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PLSemanticsBench

license: CC BY 4.0 dataset_info: - config_name: predrule-IMP-SOS-mk-human-written features: - name: id dtype: string - name: program dtype: string - name: src-filename dtype: string - name: semantics-type dtype: string - name: syntax dtype: string - name: semantics dtype: string - name: language dtype: string - name: mutated-program dtype: string - name: mutated dtype: bool - name: mutation-pattern dtype: string - name: K-evaluatable dtype: bool - name: ground-truth dtype: string - name: sampled-statements list: - name: line_number dtype: int64 - name: prior_state struct: - name: ble dtype: int64 - name: ans dtype: int64 - name: num dtype: int64 - name: a dtype: int64 - name: b dtype: int64 - name: c dtype: int64 - name: d dtype: int64 - name: f dtype: int64 - name: x dtype: int64 - name: j dtype: int64 - name: k dtype: int64 - name: m dtype: int64 - name: p dtype: int64 - name: q dtype: int64 - name: r dtype: int64 - name: X dtype: int64 - name: B dtype: int64 - name: n dtype: int64 - name: i dtype: int64 - name: s dtype: int64 - name: t dtype: int64 - name: first dtype: int64 - name: tk dtype: int64 - name: y dtype: int64 - name: T dtype: int64 - name: aa dtype: int64 - name: bb dtype: int64 - name: tmp dtype: int64 - name: xyz dtype: int64 - name: cnt dtype: int64 - name: vol dtype: int64 - name: z dtype: int64 - name: temp dtype: int64 - name: n1 dtype: int64 - name: n2 dtype: int64 - name: n3 dtype: int64 - name: e dtype: int64 - name: x1 dtype: int64 - name: x2 dtype: int64 - name: y1 dtype: int64 - name: count dtype: int64 - name: y2 dtype: int64 - name: l dtype: int64 - name: sum dtype: int64 - name: k9m dtype: int64 - name: x7f dtype: int64 - name: p2d dtype: int64 - name: h dtype: int64 - name: l2 dtype: int64 - name: r2 dtype: int64 - name: number dtype: int64 - name: ax1 dtype: int64 - name: ax2 dtype: int64 - name: ay1 dtype: int64 - name: ay2 dtype: int64 - name: bx1 dtype: int64 - name: bx2 dtype: int64 - name: by1 dtype: int64 - name: by2 dtype: int64 - name: left dtype: int64 - name: oh dtype: int64 - name: ow dtype: int64 - name: right dtype: int64 - name: r1x1 dtype: int64 - name: r1x2 dtype: int64 - name: r1y1 dtype: int64 - name: r1y2 dtype: int64 - name: r2x1 dtype: int64 - name: r2x2 dtype: int64 - name: r2y1 dtype: int64 - name: r2y2 dtype: int64 - name: rules list: string - name: cleaned_stmt dtype: string - name: control_stack dtype: string splits: - name: train num_bytes: 6777258 num_examples: 324 download_size: 208154 dataset_size: 6777258 - config_name: predrule-IMP-SOS-uk-human-written features: - name: id dtype: string - name: program dtype: string - name: src-filename dtype: string - name: semantics-type dtype: string - name: syntax dtype: string - name: semantics dtype: string - name: language dtype: string - name: mutated-program dtype: string - name: mutated dtype: bool - name: mutation-pattern dtype: string - name: K-evaluatable dtype: bool - name: ground-truth dtype: string - name: sampled-statements list: - name: line_number dtype: int64 - name: prior_state struct: - name: ble dtype: int64 - name: ans dtype: int64 - name: i dtype: int64 - name: n dtype: int64 - name: x dtype: int64 - name: y dtype: int64 - name: a dtype: int64 - name: b dtype: int64 - name: c dtype: int64 - name: p dtype: int64 - name: q dtype: int64 - name: m dtype: int64 - name: temp dtype: int64 - name: j dtype: int64 - name: k dtype: int64 - name: n1 dtype: int64 - name: n2 dtype: int64 - name: n3 dtype: int64 - name: num dtype: int64 - name: d dtype: int64 - name: f dtype: int64 - name: r dtype: int64 - name: X dtype: int64 - name: B dtype: int64 - name: s dtype: int64 - name: t dtype: int64 - name: first dtype: int64 - name: tk dtype: int64 - name: T dtype: int64 - name: aa dtype: int64 - name: bb dtype: int64 - name: tmp dtype: int64 - name: xyz dtype: int64 - name: e dtype: int64 - name: l dtype: int64 - name: h dtype: int64 - name: z dtype: int64 - name: number dtype: int64 - name: l2 dtype: int64 - name: r2 dtype: int64 - name: x1 dtype: int64 - name: x2 dtype: int64 - name: y1 dtype: int64 - name: count dtype: int64 - name: y2 dtype: int64 - name: sum dtype: int64 - name: k9m dtype: int64 - name: x7f dtype: int64 - name: p2d dtype: int64 - name: cnt dtype: int64 - name: vol dtype: int64 - name: ax1 dtype: int64 - name: ax2 dtype: int64 - name: ay1 dtype: int64 - name: ay2 dtype: int64 - name: bx1 dtype: int64 - name: bx2 dtype: int64 - name: by1 dtype: int64 - name: by2 dtype: int64 - name: left dtype: int64 - name: oh dtype: int64 - name: ow dtype: int64 - name: right dtype: int64 - name: r1x1 dtype: int64 - name: r1x2 dtype: int64 - name: r1y1 dtype: int64 - name: r1y2 dtype: int64 - name: r2x1 dtype: int64 - name: r2x2 dtype: int64 - name: r2y1 dtype: int64 - name: r2y2 dtype: int64 - name: rules list: string - name: cleaned_stmt dtype: string - name: control_stack dtype: string splits: - name: train num_bytes: 3359261 num_examples: 162 download_size: 142836 dataset_size: 3359261 - config_name: predstate-IMP-K-mk-fuzzer-generated features: - name: id dtype: string - name: program dtype: string - name: src-filename dtype: string - name: semantics-type dtype: string - name: syntax dtype: string - name: semantics dtype: string - name: language dtype: string - name: mutated-program dtype: string - name: mutated dtype: bool - name: mutation-pattern dtype: string - name: K-evaluatable dtype: bool - name: ground-truth dtype: string splits: - name: train num_bytes: 26058090 num_examples: 330 download_size: 7001572 dataset_size: 26058090 - config_name: predstate-IMP-K-mk-human-written features: - name: id dtype: string - name: program dtype: string - name: src-filename dtype: string - name: semantics-type dtype: string - name: syntax dtype: string - name: semantics dtype: string - name: language dtype: string - name: mutated-program dtype: string - name: mutated dtype: bool - name: mutation-pattern dtype: string - name: K-evaluatable dtype: bool - name: ground-truth dtype: string splits: - name: train num_bytes: 3235751 num_examples: 324 download_size: 63156 dataset_size: 3235751 - config_name: predstate-IMP-K-mk-llm-translated features: - name: id dtype: string - name: program dtype: string - name: src-filename dtype: string - name: semantics-type dtype: string - name: syntax dtype: string - name: semantics dtype: string - name: language dtype: string - name: mutated-program dtype: string - name: mutated dtype: bool - name: mutation-pattern dtype: string - name: K-evaluatable dtype: bool - name: ground-truth dtype: string splits: - name: train num_bytes: 4354979 num_examples: 330 download_size: 268020 dataset_size: 4354979 - config_name: predstate-IMP-K-uk-fuzzer-generated features: - name: id dtype: string - name: program dtype: string - name: src-filename dtype: string - name: semantics-type dtype: string - name: syntax dtype: string - name: semantics dtype: string - name: language dtype: string - name: mutated-program dtype: string - name: mutated dtype: bool - name: mutation-pattern dtype: string - name: K-evaluatable dtype: bool - name: ground-truth dtype: string splits: - name: train num_bytes: 12440461 num_examples: 165 download_size: 3420099 dataset_size: 12440461 - config_name: predstate-IMP-K-uk-human-written features: - name: id dtype: string - name: program dtype: string - name: src-filename dtype: string - name: semantics-type dtype: string - name: syntax dtype: string - name: semantics dtype: string - name: language dtype: string - name: mutated-program dtype: string - name: mutated dtype: bool - name: mutation-pattern dtype: string - name: K-evaluatable dtype: bool - name: ground-truth dtype: string splits: - name: train num_bytes: 1591974 num_examples: 162 download_size: 45219 dataset_size: 1591974 - config_name: predstate-IMP-K-uk-llm-translated features: - name: id dtype: string - name: program dtype: string - name: src-filename dtype: string - name: semantics-type dtype: string - name: syntax dtype: string - name: semantics dtype: string - name: language dtype: string - name: mutated-program dtype: string - name: mutated dtype: bool - name: mutation-pattern dtype: string - name: K-evaluatable dtype: bool - name: ground-truth dtype: string splits: - name: train num_bytes: 2135878 num_examples: 165 download_size: 191974 dataset_size: 2135878 - config_name: predstate-IMP-SOS-mk-fuzzer-generated features: - name: id dtype: string - name: program dtype: string - name: src-filename dtype: string - name: semantics-type dtype: string - name: syntax dtype: string - name: semantics dtype: string - name: language dtype: string - name: mutated-program dtype: string - name: mutated dtype: bool - name: mutation-pattern dtype: string - name: K-evaluatable dtype: bool - name: ground-truth dtype: string splits: - name: train num_bytes: 27673607 num_examples: 330 download_size: 7008801 dataset_size: 27673607 - config_name: predstate-IMP-SOS-mk-human-written features: - name: id dtype: string - name: program dtype: string - name: src-filename dtype: string - name: semantics-type dtype: string - name: syntax dtype: string - name: semantics dtype: string - name: language dtype: string - name: mutated-program dtype: string - name: mutated dtype: bool - name: mutation-pattern dtype: string - name: K-evaluatable dtype: bool - name: ground-truth dtype: string splits: - name: train num_bytes: 4821893 num_examples: 324 download_size: 70344 dataset_size: 4821893 - config_name: predstate-IMP-SOS-mk-llm-translated features: - name: id dtype: string - name: program dtype: string - name: src-filename dtype: string - name: semantics-type dtype: string - name: syntax dtype: string - name: semantics dtype: string - name: language dtype: string - name: mutated-program dtype: string - name: mutated dtype: bool - name: mutation-pattern dtype: string - name: K-evaluatable dtype: bool - name: ground-truth dtype: string splits: - name: train num_bytes: 5970494 num_examples: 330 download_size: 275248 dataset_size: 5970494 - config_name: predstate-IMP-SOS-uk-fuzzer-generated features: - name: id dtype: string - name: program dtype: string - name: src-filename dtype: string - name: semantics-type dtype: string - name: syntax dtype: string - name: semantics dtype: string - name: language dtype: string - name: mutated-program dtype: string - name: mutated dtype: bool - name: mutation-pattern dtype: string - name: K-evaluatable dtype: bool - name: ground-truth dtype: string splits: - name: train num_bytes: 13245824 num_examples: 165 download_size: 3426458 dataset_size: 13245824 - config_name: predstate-IMP-SOS-uk-human-written features: - name: id dtype: string - name: program dtype: string - name: src-filename dtype: string - name: semantics-type dtype: string - name: syntax dtype: string - name: semantics dtype: string - name: language dtype: string - name: mutated-program dtype: string - name: mutated dtype: bool - name: mutation-pattern dtype: string - name: K-evaluatable dtype: bool - name: ground-truth dtype: string splits: - name: train num_bytes: 2382696 num_examples: 162 download_size: 51583 dataset_size: 2382696 - config_name: predstate-IMP-SOS-uk-llm-translated features: - name: id dtype: string - name: program dtype: string - name: src-filename dtype: string - name: semantics-type dtype: string - name: syntax dtype: string - name: semantics dtype: string - name: language dtype: string - name: mutated-program dtype: string - name: mutated dtype: bool - name: mutation-pattern dtype: string - name: K-evaluatable dtype: bool - name: ground-truth dtype: string splits: - name: train num_bytes: 2941243 num_examples: 165 download_size: 198331 dataset_size: 2941243 - config_name: predstate-IMP-nk-fuzzer-generated features: - name: id dtype: string - name: program dtype: string - name: src-filename dtype: string - name: language dtype: string - name: mutated-program dtype: string - name: mutated dtype: bool - name: mutation-pattern dtype: string - name: K-evaluatable dtype: bool - name: ground-truth dtype: string splits: - name: train num_bytes: 10917179 num_examples: 165 download_size: 3416057 dataset_size: 10917179 - config_name: predstate-IMP-nk-human-written features: - name: id dtype: string - name: program dtype: string - name: src-filename dtype: string - name: language dtype: string - name: mutated-program dtype: string - name: mutated dtype: bool - name: mutation-pattern dtype: string - name: K-evaluatable dtype: bool - name: ground-truth dtype: string splits: - name: train num_bytes: 96390 num_examples: 162 download_size: 41198 dataset_size: 96390 - config_name: predstate-IMP-nk-llm-translated features: - name: id dtype: string - name: program dtype: string - name: src-filename dtype: string - name: language dtype: string - name: mutated-program dtype: string - name: mutated dtype: bool - name: mutation-pattern dtype: string - name: K-evaluatable dtype: bool - name: ground-truth dtype: string splits: - name: train num_bytes: 612598 num_examples: 165 download_size: 187945 dataset_size: 612598 - config_name: predtrace-IMP-K-mk-human-written features: - name: id dtype: string - name: program dtype: string - name: src-filename dtype: string - name: semantics-type dtype: string - name: syntax dtype: string - name: semantics dtype: string - name: language dtype: string - name: mutated-program dtype: string - name: mutated dtype: bool - name: mutation-pattern dtype: string - name: K-evaluatable dtype: bool - name: ground-truth dtype: string - name: max-loop-depth dtype: int64 - name: max-if-depth dtype: int64 splits: - name: train num_bytes: 22715525 num_examples: 324 download_size: 1272634 dataset_size: 22715525 - config_name: predtrace-IMP-K-uk-human-written features: - name: id dtype: string - name: program dtype: string - name: src-filename dtype: string - name: semantics-type dtype: string - name: syntax dtype: string - name: semantics dtype: string - name: language dtype: string - name: mutated-program dtype: string - name: mutated dtype: bool - name: mutation-pattern dtype: string - name: K-evaluatable dtype: bool - name: ground-truth dtype: string - name: max-loop-depth dtype: int64 - name: max-if-depth dtype: int64 splits: - name: train num_bytes: 11331861 num_examples: 162 download_size: 648136 dataset_size: 11331861 - config_name: predtrace-IMP-SOS-mk-human-written features: - name: id dtype: string - name: program dtype: string - name: src-filename dtype: string - name: semantics-type dtype: string - name: syntax dtype: string - name: semantics dtype: string - name: language dtype: string - name: mutated-program dtype: string - name: mutated dtype: bool - name: mutation-pattern dtype: string - name: K-evaluatable dtype: bool - name: ground-truth dtype: string - name: max-loop-depth dtype: int64 - name: max-if-depth dtype: int64 splits: - name: train num_bytes: 36617209 num_examples: 324 download_size: 2093225 dataset_size: 36617209 - config_name: predtrace-IMP-SOS-uk-human-written features: - name: id dtype: string - name: program dtype: string - name: src-filename dtype: string - name: semantics-type dtype: string - name: syntax dtype: string - name: semantics dtype: string - name: language dtype: string - name: mutated-program dtype: string - name: mutated dtype: bool - name: mutation-pattern dtype: string - name: K-evaluatable dtype: bool - name: ground-truth dtype: string - name: max-loop-depth dtype: int64 - name: max-if-depth dtype: int64 splits: - name: train num_bytes: 18280353 num_examples: 162 download_size: 1061112 dataset_size: 18280353 configs: - config_name: predrule-IMP-SOS-mk-human-written data_files: - split: train path: predrule-IMP-SOS-mk-human-written/train-* - config_name: predrule-IMP-SOS-uk-human-written data_files: - split: train path: predrule-IMP-SOS-uk-human-written/train-* - config_name: predstate-IMP-K-mk-fuzzer-generated data_files: - split: train path: predstate-IMP-K-mk-fuzzer-generated/train-* - config_name: predstate-IMP-K-mk-human-written data_files: - split: train path: predstate-IMP-K-mk-human-written/train-* - config_name: predstate-IMP-K-mk-llm-translated data_files: - split: train path: predstate-IMP-K-mk-llm-translated/train-* - config_name: predstate-IMP-K-uk-fuzzer-generated data_files: - split: train path: predstate-IMP-K-uk-fuzzer-generated/train-* - config_name: predstate-IMP-K-uk-human-written data_files: - split: train path: predstate-IMP-K-uk-human-written/train-* - config_name: predstate-IMP-K-uk-llm-translated data_files: - split: train path: predstate-IMP-K-uk-llm-translated/train-* - config_name: predstate-IMP-SOS-mk-fuzzer-generated data_files: - split: train path: predstate-IMP-SOS-mk-fuzzer-generated/train-* - config_name: predstate-IMP-SOS-mk-human-written data_files: - split: train path: predstate-IMP-SOS-mk-human-written/train-* - config_name: predstate-IMP-SOS-mk-llm-translated data_files: - split: train path: predstate-IMP-SOS-mk-llm-translated/train-* - config_name: predstate-IMP-SOS-uk-fuzzer-generated data_files: - split: train path: predstate-IMP-SOS-uk-fuzzer-generated/train-* - config_name: predstate-IMP-SOS-uk-human-written data_files: - split: train path: predstate-IMP-SOS-uk-human-written/train-* - config_name: predstate-IMP-SOS-uk-llm-translated data_files: - split: train path: predstate-IMP-SOS-uk-llm-translated/train-* - config_name: predstate-IMP-nk-fuzzer-generated data_files: - split: train path: predstate-IMP-nk-fuzzer-generated/train-* - config_name: predstate-IMP-nk-human-written data_files: - split: train path: predstate-IMP-nk-human-written/train-* - config_name: predstate-IMP-nk-llm-translated data_files: - split: train path: predstate-IMP-nk-llm-translated/train-* - config_name: predtrace-IMP-K-mk-human-written data_files: - split: train path: predtrace-IMP-K-mk-human-written/train-* - config_name: predtrace-IMP-K-uk-human-written data_files: - split: train path: predtrace-IMP-K-uk-human-written/train-* - config_name: predtrace-IMP-SOS-mk-human-written data_files: - split: train path: predtrace-IMP-SOS-mk-human-written/train-* - config_name: predtrace-IMP-SOS-uk-human-written data_files: - split: train path: predtrace-IMP-SOS-uk-human-written/train-*

Table of Contents

About

PLSemanticsBench is the first benchmark for evaluating LLMs as programming language interpreters. We introduce three tasks to evaluate this:

Task Description
✨ PredState Predicts the final program state
✨ PredRule Predicts the ordered sequence of semantic rules needed to evaluate a program
✨ PredTrace Predicts the step-by-step execution of a program

Installation

System Requirements

  • Python 3.11 or higher
  • OpenAI API key (for running experiments)

Step-by-Step Installation

  1. Create and activate the conda environment:
conda env create -f env.yaml
conda activate plsemanticsbench
  1. Set up your OpenAI API key:
export OPENAI_API_KEY='your-api-key-here'

Quick Start

Basic Example

Here's a minimal example to get started:

from plsemanticsbench import GPTRunner, GPT_MODEL_ENUM
from plsemanticsbench import ExperimentArgs, LLMEvaluator
from plsemanticsbench import (
    PROMPT_STRATEGY,
    Task,
    Formalization,
    Semantics_Type,
    Language,
    PLDataset
)

# Model name
model_name = "o3-mini"

# Experiment args: Run the PredState task on the IMP language with
# standard semantics formalized using SOS and with direct prompting
exp_args = ExperimentArgs(
    dataset=PLDataset.Human_Written,
    task=Task.PredState,
    language=Language.IMP,
    formalization=Formalization.SOS,
    semantics_type=Semantics_Type.Standard,
    model_name=model_name,
    prompt_strategy=PROMPT_STRATEGY.DA,
    num_datapoints_to_run=2, # Run just 2 datapoints (omit to run entire dataset)
)
                        
# Run inference using the OpenAI API
gpt_runner = GPTRunner(
    gpt_model=GPT_MODEL_ENUM.O3_MINI,
    args=exp_args,
)

# If prediction file is provided, the predictions will be saved to the file
predictions = gpt_runner.do_experiment()
llm_eval = LLMEvaluator(exp_args)
evaluation_result = llm_eval.evaluate_from_list(results=predictions, model_name=model_name)
print(evaluation_result)

Expected Output

The evaluation results will look like:

{
    'accuracy': 1,
    'malformed-count': 0,
}

Benchmark

You can load the dataset using the datasets library. Here is an example:

from datasets import load_dataset

# Load PredState task with standard semantics (uk) and K-semantics formalization (K) and with the Human Written (human-written) dataset
predstate_IMP_K_uk_human_written = load_dataset("EngineeringSoftware/PLSemanticsBench", name="predstate-IMP-K-uk-human-written")

# Load PredRule task with nonstandard semantics (mk) ans SOS formalization (SOS) and with the LLM Translated (llm-translated) dataset
predrule_IMP_SOS_mk_llm_translated = load_dataset("EngineeringSoftware/PLSemanticsBench", name="predrule-IMP-SOS-mk-llm-translated")

# Load PredState task with no-semantics (nk) and with the Fuzzer Generated (fuzzer-generated) dataset
predstate_IMP_nk_fuzzer_generated = load_dataset("EngineeringSoftware/PLSemanticsBench", name="predstate-IMP-nk-fuzzer-generated")

Dataset Split

Task Split Description
✨ PredState
(Final State Prediction)		 predstate-IMP-nk-{dataset-name} No semantics
predstate-IMP-K-uk-{dataset-name} Standard semantics with K-semantics formalization
predstate-IMP-K-mk-{dataset-name} Nonstandard semantics with K-semantics formalization
predstate-IMP-SOS-uk-{dataset-name} Standard semantics with SOS formalization
predstate-IMP-SOS-mk-{dataset-name} Nonstandard semantics with SOS formalization
✨ PredRule
(Semantic Rule Prediction)		 predrule-IMP-K-uk-human-written Standard semantics with K-semantics formalization
predrule-IMP-K-mk-human-written Nonstandard semantics with K-semantics formalization
predrule-IMP-SOS-uk-human-written Standard semantics with SOS formalization
predrule-IMP-SOS-mk-human-written Nonstandard semantics with SOS formalization
✨ PredTrace
(Execution Trace Prediction)		 predtrace-IMP-K-uk-human-written Standard semantics with K-semantics formalization
predtrace-IMP-K-mk-human-written Nonstandard semantics with K-semantics formalization
predtrace-IMP-SOS-uk-human-written Standard semantics with SOS formalization
predtrace-IMP-SOS-mk-human-written Nonstandard semantics with SOS formalization

Data Example

One example of the dataset is as follows:

{
  "program": "int ans; ans = 1; ...",
  "syntax": "<program> :: ...",
  "semantics": "ℤ := Set of integers ...",
  "mutated-program": "int ans; ans = 1; ...",
  "mutation-pattern": "KeyWordSwap",
  "exec-trace": [
    {
      "linenumber": 1,
      "rule": ["Rule 38", "Rule 39"],
      "state": {"ans": 1}
    }
  ],
  "ground-truth": "<answer>...</answer>"
}

Citation 

@article{ThimmaiahETAL25PLSemanticsBench,
  title={PLSemanticsBench: Large Language Models As Programming Language Interpreters},
  author={Aditya Thimmaiah, Jiyang Zhang, Jayanth Srinivasa, Junyi Jessy Li, Milos Gligoric},
  year={2025},
  archivePrefix={arXiv},
  url={https://arxiv.org/abs/2510.03415}, 
}

License

This project is licensed under the CC BY 4.0 License.