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4,685 | 5 | D-Bus:d-bus computing d-bus desktop bus software bus inter-process communication ipc remote procedure call rpc mechanism allows communication multiple computer programs processes concurrently running machine d-bus developed part freedesktop.org project initiated havoc pennington red hat standardize services provided linux desktop environments gnome kde freedesktop.org project also developed free open-source software library called libdbus reference implementation specification library confused d-bus indeed implementations d-bus client library also exist gdbus gnome qtdbus qt/kde dbus-java sd-bus part systemd d-bus ipc mechanism initially designed replace software component communications systems used gnome kde linux desktop environments corba dcop respectively components desktop environments normally distributed many processes one providing —usually one— services services may used regular client applications components desktop environment perform tasks due large number processes involved —adding processes providing services clients accessing them— establishing one-to-one ipc communications becomes inefficient quite unreliable approach instead d-bus provides software-bus abstraction gathers communications group processes single shared virtual channel processes connected bus n't know internally implemented d-bus specification guarantees processes connected bus communicate linux desktop environments take advantage d-bus facilities instantiating one bus many process connect number buses provided granted access practice means user process connect system bus current session bus another user session buses even different session bus owned user latter restriction may change future user sessions combined single user bus d-bus provides additional simplifies existing functionality applications including information-sharing modularity privilege separation example information incoming voice-call received bluetooth skype propagated interpreted currently-running music player react muting volume pausing playback call finished d-bus also used framework integrate different components user application instance office suite communicate session bus share data word processor spreadsheet every connection bus identified context d-bus called bus name bus name consists two dot-separated strings letters digits dashes underscores example valid bus name process sets connection bus bus assigns connection special bus name called unique connection name bus names type immutable—it guaranteed wo n't change long connection exists—and importantly ca n't reused bus lifetime means connection bus ever assigned unique connection name even process closes connection bus creates new one unique connection names easily recognizable start the—otherwise forbidden—colon character example unique connection name characters colon particular meaning process ask additional bus names connection provided requested name already used another connection bus d-bus parlance bus name assigned connection said connection owns bus name sense bus name ca n't owned two connections time unlike unique connection names names reused available process may reclaim bus name released —purposely not— another process idea behind additional bus names commonly called well-known names provide way refer service using prearranged bus name instance service reports current time date system bus lies process whose connection owns bus name regardless process bus names used simple way implement single instance applications second instances detect bus name already taken also used track service process lifecycle since bus sends notification bus name released due process termination original conception replacement several component oriented communications systems d-bus shares predecessors object model express semantics communications clients services terms used d-bus object model mimic used object oriented programming languages n't mean d-bus somehow limited oop languages —in fact used implementation written c procedural programming language d-bus process offers services exposing objects objects methods invoked signals object emit methods signals collectively referred members object client connected bus interact object using methods making requests commanding object perform actions instance object representing time service queried client using method returns current date time client also listen signals object emits state changes due certain events usually related underlying service example would service manages hardware devices —such usb network drives— signals new hardware device added event clients instruct bus interested receiving certain signals particular object since d-bus bus passes signals processes registered interest process connected d-bus bus request export many d-bus objects wants object identified object path string numbers letters underscores separated prefixed slash character called resemblance unix filesystem paths object path selected requesting process must unique context bus connection example valid object path however enforced —but also discouraged— form hierarchies within object paths particular naming convention objects service entirely developers service many developers choose namespace using reserved domain name project prefix e.g every object inextricably associated particular bus connection exported d-bus point view lives context connection therefore order able use certain service client must indicate object path providing desired service also bus name service process connected bus turn allows several processes connected bus export different objects identical object paths unambiguously members —methods signals— used object specified interface interface set declarations methods including passing returning parameters signals including parameters identified dot-separated name resembling java language interfaces notation example valid interface name despite similarity interface names bus names mistaken d-bus object implement several interfaces least must implement one providing support every method signal defined combination interfaces implemented object called object type using object good practice client process provide member interface name besides member name mandatory ambiguity caused duplicated member names available different interfaces implemented object —otherwise selected member undefined erroneous emitted signal hand must always indicate interface belongs d-bus specification also defines several standard interfaces objects may want implement addition interfaces although technically optional d-bus service developers choose support exported objects since offer important additional features d-bus clients introspection standard interfaces d-bus specification defines number administrative bus operations called bus services performed using object resides bus name bus reserves special bus name manages requests made specifically combination bus name object path administrative operations provided bus defined object interface operations used example provide information status bus manage request release additional well-known bus names d-bus conceived generic high-level inter-process communication system accomplish goals d-bus communications based exchange messages processes instead raw bytes d-bus messages high-level discrete items process send bus another connected process messages well-defined structure even types data carried payload defined allowing bus validate reject ill-formed message regard d-bus closer rpc mechanism classic ipc mechanism type definition system marshaling bus supports two modes interchanging messages client service process every d-bus message consists header body header formed several fields identify type message sender well information required deliver message recipient destination bus name object path method signal name interface name etc. body contains data payload receiver process interprets —for instance input output arguments data encoded well known binary format called wire format supports serialization various types integers floating-point numbers strings compound types also referred marshaling d-bus specification defines wire protocol build d-bus messages exchanged processes within d-bus connection however define underlying transport method delivering messages existing d-bus implementations follow architecture reference implementation architecture consists two main components library equivalent internally uses native lower-level ipc mechanism transport required d-bus messages two processes ends d-bus connection d-bus specification n't mandate particular ipc transport mechanisms available use communications library decides transport methods supports instance linux unix-like operating systems typically uses unix domain sockets underlying transport method also supports tcp sockets communications libraries processes must agree selected transport method also particular channel used communication information defined d-bus calls address unix-domain socket filesystem objects therefore identified filename valid address would codice_1 processes must pass address respective communications libraries establish d-bus connection address also provide additional data communications library form comma-separated codice_2 pairs way example provide authentication information specific type connection supports message bus daemon like used implement d-bus bus processes want connect bus must know bus address address process establish d-bus connection central message bus process scenario message bus daemon selects bus address remainder processes must pass value corresponding equivalent libraries defines different bus address every bus instance provides addresses defined daemon configuration files two processes use d-bus connection exchange messages directly way d-bus normally intended used usual way always use message bus daemon i.e communications central point process establish point-to-point d-bus connection process —client service— sends d-bus message message bus process receives first instance delivers appropriate recipient message bus daemon may seen hub router charge getting message destination repeating d-bus connection recipient process recipient process determined destination bus name message header field subscription information signals maintained message bus daemon case signal propagation messages message bus daemon also produce messages response certain conditions error message process sent message nonexistent bus name d-bus started 2002 havoc pennington alex larsson red hat anders carlsson version 1.0 —considered api stable— released november 2006 heavily influenced dcop system used versions 2 3 kde d-bus replaced dcop kde 4 release implementation d-bus supports posix operating systems port windows exists used qt 4 gnome gnome gradually replaced parts earlier bonobo mechanism also used xfce one earlier adopters nowadays deprecated hardware abstraction layer hal used d-bus export information hardware added removed computer usage d-bus steadily expanding beyond initial scope desktop environments cover increasing amount system services instance networkmanager network daemon bluez bluetooth stack pulseaudio sound server use d-bus provide part services systemd uses d-bus wire protocol communication systemd also promoting traditional system daemons d-bus services logind another heavy user d-bus polkit whose policy authority daemon implemented service connected system bus also used wire protocol alljoyn protocol home automation end alljoyn adds discovery session management security header compression embedded device support makes transport agnostic although several implementations d-bus widely used reference implementation libdbus developed freedesktop.org project designed specification however libdbus low-level implementation never meant used directly application developers reference guide reimplementations d-bus included standard libraries desktop environments programming language bindings freedesktop.org project recommends applications authors use one higher level bindings implementations instead predominance libdbus used d-bus implementation caused terms d-bus libdbus often used interchangeably leading confusion gdbus implementation d-bus based gio streams included glib aiming used gtk+ gnome gdbus wrapper libdbus complete independent reimplementation d-bus specification protocol mate desktop xfce version 4.14 also based gtk+ 3 also use gdbus qtdbus implementation d-bus included qt library since version 4.2 component used kde applications libraries components access d-bus services available system 2013 systemd project rewrote libdbus effort simplify code also resulted significant increase overall d-bus performance preliminary benchmarks bmw found systemd d-bus library increased performance 360 version 221 systemd sd-bus api declared stable libnih project provides light-weight standard library c support d-bus additionally good support cross compiling kdbus project aimed reimplement d-bus kernel-mediated peer-to-peer inter-process communication mechanism beside performance improvements kdbus would advantages arising linux kernel features namespaces auditing security kernel mediating closing race conditions allowing d-bus used boot shutdown needed systemd kdbus inclusion linux kernel proved controversial dropped favor bus1 generic inter-process communication several programming language bindings d-bus developed java c ruby | [
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4,686 | 3 | Él_(visual_novel):él visual novel elle also known japanese adult visual novel developed elf corporation originally released june 13 1991 remake produced elf corporation retitled él released september 29 2000 green bunny produced anime original video animation titled él released two volumes 2001 series depicts survivors nuclear war gathered single tightly-monitored city december 1999 nuclear war devastates earth renders world inhospitable ensure survival humanity megaroasu plan carried terrorist organization called black widow attacks tries disrupt plan story takes place 2008 player takes role unnamed hero unknown past expert marksman heroine el miles includes ensemble minor characters advance plot game simple click adventure one ending games genre 2000 remake story exception setting refocused 2030 graphics updated included three-dimensional computer graphics script dubbed cast professional voice actors cast credits private released nuclear war triggered environmental pollution group survivors start megaro earth project city built dome protect last fragments humanity el miles sniper – policewoman defending city terrorist organization black widows el placed charge protecting parsley pop singer nearly raped black widow operatives singer finds falling love el attempts seduces el discovers fellow snipers becoming black widow operatives constantly tormented leader gimmick also unusual blackouts unexplained visions another reality end second episode whole world el miles lived actually 'created dream el man named joe last humanity disrupted parsley first release titled elle originally released june 13 1991 remake produced elf corporation retitled él released september 29 2000 original release pc-9801 software four 5 2hd floppy disks remake released windows 95 98 2000 xp cd green bunny produced anime original video animation titled él released two volumes 2001 nutech digital acquired rights él ova 2001 english release volumes 1 2 box set would follow january 2002 featuring english dub included voice talents adult actresses shelbee myne lola ova credits include kazuma kanezawa director kazuma kanezawa wrote script designs masaki kawai takeo takahashi yukio segami production arms green bunny chris beveridge reviewed english localizations series nutech digital release originally reviewed 2002 positive noting strong visuals seconds cross coloration second episode kitty media release also reviewed favorably among differences nutech digital release redubbing work release strong points ova writing execution surprise ending large cast characters resulted poor development secondary characters visuals original release hold compared newer works 2007 review increasing industry standards | [
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4,687 | 2 | List_of_features_removed_in_Windows_XP:list features removed windows xp next version windows nt windows 2000 well successor windows windows xp introduced many new features also removed others following list | [
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4,688 | 4 | Information_Trust_Institute:information trust institute information trust institute iti founded 2004 interdisciplinary unit designed approach information security research systems perspective examines information security looking makes machines applications users trustworthy mission create computer systems software networks society depend trustworthy meaning secure dependable reliable available correct safe private survivable iti stated goal create new paradigm designing trustworthy systems ground validating systems intended trustworthy iti academic/industry partnership focusing application areas electric power financial systems defense homeland security among others brings together 100 researchers representing numerous colleges units university illinois urbana–champaign | [
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4,689 | 4 | Avast_Antivirus:avast antivirus avast antivirus family internet security applications developed avast microsoft windows macos android ios avast antivirus products include free proprietary versions provide computer security browser security antivirus software firewall anti-phishing antispyware anti-spam among services 2017 avast popular antivirus vendor market largest share market antivirus applications avast programs available internet-connected devices available 45 languages avast product range includes following february 2018 test various antimalware products av-test avast free antivirus earned 6 6 points protection category detecting 100 malware samples used test earning av-test certified seal avast mobile security antivirus app also performed well detected 100 malware samples january 2018 test android malware av-comparatives | [
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4,690 | 2 | Game_Center:game center game center got removed home screen ios 10 update still exists today mac os also games ios pop open certain games ios today game center app released apple allows users play challenge friends playing online multiplayer social gaming network games games share multiplayer functionality mac ios versions app game center implemented developers ios 4.1 later mac os x 10.8 later gamekit framework game center available ipod touch 2nd generation later ios 4.1 higher required iphone 3gs later ios 4.1 higher required models ipad ios 4.2 higher required mac computers running os x 10.8 mountain lion later apple tv 4 running tvos apple watch running watchos 3 gaming became major part ios platform apple launched app store july 10 2008 unlike console systems currently market apple unified multiplayer social system platform gap soon filled third parties openfeint plus agon online scoreloop third parties control online gaming environment multiple third parties involved left non-unified experience game center announced ios 4 preview event hosted apple april 8 2010 preview released registered apple developers august released september 8 2010 ios 4.1 iphone 4 iphone 3gs ipod touch 2nd generation 4th generation included ios 4.2 ipad updated version game center released ios 5 featured addition turn-based gaming player photos friend suggestions achievement points ios 6 update added challenges way players challenge players beat leaderboard scores earn achievements june 13 2016 application removed ios 10 macos sierra however service still exists within game center players connect friends send friend requests start playing games organize online multiplayer games number friends connected single game center account limited 500 games may feature achievements completing certain task player rewarded points depending game leaderboard may present player compare score friends world many ios games use game center use every feature apps choose include following features supported game center | [
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4,691 | 8 | Scrapy:scrapy scrapy free open-source web-crawling framework written python originally designed web scraping also used extract data using apis general-purpose web crawler currently maintained scrapinghub ltd. web-scraping development services company scrapy project architecture built around spiders self-contained crawlers given set instructions following spirit n't repeat frameworks django makes easier build scale large crawling projects allowing developers reuse code scrapy also provides web-crawling shell used developers test assumptions site ’ behavior well-known companies products using scrapy lyst parse.ly sayone technologies sciences po medialab data.gov.uk ’ world government data site scrapy born london-based web-aggregation e-commerce company mydeco developed maintained employees mydeco insophia web-consulting company based montevideo uruguay first public release august 2008 bsd license milestone 1.0 release happening june 2015 2011 scrapinghub became new official maintainer | [
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4,692 | 7 | Software-defined_data_center:software-defined data center software-defined data center sddc also virtual data center vdc marketing term extends virtualization concepts abstraction pooling automation data center resources services achieve service itaas software-defined data center elements infrastructure — networking storage cpu security – virtualized delivered service itaas may represent outcome sddc sddc differently cast toward integrators datacenter builders rather toward tenants software awareness infrastructure visible tenants sddc support claimed wide variety approaches critics see software-defined data center marketing tool software-defined hype noting variability 2013 analyst projected least software-defined data center components would experience market growth software-defined networking market expected valued us 3.7 billion 2016 compared us 360 million 2013 idc estimates software-defined storage market poised expand faster storage market software-defined data center encompasses variety concepts data-center infrastructure components component potentially provisioned operated managed application programming interface api core architectural components comprise software-defined data center include following software-defined data center differs private cloud since private cloud offer virtual-machine self-service beneath could use traditional provisioning management instead sddc concepts imagine data center encompass private public hybrid clouds data centers traditionally lacked capacity accommodate total virtualization 2013 companies began laying foundation software-defined data centers virtualization ben cherian midokura considered amazon web services catalyst move toward software-defined data centers convinced world data center could abstracted much smaller units could treated disposable pieces technology turn could priced utility 2013 software-defined data center term promoted paradigm shift according steve herrod promise software-defined data center companies would longer need rely specialized hardware hire consultants install program hardware specialized language rather would define applications resources require—including compute storage networking security availability—and group required components create “ logical application. ” commonly cited benefits software-defined data centers include improved efficiency extending virtualization throughout data center increased agility provisioning applications quickly improved control application availability security policy-based governance flexibility run new existing applications multiple platforms clouds addition software-defined data center implementation could reduce company energy usage enabling servers data center hardware run decreased power levels turned believe software-defined data centers improve security giving organizations control hosted data security levels compared security provided hosted-cloud providers software-defined data center marketed drive prices data center hardware challenge traditional hardware vendors develop new ways differentiate products software services concepts software-defined general software-defined data centers particular dismissed “ nonsense ” “ marketecture ” “ software-defined hype. ” critics believe minority companies “ completely homogeneous systems ’ ” already place yahoo google transition software-defined data centers according observers software-defined data centers ’ necessarily eliminate challenges relate handling differences development production environments managing mix legacy new applications delivering service-level agreements slas software-defined networking seen essential software-defined data center also considered “ least mature technology ” required enable software-defined data center however several companies including arista networks cisco microsoft vmware market products enable virtual networks provisioned extended moved across existing physical networks several competing network virtualization standards already existed 2012 neutron networking component open-source software openstack project provides application-level abstraction network resources includes interface configuring virtual switches software-defined data center approach force organizations adapt software-defined environments require rethinking many processes—including automation metering billing—and executing service delivery service activation service assurance widespread transition sddc could take years | [
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4,693 | 5 | Certificate_Management_over_CMS:certificate management cms certificate management cms cmc internet standard published ietf defining transport mechanisms cryptographic message syntax cms defined rfc 5272 transport mechanisms rfc 5273 one two protocols utilizing certificate request message format crmf described rfc 4211 protocol certificate management protocol cmp enrollment secure transport est protocol described rfc 7030 profile cmc use provisioning certificates end entities est play similar role scep | [
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4,694 | 3 | Heterogeneous_System_Architecture:heterogeneous system architecture heterogeneous system architecture hsa cross-vendor set specifications allow integration central processing units graphics processors bus shared memory tasks hsa developed hsa foundation includes among many others amd arm platform stated aim reduce communication latency cpus gpus compute devices make various devices compatible programmer perspective relieving programmer task planning moving data devices disjoint memories must currently done opencl cuda cuda opencl well fairly advanced programming languages use hsa increase execution performance heterogeneous computing widely used system-on-chip devices tablets smartphones mobile devices video game consoles hsa allows programs use graphics processor floating point calculations without separate memory scheduling rationale behind hsa ease burden programmers offloading calculations gpu originally driven solely amd called fsa idea extended encompass processing units gpus manufacturers dsps well modern gpus well suited perform single instruction multiple data simd single instruction multiple threads simt modern cpus still optimized branching etc originally introduced embedded systems cell broadband engine sharing system memory directly multiple system actors makes heterogeneous computing mainstream heterogeneous computing refers systems contain multiple processing units central processing units cpus graphics processing units gpus digital signal processors dsps type application-specific integrated circuits asics system architecture allows accelerator instance graphics processor operate processing level system cpu among main features hsa defines unified virtual address space compute devices gpus traditionally memory separate main cpu memory hsa requires devices share page tables devices exchange data sharing pointers supported custom memory management units render interoperability possible also ease various aspects programming hsa intended isa-agnostic cpus accelerators support high-level programming languages far hsa specifications cover hsa intermediate layer hsail virtual instruction set parallel programs mobile devices one hsa application areas yields improved power efficiency block diagrams provide high-level illustrations hsa operates compares traditional architectures hsa-specific features implemented hardware need supported operating system kernel specific device drivers example support amd radeon amd firepro graphics cards apus based graphics core next gcn merged version 3.19 linux kernel mainline released 8 february 2015 programs interact directly queue jobs utilizing hsa runtime first implementation known focuses berlin apus works alongside existing radeon kernel graphics driver additionally supports heterogeneous queuing hq aims simplify distribution computational jobs among multiple cpus gpus programmer perspective support heterogeneous memory management hmm suited graphics hardware featuring version 2 amd iommu accepted linux kernel mainline version 4.14 integrated support hsa platforms announced sumatra release openjdk due 2015 amd app sdk amd proprietary software development kit targeting parallel computing available microsoft windows linux bolt c++ template library optimized heterogeneous computing gpuopen comprehends couple software tools related hsa codexl version 2.0 includes hsa profiler amd kaveri a-series apus cf kaveri desktop processors kaveri mobile processors sony playstation 4 allowed integrated gpu access memory via version 2 amd iommu earlier apus trinity richland included version 2 iommu functionality use external gpu connected via pci express post-2015 carrizo bristol ridge apus also include version 2 iommu functionality integrated gpu arm bifrost microarchitecture implemented mali-g71 fully compliant hsa 1.1 hardware specifications arm announced software support would use hardware feature | [
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4,695 | 2 | Applied_Data_Research:applied data research applied data research adr large software vendor 1960s mid-1980s adr often described first independent software vendor founded 1959 adr originally contract development company adr eventually built series products adr widely used major packages included autoflow automatic flowcharting roscoe metacobol extensible macro processor cobol language librarian source-code management adr later purchased datacom/db database management system insyte datacom developed companion product ideal interactive development environment application ’ life fourth-generation programming language another popular adr product librarian version control system ibm mainframe operating systems known ca librarian 1978 reported librarian use 3,000 sites decade later number doubled adr received first patent issued computer program sorting system april 23 1968 program developed martin a. goetz adr instigated litigation federal court ibm accusations ibm retarding growth independent software industry monopolizing software industry leading ibm famous 1969 1970 adr programmatics wholly owned subsidiary adr received out-of-court settlement 1.4 million ibm ibm also agreed serve supplier autoflow meant another potential 600,000 revenues adr adr licensed datacom/db tcsc firm sold modified versions ibm dos/360 dos/vs operating systems known edos 1980 nixdorf computer bought tcsc nixdorf sought continue licensing arrangement adr ncsc went court dispute whether licensing arrangement terminated acquisition adr nixdorf settled court 1981 agreement nixdorf could continue resell adr products adr bought massachusetts computer associates also known compass late 1960s adr sold ameritech 1986 kept intact subsidiary 1988 ameritech sold adr computer associates unrelated massachusetts computer associates subsequently rename ca technologies computer associates integrated company systems products division new information products division roscoe remote os conversational operating environment originally marketed roscoe last marketed ca-roscoe software product ibm mainframes text editor also provides operating system functionality ability submit batch jobs similar ispf xedit ability support 200+ concurrent active users still low overhead based single address space architecture rpf roscoe programming facility scripting language string processing capability | [
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4,696 | 4 | Smart_card_management_system:smart card management system smart card management system scms credential management system cms system managing smart cards life cycle smart cards thus system issue smart cards maintain smart cards use finally take smart cards use eol chip/smart cards provide foundation secure electronic identity used control access facilities networks computers smart cards security credentials authenticating smart card holder example using two-factor authentication security requirements smart card management system often high therefore vendors systems found computer security industry smart card management systems generally implemented software applications system needs accessible one operator user simultaneously normally case software application often provided form server application accessible several different client systems alternative approach multiple synchronized systems smart card management systems connect smart cards systems systems smart card management system must connect depends use case smart cards typical systems connect include smart card lifecycle smart card changing state examples states include issued blocked revoked process taking smart card one state another main responsibility smart card management system different smart card management systems call processes different names list widely used names processes listed briefly explained | [
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4,697 | 1 | SQL_Server_Compact:sql server compact microsoft sql server compact sql ce compact relational database produced microsoft applications run mobile devices desktops prior introduction desktop platform known sql server windows ce sql server mobile edition includes 32-bit 64-bit native support sql ce targets occasionally connected applications applications embedded database free download redistribute odbc driver sql ce exist one planned native applications may use sql ce via ole db latest last release sql server compact 4.0 february 2013 sql server compact edition deprecated new versions updates planned although microsoft continue support july 2021 sql server compact shares common api microsoft sql server editions also includes ado.net providers data access using ado.net apis built-in synchronization capabilities well support linq entity framework future releases unify synchronization capabilities microsoft synchronization services unlike editions microsoft sql server sql ce runs in-process application hosting disk footprint less 2 mb memory footprint approximately 5 mb sql ce optimized architecture applications share memory pool windows store apps windows 8 use sql server compact edition edition sql server versions sql ce databases support acid-compliance meet durability requirement default autoflush buffers changes memory including enlisted ambient transactions explicit sql ce transactions override commit call commitmode.immediate value therefore committed transaction changes lost meet durability requirement commit call transaction must specify immediate flag like microsoft sql server sql ce supports transactions referential integrity constraints locking well multiple connections database store however nested transactions supported even though parallel transactions different tables current release support stored procedures native xml data type either uses subset t-sql querying due lack xml support xquery supported either queries processed optimizing query processor sql ce databases also support indexing well support remote data replication local caching data remote databases merge replication bidirectional synchronization master databases sql ce databases created managed microsoft visual studio older versions sql server management studio well sql ce databases reside single .sdf file 4 gb size .sdf file encrypted 128-bit encryption data security sql ce runtime mediates concurrent multi-user access .sdf file .sdf file simply copied destination system deployment deployed clickonce sql ce runtime support datadirectories applications using sql ce database need specify entire path .sdf file ado.net connection string rather specified |datadirectory|\ database_name .sdf defining data directory .sdf database file resides defined assembly manifest application sql server management studio 2005 read modify ce 3.0 3.1 database files latest service pack sql server management studio 2008 later required read version 3.5 files microsoft visual studio express 2008 sp1 create modify query ce 3.5 sp1 database files sql server management studio read ce 4.0 files visual studio 2010 sp1 handle ce 4.0 database files .sdf sqlce database file naming convention optional extension used setting password database file optional database compressed repaired option compacted/repaired database placed new database file february 2013 microsoft announced sql server compact edition deprecated although new versions updates planned microsoft continue support sql compact standard lifecycle support policy support end july 2021 | [
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4,698 | 7 | 6fusion:6fusion 6fusion dataservices company headquartered raleigh north carolina enables utility approach it—standardizing economic measurement infrastructure cloud services providing economic transparency global market helping end-users make better informed infrastructure decisions 6fusion ’ uc6 platform organizations view manage total cost consumption tcc business services real time achieve higher level cost optimization forecasting accuracy business agility 6fusion uses patented single unit measure infrastructure called workload allocation cube wac provides common view consumption agnostic underlying technology vendors 6fusion enables baselining benchmarking budgeting business service consumption across execution venues supports dynamic cost optimization strategies 6fusion products metering analytics reporting tools used enterprise organizations service providers cloud brokers company raised total 10m two rounds funding intersouth partners grotech ventures 6fusion product portfolio made following | [
2961
] | Test |
4,699 | 4 | Wardialing:wardialing wardialing war dialing technique automatically scan list telephone numbers usually dialing every number local area code search modems computers bulletin board systems computer servers fax machines hackers use resulting lists various purposes hobbyists exploration crackers – malicious hackers specialize breaching computer security – guessing user accounts capturing voicemail greetings locating modems might provide entry-point computer electronic systems may also used security personnel example detect unauthorized devices modems faxes company telephone network single wardialing call would involve calling unknown number waiting one two rings since answering computers usually pick first ring phone rings twice modem hangs tries next number modem fax machine answers wardialer program makes note number human answering machine answers wardialer program hangs depending time day wardialing 10,000 numbers given area code might annoy dozens hundreds people attempt fail answer phone two rings succeed hear wardialing modem carrier tone hang repeated incoming calls especially annoying businesses many consecutively numbered lines exchange used centrex telephone system newer wardialing software warvox require modem conduct wardialing rather programs use voip connections speed number calls wardialer make sandstorm enterprises patent multi-line war dialer system method scan-dialing telephone numbers classifying equipment connected telephone lines associated therewith patented technology implemented sandstorm phonesweep war dialer popular name technique originated 1983 film wargames film protagonist programmed computer dial every telephone number sunnyvale california find computer systems prior movie release technique known hammer dialing demon dialing film introduced method many members 414s 1985 least one company advertised war games autodialer commodore computers programs became common bulletin board systems time file names often truncated wardial.exe like due length restrictions 8 characters systems eventually etymology name fell behind war dialing gained currency within computing culture popularity wardialing 1980s 1990s prompted states enact legislation prohibiting use device dial telephone numbers without intent communicating person recent phenomenon wardriving searching wireless networks wi-fi moving vehicle wardriving named wardialing since techniques involve actively scanning find computer networks aim wardriving collect information wireless access points confused piggybacking similar war dialing port scan tcp/ip dials every tcp port every ip address find services available unlike wardialing however port scan generally disturb human tries ip address regardless whether computer responding address related wardriving warchalking practice drawing chalk symbols public places advertise availability wireless networks term also used today analogy various sorts exhaustive brute force attack authentication mechanism password dictionary attack might involve trying word dictionary password wardialing password would involve trying every possible password password protection systems usually designed make impractical making process slow and/or locking account minutes hours low number wrong password entries | [
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4,700 | 6 | ZipGenius:zipgenius zipgenius freeware file archiver developed matteo riso m.dev software microsoft windows capable handling nearly two dozen file formats including common formats well password-protect archives work directly cd-r/rw drives presented two editions standard suite suite edition includes optional modules zipgenius project oriented experts power-users standard setup package simply includes main zipgenius application zipgenius first released mr. zip 98 strict group users renamed zipgenius march 1998 april 1999 first public release made zipgenius latest release version 6.3.2.3112 containing large number fixes majority bug fixes visible first glance zipgenius features include support twain devices scanners digital cameras file extraction cd/dvd burner windows xp ftp client ftpgenius zgalbum zgalbum allows users create slideshows pictures loaded folder imported twain device zipgenius also fully integrates windows explorer shell user interface functions placed multiple locations program functions accessed either menu buttons main toolbar drop-down menu customized suit user preferences zipgenius 6 capable opening variety formats commonly used linux rpm tar tar.gz tgz gz 7z regards data security archive history file encrypted recently used files list enabled always per-session disabled cryptozip 2.1 gives encryption algorithms lock user archives users create self-locking/self-erasing archives choose encrypt files one four algorithms czip blowfish twofish rijndael aes also czip files longer depends zipgenius users create executable czip .exe files allow user send encrypted archives people use zipgenius zipgenius reported still development claimed matteo riso main developer focusing next release whose codename miky2007 new version software still branded zipgenius clear 7 2007 beside sure news zipgenius ship developed wininizio software team marking fact zipgenius product wininizio.it wide community board matteo riso admin zipgenius hosted zipgenius.it 2008 wininizio software team put zipgenius.com online offer international website users speaking italian wininizio.it hosts also wide support section — italian english july 1 2009 website zipgenius.it totally redesigned upon modx web application july 6 2009 zipgenius 6.1.0.1010 released public zipgenius able handle open source upx executable compressor used compress zipgenius main executable upx.exe zipgenius program folder users get extra compression level creating new zip archives brutal+upx many executable files exe dll ocx distributed code compilation may larger size necessary zipgenius supports 7-zip compression format conceived igor pavlov compress files standard zip rar compression formats zipgenius supports openoffice.org/staroffice documents openoffice.org applications produce files special format .zip archives custom file extension containing xml files openoffice.org programs merge rebuild original documents zipgenius complies feature allows users manage files common zip files addition users optimize openoffice.org use maximum compression level available .zip format zipgenius users optimize openoffice.org document zipgenius gain 5 10 kb size reduction depending content openoffice.org file zipgenius recompress document brutal compression level | [
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] | Validation |
4,701 | 8 | Jexus:jexus jexus web server simply jexus proprietary web server developed bing liu jexus supports asp.net stack defined microsoft integrating mono well php via fastcgi early releases announced csdn blog following releases announced primarily chinese forum jexus configured manually editing configuration files since march 2014 lextudio developing management console simplify tasks console aka jexus manager announced april 13 officially console enables local remote management jexus web server | [
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4,702 | 3 | PowerPC_5000:powerpc 5000 powerpc 5000 family series powerpc power isa microprocessors freescale previously motorola stmicroelectronics designed automotive industrial microcontroller system chip soc use mpc5000 family consists two lines 51xx/52xx 55xx/56xx really n't share common heritage mpc5200 family based e300 core mgt5100 processor also part freescale mobilegt platform based e200 core stems mpc5xx core upwards-compatible newer e500 core older powerpc book e specification focus automotive industrial control systems like robotics power train fuel injection cores basis multitude soc controllers ranging 40 600 mhz variety additional functionality like flash-rom ethernet controllers custom i/o mpc55xx processors compliant power isa v.2.03 specification mpc55xx family four slightly different cores really low end high end mpc56xx family powerpc e200 core based microcontrollers jointly developed freescale stmicroelectronics built 90 nm fabrication process microcontrollers tailor-made automotive applications like power steering fuel injection display control powertrain active suspension chassis control anti-lock braking systems radar adaptive cruise control freescale calls processors mpc56xx st names spc56x | [
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... | Validation |
4,703 | 3 | Zet_(hardware):zet hardware zet clone x86 processor machine code compatible x86 processors developed effort make open-hardware processor hardware design synthesized configurable device fpga cpld custom asic considered soc project supports 16-bit able run dos-compatible windows 3.x operating systems activity zet project since 2013 | [
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4,704 | 9 | AutoLISP:autolisp autolisp dialect programming language lisp built specifically use full version autocad derivatives include autocad map 3d autocad architecture autocad mechanical neither application programming interface api interpreter execute autolisp code included autocad lt product line autolisp small dynamically scoped dynamically typed lisp language dialect garbage collection immutable list structure settable symbols lacking regular lisp features macro system records definition facilities arrays functions variable number arguments let bindings aside core language primitive functions geometry accessing autocad internal dwg database manipulation graphical entities autocad properties graphical entities revealed autolisp association lists values paired autocad group codes indicate properties definitional points radii colors layers linetypes etc autocad loads autolisp code .lsp files autolisp code interact user autocad graphical editor use primitive functions allow user pick points choose objects screen input numbers data autolisp also built-in graphical user interface gui mini- domain-specific language dsl dialog control language creating modal dialog boxes automated layout within autocad autolisp derived early version xlisp created david betz language introduced autocad version 2.18 january 1986 continued enhanced successive releases release 13 february 1995 development neglected autodesk favor fashionable development environments like visual basic applications vba .net framework objectarx however remained autocad main user customizing language vital-lisp considerably enhanced version autolisp including integrated development environment ide debugger compiler activex support developed sold third party developer basis software vital lisp superset existing autolisp language added vba-like access autocad object model reactors event handling autocad objects general activex support general lisp functions autodesk purchased renamed visual lisp briefly sold add-on autocad release 14 released may 1997 incorporated autocad 2000 released march 1999 replacement autolisp since autodesk ceased major enhancements visual lisp focused effort vba .net c++ autodesk longer supports vba versions older 7.1 part long-term process changing vba .net user customizing autolisp strong following computer-aided design cad application vendors add products bricscad intellicad others autolisp functionality autolisp users consider using alternative autocad development involving autolisp since autocad 2000 performed within visual lisp since original autolisp engine replaced visual lisp engine thousands utilities applications developed using autolisp visual lisp distributed lsp fas vlx files simple hello world program autolisp would note final line inside function definition evaluated arguments codice_1 function returns null symbol displayed autocad command-line interface autocad command line functions read–eval–print loop repl would normally print hello world command line followed immediately return value call codice_1 therefore without final call codice_1 function result would codice_5 function may also used achieve result complex example might code defines new function generates autocad point object given point one-line text object displaying x coordinates beside name function includes special prefix c causes autocad recognize function regular command user upon typing 'pointlabel autocad command line would prompted pick point either typing x coordinates clicking location drawing function would place marker point create one-line text object next containing x coordinates point expressed relative active user coordinate system ucs function requires parameters contains one local variable 'pnt example could also written using built-in autocad commands achieve result however approach susceptible changes command prompts autocad releases | [
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... | Validation |
4,705 | 9 | Julia_(programming_language):julia programming language julia high-level general-purpose dynamic programming language designed high-performance numerical analysis computational science also useful low-level systems programming specification language web programming server web use web client programming distinctive aspects julia design include type system parametric polymorphism types fully dynamic programming language multiple dispatch core programming paradigm allows concurrent parallel distributed computing direct calling c fortran libraries without glue code just-in-time compiler referred just-ahead-of-time julia community used julia garbage-collected uses eager evaluation includes efficient libraries floating-point calculations linear algebra random number generation regular expression matching many libraries available including e.g. fast fourier transforms previously bundled julia separate tools available julia include ides integrated tools e.g linter debugger rebugger.jl package supports repeated-execution debugging work julia started 2009 jeff bezanson stefan karpinski viral b. shah alan edelman set create free language high-level fast 14 february 2012 team launched website blog post explaining language mission interview infoworld april 2012 karpinski said name julia good reason really seemed like pretty name bezanson said chose name recommendation friend since 2012 launch julia community grown 9,000,000 downloads used 1,500 universities official julia docker images docker hub seen 4,000,000 downloads january 2019 juliacon academic conference julia users developers held annually since 2014 version 0.3 released august 2014 version 0.4 october 2015 version 0.5 october 2016 julia 0.6 released june 2017 stable release version 8 august 2018 julia 0.7 useful release testing packages knowing upgrade 1.0 version 1.0 released 8 august 2018 work julia 0.7 huge undertaking e.g. entirely new optimizer changes made syntax syntax stable 1.x 0.7 semantics iteration interface simplified release candidate julia 1.0 julia 1.0.0-rc1 released 7 august 2018 final version day later julia 1.1 released 21 january 2019 e.g. new exception stack language feature bugfix releases expected roughly monthly julia 1.1.x 1.0.x 1.0.x currently long-term support least year julia 1.0.1 1.0.4 followed schedule bugfix releases pipeline 0.7-release julia 1.2 released 20 august 2019 julia 1.1.x release longer maintained 1.0.x 1.2.x e.g built-in support web browsers testing running javascript vm packages work julia 1.0.x also work 1.1.x newer enabled forward compatible syntax guarantee major exception interacting non-julia code javacall.jl package however calling languages e.g r language works package r fixed call java scala etc use languages julia e.g jdbc.jl apache spark spark.jl users choose stay lts version julia milestone set fix julia 1.4 however already workaround julia-1.3.0-rc1 julia attracted high-profile users investment manager blackrock uses time-series analytics british insurer aviva uses risk calculations 2015 federal reserve bank new york used julia make models us economy noting language made model estimation 10 times faster previous matlab implementation julia co-founders established julia computing 2015 provide paid support training consulting services clients though julia remains free use 2017 juliacon conference jeffrey regier keno fischer others announced celeste project used julia achieve peak performance 1.54 petaflops using 1.3 million threads 9300 knights landing knl nodes cori cray xc40 supercomputer 5th fastest world time november 2017 8th fastest julia thus joins c c++ fortran high-level languages petaflops computations achieved three julia co-creators recipients 2019 james h. wilkinson prize numerical software awarded every four years creation julia innovative environment creation high-performance tools enable analysis solution computational science problems julia received contributions 800 developers worldwide dr. jeremy kepner mit lincoln laboratory founding sponsor julia project early days addition funds gordon betty moore foundation alfred p. sloan foundation intel agencies nsf darpa nih nasa faa essential development julia julia computing inc. founded 2015 viral b. shah deepak vinchhi alan edelman jeff bezanson stefan karpinski keno fischer june 2017 julia computing raised 4.6m seed funding general catalyst founder collective according official website main features language multiple dispatch also termed multimethods lisp generalization single dispatch polymorphic mechanism used common object-oriented programming oop languages uses inheritance julia concrete types subtypes abstract types directly indirectly subtypes type top type hierarchy concrete types subtyped way languages composition used instead see also inheritance vs subtyping julia draws significant inspiration various dialects lisp including scheme common lisp shares many features dylan also multiple-dispatch-oriented dynamic language features algol-like free-form infix syntax rather lisp-like prefix syntax julia everything expression fortress another numerical programming language features multiple dispatch sophisticated parametric type system common lisp object system clos adds multiple dispatch common lisp functions generic functions julia dylan fortress extensibility default system built-in functions generic extensible dylan multiple dispatch fundamental julia user-defined functions even basic built-in operations like codice_1 generic dylan type system however fully support parametric types typical ml lineage languages default clos allow dispatch common lisp parametric types extended dispatch semantics added extension clos metaobject protocol convergent design fortress also features multiple dispatch parametric types unlike julia however fortress statically rather dynamically typed separate compiling executing phases language features summarized following table default julia runtime must pre-installed user-provided source code run alternatively standalone executable needs julia source code built applicationbuilder.jl packagecompiler.jl julia syntactic macros used metaprogramming like lisp macros powerful different text-substitution macros used preprocessor languages c work level abstract syntax trees asts julia macro system hygienic also supports deliberate capture desired like anaphoric macros using codice_2 construct julia official distribution includes interactive session shell called julia read–eval–print loop repl used experiment test code quickly following fragment represents sample session example strings concatenated automatically println repl gives user access system shell help mode pressing codice_3 codice_4 prompt preceding command respectively also keeps history commands including sessions code tested inside julia interactive section saved file codice_5 extension run command line typing julia supported jupyter online interactive notebooks environment julia practice interoperable many languages julia keyword used call c-exported fortran shared library functions individually julia unicode 12.0 support latest 12.1.0 support adds one letter julia 1.3 utf-8 used strings default julia source code meaning also allowing option common math symbols many operators ∈ codice_6 operator julia packages supporting markup languages html also http xml json bson databases web use general julia core implemented julia c together c++ llvm dependency parsing code-lowering implemented femtolisp scheme dialect llvm compiler infrastructure project used back end generation 64-bit 32-bit optimized machine code depending platform julia runs exceptions e.g. pcre standard library implemented julia notable aspect julia implementation speed often within factor two relative fully optimized c code thus often order magnitude faster python r development julia began 2009 open-source version publicized february 2012 julia uses jit mcjit llvm julia generates native machine code directly function first run bytecodes run virtual machine vm translated bytecode running e.g java jvm dalvik android julia four support tiers currently supports x86-64 processors 64-bit optimized latest generations ia-32 x86 processors except decades old ones i.e. 32-bit mode i686 excepting cpus pre-pentium 4-era supports lower tiers e.g. tier 2 fully supports armv8 aarch64 processors supports armv7 armv6 aarch32 caveats cuda i.e nvidia ptx tier 1 support help external package least platforms may need compiled source code e.g. original raspberry pi options changed download page otherwise executables source available julia successfully built several arm platforms e.g. armv8 data center cloud processors cavium thunderx first arm 48 cores arm v7 32-bit tier 2 support binaries first get x86 arm v8 64-bit ptx 64-bit meaning nvidia cuda gpus external support powerpc 64-bit tier 3 support may may build julia supported raspbian support better newer e.g. armv7 pis julia support promoted raspberry pi foundation also support web browsers/javascript jsexpr.jl alternative language web browsers webassembly support minimal support julia supports several upcoming external julia projects | [
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... | Test |
4,706 | 7 | Decentralized_network_42:decentralized network 42 decentralized network 42 also known dn42 decentralized peer-to-peer network built using vpns software/hardware bgp routers darknets try establish anonymity participants dn42 aims network explore routing technologies used internet tries establish direct non-nat-ed connections members network fully meshed dn42 uses mostly tunnels instead physical links individual networks participant connected one participants vpn physical links bgp used inter routing ospf commonly used protocol intra routing participant free choose igp network address space ipv4 consists private subnets 172.20.0.0/14 main subnet note private address ranges may also announced dn42 network interconnected similar projects notably chaosvpn uses 172.31.0.0/16 parts 10.0.0.0/8 icvpn uses 10.0.0.0/8 ipv6 unique local address ula ipv6 equivalent private address range used participants also announce globally routable addresses announcements accepted small subset dn42 order use bgp even private environment autonomous system numbers needed dn42 uses several private reserved numbers ranges including 64512 64855 76100 76199 since june 2014 dn42 using new private range 4242420000 4242429999 part larger private range defined rfc 6996 participants use hardware routers participants use general purpose servers virtual machines lower cost commonly used bgp implementation used dn42 bird quagga participants use openbgpd xorp implementation junos cisco ios | [
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4,707 | 3 | Renegade_III:_The_Final_Chapter:renegade iii final chapter renegade iii final chapter scrolling beat'em computer game released amstrad cpc commodore 64 msx zx spectrum systems 1989 ocean software imagine label game sequel sequel arcade game renegade unlike first two games renegade iii follows character known renegade travels time rescue captured girlfriend also dropped two-player mode found previous title though game highly praised critics receiving high scores several prominent gaming publications 91 score awarded crash 84 c+vg derided fans criticised game storyline lack deep gameplay glitches poor physics lack two-player option demonstrated video created internet comedian stuart ashen reviews zx spectrum version repeatedly criticises game whilst praising spectrum versions first two games video also includes fellow youtube user ex-television presenter larry bundy jr reviewing amstrad cpc version video game journalist jon blyth reviewing commodore 64 version game criticising game well spanish magazine microhobby valued game following scores originality 30 graphics 80 motion 80 sound 80 difficulty 100 addiction 80 | [] | Train |
4,708 | 1 | Falcon_(storage_engine):falcon storage engine falcon transactional storage engine developed mysql relational database management system development stopped oracle purchased mysql based netfrastructure database engine falcon designed take advantage sun zfs file system architecture analysis showed interesting mixture possible performance properties low level benchmarks first alpha release 5.1.14-falcon showed falcon performed differently innodb myisam better several tests worse others inefficient support mysql limit operation limitation biggest advantage though known ease use falcon requires minimum maintenance designed reconfigure automatically handle types loads efficiently | [
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] | Test |
4,709 | 5 | Endpoint_Handlespace_Redundancy_Protocol:endpoint handlespace redundancy protocol endpoint handlespace redundancy protocol used reliable server pooling rserpool framework communication pool registrars maintain synchronize handlespace allocated application layer like aggregate server access protocol work progress within ietf | [
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4,710 | 3 | DoD_IPv6_product_certification:dod ipv6 product certification department defense dod internet protocol version 6 ipv6 product certification program began mandate dod assistant secretary defense networks information integration asd-nii 2005 program mandates joint interoperability test command jitc fort huachuca az test certify products ipv6 capability according request comments rfcs outlined dod ipv6 standards profiles ipv6 capable products products certified special interoperability added dod unified capabilities approved products list uc apl ipv6 list used procurement offices dod u.s. federal agencies ongoing purchases acquisitions equipment february 2009 dod ceased requirement ipv6-only testing certification entry unified capabilities approved products list uc apl according kris strance dod cio ipv6 lead testing ipv6 part product evaluations — much broader scope uc apl single consolidated list products completed interoperability io information assurance ia certification dod ipv6 standards profiles ipv6 capable products dod ipv6 profile singular “ ipv6 capable ” definition dod document lists six agreed upon product classes host router layer 3 switch network appliance security device advanced server corresponding standards rfcs lists standard according level requirement jitc uses publicly available ipv6 generic test plan gtp test product conformance performance interoperability ipv6 according dod ipv6 profile jitc uses combination automated testing tools manual functional test procedures conduct testing many companies organizations help develop test products vendors prior testing jitc organizations grant certification conduct pre-testing ensure vendor product pass necessary certification list organizations ipv6 forum service called ipv6 ready logo service represents qualification program assures devices tested ipv6 capable certified service grants qualified products display logo ipv6 forum present objectives ipv6 experts suggest pursuing purchase devices given phase-2 approval gold logo since given full treatment department defense dod committed ipv6 likely first federal organization completely converted ipv6 also process qualifying ipv6 equipment jitc/disa task certifying ipv6 products given joint interoperability test command jitc part defense information systems agency disa help standardize ipv6 qualification procedures jitc follows ’ called ipv6 generic test plan jitc qualifies product added unified capabilities approved products list fortunately jitc makes list available public http //www.techrepublic.com/blog/networking/ipv6-capable-devices-make-sure-they-are-ready/2522 | [
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4,711 | 7 | Advania:advania advania nordic information technology service corporation headquartered stockholm sweden company largest field iceland 9th largest nordic countries advania corporate clients public private sector provides wide range it-services platforms cloud solutions support multinational enterprises governments big small medium-sized businesses according swedish clients advania sweden leader creating customer value advania traces roots three nordic countries iceland norway sweden long period time country generated component eventually braided one company advania ab 2012 1939 icelandic entrepreneur einar j. skúlason founded ejs office equipment repair workshop reykjavik soon expanded business opened store started importing office machinery cash registers etc world war ii company also repaired guns lighters ejs eventually became dominant business iceland 1952 icelandic government city reykjavik founded skýrr company whose purpose take leading role computing recordkeeping iceland company privatized 1995 later became core element group companies – including ejs – merged skýrr brand 1971 company nokia elektronic ab – later renamed datapoint svenska ab – founded sweden company sold datapoint computer terminals later became network pioneer key system integrator sweden 2003 datapoint merged virtus ab it-company founded 1994 grew rapidly virtus soon became key player swedish market focusing microsoft based solutions offering storage backup services 2003 one strongest comprehensive system integrators sweden created datapoint virtus merged new company named kerfi ab 1991 merkantildata applikasjon founded norway originally business unit within merkantildata later atea company focused implementing erp solutions nordic market industry solutions retail property management logistics legal transport waste management 2000 company changed name hands listed oslo stock exchange 2005 hands unlisted acquired icelandic company kögun later merged skýrr see despite changes ownership hands kept norwegian identity acquired nett.2.3 completo 2005 2012 advania ab born skýrr iceland kerfi sweden hands norway merged became key challenger scandinavian it-market since four companies acquired merged advania listed swedish company caperio included 2018 finnish digital service provider vintor become advania finland advania finland strong roots providing ict services public private sector customers focused providing wide range services related digitalization ict infrastructure | [] | Test |
4,712 | 1 | Norwegian_Ship_Register:norwegian ship register norwegian ship register domestic ship register norway managed norwegian maritime authority physically located bergen registry 12,000 ships include commercial non-commercial vessels ships exceeding mobile offshore installations must registered smaller vessels volunteer norwegian shipbuilding register subordinate register ship registration norway became codified 1902 task handed district courts magistrates city clerks first 50 registers reduced 27 1972 responsibility centralized taken norwegian ship registers 1992 merged maritime authority 2012 third norwegian code signed christian v 15 april 1687 dedicated shipping established principals collateral insurance well arrest procedure following accidents however register ships established 1901 process establish public ship register commenced 1881 background bank considered would purpose lend money purchase ships would require legal framework would firmly establish ownership collateral ships sea law commission appointed 1882 consider legal aspects shipping industry soon became clear commission would ship registration main purpose aspects sea law coordinated internationally reached conclusion resulted 1888 proposal parliament based single central register ships parliament decided consider law similar proposals 1892 1893 1894 1897 similarly dismissed break-through ship registration came 1900–01 parliamentary session private alternative proposal launched. latter instead involved establishing series local registers ship registration act approved parliament 4 may 1901 government commission looked detailed aspects registration council state approved 23 july 1902 resulted fifty district courts given task maintaining local ship registers covering jurisdiction known names bergen ship register first significant reform came 1972 number registers reduced 27 norwegian international ship register nis created 1 july 1987 allowed flag convenience registration ships international traffic remaining norwegian flag jurisdiction instead using local registers nis established office bergen ship register part city clerk bergen nis took march 1990 initiative centralize local ship registers jointly locate nis emphasized nis operated around-the-clock duty service joint location registers would allow economies scale cutting costs would also allow time freed magistrate offices district courts another concern recent rationalization program following introduction electronic registers given little savings due decentralized nature operations parliament looked possibility centralizing local ship registers 1990 issue postponed consider merger nis ministry justice established commission look matter concluded july 1991 registers centralized located bergen proposed new register administratively part maritime authority issue concluded march government decided create norwegian ship registers located bergen would organized government agency subordinate ministry foreign affairs city clerk bergen merged magistrate bergen 1 april 1992 nis split merged office 1 may responsibility local registries transferred new norwegian ship registries 1 july time 12,000 ships registered 880 nis staff nis office increased six eight jobs lost magistrate offices district courts able use workforce tasks norwegian ship registries became part ministry trade industry 1996 minister trade industry trond giske took initiative june 2010 investigate merger norwegian ship registers norwegian maritime authority internal ministry committee concluded 1 november merger would favorable cited common organization would uniform user-friendly competitive allowing shipping companies relate single organization handling registers would remain bergen despite maritime authority based haugesund merger took effect 1 january 2012 time eighteen employees agency register required certain types vessels vessels optional register norwegian ship exceeding length well oil platforms mobile installations required registered registered foreign registry volunteer registration available ships certain fishing vessels boats length used commercially mobile cranes hovercrafts docks drags fixed maritime installations used petroleum extraction nor-registered ships must norwegian nationality nationality european economic area ownership need norwegian entity although operations must norwegian owner norwegian representative ships construction norway may registered norwegian shipbuilding register open registration recreational vessels allows owner use boat collateral loan nor-registered boat also registered volunteer boat register recreational boats sometimes sold without proper reregistration times purchasers bought boats without checking see boat collateral tied | [
2188
] | Test |
4,713 | 2 | Universe_(Unix):universe unix versions unix operating system term universe used denote variant working environment late 1980s commercial unix variants derived either system v bsd versions provided bsd system v universes allowed user switch universe typically implemented separate directory trees separate filesystems usually included different versions commands libraries man pages header files facility offered ability develop applications portable across system v bsd variants requirements disk space maintenance separate configuration files twice work patching systems gave problematic reputation systems offered facility included harris/concurrent cx/ux convex convex/os apollo domain/os version 10 pyramid dc/osx dropped svr4-based version 2 concurrent masscomp/rtu mips computer systems risc/os siemens sinix versions system v release 4 retain system similar dual universe concept bsd commands behave differently classic system v commands /usr/ucb bsd header files /usr/ucbinclude library files /usr/ucblib /usr/ucb also found nextstep openstep well solaris | [
5571,
2118,
1989,
6367
] | Test |
4,714 | 7 | Velaro,_Inc.:velaro inc. velaro inc. software-as-a-service saas provider headquartered elkridge maryland company provides live chat software click-to-call intelligent engagement features current president alex bloom velaro founded 2001 velaro live chat software provider velaro integrates following systems | [
7037,
3915,
5571,
330,
3850
] | Test |
4,715 | 5 | Pool_Registrar:pool registrar computing pool registrar pr component reliable server pooling rserpool framework manages handlespace prs also denoted enrp server name server ns responsibilities pr following | [
4709,
4568,
4720,
4677
] | Test |
4,716 | 4 | Ping_of_death:ping death ping death type attack computer system involves sending malformed otherwise malicious ping computer correctly-formed ping packet typically 56 bytes size 64 bytes internet protocol header considered however ipv4 packet including pings may large 65,535 bytes computer systems never designed properly handle ping packet larger maximum packet size violates internet protocol documented rfc 791 like large well-formed packets ping death fragmented groups 8 octets transmission however target computer reassembles malformed packet buffer overflow occur causing system crash potentially allowing injection malicious code early implementations tcp/ip bug easy exploit affect wide variety systems including unix linux mac windows peripheral devices systems began filtering pings death firewalls detection methods different kind ping attack known ping flooding later appeared floods victim many ping requests normal traffic fails reach system basic denial-of-service attack defined rfc 791 maximum packet length ipv4 packet including ip header 65,535 2 − 1 bytes limitation presented use 16-bit wide ip header field describes total packet length underlying data link layer almost always poses limits maximum frame size see mtu ethernet typically 1500 bytes case large ip packet split across multiple ip packets also known ip fragments ip fragment match imposed limit receiver ip fragments reassemble complete ip packet continue processing usual fragmentation performed ip fragment needs carry information part original ip packet contains information kept fragment offset field ip header field 13 bits long contains offset data current ip fragment original ip packet offset given units 8 bytes allows maximum offset 65,528 2-1 *8 adding 20 bytes ip header maximum 65,548 bytes exceeds maximum frame size means ip fragment maximum offset data larger 7 bytes else would exceed limit maximum packet length malicious user send ip fragment maximum offset much data 8 bytes large physical layer allows receiver assembles ip fragments end ip packet larger 65,535 bytes may possibly overflow memory buffers receiver allocated packet cause various problems evident description problem nothing icmp used payload big enough exploit problem problem reassembly process ip fragments may contain type protocol tcp udp igmp etc. correction problem add checks reassembly process check incoming ip fragment makes sure sum fragment offset total length fields ip header ip fragment smaller equal 65,535 sum greater packet invalid ip fragment ignored check performed firewalls protect hosts bug fixed another fix problem using memory buffer larger 65,535 bytes re-assembly packet essentially breaking specification since adds support packets larger allowed 2013 ipv6 version ping death vulnerability discovered microsoft windows windows tcp/ip stack n't handle memory allocation correctly processing incoming malformed icmpv6 packets could cause remote denial service vulnerability fixed ms13-065 august 2013 cve-id vulnerability cve-2013-3183 | [
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] | Train |
4,717 | 8 | GolfBOO:golfboo golfboo golf course search engine optimized towards finding golf courses online bargains co-founded 2013 antonio conde fabio peral headquartered marbella spain engine provides search tool find locations descriptions facility list reviews golf courses europe golfboo golf course search engine locates golf courses golf vacation travel packages real estate options website uses algorithms rating system search filters golfboo founded january 2013 antonio conde online marketer fabio peral former golf consultant royal troon golf club golf director la quinta lumine buenaventura located panama first version website launched june 2013 former version site focused advertised golf courses golf bargain packages later site expanded listing tee times hotels deals real estate located specific golfing spots golfboo received online exposure initial debut due fact golf-specific travel search engine comparison website first travel website curtail search optimization towards finding real estate golf recreational areas | [] | Validation |
4,718 | 3 | Ken_Kutaragi:ken kutaragi also designed sound processor super nes sony designed vlsi chip works conjunction ps1 risc cpu handle graphics rendering kutaragi closely watched financial analysts trace profiles losses profits sony corporation ken kutaragi born tokyo japan parents although wealthy japanese standards still managed business small printing plant city kutaragi grew childhood actively encouraged young boy explore mechanical abilities plant worked school aside duties parents factory kutaragi studious high-level student often described straight student kutaragi always desire tinker often taking apart toys child rather playing curiosity carried childhood leading teenager learn intricacies electronics eventually fact love electronics led enrolling university electro-communications acquired electronics degree 1970 immediately graduation kutaragi began working sony digital research labs mid-1970 although time considered radical decision kutaragi felt sony fast track quickly gained reputation excellent problem solver forward thinking engineer earning reputation working many successful projects including early liquid crystal displays lcds digital cameras late 1980s watching daughter play famicom realized potential existed within video games particular time sony executives interest video games thus nintendo expressed need sound chip upcoming new 16-bit system kutaragi accepted offer working secret designed chip spc700 found sony executives furious sony ceo norio ohga approval kutaragi able complete chip keep job even working nintendo within sony gaming still regarded fad despite hostile atmosphere video games kutaragi managed persuade norio ohga making two devices snes add-on snes-cd sony branded console could play snes-cd games nintendo cartridges efforts resulted device called play station console would compatible super famicom games software released new format called superdisc eventually partnership sony nintendo faltered due licensing disagreements kutaragi sony continued develop console kutaragi later recalled staying night working console design several nights row work interesting despite considered risky gamble sony executives kutaragi support norio ohga several years later company released original playstation success playstation led heading development consoles like playstation 2 successor playstation 3 commercial success playstation franchise makes sony computer entertainment profitable business division sony despite upstart console market veterans nintendo sega first playstation displaced become popular console era playstation 2 extended sony lead following generation one point holding 65 market share 100 million units shipped ken recognized many financial technological publications success notably named one 100 influential people 2004 time magazine gutenberg video games 1997 kutaragi appointed ceo sony computer entertainment america accordingly moved california since 1997 kutaragi favoured become next sony president enjoyed close relationship sony ceo norio ohga backed kutaragi sound chip playstation projects ohga successor nobuyuki idei promoted kutaragi deputy executive president sony-global chief operating officer vice-chairman 2003 november 30 2006 kutaragi replaced president sony computer entertainment kaz hirai president sce america addition management changes kutaragi promoted chairman scei retained position chief executive officer group april 26 2007 announced kutaragi would retire instead take role honorary chairman taking position would scei president ceo kaz hirai would eventually promoted president ceo sony june 29 2011 following reshuffling management sony announced june 28 2011 kutaragi stepped honorary chairman scei kutaragi relinquished active management business created built 2007 stepped executive chairman group ceo sony computer entertainment remained sony senior technology advisor ken kutaragi later became president ceo cyber ai entertainment inc also serves boards kadokawa group holdings inc. nojima corporation rakuten inc 2009 became visiting professor ritsumeikan university although kutaragi leadership consumer electronics successful analysts also suspect outgoing sony ceo nobuyuki idei set kutaragi fail given men cool working relationship idei assigned kutaragi tedious task turning around consumer division already falling behind competitors samsung lcd market kutaragi rival top position howard stringer given less difficult assignment content business success sony bmg music entertainment resulted promotion sony computer entertainment kutaragi heading since inception weaker year 2004 several years solid growth year sony ’ game sales fell 7.5 billion 8.2 billion operating income slid 650 million 1 billion losing 25 million q4 2004 attributed partially over-saturation video game market price wars caused ps2 lose top sales position time kutaragi labelled xbox 360 xbox 1.5 stated going playstation 2 however sce executive tetsuhiko yasuda consider microsoft competitor said might consider working games together september 2006 kutaragi admitted shortage playstation 3 consoles north america japan well postponing consoles debut europe put sony strength hardware decline | [
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] | Test |
4,719 | 3 | JMP_(x86_instruction):jmp x86 instruction x86 assembly language codice_1 instruction performs unconditional jump instruction transfers flow execution changing instruction pointer register number different opcodes perform jump depending whether processor real mode protected mode override instruction used instructions may take 16-bit 32-bit segment offset pointers many different forms jumps relative conditional absolute register-indirect jumps following examples illustrate note although first second jumps relative commonly destination address shown instead relative offset encoded opcode example one load ip new value codice_2 load cs codice_3 ip codice_4 example two load eip value codice_5 protected mode unreal mode example three jump value stored eax register protected mode | [
383,
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263,
1335,
858
] | Test |
4,720 | 5 | Pool_Element:pool element pool element pe server reliable server pooling rserpool framework responsibilities pe following | [
4677,
4568,
4715
] | Test |
4,721 | 3 | ND812:nd812 12-bit nd812 produced nuclear data inc. commercial minicomputer developed scientific computing market nuclear data introduced 1970 price 10,000 architecture simple programmed i/o bus plus dma channel programmed i/o bus typically runs low medium-speed peripherals printers teletypes paper tape punches readers dma used cathode ray tube screens light pen analog-to-digital converters digital-to-analog converters tape drives disk drives word size 12 bits large enough handle unsigned integers 0 4095 – wide enough controlling simple machinery also enough handle signed numbers -2048 +2047 higher precision slide rule analog computers twelve bits could also store two six-bit characters note six-bit n't enough two cases unlike fuller ascii character set nd code one 6-bit character encoding included upper-case alphabetic digit subset punctuation control characters nd812 basic configuration main memory 4,096 twelve-bit words 2 microsecond cycle time memory expandable 16k words 4k word increments bits within word numbered significant bit bit 11 least significant bit bit 0 programming model consists four accumulator registers two main accumulators j k two sub accumulators r s. rich set arithmetic logical operations provided main accumulators instructions provided exchange data main sub accumulators conditional execution provided skip instructions condition tested subsequent instruction either executed skipped depending result test subsequent instruction usually jump instruction one instruction needed case test fails i/o facilities include programmable interrupts 4-levels priority trap location first 4k words memory i/o transmit 12 24 bits receive 12 24 bits transmit receive 12 bits cycle i/o instructions include 4 bits creating pulses peripheral control i/o peripherals attached via 76 signal connector allows direct memory access peripherals dma accomplished cycle stealing cpu store words directly core memory system nuclear data provided interfaces following peripherals nd812 operating system front panel run halt switches i/o facility allowed peripherals directly load programs memory computer halted executing instructions another option enter short loader program would used bootstrap desired program peripheral teletype paper tape reader since core memory non-volatile shutting computer result data program loss number system programs made available nuclear data use nd812 basc-12 assembler symbolic text editor nutran interpreter disk-based symbolic text editor assembler called basc-12 provided basc-12 two-pass assembler optional third pass pass one generates symbol table pass two produces binary output tape pass three provides listing program sample assembler principles programming nd812 computer manual shown nutran conversational fortran-like language provided nutran intended general scientific programming sample nutran shown example conversational nature nutran shown codice_1 command prompt codice_2 input prompt instruction set consists single double word instructions operands immediate direct indirect immediate operands encoded directly instruction literal value direct operands encoded address operand indirect operands encode address word containing pointer operand displacement sign bit allow single word instructions address locations -63 +63 location instruction bit 4 instruction allows choice indirect direct addressing displacement used indirect address contents location +/-63 locations instruction location used pointer actual operand many single word instructions reference memory use bits 4 5 part specification operation group 1 instructions perform arithmetic logical exchange shifting functions accumulator registers includes hardware multiply divide instructions bit 4 set k register affected bit 5 set j register affected bits set registers affected group 2 format instructions test internal conditions j k accumulator registers manipulate overflow flag status bits provide complement increment negation operations j k accumulator registers bits 9 10 11 select condition tested bit 9 change fields inhibits absolute address referencing different field one containing instruction bit 8 1 upper accumulator k used instruction otherwise lower accumulator j used bit 7 1 indirect addressing used otherwise direct addressing used status register doest exist distinct register contents several groups indicators stored j register desired jps int bits hold current field contents would used jps instruction interrupt flag overflow bits set explicitly j register contents rfov instruction bits must set distinct instructions nd812 processor provides simple stack operands n't use mechanism storing subroutine return addresses instead return address stored target codice_3 instruction codice_4 register updated point location following stored return address return subroutine indirect jump initial location subroutine restores program counter instruction following codice_3 instruction | [
5176,
336
] | Test |
4,722 | 2 | The_Unix-Haters_Handbook:unix-haters handbook unix-haters handbook semi-humorous edited compilation messages unix-haters mailing list book edited simson garfinkel daniel weise steven strassmann published 1994 book made available download free electronic format 2003 book concerns frustrations users unix operating system many users come systems felt far sophisticated computer science terms tremendously frustrated worse better design philosophy felt unix much software encapsulated book based messages sent unix-haters mailing list 1988 1993 contains foreword human factors guru norman anti-foreword dennis ritchie one creators operating system many book complaints unix operating system based design decisions fact shell expands wildcards means wildcards used filenames usernames times things example large proportion complaints anomalies command line interface many complaints still valid complaints book addressed time lack journaling file system criticisms operating system graphical user interface book predates rise linux thus concerns several commercial versions unix available inconsistencies another major complaint book —most replaced inconsistencies different versions linux incompatibilities various versions linux linux macos book printed trade paperback front cover designed similar scream air sickness bag printed phrase unix barf bag inserted inside back cover every copy publisher front-matter page dedication says ken dennis without book would possible references ken thompson dennis ritchie creators unix | [
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] | Validation |
4,723 | 2 | Comparison_of_Start_menu_replacements_for_Windows_8:comparison start menu replacements windows 8 microsoft windows 8 operating system introduced updated start menu known start screen uses full-screen design consisting tiles represent applications replaced windows desktop primary interface operating system additionally on-screen start button replaced hidden button corner screen microsoft explained start button removed people used noting addition pinning apps taskbar windows 7 change controversial among users market ensued applications restore visible start button emulate previous start menu design allow users boot directly desktop instead start screen following list start menu replacements windows 8 received coverage third-party sources number skins table givens number built-in skins downloadable skins appended number indicate download extensions possible retroui startisback classic shell start8 pokki five notable retroui offered 33 languages also windows server 2012 adds taskbar resizable windows startisback also localized classic shell used free open source proprietary freeware major items localized installing language pack windows update makes items fully localized classic shell also available windows 7 windows server claims 25 million downloads pokki download restore start menu free january 2013 1.5 million users pokki application platform based chromium enables desktop applications built—like mobile apps—using standard web languages like html5 css3 javascript also available windows xp windows 7 pokki raised 21.5m investors like google intel o'reilly business model make commission software sold app store start8 downloaded 5 million times | [
7685,
5571
] | Test |
4,724 | 0 | Semantic_analysis_(computational):semantic analysis computational semantic analysis computational composite semantic analysis computational components semantic analysis refers formal analysis meaning computational refers approaches principle support effective implementation digital computers | [
1314,
5429,
1209,
7290,
4037
] | Test |
4,725 | 5 | QtWeb:qtweb qtweb discontinued free open-source web browser developed logicware lsoft technologies qtweb used webkit browser engine embedded qt framework qtweb described lightweight web browser offers amount customisable features speed simplicity navigate however criticised lack extensions support way run java problems work several websites | [
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4,726 | 2 | Nokia_5800_XpressMusic:nokia 5800 xpressmusic nokia 5800 xpressmusic mid-range smartphone part xpressmusic line announced nokia 2 october 2008 london started shipping november year code-named tube first touchscreen-equipped s60 device nokia essentially first device run symbian^1 also known s60 5th edition touch-specific s60-based platform created symbian foundation touchscreen features tactile feedback though use nokia haptikos technology nokia 5800 xpressmusic 3.2-inch display resolution 640x360 pixels many features standard nokia nseries gps hsdpa wi-fi support highly anticipated device 2008 went become commercial success 8 million units sold year release praised supplied stylus low price viewed negative critics camera software issues nokia 5800 xpressmusic first touchscreen device nokia range 2004 nokia 7700 announced nokia series 90 device cancelled reached market followed nokia 7710 upgraded version 7700 became available 2005 nokia also produced uiq-based nokia 6708 phone 2005 in-house development bought taiwanese manufacturer benq nokia also produced range maemo-based internet tablets touchscreen interface mobile phones one connect use phone via bluetooth 5800 however nokia first symbian s60 touchscreen device aspect ratio display first among mobile phones compatibility mode java applications touchscreen-aware works using part screen displaying essential buttons required program launch 5800 xpressmusic january 2009 followed-up release nokia n97 may june 2009 followed series 40 based nokia 6208c january 2009 device well nokia music store launched south africa 24 april 2009 market nokia 5800 xpressmusic would compete touchscreen devices sony ericsson xperia x1 sony ericsson satio iphone 3g htc touch diamond lg renoir lg arena km900 blackberry storm 9500 samsung pixon samsung i900 omnia early february 2009 website mobile-review.com initially enthusiastic handset published research concluded nokia 5800 design flaw specifically phones used daily basis earpieces produced nokia contract third party would cease function short time repairs performed warranty would temporarily fix problem defect found earpiece design nokia public relations department admitted nokia 5800 xpressmusic contained design defect according nokia switched another earpiece manufacturer 5800 produced february 2009 later free defect previously produced earpieces eligible free warranty repair new earpiece parts also supplied nokia service centres future phone repairs permanently fix defect 21 august 2009 nokia announced new variant named nokia 5800 navigation edition addition normal nokia 5800 latest version nokia maps pre-installed also comes car charger car kit inside box gps decreases battery life nokia 5800 xpressmusic 5800 navigation edition however free lifetime navigation due new version ovi maps service available nokia.com prototype handset seen 2008 batman movie dark knight number music videos christina aguilera keeps gettin better womanizer britney spears flo rida right round pitbull shut pussycat dolls jai ho hush hush katy perry waking vegas cobra starship good girls go bad phone received generally positive reviews uk phone magazine mobile choice awarding full 5 stars 7 january 2009 issue 23 january 2009 nokia announced shipped millionth 5800 xpressmusic device even though still fully released worldwide noknok reported april one fastest selling smartphones time nokia q1 report released 16 april 2009 announced company shipped 2.6 million units quarter cumulative shipments 3 million units since smartphone launch q2 results released 16 july 2009 reports 3.7 million units shipped quarter 6.8 million units total shipped since release november 2009 8 million units sold nokia 5800 xpressmusic following specifications firmware version 20.0.012 onwards 5800 cpu clock increased 369 mhz 434 mhz matching n97 specification however improved overall performance observed since firmware version 30 13 january 2010 nokia released major firmware update version 40.0.005 update includes bug fixes speed improvements new features visible kinetic scrolling menus except main applications menus improved home screen first introduced nokia 5530 software update also saw removal alphanumeric keypad landscape view text input replaced full qwerty keyboard new home screen provides contacts carousel 20 contacts program shortcuts screen time change option selecting every menus hard notice one selects holds selection white normal colours selecting option still red like v20 19 april 2010 firmware version 50.0.005 released new major update brought new features available nokia n97 upgrade existing web browser version 7.2 full kinetic scrolling auto-full screen browsing web new music player mini-album art song list album list initial letter filtering track titles music player scrolling using scroll-bar result search function removed music player new application called ovi sync installed nokia music store received revamped user interface renamed ovi music regions quick office 4.2.374 integrated full free license search application icon changed minor updates better touch sensitivity tweaks faster operation phone present little update color option select silver hold option still white like v40 also new feature one-touch dialling firmware 51.0.006 appeared august 2010 contained minor bug fixes updates various applications rds function however remains dysfunctional since version 40.0.005 web browser lost ability re-flow text page enlarged firmware 51.2.007 also released north american nokia 5800 rm-428 august 2010 following changes software release comes improved browser improved video calls new version mail exchange also general performance improvements november 2010 updated firmware nokia 5800 released nokia 5800 v52.0.007 firmware update expects still pencil select several ability gallery big disadvantage still exists pictures videos listed one gallery separate galleries pictures videos 20 october 2011 firmware version 60.0.003 released 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4,727 | 4 | Louis_W._Tordella:louis w. tordella louis william tordella may 1 1911 – january 10 1996 longest serving deputy director national security agency tordella born garrett indiana may 1 1911 grew chicago environs displayed early affinity mathematics obtained bachelors masters doctoral degrees 1930s outbreak world war ii found teaching mathematics chicago loyola university joined us navy immediately made contacts service brought aboard lieutenant junior grade 1942 went directly cryptologic work navy codebreaking organization op-20-g finished war op-20-g collection stations west coast bainbridge island washington skaggs island naval communication station war tordella stayed navy 1949 joined newly created armed forces security agency afsa early attempt achieve service unity business cryptology key figure devising policy new agency successor national security agency emerged 1952 replace afsa career nsa brought front rank cryptologists early advocate use computers cryptologic work helped cement close working relationship american industry grasp computer technology associated engineering concepts coupled understanding cryptanalysis led tordella push forcefully development supercomputers cryptologic applications tordella also leader securing american communications pushing series leading-edge new encoding devices secure u.s. government communications senior official nsa tordella played central role nsa outside relationships close collaborators britain commonwealth nations built trust tordella many foreign intelligence officials regarded linchpin relationship nsa tordella became deputy director nsa 1958 remained post retirement 1974 thus became longest serving deputy director nsa history tordella received unprecedented honors years retirement 1974 received national security medal national intelligence distinguished service medal relationship british recognized 1976 became honorary knight commander excellent order british empire 1992 security affairs support association composed mainly retired intelligence officials gave william o. baker medal distinguished service american intelligence died bethesda naval hospital 1996 waldenström macroglobulinemia colon cancer autopsy done determine actually caused death following death sixteen boxes recovered nsa office safe according budiansky ... documents turned compendium every single one nsa highly classified compartmented programs post-world war ii era lew allen ensured nsa department director ever wielded untrammeled power | [
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4,728 | 9 | Object_language:object language object language language object study various fields including logic linguistics mathematics theoretical computer science language used talk object language called metalanguage object language may formal natural language mathematical logic linguistics make use metalanguages languages describing nature languages mathematical logic object language usually formal language language metalanguage used describe object language called language object discussion using metalanguage instance someone says french say bonjour greet someone uses english metalanguage describe object language french two ways term object language used computing language object formal specification language object goal compiler interpreter computer languages object languages metalanguage specification written computer science referred specification language backus–naur form one earliest used specification languages compilers written using systems like lex yacc rules programmer writes look much like formal specification considered implementation instead many programming language implementations strictly specifications adding features making implementation-dependent design decisions basic level computers act given limited set instructions understood cpus earliest computers meant programmers sometimes composed actual 1 0 program since requires considerable programmer training patience create instructions later computer languages gone great lengths simplify programmer task example high level programming language may allow programmer assign value variable without specifying memory location cpu instruction context high level programming language source language translated compiler object code cpu read directly object code object language varies depending cpu given instructions object language context means something akin object programmer trying achieve source language object languages viewed formal logical languages compiler interpret source target language different computer science use interpreted language meaning one compiled object language context synonymous target language object language translation often machine language kind language assembly language object language compilation usually machine language term object file come mean file containing machine instructions sometimes translated program simply called object object language also confused object-oriented language type computer programming language changes programmer environment convenient objects used something similar drag-and-drop fashion symbol idea abstraction concept tokens may marks configuration marks form particular pattern although term symbol common use refers times idea symbolized times marks piece paper chalkboard used express idea formal languages studied mathematics logic term symbol refers idea marks considered token instance symbol formal languages used mathematical logic computer science well-formed formula simply formula idea abstraction concept expressed using symbols formation rules also called formal grammar particular formal language say string symbols formula_1 well-formed formula respect given formal grammar formula_2 equivalent saying formula_1 belongs language generated formula_2 formal system formal language together deductive system consists set inference rules and/or axioms formal system used derive one expression one expressions previously expressed system expressions called axioms case previously supposed true theorems case derived formal system may formulated studied intrinsic properties may intended description i.e model external phenomena theorem symbol string symbols derived using formal system string symbols logical consequence axioms rules system formal proof derivation finite sequence propositions called well-formed formulas case formal language axiom follows preceding sentences sequence rule inference last sentence sequence theorem formal system concept natural deduction generalization concept proof theory set sentences formal language | [
336,
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3772,
2403,
3659
] | Test |
4,729 | 4 | Buffer_overflow_protection:buffer overflow protection buffer overflow protection various techniques used software development enhance security executable programs detecting buffer overflows stack-allocated variables preventing causing program misbehavior becoming serious security vulnerabilities stack buffer overflow occurs program writes memory address program call stack outside intended data structure usually fixed-length buffer stack buffer overflow bugs caused program writes data buffer located stack actually allocated buffer almost always results corruption adjacent data stack could lead program crashes incorrect operation security issues typically buffer overflow protection modifies organization stack-allocated data includes canary value destroyed stack buffer overflow shows buffer preceding memory overflowed verifying canary value execution affected program terminated preventing misbehaving allowing attacker take control buffer overflow protection techniques include bounds checking checks accesses allocated block memory go beyond actually allocated space tagging ensures memory allocated storing data contain executable code overfilling buffer allocated stack likely influence program execution overfilling buffer heap stack contains return addresses active function calls however similar implementation-specific protections also exist heap-based overflows several implementations buffer overflow protection including gnu compiler collection llvm microsoft visual studio compilers stack buffer overflow occurs program writes memory address program call stack outside intended data structure usually fixed-length buffer stack buffer overflow bugs caused program writes data buffer located stack actually allocated buffer almost always results corruption adjacent data stack cases overflow triggered mistake often cause program crash operate incorrectly stack buffer overflow type general programming malfunction known buffer overflow buffer overrun overfilling buffer stack likely derail program execution overfilling buffer heap stack contains return addresses active function calls stack buffer overflow caused deliberately part attack known stack smashing affected program running special privileges accepts data untrusted network hosts example public webserver bug potential security vulnerability allows attacker inject executable code running program take control process one oldest reliable methods attackers gain unauthorized access computer typically buffer overflow protection modifies organization data stack frame function call include canary value destroyed shows buffer preceding memory overflowed provides benefit preventing entire class attacks according researchers performance impact techniques negligible stack-smashing protection unable protect certain forms attack example protect buffer overflows heap sane way alter layout data within structure structures expected modules especially shared libraries data structure buffer impossible protect canaries thus programmers must careful organize variables use structures canaries canary words known values placed buffer control data stack monitor buffer overflows buffer overflows first data corrupted usually canary failed verification canary data therefore alert overflow handled example invalidating corrupted data canary value confused sentinel value terminology reference historic practice using canaries coal mines since would affected toxic gases earlier miners thus providing biological warning system canaries alternately known cookies meant evoke image broken cookie value corrupted three types canaries use terminator random random xor current versions stackguard support three propolice supports terminator random canaries terminator canaries use observation buffer overflow attacks based certain string operations end string terminators reaction observation canaries built null terminators cr lf -1 result attacker must write null character writing return address avoid altering canary prevents attacks using codice_1 methods return upon copying null character undesirable result canary known even protection attacker could potentially overwrite canary known value control information mismatched values thus passing canary check code executed soon specific processor return-from-call instruction random canaries randomly generated usually entropy-gathering daemon order prevent attacker knowing value usually logically possible plausible read canary exploiting canary secure value known need know it—the buffer overflow protection code case normally random canary generated program initialization stored global variable variable usually padded unmapped pages attempting read using kinds tricks exploit bugs read ram cause segmentation fault terminating program may still possible read canary attacker knows get program read stack random xor canaries random canaries xor-scrambled using part control data way canary control data clobbered canary value wrong random xor canaries vulnerabilities random canaries except read stack method getting canary bit complicated attacker must get canary algorithm control data order re-generate original canary needed spoof protection addition random xor canaries protect certain type attack involving overflowing buffer structure pointer change pointer point piece control data xor encoding canary wrong control data return value changed pointer control data return value changed without overflowing canary although canaries protect control data altered clobbered pointers protect data pointers function pointers especially problem overflowed execute shellcode called bounds checking compiler-based technique adds run-time bounds information allocated block memory checks pointers run-time c c++ bounds checking performed pointer calculation time dereference time implementations approach use either central repository describes allocated block memory fat pointers contain pointer additional data describing region point tagging compiler-based hardware-based requiring tagged architecture technique tagging type piece data memory used mainly type checking marking certain areas memory non-executable effectively prevents memory allocated store data containing executable code also certain areas memory marked non-allocated preventing buffer overflows historically tagging used implementing high-level programming languages appropriate support operating system tagging also used detect buffer overflows example nx bit hardware feature supported intel amd arm processors stack-smashing protection first implemented stackguard 1997 published 1998 usenix security symposium stackguard introduced set patches intel x86 backend gcc 2.7 stackguard maintained immunix linux distribution 1998 2003 extended implementations terminator random random xor canaries stackguard suggested inclusion gcc 3.x gcc 2003 summit proceedings never achieved 2001 2005 ibm developed gcc patches stack-smashing protection known propolice improved idea stackguard placing buffers local pointers function arguments stack frame helped avoid corruption pointers preventing access arbitrary memory locations redhat engineers identified problems propolice though 2005 re-implemented stack-smashing protection inclusion gcc 4.1 work introduced -fstack-protector flag protects vulnerable functions -fstack-protector-all flag protects functions whether need 2012 google engineers implemented -fstack-protector-strong flag strike better balance security performance flag protects kinds vulnerable functions -fstack-protector every function providing better performance -fstack-protector-all available gcc since version 4.9 fedora packages compiled -fstack-protector since fedora core 5 -fstack-protector-strong since fedora 20 packages ubuntu compiled -fstack-protector since 6.10 every arch linux package compiled -fstack-protector since 2011 arch linux packages built since use -fstack-protector-strong stack protection used packages debian freebsd base system since 8.0 stack protection standard certain operating systems including openbsd hardened gentoo dragonfly bsd stackguard propolice protect overflows automatically allocated structures overflow function pointers propolice least rearrange allocation order get structures allocated function pointers separate mechanism pointer protection proposed pointguard available microsoft windows compiler suite microsoft implements buffer overflow protection since version 2003 command-line switch enabled default since version 2005 using disables protection stack-smashing protection turned compiler flag codice_2 clang supports three buffer overflow detectors namely addresssanitizer -fsanitize=address -fsanitize=bounds safecode systems different tradeoffs terms performance penalty memory overhead classes detected bugs stack protection standard certain operating systems including openbsd intel c c++ compiler supports stack-smashing protection options similar provided gcc microsoft visual studio fail-safe c open-source memory-safe ansi c compiler performs bounds checking based fat pointers object-oriented memory access invented mike frantzen stackghost simple tweak register window spill/fill routines makes buffer overflows much difficult exploit uses unique hardware feature sun microsystems sparc architecture deferred on-stack in-frame register window spill/fill detect modifications return pointers common way exploit hijack execution paths transparently automatically protecting applications without requiring binary source modifications performance impact negligible less one percent resulting gdb issues resolved mark kettenis two years later allowing enabling feature following event stackghost code integrated optimized openbsd/sparc normal buffer allocation x86 architectures similar architectures shown buffer overflow entry show modified process pertains stackguard function called stack frame created stack frame built end memory beginning stack frame placed top stack closest beginning memory thus running end piece data stack frame alters data previously entered stack frame running end stack frame places data previous stack frame typical stack frame may look return address reta placed first followed control information ctli c function may contain many different per-call data structures piece data created call placed stack frame order thus ordered end beginning memory hypothetical function stack frame hypothetical situation ten bytes written array 13 character array excess overflow integer pointer integer control information finally return address overwriting pointer made reference position memory causing read arbitrary address overwriting reta function made execute code attempts return either existing functions ret2libc code written stack overflow nutshell poor handling unbounded strcpy calls may allow attacker control program influencing values assigned directly goal buffer overflow protection detect issue least intrusive way possible done removing harms way placing sort tripwire canary buffer buffer overflow protection implemented change compiler possible protection alter structure data stack frame exactly case systems propolice function automatic variables rearranged safely arrays allocated first stack frame places integer integer pointer memory stack frame becomes impossible move ctli reta without breaking produced code another tactic employed extra piece information called canary cnry placed buffers stack frame buffers overflow canary value changed thus effectively attack program attacker must leave definite indication attack stack frame end every function instruction continues execution memory address indicated reta instruction executed check cnry ensures altered value cnry fails test program execution ended immediately essence deliberate attacks inadvertent programming bugs result program abort canary technique adds instructions overhead every function call automatic array immediately dynamic buffer allocation dynamic buffer deallocation overhead generated technique significant work though unless canary remains unchanged attacker knows determine value canary may simply copy usually difficult arrange intentionally highly improbable unintentional situations position canary implementation specific always buffers protected data varied positions lengths varied benefits | [
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4,730 | 4 | Agnes_Meyer_Driscoll:agnes meyer driscoll agnes meyer driscoll july 24 1889 – september 16 1971 known miss aggie madame x american cryptanalyst world war world war ii born geneseo illinois 1889 driscoll moved family westerville ohio 1895 father gustav meyer taken job teaching music otterbein college 1909 donated family home anti-saloon league recently moved headquarters westerville home later donated westerville public library home anti-saloon league museum westerville local history center driscoll attended otterbein college 1907 1909 1911 received bachelor arts degree ohio state university majored mathematics physics studied foreign languages statistics music fluent english french german latin japanese earliest days college student pursued technical scientific studies graduation moved amarillo texas lived 1911 1918 worked director music military academy later chair mathematics department local high school june 22 1918 one year america entered world war driscoll enlisted united states navy – america started allowing women enlist recruited highest possible rank chief yeoman stint postal cable censorship office assigned code signal section director naval communications war ended made use option continue working post civilian except two-year hiatus worked private firm would remain leading cryptanalyst u.s. navy 1949 1920 continuing work navy driscoll studied riverbank laboratories geneva illinois fellow code breakers including william f. friedman elizebeth smith friedman worked known also worked american black chamber run herbert yardley first u.s. peacetime code-breaking agency set break codes used diplomatic correspondence efforts limited manual systems involved also emerging machine technology time applied making breaking ciphers first days code signal section co-developed one u.s. navy cipher machines cm cipher machine would become standard enciphering device navy 1920s recognition work united states congress awarded driscoll 15,000 split widow machine coinventor william greshem 1923 inventor edward hebern creator fledgling hebern electric code company attempting create secure rotor-driven cipher machine driscoll left navy test machine failed deliver secure encryption system agnes returned navy spring 1924 august 1924 married michael driscoll washington d.c. lawyer driscoll alongside lieutenant joseph rochefort broke japanese navy manual code red book code 1926 three years work helped broke blue book code 1930 early 1935 agnes driscoll led attack japanese m-1 cipher machine also known u.s. orange machine used encrypt messages japanese naval attaches around world 1939 made important inroads jn-25 japanese fleet operational code used important messages successfully solved cipher component 5-num system used number groups substitutes words numbers encrypted digital cipher navy could read standard format messages weather reports bulk messages remained discovered work later developed exploited attack pearl harbor rest pacific war provided advance warning japanese attack midway atoll would unable take part work october 1940 transferred team working break german naval enigma cipher period driscoll mentored following naval cryptographers getting work jn-25 started driscoll transferred new group attacked german enigma ciphers using catalog approach similar rainbow tables almost two years work new assignment driscoll team unable make progress solving german device partly due unwillingness use machine support mathematical approach also refused help british code breakers bletchley park traveled united states advise besides u.s. u.k. communicate effectively approach fruitless tried british determined unlikely work ultimately work superseded us-uk cryptologic exchanges 1942–43 1943 worked team break japanese cipher coral broken two months later although driscoll said little influence project 1945 appears worked attacking russian ciphers driscoll part navy contingent joined new national cryptologic agencies firstly armed forces security agency 1949 national security agency 1952 armed forces security agency may contributed attacking cipher called venona 1946 retirement national security agency filled number positions advanced ranks senior leadership retired armed forces security agency 1959 died 1971 buried arlington national cemetery 2000 inducted national security agency hall honor 2017 ohio historical marker placed front meyer home westerville honoring agnes meyer driscoll achievements | [
7568,
1821,
1353
] | Test |
4,731 | 1 | PhpLDAPadmin:phpldapadmin phpldapadmin web app administering lightweight directory access protocol ldap servers written php programming language licensed gnu general public license application available 14 languages supports utf-8 encoded directory strings project began fall 2002 dave smith student brigham young university byu lead developer needed robust web application manage ldap servers originally phpldapadmin called davedap august 2003 name changed phpldapadmin since time software downloaded approximately 150 times per day commonly used throughout world two developers contributed code base xavier renard uwe ebel xavier focused ldif imports/exports samba software integration uwe focused internationalizing application spring 2005 deon george took maintenance phpldapadmin due long period starting 2016 new pull requests merged master project releases made several forks exist implement new compatibilities functionality since spring 2019 new development going many pull requests merged project restoring compatibility recent php releases following linux distributions include phpldapadmin official software repositories available extra packages enterprise linux epel repository allowing managed installation distributions red hat enterprise linux fedora centos scientific linux included m23 software distribution system manages distributes software debian ubuntu kubuntu xubuntu linux mint fedora centos opensuse distributions also available repositories freebsd openbsd solaris | [
6029,
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] | Test |
4,732 | 6 | Filzip:filzip filzip freeware file archiver program microsoft windows platform written philipp engel free author request donations help cost development reward work march 2019 new version released since version 3.0.6 filzip presumed unmaintained software development program localized twenty languages filzip supports seven different archive formats allowing user add extract files archives include zip bh cab jar lha lzh tar gzip handful formats supported extraction including ace arc arj rar zoo files within formats viewed without explicitly unpacking removed renamed within archive zip files may spanned written number files fixed maximum size placed removable media program integration create self-extracting executable archives redistribution without licensing fees cnet rated 4/5 stars wrote easy program operation sets freeware file compression tool apart crowded genre | [
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4,733 | 2 | SOX_(operating_system):sox operating system sox name unix clone developed scratch brazil late 1980s computadores e sistemas brasileiros s/a cobra tecnologia leadership ivan da costa marques certified unix-compatible x/open unisoft early 1989 sox one first re-implementation unix fully independent passed x/open verification tests one ever completed 100 outside united states sox designed run cobra minicomputers part brazilian informatics policy aimed achieve technological independence united states despite technical success sox came late cobra largely lost support sox development stopped soon certified government decided instead allow import unix system v release 4.0 | [
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... | Validation |
4,734 | 4 | Anti-spam_techniques:anti-spam techniques various anti-spam techniques used prevent email spam unsolicited bulk email technique complete solution spam problem trade-offs incorrectly rejecting legitimate email false positives opposed rejecting spam false negatives – associated costs time effort cost wrongfully obstructing good mail anti-spam techniques broken four broad categories require actions individuals automated email administrators automated email senders employed researchers law enforcement officials number techniques individuals use restrict availability email addresses goal reducing chance receiving spam sharing email address among limited group correspondents one way limit chance address harvested targeted spam similarly forwarding messages number recipients n't know one another recipient addresses put bcc field recipient get list recipients email addresses email addresses posted webpages usenet chat rooms vulnerable e-mail address harvesting address munging practice disguising e-mail address prevent automatically collected way still allow human reader reconstruct original email address nowiki no-one example.com /nowiki might written no-one example dot com instance related technique display part email address image jumbled text order characters restored using css common piece advice reply spam messages spammers may simply regard responses confirmation email address valid similarly many spam messages contain web links addresses user directed follow removed spammer mailing list – treated dangerous case sender addresses often forged spam messages responding spam may result failed deliveries – may reach completely innocent third parties businesses individuals sometimes avoid publicising email address asking contact come via contact form webpage – typically forwards information via email forms however sometimes inconvenient users able use preferred email client risk entering faulty reply address typically notified delivery problems contact forms drawback require website appropriate technology many modern mail programs incorporate web browser functionality display html urls images avoiding disabling feature help avoid spam may however useful avoid problems user opens spam message offensive images tracked web bugs targeted javascript attacks upon security vulnerabilities html renderer mail clients automatically download display html images attachments fewer risks clients configured display default email user may sometimes need give address site without complete assurance site owner use sending spam one way mitigate risk provide disposable email address — address user disable abandon forwards email real account number services provide disposable address forwarding addresses manually disabled expire given time interval expire certain number messages forwarded disposable email addresses used users track whether site owner disclosed address security breach systems use ham passwords ask unrecognised senders include email password demonstrates email message ham spam message typically email address ham password would described web page ham password would included subject line email message appended username part email address using plus addressing technique ham passwords often combined filtering systems let messages identified ham tracking spammer isp reporting offense lead spammer service terminated criminal prosecution unfortunately difficult track spammer online tools spamcop network abuse clearinghouse assist always accurate historically reporting spam way played large part abating spam since spammers simply move operation another url isp network ip addresses many countries consumers may also forward unwanted deceptive commercial email authorities e.g us email address spam uce.gov maintained us federal trade commission ftc similar agencies countries large number applications appliances services software systems email administrators use reduce load spam systems mailboxes general attempt reject block majority spam email outright smtp connection stage accept message typically analyze content – may decide quarantine categorised spam number systems developed allow domain name owners identify email authorized many systems use dns list sites authorized send email behalf many proposals spf dkim dmarc widely supported growing adoption directly attacking spam systems make much harder spoof addresses common technique spammers also used phishing types fraud via email method may used internet service providers specialized services enterprises combat spam require unknown senders pass various tests messages delivered strategies termed challenge/response systems checksum-based filter exploits fact messages sent bulk identical small variations checksum-based filters strip everything might vary messages reduce remains checksum look checksum database distributed checksum clearinghouse collects checksums messages email recipients consider spam people button email client click nominate message spam checksum database message likely spam avoid detected way spammers sometimes insert unique invisible gibberish known hashbusters middle messages make message unique checksum email servers expect never communicate particular countries receive great deal spam therefore use country-based filtering – technique blocks email certain countries technique based country origin determined sender ip address rather trait sender large number free commercial dns-based blacklists dnsbls allow mail server quickly look ip incoming mail connection reject listed administrators choose scores dnsbls reflects different policies list sites known emit spam others list open mail relays proxies others list isps known support spam spam/phishing messages contain url entice victims clicking thus popular technique since early 2000s consists extracting urls messages looking databases spamhaus domain block list dbl surbl uribl many spammers use poorly written software unable comply standards legitimate control computer using send spam zombie computer setting tighter limits deviation rfc standards mta accept mail administrator reduce spam significantly also runs risk rejecting mail older poorly written configured servers greeting delay – sending server required wait received smtp greeting banner sends data deliberate pause introduced receiving servers allow detect deny spam-sending applications wait receive banner temporary rejection – greylisting technique built fact smtp protocol allows temporary rejection incoming messages greylisting temporarily rejects messages unknown senders mail servers – using standard 4xx error codes compliant mtas proceed retry delivery later many spammers spambots downside legitimate messages first-time senders experience delay delivery helo/ehlo checking – says smtp server may verify domain name argument ehlo command actually corresponds ip address client however verification fails server must refuse accept message basis systems however configured invalid pipelining – several smtp commands allowed placed one network packet pipelined example email sent cc header several smtp rcpt commands might placed single packet instead one packet per rcpt command smtp protocol however requires errors checked everything synchronized certain points many spammers send everything single packet since care errors efficient mtas detect invalid pipelining reject email sent way nolisting – email servers given domain specified prioritized list via mx records nolisting technique simply adding mx record pointing non-existent server primary i.e lowest preference value – means initial mail contact always fail many spam sources retry failure spammer move next victim legitimate email servers retry next higher numbered mx normal email delivered brief delay quit detection – smtp connection always closed quit command many spammers skip step spam already sent taking time properly close connection takes time bandwidth mtas capable detecting whether connection closed correctly use measure trustworthy system another approach simply imitation mta gives appearance open mail relay imitation tcp/ip proxy server gives appearance open proxy spammers probe systems open relays/proxies find host attempt send mail wasting time resources potentially revealing information origin spam sending entity operates honeypot system may simply discard spam attempts submit dnsbls store analysis spamassassin policyd-weight others use various tests spam assigns numerical score test message scanned patterns applicable scores tallied total fixed value message rejected flagged spam ensuring single spam test flag message spam false positive rate greatly reduced outbound spam protection involves scanning email traffic exits network identifying spam messages taking action blocking message shutting source traffic primary impact spam spam recipients sending networks also experience financial costs wasted bandwidth risk ip addresses blocked receiving networks outbound spam protection stops spam also lets system administrators track spam sources network remediate – example clearing malware machines become infected virus participating botnet ptr dns records reverse dns used number things including content filtering techniques rely specification lists words regular expressions disallowed mail messages thus site receives spam advertising herbal viagra administrator might place phrase filter configuration mail server would reject message containing phrase header filtering looks header email contains information origin destination content message although spammers often spoof fields header order hide identity try make email look legitimate many spoofing methods detected violation rfc 5322 standard header formed also serve basis rejecting message since large percentage spam forged invalid sender addresses spam detected checking address valid mail server try verify sender address making smtp connection back mail exchanger address creating bounce stopping email sent callback verification various drawbacks 1 since nearly spam forged return addresses nearly callbacks innocent third party mail servers unrelated spam 2 spammer uses trap address sender address receiving mta tries make callback using trap address mail command receiving mta ip address blacklisted 3 finally standard vrfy expn commands used verify address exploited spammers mail administrators enable leaving receiving smtp server effective way validate sender email address smtp proxies allow combating spam real time combining sender behavior controls providing legitimate users immediate feedback eliminating need quarantine spamtrapping seeding email address spammers find normal users email address used sender must spammer black listed example email address spamtrap example.org placed source html web site way n't displayed web page human visitors website would see spammers hand use web page scrapers bots harvest email addresses html source code would find address spammer later sends address spamtrap knows highly likely spammer take appropriate action statistical bayesian filtering set requires administrative maintenance per se instead users mark messages spam nonspam filtering software learns judgements thus matched end user needs long users consistently mark/tag emails respond quickly changes spam content statistical filters typically also look message headers considering content also peculiarities transport mechanism email software programs implement statistical filtering include bogofilter dspam spambayes assp crm114 email programs mozilla mozilla thunderbird mailwasher later revisions spamassassin tarpit server software intentionally responds extremely slowly client commands running tarpit treats acceptable mail normally known spam slowly appears open mail relay site slow rate spammers inject messages mail facility depending server internet speed tarpit slow attack factor around 500 many systems simply disconnect server n't respond quickly eliminate spam however legitimate email systems also deal correctly delays fundamental idea slow attack perpetrator waste time without significant success organization successfully deploy tarpit able define range addresses protocols ports deception process involves router passing supported traffic appropriate server sent contacts sent tarpit examples tarpits include labrea tarpit honeyd smtp tarpits ip-level tarpits variety techniques email senders use try make sure send spam failure control amount spam sent judged email receivers often cause even legitimate email blocked sender put dnsbls since spammer accounts frequently disabled due violations abuse policies constantly trying create new accounts due damage done isp reputation source spam many isps web email providers use captchas new accounts verify real human registering account automated spamming system also verify credit cards stolen accepting new customers check spamhaus project rokso list background checks malicious person easily attempt subscribe another user mailing list — harass make company organisation appear spamming prevent modern mailing list management programs gnu mailman listserv majordomo qmail ezmlm support confirmed opt-in default whenever email address presented subscription list software send confirmation message address confirmation message contains advertising content construed spam address added live mail list unless recipient responds confirmation message email senders typically type anti-spam checks email coming users customers inward email coming rest internet protects reputation could otherwise harmed case infection spam-sending malware receiving server initially fully accepts email later determines message spam non-existent recipient generate bounce message back supposed sender however often case spam sender information incoming email forged unrelated third party bounce message backscatter spam reason generally preferable rejection incoming email happen smtp connection stage 5xx error code sending server still connected case sending server report problem real sender cleanly firewalls routers programmed allow smtp traffic tcp port 25 machines network supposed run mail transfer agents send email practice somewhat controversial isps block home users especially isps allow blocking turned upon request email still sent computers designated smart hosts via port 25 smart hosts via email submission port 587 network address translation used intercept port 25 smtp traffic direct mail server enforces rate limiting egress spam filtering commonly done hotels cause email privacy problems well making impossible use starttls smtp-auth port 587 submission port n't used machines suddenly start sending lots email may well become zombie computers limiting rate email sent around typical computer question legitimate email still sent large spam runs slowed manual investigation done monitoring spam reports places spamcop aol feedback loop network abuse clearinghouse domain abuse mailbox etc. isps often learn problems seriously damage isp reputation mail servers blacklisted malicious software human spam senders often use forged addresses sending spam messages control may enforced smtp servers ensure senders use correct email address field outgoing messages email users database user record email address smtp server must check email address field outgoing message address belongs user credentials supplied smtp authentication field forged smtp error returned email client e.g email address trying send isps webmail providers either acceptable use policy aup terms service tos agreement discourages spammers using system allows spammer terminated quickly violations 2000 onwards many countries enacted specific legislation criminalize spamming appropriate legislation enforcement significant impact spamming activity legislation provides specific text bulk emailers must include also makes legitimate bulk email easier identify increasingly anti-spam efforts led co-ordination law enforcement researchers major consumer financial service companies internet service providers monitoring tracking email spam identity theft phishing activities gathering evidence criminal cases analysis sites spamvertised given piece spam often followed domain registrars good results several approaches proposed improve email system since spamming facilitated fact large volumes email inexpensive send one proposed set solutions would require senders pay cost order send email making prohibitively expensive spammers anti-spam activist daniel balsam attempts make spamming less profitable bringing lawsuits spammers artificial intelligence techniques deployed filtering spam emails artificial neural networks algorithms bayesian filters methods use probabilistic methods train networks examination concentration frequency words seen spam versus legitimate email contents channel email new proposal sending email attempts distribute anti-spam activities forcing verification probably using bounce messages back-scatter occur first email sent new contacts spam subject several research conferences including | [
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4,735 | 5 | EIA-530:eia-530 currently known tia-530-a often called eia-530 rs-530 balanced serial interface standard generally uses 25-pin connector originally created telecommunications industry association finalized 1987 revision finalized 1992 specification defines cable dte dce devices used conjunction eia-422 eia-423 define electrical signaling characteristics tia-530 calls common 25 pin connector displaced similar eia-449 also uses eia-422/423 larger 37-pin connector two types interchange circuits signals leads dce dte defined tia-530 category uses balanced characteristics eia-422 category ii unbalanced eia-423 interchange circuits category exception local loopback pin 18 remote loopback pin 21 test mode pin 25 category ii tia-530 originally used category circuits commonly called data set ready dce ready pins 6 22 data terminal ready dte ready pins 20 23 revision changed interchange circuits category ii para 4.3.6 4.3.7 standard added ring indicator pin 22 pin 23 grounded tia-530-a confusion revisions led many incorrect wiring diagrams interface manufacturers still adhere original tia-530 standard care taken ensure devices standard connecting avoid complications | [
4676
] | Test |
4,736 | 3 | Compaq_Presario:compaq presario presario series desktop computers notebooks compaq presario family computers launched consumer marketplace september 1993 mid-1990s compaq began manufacturing pc monitors part presario brand series all-in one units containing pc monitor case also released although hp acquired compaq 2002 presario name used compaq brand discontinued 2013 hp due marketability issues all-in-one computers containing pc monitor unit mvx00 fpx00 monitors designed sold series 3 designed compaq towers retained original spaceship shape second generation compaq presario towers except smoked-black plastic flip-up doors slightly squatter design rounded generation 2 presario towers lacked smoked plastic easy access door usb audio ports behind black smoked cd bezel covers fp meant flat panel display one first offered home pc 1x25 monitors paired presario 4500 4600 4800 series 2 designed compaq presarios originators rocket ship shape tower faceplate monitors shared design cues split lower bezel ran middle like towers meant match rare set monitors fx series built-in speakers subwoofer three extra usb ports designed go 4800 series presario multimedia towers—specifically 4830 4882 black like fx monitor monitors came jbl pro speakers could mount side monitor fx exception built-in jbl pro powered speakers subwoofer rear casing | [
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4,737 | 9 | Daniel_P._Friedman:daniel p. friedman daniel paul friedman born 1944 professor computer science indiana university bloomington indiana research focuses programming languages prominent author field david wise friedman wrote highly influential paper lazy programming specifically lazy streams icalp 1976 paper entitled cons evaluate arguments one first publications pushing exploration programming style potentially infinite data structures form programming employs computational effects though programs may diverge 1970s friedman wise explored topic depth also considered extensions world parallel computing 1980s friedman turned study scheme programming language explored use macros defining programming languages eugene kohlbecker matthias felleisen bruce duba co-introduced notion hygienic macros 1986 lfp paper still widely cited today christopher t. haynes mitchell wand simultaneously studied nature continuation objects uses possibilities constraining following friedman felleisen introduced lambda calculus continuations control operators work spawned work semantics connections classical logic computation practical extensions continuations friedman also prolific textbook author first textbook little lisper dates back 1974 still print fourth edition called little schemer felleisen friedman felleisen wrote three little books 1990s little mler seasoned schemer little java patterns friedman also lead author essentials programming languages textbook programming languages changed landscape language textbooks 1980s shifting focus surveys languages study principles via series interpreters today textbooks topic tend follow organization employing operational semantics type theory instead interpreters like little lisper essentials programming languages long-living book third edition recently friedman resumed work little series reasoned schemer william e. byrd oleg kiselyov explaining logic programming via extension scheme little prover carl eastlund introducing inductive proofs way determine facts computer programs daniel p. friedman author co-author following books | [
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4,738 | 7 | Master/slave_(technology):master/slave technology master/slave model communication one device process unidirectional control one devices systems master selected group eligible devices devices acting role slaves context motor control master/slave configuration used load sharing purposes two identical motors connected two different drives coupled common load one drive defined master configured running speed-control mode whereas defined slave configured running torque-control mode terminology often replaced something different terms master slave allude practice slavery one alternative databases primary replica used documentation ibm microsoft engine yard amazon web services/amazon relational database service acm well python django drupal couchdb redis mediawiki still uses master configuration management tool salt uses terms master minion december 2017 internet systems consortium decided allow words primary secondary substitute master/slave terminology dns server software bind 2003 county los angeles california asked manufacturers suppliers contractors stop using master slave terminology products county made request based cultural diversity sensitivity los angeles county following outcries request county los angeles issued statement saying decision nothing request following controversy global language monitor found term master/slave egregious example political correctness 2004 named politically incorrect term year | [
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4,739 | 1 | Binary_large_object:binary large object binary large object blob collection binary data stored single entity database management system blobs typically images audio multimedia objects though sometimes binary executable code stored blob database support blobs universal blobs originally big amorphous chunks data invented jim starkey dec describes thing ate cincinnati cleveland whatever 1958 steve mcqueen movie referring blob later terry mckiever marketing person apollo felt needed acronym invented backronym basic large object informix invented alternative backronym binary large object data type definition introduced describe data originally defined traditional computer database systems particularly large store practically time field database systems first defined 1970s 1980s data type became practical disk space became cheap definition gained popularity ibm db2 term used nosql databases especially key-value store databases redis name blob borrowed deep learning software caffe represent multi-dimensional arrays world free open-source software term also borrowed refer proprietary device drivers distributed without source code exclusively binary code use term binary blob common even though first letter blob abbreviation already stands binary depending implementation culture around usage concept might alternately referred basic large object binary data type | [
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4,740 | 2 | BootX_(Apple):bootx apple bootx software-based bootloader designed developed apple inc. use company macintosh computer range bootx used prepare computer use loading required device drivers starting-up mac os x booting kernel powerpc macintoshes running mac os x 10.2 operating system later versions using bootrom read-only memory rom computer chip containing openfirmware graphical bootsplash shown briefly compatible macintosh computers grey apple logo spinning cursor appears startup sequence program freely available part darwin operating system open-source apple public source license bootx superseded another nearly identical bootloader named codice_1 extensible firmware interface rom release intel-based mac older macintoshes dating 1983 1998 utilized basic bootloader bootloader solely rom chip varying sizes 4 megabytes mb contained computer code boot computer run mac os operating system known macintosh toolbox old world rom differs greatly design modern macintosh generally use hard drive large capacity store operating system bootloader used macintosh computers mid-1998 advent imac series macintoshes firmware updated rom reduced size 1 mb called bootrom remainder rom moved file codice_2 mac os system folder stored hard drive rom used full implementation openfirmware standard contained bootrom named new world rom 2001 release mac os x 10.0 codice_2 file replaced codice_4 bootloader file 2002 release mac os x 10.2 historical happy mac start-up picture replaced grey apple logo introducing intel mac 2006 bootrom replaced near identical extensible firmware interface rom although apple still calls bootrom codice_1 file make boot loader appealing operating system developers apple added features allow flexibility booting process network boot using tftp load mach-o elf formatted kernels bootx also boot hfs hfs+ ufs ext2 formatted volumes boot loader manipulated startup holding various key combinations alter booting process functions include verbose mode achieved holding command v key startup replaces default apple logo text-based information boot process single user mode achieved holding command depending operating system may boot basic command-line text-based version operating system facilitate maintenance recovery action rom also set require password access technical functions using openfirmware interface powerpc-based macintoshes boot process starts activation bootrom basic macintosh rom performs power self test test hardware essential startup passing test startup chime played control computer passed openfirmware openfirmware initializes random access memory memory management unit hardware necessary rom operation openfirmware checks settings stored nvram builds list devices device tree gathering stored fcode information completion task bootx takes startup process configuring keyboard display claiming reserving memory various purposes checking see various key combinations pressed process completed bootx displays grey apple logo spins spinning wait cursor proceeds load kernel kernel extensions start kernel | [
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4,741 | 4 | Marcus_J._Ranum:marcus j. ranum marcus j. ranum born november 5 1962 new york city new york united states computer network security researcher credited number innovations firewalls including building first internet email server whitehouse.gov domain intrusion detection systems held technical leadership positions number computer security companies faculty member institute applied network security marcus ranum born new york city graduated gilman school baltimore maryland attending johns hopkins university obtained bachelor arts psychology 1985 ranum helped design implement digital equipment corporation secure external access link seal later altavista firewall regarded first commercial bastion host firewall 1990 left dec work trusted information systems tis chief scientist development manager internet security products tis ranum became responsible whitehouse.gov internet email site charged responsibility ranum advocated whitehouse.com domain registered well despite advice registered government later registered adult entertainment provider tis developed tis internet firewall toolkit fwtk grant darpa tis worked v-one chief scientist extensively involved company ipo three months ipo ranum formed company network flight recorder nfr served ceo three years stepping cto role ranum later left nfr consult trusecure joining tenable network security cso addition various full-time positions ranum also held board advisory positions nfr security protego networks fortify software ranum spoken usenix audiences lisa 1997 1999 tutorial lisa 2000 keynote 2002 2003 tutorial spoke full disclosure black hat security briefings 2000 recently ranum spoken interop 2005 2007 cansecwest 2010 secure360 2011 previously taught courses sans institute ranum work cited least 15 published u.s. patents well numerous computer network security articles books ranum cited author eponymous law ca n't solve social problems software marcus co-authored series face articles bruce schneier appeared approximately bi-monthly information security magazine since july 2006 ranum one number editors sans newsbites semiweekly email newsletter currently ranum lives morrisdale pennsylvania hobbies include photography firearms maintains active stock photography account deviantart wrote essay oleg volk pro-firearms site www.a-human-right.com marcus ranum also interviewed digital artist brandon pence nwflaa read 2 parts part 1 part 2 atheist maintaining blog freethought blogs network | [
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4,742 | 7 | PySpark:pyspark apache spark open-source distributed general-purpose cluster-computing framework released support python spark pyspark provides interface programming entire clusters implicit data parallelism fault tolerance following sub-packages provided following classes marked core classes sample code may look like follows | [
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4,743 | 9 | XQuery:xquery xquery xml query query functional programming language queries transforms collections structured unstructured data usually form xml text vendor-specific extensions data formats json binary etc. language developed xml query working group w3c work closely coordinated development xslt xsl working group two groups share responsibility xpath subset xquery xquery 1.0 became w3c recommendation january 23 2007 xquery 3.0 became w3c recommendation april 8 2014 xquery 3.1 became w3c recommendation march 21 2017 xquery functional side effect-free expression-oriented programming language simple type system summed kilpeläinen xquery provides means extract manipulate data xml documents data source viewed xml relational databases office documents xquery contains superset xpath expression syntax address specific parts xml document supplements sql-like flwor expression performing joins flwor expression constructed five clauses named let order return language also provides syntax allowing new xml documents constructed element attribute names known advance xml-like syntax used cases expressions referred dynamic node constructors available constructs defined expressions within language arbitrarily nested language based xquery xpath data model xdm uses tree-structured model information content xml document containing seven kinds nodes document nodes elements attributes text nodes comments processing instructions namespaces xdm also models values sequences singleton value considered sequence length one items sequence either xml nodes atomic values atomic values may integers strings booleans full list types based primitive types defined xml schema features updating xml documents databases full text search capability part core language defined add-on extension standards xquery update facility 1.0 supports update feature xquery xpath full text 1.0 supports full text search xml documents xquery 3.0 adds support full functional programming functions values manipulated stored variables passed higher-order functions dynamically called sample xquery code lists unique speakers act shakespeare play hamlet encoded hamlet.xml xquery constructs performing computations expressions statements even though keywords appear suggest statement-like behaviors execute function expression within body evaluated value returned thus write function double input value one simply writes write full query saying 'hello world one writes expression style common functional programming languages examples xquery used although xquery initially conceived query language large collections xml documents also capable transforming individual documents capabilities overlap xslt designed expressly allow input xml documents transformed html formats xslt 2.0 xquery standards developed separate working groups within w3c working together ensure common approach appropriate share data model xdm type system function library include xpath 2.0 sublanguage two languages however rooted different traditions serve needs different communities xslt primarily conceived stylesheet language whose primary goal render xml human reader screen web web template language paper xquery primarily conceived database query language tradition sql two languages originate different communities xslt stronger handling narrative documents flexible structure xquery stronger data handling example performing relational joins xslt 1.0 appeared recommendation 1999 whereas xquery 1.0 became recommendation early 2007 result xslt still much widely used languages similar expressive power though xslt 2.0 many features missing xquery 1.0 grouping number date formatting greater control xml namespaces many features planned xquery 3.0 comparison must take account fact xslt 1.0 xslt 2.0 different languages xslt 2.0 particular heavily influenced xquery move strong typing schema-awareness usability studies shown xquery easier learn xslt especially users previous experience database languages sql attributed fact xquery smaller language fewer concepts learn fact programs concise also true xquery orthogonal expression used syntactic context contrast xslt two-language system xpath expressions nested xslt instructions vice versa xslt currently stronger xquery applications involve making small changes document example deleting note elements applications generally handled xslt use coding pattern involves identity template copies nodes unchanged modified specific templates modify selected nodes xquery equivalent coding pattern though future versions possible tackle problems using update facilities language development xquery 1.0 lacked kind mechanism dynamic binding polymorphism remedied introduction functions first-class values xquery 3.0 absence capability starts become noticeable writing large applications writing code designed reusable different environments xslt offers two complementary mechanisms area dynamic matching template rules ability override rules using codice_1 make possible write applications multiple customization layers absence facilities xquery 1.0 deliberate design decision consequence xquery amenable static analysis essential achieve level optimization needed database query languages also makes easier detect errors xquery code compile time fact xslt 2.0 uses xml syntax makes rather verbose comparison xquery 1.0 however many large applications take advantage capability using xslt read write modify stylesheets dynamically part processing pipeline use xml syntax also enables use xml-based tools managing xslt code contrast xquery syntax suitable embedding traditional programming languages java see xquery api java c necessary xquery code also expressed xml syntax called xqueryx xqueryx representation xquery code rather verbose convenient humans easily processed xml tools example transformed xslt stylesheets two major extensions xquery developed w3c reached recommendation status extensions xquery 1.0 work taking forward work xquery 3.0 abandoned lack resources work xquery 3.0 published recommendation 8 april 2014 xquery 3.1 recommendation february 2017 scripting procedural extension xquery designed never completed expath community group develops extensions xquery related standards xpath xslt xproc xforms following extensions currently available jsoniq extension xquery adds support extract transform data json documents jsoniq superset xquery 3.0 published creative commons attribution-sharealike 3.0 license exquery project develops standards around creating portable xquery applications following standards currently available portions borrowed permission books xml hacks o'reilly media xquery o'reilly media previous version based article | [
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4,744 | 5 | National_Transportation_Communications_for_Intelligent_Transportation_System_Protocol:national transportation communications intelligent transportation system protocol national transportation communications intelligent transportation system protocol ntcip family standards designed achieve interoperability interchangeability computers electronic traffic control equipment different manufacturers nticp around 20 years increasingly use smart city initiatives suppliers technology example riders want know next bus arrive stop using apps use ntcip siemens initiatives seattle elsewhere future ntcip used two way communication vehicles traffic signals ability buses control traffic lights done sinwaves protocol product joint standardization project guided joint committee ntcip composed six representatives national electrical manufacturers association nema american association state highway transportation officials aashto institute transportation engineers ite joint committee turn formed 14 technical working groups develop maintain standards initiated produced 50 standards information reports project receives funding contract united states department transportation usdot part wider effort develop comprehensive family intelligent transportation system standards nema initiated development ntcip 1992 early 1993 us federal highway administration fhwa brought together transportation industry representatives discuss obstacles installing field equipment new intelligent transportation systems representatives said number one priority need industry-wide standard data communications protocol since nema transportation section members already started work new industry standard offered expedite expand scope activities key objectives new ntcip protocol interchangeability similar roadside devices interoperability different types devices communications channel 1996 fhwa suggested partnership standards developing organizations expand user industry involvement aashto ite signed agreement nema establish joint committee ntcip work together developing maintaining ntcip standards ntcip enabled center field communication command/control equipment different manufacturers specified procured deployed tested ntcip communications standards field devices listed corresponding ntcip document number shown parentheses center center c2c communication involves peer-to-peer communications computers involved information exchange real-time transportation management many-to-many network type communication similar internet center request information provide information number centers example center center communications two traffic management centers exchange real-time information inventory status traffic control devices allows center system know timing plan example center system running allow traffic signal coordination across center geographic boundaries examples type communication include ntcip communications standards center center communications listed corresponding ntcip document number shown parentheses ntcip coordinated information level standards development organizations development center-to-center application profiles supports ite traffic management data dictionary ite tmdd ieee 1512 incident management ieee 1512 apta transit communications interface profiles apta tcip sae j2354 advanced traveler information systems standards ntcip framework based primarily open standards internet engineering task force ietf world wide web consortium w3c iso plus ntcip data dictionary standards specific task device communications layered modular approach communications standards used represent data communications two computers electronic devices ntcip refers “ levels ” ntcip rather “ layers ” distinguish hierarchical architecture applied defined open system interconnection reference model osi model iso internet engineering task force ietf five ntcip levels information level application level transport level subnetwork level plant level figure used permission shows structure ntcip information application transport subnetwork plant levels ensure working system deployers select specify least one ntcip protocol profile level discussion level ntcip standards apply level follows ntcip framework preclude combinations beyond expressly indicated diagram | [
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4,745 | 9 | CBASIC:cbasic cbasic compiled version basic programming language written cp/m operating system gordon eubanks 1976–1977 enhanced version basic-e. basic-e eubank master thesis project developed pl/m eubanks gary kildall new cp/m operating system men naval postgraduate school monterey california basic-e based basic compiler originally written gary kildall 1974 developed public expense basic-e public domain could marketed exclusively seymour rubinstein marketing director imsai contacted eubanks asked create saleable version contract imsai 8080 microcomputer eubanks developed cbasic spare time still naval officer stationed submarine uss george washington vallejo california retained joint ownership program imsai sold program company compiler systems acquired digital research 1981 basic-e early versions cbasic compiled source code intermediate p-code file executed separate run-time interpreter program cbasic could execute minimum 24 kb memory line numbers program source optional unless needed label program jump cbasic proved popular incorporated 14-digit binary-coded decimal bcd math eliminated mbasic rounding errors sometimes troublesome accounting cbasic2 adds following features infoworld 1980 described cbasic primary language development commercial cp/m applications developers widespread familiarity basic ability distribute royalty-free binaries without source code cbasic owners magazine stated language become popular despite serious drawbacks including required preprocessor interpreted source code making debugging difficult slow speed incompatible changes jerry pournelle said may 1983 digital research practically ruin ed eubanks cbasic manual acquiring company new edition much better | [
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4,746 | 4 | Pre-shared_key:pre-shared key cryptography pre-shared key psk shared secret previously shared two parties using secure channel needs used build key shared secret key derivation function typically used systems almost always use symmetric key cryptographic algorithms term psk used wi-fi encryption wired equivalent privacy wep wi-fi protected access wpa method called wpa-psk wpa2-psk also extensible authentication protocol eap known eap-psk cases wireless access points ap clients share key characteristics secret key determined system uses system designs require keys particular format password passphrase hexadecimal string secret used systems involved cryptographic processes used secure traffic systems crypto systems rely one keys confidentiality one particular attack always possible keys brute force key space search attack sufficiently long randomly chosen key resist practical brute force attack though principle attacker sufficient computational power see password strength password cracking discussion unavoidably however pre-shared keys held parties communication compromised one end without knowledge anyone several tools available help one choose strong passwords though network connection inherently unsafe one general know anyone may eavesdropping interaction choosing keys used cryptographic algorithms somewhat different pattern whatsoever avoided pattern may provide attacker lower effort attack brute force search implies random key choice force attackers spend much effort possible difficult principle practice well general rule software except cryptographically secure pseudorandom number generator csprng avoided | [
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4,747 | 1 | Ingres_(database):ingres database ingres database commercially supported open-source sql relational database management system intended support large commercial government applications ingres database fully open source global community contributors however actian corporation announced april 2018 acquired hcl technologies controls development ingres makes certified binaries available download well providing worldwide support ingres began research project university california berkeley starting early 1970s ending 1985 original code like projects berkeley available minimal cost version bsd license ingres spawned number commercial database applications including sybase microsoft sql server nonstop sql number others postgres post ingres project started mid-1980s later evolved postgresql acid compatible fully transactional including ddl statements part lisog open-source stack initiative 1973 system r project getting started ibm research team released series papers describing system building two scientists berkeley michael stonebraker eugene wong became interested concept reading papers started relational database research project already raised money researching geographic database system berkeley economics group called ingres interactive graphics retrieval system decided use money fund relational project instead used seed new much larger project decided re-use original project name new project became university ingres funding stonebraker approached darpa obvious funding source computing research development time darpa office naval research onr turned already funding database research elsewhere stonebraker introduced idea agencies help colleagues eventually obtained modest support nsf three military agencies air force office scientific research army research office navy electronic systems command thus funded ingres developed mid-1970s rotating team students staff ingres went evolution similar system r early prototype 1974 followed major revisions make code maintainable ingres disseminated small user community project members rewrote prototype repeatedly incorporate accumulated experience feedback users new ideas research project ended 1985 ingres remained largely similar ibm system r concept based largely dec machines unix vax/vms unlike system r ingres source code available tape modest fee 1980 1,000 copies distributed primarily universities many students u.c berkeley universities used ingres source code worked various commercial database software systems berkeley students jerry held later karel youseffi moved tandem computers built system evolved nonstop sql tandem database system re-implementation ingres technology evolved system ran effectively parallel computers included functionality distributed data distributed execution distributed transactions last fairly difficult components system first released late 1970s 1989 system could run queries parallel product became fairly famous one systems scales almost linearly number processors machine adding second cpu existing nonstop sql server almost exactly double performance tandem later purchased compaq started re-write 2000 product hewlett-packard early 1980s ingres competed head-to-head oracle two products widely regarded leading hardware-independent relational database implementations comparable functionality performance market share pricing many commentators considered ingres perhaps marginally superior product around 1985 however ingres steadily lost market share one reason oracle aggressive marketing another increasing recognition sql preferred relational query language ingres originally provided different language quel conversion sql delivered ingres version 6 took three years losing valuable time race robert epstein chief programmer project berkeley formed britton lee inc. along students ingres project paula hawthorn michael ubell joined later eric allman later epstein founded sybase sybase 2 product behind oracle time 1980s 1990s informix came nowhere took 1997 sybase product line also licensed microsoft 1992 rebranded microsoft sql server relationship soured late 1990s today sql server outsells sybase wide margin several companies used ingres source code produce products successful company named relational technology inc. rti founded 1980 stonebraker wong another berkeley professor lawrence a. rowe rti renamed ingres corporation late 1980s company ported code dec vax/vms commercial operating system dec vax computers also developed collection front-end tools creating manipulating databases e.g. reporterwriters forms entry update etc application development tools time much source rewritten add functionality example multiple-statement transactions sql b-tree access method date/time datatypes etc improve performance example compiled queries multithreaded server company purchased ask corporation november 1990 founders left company next several months 1994 ask/ingres purchased computer associates continued offer ingres variety brand names example openingres ingres ii advantage ingres 2004 computer associates released ingres r3 open source license code includes dbms server utilities character-based front-end application-development tools essence code everything except openroad windows 4gl gui-based development environment november 2005 garnett helfrich capital partnership computer associates created new company called ingres corporation provided support services ingres openroad connectivity products february 2006 ingres corporation released ingres 2006 gnu general public licence ingres 9.3 released october 7 2009 limited release targeted new application development linux windows ingres 10 released october 12 2010 full release supporting upgrade earlier versions product available 32-bit 64-bit linux 32-bit microsoft windows open-source community initiatives ingres included community bundles – alliances open-source providers projects alfresco jaspersoft hibernate apache tomcat eclipse enable ingres provide platform technology open-source technologies established ingres carleton university series open source boot camps held 2008 work open-source communities projects introduce university college students staff concepts realities open source involvement includes global ingres university alliances ingres engineering summit ingres janitors project several memberships open-source initiatives ingres icebreaker appliance combines ingres database linux operating system enabling people simultaneously deploy manage database operating system ingres café consolidated application foundation eclipse created team developers carleton university integrated environment helps software architects accelerate simplify java application development ingres geospatial community-based project create industry-standards-compliant geospatial storage features ingres dbms words storing map data providing powerful analysis functions within dbms november 2010 garnett helfrich capital acquired last 20 equity ingres corp already september 22 2011 ingres corporation became actian corporation focused action apps use ingres vectorwise rdbms systems postgres project started mid 1980s address limitations existing database-management implementations relational model primary among inability let user define new domains types combinations simpler domains see relational model explanation term domain project explored ideas including incorporation write-once media e.g. optical disks use massive storage e.g. never delete data inferencing object-oriented data models implementation also experimented new interfaces database application programs e.g. portals sometimes referred fat cursors resulting project named postgres aimed introducing minimum number features needed add complete types support included ability define types also ability fully describe relationships – time widely used maintained entirely user postgres database understood relationships could retrieve information related tables natural way using rules 1990s stonebraker started new company commercialize postgres name illustra company technology later purchased informix ingres 11 released 18 april 2017 known actian x hybrid database | [
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4,748 | 3 | DualShock:dualshock dualshock originally dual shock trademarked dualshock dual shock line gamepads vibration-feedback analog controls developed sony interactive entertainment playstation family systems dualshock introduced japan november 1997 launched north american market may 1998 first introduced secondary peripheral original playstation updated version playstation console included controller sony subsequently phased digital controller originally included console well sony dual analog controller 28 million dualshock controllers sold brand name excluding bundled controllers dualshock analog controller scph-1200 controller capable providing vibration feedback based onscreen actions taking place game game supports well analog input two analog sticks name derives use two dual vibration motors shock motors housed within handles controller left one larger powerful one right allow varying levels vibration dualshock differs nintendo 64 rumble pak respect rumble pak uses single motor rumble pak also uses batteries power vibration function corded varieties dualshock use power supplied playstation however third party dualshock-compatible controllers use batteries instead playstation power supply rumble feature dualshock similar one featured first edition japanese dual analog controller feature removed shortly controller released dualshock like predecessor dual analog controller two analog sticks unlike earlier controller dualshock analog sticks feature textured rubber grips rather smooth plastic tips recessed grooves found dual analog controller dualshock also features two additional buttons compared dual analog l3 r3 triggered depressing analog sticks differences dual analog dualshock include longer grips/handles slightly different l2/r2 buttons dualshock controller widely supported shortly launch new titles including spyro dragon tekken 3 included support vibration feature dual analog sticks capcom re-released resident evil director cut resident evil 2 support controller added newer versions games designed dual analog vibration capability porsche challenge crash bandicoot 2 also work many games took advantage presence two motors provide vibration effects stereo including gran turismo playstation port quake ii released 1999 playstation hit ape escape became first game explicitly require dualshock/dual-analog-type controllers gameplay requiring use analog sticks 2000 ps one remodeled version original playstation released slightly redesigned dualshock controller scph-110 similar first one except color white instead gray middle controller ps one logo instead playstation naming buttons analog sticks cord brighter previous one connector semi-circle shape round edge also came colors dualshock also compatible playstation 2 use connector protocol however certain ps2 games utilize dualshock 2 analog buttons bouncer compatible dualshock dualshock fully forwards compatible playstation 2 console used play playstation games playstation 2 computer entertainment system announced dualshock 2 analog controller scph-10010 included almost exactly externally previous dualshock analog controller however minor cosmetic changes different screw positioning one fewer screw blue dualshock 2 logo added top controller connector square dualshock cable connector black rather grey standard controller black colors came later rather grey original dualshock analog sticks also noticeably stiffer original dualshock internally dualshock 2 lighter buttons except analog mode start select l3 r3 buttons readable analog values pressure-sensitive dualshock 2 made available various colors black satin silver ceramic white slate grey ocean blue emerald green crimson red candy pink original playstation forward compatible dualshock 2 playstation 3 backward compatible dualshock dualshock 2 use third party peripherals connect controller console via usb port however dualshock dualshock 2 work properly games require sixaxis functionality heavy rain announced 2007 tokyo game show dualshock 3 wireless controller scph-98050/cechzc2 gamepad playstation 3 replaces sixaxis wireless controller originally released earlier versions console dualshock 3 nearly identical previous sixaxis version adds haptic feedback – also known force feedback – capabilities found dualshock dualshock 2 sony settled patent infringement lawsuit immersion march 2007 following lengthy legal battle settlement cleared way incorporating missing rumble feature sixaxis lacked vibration function motion-sensing capabilities dualshock 3 used simultaneously without one interfering like sixaxis also usb mini-b port charging also used psp go via bluetooth though controller psp go must registered using ps3 console dualshock 3 identified dualshock 3 sixaxis markings also weighs 40 predecessor sixaxis weighed rear markings indicate original dualshock 3 draws 300 current 3.7 v power consumption 1.11 w order magnitude increase 30 current 3.7 v 0.111 w listed sixaxis however current drawn constantly maximum current rumble active main power source internal 3.7 v li-ion battery tentatively capable storing 570 mah provides 30 hours continuous gaming full charge third party replacement batteries also available like sixaxis dualshock 3 comes instructions remove replace battery dualshock 3 also draw power usb cable via usb mini-b connector top controller allows controller used battery low also used charging battery connected via usb controller communicates console usb cable rather bluetooth along release 'slim model ps3 sony released new version dualshock 3 a1 uses 5.0 v 500 connected still contains 3.7 v battery revision dualshock 3 away additional plastic brackets l1/r1 buttons l2/r2 triggers increasing controller rigidity indicator lights soldered directly board comes slightly revised color schemes dualshock 3 compatible standard usb mini-b cable many usb chargers official charging cables available sony include official cable usb 2.0 cable pack wall charger ac adapter charging kit third-party usb charger used must act usb host device rather simply providing power appropriate pins since sixaxis dualshock 3 require host signal wake begin charging sony representative confirmed april 2 2008 original sixaxis controller would officially discontinued release force-feedback enabled dualshock 3 mid-april 2008 sixaxis longer produced 2008 dropped stock retailers dualshock 3 made available various colors black satin silver ceramic white classic white metallic blue deep red pink jungle green olive candy blue light blue urban camouflage three-color digital camouflage crimson red transparent red cosmic blue transparent blue colors made available markets times additional colors also made available alongside limited edition consoles including gun-metal grey cloud black dark grey limited edition baseball themed dualshock 3 controller released march 8 2011 coincide release another color metallic gold became available june 2012 limited edition europe north america sold exclusively gamestop october 2012 limited edition controller available uk part console bundle coincide launch game americas game controller bundle november 1 2013 sony announced new see-through crystal model dualshock 3 controller japan dualshock 4 cuh-zct1 playstation 4 controller similar dualshock 3 several new features one new feature built-in two-point capacitive touch pad front controller clicked controller supports motion detection via three-axis gyroscope three-axis accelerometer vibration includes non-removable rechargeable 3.7 v 1000 mah lithium-ion battery charged system rest mode weighs dimensions also lacks sony logo front due touchpad place top gamepad features light bar three leds illuminate different colors used identify players matching colors characters controlling game provide enhanced feedback immersion changing patterns colors reaction gameplay example grand theft auto v player wanted police light bar flashes red blue also used conjunction playstation camera judge positions movements multiple players light bar developed playstation vr controller features several input output connectors stereo headset jack 3.5 mm omtp trrs connector micro-usb port extension port charged via microusb dedicated charging station console even console also includes mono speaker like wii remote second major controller video game history feature dualshock 4 features following buttons ps button share button options button directional buttons action buttons triangle circle cross square shoulder buttons r1/l1 triggers r2/l2 analog stick click buttons l3/r3 touch pad click button mark several changes dualshock 3 previous playstation controllers start select buttons merged single options button dedicated share button allows players upload screenshots videos gameplay experiences joysticks triggers redesigned based developer input ridged surface joysticks featuring outer ring surrounding convex dome caps dualshock 4 buttons differ slightly functionality dualshock 3 l1 l2 r1 r2 buttons pressure-sensitive change functionality dualshock 2 3 likely due fact games utilize buttons well due used competitors controllers including wii u xbox one playstation 3 forward compatible dualshock 4 originally via microusb cable firmware update 4.60 ps3 added wireless connectivity however motion vibration functions supported start select buttons longer present options share buttons respectively replace sony initially released dualshock 4 estimated around 10 wear issues rubber surface left analog stick exhibited excessive wear tearing short-term use january 2014 sony issued statement acknowledging issue small percentage controllers early september 2016 sony confirmed second generation dualshock 4 controllers known dualshock v2 cuh-zct2 hosts slight improvements original dualshock 4 including usb communication longer battery life ability see light bar top touchpad released september 15 2016 initial controller version light bar permanently illuminated bright-colored light potential light pollution darkened playing rooms well interest extending battery life led inquiries whether light bar could switched users required game sony executive shuhei yoshida initially responded negative july 2013 though videogame developers option disable light game early 2014 company announced future update would allow light bar dimmed enabled system update 1.70 april 2014 original dualshock 4 cuh-zct1 available jet black glacier white urban camouflage wave blue black back magma red black back gold silver steel black newer dualshock 4 cuh-zct2 currently available jet black glacier white green camouflage blue camouflage wave blue blue back magma red red back gold silver sunset orange crystal red crystal blue crystal steel black midnight blue metallic copper alpine green berry blue also dualshock 4 exclusive least initially console bundles like 20th anniversary edition gun metal metal gear solid v star wars battlefront monster hunter world god war gran turismo sport days play marvel spider-man 500 million limited edition ps4 pro dualshock controller given emmy award peripheral development technological impact video game controllers national academy television arts sciences january 8 2007 sony initially reported sixaxis received award issuing correction | [
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4,749 | 2 | IPhone_X:iphone x iphone x roman numeral x pronounced ten smartphone designed developed marketed apple inc eleventh generation iphone announced september 12 2017 alongside iphone 8 iphone 8 plus steve jobs theater apple park campus release date – november 3 2017 – marked iphone series tenth anniversary iphone x intended showcase apple considered technology future using glass stainless-steel form factor beze-less design shrinking bezels chin unlike many android phones first iphone use oled screen offer wireless charging home button replaced new type password authentication called face id using advanced technologies scan user face unlock device face-recognition capability also enabled emojis animated following user expression animoji bezel-less design iphone user interaction changed significantly using gestures navigate operating system rather home button used previous iphones time november 2017 launch price tag us 999 also made expensive iphone ever even higher prices internationally due additional local sales import taxes iphone x received mixed reviews display build quality universally praised camera also scored positively tests phone received particularly polarized reception due sensor housing notch top screen introduction all-new authentication method notch heavily mocked users social media although app developers responded either neutrally positively changes brought user experience apps games reviewers mixed reactions condemning others acknowledging unusual first moments use getting accustomed presence face id facial recognition praised simple setup criticized requiring direct eyes screen though option disabled within system preferences along iphone 6s plus variant iphone se iphone x discontinued september 12 2018 following announcement new iphone xs iphone xs max iphone xr devices result shelf life 10 months iphone x shortest ever tenure flagship device history iphone november 22 2018 apple reportedly resumed production iphone x due weak sales successors iphone x remains discontinued february 2019 apple started selling refurbished models 769 technology behind iphone x development five years far back 2012 rumors drastic iphone redesign began circulating around time iphone 7 announcement third quarter 2016 intensified homepod firmware leak july 2017 suggested apple would shortly release phone nearly bezel-less design lack physical home button facial recognition new features near-final development version ios 11 operating system also leaked september 2017 confirming new design features august 31 2017 apple invited journalists september 12 press event first public event held steve jobs theater company new apple park campus cupertino california iphone x unveiled keynote us 999 starting price expensive iphone launch price price even higher international markets due currency fluctuations import fees sales taxes unlocked version phone made available purchase united states december 5 2017 april 2018 federal communications commission divulged images unreleased gold-colored iphone x model opposed space gray silver color options iphone x ships divulged initial plans release gold option device however put hold due production issues apple released revised b model iphone x fixed nfc issues users japan china america iphone x 5.8-inch oled color-accurate screen supports dci-p3 wide color gamut srgb high dynamic range contrast ratio 1,000,000:1 super retina display true tone technology found ipad pro uses ambient light sensors adapt display white balance surrounding ambient light although iphone x feature promotion technology used displays second-generation ipad pro display delivers refresh rate 120hz sample touch input 120hz oled screen technology known negative trend burn-in effects particular elements consistently screen long periods time leave faint trace even new images appear apple acknowledged oled screens excluded issue writing support document also expected behavior greg joswiak apple vice president product marketing told tom guide oled panels apple used iphone x engineered avoid oversaturation colors using oled panels typically results made color adjustments subpixel -level refinements crisp lines round corners out-of-warranty servicing damages relating manufacturing defects screen repairs iphone x cost us 279 damage repairs cost us 549 iphone x two color options silver space gray sides phone composed surgical-grade stainless steel improve durability front back made glass design intended ip67 water dust resistant iphone x contains apple a11 bionic system-on-chip also used iphone 8 8 plus six-core processor two cores optimized performance 25 faster a10 fusion processor along four cores optimized efficiency 70 faster previous generation also features first apple-designed graphics processing unit neural engine powers artificial intelligence accelerator face id replaces touch id authentication system facial recognition sensor consists two parts romeo module projects 30,000 infrared dots onto user face juliet module reads pattern pattern sent secure enclave a11 bionic chip confirm match phone owner face default system work eyes closed effort prevent unauthorized access requirement disabled settings iphone x two cameras rear one 12-megapixel wide-angle camera f/1.8 aperture support face detection high dynamic range optical image stabilization capable capturing 4k video 24 30 60 frames per second 1080p video 30 60 120 240 frames per second secondary telephoto lens features 2× optical zoom 10× digital zoom aperture f/2.4 optical image stabilization portrait mode capable producing photos specific depth-of-field lighting effects also quad-led true tone flash 2× better light uniformity front phone 7-megapixel truedepth camera f/2.2 aperture features face detection hdr capture 1080p video 30 frames per second 720p video 240 frames per second exclusively allows use animoji animated emojis placed top user face intelligently react user facial expressions iphone x also supports qi-standard wireless charging tests conducted macrumors iphone x charging speed varies significantly depending types cables powerbanks adapters wireless chargers used due different screen layout ios developers required update apps make full use additional screen real estate changes include rounded corners sensor notch top screen indicator area bottom accessing home screen apple published human interface guidelines document explain areas focus discouraged developers attempting mask call special attention new changes additionally text within app needs configured properly reference face id rather touch id authentication technology used iphone x anticipation release phone major apps quickly updated support new changes brought iphone x though required changes cause delayed app updates major apps traditional home button found previous devices iphone lineup removed entirely replaced touch-based gestures wake device users tap display use side button access home screen users must swipe bottom display access multitasking window users must swipe similarly method accessing home screen stop finger middle screen causing app carousel appear iphone x rear camera received overall rating 97 dxomark camera testing company short highest score 99 awarded samsung galaxy s9+ smartphone google pixel 2 received rating 98 consumer reports non-profit independent organization aiming write impartial reviews consumer products ranked iphone x iphone 8 iphone 8 plus well samsung galaxy s8 s8+ note 8 due less durability shorter battery life although praised x camera highest-rated smartphone camera ever tested nilay patel verge praised display calling polished tight clean bright colorful criticized repeated lack headphone jack device fragility despite apple claims durability sensor notch calling ugly patel highlighted fact apps required updates fit new screen writing popular apps received updates time review resulting apps huge black borders resembling iphone 8 especially criticized positioning sensor notch holding phone landscape mode causing notch go somewhat forgettable element top status bar giant interruption side screen cameras given positive feedback maintaining detail low-light patel particularly praised animoji calling probably single best feature iphone x writing work work incredibly well finally wrote face id whole foundation iphone x stated generally works great though acknowledging occasional misstep users must actively move phone closer face compensate specifically criticized limited range face id authentication working holding phone 25–50 centimeters away face chris velazco engadget also praised display writing experience sensor notch goes weird first noticeable due action videos usually happening center build quality given particular acclaim called beautifully made device construction seamlessly connects front back glass stainless-steel frame velazco noted new gesture-based interaction takes time getting used particularly control center moved bottom top right display camera processor performance battery life also given positive thoughts heavily negative review dennis green business insider significantly criticized impossible one-handed use iphone x writing new gestures use phone swiping top access notifications control center work using phone one hand due able reach top review sparked outrage among twitter users many used condescending tones green reasoned n't know whether anger directed toward loyalty apple justify choice spend 1,000 phone obvious much criticism came people never used phone macworld roman loyola praised face id authentication system writing setup process easy system integration seamless touch id fingerprint authentication past said loyola note half-second slower unlocking time touch id well needing look directly screen making impossible unlock phone next user desk face id raised concerns regarding possibility law enforcement accessing individual phone pointing device user face united states senator al franken asked apple provide information security privacy face id day announcement apple responding highlighting recent publication security white paper knowledge base detailing answers inconsistent results shown testing face id identical twins tests showing system managing separate two tests failed however despite apple promise increased security face id compared touch id fingerprint authentication system multiple media reports indicating otherwise verge noted courts united states granted different fifth amendment rights united states constitution biometric unlocking systems opposed keycodes keycodes considered testimonial evidence based contents users thoughts whereas fingerprints considered physical evidence suspects ordered unlock phones via fingerprint many attempts break face id sophisticated masks attempted though failed week iphone x released vietnamese security firm bkav announced blog post successfully created 150 mask tricked face id though wired noted bkav technique proof-of-concept rather active exploitation risk technique requiring detailed measurement digital scan iphone owner face putting real risk danger targets espionage world leaders additionally reuters reported early november 2017 apple would share certain facial data users third-party app developers precise selfie filters fictional game characters mirror real-world user facial expressions although developers required seek customer permission allowed sell data others create profiles users use data advertising limited rough map rather full capabilities still get access 50 kinds facial expressions american civil liberties union aclu center democracy technology raised privacy questions apple enforcement privacy restrictions connected third-party access apple maintaining app store review processes effective safeguards rough map facial data third-parties access also enough unlock device according reuters however overall idea letting developers access sensitive facial information still satisfactorily handled according jay stanley senior policy analyst aclu stanley telling reuters privacy issues around use sophisticated facial recognition technology unlocking phone overblown … real privacy issues access third-party developers much debate iphone x revolved around design sensor housing dubbed notch media top display outline described visually disgusting element verge posted report focusing public criticism people mocking apple odd design choice every reviewer equally negative opinions third-party ios developers interviewed ars technica said despite work restructuring design elements apps notch cause problems even arguing notch good push simplify designs two weeks iphone x release apple approved notch remover app app store places black bars across top home screen make notch visually disappear approval done despite company user interface guidelines discouraging developers specifically masking design iphone x first device notch–both essential phone sharp aquos s2 announced display notch–but iphone x arguably popularized november 2017 early adopters new phone reported experiencing activation issues certain cellular carriers notably announced within hours issue fixed end spokesperson verizon carrier told media none customers affected despite reports problems november 2017 iphone x users reported reddit device screen would become unresponsive experiencing rapid temperature drops apple released ios 11.1.2 update november 16 2017 fixing issue forbes contributor gordon kelly reported march 2018 1,000 users experienced problems using camera flash cold weather problem still persisting ios 11.3 beta 1 apple engaged legal battle qualcomm allegedly anti-competitive practices dual-sourcing cellular modem chips reduce reliance semiconductor manufacturer starting iphone 7 2016 apple used half qualcomm modem chips half intel professional measurement tests performed wireless signal testing firm cellular insights indicated previous-gen iphone 7 qualcomm chips outperform intel lte download speeds 67 faster weak signal conditions resulting sources recommending purchase unlocked iphone x one bought cellular carrier verizon order get models featuring faster qualcomm modem additionally cnet reported september 2017 new iphone models including x 8 8 plus ability connect next-generation wireless lte data connection despite 10 new android devices including flagships main smartphone competitor samsung capability apple new smartphones support lte advanced theoretical peak speed 500 megabits per second android models ability connect gigabit lte allowing theoretical speeds 1 gigabit per second doubling apple speed releasing iphone x japan china customers experienced issues related phone nfc trying access public transit smart card readers april 2018 apple released revision iphone x included vastly improved nfc chip solved problem nfc reader errors cases previously around 1 3 nfc attempts would fail initial reports issue also affected users america | [
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4,750 | 4 | Symantec_Online_Backup:symantec online backup symantec online backup online remote backup service provides businesses system backing storing computer files internet released february 2008 symantec protection network platform symantec online backup example cloud computing saas software service sales symantec online backup discontinued january 2010 | [
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4,751 | 2 | Xenix:xenix xenix discontinued version unix operating system various microcomputer platforms licensed microsoft corporation late 1970s santa cruz operation sco later acquired exclusive rights software eventually replaced sco unix known sco openserver mid-to-late 1980s xenix common unix variant measured according number machines installed microsoft chairman bill gates said 1996 long time microsoft highest-volume unix license bell labs developer unix part regulated bell system could sell unix directly end customers instead licensed software others microsoft expected unix would operating system future personal computers became powerful enough purchased license version 7 unix 1978 announced august 25 1980 would make available 16-bit microcomputer market microsoft able license unix name company gave original name microsoft called xenix universal operating environment sell xenix directly end users licensed software oems ibm intel management systems development tandy altos sco siemens sinix ported proprietary computer architectures 1981 microsoft said first version xenix close original unix version 7 source pdp-11 later versions incorporate fixes improvements company stated intended port operating system zilog z8000 series digital lsi-11 intel 8086 80286 motorola 68000 possibly numerous processors provide microsoft full line system software products including basic languages first port z8001 16-bit processor first customer ship january 1981 central data corporation illinois followed march 1981 paradyne corporation z8001 product first 8086 port altos computer systems non-pc-compatible 8600-series computers first customer ship date q1 1982 intel sold complete computers xenix intel system 86 brand specific models 86/330 86/380x also offered individual boards made computers isbc brand included processor boards like isbc 86/12 also mmu boards isbc 309 first intel xenix systems shipped july 1982 tandy doubled xenix installed base made trs-xenix default operating system trs-80 model 16 68000-based computer early 1983 largest unix vendor 1984 seattle computer products also made pc-incompatible 8086 computers bundled xenix like gazelle ii used s-100 bus available late 1983 early 1984 also port ibm system 9000 sco initially worked pdp-11 port v7 called dynix struck agreement microsoft joint development technology exchange xenix 1982 1984 port 68000-based apple lisa 2 jointly developed sco microsoft first shrink-wrapped binary product sold sco 1983 oem directory microsoft said difficulty porting various 8086 z8000-based machines lack standardized memory management unit protection facilities hardware manufacturers compensated designing hardware ensuing complexity made extremely difficult impossible small manufacturer develop computer capable supporting system xenix scratch xenix kernel must custom-tailored new hardware environment generally available port unmapped intel 8086/8088 architecture done santa cruz operation around 1983 sco xenix pc xt shipped sometime 1984 contained enhancement 4.2bsd also supported micnet local area networking later 286 version xenix leveraged integrated mmu present chip running 286 protected mode 286 xenix accompanied new hardware xenix oems example sperry pc/it ibm pc clone advertised capable supporting eight simultaneous dumb terminal users version xenix 2.0 still based version 7 unix version 3.0 upgraded unix system iii code base 1984 intel manual xenix 286 noted xenix kernel 10,000 lines time followed system v.2 codebase xenix 5.0 a.k.a xenix system v microsoft hopes xenix become preferred choice software production exchange company stated 1981 microsoft referred ms-dos single-user single-tasking operating system advised customers wanted multiuser multitasking support buy xenix planned time improve ms-dos would almost indistinguishable single-user xenix xedos would also run 68000 z8000 lsi-11 would upwardly compatible xenix byte 1983 described multi-user ms-dos future microsoft chris larson described ms-dos 2.0 xenix compatibility second important feature company advertised dos xenix together listing shared features single-user os multi-user multi-tasking unix-derived operating system promising easy porting started selling system v however breakup bell system microsoft believing could compete unix developer decided abandon xenix decision immediately transparent led term vaporware agreed ibm develop os/2 xenix team together best ms-dos developers assigned project 1987 microsoft transferred ownership xenix sco agreement left microsoft owning slightly less 20 sco amount prevented companies disclose exact amount event sco ipo microsoft eventually lost interest os/2 well company based high-end strategy windows nt 1987 sco ported xenix 386 processor 32-bit chip securing knowledge microsoft insiders microsoft longer developing xenix xenix system v release 2.3.1 introduced support i386 scsi tcp/ip sco xenix system v/386 first 32-bit operating system available market x86 cpu architecture microsoft continued use xenix internally submitting patch support functionality unix 1987 trickled code base xenix sco unix microsoft said used xenix sun workstations vax minicomputers extensively within company late 1988 internal microsoft email transport done xenix-based 68000 systems 1995–1996 company moved exchange server product sco released sco unix higher-end product based system v.3 offering number technical advances xenix xenix remained product line meantime sun microsystems completed merge xenix bsd sunos system v.3 system v release 4 last version sco xenix/386 system v.2.3.4 released 1991 aside unix base xenix incorporated elements bsd notably vi text editor supporting libraries termcap curses kernel featured original extensions microsoft notably file locking semaphores userland microsoft added visual shell menu-driven operation instead traditional unix shell limited form local networking serial lines rs-232 ports possible micnet software supported file transfer electronic mail although uucp still used networking via modems oems often added modifications xenix system trusted xenix variant initially developed ibm name secure xenix later versions trusted xenix name developed trusted information systems incorporated bell-lapadula model multilevel security multilevel secure interface stu-iii secure communications device stu-iii connection would made available applications running privilege level key loaded stu-iii evaluated formal methods achieved b2 security rating dod trusted computer system evaluation criteria—the second highest rating ever achieved evaluated operating system version 2.0 released january 1991 version 3.0 april 1992 version 4.0 september 1993 still use late 1995 | [
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4,752 | 7 | WestGrid:westgrid westgrid government-funded infrastructure program started 2003 mainly western canada provides institutional research faculty students access high performance computing distributed data storage using combination grid networking collaboration tools westgrid one four partners within umbrella organization compute canada westgrid 14 partner institutions across four provinces british columbia alberta saskatchewan manitoba participating institutions include westgrid also works partnership province optical regional advanced network westgrid network partners include | [] | Test |
4,753 | 0 | LENA_Foundation:lena foundation lena developer advanced technology programs accelerate language development children 0-3 close opportunity gaps nonprofit organization uses technology system comprises lena device patented processing software secure cloud-based data access technology used cornerstone programs aimed increasing interactive talk children caregivers implemented community organizations around world lena system also used researchers universities harvard mit brown university stanford university hospitals research institutions used study subjects language builds children brains autism child language acquisition communication deaf hard hearing families lena research foundation nonprofit organization created 2009 donation assets infoture inc. terrance terry judith judi paul also majority owners renaissance learning inc. rli founder renaissance learning terry paul became familiar achievement gap caused differences home language environments 1998 read meaningful differences everyday lives young american children betty hart ph.d. todd risley ph.d. based data gathered intensive longitudinal study meaningful differences revealed number adult words spoken children birth three predicted almost variance children language ability iq age three terry realized help advanced speech recognition technology could streamline data acquisition process provide parents tool easy use could thoroughly chart child natural language environment called lena “ language environment analysis ” 2004 terry started infoture inc. hired team scientists engineers scientific advisors conduct research development work lena system infoture launched pilot version lena system february 2006 february 2009 pauls donated assets infoture gift 2 million create lena research foundation nonprofit organization january 2018 organization updated name lena adopted tagline building brains early talk lena organizational goals based science shows talk conversational engagements child experiences first four years life better academics society based research harvard university showing interactive talk children caregivers one important factors affecting early brain development new research mit published february 2018 confirmed conversational turns responsible activation broca area children lena several programs designed encourage interactive talk children caregivers including programs aimed parents childcare providers home visitors growing body research shows early childhood contains critical periods tasks language acquisition meaning first three years once-in-a-lifetime opportunity development early childhood development drives success school life fostering cognitive skills like attentiveness self-regulation motivation sociability interactive talk — specifically conversational turns — proved key factor stimulating brain growth important years according center developing child harvard university additionally longitudinal research lena found amount conversation children experience ages 18-24 months related iq verbal comprehension language skills adolescence investing early children lead huge social economic gains research shown investments young children lead reductions criminal activity later life 13 percent returns investment annually positive effects last several generations lena stands language environment analysis lena technology provides 25 different metrics natural language environment children including estimates percentile scores adult words spoken child conversational turns child vocalizations system also generates automatic expressive language developmental age percentile score based child voiceprint parent places lena device children lena vest records entire day child sound environment device connected computer special software processes recording data metrics including child exposure verbal stimulation number child utterances information pediatricians child height weight system also generates percentile scores comparing child vocalizations children age lena start program parents uses regular feedback lena system plus 13 weekly group sessions help improve home language environment since introduction 2015 lena start implemented school districts library systems types organizations huntsville ala. san mateo county calif. ames iowa longmont co. minneapolis minn. sites across country texas children hospital first regional healthcare center adopt model lena grow professional development program teachers work early childhood classrooms according lena website lena ’ talk reports teachers focus primarily conversational turns strong measure interactive talk training teachers increase conversational turns important children spend 60 percent time childcare program first piloted escambia county florida launching sites around country lena home supplement existing parent coaching curriculums typically home visitors facilitate use lena system help parents track progress towards increasing interactive talk homes lena sp version lena designed researchers language professionals use lena developmental snapshot based 52-question parent survey assesses expressive receptive language skills provides estimate child developmental age 2 months 36 months | [
7372
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4,754 | 3 | Palm_V:palm v palm v personal digital assistant made palm computing division 3com functionally similar predecessor palm iii series pdas distinguished sleek design anodized aluminum finish built-in rechargeable battery first palm device palm v design created design firm ideo palm v series succeeded palm m500 series battery contacts back unit short circuited data stored device erased data held kind memory required power retaining data enthusiasts able fix issue adding diode one battery contacts charging device diode open short-circuit diode blocked short circuiting current | [
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4,755 | 9 | Brendan_Eich:brendan eich brendan eich born july 4 1961 american technologist creator javascript programming language co-founded mozilla project mozilla foundation mozilla corporation served mozilla corporation chief technical officer briefly chief executive officer ceo brave software brendan eich grew palo alto attended ellwood p. cubberley high school graduated class 1979 eich received bachelor degree mathematics computer science santa clara university received master degree 1985 university illinois urbana-champaign eich started career silicon graphics working seven years operating system network code worked three years microunity systems engineering writing microkernel dsp code first mips r4000 port gcc started work netscape communications corporation april 1995 eich originally joined intending put scheme browser netscape superiors insisted language ’ syntax resemble java result language much functionality scheme object orientation self syntax java first version completed ten days order accommodate navigator 2.0 beta release schedule called mocha renamed livescript september 1995 later javascript month eich continued oversee development spidermonkey specific implementation javascript navigator early 1998 eich co-founded mozilla project jamie zawinski others creating mozilla.org website meant manage open-source contributions netscape source code served mozilla chief architect aol bought netscape 1999 aol shut netscape browser unit july 2003 eich helped spin mozilla foundation august 2005 serving lead technologist member board directors mozilla foundation eich became chief technical officer newly founded mozilla corporation meant mozilla foundation for-profit arm eich continued mozilla spidermonkey module javascript engine passed ownership 2011 march 24 2014 eich promoted ceo mozilla corporation gary kovacs john lilly ellen siminoff resigned mozilla board prior appointment anonymously expressing disagreements eich strategy desire ceo experience mobile industry employees mozilla foundation separate organization mozilla corporation tweeted calls resignation reference donation 1,000 california proposition 8 called banning same-sex marriage california eich stood decision fund campaign wrote blog sorry “ causing pain ” pledged promote equality mozilla activists created online campaign eich online dating site okcupid automatically displaying message firefox users information eich donation suggesting users switch different browser although giving link continue firefox others mozilla corporation spoke blogs favor board members wanted stay company different role april 3 2014 eich resigned ceo left mozilla personal blog posted present circumstances effective leader eich ceo brave software internet security company raised 2.5 million early funding angel investors january 20 2016 company released developer versions open-source brave web browser blocked ads trackers included micropayments system offer users choice viewing selected ads paying websites display brave software eich co-created basic attention token bat cryptocurrency designed use brave browser bat launched ico may 31 2017 raised 35 million | [
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4,756 | 3 | Streaker_(video_game):streaker video game streaker arcade adventure game published mastertronic bulldog label 1987 game runs amstrad cpc msx sinclair zx spectrum hero game carlin naked man mugged stripped needs find clothes carlin town planet zuggi resembles town earth many ways locations including hotel cafe supermarket chemist shop streaker finds clothes able enter locations game fully dressed game arcade adventure somewhere puzzle-based adventure game action game gameplay controlled nested menu system mastertronic spellbound multitude items game many used seem purpose streaker pick keys open doors eat food items raise hunger levels needs solve number simple puzzles aspects life zuggi similar earth number fantastic elements world example streaker may teleport beam transfer using number different coloured beamers teleport streaker location corresponding beampad beampads moved streaker good way avoid thieves nice touches include streaker ability advance time acquiring stopwatch game played real time often need wait particular location open save load options appearing streaker picks tape recorder streaker quest made difficult presence number thieves steal streaker clothes contact cause lose life naked clothes may regained thieves finding offering thief item wants thieves follows despite rather unusual aim game seem prurient content therein 1980s young children occasionally unwittingly perplexed embarrassed teachers telling spent evening playing streaker | [] | Validation |
4,757 | 4 | Client_certificate:client certificate cryptography client certificate type digital certificate used client systems make authenticated requests remote server client certificates play key role many mutual authentication designs providing strong assurances requester identity | [
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4,758 | 9 | Erik_Meijer_(computer_scientist):erik meijer computer scientist erik meijer born 18 april 1963 curaçao dutch computer scientist entrepreneur tie-dye enthusiast 2000 early 2013 software architect microsoft headed cloud programmability team founded applied duality inc. 2013 associate professor utrecht university since 2015 director engineering facebook received ph.d. nijmegen university 1992 meijer research included areas functional programming particularly haskell compiler implementation parsing programming language design xml foreign function interfaces work microsoft included c visual basic linq volta reactive programming framework reactive extensions .net 2009 recipient microsoft outstanding technical leadership award 2007 outstanding technical achievement award member c team meijer lived netherlands antilles age 14 father retired job family moved back netherlands 2011 erik meijer appointed part-time professor cloud programming within software engineering research group delft university technology also member acm queue editorial board since 2013 also honorary professor programming language design school computer science university nottingham associated functional programming laboratory early 2013 erik meijer left microsoft started applied duality incorporated period worked hack language facebook rxjava library netflix dart language google christmas 2014 erik meijer diagnosed chronic myelogenous leukemia suffered close death experience hospitalized teaches course mooc provider coursera called principles reactive programming course edx called introduction functional programming | [
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4,759 | 2 | Microsoft_Windows:microsoft windows microsoft windows group several graphical operating system families developed marketed sold microsoft family caters certain sector computing industry active microsoft windows families include windows nt windows iot may encompass subfamilies e.g windows server windows embedded compact windows ce defunct microsoft windows families include windows 9x windows mobile windows phone microsoft introduced operating environment named windows november 20 1985 graphical operating system shell ms-dos response growing interest graphical user interfaces guis microsoft windows came dominate world personal computer pc market 90 market share overtaking mac os introduced 1984 apple came see windows unfair encroachment innovation gui development implemented products lisa macintosh eventually settled court microsoft favor 1993 pcs windows still popular operating system however 2014 microsoft admitted losing majority overall operating system market android massive growth sales android smartphones 2014 number windows devices sold less 25 android devices sold comparison however may fully relevant two operating systems traditionally target different platforms still numbers server use windows comparable competitors show one third market share similar end user use recent version windows pcs tablets smartphones embedded devices windows 10 recent version server computers windows server version 1903 specialized version windows also runs xbox one video game console microsoft developer windows registered several trademarks denote family windows operating systems target specific sector computing industry 2014 following windows families actively developed following windows families longer developed term windows collectively describes several generations microsoft operating system products products generally categorized follows history windows dates back 1981 microsoft started work program called interface manager announced november 1983 apple lisa macintosh name windows windows 1.0 released november 1985 windows 1.0 compete apple operating system achieved little popularity windows 1.0 complete operating system rather extends ms-dos shell windows 1.0 program known ms-dos executive components included calculator calendar cardfile clipboard viewer clock control panel notepad paint reversi terminal write windows 1.0 allow overlapping windows instead windows tiled modal dialog boxes may appear windows microsoft sold included windows development libraries c development environment included numerous windows samples windows 2.0 released december 1987 popular predecessor features several improvements user interface memory management windows 2.03 changed os tiled windows overlapping windows result change led apple computer filing suit microsoft alleging infringement apple copyrights windows 2.0 also introduced sophisticated keyboard shortcuts could make use expanded memory windows 2.1 released two different versions windows/286 windows/386 windows/386 uses virtual 8086 mode intel 80386 multitask several dos programs paged memory model emulate expanded memory using available extended memory windows/286 spite name runs intel 8086 intel 80286 processors runs real mode make use high memory area addition full windows-packages runtime-only versions shipped early windows software third parties made possible run windows software ms-dos without full windows feature set early versions windows often thought graphical shells mostly ran top ms-dos use file system services however even earliest windows versions already assumed many typical operating system functions notably executable file format providing device drivers timer graphics printer mouse keyboard sound unlike ms-dos windows allowed users execute multiple graphical applications time cooperative multitasking windows implemented elaborate segment-based software virtual memory scheme allows run applications larger available memory code segments resources swapped thrown away memory became scarce data segments moved memory given application relinquished processor control windows 3.0 released 1990 improved design mostly virtual memory loadable virtual device drivers vxds allow windows share arbitrary devices multi-tasked dos applications windows 3.0 applications run protected mode gives access several megabytes memory without obligation participate software virtual memory scheme run inside address space segmented memory provides degree protection windows 3.0 also featured improvements user interface microsoft rewrote critical operations c assembly windows 3.0 first microsoft windows version achieve broad commercial success selling 2 million copies first six months windows 3.1 made generally available march 1 1992 featured facelift august 1993 windows workgroups special version integrated peer-to-peer networking features version number 3.11 released sold along windows 3.1 support windows 3.1 ended december 31 2001 windows 3.2 released 1994 updated version chinese version windows 3.1 update limited language version fixed issues related complex writing system chinese language windows 3.2 generally sold computer manufacturers ten-disk version ms-dos also simplified chinese characters basic output translated utilities next major consumer-oriented release windows windows 95 released august 24 1995 still remaining ms-dos-based windows 95 introduced support native 32-bit applications plug play hardware preemptive multitasking long file names 255 characters provided increased stability predecessors windows 95 also introduced redesigned object oriented user interface replacing previous program manager start menu taskbar windows explorer shell windows 95 major commercial success microsoft ina fried cnet remarked time windows 95 finally ushered market 2001 become fixture computer desktops around world microsoft published four oem service releases osr windows 95 roughly equivalent service pack first osr windows 95 also first version windows bundled microsoft web browser internet explorer mainstream support windows 95 ended december 31 2000 extended support windows 95 ended december 31 2001 windows 95 followed release windows 98 june 25 1998 introduced windows driver model support usb composite devices support acpi hibernation support multi-monitor configurations windows 98 also included integration internet explorer 4 active desktop aspects windows desktop update series enhancements explorer shell also made available windows 95 may 1999 microsoft released windows 98 second edition updated version windows 98 windows 98 se added internet explorer 5.0 windows media player 6.2 amongst upgrades mainstream support windows 98 ended june 30 2002 extended support windows 98 ended july 11 2006 september 14 2000 microsoft released windows millennium edition last dos-based version windows windows incorporated visual interface enhancements windows nt-based counterpart windows 2000 faster boot times previous versions however required removal ability access real mode dos environment removing compatibility older programs expanded multimedia functionality including windows media player 7 windows movie maker windows image acquisition framework retrieving images scanners digital cameras additional system utilities system file protection system restore updated home networking tools however windows faced criticism speed instability along hardware compatibility issues removal real mode dos support pc world considered windows one worst operating systems microsoft ever released 4th worst tech product time november 1988 new development team within microsoft included former digital equipment corporation developers dave cutler mark lucovsky began work revamped version ibm microsoft os/2 operating system known nt os/2 nt os/2 intended secure multi-user operating system posix compatibility modular portable kernel preemptive multitasking support multiple processor architectures however following successful release windows 3.0 nt development team decided rework project use extended 32-bit port windows api known win32 instead os/2 win32 maintained similar structure windows apis allowing existing windows applications easily ported platform also supported capabilities existing nt kernel following approval microsoft staff development continued windows nt first 32-bit version windows however ibm objected changes ultimately continued os/2 development first release resulting operating system windows nt 3.1 named associate windows 3.1 released july 1993 versions desktop workstations servers windows nt 3.5 released september 1994 focusing performance improvements support novell netware followed windows nt 3.51 may 1995 included additional improvements support powerpc architecture windows nt 4.0 released june 1996 introducing redesigned interface windows 95 nt series february 17 2000 microsoft released windows 2000 successor nt 4.0 windows nt name dropped point order put greater focus windows brand next major version windows nt windows xp released october 25 2001 introduction windows xp aimed unify consumer-oriented windows 9x series architecture introduced windows nt change microsoft promised would provide better performance dos-based predecessors windows xp would also introduce redesigned user interface including updated start menu task-oriented windows explorer streamlined multimedia networking features internet explorer 6 integration microsoft .net passport services modes help provide compatibility software designed previous versions windows remote assistance functionality retail windows xp marketed two main editions home edition targeted towards consumers professional edition targeted towards business environments power users included additional security networking features home professional later accompanied media center edition designed home theater pcs emphasis support dvd playback tv tuner cards dvr functionality remote controls tablet pc edition designed mobile devices meeting specifications tablet computer support stylus pen input additional pen-enabled applications mainstream support windows xp ended april 14 2009 extended support ended april 8 2014 windows 2000 microsoft also changed release schedules server operating systems server counterpart windows xp windows server 2003 released april 2003 followed december 2005 windows server 2003 r2 lengthy development process windows vista released november 30 2006 volume licensing january 30 2007 consumers contained number new features redesigned shell user interface significant technical changes particular focus security features available number different editions subject criticism drop performance longer boot time criticism new uac stricter license agreement vista server counterpart windows server 2008 released early 2008 july 22 2009 windows 7 windows server 2008 r2 released rtm release manufacturing former released public 3 months later october 22 2009 unlike predecessor windows vista introduced large number new features windows 7 intended focused incremental upgrade windows line goal compatible applications hardware windows vista already compatible windows 7 multi-touch support redesigned windows shell updated taskbar home networking system called homegroup performance improvements windows 8 successor windows 7 released generally october 26 2012 number significant changes made windows 8 including introduction user interface based around microsoft metro design language optimizations touch-based devices tablets all-in-one pcs changes include start screen uses large tiles convenient touch interactions allow display continually updated information new class apps designed primarily use touch-based devices changes include increased integration cloud services online platforms social networks microsoft onedrive formerly skydrive xbox live services windows store service software distribution new variant known windows rt use devices utilize arm architecture update windows 8 called windows 8.1 released october 17 2013 includes features new live tile sizes deeper onedrive integration many revisions windows 8 windows 8.1 subject criticism removal start menu september 30 2014 microsoft announced windows 10 successor windows 8.1 released july 29 2015 addresses shortcomings user interface first introduced windows 8 changes pc include return start menu virtual desktop system ability run windows store apps within windows desktop rather full-screen mode windows 10 said available update qualified windows 7 sp1 windows 8.1 windows phone 8.1 devices get windows 10 application windows 7 windows 8.1 windows update windows 7 february 2017 microsoft announced migration windows source code repository perforce git migration involved 3.5 million separate files 300 gigabyte repository may 2017 90 percent engineering team uses git 8500 commits 1760 windows builds per day multilingual support built windows since windows 3 language keyboard interface changed region language control panel components supported input languages input method editors automatically installed windows installation windows xp earlier files east asian languages chinese right-to-left scripts arabic may need installed separately also said control panel third-party imes may also installed user feels provided one insufficient needs interface languages operating system free download languages limited certain editions windows language interface packs lips redistributable may downloaded microsoft download center installed edition windows xp later translate windows interface require certain base language language windows originally shipped used languages emerging markets full language packs translates complete operating system available specific editions windows ultimate enterprise editions windows vista 7 editions windows 8 8.1 rt except single language require specific base language commonly used popular languages french chinese languages downloaded download center available optional updates windows update service except windows 8 interface language installed applications affected changes windows interface language availability languages depends application developers windows 8 windows server 2012 introduces new language control panel interface input languages simultaneously changed language packs regardless type downloaded central location pc settings app windows 8.1 windows server 2012 r2 also includes counterpart settings page changing interface language also changes language preinstalled windows store apps mail maps news certain microsoft-developed apps remote desktop limitations language packs however still effect except full language packs installed edition except single language caters emerging markets windows nt included support several different platforms x86-based personal computer became dominant professional world windows nt 4.0 predecessors supported powerpc dec alpha mips r4000 although platforms implement 64-bit computing operating system treated 32-bit however windows 2000 successor windows nt 4.0 dropped support platforms except third generation x86 known ia-32 newer 32-bit mode client line windows nt family still runs ia-32 although windows server line ceased supporting platform release windows server 2008 r2 introduction intel itanium architecture ia-64 microsoft released new versions windows support itanium versions windows xp windows server 2003 released time mainstream x86 counterparts windows xp 64-bit edition released 2005 last windows client operating systems support itanium windows server line continues support platform windows server 2012 windows server 2008 r2 last windows operating system support itanium architecture april 25 2005 microsoft released windows xp professional x64 edition windows server 2003 x64 editions support x86-64 simply x64 eighth generation x86 architecture windows vista first client version windows nt released simultaneously ia-32 x64 editions x64 still supported edition windows 8 known windows rt specifically created computers arm architecture arm still used windows smartphones windows 10 tablets windows rt updated starting windows 10 fall creators update later includes support pcs arm architecture windows ce officially known windows embedded compact edition windows runs minimalistic computers like satellite navigation systems mobile phones windows embedded compact based dedicated kernel dubbed windows ce kernel microsoft licenses windows ce oems device makers oems device makers modify create user interfaces experiences windows ce provides technical foundation windows ce used dreamcast along sega proprietary os console windows ce core windows mobile derived successor windows phone 7 based components windows ce 6.0 r3 windows ce 7.0 windows phone 8 however based nt-kernel windows 8 windows embedded compact confused windows xp embedded windows nt 4.0 embedded modular editions windows based windows nt kernel xbox os unofficial name given version windows runs xbox one specific implementation emphasis virtualization using hyper-v three operating systems running consisting core operating system second implemented games windows-like environment applications microsoft updates xbox one os every month updates downloaded xbox live service xbox subsequently installed using offline recovery images downloaded via pc windows 10-based core replaced windows 8-based one update new system sometimes referred windows 10 xbox one onecore xbox one system also allows backward compatibility xbox 360 xbox 360 system backwards compatible original xbox 2017 microsoft announced would start using git open source version control system created linus torvalds microsoft previously used proprietary version control system called source depot microsoft began integrate git team foundation server 2013 windows continued rely source depot however decision came complexity windows codebase especially well suited decentralized nature linux development git originally created manage git repository contains complete history files proved unworkable windows developers cloning repository takes several hours microsoft working new project called virtual file system git vfsforgit address challenges according net applications tracks use operating systems devices active web windows used operating-system family personal computers july 2017 close 90 usage share including personal computers kinds e.g. desktops laptops mobile devices windows oses accounted 35.24 usage share july 2017 compared android highest 41.24 ios 13.22 macos 4.64 according statcounter tracks use operating systems use devices active web windows used less half market developing countries also developed ones—such united states use windows desktops plurality operating system fallen 46.18 united kingdom ireland numbers easiest monthly numbers find track real use may mirror installed base sales numbers recent years devices consistent server numbers next section terms number devices shipped operating system installed smartphones windows phone third-most-shipped os 2.6 android 82.8 ios 13.9 second quarter 2015 according idc across pcs mobile devices 2014 windows oses second-most-shipped 333 million devices 14 android 1.2 billion 49 ahead ios macos combined 263 million 11 use latest version windows 10 exceeded windows 7 globally since early 2018 developed countries japan australia us windows 10 already popular version since early 2017 usage share windows serversthose running web servers also kinds servers 33.6 consumer versions windows originally designed ease-of-use single-user pc without network connection security features built outset however windows nt successors designed security including network multi-user pcs initially designed internet security mind much since first developed early 1990s internet use less prevalent design issues combined programming errors e.g buffer overflows popularity windows means frequent target computer worm virus writers june 2005 bruce schneier counterpane internet security reported seen 1,000 new viruses worms previous six months 2005 kaspersky lab found around 11,000 malicious programs—viruses trojans back-doors exploits written windows microsoft releases security patches windows update service approximately month usually second tuesday month although critical updates made available shorter intervals necessary versions windows including windows 2000 sp3 windows xp updates automatically downloaded installed user selects result service pack 2 windows xp well service pack 1 windows server 2003 installed users quickly otherwise might windows 9x series offered option profiles multiple users concept access privileges allow concurrent access true multi-user operating systems addition implemented partial memory protection accordingly widely criticised lack security windows nt series operating systems contrast true multi-user implement absolute memory protection however lot advantages true multi-user operating system nullified fact prior windows vista first user account created setup process administrator account also default new accounts though windows xp limited accounts majority home users change account type fewer rights – partially due number programs unnecessarily required administrator rights – home users ran administrator time windows vista changes introducing privilege elevation system called user account control logging standard user logon session created token containing basic privileges assigned way new logon session incapable making changes would affect entire system logging user administrators group two separate tokens assigned first token contains privileges typically awarded administrator second restricted token similar standard user would receive user applications including windows shell started restricted token resulting reduced privilege environment even administrator account application requests higher privileges run administrator clicked uac prompt confirmation consent given including administrator credentials account requesting elevation member administrators group start process using unrestricted token leaked documents published wikileaks codenamed vault 7 dated 2013–2016 detail capabilities cia perform electronic surveillance cyber warfare ability compromise operating systems microsoft windows august 2019 computer experts reported bluekeep security vulnerability potentially affects older unpatched microsoft windows versions via program remote desktop protocol allowing possibility remote code execution may include related flaws collectively named dejablue affecting newer windows versions i.e. windows 7 recent versions well addition experts reported microsoft security vulnerability based legacy code involving microsoft ctf ctfmon ctfmon.exe affects windows versions older windows xp version recent windows 10 versions patch correct flaw currently available windows versions windows nt 3 based file system permission system referred agdlp accounts global local permissions file permissions applied file/folder form 'local group 'global groups members global groups hold groups users depending different windows versions used system varies vendor products linux netware due 'static allocation permission applied directory file folder however using process aglp/agdlp/agudlp allows small number static permissions applied allows easy changes account groups without reapplying file permissions files folders january 6 2005 microsoft released beta version microsoft antispyware based upon previously released giant antispyware february 14 2006 microsoft antispyware became windows defender release beta 2 windows defender freeware program designed protect spyware unwanted software windows xp windows server 2003 users genuine copies microsoft windows freely download program microsoft web site windows defender ships part windows vista 7 windows 8 windows defender microsoft security essentials combined single program named windows defender based microsoft security essentials borrowing features user interface although enabled default turned use another anti-virus solution windows malicious software removal tool optional microsoft safety scanner two free security products offered microsoft windows 10 anniversary update microsoft introduced limited periodic scanning feature allows windows defender scan detect remove threats third-party anti-virus software missed advanced threat protection service introduced enterprise users new service uses cloud service detect take actions advanced network attacks article based report symantec internetnews.com described microsoft windows fewest number patches shortest average patch development time five operating systems monitored last six months 2006 study conducted kevin mitnick marketing communications firm avantgarde 2004 found unprotected unpatched windows xp system service pack 1 lasted four minutes internet compromised unprotected also unpatched windows server 2003 system compromised connected internet 8 hours computer running windows xp service pack 2 compromised aol national cyber security alliance online safety study october 2004 determined 80 windows users infected least one spyware/adware product much documentation available describing increase security microsoft windows products typical suggestions include deploying microsoft windows behind hardware software firewall running anti-virus anti-spyware software installing patches become available windows update owing operating system popularity number applications released aim provide compatibility windows applications either compatibility layer another operating system standalone system run software written windows box include | [
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4,760 | 0 | Google_Neural_Machine_Translation:google neural machine translation google neural machine translation gnmt neural machine translation nmt system developed google introduced november 2016 uses artificial neural network increase fluency accuracy google translate gnmt improves quality translation applying example based ebmt machine translation method system learns millions examples gnmt proposed architecture system learning first tested hundred languages supported google translate large end-to-end framework system learns time create better natural translations gnmt capable translating whole sentences time rather piece piece gnmt network undertake interlingual machine translation encoding semantics sentence rather memorizing phrase-to-phrase translations google brain project established 2011 secretive google x research lab google fellow jeff dean google researcher greg corrado stanford university computer science professor andrew ng ng ’ work led biggest breakthroughs google stanford september 2016 research team google announced development google neural machine translation system gnmt november google translate began using neural machine translation nmt preference previous statistical methods smt used since october 2007 proprietary in-house smt technology google translate nmt system uses large artificial neural network capable deep learning using millions examples gnmt improves quality translation using broader context deduce relevant translation result rearranged adapted approach grammatically based human language gnmt proposed architecture system learning first tested hundred languages supported google translate gnmt create universal interlingua rather aimed commonality found many languages considered interest psychologists linguists computer scientists new translation engine first enabled eight languages english french german spanish portuguese chinese japanese korean turkish 2016 march 2017 three additional languages enabled russian hindi vietnamese along thai support added later support hebrew arabic also added help google translate community month mid april 2017 google netherlands announced support dutch european languages related english support added nine indian languages viz hindi bengali marathi gujarati punjabi tamil telugu malayalam kannada end april 2017 list language translation pairs supported google translate neural machine translation nmt model july 2017 languages currently support translation english gnmt system said represent improvement former google translate able handle zero-shot translation directly translates one language another example japanese korean google translate previously first translated source language english translated english target language rather translating directly one language another currently non-english language pairs supported | [
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4,761 | 3 | PlayStation_2_technical_specifications:playstation 2 technical specifications playstation 2 technical specifications describe various components playstation 2 ps2 video game console sixth-generation hardware playstation 2 video game console consists various components heart console configuration central processing unit cpu custom risc processor known emotion engine operates 294 mhz 300 mhz later consoles cpu heavily relies integration two vector processing units known vpu0 vpu1 graphics synthesizer floating-point unit fpu order render 3d graphics components system dvd-rom optical drive dualshock 2 controller provide software user control input playstation 2 software distributed cd-rom dvd-rom addition console play audio cds dvd movies backwards compatible original playstation games accomplished inclusion original playstation cpu also serves ps2 i/o processor ps2 also supports limited functionality original playstation memory cards controllers ps2 dualshock 2 controller upgraded version playstation dualshock analog face shoulder d-pad buttons replacing digital buttons original like predecessor dualshock 2 controller features force feedback technology standard playstation 2 memory card 8 mb capacity uses sony magicgate encryption requirement prevented production memory cards third parties purchase magicgate license memory cards without encryption used store playstation game saves playstation games would unable read write card – card could used backup variety non-sony manufactured memory cards available playstation 2 allowing larger memory capacity standard 8 mb however use unsupported compatibility guaranteed memory cards 128 mb storage space console also features usb ieee 1394 expansion ports compatibility usb ieee 1394 devices dependent software supporting device example ps2 bios boot iso image usb flash drive operate usb printer machine operating system include functionality contrast gran turismo 4 tourist trophy programmed save screenshots usb mass storage device print images certain usb printers playstation 2 hdd installed via expansion bay back console required play certain games notably popular final fantasy xi replaced powerpc-based deckard iop 4 mb sdram starting scph-7500x | [
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4,762 | 4 | Google_App_Runtime_for_Chrome:google app runtime chrome android runtime chrome arc discontinued compatibility layer sandboxing technology running android applications desktop laptop computers isolated environment allowed applications safely run web browser independent user operating system near-native speeds since discontinued google developed another method run android apps chrome os devices android runtime chrome partially open-sourced project development google announced sundar pichai google i/o 2014 developer conference limited beta consumer release september 2014 duolingo evernote sight words vine android applications made available chrome web store installation chromebook devices running os version 37 higher development google taking place behind closed doors individual repository commits code reviews issue tracking kept internal company open sourced parts arc licensed bsd-style license limited beta consumer release september 2014 duolingo evernote sight words vine android applications made available chrome web store installation chromebook devices running os version 37 higher october 2014 three apps added cloudmagic onefootball podcast addict march 2015 anandtech reported vlc media player added coming months april 1 2015 google released arc welder chrome packaged app providing arc runtime application packager intended give android developers preview upcoming technology chance test android apps chrome platform arc builds upon google native client native client platform extended posix-compatible layer top nacl integrated runtime pepper apis emulate linux environment foundation android phone allows running almost unchanged dalvik vm sandboxed environment arc uses chrome permission system android one according security evaluation meng xu arc apps may communicate installed chrome extensions files stored underlying operating system might open avenues various attacks threats mitigated heavily sandboxed environment arc second half 2014 developer tools documentation released google several community efforts arc appeared vlad filippov maintains archon unofficial distribution arc runtime installed non-chromebook computers developer also maintains javascript nodejs tool automate packaging android apps use arc developers created user-friendly tools beyond chromeos-apk simplify packaging applications arcon runtime first chrome packaged app called twerk android application arcon packager used named chrome apk packager name changed google request active reddit community maintains list android apps work arcon runtime vlad filippov published guide run opera mini inside chromium browser reception mostly positive developers expressed confusion wide scale competing development platforms google offers web apps chrome packaged apps android apps delivered arc google responded fully committed platforms encourage developers choose one fits best | [
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4,763 | 9 | Not_Quite_C:quite c quite c nqc programming language application programming interface api native bytecode compiler toolkit lego mindstorms cybermaster lego spybotics systems based primarily c language specific limitations maximum number subroutines variables allowed differ depending version firmware rcx language invented david baum released two books subject simple test program written nqc rcx motor connected output port could look like thus motor go full speed two seconds turned nqc legal tournaments sanctioned first number teams complained far without success nqc compilers integrated development environments ides available many platforms including microsoft windows mac os x linux beos dos one bricx command center compiler sources ide sources | [
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4,764 | 2 | Adam_Leventhal_(programmer):adam leventhal programmer adam leventhal born 1979 united states american software engineer one three authors dtrace dynamic tracing facility solaris 10 sun microsystems latest os allows users observe debug tune system behavior real time available public since november 2003 dtrace since used find opportunities performance improvements production environments adam joined solaris kernel development team graduating cum laude brown university 2001 b.sc math computer science 2006 adam dtrace colleagues chosen gold winners wall street journal technology innovation awards contest panel judges representing industry well research academic institutions year sun microsystems acquired oracle corp leventhal announced leaving company served chief technology officer delphix 2010 2016 | [
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4,765 | 3 | Bonnell_(microarchitecture):bonnell microarchitecture bonnell cpu microarchitecture used intel atom processors execute two instructions per cycle like many x86 microprocessors translates x86 instructions cisc instructions simpler internal operations sometimes referred micro-ops effectively risc style instructions prior execution majority instructions produce one micro-op translated around 4 instructions used typical programs producing multiple micro-ops number instructions produce one micro-op significantly fewer p6 netburst microarchitectures bonnell microarchitecture internal micro-ops contain memory load memory store connection alu operation thus similar x86 level powerful micro-ops used previous designs enables relatively good performance two integer alus without instruction reordering speculative execution register renaming side effect speculative execution invulnerability meltdown spectre bonnell microarchitecture therefore represents partial revival principles used earlier intel designs p5 i486 sole purpose enhancing performance per watt ratio however hyper-threading implemented easy i.e low-power way employ whole pipeline efficiently avoiding typical single thread dependencies 2 march 2008 intel announced new single-core atom z5xx series processor code-named silverthorne used ultra-mobile pcs mobile internet devices mids supersede stealey a100 a110 processor 47 million transistors 25 mm die allowing extremely economical production ~2500 chips single 300 mm diameter wafer atom z500 processor dual-thread performance equivalent predecessor stealey outperform applications use simultaneous multithreading sse3 run 0.8 2.0 ghz tdp rating 0.65 2.4 w dip 0.01 w idle feature 32 kb instruction l1 24 kb data l1 caches 512 kb l2 cache 533 mt/s front-side bus processors manufactured 45 nm process 2 march 2008 intel announced lower-power variants diamondville cpu named atom n2xx intended use nettops classmate pc like predecessors single-core cpus hyper-threading n270 tdp rating 2.5 w runs 1.6 ghz 533 mhz fsb n280 clock speed 1.66 ghz 667 mhz fsb 22 september 2008 intel announced new 64-bit dual-core processor unofficially code-named dual diamondville branded atom 330 used desktop computers runs 1.6 ghz fsb speed 533 mhz tdp rating 8 w. dual core consists two diamondville dies single substrate 2009 nvidia used atom 300 geforce 9400m chipset mini-itx form factor motherboard ion platform although atom processor relatively low-power x86 microprocessor many chipsets commonly used dissipate significantly power example atom n270 commonly used netbooks mid-2010 tdp rating 2.5 w intel atom platform uses 945gse express chipset specified maximum tdp 11.8 w processor responsible relatively small portion total power dissipated individual figures 2.5 w n270 processor 6 w 945gse chipset 3.3 w 82801gbm i/o controller intel also provides us15w system controller hub-based chipset combined tdp less 5 w together atom z5xx silverthorne series processors used ultra-mobile pcs mids though manufacturers released ultra-thin systems running processors e.g sony vaio x initially atom motherboards consumer market featured intel 945gc chipset uses 22 watts early 2009 manufacturers offering lower-power motherboards 945gse us15w chipset atom n270 n280 z5xx series cpu 21 december 2009 intel announced n450 d510 d410 cpus integrated graphics new manufacturing process resulted 20 reduction power consumption 60 smaller die size intel gma 3150 45 nm shrink gma 3100 hd capabilities included on-die gpu netbooks using new processor released 11 january 2010 major new feature longer battery life 10 hours 6-cell systems generation atom codenamed pineview used pine trail platform intel pine trail-m platform utilizes atom processor codenamed pineview-m platform controller hub codenamed tiger point graphics memory controller moved processor paired tiger point pch creates power-efficient 2-chip platform rather 3-chip one used previous-generation atom chipsets 1 march 2010 intel introduced n470 processor running 1.83 ghz 667 mhz fsb tdp rating 6.5 w. new atom n4xx chips became available 11 january 2010 used netbook nettop systems includes integrated single-channel ddr2 memory controller integrated graphics core also features hyper-threading manufactured 45 nm process new design uses half power older menlow platform reduced overall power consumption size makes platform desirable use smartphones mobile internet devices d4xx d5xx series support x86-64 bit instruction set ddr2-800 memory rated embedded use series integrated graphics processor built directly cpu help improve performance models targeted nettops low-end desktops support speedstep atom d510 dual-core processor runs 1.66 ghz 1 mb l2 cache tdp rating 13 w. single-core atom d410 runs 1.66 ghz 512 kb l2 cache tdp rating 10 w. tunnel creek embedded atom processor used queens bay platform topcliff pch lincroft z6xx whitney point pch included oak trail tablet platform oak trail intel atom platform based moorestown platforms include lincroft microprocessor use two distinct input/output platform controller hubs i/o-pch codenamed langwell whitney point respectively oak trail presented 11 april 2011 released may 2011 z670 processor part oak trail platform delivers improved video playback faster internet browsing longer battery life without sacrificing performance according intel oak trail includes support 1080p video decoding well hdmi platform also improved power efficiency allows applications run various operating systems including android meego windows stellarton tunnel creek cpu altera field programmable gate array fpga sodaville consumer electronics atom soc groveland consumer electronics atom soc 32 nm shrink bonnell called saltwell intel released third-generation cedar trail platform consisting range cedarview processors nm10 southbridge chip based 32 nm process technology fourth quarter 2011 intel stated improvements graphics capabilities including support 1080p video additional display options including hdmi displayport enhancements power consumption enable fanless designs longer battery life cedar trail platform includes two new cpus 32 nm-based n2800 1.86 ghz n2600 1.6 ghz replace previous generation pineview n4xx n5xx processors cpus also feature integrated gpu supports directx 9 addition netbook platform two new cedarview cpus nettops d2500 d2700 released 25 september 2011 early march 2012 n2800-based intel dn2800mt motherboard started become available due use netbook processor mini-itx motherboard reach idle power consumption low 7.1 w. penwell atom soc part medfield mid/smartphone platform berryville consumer electronics atom soc cloverview atom soc part clover trail tablet platform december 2012 intel launched 64-bit centerton family atom cpus designed specifically use bordenville platform servers based 32 nm saltwell architecture centerton adds features previously unavailable atom processors intel vt virtualization technology support ecc memory briarwood atom soc designed server platform | [
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4,766 | 4 | SAML_1.1:saml 1.1 security assertion markup language saml xml standard exchanging authentication authorization data security domains saml product oasis organization security services technical committee saml 1.1 ratified oasis standard september 2003 critical aspects saml 1.1 covered detail official documents samlcore samlbind new saml probably read introductory saml topic first samloverview document oasis prior saml 1.1 saml 1.0 adopted oasis standard november 2002 saml undergone one minor v1.1 one major revision v2.0 since v1.0 relatively simple protocol saml 1.0 historical interest however since us federal e-authentication initiative adopted saml 1.0 core technology versions 1.0 1.1 saml similar see samldiff specific differences two standards article concentrates saml 1.1 since important standard upon many standards implementations depend warning implementers deployers note well code examples article non-normative illustration purposes consult oasis saml specifications normative requirements saml assertions contain statements service providers use make access control decisions instance authentication statements assert service provider principal indeed authenticate identity provider particular time using particular method authentication information principal may disclosed authentication statement authentication statement example e-mail address principal asserted service provider e-mail address example suffice large number situations cases however additional information needed service provider make access control decision example suppose students allowed access scholarships data attribute statement indicate whether principal affiliation student service provider uses allow deny access resp scholarships application attributes often obtained ldap directory consistent representations attributes across security domains crucial example showing student might obtain access scholarships application service provider functioning policy enforcement point policy decision point situations may preferable associate policy decision point identity provider case service provider passes uri identity provider asserts authorization decision statement dictates whether principal allowed access secured resource given uri three statement types mutually exclusive example authentication statements attribute statements may included single assertion shown precludes need make subsequent round trips service provider identity provider saml protocol simple request-response protocol saml requester sends saml codice_1 element responder similarly saml responder returns saml codice_2 element requester bindings profiles needed affect message exchange detailed following sections saml 1.1 formally defines one protocol binding saml soap binding compatible saml 1.1 implementation must implement saml soap http synchronous protocol binding transport mechanisms besides http permitted provided protocol-independent aspects saml soap binding observed see section 3.1.2 samlbind saml 1.1 soap binding built top version 1.1 soap numbering purely coincidental saml requester wraps saml codice_1 element within body soap message similarly saml responder returns saml codice_2 element within body returned soap message error responder returns soap fault code instead saml markup must included soap body saml 1.1 define saml-specific soap headers requester free insert soap headers wishes although none required recall soap 1.1 codice_5 http header must included http request although value may empty saml requester may give following value codice_5 header saml responder must depend value however secure connection required saml requests responses situations message integrity confidentiality required http ssl 3.0 tls 1.0 server-side certificate required saml responder may return 403 forbidden response refuses respond saml requester responder must return 500 internal server error response event soap error soap fault element must included well otherwise 200 ok response returned even presence saml processing error response include saml codice_7 element soap body general profiles describe use cases message exchanges required ultimately transfer assertions identity provider service provider saml 1.1 specifies two web browser sso profiles browser/post profile relies push operation passes sso assertion value browser using http post say identity provider pushes assertion service provider browser/artifact profile employs pull mechanism profile essentially passes sso assertion identity provider service provider reference browser using http redirect subsequently dereferenced via back-channel exchange i.e. service provider pulls assertion identity provider using saml soap http profiles support cross-domain single sign-on sso specification define additional profiles particular saml 1.1 support profile secure web service message support single logout profile saml 1.1 profiles begin inter-site transfer service managed identity provider principal arrives transfer service first place dictated specification see sections 4.1 4.2 samloverview possible scenarios practice client accessing secured resource service provider redirected inter-site transfer service identity provider precise sequence steps needed accomplish outlined saml 1.1 see section 4.3 samloverview rough ideas along lines scenario thoroughly addressed saml 2.0 visiting inter-site transfer service principal transferred assertion consumer service service provider exactly principal transferred inter-site transfer service assertion consumer service depends profile used case browser/artifact profile redirect used case browser/post profile client issues post request without user intervention expedite processing assertion consumer service two separate urls specified endpoint locations may recorded metadata files exactly identity provider obtains trusted metadata file otherwise determines trusted endpoint locations particular service provider scope respect saml 1.1 note conforming saml 1.1 identity provider must provide inter-site transfer service similarly saml 1.1 service provider must provide assertion consumer service saml 1.1 browser/post profile specifies following four 4 steps terminology used original specification modified slightly conform saml 2.0 specification message flow begins request directed idp principal via http user agent requests inter-site transfer service identity provider codice_8 desired resource service provider say nowiki https //sp.example.com/home /nowiki words following get request issued user agent ssl/tls profile specify url transfer service codice_9 parameter obtained user agent inter-site transfer service returns html document containing codice_10 element codice_9 parameter preserved step 1 value codice_12 parameter base64 encoding saml codice_2 element following saml response must digitally signed identity provider important assumed principal already established security context identity provider otherwise inter-site transfer service would unable provide authentication statement saml codice_2 element user agent requests assertion consumer service service provider values codice_9 codice_12 parameters taken html form step 2 note automate submission form following line javascript may appear anywhere page assumes course page contains single codice_10 element codice_18 assertion consumer service consumes saml codice_2 element creates security context service provider redirects user agent target resource saml 1.1 browser/artifact profile specifies following six 6 steps terminology used original specification modified slightly conform saml 2.0 specification message flow begins request directed idp principal via http user agent requests inter-site transfer service identity provider codice_8 desired resource service provider say nowiki https //sp.example.com/home /nowiki words following get request issued user agent ssl/tls profile specify url transfer service codice_9 parameter obtained user agent principal redirected assertion consumer service service provider following response returned user agent codice_22 reference assertion identity provider willing provide upon request important assumed principal already established security context identity provider otherwise inter-site transfer service would unable provide authentication statement user agent requests assertion consumer service service provider codice_8 codice_22 words following get request issued user agent ssl/tls assertion consumer service service provider begins back-channel exchange artifact resolution service identity provider saml soap message bound http post request codice_22 previously sent identity provider service provider steps 2 3 identity provider completes back-channel exchange responding saml assertion bound saml soap message case authentication statement includes codice_26 containing principal e-mail address assertion consumer service parses saml codice_2 element creates security context service provider redirects user agent target resource | [
5149,
3498,
7315,
3794,
1286,
4770
] | Test |
4,767 | 3 | Intel_8259:intel 8259 intel 8259 programmable interrupt controller pic designed intel 8085 intel 8086 microprocessors initial part 8259 later suffix version upward compatible usable 8086 8088 processor 8259 combines multiple interrupt input sources single interrupt output host microprocessor extending interrupt levels available system beyond one two levels found processor chip 8259a interrupt controller isa bus original ibm pc ibm pc 8259 introduced part intel mcs 85 family 1976 8259a included original pc introduced 1981 maintained pc/xt introduced 1983 second 8259a added introduction pc/at 8259 coexisted intel apic architecture since introduction symmetric multi-processor pcs modern pcs begun phase 8259a favor intel apic architecture however anymore separate chip 8259a interface still provided platform controller hub southbridge chipset modern x86 motherboards main signal pins 8259 follows eight interrupt input request lines named irq0 irq7 interrupt request output line named intr interrupt acknowledgment line named inta d0 d7 communicating interrupt level vector offset connections include cas0 cas2 cascading 8259s eight slave 8259s may cascaded master 8259 provide 64 irqs 8259s cascaded connecting int line one slave 8259 irq line one master 8259 three registers interrupt mask register imr interrupt request register irr in-service register isr irr maintains mask current interrupts pending acknowledgement isr maintains mask interrupts pending eoi imr maintains mask interrupts sent acknowledgement end interrupt eoi operations support specific eoi non-specific eoi auto-eoi specific eoi specifies irq level acknowledging isr non-specific eoi resets irq level isr auto-eoi resets irq level isr immediately interrupt acknowledged edge level interrupt trigger modes supported 8259a fixed priority rotating priority modes supported 8259 may configured work 8080/8085 8086/8088 8086/8088 interrupt controller provide interrupt number data bus interrupt occurs interrupt cycle 8080/8085 issue three bytes data bus corresponding call instruction 8080/8085 instruction set 8259a provides additional functionality compared 8259 particular buffered mode level-triggered mode upward compatible programming 8259 conjunction dos microsoft windows introduced number confusing issues sake backwards compatibility extends far back original pc introduced 1981 first issue less root second issue dos device drivers expected send non-specific eoi 8259s finish servicing device prevents use 8259 eoi modes dos excludes differentiation device interrupts rerouted master 8259 slave 8259 second issue deals use irq2 irq9 introduction slave 8259 pc/at slave 8259 int output connected master ir2 irq2 line isa bus originally connected ir2 rerouted ir1 slave thus old irq2 line generates irq9 cpu allow backwards compatibility dos device drivers still set irq2 handler installed bios irq9 redirects interrupts original irq2 handler pc bios thus also dos traditionally maps master 8259 interrupt requests irq0-irq7 interrupt vector offset 8 int08-int0f slave 8259 pc/at later interrupt requests irq8-irq15 interrupt vector offset 112 int70-int77 done despite first 32 int00-int1f interrupt vectors reserved processor internal exceptions ignored design pc reason reserved vectors exceptions operating systems map least master 8259 irqs used platform another interrupt vector base offset since operating systems allow changes device driver expectations 8259 modes operation auto-eoi may used especially important modern x86 hardware significant amount time may spent i/o address space delay communicating 8259s also allows number optimizations synchronization critical sections multiprocessor x86 system 8259s since isa bus support level triggered interrupts level triggered mode may used interrupts connected isa devices means pc/xt pc/at compatible systems 8259 must programmed edge triggered mode mca systems devices use level triggered interrupts interrupt controller hardwired always work level triggered mode newer eisa pci later systems edge/level control registers elcrs control mode per irq line effectively making mode 8259 irrelevant systems isa buses elcr programmed bios system startup correct operation elcrs located 0x4d0 0x4d1 x86 i/o address space 8-bits wide bit corresponding irq 8259s bit set irq level triggered mode otherwise irq edge triggered mode 8259 generates spurious interrupts response number conditions first irq line deasserted acknowledged may occur due noise irq lines edge triggered mode noise must maintain line low state 100 ns noise diminishes pull-up resistor returns irq line high thus generating false interrupt level triggered mode noise may cause high signal level systems intr line system sends acknowledgment request 8259 nothing resolve thus sends irq7 response first case generate spurious irq7 similar case occur 8259 unmask irq input de-assertion properly synchronized many systems irq input deasserted i/o write processor n't wait write reaches i/o device processor continues unmasks 8259 irq irq input deasserted 8259 assert intr time processor recognizes intr issues acknowledgment read irq 8259 irq input may deasserted 8259 returns spurious irq7 second master 8259 irq2 active high slave 8259 irq lines inactive falling edge interrupt acknowledgment second case generate spurious irq15 rare pc/xt isa system one 8259 controller pc/at later systems two 8259 controllers master slave irq0 irq7 master 8259 interrupt lines irq8 irq15 slave 8259 interrupt lines labels pins 8259 ir0 ir7 irq0 irq15 names isa bus lines 8259s attached | [
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5784,
6014,
352,
3755,
421,
1150,
2332,
4061
] | Test |
4,768 | 3 | Macintosh_IIfx:macintosh iifx macintosh iifx personal computer designed manufactured sold apple computer inc. march 1990 april 1992 introduction cost depending configuration fastest macintosh available time iifx powerful 68030-based macintosh ii family replaced top apple lineup macintosh quadra 1991 last apple computer released designed using snow white design language dubbed wicked fast product manager frank casanova – came apple apollo computer boston massachusetts boston term wicked commonly used denote anything extreme – iifx runs clock rate 40 megahertz 32 kb level 2 cache six nubus slots includes number proprietary asics coprocessors designed speed machine chips require system-specific drivers 40 mhz speed refers main logic board clock bus motorola 68030 cpu computer motorola 68882 fpu machine eight ram slots maximum 128 mb ram enormous amount time iifx features specialized high-speed 80 ns ram using 64-pin dual-ported simms contemporary macintosh models use 30-pin simms extra pins separate path allow latched read write operations also possible use parity memory modules iifx stock 68k macintosh support along special versions macintosh iici logic board total 8 ram slots must populated four time 1 4 16 mb chips results maximum memory amount 128 mb iifx includes two special dedicated processors floppy disk operations sound adb serial communications i/o chips feature pair 10 mhz embedded 6502 cpus cpu family used apple ii machines iifx uses scsi hard disk interface previous macintosh models since macintosh plus iifx requires special black-colored scsi terminator external drives first introduced iifx offered configurations introduced may 15 1990 | [
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889,
... | Test |
4,769 | 1 | InterSystems:intersystems intersystems corporation privately held vendor software systems technology high-performance database management rapid application development integration healthcare information systems vendor products include intersystems iris data platform caché database management system intersystems ensemble integration platform healthshare healthcare informatics platform trakcare healthcare information system sold outside united states intersystems based cambridge massachusetts company earned 644 million 2017 intersystems founded 1978 phillip t. terry ragon current ceo 2018 firm one original vendors m-technology aka mumps systems product called ism years acquired several mumps implementations dtm data tree 1993 dsm digital 1995 msm micronetics 1998 making intersystems dominant technology vendor firm eventually started combining features products one called openm consolidated technologies product caché 1997 time stopped new development legacy m-based products although company stills supports existing customers launched ensemble integration platform 2003 healthshare scalable health informatics platform 2006 2007 intersystems purchased trakhealth australian vendor trakcare modular healthcare information system based intersystems technology may 2011 firm launched globals free database based multi-dimensional array storage technology used caché september 2011 intersystems purchased siemens health services shs france parent company siemens september 2017 intersystems announced intersystems iris data platform company said combines database management capabilities together interoperability analytics well technologies sharding performance company products include largest customer intersystems epic leading health records vendor like intersystems epic privately held rooted older programming language called mumps developed mass general hospital 1960s founders coded first products turned outside investors preferring maintain control said zina moukheiber forbes profile 2013 large customers include u.s. department veterans affairs partners healthcare cleveland clinic national health services england scotland wales european space agency credit suisse august 14 2008 boston globe reported intersystems filing lawsuit microsoft corporation another tenant cambridge mass. headquarters seeking prevent microsoft expanding building intersystems also filed lawsuit building owner equity office partners subsidiary blackstone group contending conspired microsoft lease space intersystems rights sought drive rents process 2010 ceo terry ragon led coalition cambridge called save skyline protest city zoning change would allowed signs top commercial buildings partly response microsoft desire put sign top shared building disputes eventually settled microsoft intersystems agreed put low signs front building street level | [
8183,
4946,
4142,
674
] | Test |
4,770 | 4 | SAML_2.0:saml 2.0 security assertion markup language 2.0 saml 2.0 version saml standard exchanging authentication authorization data security domains saml 2.0 xml-based protocol uses security tokens containing assertions pass information principal usually end user saml authority named identity provider saml consumer named service provider saml 2.0 enables web-based cross-domain single sign-on sso helps reduce administrative overhead distributing multiple authentication tokens user saml 2.0 ratified oasis standard march 2005 replacing saml 1.1 critical aspects saml 2.0 covered detail official documents samlcore samlbind samlprof samlmeta 30 individuals 24 companies organizations involved creation saml 2.0 particular special note liberty alliance donated identity federation framework id-ff specification oasis became basis saml 2.0 specification thus saml 2.0 represents convergence saml 1.1 liberty id-ff 1.2 shibboleth 1.3 assertion package information supplies zero statements made saml authority saml assertions usually made subject represented codice_1 element saml 2.0 specification defines three different kinds assertion statements created saml authority saml-defined statements associated subject three kinds statements defined follows important type saml assertion so-called bearer assertion used facilitate web browser sso example short-lived bearer assertion issued identity provider nowiki https //idp.example.org/saml2 /nowiki service provider nowiki https //sp.example.com/saml2 /nowiki assertion includes authentication assertion codice_2 attribute assertion codice_3 presumably service provider uses make access control decision prefix codice_4 represents saml v2.0 assertion namespace note example codice_5 element contains following child elements words assertion encodes following information assertion b07b804c-7c29-ea16-7300-4f3d6f7928ac issued time 2004-12-05t09:22:05z identity provider nowiki https //idp.example.org/saml2 /nowiki regarding subject 3f7b3dcf-1674-4ecd-92c8-1544f346baf8 exclusively service provider nowiki https //sp.example.com/saml2 /nowiki authentication statement particular asserts following principal identified codice_9 element authenticated time 2004-12-05t09:22:00z means password sent protected channel likewise attribute statement asserts principal identified codice_9 element staff member institution following protocols specified samlcore important protocols—the authentication request protocol—is discussed detail saml 1.1 web browser sso profiles idp-initiated unsolicited codice_15 element transmitted identity provider service provider via browser prefix codice_16 denotes saml protocol namespace saml 2.0 however flow begins service provider issues explicit authentication request identity provider resulting authentication request protocol significant new feature saml 2.0 principal entity acting principal behalf wishes obtain assertion containing authentication statement codice_17 element transmitted identity provider codice_17 element implicitly requests assertion containing authentication statement evidently issued service provider nowiki https //sp.example.com/saml2 /nowiki subsequently presented identity provider via browser identity provider authenticates principal necessary issues authentication response transmitted back service provider via browser saml message transmitted one entity another either value reference reference saml message called artifact receiver artifact resolves reference sending codice_19 request directly issuer artifact responds actual message referenced artifact suppose example identity provider sends following codice_19 request directly service provider via back channel response service provider returns saml element referenced enclosed artifact protocol forms basis http artifact binding bindings supported saml 2.0 outlined bindings specification samlbind web browser sso http redirect binding http post binding commonly used example service provider may use http redirect send request identity provider uses http post transmit response example illustrates entity choice binding independent partner choice binding saml protocol messages carried directly url query string http get request since length urls limited practice http redirect binding suitable short messages codice_17 message longer messages e.g containing signed encrypted saml assertions saml responses usually transmitted via bindings http post binding saml requests responses transmitted via http redirect codice_22 codice_23 query string parameter respectively sent message deflated without header checksum base64-encoded url-encoded order upon receipt process reversed recover original message example encoding codice_17 message yields message formatted readability may signed additional security practice data contained codice_17 codice_26 contains sp id codice_27 agreed idp sp beforehand via manual information exchange via saml metadata case signing request security constraint codice_17 contains information known idp beforehand assertion consumer service url signing request recommended security purposes following example service provider identity provider use http post binding initially service provider responds request user agent document containing xhtml form value codice_22 parameter base64-encoding codice_17 element transmitted identity provider via browser sso service identity provider validates request responds document containing another xhtml form value codice_23 parameter base64 encoding codice_15 element likewise transmitted service provider via browser automate submission form following line javascript may appear anywhere xhtml page assumes course first form element page contains samlresponse containing codice_33 element codice_34 http artifact binding uses artifact resolution protocol saml soap binding http resolve saml message reference consider following specific example suppose service provider wants send codice_17 message identity provider initially service provider transmits artifact identity provider via http redirect next identity provider sends codice_19 request artifactresolverequest shown earlier directly service provider via back channel finally service provider returns codice_37 element containing referenced codice_17 message course flow go direction well identity provider may issue artifact fact common see example double artifact profile example later topic general saml 2.0 artifact defined follows samlbind thus saml 2.0 artifact consists three components two-byte codice_39 two-byte codice_40 arbitrary sequence bytes called codice_41 three pieces information concatenated base64-encoded yield complete artifact codice_39 uniquely identifies artifact format saml 2.0 predefines one artifact type 0x0004 codice_40 reference particular artifact resolution endpoint managed artifact issuer may either idp sp mentioned earlier codice_41 determined type definition meat artifact format type 0x0004 artifact defined follows thus type 0x0004 artifact size 44 bytes unencoded codice_45 arbitrary sequence bytes although practice codice_45 sha-1 hash issuer entityid codice_47 random sequence bytes references saml message artifact issuer willing produce on-demand example consider hex-encoded type 0x0004 artifact look closely see codice_39 0x0004 codice_40 0x0000 front artifact next 20 bytes sha-1 hash issuer entityid nowiki https //idp.example.org/saml2 /nowiki followed 20 random bytes base64-encoding 44 bytes see artifactresolverequest example saml 2.0 saml 1.1 primary use case still web browser sso scope saml 2.0 broader previous versions saml suggested following exhaustive list profiles although number supported profiles quite large profiles specification samlprof simplified since binding aspects profile factored separate bindings specification samlbind saml 2.0 specifies web browser sso profile involving identity provider idp service provider sp principal wielding http user agent service provider four bindings choose identity provider three leads twelve 12 possible deployment scenarios outline three deployment scenarios one common scenarios service provider sends saml request idp sso service using http-redirect binding identity provider returns saml response sp assertion consumer service using http-post binding message flow begins request secured resource service provider 1 request target resource sp principal via http user agent requests target resource service provider service provider performs security check behalf target resource valid security context service provider already exists skip steps 2–7 service provider may use kind mechanism discover identity provider used e.g. ask user use preconfigured idp etc 2 redirect idp sso service service provider generates appropriate samlrequest relaystate redirects browser idp sso service using standard http 302 redirect codice_50 token opaque reference state information maintained service provider value codice_22 parameter deflated base64-encoded url-encoded value codice_17 element samlrequest may signed using sp signing key typically however necessary 3 request sso service idp user agent issues get request sso service identity provider values codice_22 codice_50 parameters provided redirect sso service identity provider processes codice_17 element url-decoding base64-decoding inflating request order performs security check user valid security context identity provider identifies user mechanism details omitted 4 respond xhtml form sso service validates request responds document containing xhtml form value codice_50 parameter preserved step 3 value codice_23 parameter base64 encoding following codice_15 element 5 request assertion consumer service sp user agent issues post request assertion consumer service service provider values codice_23 codice_50 parameters taken xhtml form step 4 6 redirect target resource assertion consumer service processes response creates security context service provider redirects user agent target resource 7 request target resource sp user agent requests target resource service provider 8 respond requested resource since security context exists service provider returns resource user agent relatively simple deployment saml 2.0 web browser sso profile samlprof service provider sp identity provider idp use http post binding message flow begins request secured resource sp 1 request target resource sp principal via http user agent requests target resource service provider service provider performs security check behalf target resource valid security context service provider already exists skip steps 2–7 2 respond xhtml form service provider responds document containing xhtml form codice_50 token opaque reference state information maintained service provider value codice_22 parameter base64 encoding following codice_17 element codice_17 element inserted xhtml form first base64-encoded 3 request sso service idp user agent issues post request sso service identity provider values codice_22 codice_50 parameters taken xhtml form step 2 sso service processes codice_17 element url-decoding base64-decoding inflating request order performs security check user valid security context identity provider identifies user details omitted 4 respond xhtml form sso service validates request responds document containing xhtml form value codice_50 parameter preserved step 3 value codice_23 parameter base64 encoding following codice_15 element 5 request assertion consumer service sp user agent issues post request assertion consumer service service provider values codice_23 codice_50 parameters taken xhtml form step 4 6 redirect target resource assertion consumer service processes response creates security context service provider redirects user agent target resource 7 request target resource sp user agent requests target resource service provider 8 respond requested resource since security context exists service provider returns resource user agent complex deployment saml 2.0 web browser sso profile samlprof service provider sp identity provider idp use http artifact binding artifacts delivered respective endpoints via http get message flow begins request secured resource sp 1 request target resource sp principal via http user agent requests target resource service provider service provider performs security check behalf target resource valid security context service provider already exists skip steps 2–11 2 redirect single sign-on sso service idp service provider redirects user agent single sign-on sso service identity provider codice_50 parameter codice_74 parameter appended redirect url 3 request sso service idp user agent requests sso service identity provider codice_75 opaque reference state information maintained service provider codice_76 saml artifact issued step 2 4 request artifact resolution service sp sso service dereferences artifact sending codice_19 element bound saml soap message artifact resolution service service provider value codice_78 element saml artifact transmitted step 3 5 respond saml authnrequest artifact resolution service service provider returns codice_37 element containing codice_17 element bound saml soap message sso service identity provider sso service processes codice_17 element performs security check user valid security context identity provider identifies user details omitted 6 redirect assertion consumer service sso service identity provider redirects user agent assertion consumer service service provider previous codice_50 parameter new codice_74 parameter appended redirect url 7 request assertion consumer service sp user agent requests assertion consumer service service provider codice_75 token value step 3 codice_85 saml artifact issued step 6 8 request artifact resolution service idp assertion consumer service dereferences artifact sending codice_19 element bound saml soap message artifact resolution service identity provider value codice_78 element saml artifact transmitted step 7 9 respond saml assertion artifact resolution service identity provider returns codice_37 element containing codice_15 element bound saml soap message assertion consumer service service provider 10 redirect target resource assertion consumer service processes response creates security context service provider redirects user agent target resource 11 request target resource sp user agent requests target resource service provider 12 respond requested resource since security context exists service provider returns resource user agent saml 2.0 identity provider discovery profile introduces following concepts hypothetical example common domain let suppose example uk example.co.uk example deutschland example.de belong virtual organization example global alliance example.com example domain example.com common domain example uk example deutschland presence domain uk.example.com de.example.com resp. common domain cookie secure browser cookie scoped common domain browser user cookie stores history list recently visited idps name value cookie specified idp discovery profile samlprof successful act authentication idp requests common domain cookie writing service service appends idp unique identifier common domain cookie sp receives unauthenticated request protected resource requests common domain cookie reading service discover browser user recently used idp assertion query/request profile general profile accommodates numerous types so-called queries using following saml 2.0 elements saml soap binding often used conjunction queries attribute query perhaps important type saml query often requester acting behalf principal queries identity provider attributes give example query issued principal directly note codice_26 codice_97 case sometimes called attribute self-query identity provider might return following assertion wrapped codice_15 element shown contrast bearerassertion shown earlier assertion longer lifetime corresponding lifetime x.509 certificate principal used authenticate identity provider moreover since assertion signed user push assertion relying party long user prove possession corresponding private key hence name holder-of-key relying party assured assertion authentic quite literally metadata makes saml work work well let look important uses metadata metadata ensures secure transaction identity provider service provider metadata trust information encoded implementation proprietary manner sharing trust information facilitated standard metadata saml 2.0 provides well-defined interoperable metadata format entities leverage bootstrap trust process identity provider publishes data codice_101 element note following details entity descriptor definition identity provider manages sso service supports saml web browser sso profile specified samlprof see example identity provider described codice_107 element shown next section sso service identity provider described codice_107 element previous metadata element describes sso service identity provider note following details element noted beginning section values codice_112 attributes used service provider route saml messages minimizes possibility rogue identity provider orchestrating man-in-the-middle attack like identity provider service provider publishes data codice_101 element note following details entity descriptor definition service provider manages assertion consumer service supports saml web browser sso profile specified samlprof see example service provider described codice_133 element shown next section assertion consumer service contained codice_133 element note following details codice_133 metadata element noted beginning section values codice_112 attributes used identity provider route saml messages minimizes possibility rogue service provider orchestrating man-in-the-middle attack previous examples codice_101 element shown digitally signed practice however multiple codice_101 elements grouped together codice_159 element single digital signature entire aggregate note following details codice_159 element typically metadata aggregates published trusted third parties called federations vouch integrity metadata aggregate note metadata aggregates large composed hundreds even thousands entities per aggregate primary references secondary references deprecated references | [
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5111,
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59,
1286,
1409
] | Test |
4,771 | 6 | File_descriptor:file descriptor unix related computer operating systems file descriptor fd less frequently fildes abstract indicator handle used access file input/output resource pipe network socket file descriptors form part posix application programming interface file descriptor non-negative integer generally represented c programming language type negative values reserved indicate value error condition unix process except perhaps daemon expect three standard posix file descriptors corresponding three standard streams traditional implementation unix file descriptors index per-process maintained kernel turn indexes system-wide table files opened processes called table records mode file resource opened reading writing appending possibly modes also indexes third table called inode table describes actual underlying files perform input output process passes file descriptor kernel system call kernel access file behalf process process direct access file inode tables linux set file descriptors open process accessed path codice_1 pid process identifier unix-like systems file descriptors refer unix file type named file system well regular files includes directories block character devices also called special files unix domain sockets named pipes file descriptors also refer objects normally exist file system anonymous pipes network sockets file data structure c standard i/o library usually includes low level file descriptor object question unix-like systems overall data structure provides additional abstraction instead known file handle following lists typical operations file descriptors modern unix-like systems functions declared codice_2 header codice_3 header instead function used perform various operations file descriptor depending command argument passed commands get set attributes associated file descriptor including series new operations file descriptors added many modern unix-like systems well numerous c libraries standardized future version posix codice_4 suffix signifies function takes additional first argument supplying file descriptor relative paths resolved forms lacking codice_4 suffix thus becoming equivalent passing file descriptor corresponding current working directory purpose new operations defend certain class tocttou attacks unix file descriptors behave many ways capabilities passed processes across unix domain sockets using codice_6 system call note however actually passed reference open file description mutable state file offset file status access flags complicates secure use file descriptors capabilities since programs share access open file description interfere use changing offset whether blocking non-blocking example operating systems specifically designed capability systems rarely mutable state associated capability unix process file descriptor table example c-list | [
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7414,
... | Test |
4,772 | 4 | Nadim_Kobeissi:nadim kobeissi nadim kobeissi computer science researcher specialized applied cryptography professor new york university paris campus author cryptocat open-source encrypted web chat client kobeissi also known speaking publicly internet censorship internet surveillance kobeissi born beirut lebanon studied lebanese american university beirut 2008–2009 graduated degree philosophy concordia university montreal 2013 kobeissi ph.d. student studying applied cryptography french institute research computer science automation inria france 2015 2018 kobeissi primary author cryptocat project discontinued 2019 2015 kobeissi became active researching formal verification cryptographic protocols december 2018 defended ph.d. thesis formal verification real-world cryptographic protocols implementations vérification formelle des protocoles et des implementations cryptographiques 2010 kobeissi early supporter bradley manning support network organized march montreal december year support wikileaks ran wikileaks mirror site defended wikileaks various canadian news publications 2011 2012 kobeissi hosted chomp.fm radio program internet activism ran weekly montreal ckut-fm radio station show included guests electronic frontier foundation eff security researcher bruce schneier journalist glenn greenwald 2013 kobeissi led effort known skype open letter brought together forty organizations including electronic frontier foundation reporters without borders open technology institute calling microsoft skype release transparency reports regarding skype monitoring surveillance effort successful microsoft released first transparency report shortly letter published | [
907,
4056
] | Validation |
4,773 | 9 | SmithProject:smithproject smithproject open source cfml script engine smith project initiated youngculture ag based need migrate large coldfusion based web application java-based engine cfml engines include adobe coldfusion new atlanta bluedragon lucee railo coral web builder | [
3186,
6362,
3543
] | Test |
4,774 | 2 | Windows_startup_process:windows startup process windows startup process process microsoft windows series operating systems initializes windows versions 1.01 windows 2.11 system loaded codice_1 executed loaded codice_2 codice_3 codice_4 codice_5 along configuration settings file codice_6 default shell ms-dos executive modules codice_7 codice_8 codice_9 fonts various device drivers codice_10 codice_11 codice_12 incorporated codice_2/codice_3 codice_4/codice_5 windows 3.x 95/98/me boot loader phase handled ms-dos boot phase codice_17 codice_18 executed along configuration settings files codice_6 codice_20 virtual device drivers also loaded startup process commonly loaded registry codice_21 codice_20 file system configuration files device drivers loaded 16-bit modules codice_23 codice_7 codice_9 loaded 32-bit dlls codice_26 codice_27 codice_28 loaded 32-bit vxd message server msgsrv32 starts codice_29 responsible loading network logon client client microsoft networks microsoft family logon windows logon user logging windows startup sound played shell usually codice_30 loaded boot section codice_20 file startup items loaded versions windows 9x except also possible load windows booting dos prompt typing win command line switches used win command codice_32 switch windows boots safe mode codice_33 switch windows boots safe mode networking latter switch works properly windows 95 windows 3.1 additional options available codice_34 starts windows 386 enhanced mode codice_35 starts windows standard mode startup sound added windows 3.1 windows nt boot loader called ntldr responsible accessing file system boot drive starting ntoskrnl.exe loading boot-time device drivers memory boot system drivers loaded kernel system thread starts session manager subsystem smss.exe turn starts winlogon loads graphical identification authentication library user successfully logged machine winlogon following windows 95/98/me also possible run program user logs using runservicesonce runservices keys windows nt replaced services.exe program able load set system services user logs additionally english-language versions windows startup folder called startup instead startup win9x due minimally restricted environment operating systems program add startup registry key system folder method frequently used malware sequence booting windows vista later versions different previous version windows uses nt kernel operating system boot loader vista called winload.exe invoked windows boot manager additionally gina use versions windows nt since 3.1 entirely replaced credential providers | [
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... | Validation |
4,775 | 1 | The_Third_Manifesto:third manifesto third manifesto 1995 christopher j date hugh darwen proposal future database management systems response two earlier manifestos purpose theme manifestos avoid object-relational impedance mismatch object-oriented programming languages relational database management systems third manifesto proposes maintain relational model databases support objects user-defined types major theme manifesto explain inadequacies existing relational database management systems shortcomings relational database model per se rather implementation decisions systems sql query language systems use manifesto describes alternative sql named d. specification desirable characteristics database language rather specific syntax grammar describes family languages rather particular language however example particular member hypothetical family called tutorial described detail including significant portions grammar several partial implementations exist including | [
5983,
6144,
6016,
6543,
784,
7915
] | Validation |
4,776 | 3 | Battle_Cross_(1982_video_game):battle cross 1982 video game battle cross shoot 'em arcade game released omori electric 1982 player controls fighter spacecraft moving around screen shooting enemies | [
1237
] | Test |
4,777 | 9 | Itk:itk itk framework building mega-widgets using incr tcl object system mega-widgets high-level widgets like file browser tab notebook act like ordinary tk widgets constructed using tk widgets component parts without write c code effect mega-widget looks acts exactly like tk widget considerably easier implement | [
6507,
6671,
486
] | Validation |
4,778 | 2 | Nix_package_manager:nix package manager nix cross-platform package management system utilizes purely functional deployment model software installed unique directories generated cryptographic hashes dependencies software included within hash solving problem dependency hell novel approach package management promises generate reliable reproducible portable packages nix packages defined lazy functional programming language specifically designed package management dependencies tracked directly language special values called derivations installed nix lazily nix keeps track references automatically installed packages garbage collected package depends cost greater storage requirements upgrades nix guaranteed atomic efficiently rolled back also enables multiple users safely install software system without administrator privileges nix full support linux safely installed side-by-side existing package manager macos also officially supported nixos linux distribution using nix consistently every piece software system including linux kernel | [
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1... | Test |
4,779 | 2 | Code_segment:code segment computing code segment also known text segment simply text portion object file corresponding section program virtual address space contains executable instructions term segment comes memory segment historical approach memory management succeeded paging program stored object file code segment part file loader places program memory may executed various memory regions allocated particular pages corresponding segments object files segments needed run time example code segment object file loaded corresponding code segment memory code segment memory typically read-only fixed size embedded systems usually placed read-only memory rom without need loading code segment read-only particular architecture allows self-modifying code fixed-position position independent code may shared memory several processes segmented paged memory systems memory region code segment may placed heap stack order prevent heap stack overflows overwriting | [
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] | Validation |
4,780 | 9 | Printer_Command_Language:printer command language printer command language commonly referred pcl page description language pdl developed hewlett-packard printer protocol become de facto industry standard originally developed early inkjet printers 1984 pcl released varying levels thermal matrix page printers hp-gl/2 pjl supported later versions pcl pcl occasionally incorrectly said abbreviation printer control language actually another term page description language pcl levels 1 5e/5c command-based languages using control sequences processed interpreted order received consumer level pcl data streams generated print driver pcl output also easily generated custom applications hp introduced pcl 6 around 1995 hp laserjet 4000 series printers consists pcl 6 enhanced architecture altered modular easily modified future hp printers prints complex graphics faster reduces network traffic higher quality early implementations hp market pcl 6 well thus causing confusion terminology pcl xl renamed pcl 6 enhanced many third-party products still use older term products may claim pcl 6 compliant may include pcl 5 backward compatibility pcl 6 enhanced primarily generated printer drivers windows cups due structure compression methodology custom applications rarely use directly pcl 6 enhanced stack-based object-oriented protocol similar postscript however restricted binary encoding opposed postscript sent either binary code plain text plain-text commands code examples shown pcl programming documentation meant compiled utility like hp jetasm sent printer pcl 6 enhanced designed match drawing model windows gdi way windows printer driver simply passes gdi commands little modification leading faster return-to-application times microsoft extended concept next-generation xps format printer implementations xps developed new idea comparable display postscript apple quartz contrast gdi printers compressed bitmap sent printer jetready printers clj 3500/3550/3600 use undocumented extensions otherwise mandate class 3.0 inputs pjl printer job language introduced hp laserjet iiisi pjl adds job level controls printer language switching job separation environment commands status readback device attendance file system commands | [
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] | Test |
4,781 | 1 | Raima_Database_Manager:raima database manager raima database manager rdm acid-compliant embedded database management system designed use embedded systems applications rdm designed utilize multi-core computers networking local wide area on-disk in-memory storage management rdm provides support multiple application programming interfaces apis low-level c api c++ sql native odbc jdbc ado.net labview rdm highly portable available windows linux unix several real-time embedded operating systems source-code license also available rdm support non-sql record cursor level database access sql database design manipulation capabilities non-sql features important resource-restricted embedded system environments high performance small footprint priority sql important providing widely-known standard database access method small enough footprint embedded systems environments raima inc. originally released rdm 1984 called db_vista one first microcomputer network model database management systems designed exclusively use c language applications companion product called db_query introduced 1986 first sql-like query report writing utility network model database db_vista derivative dbms designed provide high-performance transaction-processing client-server sql dbms called raima database server rds released 1993 first dbms provided odbc api native sql interface also first sql system incorporated use network model ddl features soon thereafter rds renamed velocis 2001 rdm server version 8.4 rdm server released 2012 uninterrupted development rdm also known rdm embedded continued recent feature additions including database mirroring use support highly available ha systems database replication multi-version concurrency read-only transactions multiple transactional file server access encryption sql designed specifically use embedded systems applications version 12.0 rdm released 2013 also 2013 rdm introduced first on-platform sql dbms available use national instruments labview graphical programming language named national instruments labview embedded tools network product year version 14.0 rdm released q3/16 rdm v. 14.0 contains all-new data storage engine optimized specifically working in-memory resident data sets new in-memory database imdb allows significant performance gains reduction processing requirements compared older in-memory on-disk implementations version 14.1 rdm released q1/18 new release focuses ease use portability speed raima new file format develop deploy anywhere performance increased 50-100 depending use case compared previous rdm releases raima extended improved sql support snapshots geospatial functionality version 14.1 consolidates source code lines features raima database manager rdm server one source code rdm 14.1 includes major features updated in-memory support snapshots r-tree support compression encryption sql sql pl platform independence—develop deploy anywhere rmd 14.1 includes portability options direct copy paste permit development deployment different target platforms regardless architecture byte order release includes streamlined interface cursor-based extended sql support stored procedures support sql pl also supports odbc c c++ ado.net c jdbc java supported development environments include microsoft visual studio apple xcode eclipse wind river workbench redesigned optimized database file format architecture maintains acid compliance data safeguards separate formats in-memory on-disk hybrid storage file formats hide hardware platform specifics e.g. byte ordering download packages include examples rdm speed performance benchmarks transactional file server tfs software component within rdm system maintains safe multi-user transactional updates set files responds page requests tfserver utility links tfs allow run separate utility allowing users run rdm distributed computing environment tfs may also linked directly application avoid rpc overhead calling separate server modes operation dynamic ddl encryption additional sql data types data providers drivers interoperability different “ tree ” support snapshots circular tables support database limitations data types supported non-sql core ddl features sql ddl features rdm transactional file server tfs specializes serving managing database files given medium tfs set functions called rdm runtime manage sharing database files among one runtime library instances normal multi-user configuration tfs functions wrapped server process called tfserver standard tcp/ip used make connection whether runtime library tfserver computer different computers however computer faster shared-memory protocol available default figure shows one rdm client runtime may connections multiple tfservers one tfserver may used multiple client runtimes applications using rdm runtime tfservers locations processes invisible processes may one computer may different computers provides opportunities true distributed processing tfserver considered “ database controller ” much way disk controller manages storage device tfs initialized root directory stored files managed tfs one computer multiple disk controllers recommended one tfserver assigned controller facilitates parallelism one computer especially multiple cpu cores also present complete application system may multiple tfservers running one computer multiple computers networked together tfserver able run parallel others allowing performance scale accordingly tfs functions used rdm runtime programmer visibility calls made functions made available runtime library three forms descriptive reasons call tfsr tfst tfss rdm database union feature provides unified view multiple identically structured databases since rdm allows highly distributed data storage processing feature provides mechanism unifying distributed data giving appearance single large database simple illustration consider widely distributed database organization headquarters seattle branch offices boston london mumbai office owns maintains employee records locally headquarters also performs reporting entire organization database location structure identical others although fully contained database location also considered partition larger global database case partitioning based geographical location mechanism querying distributed database simple programmer database opened partitions referenced together symbols “ ” individual partition names partitioning unified queries also used scaling performance consider database operation begins lookup record ’ primary key “ database ” composed four partitions stored multi-core computer different disks controlled different disk controllers requirement scheme divides primary key among four partitions scheme modulo primary key application quickly determines partition store record read record since multiple cpu cores run multiple processes applications tfss four partitions accessible parallel four controllers permit processing capacity four times larger single-core single-disk single-partition configuration rdm allows database content encrypted transported across network written database files rdm encryption supports rijndael/aes encryption algorithm 128- 192- 256-bit keys based application-specified encryption key database mirroring rdm reproduces exact byte-for-byte copy master database onto mirrored slave database database mirroring important database feature applications require high availability ha tfserver fail reason application ha monitor automatically switch mirrored tfserver rdm provides synchronous mirroring transaction committed master tfserver also securely committed mirror tfserver rdm also provides set ha support api functions called application ha monitor monitor operational status tfservers mirroring also used support maintaining multiple copies database updates made master readers directed one mirrored slaves order distribute many possible database readers across multiple computers situation necessary master wait slave confirm successful commit transaction mirroring process run asynchronously rdm database mirroring requires master mirrored databases maintained computer/operating system platforms due released q2/18 replication similar mirroring really intended ha support transferring likely portions one database master another database slave replication designed work databases necessarily maintained platform slave databases rdm-managed databases 3rd-party dbms rdm replication includes support multiple master single slave selective replication circular table data—important embedded computers devices edge data grid status condition monitoring occurs status data stored master circular table replicated central control system maintaining permanent history device statuses made available variety time series analyses rdm also provides database change notification api library allows slave access master replication logs without data stored managed database allows example master store device control information database replicated device notification api order efficiently control device operation rdm sql programming language sql pl based ansi/iso sql persistent stored modules psm specification iso/iec 90756-4:2011 +2012 provides high-level language stored procedures functions written compiled called within rdm sql system rdm sql designed specifically use embedded systems applications important features rdm sql include rdm provides application programming interfaces allow application development variety programming languages rdm ported wide variety computers operating systems packages available following platforms rdm 14.1 consists two packages rdm 14.1 core rdm 14.1 enterprise rdm based applications used today major industries including aerospace defense automotive business automation financial government industrial automation medical telecommunication sampling rdm users includes following | [
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4950,
3915,
3371,
4463,
5571,
7248,
578,
5711
] | Validation |
4,782 | 7 | Community_cloud:community cloud community cloud computing collaborative effort infrastructure shared several organizations specific community common concerns security compliance jurisdiction etc whether managed internally third-party hosted internally externally controlled used group organizations shared interest costs spread fewer users public cloud private cloud cost savings potential cloud computing realized | [
2961
] | Test |
4,783 | 4 | Cisco_Systems:cisco systems cisco systems inc. american multinational technology conglomerate headquartered san jose california center silicon valley cisco develops manufactures sells networking hardware telecommunications equipment high-technology services products numerous acquired subsidiaries opendns webex jabber jasper cisco specializes specific tech markets internet things iot domain security energy management cisco stock added dow jones industrial average june 8 2009 also included p 500 index russell 1000 index nasdaq-100 index russell 1000 growth stock index cisco systems founded december 1984 leonard bosack sandy lerner two stanford university computer scientists pioneered concept local area network lan used connect geographically disparate computers multiprotocol router system time company went public 1990 cisco market capitalization 224 million end dot-com bubble year 2000 cisco 500 billion market capitalization cisco systems founded december 1984 sandy lerner director computer facilities stanford university graduate school business lerner partnered husband leonard bosack charge stanford university computer science department computers cisco initial product roots stanford university campus technology early 1980s students staff stanford including bosack used technology campus link school computer systems talk one another creating box functioned multiprotocol router called blue box blue box used software originally written stanford research engineer william yeager due underlying architecture ability scale well yeager well-designed invention became key cisco early success 1985 bosack stanford employee kirk lougheed began project formally network stanford campus adapted yeager software became foundation cisco ios despite yeager claims denied permission sell blue box commercially july 11 1986 bosack lougheed forced resign stanford university contemplated filing criminal complaints cisco founders theft software hardware designs intellectual properties 1987 stanford licensed router software two computer boards cisco addition bosack lerner lougheed greg satz programmer richard troiano handled sales completed early cisco team company first ceo bill graves held position 1987 1988 1988 john morgridge appointed ceo name cisco derived city name san francisco company engineers insisted using lower case cisco early years logo intended depict two towers golden gate bridge february 16 1990 cisco systems went public market capitalization 224 million listed nasdaq stock exchange august 28 1990 lerner fired upon hearing news husband bosack resigned protest couple walked away cisco 170 million 70 committed charity although cisco first company develop sell dedicated network nodes one first sell commercially successful routers supporting multiple network protocols classical cpu-based architecture early cisco devices coupled flexibility operating system ios allowed keeping evolving technology needs means frequent software upgrades popular models time cisco 2500 managed stay production almost decade virtually unchanged company quick capture emerging service provider environment entering sp market product lines cisco 7000 cisco 8500 1992 1994 cisco acquired several companies ethernet switching kalpana grand junction notably mario mazzola crescendo communications together formed catalyst business unit time company envisioned layer 3 routing layer 2 ethernet token ring switching complementary functions different intelligence architecture—the former slow complex latter fast simple philosophy dominated company product lines throughout 1990s 1995 john morgridge succeeded john chambers internet protocol ip became widely adopted mid-to-late 1990s cisco introduced products ranging modem access shelves as5200 core gsr routers making major player market late march 2000 height dot-com bubble cisco became valuable company world market capitalization 500 billion july 2014 market cap us 129 billion still one valuable companies perceived complexity programming routing functions silicon led formation several startups determined find new ways process ip mpls packets entirely hardware blur boundaries routing switching one juniper networks shipped first product 1999 2000 chipped away 30 cisco sp market share response cisco later developed homegrown asics fast processing cards gsr routers catalyst 6500 switches 2004 cisco also started migration new high-end hardware crs-1 software architecture ios-xr part rebranding campaign 2006 cisco systems adopted shortened name cisco created human network advertising campaign efforts meant make cisco household brand—a strategy designed support low-end linksys products future consumer products traditional business side cisco continued develop routing switching security portfolio quickly growing importance ethernet also influenced company product lines limits ios aging crescendo architecture also forced cisco look merchant silicon carrier ethernet segment resulted new asr9000 product family intended consolidate company carrier ethernet subscriber management business around ezchip-based hardware ios-xr throughout mid-2000s cisco also built significant presence india establishing globalization centre east bangalore 1 billion cisco also expanded new markets acquisition—one example 2009 purchase mobile specialist starent networks cisco continued challenged domestic alcatel-lucent juniper networks overseas competitors huawei due lower-than-expected profit 2011 cisco reduced annual expenses 1 billion company cut around 3,000 employees early-retirement program accepted buyout planned eliminate many 10,000 jobs around 14 percent 73,400 total employees curtailment 2011 analyst call cisco ceo john chambers called several competitors name including juniper hp july 24 2012 cisco received approval eu acquire nds tv software developer us 5 billion 2013 cisco sold linksys home-router unit belkin international inc. signaling shift sales businesses rather consumers july 23 2013 cisco systems announced definitive agreement acquire sourcefire 2.7 billion august 14 2013 cisco systems announced would cut 4,000 jobs workforce roughly 6 starting 2014 end 2013 cisco announced poor revenue due depressed sales emerging markets caused economic uncertainty fears national security agency planting backdoors products april 2014 cisco announced funding early-stage firms focus internet things investment fund allocated investments iot accelerators startups alchemist accelerator ayla networks evrythng later year company announced laying another 6,000 workers 8 global workforce part second restructuring november 4 2014 cisco announced investment stratoscale may 4 2015 cisco announced ceo chairman john chambers would step ceo july 26 2015 remain chairman chuck robbins senior vice president worldwide sales operations 17-year cisco veteran announced next ceo july 23 2015 cisco announced divesture television set-top-box cable modem business technicolor sa 600 million division originally formed cisco 6.9 billion purchase scientific atlanta deal came part cisco gradual exit consumer market part effort cisco new leadership focus cloud-based products enterprise segments cisco indicated would still collaborate technicolor video products november 19 2015 cisco alongside arm holdings dell intel microsoft princeton university founded openfog consortium promote interests development fog computing january 2016 cisco invested velocloud software-defined wan sd-wan start-up cloud offering configuring optimizing branch office networks cisco contributed velocloud 27 million series c round led march capital partners february 2017 cisco launched cloud-based secure internet gateway called cisco umbrella provide safe internet access users n't use corporate networks vpns connect remote data centers immediately reporting fourth quarter earnings 2017 cisco price-per-share value jumped 7 earnings per share ratio increased 60 61 cents per share due part cisco outperformance analyst expectations september 2017 chambers announced would step executive chairman role end term board december 2017 december 11 2017 robbins elected succeed chambers executive chairman retaining role ceo chambers given title chairman emeritus reuters reported cisco systems inc ’ csco.o product revenue russia grew 20 percent 2017 ahead cisco ’ technology product revenue growth so-called bric countries brazil china india may 1 2018 cisco systems agreed buy ai-driven business intelligence startup accompany 270 million june 2018 cisco systems ranked 444th forbes global 2000 list 221.3 billion market cap fiscal year 2017 cisco reported earnings us 0.1 billion annual revenue us 49.3 billion increase 2.8 previous fiscal cycle cisco shares traded 43 per share market capitalization valued us 213.2 billion september 2018 low net income fiscal year 2018 attributed one time tax charge allowed cisco bring back capital overseas cisco used money able bring back lower tax rate fund share buybacks acquisitions cisco acquired variety companies spin products talent company 1995–1996 company completed 11 acquisitions several acquisitions stratacom biggest deals industry occurred internet boom 1999 company acquired cerent corporation start-up company located petaluma california us 7 billion expensive acquisition made cisco date acquisition scientific atlanta larger 1999 cisco also acquired stake 1 billion kpmg consulting enable establishing internet firm metrius founded keyur patel fuse several acquired companies grown 1bn+ business units cisco including lan switching enterprise voice internet protocol voip platform webex home networking latter came result cisco acquiring linksys 2003 2010 supplemented new product line dubbed cisco valet cisco announced january 12 2005 would acquire airespace us 450 million reinforce wireless controller product lines cisco announced january 4 2007 would buy ironport deal valued us 830 million completed acquisition june 25 2007 ironport best known ironport antispam senderbase email reputation service email security appliances accordingly ironport integrated cisco security business unit ironport senderbase renamed sensorbase take account input database cisco devices provide sensorbase allows devices build risk profile ip addresses therefore allowing risk profiles dynamically created http sites smtp email sources cisco announced march 15 2012 would acquire nds group 5bn transaction completed july 30 2012 recent merger deals cisco bought starent networks mobile packet core company moto development group product design consulting firm helped develop cisco flip video camera also 2010 cisco became key stakeholder e-skills week march 2011 cisco completed acquisition privately held network configuration change management software company pari networks although many buy-ins crescendo networks 1993 tandberg 2010 resulted acquisition flagship technology cisco many others failed—partially completely instance 2010 cisco occupied meaningful share packet-optical market revenues still par us 7 billion price tag paid 1999 cerent acquired technologies flip pure digital saw product lines terminated january 2013 cisco systems acquired israeli software maker intucell around 475 million cash move expand mobile network management offerings month cisco systems acquired cognitive security company focused cyber threat protection cisco also acquired solvedirect cloud services march 2013 ubiquisys mobile software april 2013 cisco acquired cyber-security firm sourcefire october 2013 june 16 2014 cisco announced completed acquisition threatgrid company provided dynamic malware analysis threat intelligence technology june 17 2014 cisco announced intent acquire privately held tail-f systems leader multi-vendor network service orchestration solutions traditional virtualized networks april 2 2015 cisco announced plans buy embrane software-defined networking startup deal give cisco embrane software platform provides layer 3–7 network services things firewalls vpn termination server load balancers ssl offload may 7 2015 cisco announced plans buy tropo cloud api platform simplifies addition real-time communications collaboration capabilities within applications june 30 2015 cisco acquired privately held opendns company best known dns service adds level security monitoring domain name requests august 6 2015 cisco announced completed acquisition privately held maintenancenet us-based company best known cloud-based contract management platform serviceexchange month cisco acquired pawaa privately held company bangalore india provides secure on-premises cloud-based file-sharing software september 30 2015 cisco announced intent acquire privately held portcullis computer security uk-based company provides cybersecurity services enterprise clients government sectors october 26 2015 cisco announced intent acquire parstream privately held company based cologne germany provides analytics database allows companies analyze large amounts data store near real time anywhere network october 27 2015 cisco announced would acquire lancope company focuses detecting threat activity 452.5 million cash-and-equity deal june 28 2016 cisco announced intent acquire cloudlock privately held cloud security company founded 2011 three israeli military veterans 293 million deal expected close first quarter 2017 august 2016 cisco announced getting closer making deal acquire springpath startup whose technology used cisco hyperflex systems cisco already owns undisclosed stake hyper-converged provider january 2017 cisco announced would acquire appdynamics company monitors application performance 3.7 billion acquisition came one day appdynamics set ipo january 26 2017 cisco founded innovation alliance germany eleven companies bringing together 40 sites 2,000 staff provide small businesses germany expertise august 1 2017 cisco completed acquisition viptela inc. 610 million cash assumed equity awards viptela privately held software-defined wide area network sd-wan company based san jose ca october 23 2017 cisco systems announced would acquiring broadsoft 1.9 billion entrench cloud communication collaboration area 2017 cisco systems shares mainly held institutional investors vanguard group blackrock state street corporation others cisco products services focus upon three market segments—enterprise service provider midsize small business cisco provides products services across five major technology areas networking including ethernet optical wireless mobility security collaboration including voice video data data center internet things cisco grown increasingly popular asia-pacific region last three decades dominant vendor australian market leadership across market segments uses australian office one main headquarters asia-pacific region offering diverse product portfolio long-term stability integration sustainable competitive advantage cisco became major provider voice ip enterprises moving home user market acquisitions scientific atlanta linksys scientific atlanta provides voip equipment cable service providers time warner cablevision rogers communications upc others linksys partnered companies skype microsoft yahoo integrate consumer voip services wireless cordless phones cisco partners offer cloud-based services based cisco virtualized unified computing system ucs part cisco unified services delivery solution includes hosted versions cisco unified communications manager ucm cisco unified contact center cisco unified mobility cisco unified presence cisco unity connection unified messaging cisco webex meeting center part tactical operations initiative cisco maintains several network emergency response vehicles nerv s. vehicles maintained deployed cisco employees natural disasters public crises vehicles self-contained provide wired wireless services including voice radio interoperability voice ip network-based video surveillance secured high-definition video-conferencing leaders first responders crisis areas 3 mbit/s bandwidth via 1.8-meter satellite antenna nervs based cisco headquarters sites san jose california research triangle park north carolina allowing strategic deployment north america become fully operational within 15 minutes arrival high-capacity diesel fuel-tanks allow largest vehicles run 72 hours continuously nerv deployed incidents october 2007 california wildfires hurricanes gustav ike katrina 2010 san bruno gas pipeline explosion tornado outbreaks north carolina alabama 2011 hurricane sandy 2012 tactical operations team maintains deploys smaller portable communication kits emergencies outside north america 2010 team deployed assist earthquake recovery haiti christchurch new zealand 2011 deployed flooding brazil well response 2011 earthquake tsunami japan 2011 cisco received innovation preparedness award american red cross silicon valley chapter development use vehicles disasters cisco systems also sponsors line professional certifications cisco products four five path network designers levels certification entry ccent associate ccna/ccda professional ccnp/ccdp expert ccie/ccde recently architect ccar ccde previous well nine different paths routing switching design industrial network network security service provider service provider operations storage networking voice datacenter wireless number specialist technician sales datacenter certifications also available cisco also provides training certifications via portal called cisco networking academy qualifying schools become members cisco networking academy provide ccna level level courses cisco academy instructors must ccna certified ccai certified instructor cisco often finds involved technical education 10,000 partnerships 65 countries cisco academy program operates many exotic locations example march 2013 cisco announced interest myanmar investing two cisco networking academies yangon mandalay channel partner network cisco products including ip phones telepresence seen movies tv series company featured documentary film something ventured premiered 2011 cisco 2002–03 recipient ron brown award u.s. presidential honor recognize companies exemplary quality relationships employees communities cisco included part fortune 100 best companies work ranking 20 2011 according report technology consulting firm lexinnova cisco one leading recipients network security-related patents largest portfolio within companies 6,442 security-related patents 2015 class action lawsuit filed april 20 2001 accused cisco making misleading statements relied purchasers cisco stock insider trading cisco denied allegations suit august 18 2006 cisco liability insurers directors officers paid plaintiffs us 91.75 million settle suit december 11 2008 free software foundation filed suit cisco regarding cisco failure comply gpl lgpl license models make applicable source code publicly available may 20 2009 cisco settled lawsuit complying fsf licensing terms making monetary contribution fsf cisco criticized involvement censorship people republic china according author ethan gutmann cisco telecommunications equipment providers supplied chinese government surveillance internet infrastructure equipment used block internet websites track online activities china cisco stated customize develop specialized unique filtering capabilities enable governments block access information sells equipment china sells worldwide wired news uncovered leaked confidential cisco powerpoint presentation detailed commercial opportunities golden shield project internet control may 2011 group falun gong practitioners filed lawsuit alien tort statute alleging cisco knowingly developed customized product assist chinese government prosecution abuse falun gong practitioners lawsuit dismissed september 2014 united states district court northern district california decision appealed united states court appeals ninth circuit september 2015 october 2007 employees cisco brazilian unit arrested charges imported equipment without paying import duties response cisco stated import directly brazil instead use middlemen december 1 2008 multiven filed antitrust lawsuit cisco systems inc. multiven complaint alleges cisco harmed multiven consumers bundling tying bug fixes/patches updates operating system software maintenance services smartnet may 2010 cisco accused person filed antitrust suit british-nigerian technology entrepreneur peter alfred-adekeye hacking pressured us government extradite canada cisco settled antitrust lawsuit two months alfred-adekeye arrest making software updates available multiven customers cisco linksys e2700 e3500 e4500 devices reported remotely updated firmware version forces users register cloud service allows cisco monitor network use ultimately shut cloud service account thus render affected router unusable according german magazine der spiegel nsa developed jetplow gaining access asa series 5505 5510 5520 5540 5550 500-series pix firewalls cisco chief security officer addressed allegations publicly denied working government weaken cisco products exploitation implement security back doors document included trove national security agency files released glenn greenwald book place hide details agency tailored access operations tao unit nsa employees intercept servers routers network gear shipped organizations targeted surveillance install covert firmware onto delivered trojan horse systems described nsa manager “ productive operations tao pre-position access points hard target networks around world. ” cisco denied allegations customer document saying information included specific cisco products supply chain intervention implant techniques new security vulnerabilities cisco general counsel also said cisco work government including united states government weaken products allegations reported prompted company ceo express concern president united states march 2014 cisco systems sued patent infringement spherix says 43 billion cisco sales infringe old nortel patents owned spherix officials spherix saying wide range cisco products switches routers infringe 11 former nortel patents company owns january 2008 cisco announced investment 10 million three years towards job creation technology sector development palestinian territories according cisco project cooperation palestinian authority president mahmoud abbas ramallah-based exalt technologies handles software development cisco outsources palestinian territories | [
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5452,
91... | Test |
4,784 | 2 | Sky_Force:sky force sky force vertically scrolling shoot 'em video game series created polish video game developer infinite dreams inc.. gameplay reminiscent capcom 19xx series seibu kaihatsu raiden series featuring weapon upgrade system large end stage bosses first title series originally released symbian pocket pc 2004 ported palm webos 2005 ios 2009 android 2010 first game series entirely sprite-based 2d game game received near perfect rating ign gave score 9.5 10 second outing initially released symbian pocket pc palm webos 2006 later released ios 2009 iphone ios 7 2010 psp 2011 psp version sky force reloaded simply named sky force 2d graphics style first title combined 3d polygon objects like destructible towers received remake mobile 2016 pc playstation 4 xbox one versions released 2017 also nintendo switch version released 2018 psp version game received metascore 69 100 metacritic based 6 reviews third part series released 2014 ios android free-to-play game third part series 2d graphics first two titles entirely replaced polygonal 3d graphics ios version game received favorable metascore 83 100 composed 8 reviews title windows version sky force 2014 released steam 2015 apple tv 4 2016 released playstation 3 playstation 4 playstation vita via playstation network summer 2016 version f2p improved upgrade system game received favorable review hardcore gamer gave score 4 5 | [
2892,
4759
] | Test |
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