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Task: Based on the given claim and evidence, determine the relationship between the claim and evidence. Choose one of following the options.
Claim: Claims have recently surfaced in the blogosphere that an increasing number of scientists are warning of an imminent global cooling, some even going so far as to call it a "... | REFUTES |
Task: Based on the given claim and evidence, determine the relationship between the claim and evidence. Choose one of following the options.
Claim: "The climate of this planet oscillates between periods of approximately 30 years of warming followed by approximately 30 years of cooling.
Evidence: Climate is the long-te... | NOT_ENOUGH_INFO |
Task: Based on the given claim and evidence, determine the relationship between the claim and evidence. Choose one of following the options.
Claim: Rather than 100 years of unprecedented global warming as predicted by IPCC, the global temperatures have leveled off and we seem to be heading for cooler weather."
Eviden... | REFUTES |
Task: Based on the given claim and evidence, determine the relationship between the claim and evidence. Choose one of following the options.
Claim: It’s usually taken to be the fact that as carbon dioxide concentrations in the atmosphere increase, the 1 per cent of CO2 that’s the heavier carbon isotope ratio c13 declin... | NOT_ENOUGH_INFO |
Task: Based on the given claim and evidence, determine the relationship between the claim and evidence. Choose one of following the options.
Claim: But that conclusion holds true only if there are no other sources of c12 increases which are not human caused.
Evidence: "It is likely that increases in GHG concentrations ... | NOT_ENOUGH_INFO |
Task: Based on the given claim and evidence, determine the relationship between the claim and evidence. Choose one of following the options.
Claim: Various independent measurements of solar activity all confirm the sun has shown a slight cooling trend since 1978.
Evidence: Since 1978, output from the Sun has been measu... | SUPPORTS |
Task: Based on the given claim and evidence, determine the relationship between the claim and evidence. Choose one of following the options.
Claim: There is no single continuous satellite measurement of Total Solar Irradiance (TSI).
Evidence: The space-based TSI record comprises measurements from more than ten radiomet... | REFUTES |
Task: Based on the given claim and evidence, determine the relationship between the claim and evidence. Choose one of following the options.
Claim: The two most cited composites are PMOD and ACRIM.
Evidence: Examples include the issue of the irradiance increase between cycle minima in 1986 and 1996, evident only in the... | NOT_ENOUGH_INFO |
Task: Based on the given claim and evidence, determine the relationship between the claim and evidence. Choose one of following the options.
Claim: In particular, PMOD alters the data from the Nimbus7/ERB record from 1989 to 1991.
Evidence: However, the two other versions make sense over a principal ideal domain R: it ... | NOT_ENOUGH_INFO |
Task: Based on the given claim and evidence, determine the relationship between the claim and evidence. Choose one of following the options.
Claim: Even if the warming were as big as the IPCC imagines, it would not be as dangerous as Mr. Brown suggests.
Evidence: His study assumes that no efforts are made to reduce ant... | REFUTES |
Task: Based on the given claim and evidence, determine the relationship between the claim and evidence. Choose one of following the options.
Claim: Cooks ’97% consensus’ disproven by a new peer
Evidence: Of these, 97% agree, explicitly or implicitly, that global warming is happening and is human-caused.
Options: ["REFU... | REFUTES |
Task: Based on the given claim and evidence, determine the relationship between the claim and evidence. Choose one of following the options.
Claim: When CO2 emissions are compared directly to CO2 levels, there is a strong correlation in the long term trends.
Evidence: However, the Stern report, like many other reports,... | SUPPORTS |
Task: Based on the given claim and evidence, determine the relationship between the claim and evidence. Choose one of following the options.
Claim: Over the three years from 1979 to 1982 when CO2 emissions were decreasing due to the rapid increase in the price of oil that drastically reduced consumption, there was no c... | REFUTES |
Task: Based on the given claim and evidence, determine the relationship between the claim and evidence. Choose one of following the options.
Claim: The contribution of waste heat to the global climate is 0.028 W/m2.
Evidence: In cities this source typically contributes 15–50 W/m2 to the local heat balance, and several ... | SUPPORTS |
Task: Based on the given claim and evidence, determine the relationship between the claim and evidence. Choose one of following the options.
Claim: "Global warming is mostly due to heat production by human industry since the 1800s, from nuclear power and fossil fuels, better termed hydrocarbons, – coal, oil, natural ga... | SUPPORTS |
Task: Based on the given claim and evidence, determine the relationship between the claim and evidence. Choose one of following the options.
Claim: Also, it's not yet clear whether changes in stratospheric water vapor are caused by a climate feedback or internal variability
Evidence: Natural changes in the climate syst... | NOT_ENOUGH_INFO |
Task: Based on the given claim and evidence, determine the relationship between the claim and evidence. Choose one of following the options.
Claim: According to the study, as carbon levels have risen, the cold air at high altitudes over the tropics has actually grown colder.
Evidence: 1950s military research found less... | SUPPORTS |
Task: Based on the given claim and evidence, determine the relationship between the claim and evidence. Choose one of following the options.
Claim: The lower temperatures at this "coldest point" have caused global water vapor levels to drop, even as carbon levels rise.
Evidence: In contrast, the nightside Venusian ther... | REFUTES |
Task: Based on the given claim and evidence, determine the relationship between the claim and evidence. Choose one of following the options.
Claim: Water vapor helps trap heat, and is a far the strongest of the major greenhouse gases, contributing 36–72 percent of the greenhouse effect.
Evidence: However radiative ener... | SUPPORTS |
Task: Based on the given claim and evidence, determine the relationship between the claim and evidence. Choose one of following the options.
Claim: Thus rather than a "doomsday" cycle of runaway warming, Mother Earth appears surprisingly tolerant of carbon, decreasing atmospheric levels of water vapor -- a more effecti... | REFUTES |
Task: Based on the given claim and evidence, determine the relationship between the claim and evidence. Choose one of following the options.
Claim: Statistical analysis of the rate of warming over different periods find that warming from 1970 to 2001 is greater than the warming from both 1860 to 1880 and 1910 to 1940.
... | SUPPORTS |
Task: Based on the given claim and evidence, determine the relationship between the claim and evidence. Choose one of following the options.
Claim: Despite the logarithmic relationship between CO2 and surface temperatures, atmospheric CO2 levels are rising so fast that unless we dramatically decrease our emissions, glo... | SUPPORTS |
Task: Based on the given claim and evidence, determine the relationship between the claim and evidence. Choose one of following the options.
Claim: As a result, the planet as a whole is becoming less reflective and absorbing more sunlight, which is accelerating global warming.
Evidence: If cloud cover increases, more s... | SUPPORTS |
Task: Based on the given claim and evidence, determine the relationship between the claim and evidence. Choose one of following the options.
Claim: While preventing global warming is relatively cheap, economists can't even accurately estimate the accelerating costs of climate damages if we continue with business-as-usu... | REFUTES |
Task: Based on the given claim and evidence, determine the relationship between the claim and evidence. Choose one of following the options.
Claim: Yet the cost of doing something will likely be higher than 6 per cent of GDP" (Bjorn Lomborg)
Evidence: He argues that "... the cost and benefits of the proposed measures a... | REFUTES |
Task: Based on the given claim and evidence, determine the relationship between the claim and evidence. Choose one of following the options.
Claim: The measurements of the amount of CO2 made at the Mauna Loa Observatory are accurate and uncontaminated by any emissions from the volcano.
Evidence: According to the NOAA, ... | SUPPORTS |
Task: Based on the given claim and evidence, determine the relationship between the claim and evidence. Choose one of following the options.
Claim: 'Mauna Loa has been producing a readout which supports Manning's predetermined goal by showing steady growth in atmospheric CO2 concentrations since 1959.
Evidence: In 2013... | SUPPORTS |
Task: Based on the given claim and evidence, determine the relationship between the claim and evidence. Choose one of following the options.
Claim: The trend in CO2 at Mauna Loa is practically identical to the global trend because CO2 mixes well throughout the atmosphere.
Evidence: "Up-to-date weekly average CO 2 at Ma... | NOT_ENOUGH_INFO |
Task: Based on the given claim and evidence, determine the relationship between the claim and evidence. Choose one of following the options.
Claim: The influence of the volcano is easily spotted and removed, together with other even more important spurious influences.
Evidence: Kīlauea's bulk affects local climate cond... | NOT_ENOUGH_INFO |
Task: Based on the given claim and evidence, determine the relationship between the claim and evidence. Choose one of following the options.
Claim: Venus is not hot because of a runaway greenhouse.
Evidence: Venus is sufficiently strongly heated by the Sun that water vapor can rise much higher in the atmosphere and be ... | REFUTES |
Task: Based on the given claim and evidence, determine the relationship between the claim and evidence. Choose one of following the options.
Claim: "The solar system oscillates with a 60-year cycle due to the Jupiter/Saturn three-synodic cycle and to a Jupiter/Saturn beat tidal cycle...
Evidence: This occurred when the... | NOT_ENOUGH_INFO |
Task: Based on the given claim and evidence, determine the relationship between the claim and evidence. Choose one of following the options.
Claim: About 60% of the warming observed from 1970 to 2000 was very likely caused by the above natural 60-year climatic cycle during its warming phase" (Loehle and Scafetta)
Evide... | REFUTES |
Task: Based on the given claim and evidence, determine the relationship between the claim and evidence. Choose one of following the options.
Claim: There seems to be evidence for a link between solar activity and water levels.
Evidence: "High Concentrations of Silica Indicate Considerable Water Activity on Mars – Space... | NOT_ENOUGH_INFO |
Task: Based on the given claim and evidence, determine the relationship between the claim and evidence. Choose one of following the options.
Claim: However, more direct comparisons between solar activity and global temperature finds that as the sun grew hotter or cooler, Earth's climate followed it with a 10 year lag ... | REFUTES |
Task: Based on the given claim and evidence, determine the relationship between the claim and evidence. Choose one of following the options.
Claim: Also found was that the correlation between solar activity and global temperatures ended around 1975, hence recent warming must have some other cause than solar variations.... | SUPPORTS |
Task: Based on the given claim and evidence, determine the relationship between the claim and evidence. Choose one of following the options.
Claim: A South African paper has found a 21 year cycle synchronous with the solar cycle (Alexander 2007).
Evidence: The Milankovitch cycles are a set of cyclic variations in chara... | NOT_ENOUGH_INFO |
Task: Based on the given claim and evidence, determine the relationship between the claim and evidence. Choose one of following the options.
Claim: Some of the regions in which GRACE claims ice loss in East Antarctica average colder than -30°C during the summer, and never, ever get above freezing.
Evidence: East Anta... | NOT_ENOUGH_INFO |
Task: Based on the given claim and evidence, determine the relationship between the claim and evidence. Choose one of following the options.
Claim: Unlike the simple example of positive feedback we learned in high school, the increase from every round of feedback gets smaller and smaller, in the case of the enhanced gr... | NOT_ENOUGH_INFO |
Task: Based on the given claim and evidence, determine the relationship between the claim and evidence. Choose one of following the options.
Claim: Consequently, CO2 levels at around 1,000 to 2,300 ppm were actually low enough to promote glaciation in the southern continent of Gondwana.
Evidence: Concentrations of CO 2... | SUPPORTS |
Task: Based on the given claim and evidence, determine the relationship between the claim and evidence. Choose one of following the options.
Claim: Since rock weathering reduces atmospheric CO2, this again reinforces the scientific fact that CO2 is a strong driver of climate.
Evidence: There is no convincing scientific... | NOT_ENOUGH_INFO |
Task: Based on the given claim and evidence, determine the relationship between the claim and evidence. Choose one of following the options.
Claim: Clearly, other factors besides atmospheric carbon influence earth temperatures and global warming."
Evidence: It is one of the most important determinants of the amount of ... | SUPPORTS |
Task: Based on the given claim and evidence, determine the relationship between the claim and evidence. Choose one of following the options.
Claim: Hocker is claiming that his model shows that the long-term upward trend in CO2 is explained by temperature, when his methods actually removed the long-term trend.
Evidence:... | SUPPORTS |
Task: Based on the given claim and evidence, determine the relationship between the claim and evidence. Choose one of following the options.
Claim: Thousands of coral atolls have "drowned" in the past when they were unable to grow fast enough to maintain a presence at sea level
Evidence: As a result, the Maldives are a... | SUPPORTS |
Task: Based on the given claim and evidence, determine the relationship between the claim and evidence. Choose one of following the options.
Claim: There are many lines of evidence which clearly show that the atmospheric CO2 increase is caused by humans.
Evidence: The first line of evidence is based on a physical under... | SUPPORTS |
Task: Based on the given claim and evidence, determine the relationship between the claim and evidence. Choose one of following the options.
Claim: The clearest of these is simple accounting - humans are emitting CO2 at a rate twice as fast as the atmospheric increase (natural sinks are absorbing the other half).
Evide... | SUPPORTS |
Task: Based on the given claim and evidence, determine the relationship between the claim and evidence. Choose one of following the options.
Claim: There is no question whatsoever that the CO2 increase is human-caused.
Evidence: The sharp acceleration in CO 2 emissions since 2000 to more than a 3% increase per year (mo... | SUPPORTS |
Task: Based on the given claim and evidence, determine the relationship between the claim and evidence. Choose one of following the options.
Claim: that atmospheric CO2 increase that we observe is a product of temperature increase, and not the other way around, meaning it is a product of natural variation...
Evidence... | REFUTES |
Task: Based on the given claim and evidence, determine the relationship between the claim and evidence. Choose one of following the options.
Claim: "...there has been no increase in the global average surface temperature for the past 16 years" (Judith Curry and David Rose)
Evidence: Between 1993 and 2017, the global me... | REFUTES |
Task: Based on the given claim and evidence, determine the relationship between the claim and evidence. Choose one of following the options.
Claim: Models and direct observations find that CFCs only contribute a fraction of the warming supplied by other greenhouse gases.
Evidence: Increases in atmospheric concentration... | NOT_ENOUGH_INFO |
Task: Based on the given claim and evidence, determine the relationship between the claim and evidence. Choose one of following the options.
Claim: This increases confidence in other peer-reviewed research predicting sea level rise of 80cm to 2 metres by 2100.
Evidence: In 2019, a study projected that in low emission s... | SUPPORTS |
Task: Based on the given claim and evidence, determine the relationship between the claim and evidence. Choose one of following the options.
Claim: 'Another global warming myth comes crashing down.
Evidence: The conspiracy behind the Anthropogenic Global Warming myth (aka AGW; aka ManBearPig) has been suddenly, brutall... | NOT_ENOUGH_INFO |
Task: Based on the given claim and evidence, determine the relationship between the claim and evidence. Choose one of following the options.
Claim: No warming since at least 1995, no melting glaciers and now no rising sea levels.
Evidence: Between 1993 and 2017, the global mean sea level rose on average by 3.1 ± 0.3 mm... | REFUTES |
Task: Based on the given claim and evidence, determine the relationship between the claim and evidence. Choose one of following the options.
Claim: The claim that 2.2 conventional jobs are destroyed for every new job created in the alternative energy industry is based on a study which relies on incorrect numbers, ch... | SUPPORTS |
Task: Based on the given claim and evidence, determine the relationship between the claim and evidence. Choose one of following the options.
Claim: for every renewable energy job that the State manages to finance, Spain’s experience...reveals with high confidence, by two different methods, that the U.S. should expect a... | NOT_ENOUGH_INFO |
Task: Based on the given claim and evidence, determine the relationship between the claim and evidence. Choose one of following the options.
Claim: Continued greenhouse gas emissions at or above current rates would cause further warming and induce many changes in the global climate system during the 21st century that w... | SUPPORTS |
Task: Based on the given claim and evidence, determine the relationship between the claim and evidence. Choose one of following the options.
Claim: So this is a government which is proposing to put at risk our manufacturing industry, to penalise struggling families, to make a tough situation worse for millions of house... | NOT_ENOUGH_INFO |
Task: Based on the given claim and evidence, determine the relationship between the claim and evidence. Choose one of following the options.
Claim: Fourth Assessment Report (AR4), in which the likely range is given as 2.0°C to 4.5°C, with a best estimate of 3.0°C" (Pat Michaels)
Evidence: Surface air warming in the 21s... | SUPPORTS |
Task: Based on the given claim and evidence, determine the relationship between the claim and evidence. Choose one of following the options.
Claim: Multiple lines of evidence indicate Greenland's ice loss is accelerating and will contribute sea level rise in the order of metres over the next few centuries.
Evidence: If... | SUPPORTS |
Task: Based on the given claim and evidence, determine the relationship between the claim and evidence. Choose one of following the options.
Claim: This was the case last year too, while earlier years in the DMI analysis period (1958-2010) hardly ever shows Arctic melt season temperatures this cold (Frank Lansner)
Ev... | REFUTES |
Task: Based on the given claim and evidence, determine the relationship between the claim and evidence. Choose one of following the options.
Claim: "However, a single scientist, Dr. Ben Santer of Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, rewrote the draft at the IPCC’s request, deleting all five statements, replacing the... | NOT_ENOUGH_INFO |
Task: Based on the given claim and evidence, determine the relationship between the claim and evidence. Choose one of following the options.
Claim: A generous estimate of the energy generated by satellites is around 1 million times too small to cause global warming.
Evidence: However, the incineration and burning of fo... | NOT_ENOUGH_INFO |
Task: Based on the given claim and evidence, determine the relationship between the claim and evidence. Choose one of following the options.
Claim: Global Warming history completely coincides with the history of artificial satellites and the use of microwave frequencies from outer space.
Evidence: Over time, a massive ... | NOT_ENOUGH_INFO |
Task: Based on the given claim and evidence, determine the relationship between the claim and evidence. Choose one of following the options.
Claim: Sending oscillating microwaves from an antenna inside a vacuum through an electromagnetic field through a dielectric material, such as water, creates radio frequency heatin... | SUPPORTS |
Task: Based on the given claim and evidence, determine the relationship between the claim and evidence. Choose one of following the options.
Claim: "The IPCC’s Fourth Assessment Report, 2007, carries in three places a graph in which the Hadley Center’s global mean surface temperature anomaly dataset from 1850-2005 is d... | SUPPORTS |
Task: Based on the given claim and evidence, determine the relationship between the claim and evidence. Choose one of following the options.
Claim: ...there [is] anecdotal and other evidence suggesting similar melts from 1938-43 and on other occasions.
Evidence: If too high a current flows, the element rises to a highe... | NOT_ENOUGH_INFO |
Task: Based on the given claim and evidence, determine the relationship between the claim and evidence. Choose one of following the options.
Claim: "Disasters Cost More Than Ever — But Not Because of Climate Change" (Roger Pielke Jr.)
Evidence: It would be cheaper, they say, to wait for the impacts of climate change an... | REFUTES |
Task: Based on the given claim and evidence, determine the relationship between the claim and evidence. Choose one of following the options.
Claim: the satellite sensors show less warming in the lower troposphere (approximately 10,000 feet above the earth’s surface) than is reported by surface temperature readings.
Evi... | SUPPORTS |
Task: Based on the given claim and evidence, determine the relationship between the claim and evidence. Choose one of following the options.
Claim: Global warming theory holds that one of the fingerprints of human-induced global warming is more rapid warming in the lower troposphere than at the surface (James Taylor)
E... | NOT_ENOUGH_INFO |
Task: Based on the given claim and evidence, determine the relationship between the claim and evidence. Choose one of following the options.
Claim: In those days you couldn’t have seen across the street for all the carbon emissions and the crap coming out of the chimneys.'
Evidence: Smoke and carbon monoxide from wildf... | NOT_ENOUGH_INFO |
Task: Based on the given claim and evidence, determine the relationship between the claim and evidence. Choose one of following the options.
Claim: Ljungqvist's millennial temperature reconstruction was very similar to Moberg et al.
Evidence: Ljungqvist's 2,000 year extratropical Northern Hemisphere reconstruction gene... | NOT_ENOUGH_INFO |
Task: Based on the given claim and evidence, determine the relationship between the claim and evidence. Choose one of following the options.
Claim: 'What I can comment on is this prediction by Dr. Hansen: “The West Side Highway [which runs along the Hudson River] will be under water.”
Evidence: UDC's "Water Edge Study"... | NOT_ENOUGH_INFO |
Task: Based on the given claim and evidence, determine the relationship between the claim and evidence. Choose one of following the options.
Claim: CO2 constitutes 80% of the non-condensing greenhouse gas forcing.
Evidence: These emissions include CO 2 from fossil fuel use and from land use, as well as emissions of met... | REFUTES |
Task: Based on the given claim and evidence, determine the relationship between the claim and evidence. Choose one of following the options.
Claim: "Cloud cover in models is poorly treated and inaccurately predicted.
Evidence: "Marine boundary layer clouds at the heart of tropical cloud feedback uncertainties in climat... | SUPPORTS |
Task: Based on the given claim and evidence, determine the relationship between the claim and evidence. Choose one of following the options.
Claim: Yet clouds reflect about seventy-five watts per square meter.
Evidence: If the extraterrestrial solar radiation is 1367 watts per square meter (the value when the Earth–Sun... | NOT_ENOUGH_INFO |
Task: Based on the given claim and evidence, determine the relationship between the claim and evidence. Choose one of following the options.
Claim: Given that a doubling of carbon dioxide would change the surface heat flux by only two watts per square meter, it is evident that a small change in cloud cover can strongly... | SUPPORTS |
Task: Based on the given claim and evidence, determine the relationship between the claim and evidence. Choose one of following the options.
Claim: the Great Barrier Reef is in fine fettle
Evidence: The percentage of baby corals being born on the Great Barrier Reef dropped drastically in 2018 and scientists are describ... | REFUTES |
Task: Based on the given claim and evidence, determine the relationship between the claim and evidence. Choose one of following the options.
Claim: About 60% of the warming observed from 1970 to 2000 was very likely caused by this natural 60-year climatic cycle during its warming phase...
Evidence: Given that records o... | NOT_ENOUGH_INFO |
Task: Based on the given claim and evidence, determine the relationship between the claim and evidence. Choose one of following the options.
Claim: "Skeptics hope that Postma’s alternative thermal model will lead to the birth of a new climatology, one that actually follows the laws of physics and properly physical mo... | NOT_ENOUGH_INFO |
Task: Based on the given claim and evidence, determine the relationship between the claim and evidence. Choose one of following the options.
Claim: "There are other possible causes for climate change which could be associated with solar activity or related to variations in the temperature of the liquid core of the Eart... | SUPPORTS |
Task: Based on the given claim and evidence, determine the relationship between the claim and evidence. Choose one of following the options.
Claim: We don't need a high heat flow - just a high temperature for the core to affect the surface climate.
Evidence: Sea water has an important influence on the world's climate, ... | NOT_ENOUGH_INFO |
Task: Based on the given claim and evidence, determine the relationship between the claim and evidence. Choose one of following the options.
Claim: Over the last decade, heatwaves are five times more likely than if there had been no global warming.
Evidence: In the last 30–40 years, heat waves with high humidity have b... | SUPPORTS |
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