133 expression was an independent prognostic factor for disease-free survival, whereas high CD204 expression was an independent predictor for both overall and disease-free survival.\n\nQuestion:\nIs coexpression of CD44-positive/CD133-positive cancer stem cells and CD204-positive tumor-associated macrophages a predictor of survival in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma?\n\nAnswer:",
"role": "user"
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{
"content": "yes",
"role": "assistant"
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Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.
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{
"content": "Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.\n\nContext:\nSerum vascular adhesion protein-1 (VAP-1) predicts cancer-related mortality in diabetic subjects. However, whether serum VAP-1 predicts cancer incidence or cancer progression remains unclear. We conducted a cohort study to investigate whether serum VAP-1 and related clinical variables predict incident cancers in type II diabetic subjects. From 1996 to 2003, we enrolled 568 type II diabetic subjects who were free of cancer at baseline. Serum VAP-1 at enrollment was measured by time-resolved immunofluorometric assay. Chronic kidney disease (CKD) was defined as estimated glomerular filtration rate <60 mL/min per 1.73 m(2). The subjects were followed until first occurrence of cancer or until December 31, 2011. During a mean follow-up of 11.3 years, 71 subjects developed incident cancers. The HRs for incident cancers in subjects with highest tertile of serum VAP-1 and in subjects with CKD were 2.95 [95% confidence interval (CI), 1.31-6.63; P = 0.009] and 2.29 (95% CI, 1.18-4.44; P = 0.015), respectively, after multivariate adjustment. There was an interaction between serum VAP-1 and CKD on the risk of incident cancers (P = 0.01 for log-transformed VAP-1 × CKD). The relationship among serum VAP-1, CKD, and incident cancers was similar if death was considered in the competing risk models or if subjects with shorter follow-up period were excluded.\n\nQuestion:\nDoes serum vascular adhesion protein-1 level predict risk of incident cancers in subjects with type II diabetes?\n\nAnswer:",
"role": "user"
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{
"content": "yes",
"role": "assistant"
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Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.
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{
"content": "Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.\n\nContext:\nTo compare the relative efficacies of lansoprazole 15 mg o.m. and omeprazole 10 mg o.m. in relieving heartburn and epigastric pain in patients with acid-related dyspepsia. In addition, the study compared the safety profiles of the two treatments. This double-blind, parallel group, randomised, multicentre study was conducted in 52 general practices in the UK. A total of 609 patients was recruited, 562 of whom were eligible for inclusion in the intention-to-treat analysis. All of the patients had experienced at least mild heartburn or mild epigastric pain persistently on at least 4 of the previous 7 days; patients with severe symptoms were excluded. 283 patients received lansoprazole 15 mg and 279 received omeprazole 10 mg, both for 4 weeks. The main efficacy measure was relief of symptoms, based on physician assessments. In the intention-to-treat population, a complete relief of overall primary symptoms of dyspepsia was achieved after 2 weeks in 53% of patients receiving lansoprazole and in 41% of patients receiving omeprazole (P = 0.007). After 4 weeks, 59% of the lansoprazole group and 51% of the omeprazole group had achieved complete symptom relief (P = 0. 078). Antacids were taken for additional relief of symptoms in fewer patients given lansoprazole compared to the omeprazole group in the third and fourth weeks (P = 0.035) and also significantly fewer antacids were taken by patients in the lansoprazole group compared with patients in the omeprazole group (P = 0.033). The proportion of patients reporting adverse events was similar in both groups.\n\nQuestion:\nDoes low-dose lansoprazole provide greater relief of heartburn and epigastric pain than low-dose omeprazole in patients with acid-related dyspepsia?\n\nAnswer:",
"role": "user"
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{
"content": "yes",
"role": "assistant"
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Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.
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{
"content": "Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.\n\nContext:\nRecently, we have reported that LIM kinase 2 (LIMK2) involves programmed necrotic neuronal deaths induced by aberrant cyclin D1 expression following status epilepticus (SE). Up-regulation of LIMK2 expression induces neuronal necrosis by impairment of dynamin-related protein 1 (DRP1)-mediated mitochondrial fission. However, we could not elucidate the upstream effecter for LIMK2-mediated neuronal death. Thus, we investigated the role of endothelin-1 (ET-1) in LIMK2-mediated neuronal necrosis, since ET-1 involves neuronal death via various pathways. Following SE, ET-1 concentration and its mRNA were significantly increased in the hippocampus with up-regulation of ETB receptor expression. BQ788 (an ETB receptor antagonist) effectively attenuated SE-induced neuronal damage as well as reduction in LIMK2 mRNA/protein expression. In addition, BQ788 alleviated up-regulation of Rho kinase 1 (ROCK1) expression and impairment of DRP1-mediated mitochondrial fission in CA1 neurons following SE. BQ788 also attenuated neuronal death and up-regulation of LIMK2 expression induced by exogenous ET-1 injection.\n\nQuestion:\nDoes endothelin-1 induce LIMK2-mediated programmed necrotic neuronal death independent of NOS activity?\n\nAnswer:",
"role": "user"
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{
"content": "yes",
"role": "assistant"
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Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.
| [
{
"content": "Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.\n\nContext:\nTo evaluate if complement C3 is associated with insulin secretion, as suggested by recent in vitro studies, independently of confounders including adiposity measures. 1010 nondiabetic subjects were stratified into quartiles according to complement C3 values. Insulin secretion was assessed using indexes derived from oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) in the whole study group and from intravenous glucose tolerance test (IVGTT) in a subgroup (n = 110). Significant differences between quartiles of C3 were observed in body mass index (BMI), waist, fat mass, blood pressure, total cholesterol, high density lipoprotein (HDL), triglycerides, fasting and 2-h post-load glucose, fasting insulin, C reactive protein (hsCRP), fibrinogen, aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), complement C4, and insulin sensitivity with C3 quartiles exhibiting graded increases in cardio-metabolic risk factors. Differences in insulin secretion indexes between C3 quartiles remained significant after adjustment for age, gender, BMI, insulin sensitivity, blood pressure, total cholesterol, HDL, triglycerides, hsCRP, fibrinogen, and complement C4 levels (P < 0.0001). A multivariable regression analysis revealed that complement C3 is a contributor of insulin secretion, explaining 2.4% and 1.9% of variation of the Stumvoll index for first-phase and second-phase insulin secretion, respectively, and 2.1% of variation of the InsAUC30/GluAUC30 index, independently of gender, age, BMI, waist, fat mass, blood pressure, total cholesterol, HDL, triglycerides, hsCRP, fibrinogen, AST, ALT.\n\nQuestion:\nAre plasma complement C3 levels associated with insulin secretion independently of adiposity measures in non-diabetic individuals?\n\nAnswer:",
"role": "user"
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{
"content": "yes",
"role": "assistant"
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Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.
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{
"content": "Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.\n\nContext:\nThe voltage-gated KCNQ1 potassium channel regulates key physiological functions in a number of tissues. In the heart, KCNQ1 alpha-subunits assemble with KCNE1 beta-subunits forming a channel complex constituting the delayed rectifier current I(Ks). In epithelia, KCNQ1 channels participate in controlling body electrolyte homeostasis. Several regulatory mechanisms of the KCNQ1 channel complexes have been reported, including protein kinase A (PKA)-phosphorylation and beta-subunit interactions. However, the mechanisms controlling the membrane density of KCNQ1 channels have attracted less attention. Here we demonstrate that KCNQ1 proteins expressed in HEK293 cells are down-regulated by Nedd4/Nedd4-like ubiquitin-protein ligases. KCNQ1 and KCNQ1/KCNE1 currents were reduced upon co-expression of Nedd4-2, the isoform among the nine members of the Nedd4/Nedd4-like family displaying the highest expression level in human heart. In vivo expression of a catalytically inactive form of Nedd4-2, able to antagonize endogenous Nedd4-2 in guinea-pig cardiomyocytes, increased I(Ks) significantly, but did not modify I(K1). Concomitant with the reduction in current induced by Nedd4-2, an increased ubiquitylation as well as a decreased total level of KCNQ1 proteins were observed in HEK293 cells. Pull-down and co-immunoprecipitation experiments showed that Nedd4-2 interacts with the C-terminal part of KCNQ1. The Nedd4/Nedd4-like-mediated regulation of the KCNQ1 channel complexes is strictly dependent on a PY motif located in the distal part of the C-terminal domain. When this motif was mutated, the current and ubiquitylation levels were unaffected by Nedd4-2, and Nedd4-2 proteins were neither pulled-down nor co-immunoprecipitated.\n\nQuestion:\nIs the KCNQ1 potassium channel down-regulated by ubiquitylating enzymes of the Nedd4/Nedd4-like family?\n\nAnswer:",
"role": "user"
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{
"content": "yes",
"role": "assistant"
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Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.
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{
"content": "Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.\n\nContext:\nWe perform the theoretical analysis of a gene network sub-system, composed of a feed-forward loop, in which the upstream transcription factor regulates the target gene via two parallel pathways: directly, and via interaction with miRNA. As the molecular mechanisms of miRNA action are not clear so far, we elaborate three mathematical models, in which miRNA either represses translation of its target or promotes target mRNA degradation, or is not re-used, but degrades along with target mRNA. We examine the feed-forward loop dynamics quantitatively at the whole time interval of cell cycle. We rigorously proof the uniqueness of solutions to the models and obtain the exact solutions in one of them analytically.\n\nQuestion:\nDoes dynamics of miRNA driven feed-forward loop depend upon miRNA action mechanisms?\n\nAnswer:",
"role": "user"
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{
"content": "yes",
"role": "assistant"
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Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.
| [
{
"content": "Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.\n\nContext:\nDendritic cells (DCs) are considered potential candidates for cancer immunotherapy due to their ability to process and present antigens to T cells and stimulate immune responses. However, DC-based vaccines have exhibited minimal effectiveness against established tumors in mice and human cancer patients. The use of appropriate adjuvants can enhance the efficacy of DC-based cancer vaccines in treating established tumors. In this study we have employed alpha-tocopheryl succinate (alpha-TOS), a nontoxic esterified analogue of vitamin E, as an adjuvant to enhance the effectiveness of DC vaccines in treating established murine Lewis lung (3LL) carcinomas. We demonstrate that locally or systemically administered alpha-TOS in combination with nonmatured DCs injected intratumorally (i.t.) or subcutaneously (s.c.) significantly inhibits the growth of preestablished 10-day tumors (mean tumor volume of 77.5 +/- 17.8 mm3 on day 30 post-tumor injection) as compared to alpha-TOS alone (mean tumor volume of 471 +/- 68 mm3 on day 30 post-tumor injection). Additionally, the adjuvant effect of alpha-TOS was superior to that of cyclophosphamide (CTX). The mean tumor volume on day 28 post-tumor injection in mice treated with CTX+DCs was 611 +/- 94 mm3 as compared to 105 +/- 36 mm3 in mice treated with alpha-TOS+DCs. Analysis of purified T lymphocytes from mice treated with alpha-TOS+DC revealed significantly increased secretion of IFN-gamma as compared to T cells from the various control groups.\n\nQuestion:\nDoes alpha-Tocopheryl succinate sensitize established tumors to vaccination with nonmatured dendritic cells?\n\nAnswer:",
"role": "user"
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{
"content": "yes",
"role": "assistant"
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Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.
| [
{
"content": "Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.\n\nContext:\nLymphoedema is a common complication after cancer treatment. We have reported that low-energy extracorporeal shock wave (SW) therapy up-regulates vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) in ischaemic myocardium. As VEGF plays an important role in lymphangiogenesis, we investigated whether our low-energy SW therapy enhances lymphangiogenesis in rats. We created a tail model of lymphoedema in rats. The tail was treated with or without low-energy SW therapy (0.25 mJ mm(-2), 500 impulses) four times (days 3, 5, 7, and 9). The tail volume and the fluorescence intensity of indocyanine green (ICG) were measured. The expression of VEGF-C and basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF) were evaluated by RT-PCR, and the lymphatic vessel density was assessed histochemically. The tail volume increased significantly in the control group and was significantly improved in the SW group. The lymphatic system function (evaluated with fluorescence intensity of ICG), the lymphatic vessel density, and the expression of VEGF-C and bFGF were all enhanced by the SW therapy (all P < 0.05).\n\nQuestion:\nDoes extracorporeal shock wave therapy induce therapeutic lymphangiogenesis in a rat model of secondary lymphoedema?\n\nAnswer:",
"role": "user"
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{
"content": "yes",
"role": "assistant"
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Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.
| [
{
"content": "Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.\n\nContext:\nPost-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is an anxiety disorder that develops after exposure to a life-threatening traumatic experience. Meta-analyses of the brainstem showed that midsagittal area of the pons was significantly reduced in patients with PTSD, suggesting a potential apoptosis in dorsal raphe nucleus after single-prolonged stress (SPS). The aim of this study is to investigate whether SPS induces apoptosis in dorsal raphe nucleus in PTSD rats, which may be a possible mechanism of reduced volume of pons and density of gray matter. In this study, rats were randomly divided into 1d, 7d and 14d groups after SPS along with the control group. The apoptosis rate was determined using annexin V-FITC/PI double-labeled flow cytometry (FCM). Levels of Cytochrome c (Cyt-C) was examined by Western blotting. Expression of Cyt-C on mitochondria in the dorsal raphe nucleus neuron was determined by enzymohistochemistry under transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The change of thiamine monophosphatase (TMP) levels was assessed by enzymohistochemistry under light microscope and TEM. Morphological changes of the ultrastructure of the dorsal raphe nucleus neuron were determined by TEM. Apoptotic morphological alterations were observed in dorsal raphe nucleus neuron for all SPS-stimulate groups of rats. The apoptosis rates were significantly increased in dorsal raphe nucleus neuron of SPS rats, along with increased release of cytochrome c from the mitochondria into the cytoplasm, increased expression of Cyt-C and TMP levels in the cytoplasm, which reached to the peak of increase 7 days of SPS.\n\nQuestion:\nDoes single-prolonged stress induce apoptosis in dorsal raphe nucleus in the rat model of posttraumatic stress disorder?\n\nAnswer:",
"role": "user"
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{
"content": "yes",
"role": "assistant"
}
] | 0 |
Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.
| [
{
"content": "Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.\n\nContext:\nIn spite of insufficient evidence to guide the use of lipid-lowering drugs (LLDs) among the dialysis population, these drugs are frequently used to treat dyslipidemia. Several studies have found that long-term use of LLDs is associated with an increased risk of gallstone disease (GSD) in the general population. However, the lithogenic risk of LLDs in patients undergoing hemodialysis (HD) has not been studied. It is to assess the influence of long-term use of LLDs on the prevalence of GSD among patients undergoing HD. This cross-sectional study included 108 eligible patients receiving maintenance HD: 35 receiving lovastatin; 34 fenofibrate; and 39 no LLD. GSD was defined as the presence of gallstones or the performance of cholecystectomy while taking LLD. Abdominal ultrasonography, demographic parameters, and laboratory data were obtained for all enrolled subjects. ANOVA with Bonferroni's test and chi-square test were used to compare differences among the three groups. The three groups had similar clinical characteristics with regard to age, gender, duration of HD, body mass index, and total cholesterol values. However, a significantly higher prevalence of GSD and higher triglyceride levels were found in patients receiving fenofibrate, compared with those in other groups (p < 0.05). Among dialysis patients on fenofibrate, increased age, female gender, larger daily dose, and longer duration of treatment were associated with increased risks for GSD.\n\nQuestion:\nIs long-term use of fenofibrate associated with increased prevalence of gallstone disease among patients undergoing maintenance hemodialysis?\n\nAnswer:",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "yes",
"role": "assistant"
}
] | 0 |
Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.
| [
{
"content": "Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.\n\nContext:\nImported fire ant (IFA) stings are an important cause of stinging insect hypersensitivity in endemic areas. IFA stings are difficult to avoid, and many studies have shown high field sting rates. No studies report the natural IFA sting rate that patients experience while receiving IFA immunotherapy. To determine the frequency of IFA stings in patients receiving IFA immunotherapy compared with an aeroallergen immunotherapy control group. Patients were surveyed by telephone to characterize the frequency of stings, reactions, and attitudes toward IFA avoidance. A total of 23 of 28 patients reported IFA stings during their IFA immunotherapy compared with 16 of 28 patients during their aeroallergen immunotherapy. More of the IFA immunotherapy-treated patients were stung than the aeroallergen immunotherapy patients, which is inconsistent with our hypothesis (chi2 = 4.139, P < .042). The annualized sting rates between the IFA immunotherapy and aeroallergen immunotherapy groups were similar (1.82 vs 1.72 stings per year, P < .55). The IFA immunotherapy patients were more likely to report any kind of reaction (chi2 = 9.124, P < .003) compared with the control group. Most patients reported feeling careful to avoid stings.\n\nQuestion:\nDoes frequency of imported fire ant sting in patients receiving immunotherapy?\n\nAnswer:",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "yes",
"role": "assistant"
}
] | 0 |
Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.
| [
{
"content": "Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.\n\nContext:\nAbnormalities in the serotonergic (5-HT) system have been implicated in the pathogenesis of suicidal behavior. Studies on peripheral serotonergic parameters as a measure for central serotonergic function in suicidal patients appear to be promising, yet failed to show a clear association with suicidality. The objective of this study was to elucidate the role of serotonergic blood parameters in depressed suicidal patients and to examine their usefulness as a potential biological marker for suicidality. A number of personality traits were assessed in order to provide a basis for a psychobiological model of suicidal behavior. Depressed patients with a recent suicide attempt (SA; n = 59) were compared to those without history of suicide attempts (NSA; n = 28). 5-HT2A receptor binding in platelets and tryptophan/amino acid ratio in plasma were measured. Acute psychopathology and personality traits as well as characteristics of suicide attempts were assessed. There was no significant difference between SA and NSA in terms of peripheral serotonergic parameters as well as personality traits. However, the whole sample showed associations between certain personality traits and serotonergic platelet parameters. Furthermore, we observed a relation between suicidal ideation, lethality of suicide attempts and peripheral serotonergic markers.\n\nQuestion:\nAre platelet 5-HT2A receptor binding and tryptophan availability in depression associated with recent history of suicide attempts but with personality traits characteristic for suicidal behavior?\n\nAnswer:",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "no",
"role": "assistant"
}
] | 0 |
Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.
| [
{
"content": "Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.\n\nContext:\nIn humans and rats, pregnancy-associated maternal plasma volume expansion and plasma hypotonicity may facilitate maternal-to-fetal water transfer. Although reduced amniotic fluid volume occurs commonly in postterm pregnancy, the mechanisms are unknown. We previously demonstrated a reversal of pregnancy-induced maternal plasma hypotonicity that occurs in the near term (20 days) pregnant rats. We sought to determine whether the relative maternal plasma hypertonicity continues in the postterm period. Rat gestation (normal, 21 days) was prolonged with subcutaneous progesterone injection. Pregnant rats at gestation, 18 days, 21 days, and 24 days and nonpregnant rats were studied. Maternal and fetal hematocrit levels, plasma osmolality, electrolyte levels, and amniotic fluid volume were determined. In addition, maternal and fetal tissues were analyzed for water and electrolyte content. Compared with term (21days), postterm pregnant rats (24 days) had a significant increase in maternal and fetal plasma osmolality (293.7+/-1.4 mOsm/kg vs 302.8+/-3.7 mOsm/kg and 301.0+/-2.0 mOsm/kg vs 310.3+/-3.2 mOsm/kg, respectively; P<.01) and sodium and chloride concentrations. Conversely, both maternal and fetal hematocrit levels decreased significantly in the postterm period. Postterm rats demonstrated an increased fetal mortality rate (24%) and a significantly reduced amniotic fluid volume (4.2+/-0.6 mL vs 6.6+/-0.6 mL, P<.01).\n\nQuestion:\nIs maternal plasma hypertonicity accentuated in the postterm rat?\n\nAnswer:",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "yes",
"role": "assistant"
}
] | 0 |
Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.
| [
{
"content": "Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.\n\nContext:\nArterial stiffness is an important feature of diabetic macrovascular complications. Activin receptor-like kinase 7 (ALK7), a member of type I transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) receptors, is correlated with pathogenic risks of type 2 diabetes mellitus and cardiovascular diseases and may be involved in cardiovascular remodeling. We aimed to investigate whether ALK7 is implicated in diabetes-induced aortic stiffness. Type 2 diabetes was induced by high-fat diet and low-dose streptozotocin (STZ; 27.5 mg/kg). Forty rats were separated into four groups: control, diabetes, diabetes with empty virus and diabetes treated with ALK7-shRNA. The metabolic index, ALK 7 expression and aortic stiffness were evaluated. We used gene silencing method to investigate the role of ALK7 in the pathological development. Diabetic rats showed increased blood glucose, cholesterol, triglyceride levels, severe insulin resistance and ALK7 overexpression. Diabetes enhanced aortic stiffness, as demonstrated by the loss and disruption of elastic fibers as well as by an increase in collagen fibers in the aortic media. ALK7 gene silencing ameliorated metabolic hyperlipidemia and insulin resistance. With ALK7 gene silencing, collagen content, elastin to collagen ratio, as well as collagen I-to-collagen III content ratio in diabetic rats were significantly decreased. Moreover, the phosphorylation level of Smad2/3 was markedly decreased after ALK7 gene silencing.\n\nQuestion:\nDoes silencing of activin receptor-like kinase 7 alleviate aortic stiffness in type 2 diabetic rats?\n\nAnswer:",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "yes",
"role": "assistant"
}
] | 0 |
Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.
| [
{
"content": "Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.\n\nContext:\nObesity adversely inhibits antibody response to vaccination. Three doses of HPV4 may or may not provide adequate long term protection against HPV 16/18 in obese females. The aim of this study was to determine whether adherence to HPV4 vaccination in a safety net population was reduced with increasing body mass index (BMI). We designed a historical prospective study evaluating the number and dates of HPV4 dosing that occurred from July 1, 2006 through October 1, 2009 by the demographic characteristics of the 10-26 year old recipient females. The defined dosing intervals were adapted from the literature and obesity categories were defined by the WHO. 1240 females with BMI measurements received at least one dose of HPV4; 38% were obese (class I, II and III) and 25% were overweight. Females with normal BMI received on-time triplet dosing significantly more often than did the obese class II and III females (30% vs. 18%, p<0.001). Obese class II/III females have a significant 45% less chance of completing the on-time triplet HPV4 series than normal women (OR = 0.55, 95% CI: 0.37, 0.83). Pregnancy history has a significant influence on BMI and HPV4 dosing compliance in this safety net population where 71% had been gravid. Hispanic females were less likely to complete HPV4 dosing regardless of BMI (aOR = 0.39, 95% CI: 0.16, 0.95).\n\nQuestion:\nDoes in a safety net population HPV4 vaccine adherence worsen as BMI increases?\n\nAnswer:",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "yes",
"role": "assistant"
}
] | 0 |
Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.
| [
{
"content": "Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.\n\nContext:\nWe created a novel continuous infusion system to evaluate the efficacy of juxta-aortic doxycycline delivery as a transitional step toward developing hybrid drug/device treatment strategies for abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA) disease. Controlled comparison of treatment outcomes was studied in animal models with molecular and morphologic tissue analysis in a collaboration between university and corporate research laboratories. Rat AAAs were created via porcine pancreatic elastase (PPE) infusion and grouped and analyzed by subsequent treatment status (either doxycycline in vehicle or vehicle alone) and drug delivery method (continuous infusion via periaortic delivery system [PDS] or twice-daily subcutaneous injection). The main outcome measures were AAA diameter via direct measurement, medial elastin lamellar preservation via light microscopy, mural smooth muscle cell (SMC) proliferation and SMC and macrophage density via immunostaining and counting, expression of matrix metalloproteinases 2, 9, and 14 and tissue inhibitors of metalloproteinases 1 and 2 via real-time reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction, and enzymatic activity via substrate zymography. Serum drug levels were analyzed via liquid chromatography/mass spectroscopy. PDS (1.5 mg/kg/day) and subcutaneous (60 mg/kg/day) delivery methods caused comparable reductions in AAA diameter during the period of 14 days after PPE infusion. PDS rats gained more weight during the postoperative period (P <.001), possibly as a result of reduced serum drug levels and systemic toxicity. Doxycycline treatment reduced AAA macrophage infiltration and SMC proliferation significantly. Despite reduced diameter, circumferential elastic lamellar preservation was not apparent in doxycycline-treated AAAs.\n\nQuestion:\nDoes continuous periaortic infusion improve doxycycline efficacy in experimental aortic aneurysms?\n\nAnswer:",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "yes",
"role": "assistant"
}
] | 0 |
Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.
| [
{
"content": "Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.\n\nContext:\nThe mechanisms by which monocyte/macrophage cells migrate to the joint involve a series of integrated adhesion and signaling events in which chemokines and their receptors are strongly implicated. This study was undertaken to investigate the hypothesis that stromal cell-derived factor 1 (SDF-1), a CXC chemokine (CXCL12), plays a critical role in monocyte/macrophage localization to synovium. SDF-1 and CXC receptor 4 (CXCR4) expression in rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and osteoarthritis synovium and graft SDF-1, tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF alpha), and human and murine vascular markers were examined by immunohistochemistry and double-immunofluorescence. The functional capacity of SDF-1 to modulate monocyte migration into joints was investigated by examining the localization of pro-myelomonocytic U937 cells into synovial tissue transplanted into SCID mice. SDF-1, TNF alpha, or saline was injected into graft sites and response determined by the number of fluorescently labeled U937 cells (injected intravenously) detected in grafts by ultraviolet microscopy. SDF-1 and CXCR4 were highly expressed in CD68+ cells in the RA synovium. SDF-1 induced U937 cell migration in vitro and in vivo in a dose-dependent manner and, in vivo, SDF-1 was more effective than TNF alpha. In contrast to TNF alpha, SDF-1 did not induce intracellular adhesion molecule 1 in transplant microvasculature. Furthermore, intragraft injection of SDF-1 did not up-regulate TNF alpha, or vice versa.\n\nQuestion:\nDoes stromal cell-derived factor 1 ( CXCL12 ) induce monocyte migration into human synovium transplanted onto SCID Mice?\n\nAnswer:",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "yes",
"role": "assistant"
}
] | 0 |
Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.
| [
{
"content": "Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.\n\nContext:\nFrequent chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) exacerbations are a major cause of hospital admission and mortality and are associated with increased airway inflammation. Macrolides have airway antiinflammatory actions and may reduce the incidence of COPD exacerbations. To determine whether regular therapy with macrolides reduces exacerbation frequency. We performed a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study of erythromycin administered at 250 mg twice daily to patients with COPD over 12 months, with primary outcome variable being the number of moderate and/or severe exacerbations (treated with systemic steroids, treated with antibiotics, or hospitalized). We randomized 109 outpatients: 69 (63%) males, 52 (48%) current smokers, mean (SD) age 67.2 (8.6) years, FEV1 1.32 (0.53) L, FEV1% predicted 50 (18)%. Thirty-eight (35%) of the patients had three or more exacerbations in the year before recruitment, with no differences between treatment groups. There were a total of 206 moderate to severe exacerbations: 125 occurred in the placebo arm. Ten in the placebo group and nine in the macrolide group withdrew. Generalized linear modeling showed that the rate ratio for exacerbations for the macrolide-treated patients compared with placebo-treated patients was 0.648 (95% confidence interval: 0.489, 0.859; P = 0.003) and that these patients had shorter duration exacerbations compared with placebo. There were no differences between the macrolide and placebo arms in terms of stable FEV1, sputum IL-6, IL-8, myeloperoxidase, bacterial flora, serum C-reactive protein, or serum IL-6 or in changes in these parameters from baseline to first exacerbation over the 1-year study period.\n\nQuestion:\nIs long-term erythromycin therapy associated with decreased chronic obstructive pulmonary disease exacerbations?\n\nAnswer:",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "yes",
"role": "assistant"
}
] | 0 |
Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.
| [
{
"content": "Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.\n\nContext:\nAtherosclerosis is believed to be an independent predictor of cardiovascular diseases. A growing body of evidence suggests that quercetin is a potent antioxidant and anti-inflammatory compound. The molecular mechanisms underlying its protective effects against oxidative stress in human endothelial cells remain unclear. This study was designed to confirm the hypothesis that quercetin inhibits oxidized LDL (oxLDL) induced endothelial oxidative damage by activating sirtuin 1 (SIRT1) and to explore the role of adenosine monophosphate activated protein kinase (AMPK), which is a negative regulator of Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate-oxidase (NADPH oxidase) and free radicals. Human umbilical vein endothelial cells were treated with oxLDL with or without quercetin pretreatment. We found that quercetin pretreatment increased SIRT1 mRNA expression. In fact, quercetin protected against oxLDL-impaired SIRT1 and AMPK activities and reduced oxLDL-activated NOX2 and NOX4. However, silencing SIRT1 and AMPK diminished the protective function of quercetin against oxidative injuries. The results also indicated that oxLDL suppressed AKT/endothelial NO synthase, impaired mitochondrial dysfunction, and enhanced reactive oxygen species formation, activating the Nuclear Factor Kappa B (NF-κB) pathway.\n\nQuestion:\nIs quercetin a potent anti-atherosclerotic compound by activation of SIRT1 signaling under oxLDL stimulation?\n\nAnswer:",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "yes",
"role": "assistant"
}
] | 0 |
Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.
| [
{
"content": "Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.\n\nContext:\nLittle is known about the asthma candidate gene neuropeptide S receptor 1 (NPSR1) in relation to environmental exposures, but recent evidences suggest its role as an effect modifier. To explore the interaction between NPSR1 polymorphisms and environmental exposures related to farming lifestyle and to study the in vitro effects of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) stimulation on NPSR1 expression levels. We studied 3113 children from PARSIFAL, a European cross-sectional study on environmental/lifestyle factors and childhood allergy, partly focused on children brought up on a farm. Information on exposures and outcomes was primarily obtained from parental questionnaires. Seven tagging polymorphisms were analysed in a conserved haplotype block of NPSR1. Multivariate logistic regression was used to evaluate a multiplicative model of interaction. NPSR1 protein and messenger RNA (mRNA) levels in monocytes were measured after LPS stimulation by fluorescence activated cell sorting (FACS) and quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR). A strong interaction was seen between current regular contact to farm animals and several NPSR1 polymorphisms, particularly rs323922 and rs324377 (p<0.005), with respect to allergic symptoms. Considering the timing of initiation of such current regular farm animal contact, significant interactions with these and two additional polymorphisms (SNP546333, rs740347) were revealed. In response to LPS, NPSR1-A protein levels in monocytes were upregulated (p = 0.002), as were NPSR1-A mRNA levels (p = 0.02).\n\nQuestion:\nIs the protective effect of farm animal exposure on childhood allergy modified by NPSR1 polymorphisms?\n\nAnswer:",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "yes",
"role": "assistant"
}
] | 0 |
Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.
| [
{
"content": "Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.\n\nContext:\nPrealbumin levels have been proven to correlate with hospital length of stay, wound healing, infection rates, and mortality in adults hospitalized for medical or surgical purposes, or those who have chronic illnesses. Little is known about the utility of prealbumin evaluation in adults with severe anorexia nervosa (AN). We retrospectively evaluated prealbumin levels, along with numerous other clinical parameters relevant to illness acuity and early refeeding outcomes, in 132 adults with AN admitted for definitive inpatient medical stabilization from October 1, 2008 to December 31, 2012. Per clinical protocol, prealbumin was checked on admission and approximately weekly thereafter until discharge. Patients had a median age of 28 years old, a mean admission body mass index (BMI) of 12.9 kg/m(2) (S.D. 6.1), and 89% of patients were women. A total of 47% of patients had a low prealbumin at the time of admission. By discharge, 77% of patients had normalized their prealbumin levels. Patients with low admission prealbumin levels had a threefold increased risk of refeeding hypophosphatemia and a twofold increase in hypoglycemia compared with patients who had a normal admission prealbumin, independent of admission BMI.\n\nQuestion:\nIs low prealbumin a significant predictor of medical complications in severe anorexia nervosa?\n\nAnswer:",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "yes",
"role": "assistant"
}
] | 0 |
Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.
| [
{
"content": "Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.\n\nContext:\nThe effect of red palm oil (RPO) supplementation on infarct size after ischaemia/reperfusion in a cholesterol enriched diet-induced hyperlipidemic animal model has not been reported. Previous studies reported results on the effect of RPO in a normal diet, whilst evidence of protection has been linked to improved functional recovery, prosurvival kinase, anti-apoptosis and NO-cGMP. Therefore, we aimed to investigate the effects of dietary RPO supplementation in a cholesterol-enriched diet-induced hyperlipidemic rat model and to investigate the involvement of matrix metalloproteinase 2 (MMP2) inhibition as a possible mechanism of protection. Male Wistar rats were fed either a standard rat chow diet (Norm) or a 2% cholesterol-enriched diet (Chol) for nine weeks. Additionally, two more groups received the same treatment, however, at the week 4, diet was supplemented with RPO for the last five weeks (Norm+RPO and Chol+RPO), respectively. After the feeding period hearts were isolated, perfused according to Langendorff and subjected to 30 minutes of normothermic global ischaemia followed by two hours of reperfusion. Infarct size was measured by 2,3,5-triphenyltetrazolium chloride staining at the end of reperfusion. Cholesterol-enriched diet increased myocardial infarct size from 23.5±3.0% to 37.2±3.6% (p<0.05) when compared to normal diet. RPO supplementation significantly reduced infarct size either in Norm+RPO or in Chol+RPO (to 9.2±1.0% and 26.9±3.0%), respectively. Infarct size in Chol+RPO was comparable to the Norm group. MMP2 activity before ischaemia was significantly reduced in the Chol+RPO group when compared to the Chol group. However, the MMP2 activity of the hearts of the RPO fed rats was significantly increased when compared to the normal diet group after ischaemia.\n\nQuestion:\nDoes dietary red palm oil supplementation decrease infarct size in cholesterol fed rats?\n\nAnswer:",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "yes",
"role": "assistant"
}
] | 0 |
Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.
| [
{
"content": "Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.\n\nContext:\nTo investigate the expression of Th22 cells and related cytokines in colorectal cancer (CRC) tissues, and the probably mechanism. CRC tumor and paratumor tissues were collected to detect the expression levels of Th22 cells and of related cytokines by immunohistochemistry, flow cytometry and real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR). Interleukin (IL)-22 alone or with a STAT3 inhibitor was co-cultured with RKO cells in vitro to study the effects of IL-22 on colon cancer cells. IL-22 alone or with a STAT3 inhibitor was injected into a BALB/c nude mouse model with subcutaneously transplanted RKO cells to study the effects of IL-22 on colon cancer growth. The percentage of Th22 cells in the CD4(+) T subset was significantly higher in tumor tissues compared with that in paratumor tissues (1.47% ± 0.083% vs 1.23% ± 0.077%, P < 0.05) as determined by flow cytometry. RT-qPCR analysis revealed that the mRNA expression levels of IL-22, aryl hydrocarbon receptor, CCL20 and CCL22 were significantly higher in tumor tissues compared with those in paratumor tissues. CCL27 mRNA also displayed a higher expression level in tumor tissues compared with that in paratumor tissues; however, these levels were not significantly different (2.58 ± 0.93 vs 2.30 ± 0.78, P > 0.05). IL-22 enhanced colon cancer cell proliferation in vitro and displayed anti-apoptotic effects; these effects were blocked by adding a STAT3 inhibitor. IL-22 promoted tumor growth in BALB/c nude mice; however, this effect was reversed by adding a STAT3 inhibitor.\n\nQuestion:\nIs th22 cell accumulation associated with colorectal cancer development?\n\nAnswer:",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "yes",
"role": "assistant"
}
] | 0 |
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