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The project One Day is one of the initiatives from the Museum of Civilian Voices spearheaded by the Rinat Akhmetov Foundation. Its aim is to keep accounts of Ukrainians, as eye witnesses, about the Day when the war began for them in order to rethink the importance of peace. One Day is a project about how important it is to remember the past for a better future. The creative essay competition aims to emphasize the importance and significance of peace as the main value of society. It is held to mark the International Day of Peace that is celebrated annually on 21 September. In 2021, for the first time, the creative essay competition is held among schoolchildren and students of educational institutions from Donetsk, Luhansk, Zaporizhzhya and Kharkiv regions. The topic of the essay competition is as follows: The day when the war began for you Each of us has their own day when the war began for them personally. When and where did you realize that the war began? What did this day mean for you and your family? How did you understand that the war started and people were faced with a new reality? What did you feel? What does peace mean to you today? Description of the competition: An essay can be submitted to the competition as described below: - through a responsible teacher or tutor, or other authorized person nominated by an educational institution and/or the Organizer on the day of joint writing of the essay. Teachers, tutors or authorized persons shall collect the authors' handwritten essays in an orderly way and shall upload them to the website of the Museum civilvoicesmuseum.org or send them by e-mail to firstname.lastname@example.com. On the day of joint writing of the essay, teachers or tutors, or other authorized persons appointed by an educational institution and/or the Organizer, along with the pupils'/students' works, shall provide the Organizer with the List of Participants in accordance with Annex 3. - submit essays independently online through the form on the website of the Museum of Civilian Voices of the Rinat Akhmetov Foundation civilvoicesmuseum.org. The essays will be deemed eligible to take part in the competition if submitted no later than 30 September 2021. Competition prize fund: First place: Winner's Diploma, prize – laptop (4 participants). Second place: Winner's Diploma, prize – mobile phone (8 participants). Third place: Winner's Diploma, prize – video blogger's set (12 participants). and also Diplomas for the finalists of the competition. The teacher who inspired the first-place winner will receive a tablet as a prize (4 teachers). The 12 most active teachers who contributed to the organization of the essay writing process will receive gifts from the Competition Organizer. All winners will be announced on 15 October 2021 on the website of the Museum of Civilian Voices. Diplomas and prizes will be awarded or sent to the winners no later than 15 November 2021. The contact person from the Competition Organizer is Oksana Ishchuk, contact phone number 063-454-66-49, e-mail: email@example.com.
Downloading music from the internet is a common practice for many music enthusiasts. However, it is important to do so legally and ethically. In this blog post, we will discuss the topic of downloading the song "Bhabi" by Mankirt Aulakh in MP3 format for free. Understanding Copyright Laws Before diving into the specifics of downloading the song "Bhabi" by Mankirt Aulakh, it is crucial to understand the basics of copyright laws. Music is protected by copyright, and downloading, distributing, or using copyrighted material without proper authorization is illegal and unethical. Artists, producers, and musicians rely on the sales and streaming of their music for income, and unauthorized downloads can harm their livelihoods. Legal Ways to Download Music There are legal ways to download music, including purchasing songs from online music stores like iTunes, Amazon Music, Google Play Music, and more. These platforms offer a wide range of songs for purchase, ensuring that artists are compensated for their work. Streaming services like Spotify, Apple Music, Tidal, and Amazon Music Unlimited also offer the option to listen to music legally for a monthly subscription fee. Downloading "Bhabi" by Mankirt Aulakh If you are looking to download "Bhabi" by Mankirt Aulakh legally and support the artist, you can explore various online music stores and streaming platforms. By purchasing the song or streaming it through authorized channels, you ensure that the artist receives fair compensation for their work. Free MP3 Download Websites While there are websites that claim to offer free MP3 downloads of songs, it is essential to approach them with caution. Many of these sites engage in illegal practices and distribute copyrighted material without permission. By using these sites, you may unknowingly violate copyright laws and contribute to music piracy. Risks of Illegal Downloads Engaging in illegal music downloads poses various risks, including the potential for legal action by copyright holders. Piracy not only harms artists and the music industry but also exposes users to malware, viruses, and other security threats that may compromise their devices and personal information. FAQs (Frequently Asked Questions) - Is it legal to download "Bhabi" by Mankirt Aulakh for free from random websites? No, downloading copyrighted music for free from unauthorized websites is illegal and unethical. Where can I legally download "Bhabi" by Mankirt Aulakh? You can purchase the song from online music stores like iTunes, Amazon Music, or stream it on platforms like Spotify or Apple Music. What are the risks of downloading music illegally? Illegal downloads can lead to legal consequences, support music piracy, and expose users to security threats. Are there any free legal options to download music? Some artists offer their music for free on their official websites or platforms like SoundCloud. Additionally, some streaming services offer free tiers with ads. How can I support artists like Mankirt Aulakh? - You can support artists by purchasing their music, attending their concerts, streaming their songs on authorized platforms, and promoting their work responsibly. In conclusion, while the temptation to download music for free may be strong, it is crucial to prioritize ethical and legal consumption practices to support artists and the music industry. By choosing authorized channels to access music like "Bhabi" by Mankirt Aulakh, you contribute to a sustainable music ecosystem that values creativity and artistry.
Honoring Donate Life Month April is National Donate Life Month, an annual observance focusing national attention on how organ and tissue donation saves lives. Hoosiers are encouraged to learn more about donation, sign up to become donors and participate in four key days to raise awareness about and support donation and transplantation. "It is the generosity of donors and donor families that makes saving lives through organ and tissue donation and transplantation possible," said Indiana Donor Network President and CEO Kellie Tremain. "We honor deceased and living donors and celebrate the lives they saved through their selfless decisions to become donors." One donor can save up to eight lives through organ donation and enhance up to 75 lives through tissue donation. One cornea donor can restore sight to two people. Despite age or medical history, anyone can sign up to be an organ donor. There are four ways that Hoosiers can sign up: - They can say "yes" when conducting business at their local Bureau of Motor Vehicles branch. - They can sign up online at DonateLifeIndiana.org. - They can sign up when they apply online for a hunting, fishing, or trapping license through the state Department of Natural Resources. - They can say "yes" through the Health app on their iPhone or iPad. Nationally, more than 103,000 people are waiting for a lifesaving organ transplant, including more than 1,300 Hoosiers. Every day in the U.S., 17 people die waiting for a lifesaving organ transplant but only three in 1,000 people die in a way that allows for potential organ donation. Anyone, regardless of age or medical history, can sign up to be a donor. No one should rule themselves out for any reason. More than 170 million people, including more than 4.4 million Hoosiers, have signed up to become organ and tissue donors. Since 1998, Donate Life Indiana has been the state-authorized nonprofit organization responsible for managing the Indiana donor registry. Its mission is to save lives by creating opportunities for all Indiana citizens to sign up on the organization's official state registry while striving to raise awareness for organ, eye and tissue donation and transplantation through public education. Donate Life America is a 501(c)3 nonprofit organization leading its national partners and Donate Life state teams to increase the number of donated organs, tissue and corneas available to save and heal lives. The organization owns, manages and promotes Donate Life, the national logo and brand for the cause of donation; motivates the public to register as organ, tissue and cornea donors; provides education about living donation; manages the National Donate Life Registry at RegisterMe.org; and develops and executes effective multi-media campaigns to promote donation. - Announcing Acts For This Year's Center Stage Talent Show - May 24, 2024 - City To Host Waynedale Town Hall - May 24, 2024 - Girl Scout Welcomes Monarchs Back To Fox Island - May 24, 2024
Minute read In the Mood for Mushrooms These fungi may make you want to cuddle. Whether you're spending today with someone you love or having a sexy night at home by yourself, fledgling research shows that a few shrooms could help set the mood by encouraging your body to produce oxytocin: the cuddliest hormone around. Per the American Psychological Association (APA), "Oxytocin is produced mainly in the hypothalamus, where it is either released into the blood via the pituitary gland, or to other parts of the brain and spinal cord, where it binds to oxytocin receptors to influence behavior and physiology." Research has linked oxytocin to some of life's most fulfilling experiences, like breastfeeding, selective social binding, and yes—sexual pleasure. Social psychologist Shelley E. Taylor, PhD, director of the Social Neuroscience Lab at the University of California Los Angeles, believes that oxytocin initiates the human response known as "tend and befriend," which is the opposite of "fight or flight." Interestingly enough, oxytocin seems to be a two-timing hormone—or, okay, a dual-purpose hormone. Researchers have observed that the body tends to release oxytocin when you're feeling connected with your community or partner, offering an overall sense of life satisfaction. Conversely, oxytocin levels also appear to rise in times of loneliness to encourage you to seek out some quality time with your friends and lovers. (Aw, what a cute hormone!) While hanging with people you love appears to be the easiest way to access oxytocin, researchers believe that certain foods—including varieties of fungi—may also help you catch all the feels. Vitamins D, C, magnesium, and dietary fats may all nudge your hypothalamus to produce and make use of oxytocin. For example, vitamin D is a prohormone, which means it supports the production of the hormones oxytocin, serotonin, and vasopressin. While you can find these vitamins and fats in many foods (think: oranges, avocados, and dark leafy greens), mycotherapist and biochemist Martin Auerswald tells the Integrative Myco-Medicine Association (IMMA) that reishi, cordyceps, and a shroom called agaricus blazei are his choice mushrooms for supporting production of the cuddle hormone. Oxytocin-enabling might not be the only cupid-like function of fungi, either. It's rumored (but not exactly backed by solid scientific evidence) that the scent of an unnamed Hawaiian shroom causes women to… spontaneously orgasm. It's hypothesized that this mythic mushroom is of the species (ahem) phallus indusiatus, which has been used in various places throughout the world as a female aphrodisiac. One journalist determined to experience its benefits, however, reports that the phallic fungi's effects are quite the opposite of orgasmic, so forager beware. For tonight, it's probably safest to stick to more readily available, less pungent fungi which offer subtly snuggly effects. One easy way to incorporate them into tonight's menu is via mocktail, as several euphoric beverages boast reishi as an ingredient. Whether you use the subsequently increased oxytocin levels to give a little extra love to your friends, get it on with a mysterious stranger, or spice up your time with a certain vibrating pleasure device, enjoy your hacked hypothalamus, fam.
A fossil hunter in East Sussex, England dug up a seemingly plain and ordinary brown pebble that has now officially been confirmed as fossilized brain tissue from a dinosaur in 2004. Although it took more than a decade for scientists to categorize the fossil, the tissue is the first fossilized dinosaur brain matter that has ever been discovered. The fossil of dinosaur brain tissue was found by fossil hunter Jamie Hiscocks near Bexhill-on-Sea in Sussex. After careful research, scientists decided that the species is most likely related to Iguanodon, a large herbivorous dinosaur that lived during the Early Cretaceous Period about 133 million years ago. The research on the brain tissue has been published in the Journal of the Geological Society of London, which paid tribute to Professor Martin Brasier from the University of Oxford, an active researcher who worked alongside David Norman from the University of Cambridge and ultimately coordinated the research into this particular fossil. Brasier passed away in a car accident in 2014, but that did not stop his colleagues from pursuing their mutual goals in fossil research. The fossil itself exhibits various similarities to that of crocodiles and birds, which are species commonly believed to be associated with dinosaurs. Due to the soft texture of brain tissues, it is often an extremely difficult and meticulous task for scientists and archaeologists alike to find well-preserved fossils that are composed of tissues. This explains why scientists have not made any significant progress in studying the historical evolution of tissue organs. "The chances of preserving brain tissue are incredibly small, so the discovery of this specimen is astonishing," co-author Alex Liu of Cambridge's Department of Earth Sciences said in a press release. Liu was one of Brasier's Ph.D. students in Oxford at the time that studies of the fossil began, and he has stuck with this program throughout its duration. Liu explained that this specific section of the brain tissue has been so well-preserved only because the dinosaur's brain was immersed in a highly acidic and low-oxygen body of water shortly after its death. This allowed the frail compositions within the tissues to mineralize, and this is the main chemical driving force that slows down most of the decaying process. Working with colleagues from the University of Western Australia, the researchers from the University of Oxford used a scanning electron microscope (SEM) to identify the meninges, three thin layers of membrane that envelope the brain. Scientists were also able to identify other structures of the dinosaur brain such as blood vessels, tiny capillaries and strands of collagen. Typical reptiles have brains that are shaped like a sausage. However, the brain itself only occupies about half of the total cranial cavity space. The other half being consists of intricate connections of blood vessels and sinuses, vascular chambers with thin walls that drains excess fluids. What came as a big shock for scientists is that the dinosaur brain they observed seemed to occupy a lot more of the cranial cavity space compared to the brains of modern reptiles. A plausible explanation for this phenomenon is that gravity caused the brain to press more tightly against the edges of the brain cavity. "As we can't see the lobes of the brain itself, we can't say for sure how big this dinosaur's brain was," Norman said in a press release. "Of course, it's entirely possible that dinosaurs had bigger brains than we give them credit for, but we can't tell from this specimen alone. What's truly remarkable is that conditions were just right in order to allow preservation of the brain tissue — hopefully this is the first of many such discoveries."
Cancer Data Science Pulse ISB-CGC Cloud Resource: Providing Researchers with Shortcuts to Data Analysis A previous blog introduced NCI's Cloud Resources and described how these tools put important data into the hands of cancer researchers using cutting-edge cloud technology. As emphasized in that blog, using the cloud eliminates the need to download and store large data sets. Here, we'll discuss how one of the cloud resources gives researchers a shortcut to accessing and analyzing data via Google BigQuery tables. That cloud resource is the Institute for Systems Biology Cancer Gateway in the Cloud (ISB-CGC)—a collaboration between the ISB and General Dynamics Information Technology Inc., contracted by NCI. Streamlining the Researcher's Pipeline Let's say that we're researching mutations on tumors for a specific disease. Data for each patient are stored in separate files. To generate hypotheses and insights, that data must be combined with other patients' data in hundreds of files. Previously, researchers had to collect, download, and reformat all these files before the data were ready to be explored. Now, ISB-CGC's extract, transform, and load (ETL) process merges the data from thousands of publicly available NCI molecular level files into Google BigQuery tables so that researchers can immediately take that data and combine them with their own. ETL is the process of extracting data from primary sources, transforming the data into a usable format, and loading that data into a location where users can access it. In ISB-CGC's case, much of the hosted data comes from NCI's Genomic Data Commons (GDC) and Proteomic Data Commons (PDC). ISB-CGC then takes the large volume of source files and consolidates the data by datatype (e.g., Clinical, DNA Methylation, RNA-seq, Somatic Mutation) and transforms those data into permanent ISB-CGC Google BigQuery tables for ease of access and analysis. Because ISB-CGC does this, researchers no longer have to perform this time-consuming part of the data preparation pipeline. See the figure Overview of ISB-CGC Data Preparation Process for a graphical representation of this process. ISB-CGC hosts data from more than 25 research programs in their collection of BigQuery tables. They include programs such as The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA), Clinical Proteomic Tumor Analysis Consortium (CPTAC), and Therapeutically Applicable Research to Generate Effective Treatments (TARGET). A list of hosted programs can be found in the ISB-CGC documentation. To find tables of interest, use the ISB-CGC BigQuery Table Search—no login is necessary! BigQuery—Saving Analysis Time BigQuery is Google's cloud data warehouse, and the popular, easy-to-use Structured Query Language (SQL) is used to communicate with it. Using SQL to query ISB-CGC's curated BigQuery tables enables users to quickly analyze information from thousands of patients. Processing time is extremely fast because BigQuery is built on a massively parallel analytics engine, meaning Google splits the BigQuery data analysis between multiple simultaneous processes as needed. For instance, we were able to compute approximately six billion correlations and their p-values which took about three hours to complete, and the cost was less than two dollars. Researchers can use SQL directly from the Google BigQuery Console, embed it in Python and R programs, or include it within analysis pipelines. ISB-CGC has many notebook examples of how to use SQL to query BigQuery tables in Python and R. Exploring Breast Cancer Data Efficiently Some of our investigators shared how ISB-CGC Google BigQuery tables can be used to process complex statistical methods on multi-omics cancer data, directly in the cloud, in a poster for the 11th Association for Computing Machinery International Conference on Bioinformatics: "Multi-omics data integration in the Cloud: Analysis of Statistically Significant Associations Between Clinical and Molecular Features in Breast Cancer." In this study, ISB-CGC members, Drs. Kawther Abdilleh and Boris Aguilar, and Google consultant, J. Ross Thomson, investigated TCGA clinical, genomic, and proteomic data contained in ISB-CGC's Google BigQuery tables. Using ISB-CGC user-defined functions (i.e., reusable SQL statements that can perform complex operations in the cloud) the investigators took advantage of the high computational power available in Google Cloud to complete their analysis. In this case, the Kruskal-Wallis test was used to determine the statistical associations between TCGA categorical features and protein and RNA expression. Performing these statistical computations directly in BigQuery was efficient and cost-effective. The study found that, "Significant differences in expression both at the protein and gene expression level are apparent in the CDH1 gene between the two distinct Breast Cancer histological subtypes, infiltrating ductal carcinoma and infiltrating lobular carcinoma." To view the notebooks used in this work, visit the ISB-CGC Github page. To learn more about ISB-CGC and its work with breast cancer research, read their latest case study. ISB-CGC would like to help your team find answers to complex questions regarding cancer data. Please reach out to us via email or attend ISB-CGC Office Hours. Read the other blogs in the series: Leave a Reply - Data Sharing (64) - Training (38) - Informatics Tools (38) - Genomics (35) - Data Standards (34) - Data Commons (32) - Precision Medicine (30) - Data Sets (25) - Seminar Series (22) - Machine Learning (22) - Artificial Intelligence (19) - Leadership Updates (13) - Imaging (12) - High-Performance Computing (HPC) (9) - Policy (9) - Jobs & Fellowships (7) - Funding (6) - Proteomics (5) - Semantics (5) - Awards & Recognition (2) - Publications (2) - Request for Information (2) - Information Technology (2) - Childhood Cancer Data Initiative (1)
Mrs. Mom: He Is Learning From Me Any teacher will tell you that it is pretty much impossible to turn off your inner teacher. So, I'm always finding ways to teach. There are some situations where I have to engage my filter and restrain my inner teacher…but let's be honest: sometimes that's just difficult! Monday through Friday from 8:00-3:00 I teach 6 year olds. But the rest of the time, I teach my 15 month old. He is at that perfect age where his little brain is a sponge. He absorbs everything we show him and is determined to figure EVERYTHING out. So, indulge me and let me brag on my baby boy for a minute. He can sign lots of everyday things {which makes it SO much easier to figure out what he wants and needs} like: more please, all done, where is it?, hi, bye-bye, thank you, eat, water, milk, yummy, sleep, outside, train, airplane, read, no, bath, kisses, and I love you. He can say, "Mama," "Dadda" (when he wants to) and the first sounds of things that start with m, b, p, s and y. He can follow one-step directions. He can point out most body parts. He can make animal sounds for: cow, duck, cat, dog, fox {what does the fox say?}, baby, and sheep. He can sleep 12 solid hours at night and nap for 2-3 hours during the day. He can put himself to sleep and has been since he was 9 weeks old. He can use a spoon to feed himself. He can tell the sounds the letters A, B, and C make. He can work anything–ANYTHING!–with buttons. He can dance to music. He can point out everyone in our family, including, aunts, uncles, cousins, and grandparents and great-grandparents. He can turn a book the correct way to read. He can turn pages independently. He can point out characters and objects in books. I'll stop there for now… I love this stage. But, frankly, I've loved every stage. He is constantly learning from me and from others around him. Seeing your baby grow through your "teacher eyes" is an awesome perspective. I was obsessed with child psych classes in college. {I always wanted to go back and get a second Masters degree in Child Psychology…still considering that one.} So, everything Cooper does gets "psychoanalyzed" by Mrs. Mommy. I know, I know. I'm a nerd. But I just love that kind of stuff. Even Mr. has learned what "object permanence" is. And, God love his heart, he plays along with me. Bless him! I take teaching seriously. But I take teaching my own child seriouslier…or more seriously. Whatever… While the signs, animal sounds and concepts of print he's learning are amazing to me, it's not eternal. What an awesome responsibility God has given me to equip my child to be a productive contributor of our society. Cooper is learning from me. My in-laws gave us this sign for Cooper's nursery. It was in Mr.'s nursery when he was a baby. It's a simple reminder everyday that we are his first teachers. In college I read that 80% of the brain is fully developed before a child enters kindergarten. 80%. That's hard to believe. But then again, it's not. Right now, Cooper is learning something new every day–every minute–about his world from me. And these are the things that are forever. He has learned to trust mommy and daddy. He has learned that we will keep him safe. He has learned that we will comfort him when he is upset. He has learned to smile. He has learned to laugh and be silly. He has learned to be creative and find ways to play with things around him…even if it's not a "toy." He has learned to interact positively with other people. He has learned that going to church is important, but fun too. He has learned to pray. {He even folds his hands when we tell him we are going to pray.} He has learned to appreciate others by He has learned to help people. He is learning to be empathetic to others through hugs. He is learning flexibility and the ability to adjust easily in all situations. He has learned that, like our heavenly Father, his parents' love is unconditional. While academics and cognitive development are important to me and I'm always proud to "brag" on his new discoveries, every now and then I like to stop and think about all of the "LIFE" things he's learning too. After all, parenting is a divinely appointed task. To think that my Creator entrusted me to teach my baby about being a life-long follower of Jesus is flattering and nerve-racking all at the same time. What a blessing Cooper is to us. He is truly a gift from God. I didn't earn the right to have a child. God freely gave me my child as a gift. I hope I never forget that. Even on those worst of the worst days that are sure to come. He is what we wanted. He is what we prayed for. I will spend my life parenting him like the perfect gift he is. I have seen this truth already in just 15 short months. Teaching Cooper makes my heart happy. Seeing him learn brings me joy. Witnessing his loving personality that we have tried our hardest to cultivate has given me peace of mind about his future. These verses convict and choke me up every time I read them. Am I being a good example for Cooper and doing the good works God created me to do? Because he is watching and learning from me. Am I instilling God's truths into my son enough? Because he is learning from me. Do I repeat God's love over and over, again and again to him? Because he is learning from me. Am I comfortable enough with God's Word to talk about it at home, around others, on the road, during the day, and at bedtime? Because he is learning from me. I am doing my best. But, so help me God, my best today will not be my best tomorrow. I will be the best Mrs. Mommy I can be to my child. God expects my best. And Cooper deserves my best. Because…he is learning from me.
The Games and Amusements Board of the Philippines started issuing athletic licenses to Filipino esports players who are vouched for by a professional esports team in July 2017. Especially since the popularization of streaming in esports, organizations no longer prioritize television coverage, preferring online streaming websites such as Twitch. Ongamenet continues to broadcast as an esports channel in South Korea, but MBCGame was taken off the air in 2012. Riot Games' Dustin Beck stated that «TV's not a priority or a goal», and DreamHack's Tomas Hermansson said «esports have to be successful on internet streaming .» 1 billion, with China accounting for 35% of the global esports revenue in 2020. The increasing availability of online streaming media platforms, particularly YouTube and Twitch, have become central to the growth and promotion of esports competitions. Despite viewership being approximately 85% male and 15% female, with a majority of viewers between the ages of 18 and 34, female gamers have also played professionally. The popularity and recognition of esports first took place in Asia, seeing significant growth in China and South Korea, with the latter having licensed professional players since 2000. According to Sega, the tournament «proved to be the biggest event ever» in the arcade game industry, and was attended by members from leading Japanese newspapers and leisure industry companies. The golden age of arcade video games was heralded by Taito's Space Invaders in 1978, which popularized the use of a persistent high score for all players. Several video games in the next several years followed suit, adding other means of tracking high scores such with high score tables that included the players' initials in games like Asteroids in 1979. Game cancellations In 2013, Canadian League of Legends player Danny «Shiphtur» Le became the first pro gamer to receive an American P-1A visa, a category designated for «Internationally Recognized Athletes». In 2014, Turkey's Ministry of Youth and Sports started issuing esports licenses to players certified as professionals. In 2016, the French government started working on a project to regulate and recognize esports. Despite its large video game industry, esports in Japan is relatively underdeveloped, with this being largely attributed to its broad anti-gambling laws which prohibit paid professional gaming tournaments. Outside of Asia, esports are also popular in Europe and the Americas, with both regional and international events taking place in those regions. Leaders in Japan are becoming involved to help bring esports to the 2020 Summer Olympics and beyond, given the country's reputation as a major video game industry center. Esports in Japan had not flourished due to the country's anti-gambling laws that also prevent paid professional gaming tournaments, but there were efforts starting in late 2017 to eliminate this issue. At the suggestion of the Tokyo Olympic Games Committee for the 2020 Summer Olympics, four esports organizations have worked with Japan's leading consumer organization to exempt esports tournaments from gambling law restrictions. The team was involved in competitions, such as running the Video Game Masters Tournament for Guinness World Records and sponsoring the North American Video Game Challenge tournament. A multicity tour in 1983, the «Electronic Circus», was used to feature these players in live challenges before audiences, and draw more people to video games. These video game players and tournaments were featured in well-circulated newspapers and popular magazines including Life and Time and became minor celebrities at the time, such as Billy Mitchell. Besides establishing the competitive nature of games, these types of promotional events all formed the nature of the marketing and promotion that formed the basis of modern esports. Esports, short for electronic sports, is a form of competition using video games. In 2013, viewers of the platform watched 12 billion minutes of video on the service, with the two most popular Twitch broadcasters being League of Legends and Dota 2. During one day of The International, Twitch recorded 4.5 million unique views, with each viewer watching for an average of two hours. During the 2010s, esports grew tremendously, incurring a large increase in both viewership and prize money. As esports have developed, it has also become common for players to use automated matchmaking clients built into the games themselves. This was popularized by the 1996 release of Blizzard's Battle.net, which What is Esports.com has been integrated into both the Warcraft and StarCraft series. Automated matchmaking has become commonplace in console gaming as well, with services such as Xbox Live and the PlayStation Network. Some games allow bets in their in-game currency, while third-party gambling platforms will often take bets placed using virtual items earned in games. In esports gambling, most bets and odds are structured in the same way as traditional sports. Most gambling sites offering the booker service allow users to bet based on the outcome of tournaments, matches or special esports titles. On the other hand, due to the nature of esports, there are numerous innovative ways to make bets, which are based on in-game milestones. For example, League of Legend bettors may place their money on which team/champion will take the «First Blood». Each event in auto racing, baseball, cycling, rowing and sailing will be managed by an IOC-recognized governing body for the sport along with a video game publisher of a game for that sport. For example, the auto racing event will be based on the Gran Turismo series and overseen by the International Automobile Federation along with Polyphony Digital. The baseball, cycling, and esailing events will be based on eBaseball Powerful Pro Baseball 2020, Zwift, and Virtual Regatta, respectively. Contemporary esports has roots in competitive face-to-face arcade video game competitions. Esports often takes the form of organized, multiplayer video game competitions, particularly between professional players, individually or as teams. Although organized competitions have long been a part of video game culture, these were largely between amateurs until the late 2000s, when participation by professional gamers and spectatorship in these events through live streaming saw a large surge in popularity. By the 2010s, esports was a significant factor in the video game industry, with many game developers actively designing and providing funding for tournaments and other events. Gambling on esports matches have historically been illegal or unregulated by major markets. In places where esports gambling is not officially recognized, the lack of regulation has resulted in match-fixing by players or third parties, and created issues with underage gambling due to the draw of video games. S1mple has just one request for CS:GO fans at IEM Rio Major Esportsinsider.com needs to review the security of your connection before proceeding. Attempt to qualify for the F1® Esports Series by registering below and you could become an official F1 Esports driver for an official F1 team, competing in the F1 Esports Pro Championship. Contender Esports makes it simple and pleasurable for guests to have a remarkable experience. Our stores offer extraordinary retail products, remarkable gaming stations and an atmosphere that is worth sharing a story about. Food and Beverage not prepared and/or served by Rewind Esports is strictly prohibited. We're one month out from the Scion Esports 10th Anniversary Celebration featuring Halo Infinite. The first-place team from the University of California, Berkeley received tuition for each of the team's players, paid for by Blizzard and Tespa. This was the first time an esport had ever been broadcast on a major American television network. The broadcast was an attempt to broaden the appeal of esports by reaching viewers who would not normally come across it. Those living outside of the United States were unable to view the tournament. - Guarantee competition with the Queue System that makes sure whoever is ready to compete has a fair opponent matched up instantly. - Major tournaments include the World Cyber Games, the North American Major League Gaming league, the France-based Electronic Sports World Cup, and the World e-Sports Games held in Hangzhou, China. - Activision Blizzard had hired former ESPN and NFL Network executive Steve Bornstein to be CEO of the company's esports division. - The United Kingdom satellite television channel XLEAGUE.TV broadcast esports competitions from 2007 to 2009. - Esportsinsider.com needs to review the security of your connection before proceeding. Parents can feel safe knowing their child is only playing with other kids in our program and learning important life skills through video games. The number of female viewers has been growing in esports, with an estimated 30% of esports viewers being female in 2013, a significant increase from 15% the previous year. However, despite the https://cryptolisting.org/ increase in female viewers, there is not a growth of female players in high level competitive esports. The top female players that are involved in esports mainly get exposure in female-only tournaments, most notably Counter-Strike, Dead or Alive 4, and StarCraft II. Current all-female esports teams include Frag Dolls and PMS Clan. F1 Esports Series Pro Championship 2022 Final Event begins in: Play Meter in 1984 called it «the coin-op event of the year» and an «event on a scale never before achieved in the industry». As of 2016, it holds the record for the largest organized video game competition of all time, according to Guinness World Records. Players will work on their individual skills, learn game strategy, and play against other campers in fun competitions and tournaments. Just as important, all players will improve their confidence, social development, and other life skills they can take with them out of the game. The esports gambling industry has attracted criticism because of its target audience. As a large part of the esports audience is underage, governments and regulators have expressed skepticism regarding the market and the possibility of underage gambling. Additionally, gambling platforms have received criticism for their integration with the larger esports industry. Esports platforms regularly sponsor professional esports teams, as happened with the contract between Betway and PSG.LGD team in August 2019. Since esports games often requires many actions per minute, some players may get repetitive strain injuries, causing hand or wrist pain. During the early development of the esports industry, sports medicine and gaming-related injuries were ignored by players and organizations, leading to some early player retirements.
What does the Bible say about luck? The Bible speaks about luck in many places, providing insight and advice about the importance of hard work, relying on God's provision, and recognizing that luck is a result of prayer, faith, and action. Luck is an important concept in the Bible, as it's mentioned numerous times, even if not by that specific name. But what does the Bible mean by luck? The Bible speaks of luck in several different contexts. In Proverbs 16:33, the Bible says: "The lot is cast into the lap; but the decision is wholly from the Lord." This verse expresses the idea that, while luck is something that may fall within our lives, it is ultimately out of our control and is ultimately decided by God. This teaches us that luck is something that we cannot control, so we must trust that God knows what is best. In Ecclesiastes 9:11, the Bible speaks of the importance of using our skills and talents to create our own luck: "I returned and saw under the sun, that the race is not to the swift, nor the battle to the strong, neither yet bread to the wise, nor yet riches to men of understanding, nor yet favour to men of skill; but time and chance happeneth to them all." This verse speaks to the idea that luck can happen to those with the necessary skills, but that it relies upon taking the opportunity and making use of it. Here, the Bible stresses the importance of being prepared and longing for opportunities to come our way. The Bible also speaks about the value of hard work in gaining favor and opportunities. Proverbs 12:11 says: "He that tilleth his land shall be satisfied with bread: but he that followeth vain persons is void of understanding." This verse speaks to the idea that hard work and effort will often lead to success, while those that rely on luck and the efforts of others are likely to fail. The Bible also speaks of how luck is often a result of prayer. James 5: 16 says: "Confess your faults one to another, and pray one for another, that ye may be healed. The effectual fervent prayer of a righteous man availeth much." This verse speaks to the power of prayer, illustrating how petitioning for prayer can be an effective route for gaining favor and luck. Finally, the Bible speaks of the importance of faith and belief in achieving luck. Psalm 37:4 reads: "Delight thyself also in the Lord: and he shall give thee the desires of thine heart." This verse speaks to the idea that, when we believe and have faith in God, we will be blessed with luck and fortune. The Bible also speaks about the importance of having humility when it comes to luck. James 4:10 reads: "Humble yourselves in the sight of the Lord, and he shall lift you up." This verse expresses the idea that those that remain humble will be blessed with good fortune, while those that are boastful will miss the opportunity. Similarly, Proverbs 28:25 says: "He that is of a proud heart stirreth up strife: but he that putteth his trust in the Lord shall be made fat." This scripture speaks to the idea that those that trust in God and stay humble will be given abundance by him. Finally, Proverbs 16:18 reads: "Pride goeth before destruction, and a haughty spirit before a fall." This verse speaks to the idea that those that are proud and boastful will be faced with adversity, while those that are humble will be given luck. The Bible also speaks about the importance of giving in achieving luck. Proverbs 11:24 reads: "There is that scattereth, and yet increaseth; and there is that withholdeth more than is meet, but it tendeth to poverty." This verse speaks to the idea that those that give and help others will be rewarded with luck, while those that are greedy and hold onto their fortune will only experience poverty. In Acts 20:35, the Bible says: "It is more blessed to give than to receive," illustrating how our blessings and luck can come from giving to others. This verse speaks to the importance of being generous with our resources and talents, as this will ensure blessings from God. Additionally, Proverbs 3:9-10 reads: "Honor the Lord with thy substance, and with the firstfruits of all thine increase: So shall thy barns be filled with plenty, and thy presses shall burst out with new wine." This verse speaks to the idea that those that honor and give to God will be blessed with abundance. Practicing Discretion The Bible also speaks about the importance of exercising discretion in our actions and words. Proverbs 19:2 says: "Also, that the soul be without knowledge, it is not good; and he that hasteth with his feet sinneth." This verse speaks to the idea that we must be wise in our decisions, as we are not guaranteed success if we make a mistake. We must consider all outcomes before taking action. Proverbs 28:20 reads: "A faithful man shall abound with blessings: but he that maketh haste to be rich shall not be innocent." This scripture speaks to the idea that those that are faithful and navigate their decisions with wisdom and discretion will be rewarded, while those that rush will often make mistakes and miss out on success. Proverbs 12:16 reads: "A fool's wrath is presently known: but a prudent man covereth shame." This verse expresses the importance of thinking cautiously before saying or doing anything, as this can protect us from humiliation. This teaches us that exercising mindfulness in our actions and words can protect us and help to bring fortune. Being Patient The Bible also speaks to the importance of being patient in achieving luck. Psalm 27:14 says: "Wait on the Lord: be of good courage, and he shall strengthen thine heart: wait, I say, on the Lord." This verse speaks to the idea that, if we wait and have faith, God will provide us with what we need. Romans 8:25 reads: "But if we hope for that we see not, then do we with patience wait for it." This scripture speaks to the importance of exercising patience when it comes to achieving luck. If we have faith and remain patient, it is more likely that luck will come our way. James 5:7-8 reads: "Be patient therefore, brethren, unto the coming of the Lord. Behold, the husbandman waiteth for the precious fruit of the earth, and hath long patience for it, until he receive the early and latter rain. Be ye also patient; stablish your hearts: for the coming of the Lord draweth night." This scripture speaks to the importance of being patient, illustrating how having faith and exercising patience can lead to good fortune. The Bible also speaks about the importance of taking action, in order to achieve luck. Proverbs 16:3 reads: "Commit thy works unto the Lord, and thy thoughts shall be established." This verse speaks to how, if we commit our works to God, he will ensure that our thoughts lead to success. Hebrews 13:6 says: "So that we may boldly say, The Lord is my helper, and I will not fear what man shall do unto me." This verse speaks to the idea that, if we remain faithful and trust God, he will guide us in our actions and increase our luck. James 4:17 reads: "Therefore to him that knoweth to do good, and doeth it not, to him it is sin." This verse speaks to the importance of recognizing our talents and using them to our advantage. If we know what to do in order to be successful, we should take action and make use of our skills. The Bible also speaks about the importance of having gratitude in achieving luck. 1 Thessalonians 5:18 reads: "In every thing give thanks: for this is the will of God in Christ Jesus concerning you." This verse speaks to the idea that, if we remain thankful, God will continue to provide us with abundance. In Psalm 118:24, the Bible says: "This is the day which the Lord hath made; we will rejoice and be glad in it." This verse speaks to the importance of recognizing the blessings God gives us and being thankful for them. We should enjoy our luck, as God has given it to us. Philippians 4: 6-7 reads: "Be careful for nothing; but in everything by prayer and supplication with thanksgiving let your requests be made known unto God. And the peace of God, which passeth all understanding, shall keep your hearts and minds through Christ Jesus." This scripture speaks to the importance of petitioning God with gratitude, illustrating how this can provide us with peace and good fortune.
Jordan's labor market for educated youth is characterized by high levels of unemployment, long periods of job search, and firms complaining that youth often lack the appropriate interpersonal and work skills. Search and matching theory offers a potential explanation: if education systems are such that graduates find it difficult to signal competence and achievement through grades and the quality of their institution, then employers might have difficult matching with suitable candidates, resulting in high unemployment.We developed and tested a labor market screening and matching service in Amman, Jordan, which aimed to generate higher employment for educated youth by reducing these matching frictions. This paper examines the first step in this process, which involved testing unemployed, tertiary-educated, youth on mental ability, English proficiency, soft skills, Excel ability, and also measuring their big five personality traits. We show that these measures have predictive power for subsequent employment and for earnings conditional on employment, even after conditioning on major, university, and other controls. Psychometric testing therefore offers the potential to reduce information asymmetries that result in labor market matching frictions. Original language \| English (US) \| Pages (from-to) \| S106-S117 \| Journal \| World Bank Economic Review \| Volume \| 29 \| DOIs \| \| State \| Published - 2015 \| ASJC Scopus subject areas - Accounting - Development - Finance - Economics and Econometrics
Customer Education is not a one-size-fits-all proposition. Different learners have different needs so it's important to tailor training programs to different learner groups, such as admins vs. the general population, first-time product users vs. experts, and by role or even geography. The solution? Learning Paths. Learning Paths provide a structured framework, guiding users through a sequence of targeted learning courses that progressively build their knowledge and skills. What is a Learning Path? A Learning Path is a collection of connected courses within a training library. It is a built-in feature of an LMS that you can leverage to demonstrate which courses are included in the same training program, subject area, expertise level, and more. Why use Learning Paths? Learning Paths offer several advantages that make them a powerful tool for targeted learning: - Unified learning experience: By combining multiple courses into a single path, learners have a clear blueprint to follow. This eliminates confusion about which courses to take and ensures learner progress through the material in a logical order. - Sequenced learning: The Learning Path breaks the topic down into smaller, manageable chunks. The pieces are then arranged in a specific order, starting with foundational concepts and progressing towards more complex ones. Learners can complete training on their own time and pick up where they left off later. This microlearning ensures competency in the fundamentals before the learner tackles more advanced topics. - Boosted engagement: Learning Paths can help keep learners engaged by providing a sense of accomplishment as they progress through the program. Completing individual courses within the path creates smaller milestones to celebrate, which increases course engagement. Plus, at the end of each course, you can offer a "last lesson experience." The recap covers what the customer has learned and provides recommendations for their next learning steps. How can you use Learning Paths? Here are some questions Skilljar customers consider when creating Learning Paths: - Who is taking your courses? (Customer personas) - What are the educational takeaways for each persona's training experience? - Can a path be created based on job title, job function, and knowledge level? - Are you offering training to the general public, perhaps leading to certification in your area of expertise? - Is your training for onboarding purposes to ensure new customers understand how to use your product? - Do you offer training to explain your products to different users or new product offerings to existing users? - What would you like customers to accomplish by completing the training? - What information do they need to know to achieve a training milestone or certification? - Does the order in which courses are completed make a difference? (i.e. Take Course A before Course B) The answers could help you divide your overall course library into different Learning Paths. How Learning Paths improve the training experience for customers Below are some key ways Learning Paths improve the training experience. Enhanced learning structure and clarity Learning Paths act like a roadmap, guiding customers through a curated sequence of training courses. This eliminates the confusion of sifting through a vast library of courses and wondering where to begin. Each step in the path builds upon the previous one, so users can track their progress and see what's coming next. Learning Paths don't just present a long list of generic courses. They group content strategically based on the learner's specific needs or roles. This ensures customers learn information directly relevant to their needs. Imagine a customer onboarding path for a new marketing automation software. The path wouldn't include in-depth coding tutorials, but targeted courses on campaign creation, email marketing best practices, and analytics for marketing teams. This thoughtful approach saves customers time so they focus on the most relevant skills to get started quickly. Personalized learning experience Learning Paths aren't one-size-fits-all structures. Some learning management systems (LMS) allow for branching out within a path. Customers that prefer a more visual learning style might choose video tutorials over text-based modules. Learning Paths offer the flexibility to adjust the learning pace. Customers who grasp a particular topic quickly can move through the material faster, while others can take their time and revisit modules as needed. This flexibility empowers customers to learn in a way that works best for them. Increased engagement and motivation Learning Paths aren't just about organization—they're about keeping your customers engaged throughout the learning process. This occurs through visualizing success. As customers complete each step, they see their progress visually, often through progress bars or completed modules. The visualization reinforces a sense of accomplishment and keeps them moving forward. Learning Paths take engagement a step further by creating a structured curriculum. Imagine a roadmap towards a specific skill set, with each course as a stepping stone. Completing all of the courses can lead to certificates for basic mastery or badges for smaller achievements. Then, quizzes within the courses can assess knowledge and act as a gatekeeper for final certification, demonstrating a deeper understanding. This structured approach with a clear rewards keeps users motivated and validates their progress. Improved knowledge retention and application The structured, step-by-step approach to Learning Paths reinforces knowledge acquisition. Since each course within the path builds upon the previous one, customers must understand the fundamentals before moving on to more advanced topics. This helps avoid information overload. Also, Learning Paths often incorporate practical exercises, case studies, or real-world examples that directly tie back to the customer's work environment. This allows customers to see how new skills can be applied to their day-to-day tasks. Accessibility and convenience Learning Paths are designed to be accessible across different devices. This means customers can learn on-the-go, during commutes, breaks, or even while traveling. So, with on-demand access and multi-device compatibility, Learning Paths remove the traditional barriers of time and location, making knowledge acquisition more convenient for your customers. How Learning Paths improve the training experience for administrators The below section discusses how Learning Paths benefit training administrators. Simplified course management Manual course assignments can be a tedious and time-consuming process. Assigning each course individually to a large group of trainees can eat into valuable time you could be spending on managing other aspects of your training program. Learning Paths offer a powerful solution by automating course sequencing. They act like intelligent roadmaps, stringing courses together in a logical order. This eliminates the need for manual assigning, freeing your team up to focus on more strategic initiatives. Enhanced learner engagement and retention Imagine offering a one-size-fits-all Customer Education program to a diverse group of learners. Some might find the material too basic, while others struggle to keep pace. This lack of personalization can lead to disengagement and ultimately, poor knowledge retention. Learning Paths empower administrators to create targeted training experiences based on various factors: - Job roles: Tailor Learning Paths to specific job functions within your customer service team. For example, a path for onboarding new representatives might look different from one designed for seasoned specialists. - Department: Build department-specific Learning Paths that address the challenges faced by different areas of your organization. For example, a marketing team might benefit from a path focused on social media marketing and SEO, while a sales team could focus on negotiation tactics and lead generation. - Skill levels: Assess the existing skills of your trainees and design personalized Learning Paths that address their individual needs. Beginners might benefit from more foundational courses, while advanced learners can be introduced to specialized topics. - Learning goals: Do your trainees need to improve product knowledge, communication skills, or conflict resolution techniques? Learning Paths allow you to curate specific content aligned with each individual's learning goals. Improved training outcomes Learning Paths allow administrators to align content with learning objectives. This ensures that customers are provided with the most relevant and essential information, leading to more effective learning outcomes. Also, since Learning Paths are built on a modular foundation, administrators can easily add, remove, or update content as needed. This helps with keeping learning programs current and relevant across all of your distribution outlets. Streamlined communication and feedback Automated notifications can be strategically timed to nudge learners back on track. Gentle prompts can remind them of upcoming deadlines, unfinished modules, or new content available within the Learning Path. These reminders help learners stay focused throughout their learning journey. How are Skilljar customers using Learning Paths? Solver uses Learning Paths to help focus their customers who prefer a "breadcrumb through the forest" approach to find what they're looking for when they may not even understand this for themselves. Zendesk offers training for customers and partners, as well as employees. One use case for Learning Paths for Customer Admins is to prepare learners to advance toward earning a Zendesk certification. Procore is building role-based Learning Paths for anyone in construction management. They offer training by company type (e.g., owner, main contractor), construction role (e.g., site manager, project manager, admin), and Procore tools. Skilljar offers a customizable solution for customer training Skilljar is a learning management system (LMS) that focuses on customer and partner education, but it also offers tools for creating and managing Learning Paths. In Skilljar, Learning Paths let you group related courses together. This makes it easy for users to see which courses go with certain training bundles or topics. This is helpful for organizations that want to provide organized training programs tailored to what their customers need. Get a demo to learn how Skilljar enhances your customer training programs with flexible, personalized Learning Paths. Read more blog posts Ready to take Skilljar for a spin? Take an interactive tour of Skilljar, or book your demo with our team.
Many consumers are unaware that they require several types of insurance. For example, you may be unaware that you require insurance for your pet, a side project, or a tattoo. The following are a few examples of insurance that you probably didn't believe you needed: Pet insurance protects your pet in the event of an accident or illness. Home business insurance protects your company in the event of an accident. Tattoo insurance protects your tattoo in the event of illness. These are just a few examples of insurance you probably didn't believe you needed. Contact your insurance consultant to learn more about the various types of insurance available to you. 1. Numerous people don't know anything about the kinds of insurance they need Home insurance Because your home is possibly your most valuable asset, it is necessary to protect it in the event of damage or burglary. If your home is damaged or destroyed, home insurance can cover the cost of repairs or replacement, as well as your contents in the event of robbery or vandalism. Look at the various types of insurance that are accessible to you. Auto insurance In many places, if you own a car, you must have auto insurance. Auto insurance can help pay for repairs to your vehicle if it is damaged in an accident, as well as provide liability coverage if you are judged to be at fault. Health insurance If you become ill or injured, health insurance can assist you in covering the costs of clinical care. It can also help pay for doctor-recommended medications and emotional well-being administration, and anything is conceivable from there. If you do not have health insurance, you may be required to pay the full cost of your clinical care, which might be prohibitively expensive. Fiasco insurance Fiasco insurance might provide financial support to your loved ones if you die. It can assist with adapting and internment fees, as well as ongoing costs such as home loan payments or child care. If you have wards, catastrophe insurance can be a valuable safety net. Disability insurance If you are unable to work due to a genuine problem or disorder, disability insurance can provide financial assistance. It can complement your income and help you pay for healthcare care and other costs. If you are the sole provider for your family, disability insurance can be a lifeline. 2. There are an assortment of insurance techniques open There are numerous insurance plans to choose from, each with its own set of considerations and advantages. Following that are two or three types of insurance you probably didn't realize you needed: 1. Leaseholders insurance If you rent your property, chances are your homeowner has insurance that covers the design. Shouldn't something be mentioned about your possessions in any case? Your landowner's insurance would not cover the loss of your personal possessions in the event of a fire or burglary. This is where leaseholder insurance comes into play. Your valuables will be covered by a leaseholder's insurance policy in the event of damage or robbery. 2. Umbrella insurance Umbrella insurance is a type of obligation insurance that provides additional coverage over and beyond the limitations of your existing insurance system. If you are sued for damages that exceed the limits of your property or auto insurance, for example, umbrella insurance will kick in to cover the additional costs. 3. Additional security Most people are familiar with disaster insurance, but many are unaware that there are many types of supplementary protective measures available. It provides incorporation for a specific time period, typically 10, 20, or 30 years. If you die during the course of the methodology, your beneficiaries will gain a temporary advantage. In contrast, whole-life inclusion covers you for as long as you can remember. Aside from the death benefit, total catastrophe insurance builds cash value that you can secure against or pay in (albeit this reduces the passing advantage your beneficiaries will receive). 4. Long-term disability insurance Long-term disability insurance will cover a portion of your compensation if you become debilitated and unable to work. A protracted disability procedure often saves you 60% of your compensation; however, this can vary depending on the approach. Most long-term disability techniques require some holding up memories for 90 days, which means you must be disabled for at least 90 days before the approach comes in. 5. Pet insurance Pet insurance is becoming more popular as individuals realize the high cost of veterinarian treatment. A pet insurance scheme will compensate you for some or all of your pet's veterinary expenditures. Pet insurance policies, like individual health insurance, have varying deductibles, copayments, and inclusion limits, so read the fine print before purchasing a policy. 3. A few types of insurance are legitimately necessary There are a few types of insurance that are legally required. This combines items like auto insurance and health insurance. If you do not have this type of insurance, you may be breaking the law. Vehicle insurance is required in most states. This is because auto insurance provides protection for you and other drivers in your area. In the event of an accident, your insurance coverage will assist in covering the damages. It also safeguards you in case of a collision with another vehicle. It is essential to ensure that you have sufficient coverage to provide financial protection for yourself. In some states, health insurance is also required. This is because it enables you to pay for clinical thought. If you don't have health insurance, you could end up paying thousands of dollars for emergency room visits. You may also be required to have health insurance if you work for an organization that provides it. Depending on your circumstances, you may also require different types of insurance. If you have a family, for example, you may demand more security. This is because it will assist your family in paying for your devotion, administration, and other fees after you die. You may also require it if you have a home loan. You might also need disability insurance. This is because it will help you pay your bills if you are unable to work due to an actual problem or disorder. You may also require long-term care insurance. This is because it will assist you in paying for care if you are unable to deal with oneself. You should speak with an insurance professional to determine what type of insurance you require. They can assist you in obtaining the attention you seek. 4. Different types of insurance are not yet required or significant There are various types of insurance that are not legally required but are crucial to have. Health insurance is one type of insurance that isn't required yet but is important. Health insurance covers the costs of clinical thought, such as medical clinic stays, specialist visits, and solutions, to name a few. Additional security is another type of insurance that isn't necessary but is nonetheless important. In the case of your death, additional security provides a death benefit for your beneficiaries. This might assist them in dealing with commemoration administrative fees, final expenses, and other costs. Obligation insurance is another type of insurance that isn't required but is nevertheless important. This type of insurance protects you from financial harm if you are sued for causing an accident that harms someone or their property. If you do not have risk insurance and are sued, you may be held liable for the other person's medical clinic charges and property damage, to name a few things. There are various types of insurance available, and the specific type you need depends on your individual circumstances. Homeowners insurance, for instance, may be necessary if you own a home. If you have a car, auto insurance is typically required. There are also insurance options tailored for renters, associations, and many other specific needs. The range of available insurances extends beyond these examples. Consult with your insurance consultant to see what types of insurance are available and which ones may be suitable for you. 5. It is highly recommended for people to have insurance in order to safeguard their well-being and their property. Most people think about insurance in terms of scattered parts like health, vehicle, and property owner's insurance. Anyway, there are several types of insurance that you may not realize you require. The following are five of them: • Disaster insurance: This is one of the most important types of insurance, but many people do not have it. If you die, additional security can help your loved ones financially. • Disability insurance: This type of insurance provides financial security if you become disabled and unable to work. • Long-term care insurance: If you need long-term care due to a disorder or injury, this type of insurance can help you cover the costs. • Pet insurance: If you have pets, pet insurance can help you pay for unexpected veterinary expenditures. • Fraud insurance: This insurance might help you if you are a victim of data fraud. It might cover the cost of reestablishing your credit as well as a few other financial issues. These are just a few of the various types of insurance available. It matters a lot to speak with an insurance expert.
The Cure for Low Back Pain Mar 10, 2024 Low back pain stands as a pervasive affliction, touching the lives of countless individuals worldwide. It is estimated that up to 80% of the population will experience low back pain at some point in their lifetime, underscoring its prevalence as a leading cause of disability and discomfort. Despite its commonality, the conventional treatment for low back pain often falls short of addressing the root cause of the issue. The 10 Commandments & Golden Rule of Health Nov 13, 2023 The 10 Commandments of Health Thou shall trust thy body's innate ability to heal. Thou shall breathe through thy nose. Thou shall not consume genetically modified foods, conventional wheat, or industrial seed oils. Thou shall not chew, vape, or inhale the smoke of...Artificial Intelligence Is Good for Your Health May 5, 2023 Imagine an AI that can make a detailed analysis of how exposure to this endocrine-disrupting environmental toxicant is interacting with that microbiome-disrupting herbicide, in the context of someone with a certain genetic single-nucleotide polymorphism who is also taking multiple medications. Preventive Medicine Doesn't Exist Dec 7, 2022 Conventional allopathic medicine operates on a split paradigm. The primary medical initiative is to heroically swoop down when disaster strikes. A car accident or heart attack will bring about a quick and decisive intervention. In managed care, it gets a little more gray. Symptom management may take precedence over addressing the root causes of disease, often because they stem from environmental and lifestyle factors that are unacknowledged or lack solutions within the biomedical model. Reflections on 'Kiss the Ground' Nov 8, 2022 All life stems from air, earth, and water. We are all literal and metaphorical extensions of the Earth, as manifested as living soil. No matter what ends up on our plate, the components of that meal derive from elemental forces that amalgamate to form the biodiversity of life. The Contagious Biofield Oct 9, 2022 As any experienced gardener knows, the health of the soil determines the fate of the planted seed. With COVID-19, it is possible that the activity of the virus is not the root cause of illness and death but a proximate cause. A breakdown in the relationship between our health and our relationship with nature is the true reason so many have fallen ill. Join My Newsletter Subscribe to my monthly newsletter to read the latest blog post, get updates on speaking events, and receive sneak-peak material from my next book.
Researchers are attacking the problem of plastic pollution by cheaply developing biodegradable plastics. Regular plastic is derived from oil and tends to have a life that lasts for thousands of years, hence the islands of plastic waste that have been found floating in the oceans and littering the world's beaches. Biodegradable plastic is derived from plants, but thus far the process of creating it tends to be very expensive, involving lots of fertilizer, land, and tanks of fresh water. The process feeds bacteria with fats and other substances derived from sugarcane or corn. Garbage bags and other products, priced at a premium, made of biodegradable plastic are already available. But bioplastic is not yet price competitive with the regular kind. In recent times, there has been a growing interest in figuring out how to make bioplastic from seaweed. Now, according to Anthropene, a group of Israeli scientists has developed a way to create bioplastic in sea water. The process combines seaweed and a microbe called Haloferax Mediterranei. The most productive seaweed seems to be a species called Ulva lactuca, or sea lettuce. Groups of researchers have been using seaweed to create bioplastic for the past few years. The Israeli method seems to be the most promising to date. Seaweed can be cultivated and harvested or even grown offshore and then combined with the microbe to create biodegradable plastic. If the resulting seaweed bioplastic is strong enough and can be created at a low enough cost on an industrial scale, biodegradable plastic could start replacing the more conventional kind to create shopping bags, straws, and other products. The day that happens is still in the future, however. In the meantime, the Israeli team is experimenting with different combinations of seaweed and microbes to find out what kinds of plastic can be produced and what its properties turn out to be. The latest findings on how to make bioplastic seaweed have been published in the journal Bioresource Technology.
Coronavirus was reportedly observed in February 2020, in Pakistan and by March, number of cases were registered across the country. As the situation was experienced completely unkind therefore first Sindh then Federal Government took decision – on the directions of Higher Education Commission – to close the institutes in order to control the world-wide syndrome. After closing of institutes in March 2020, Pakistan has been, continuously, facing education losses at very large scale which has been never seen before. In recent days Higher Education Commission initiated Technology-Based Learning that has emerged double-trouble situation in all over the country. To some international intellectuals, it is not easy for developing countries to bring sudden change in education system as there is no completely ease of access in far-flung regions. Online education is first time practiced in Pakistan and it is merely expected that it can minimize certain education losses in the country. Actually, students are depressed due to this digital divide in our country because our country is polarized on urban and rural areas. In many areas there is no internet facility and it would be challenging for students, belonging to countryside areas, to expand their knowledge from online lectures. Number of students shown displeasure on announcement of digital classes because they are deprived of internet connectivity. It seems like universities have taken huge fees and they just try to complete credit hours but it is matter of the concern for those students who have initiated top-ten trend on twitter writing #WeRejectOnlineEducation. Online classes system is nothing but release of burden on students. Technology based education is, no doubt, progressive part of learning but it is slow and gradual process, it takes time to be fully developed. This culture of online classes is suddenly came into practice and it will surely result in less than minimum expectations because candidates are not mentally prepared for that, secondly in remote areas there is no facility of networking signals. Even majority of teachers will face it difficult too – as it is first experience in their career. Taking of online classes is expected to be very problematic because it needs to know Operating System in order to organize files and installing software, by adopting online method of learning students must be aware from Word Process skills to maintain handouts and notes. Power point presentation is also need of the online classes. Moreover students are required to know chats, e-groups, discussion boards and emails. All these technological measures will surely leave a question mark for students of social sciences. For all this process time and money will matter, equipment, software, phones may be costly and unavailable for majority of students. It is fine that government took extreme measures, to be safe from education losses, in extreme situation of this pandemic disease; conversely, it even got extreme responses from candidates of all the provinces. Digital education is, no doubt, part of learning and good method of getting knowledge but it requires time management and self-discipline. Learning is all about communication with teacher, in online lectures limited interaction with tutor is expected there would be less participation from students. This type of education needs proper training programmes and all-round know how. This responsibility cannot be handled by routine class-room representatives. Keeping in mind, saying of an intellectual that "Education is not knowing of facts but training of mind to think". It is estimated that there would be less participation of students they will get information, stuff and material just to be shifted in next standard. Low quality education will be delivered and future performances of candidates would be infinitesimal. Protests are being recorded in social media and even on roads against this controversy, students demand for semester break, protestors have termed the online classes as discrimination for those who belong to rural areas. In our education system there is primary, higher secondary, college and university. Basic level candidates are simply promoted however in universities it is not simple to deliver lectures related to certain technical department like engineering, physics, math and many more. It is not easy job to perform online Lab tasks. In online classes there is no comparative learning, class participation and recreational activities that keep candidates very normal, mentally. In spite of all this discussed, it is need of the hour to establish policies that must be centric to student welfare and their demands must be taken under consideration. Though education losses are, undoubtedly, seen in this country but those are less than lives, Pakistan has protected from newly emerging disease – COVID-2019. Students, from almost of areas, have called for protests against online classes; unapproachable for majority. Their demands and given reasons, essentially, require a wide range concentration. State purpose of education is to keeping population into single entity for development of nation, educating; by creating the crisis, is not true education but promoting chaotic society and at this stage Pakistan cannot afford any confused status quo.
Customer portal CARINI GmbH With over 50,000 trees already planted, we are on track and remain committed to supporting not only local but also global reforestation projects. Where it is most urgently needed.This initiative is not only a matter close to our hearts, but also an integral part of our corporate policy. In April, the CARINI team was delighted to successfully plant over 2,000 trees at a tree planting campaign at the Illspitz near the Swiss border. In bright spring weather, an area affected by damage was brought back to life. The family event was organized in cooperation with the Vorarlberg forestry authority. The Vc Forestry department focuses in particular on maintaining a healthy, natural forest and increasing biodiversity and reforestation. Since 2022, CARINI has been working with the Mama Earth Foundation and other partners on a pioneering project: the planting of mangroves along the coast of the Philippines. Thousands of mangroves were also planted in spring 2024. In addition, the project has been successfully integrated into biology lessons for children and young people since November 2023. The aim is to raise awareness of the central importance of these ecosystems. One innovative approach from this project is the use of disposable drinking cups as plant bags. They are filled with fresh seeds several times in the nursery to save resources and enable creative reuse of materials. Mangroves have been protected for decades. Alongside the rainforest, they are one of the most important ecosystems in the world. Through our tree planting projects, we are not only committed to preserving forests and biodiversity, but also to protecting coastlines and supporting habitats for many species. We are proud to make a contribution to environmental protection. We will continue to work towards creating a more sustainable future for everyone with projects such as "One order : One tree.
Cool Kids with Cool Minds is a 12-week meditation and mindfulness programme. Each section is designed to help your child recognise and identify with their own emotions & difficulties. The course teaches them how to find their personality, and, get to know their strengths and weaknesses as a person. Meditation and mindfulness teaches them how to go inside themselves and listen to their own mind and body. This then helps them to connect the mind & body with their emotions and how they react to the stressful things in life. Using the techniques, they can learn how to deal with stress in a better and healthier way, resulting in a better outcome for your child. The course is also designed to help your child understand their changing brain, and, to identify and explore all the different kinds of emotions they begin to experience as an adult, when they are still an adolescent. We help them to recognise what their feeling's mean, and with the help of the course, what technique's will then help them process the emotion/feeling, so they can deal with life in a better way. This teaches them that a problem can be resolved, and, that the stressful problem they feel they have, can be turned around into a better one. Building a child's confidence is important in life and as a parent you can be part of that process, as making decisions is a necessary part of adulthood. Teaching children these techniques at adolescence takes advantage of the plasticity of the brain and develops a set of coping mechanisms to last throughout life, and, helps to build a confident brighter future for your child. Our aim is to promote the health and wellbeing of a child's mental health, and, to promote children's skills in learning coping techniques through meditation and mindfulness, to carry them through the stressful times in life. Many children today struggle with mental health issues in an ever-increasing stressful world, and no one say's to them……. 'Hey, its ok to have mental health issues and we can work through them' Through meditation and mindfulness techniques we help your child to find the space within their mind to get to know and understand themselves. What is a better feeling than knowing you are fully in control of your own mind & learn to be friends with your own mind, rather than thinking it controls you all the time. With this programme, it makes processing and resolving stressful emotional issues easier. As a child learns the techniques and is supported throughout the course, it helps them to realise they have the ability to deal with their problems, and, emotional misunderstandings become much easier to deal with.
Resources for Families Understanding DDX3X Syndrome and how it can affect your child and your family is a daunting task, but you're not alone. The DDX3X Foundation was created to support individuals and families experiencing the effects of the DDX3X mutation. DDX3X Syndrome is caused by a spontaneous mutation within the DDX3X gene at conception or can be inherited. The syndrome was discovered in the United States in 2014 and primarily affects girls due to its location on the X-chromosome, though there are some boys it has affected as well. Although it has only been identified in about 1000 individuals, doctors believe it is the cause of 1 to 3 percent of all intellectual disabilities in females. DDX3X Syndrome is often misdiagnosed as autism spectrum disorder, cerebral palsy, Rett Syndrome, Dandy-Walker Syndrome, or a generic developmentally delayed label. It is linked to intellectual disabilities, seizures, autism, low muscle tone, abnormalities of the brain, and slower physical developments. It has a broad spectrum—some individuals develop the ability to speak in full sentences, while others are nonverbal. Some individuals run, jump, and even ski, while others are unable to walk. Since 2015, we have facilitated the acceleration of research of DDX3X gene mutations by increasing the network of researchers from one to twenty and research papers from one to more than 100. Research on DDX3X gene functionality and mutations has accelerated drastically over the last years, largely due to the work of this community. Click below to read the research papers currently available on DDX3X Syndrome Join The Facebook Group This Facebook page is an online forum for support, resources, child updates, and parent questions. - Say Hello! – introduce your child on the group's timeline. - Go to the Files section of the Facebook page to access various group documents. - Invite your friends and family who want to know more about DDX3X Syndrome to join the group. Contact us to get in touch with other DDX3X members in your area! Scientific Conferences Watch this series of talks from DDX3X Scientific Conferences events with speakers including researchers and clinicians.
In the realm of event planning and production, creating memorable experiences for attendees is paramount. Lighting, in particular, plays a pivotal role in setting the mood, enhancing the ambiance, and elevating the overall atmosphere of an event. As technology continues to evolve, innovative lighting solutions like LED CO2 Jet technology are revolutionizing the way events are illuminated. In this article, we will delve into the world of LED CO2 Jet technology, exploring its capabilities, benefits, and the transformative impact it has on events. Understanding LED CO2 Jet Technology LED CO2 Jet technology combines the brilliance of LED lighting with the dynamic visual effects of CO2 jets. This innovative lighting solution produces vibrant, colorful beams of light while simultaneously emitting bursts of CO2, creating mesmerizing visual displays that captivate audiences. The integration of LED and CO2 technologies allows for a versatile range of lighting effects, from subtle color transitions to dramatic bursts of light and fog, making it a versatile choice for various event types and themes. Key Features of LED CO2 Jet Technology LED CO2 Jet Technology includes its versatility, energy efficiency, safety, and wireless control, offering dynamic lighting effects with vibrant colors and synchronized CO2 bursts. The key features of LED CO2 Jet technology include: 1. Versatility LED CO2 Jet technology offers a wide range of lighting effects, allowing event planners and designers to customize the ambiance according to the event's theme, mood, and requirements. Whether it's a corporate event, concert, wedding, or nightclub, LED CO2 Jet technology can adapt to create the desired atmosphere, from elegant and sophisticated to vibrant and energetic. 2. Energy-Efficient LED lighting is renowned for its energy efficiency, consuming significantly less power than traditional lighting solutions while delivering brighter and more vibrant colors. The integration of LED technology in CO2 Jet systems ensures that events can achieve stunning visual effects without consuming excessive energy, making it an environmentally friendly ultimate choice. 3. Safe and User-Friendly LED CO2 Jet technology is designed with safety and ease of use in mind. These systems are equipped with safety features like pressure sensors and temperature controls to ensure safe operation. Additionally, they are user-friendly, with intuitive controls and programming options that allow operators to create dynamic lighting sequences with ease. 4. Wireless Control Many LED CO2 Jet systems offer wireless control options, allowing operators to control the lighting effects remotely using smartphones or tablets. This feature adds flexibility and convenience, enabling real-time adjustments and customization during the event without the need for complex wiring or setups. Benefits of Using LED CO2 Jet Technology in Events Using LED CO2 Jet technology in events enhances visual impact, offers customization, engages attendees, and provides cost-effective, energy-efficient lighting solutions. 1. Enhanced Visual Impact The combination of vibrant LED lighting and dramatic CO2 effects creates a visually stunning spectacle that enhances the overall ambiance of an event. These dynamic lighting displays can serve as focal points, capturing attendees' attention and creating memorable moments that leave a lasting impression. 2. Customization LED CO2 Jet technology offers unparalleled customization options, allowing event planners to tailor the lighting effects to align with the event's theme, branding, or specific requirements. Whether it's matching the corporate colors for a product launch or creating a magical atmosphere for a wedding reception, LED CO2 Jet technology can adapt to bring any vision to life. 3. Interactive Experience The dynamic nature of LED CO2 Jet technology encourages audience interaction, engaging attendees and enhancing their overall event experience. The ability to synchronize lighting effects with music or other performance elements adds depth and excitement, creating a multi-sensory experience that captivates audiences. 4. Cost-Effective Solution While LED CO2 Jet technology offers cutting-edge lighting effects, it is also a cost-effective solution for event planners and organizers. The energy-efficient nature of LED lighting reduces operational costs, while the versatility and customization options eliminate the need for investing in multiple lighting systems or equipment. Applications of LED CO2 Jet Technology LED CO2 Jet technology's versatility makes it suitable for a wide range of events and applications. Some popular uses include: 1. Concerts and Music Festivals: Enhancing stage performances with dynamic lighting effects and CO2 bursts that synchronize with the music. 2. Corporate Events: Creating immersive branding experiences with custom lighting effects that align with the company's colors and logo. 3. Weddings and Special Occasions: Adding a touch of magic to wedding receptions, parties, and other celebrations with elegant and vibrant lighting displays. 4. Nightclubs and Bars: Elevating the nightlife experience with vibrant LED lighting and CO2 effects that enhance the atmosphere and energize the crowd. LED CO2 Jet technology represents a groundbreaking advancement in event lighting, offering a blend of versatility, energy efficiency, and visual impact that is unmatched by traditional lighting solutions. Whether you're planning a corporate event, concert, wedding, or any other special occasion, LED CO2 Jet technology can elevate the ambiance, engage attendees, and create unforgettable experiences. As technology continues to evolve, LED CO2 Jet systems will likely become even more sophisticated, offering new features, capabilities, and creative possibilities for event planners and designers. Embracing these innovative lighting solutions can help events stand out, leaving a lasting impression on attendees and ensuring success for years to come.
What is the Lottery? The lottery is a form of gambling in which players buy tickets for a chance to win various prizes. The prizes may be cash or goods. The lottery has a history of widespread popularity in the United States and elsewhere. Some people use it to supplement income, while others play it for a more substantial jackpot prize. Some people even argue that lotteries are a necessary component of modern society to ensure fair distribution of wealth. In a typical state lottery, participants purchase a ticket or entries for a drawing that will occur at some future date. The winning numbers are chosen by computer or random number generators. Generally, only those who buy the most tickets have a real chance of winning the grand prize. Some state lotteries are structured so that the money raised from ticket sales goes to a variety of causes. In the US, for example, some of this money is used to fund governmental programs that would otherwise have to be paid for out of general tax revenues. Many people believe that the lottery is a good way to raise money for charitable causes and other public good projects. It is also popular among the middle class and working class, where it can be a way to supplement income. However, it is important to note that the majority of the proceeds from a lottery go back to the participating states, which can then decide how to spend it. Some use it to help disadvantaged groups, while others invest in infrastructure and services like road work or police force. Despite the popularity of lotteries, critics point out that they have a variety of problems. These include the irrational behavior of many players who are convinced that they will be the next big winner, a lack of transparency in the lottery industry (including misleading advertisements), the fact that the majority of winnings are paid in annual installments over 20 years, and the eroding value of the actual prize due to inflation and taxes. Although many people believe that there is no skill involved in playing the lottery, some do think it can be a useful tool to improve their chances of winning. One strategy is to look for patterns in the winning numbers, which are usually drawn from a pool of numbers that are available to all players. For example, a mathematician named Stefan Mandel once won the lottery 14 times using a formula that included avoiding selecting numbers that start or end with the same digits. Another trick is to buy several cheap tickets and study them, looking for repetitions in the "random" numbers. It is also a good idea to experiment with scratch off tickets, which often have similar features to the regular ones. This can help you develop a system that works for you. Finally, it is always a good idea to research the history of lotteries before deciding whether or not to participate in them.
- agriculture - agriculture ag‧ri‧cul‧ture [ˈægrɪˌkʌltʆə ǁ -ər] noun [uncountable]FARMING the practice or science of farming: • Agriculture accounts for over 25% of net domestic production. — agricultural adjective :• sales of agricultural machinery exˌtensive ˈagricultureFARMING farming of large areas, usually with low production for each unit of land farmed, usually without using chemicals:• Most of the farms in Estonia are concentrated in regions with extensive agriculture. inˌtensive ˈagricultureFARMING farming of smaller areas, usually with higher production for each unit of land farmed, often involving the use of chemicals:• A farm using intensive agriculture will require less land than an extensive agriculture farm to produce a similar profit. * * * agriculture UK US /ˈægrɪkʌltʃər/ noun [U] COMMERCE► the business, science, or activity of farming: »Recent floods have devastated the state's agriculture, with sharp declines in its production of corn, soy, and wheat crops. »Over the past ten years the area's labour force has shifted from agriculture to manufacturing. → See also EXTENSIVE AGRICULTURE(Cf. ↑extensive agriculture), INTENSIVE AGRICULTURE(Cf. ↑intensive agriculture) Financial and business terms. 2012.
In today's interconnected digital landscape, maintaining a secure online presence is paramount. With the ever-present threat of spam, safeguarding your digital identity and assets requires a robust anti-spam arsenal. Understanding the risks posed by spam and employing effective strategies to mitigate these threats is crucial for individuals and businesses alike. I. Introduction to Online Presence A. Importance of Online Presence In an era where digital interactions dominate, having a strong online presence is fundamental. Whether it's for personal branding, professional networking, or business growth, Re captcha version 4-3 top a compelling online presence can significantly impact one's success. B. Risks to Online Presence However, alongside the benefits, the online world poses numerous risks. Spam, in its various forms, stands as a significant threat, potentially compromising sensitive information, damaging reputation, and disrupting operations. II. Understanding Spam and its Threats A. What is Spam? Spam encompasses unsolicited and often malicious electronic communications. It includes unwanted emails, phishing attempts, fake advertisements, and more, designed to deceive recipients or spread malware. B. Types of Spam Spam manifests in different forms, including email spam, social media spam, and SMS spam. Each type aims to infiltrate systems, gather personal data, or propagate further spam campaigns. C. Risks Associated with Spam The risks associated with spam range from identity theft and financial loss to reputation damage and system vulnerabilities. Without adequate protection, individuals and organizations are vulnerable to these detrimental consequences. III. Building Your Anti-Spam Arsenal A. Robust Passwords and Authentication Methods Creating strong, unique passwords and implementing multi-factor authentication are initial steps towards fortifying digital defenses. B. Utilizing Anti-Spam Software Investing in reliable anti-spam software helps detect and filter out malicious content, minimizing the risk of spam infiltrating systems. C. Educating Yourself and Your Team Knowledge is key in the fight against spam. Educating oneself and team members about recognizing and avoiding spam is pivotal for overall security. D. Implementing Secure Communication Channels Utilizing encrypted communication channels ensures that sensitive information remains protected during transmission. IV. Best Practices for Shielding Online Presence A. Regular Software Updates and Security Patches Staying updated with the latest software versions and security patches is vital to address known vulnerabilities and enhance system security. B. Data Encryption and Backups Encrypting sensitive data and maintaining regular backups safeguards against potential data breaches or loss due to spam attacks. C. Monitoring and Reporting Suspicious Activities Implementing systems to monitor and promptly report suspicious activities helps in identifying and mitigating potential threats. V. Balancing Security and User Experience A. Ensuring Smooth User Interaction Efficient security measures should not impede user experience. Balancing security protocols with seamless user interaction is essential for customer satisfaction. B. Impact of Security Measures on User Experience While stringent security measures are crucial, excessively complex security procedures may deter users. Striking a balance is imperative to maintain a positive user experience. VI. Conclusion In conclusion, safeguarding your online presence demands a proactive approach. By understanding the nature of spam threats and employing a comprehensive anti-spam arsenal encompassing robust security measures, regular maintenance, and user-centric strategies, individuals and businesses can effectively shield themselves from the perils of spam.
Sensor data as a measure of native freshwater mussel impact on nitrate formation and food digestion in continuous-flow mesocosms Native freshwater mussels can influence the aquatic N cycle, but the mechanisms and magnitude of this effect are not fully understood. We assessed the effects of Amblema plicata and Lampsilis cardium on N transformations over 72 d in 4 continuous-flow mesocosms, with 2 replicates of 2 treatments (mesocosms with and without mussels), equipped with electronic water-chemistry sensors. We compared sensor data to discrete sample data to assess the effect of additional sensor measurements on the ability to detect mussel-related effects on NO3– formation. Analysis of 624 sensor-based data points detected a nearly 6% increase in NO3– concentration in overlying water of mesocosms with mussels relative to mesocosms without mussels (p < 0.05), whereas analysis of 36 discrete samples showed no statistical difference in NO3– between treatments. Mussels also significantly increased NO2– concentrations in the overlying water, but no significant difference in total N was observed. We used the sensor data for phytoplankton-N and NH4+ to infer that digestion times in mussels were 13 ± 6 h. The results suggest that rapid increases in phytoplankton-N levels in the overlying water can lead to decreased lag times between phytoplankton-N and NH4+ maxima. This result indicates that mussels may adjust their digestion rates in response to increased levels of food. The adjustment in digestion time suggests that mussels have a strong response to food availability that can disrupt typical circadian rhythms. Use of sensor data to measure directly and to infer mussel effects on aquatic N transformations at the mesocosm scale could be useful at larger scales in the future. Citation Information Publication Year \| 2014 \| Title \| Sensor data as a measure of native freshwater mussel impact on nitrate formation and food digestion in continuous-flow mesocosms \| Authors \| Jeremy S. Bril, Jonathan J. Durst, Brion M. Hurley, Craig L. Just, Teresa J. Newton \| Publication Type \| Article \| Publication Subtype \| Journal Article \| Series Title \| Freshwater Science \| Index ID \| 70112263 \| Record Source \| USGS Publications Warehouse \| USGS Organization \| Upper Midwest Environmental Sciences Center \|
Ruby for Cybersecurity: Protecting Applications and Data In an increasingly interconnected world, where digital threats are ever-evolving, cybersecurity has become an essential aspect of software development. As applications handle sensitive data and perform critical operations, the need for robust security measures cannot be overstated. Ruby, a versatile and elegant programming language, might not be the first choice that comes to mind when discussing cybersecurity. However, its unique features and extensive libraries make it a valuable ally in fortifying applications and safeguarding data from potential vulnerabilities. Table of Contents 1. Understanding the Role of Ruby in Cybersecurity 1.1. Ruby's Versatility and Power Ruby is renowned for its simplicity and readability, allowing developers to create clean and concise code. This simplicity, combined with the language's dynamic nature, enables rapid development and iteration. While these traits make Ruby an attractive choice for developers, they also hold immense value in the realm of cybersecurity. When securing applications and data, quick identification and resolution of vulnerabilities is crucial. Ruby's dynamic nature allows developers to modify and patch code on the fly, facilitating rapid responses to emerging threats. This agility is a significant advantage in combating potential security breaches. 1.2. The Ruby Community and Security Collaboration One of Ruby's strengths lies in its passionate and collaborative community. This community actively contributes to the development of security tools, libraries, and best practices. Rubyists often work together to identify and address security vulnerabilities promptly, making the language a safer choice for building robust applications. 2. Strategies for Using Ruby in Cybersecurity 2.1. Input Validation and Sanitization Unvalidated and unsanitized user inputs are common entry points for attacks like SQL injection and cross-site scripting (XSS). Ruby provides a variety of methods and libraries to validate and sanitize inputs effectively. ruby # Example: Input validation using regular expressions input = params[:user_input] if input.match?(/\A\d+\z/) # Input is a valid integer # Proceed with processing else # Handle invalid input end 2.2. Secure Authentication and Authorization Proper authentication and authorization mechanisms are pivotal in preventing unauthorized access to sensitive resources. Ruby's gems like Devise and CanCanCan simplify user authentication and authorization, enabling developers to enforce security measures seamlessly. ruby # Example: Using Devise for user authentication class UsersController < ApplicationController before_action :authenticate_user! def show # Fetch user data end end 2.3. Encryption and Hashing Data encryption and hashing are essential for protecting sensitive information, such as passwords and personal data. Ruby offers libraries like OpenSSL for encryption and BCrypt for hashing. ruby # Example: Using BCrypt for password hashing and verification require 'bcrypt' password = 'secretpassword' hashed_password = BCrypt::Password.create(password) # Store 'hashed_password' in the database # For password verification stored_hashed_password = BCrypt::Password.new(hashed_password) if stored_hashed_password == entered_password # Passwords match else # Passwords do not match end 2.4. Regular Updates and Patch Management Keeping dependencies and frameworks up-to-date is crucial for maintaining a secure application. Ruby's package manager, RubyGems, streamlines the process of updating and managing dependencies. ruby # Update a gem to the latest version gem update gem_name # Update all gems in the system gem update --system 2.5. Secure Coding Practices Adhering to secure coding practices is fundamental in preventing vulnerabilities. Ruby developers should follow principles like the principle of least privilege, avoiding hardcoded secrets, and using prepared statements to prevent SQL injection. 3. Leveraging Ruby Gems for Enhanced Security 3.1. Brakeman Brakeman is a static analysis tool specifically designed for Ruby on Rails applications. It scans the codebase for potential security vulnerabilities and provides detailed reports. By integrating Brakeman into the development workflow, developers can catch security issues early in the development process. ruby # Install Brakeman gem install brakeman # Run Brakeman on a Rails app brakeman 3.2. SecureHeaders SecureHeaders is a gem that helps in setting security-related HTTP headers for Ruby applications. It assists in preventing various types of attacks, including XSS and clickjacking, by ensuring that the appropriate security headers are included in HTTP responses. ruby # Install SecureHeaders gem install secure_headers # Configure SecureHeaders in a Rails app SecureHeaders::Configuration.default do \|config\| config.csp = { default_src: %w['self'], img_src: %w['self' img.example.com], # Other CSP directives } end In the ever-evolving landscape of cybersecurity, Ruby emerges as a potent tool for protecting applications and data. Its versatility, community support, and array of libraries contribute to its effectiveness in addressing security challenges. By implementing input validation, secure authentication, encryption, and adhering to best coding practices, developers can harness Ruby's capabilities to build robust and secure software. Whether you're developing a web application, a command-line tool, or any other software, Ruby's unique features can enhance your cybersecurity efforts. As threats continue to evolve, leveraging Ruby's strengths can help you stay one step ahead in the ongoing battle to secure digital landscapes. So, explore Ruby's potential, collaborate with the community, and ensure that your applications and data remain shielded from potential vulnerabilities. Table of Contents
You've just installed your new pool and you're ready to dive in. But wait, there's more to owning a pool than just enjoying the cool water. In the first month post-completion, understanding key features, maintaining balance, and troubleshooting are crucial. Don't worry though! We've got you covered with all the essentials to ensure you'll master your pool care routine in no time. Ready? Let's dive into this essential guide for new pool owners. Understanding Your New Pool: Key Features and Functions Now that you've got your new pool, it's important to familiarize yourself with its key features and functions. Pool designing is not just about aesthetics; it's also about creating a safe and functional space for swimming. Start by understanding the filtration system – this plays a critical role in keeping your pool clean and clear. You'll need to know how to operate the pump, filter, heater, and chlorinator. Also, grasp the importance of skimmers in removing debris from your pool's surface. Next, focus on safety measures. Know where all emergency shut-offs are located for both water flow and electrical systems-such knowledge could prove lifesaving during an unexpected situation. Understand how to properly use accessories like pool covers-they can help maintain temperature control while providing an extra layer of safety. Lastly, don't forget about lighting. It not only adds ambiance but also enhances visibility for nighttime swims-promoting both enjoyment and safety. Grasping these features is crucial in mastering your new pool's operation efficiently and safely-a goal every new pool owner should strive for! So dive deep into learning more than just enjoying your beautiful oasis. Maintenance Tips for the First 30 Days It's crucial to stick to your maintenance routine, especially during the initial 30 days. This period is a critical time for familiarizing yourself with cleaning equipment and getting comfortable with filter operation. To ensure mastery over this process, consider these key steps: * Understanding your cleaning equipment: Get familiar with your pool vacuum, skimmer, brush and other tools. Know how they work and when to use each one. * Filter Familiarization: Learn about your filter's functions – how it operates, when it needs backwashing or replacing. * Chemical Balance: Regularly test water chemistry levels. Adjust as necessary to maintain proper pH, chlorine and alkalinity levels. * Surface Cleaning: Skim debris off the surface daily and brush walls weekly to prevent algae buildup. * Professional Inspection: Have professionals inspect pool systems within the first month. They can verify everything's functioning correctly and provide additional guidance. Remember: Maintenance isn't just about cleanliness-it's about preserving the longevity of your pool. By mastering these elements early on, you'll set yourself up for successful long-term pool ownership. Don't be afraid to ask questions or seek help if you're unsure about something-knowledge is power in effective pool management! Addressing Common Issues and Pool Troubleshooting Addressing common issues and troubleshooting are essential skills you'll need to master for effective pool management. After completing the construction of your pool, certain nuances may arise which require astute observation and swift action. Starting with post-construction cleanup, ensure that debris is thoroughly cleared; leftover materials can damage your filtration system or stain the newly installed surfaces. Next, focus on equipment troubleshooting; if there's an issue with your pump or heater, tackle it immediately. You don't want to let a minor problem escalate into a costly repair. When it comes to water clarity issues, testing and adjusting chemical levels is imperative. Inaccurate pH or chlorine levels can lead to cloudy water or algae growth. Remember, preventative maintenance is always better than reactive repairs. Lastly, keep an eye out for leaks. A drop in water level could indicate a leak in the structure – a serious issue that requires immediate attention. Don't hesitate to consult professionals for complex problems. Balancing Pool Chemistry: A Guide for New Owners Balancing your swimming hole's chemistry is a crucial aspect of maintenance that new owners can't afford to overlook. It's not only about keeping the water crystal clear, but also ensuring safety and longevity of your pool infrastructure. Understanding chemical safety and routine water testing will help you master this task. Consider these five key elements: – Testing Frequency: Regularly test your pool water. Daily checks are ideal during peak usage or after heavy rains. – Understanding Chemical Levels: Familiarize yourself with acceptable ranges for pH, free chlorine, calcium hardness and total alkalinity levels. – Chemical Safety: Always follow manufacturer's instructions when handling chemicals. Protect yourself with gloves and goggles if necessary. – Consistent Maintenance: Consistency in testing and adjusting chemicals minimizes fluctuations that could potentially damage your pool or affect swimmers' health. – Professional Assistance: If unsure, don't hesitate to call a professional for advice or assistance. By mastering these factors, you'll soon be proficient in maintaining optimal pool chemistry – guaranteeing not only a sparkling clean pool but also a safe swimming environment. In case things get complex, remember: it's okay to seek professional help! Tips for Optimizing Pool Usage and Enjoyment Maximizing your swimming spot's usage and enjoyment doesn't have to be complicated. You just need to follow a few simple tips. Firstly, consider the pool aesthetics. It's not all about how the pool looks in daylight, but also when it's dark. Incorporate lighting that not only illuminates the water but also highlights interesting features around your pool area like landscaping or architectural elements. Next, think about safety precautions. Make sure there's clear visibility across all areas of the pool from several vantage points on your property. This is particularly important if kids are using the pool. Install barriers or fencing with self-latching gates to prevent accidental falls into the water. Lastly, keep an updated first aid kit handy and learn basic lifesaving skills like CPR. Regular inspections should be conducted to ensure all equipment is functioning properly. Broken drains or malfunctioning filtration systems can create hazards. Remember, optimizing involves more than just maintenance procedures. It's creating a space that entices people while ensuring their safety. By focusing on aesthetics and safety precautions in tandem, you're setting yourself up for maximum enjoyment of your swimming spot. Now go ahead and dive into these improvements. They're simpler than they seem! Frequently Asked Questions What Are Some Safety Measures to Take for Children and Pets Around the New Pool? You'll want to install pool fencing immediately to prevent accidental falls. Educate your family on emergency procedures, ensuring everyone understands what to do in case of an accident. Always supervise children and pets near the pool. How Often Should I Replace the Pool's Filters in the First Month? In terms of filter maintenance, you'll want to replace your pool's filters every two weeks during the initial cleaning period. It's crucial to maintain this schedule to ensure optimal water quality and clarity. What Are Some Ways to Make My Pool More Environmentally Friendly? You can make your pool more environmentally friendly by incorporating solar heating systems and considering a saltwater conversion. These changes reduce energy consumption and minimize chemical usage, making your pool eco-friendlier. How Can I Reduce the Noise From My Pool's Filtration System? To reduce noise from your pool's filtration system, consider filtration system upgrades. Using advanced noise cancelling strategies like soundproof enclosures or vibration dampeners can significantly decrease the system's operational sounds. Can I Use My Pool During Different Seasons or When the Weather Is Colder? Absolutely, you can enjoy winter swimming with proper seasonal maintenance. It's crucial to regularly check and adjust your pool's temperature and chemical balance to ensure comfortable, safe swimming during colder months.
Breckland Council has joined forces with the National Trust charity to plant 2,400 trees at Oxburgh Hall. Investing £25,000 to support the woodland restoration project, Breckland Council is working towards its commitment to plant more trees in the district as part of its environment sustainability goals. The native, broadleaf trees have been placed across seven acres of land and have been fenced-off to prevent predation by the local deer population. The planting will create a 'Woodland of Thanks' to recognise those in the public sector who worked during the Covid Pandemic. The Green Light Trust, which is one of the National Trust's partner organisations, are assisting with the planting. The Green Light Trust supports children, young people, and adults to refocus their lives through the power of nature. They deliver woodland programmes that support education and wellbeing and involve participants in woodland management and conservation activities, helping them to improve their confidence, wellbeing, and the building of new skills. Cllr Helen Crane, Breckland Council's Executive Member for Sustainability, commented: "It is exciting to see this project underway after months of careful planning. The trees will help form a new forest and increase biodiversity and sustainability in the area." A spokesperson for the National Trust, added: "We're happy to see more trees being planted across Norfolk, it brings us another step closer to our goal of planting 20 million trees across the country by 2030. Just one tree could remove 1 tonne of carbon dioxide from the air over its lifetime." To find out more about Breckland Council's sustainability strategy, visit www.breckland.gov.uk/
During a Case-Based Roundtable® event, Shilpa Gupta, MD, led a discussion on what factors influence physician decision making for frontline therapy in patients with metastatic renal cell carcinoma in the first article of a 2-part series. SHILPA GUPTA, MD: I think in the intermediate- to poor-[risk group of patients], nobody's...debating the use of [immunotherapy]-based doublet-therapy, but in the favorable risk [group], that gray zone. The immunotherapy and tyrosine kinase inhibitor [TKI] combination approvals are for patients with favorable-, intermediate-, or poor-risk disease. It's only when you dissect the data that you can make a case for wanting to avoid immunotherapy upfront, but the National Comprehensive Cancer Network guidelines suggest that anyway.1 What drives your selection of first-line therapies? [Is it factors like] better efficacy data, [such as the] response or survival rate? What is the one factor that's most meaningful to you [in making this decision]? LISA THOMAS, MD: I also do palliative care for patients, so I'm all about [focusing on their] quality of life and the drug's safety benefit. GUPTA: So you want to be on the conservative side and maintain people's quality of life, given there's so many regiments to use; understood. BEI LIU, MD: There's no one standard for all [types of patients] here. [Treatment decisions] depend on the case scenario. For example, in a younger patient with a large disease burden, I'll need to get a quick response, so I usually pick [the treatment] that has a higher response rate. If the patient has mediocre health and isn't high risk, then I'm not in a hurry to need an immediate response [from therapy]. I usually go with something that has the best overall survival data, but adverse events [AEs] are always a consideration for any patient population. For younger people, I rather them live longer if they can tolerate the AEs. GUPTA: Do you feel comfortable using ipilimumab [Yervoy] and nivolumab [Opdivo] in the frontline setting? A lot of people argue that if you use ipilimumab/nivolumab first, you're giving them a great chance for long-term durability and then you can use a TKI later. But we have seen studies where if you use ipilimumab/nivolumab in the salvage setting, it doesn't produce as good responses. Does that make any difference to you all? LIU: If someone doesn't need the rapid reduction, I'll go for it. My concern is that for some patients who need the rapid reduction of their disease burden I'll choose this regimen, but I may not have the chance for them to make it through [and get] long-term benefit. TAREQ AL BAGHDADI, MD: I only use 2 regimens. Ipilimumab/nivolumab is my go-to regimen for patients with intermediate- or poor-risk disease. But if they have a high burden of disease and I want to choose something that is likely to work...that's [when I use] cabozantinib [Cabometyx] and nivolumab, where the rate of primary progression is about 5%.2 PALLAVI JASTI, MD: Similar to your sentiments, the bulk of the disease...helps me make some decisions. When I need rapid reduction, I go with cabozantinib and nivolumab, but in other intermediate- and high-risk patients where I have the time [to treat them], then I do the doublet immunotherapy regimen. Induction and Transplant Outcomes Improve With Quadruplet NDMM Regimen May 24th 2024During a Case-Based Roundtable® event, Stephanie L. Elkins, MD, discussed with participants about quadruplet vs triplet regimens and the goals of deep responses in transplant-eligible newly diagnosed multiple myeloma in the first article of a 2-part series. Read More Enhancing Precision in Immunotherapy: CD8 PET-Avidity in RCC March 1st 2024In this episode of Emerging Experts, Peter Zang, MD, highlights research on baseline CD8 lymph node avidity with 89-Zr-crefmirlimab for the treatment of patients with metastatic renal cell carcinoma and response to immunotherapy. CAR T-Cell Therapy Presents a Paradigm Changing Option in DLBCL May 23rd 2024During a Case-Based Roundtable® event, Sairah Ahmed, MD, discussed how the burgeoning use of chimeric antigen receptor T-cell therapy presents a paradigm shift in treatment for patients with diffuse large B-cell lymphoma in the first article of a 2-part series. Read More Beyond the First-Line: Economides on Advancing Therapies in RCC February 1st 2024In our 4th episode of Emerging Experts, Minas P. Economides, MD, unveils the challenges and opportunities for renal cell carcinoma treatment, focusing on the lack of therapies available in the second-line setting. Differences in TKIs May Sway Choice of First-Line Therapy in ALK+ NSCLC May 21st 2024During a Case-Based Roundtable® event, Yasir Y. Elamin, MD, asked participants their perspectives on the use of targeted agents for patients with ALK+ non–small cell lung cancer in the second article of a 2-part series. Read More Pal Discusses Long-Term Tolerability and Discontinuation of Frontline TKI and IO for mRCC May 21st 2024During a Case-Based Roundtable® event, Sumanta K. Pal, MD, moderated a discussion on quality of life data and experiences with dose discontinuation of frontline combination therapy for patients with renal cell carcinoma. Read More
Have you ever wondered how to keep the air in your home clean and safe? Negative pressure air duct cleaning might be the answer you're looking for. This method is a game-changer for homeowners wanting to improve their indoor air quality. - What Is Negative Pressure Air Duct Cleaning? - How It Works: The Negative Pressure Process - Benefits of Negative Pressure Air Duct Cleaning - Improved Indoor Air Quality - Enhanced HVAC Efficiency and Lifespan - Prevention of Mold and Mildew - Negative Pressure vs. Traditional Air Duct Cleaning Methods - Key Differences - Why Negative Pressure Stands Out - When to Opt for Negative Pressure Air Duct Cleaning - Signs Your Ducts Need Cleaning - Recommended Frequency for Cleaning - Choosing the Right Service Provider - What to Look for in a Professional Service - Questions to Ask Before Hiring - Ensuring a Healthy Home Environment - The Importance of Regular Air Duct Maintenance - How Negative Pressure Cleaning Contributes to Overall Home Health - Making an Informed Decision for Your Home - Conclusion - Frequently Asked Questions - How Long Does Negative Pressure Air Duct Cleaning Take? - Is Negative Pressure Air Duct Cleaning Safe for All Types of Ductwork? - Can Negative Pressure Air Duct Cleaning Reduce Allergies? - How Much Does Negative Pressure Air Duct Cleaning Cost? - Will I Notice a Difference in Air Quality Immediately? - Why Air Central is Your Go-To for Air Duct Cleaning in Austin, TX Imagine turning on your HVAC system and knowing it's not just circulating air but also purifying it. That's what negative pressure air duct cleaning can offer. It's not just any cleaning method; it's a thorough, deep clean for your home's lungs. Here's what you'll discover in this article: - The basics of negative pressure air duct cleaning and how it works. - The benefits include better air quality and a more efficient HVAC system. - How it compares to traditional cleaning methods. - Tips on when and why to choose this cleaning method for your home. Why should you keep reading? Because the air you breathe matters. By the end of this article, you'll have all the information you need to make an informed decision about improving your home's air quality. Let's dive in and learn why negative-pressure air duct cleaning is the smart choice for your home. What Is Negative Pressure Air Duct Cleaning? Negative pressure air duct cleaning is a specialized process designed to clean the ductwork of your home's HVAC system thoroughly. Unlike traditional cleaning methods that might simply dislodge dust and debris, this technique ensures that all contaminants are effectively removed from the air ducts. How does it achieve this? By creating a vacuum within the duct system that pulls out dirt, dust, pollen, and other pollutants, ensuring they don't circulate back into your home's air. How It Works: The Negative Pressure Process The process begins with a detailed inspection of the ductwork. Professionals use advanced tools to assess the condition inside your ducts, identifying areas with significant buildup or damage. This step is crucial for tailoring the cleaning strategy to your system's specific needs. After the inspection, the core of the negative pressure air duct cleaning begins. A powerful vacuum system is connected to the ductwork, establishing a strong negative air pressure. This pressure is the key to the method's effectiveness. As the vacuum operates, specialized tools like brushes and air whips are inserted into the ducts. These tools agitate the surfaces, loosening accumulated dirt and debris. Thanks to the negative pressure, these dislodged particles are immediately sucked out of the ducts and removed from your home rather than being redistributed into the air you breathe. This method stands out for its ability to improve indoor air quality significantly. By removing the contaminants from your ducts, it ensures that the air circulating through your HVAC system is clean and healthy. Moreover, negative pressure air duct cleaning enhances HVAC efficiency. Clean ducts allow air to flow more freely, reducing the strain on your system and potentially lowering energy costs. It also contributes to the longevity of your HVAC system by preventing wear and tear caused by dust and debris buildup. Benefits of Negative Pressure Air Duct Cleaning Choosing negative pressure air duct cleaning for your home offers several key benefits. This method not only cleans your ducts thoroughly but also contributes to a healthier, more efficient living environment. Let's dive into the specifics of how this cleaning technique can make a difference in your home. Improved Indoor Air Quality Improved indoor air quality is a major advantage of negative-pressure air duct cleaning. Dust, pollen, and other allergens accumulate in your ductwork over time. When the HVAC system operates, it can circulate these pollutants throughout your home, affecting the air you breathe. By removing these contaminants, negative pressure cleaning ensures the air circulating through your vents is clean. This is especially beneficial for individuals with allergies or asthma, as it can significantly reduce symptoms and improve overall health. Enhanced HVAC Efficiency and Lifespan Another significant benefit is enhanced HVAC efficiency and lifespan. Clogged ducts force your HVAC system to work harder, which can lead to increased energy consumption and higher utility bills. Additionally, this extra strain can shorten the lifespan of your system. Negative pressure air duct cleaning removes the obstructions that hinder airflow, allowing your system to operate more efficiently. This not only helps to reduce energy costs but also extends the life of your HVAC system, saving you money on potential repairs or replacements in the long run. Prevention of Mold and Mildew Prevention of mold and mildew growth is also a crucial benefit of this cleaning method. Moisture and organic debris within ductwork create an ideal breeding ground for mold and mildew, which can pose serious health risks. Negative pressure cleaning effectively removes these materials, reducing the risk of mold and mildew development. Additionally, this process can help identify and address any moisture issues within the duct system, further preventing fungal growth and ensuring a healthier home environment. By understanding these benefits, homeowners can make informed decisions about maintaining their HVAC systems and improving the quality of their indoor air. Negative pressure air duct cleaning stands out as a comprehensive solution for ensuring clean air ducts, which is essential for the health and comfort of all occupants. Negative Pressure vs. Traditional Air Duct Cleaning Methods When it comes to keeping your home's air ducts clean, there are a few different approaches. Negative pressure air duct cleaning and traditional methods each have their way of tackling the job. Understanding the key differences between these methods can help you choose the best option for your home. Key Differences The main difference lies in how each method removes dirt and debris from your ductwork. Negative pressure air duct cleaning uses a powerful vacuum system to create a strong suction, or negative pressure, throughout the ducts. This method ensures that all the loosened particles are sucked out of the ducts, preventing them from entering your home's air. Tools like brushes and air whips are used in conjunction with the vacuum to dislodge any buildup on the duct walls. On the other hand, traditional air duct cleaning methods might not always use negative pressure. Some methods involve manually removing debris using brushes and vacuums without creating a vacuum system. This can sometimes lead to dust and debris being released into the air inside your home during the cleaning process. Negative pressure cleaning is also more thorough than many traditional methods. It can reach deep into the duct system, cleaning areas that might be missed by manual methods. This thoroughness helps improve indoor air quality and HVAC efficiency more effectively. Another key difference is in the handling of mold and mildew prevention. Negative pressure methods can help identify moisture issues that contribute to mold growth, thanks to the detailed inspection that precedes the cleaning. Traditional methods might not always include this level of inspection, potentially overlooking areas where mold could thrive. In summary, negative pressure air duct cleaning offers a more comprehensive and effective cleaning compared to traditional methods. It ensures that your ducts are not just superficially cleaned but are thoroughly cleared of all contaminants. This method provides peace of mind, knowing that the air circulating through your home is as clean as possible. Why Negative Pressure Stands Out Negative pressure air duct cleaning shines because it offers a cleaner, more efficient way to maintain your home's air system. This method stands out due to its ability to thoroughly remove all the hidden dirt and allergens from your ducts. Unlike traditional methods, it ensures that these particles are safely removed from your home, not just moved around or released back into the air. This is crucial for families concerned about indoor air quality and those with health issues like allergies or asthma. The use of specialized tools in conjunction with the negative pressure system means even the most stubborn buildup doesn't stand a chance. When to Opt for Negative Pressure Air Duct Cleaning Knowing when to choose negative pressure air duct cleaning is key to keeping your home's air clean and your HVAC system running smoothly. Here are a few signs that it's time to consider this method: - After renovations: If you've recently completed home renovations, your ducts may have collected dust and debris from the construction work. This is a perfect time for a thorough cleaning. - Visible mold growth: If you spot mold around vent covers or smell a musty odor in your home, it's crucial to clean your ducts to prevent health issues. - Increased allergies or respiratory issues: A rise in allergy symptoms or respiratory problems among household members can indicate poor air quality due to dirty ducts. - High energy bills: If your energy costs are climbing without a clear reason, it could be due to your HVAC system working harder to push air through clogged ducts. - It's been a while: Even without visible signs, it's a good idea to clean your ducts every few years to maintain air quality and system efficiency. Opting for negative pressure air duct cleaning during these times can significantly improve your home's air quality and the performance of your HVAC system. This method ensures a deep clean that benefits your health, comfort, and wallet. Signs Your Ducts Need Cleaning Knowing when your ducts need cleaning can help maintain your home's indoor air quality and HVAC efficiency. Here are some clear signs: - Dust buildup around vents and registers: If you notice dust accumulating on or around your vents, it's likely your ducts are also filled with dust. - Unusual odors when the HVAC system is running: Musty or stale smells coming from your vents indicate the presence of mold or mildew in your ducts. - Inconsistent airflow in different rooms: If some rooms get more airflow than others, it could mean your ducts are blocked in certain areas. - Noises in the ductwork: The sounds of things moving through your ducts can signal debris or even pests that need to be cleared out. Recognizing these signs early can prevent bigger issues with your air quality and system performance. Recommended Frequency for Cleaning The recommended frequency for cleaning your air ducts varies, but there are general guidelines to follow: - Every 3 to 5 years: This is a standard recommendation for most homes to maintain air quality and system efficiency. - After home renovations: Construction can fill your ducts with debris. Clean them after any major work to remove dust and particulates. - When moving into a new home: Unless you know the previous owners cleaned the ducts recently, it's wise to start fresh in your new space. - After a pest infestation: If you've had pests in your ducts, cleaning is necessary to remove any droppings or nests left behind. - If someone in your home has severe allergies or respiratory issues: More frequent cleaning can help reduce allergens and improve health. Adhering to these guidelines ensures your home's air stays clean and your HVAC system runs efficiently, keeping your living environment healthy and comfortable. Choosing the Right Service Provider Selecting the right service provider for negative pressure air duct cleaning is crucial. You want a team that not only understands your needs but also has the expertise to meet them effectively. Here are some tips to help you make the best choice. What to Look for in a Professional Service - Certification: Ensure the company is certified by reputable organizations like NADCA (National Air Duct Cleaners Association). This shows they adhere to high standards. - Experience: Look for a provider with a solid track record. Experienced professionals know how to handle various ductwork systems and challenges. - Insurance: A trustworthy company will have insurance to protect your property and their employees in case of accidents. - References: Ask for and check references. Hearing from other satisfied customers can give you confidence in your choice. Questions to Ask Before Hiring - What is your cleaning process?: Understanding their approach to negative pressure air duct cleaning can help you gauge their thoroughness and expertise. - Do you offer a free inspection?: Many reputable companies will offer to inspect your ducts at no charge to provide an accurate estimate. - How do you ensure the safety of my home and family during cleaning?: It's important to know how they minimize dust and protect your belongings. - Can you provide proof of insurance and certifications?: Always verify these documents to ensure you're hiring a legitimate, qualified provider. Choosing the right service provider is about more than just finding someone to clean your ducts. It's about ensuring a safe, efficient, and effective cleaning that improves your home's indoor air quality and HVAC efficiency. Take your time, do your research, and choose a company that meets all these criteria to get the best results for your home. Ensuring a Healthy Home Environment Creating a healthy home environment is crucial for the well-being of every family member. One key aspect often overlooked is the air we breathe indoors. Regular air duct maintenance plays a significant role in this context, ensuring that the air circulating through our homes is clean and free from harmful pollutants. The Importance of Regular Air Duct Maintenance Maintaining your air ducts isn't just about improving indoor air quality; it's a comprehensive approach to health, safety, and energy efficiency in your home. Regular air duct maintenance helps identify potential issues before they become serious, such as blockages that can strain your HVAC system or the presence of mold and mildew, which can have health implications. Firstly, clean air ducts mean less dust, allergens, and pollutants circulating in your home. This is especially important for families with members suffering from allergies, asthma, or other respiratory conditions. By keeping your ducts clean, you're directly contributing to a healthier living environment where the air is more breathable and less likely to trigger health issues. Secondly, regular maintenance ensures your HVAC system operates at peak efficiency. When air flows freely through clean ducts, your heating, cooling, and ventilation systems don't have to work as hard to maintain your desired temperature. This not only extends the lifespan of your HVAC equipment but also translates into lower energy bills, making regular air duct maintenance a smart financial decision as well. Moreover, during maintenance checks, professionals can spot early signs of wear and tear or damage within your HVAC system. Addressing these issues promptly can prevent costly repairs down the line and ensure your system is always running safely and efficiently. In conclusion, regular air duct maintenance is a cornerstone of maintaining a healthy home environment. It supports good indoor air quality, contributes to the efficiency and longevity of your HVAC system, and helps keep energy costs down. By prioritizing the cleanliness and upkeep of your air ducts, you're investing in the health and comfort of your home. How Negative Pressure Cleaning Contributes to Overall Home Health Negative pressure cleaning plays a pivotal role in enhancing the health of your home. This method effectively removes contaminants from your air ducts, ensuring that the air circulating throughout your home is clean and safe to breathe. By doing so, it directly impacts the overall indoor air quality, making your living environment healthier for everyone. One of the key benefits of negative pressure cleaning is its ability to reduce allergens and irritants in the air. For families with members who suffer from allergies, asthma, or other respiratory issues, this can make a significant difference in their quality of life. Cleaner air means fewer allergy symptoms and a lower risk of respiratory problems. Additionally, negative pressure cleaning helps prevent the spread of bacteria and viruses. By removing dust and debris where microbes can thrive, it reduces the chances of illness spreading within your home. This is especially important during times when health concerns are at the forefront of everyone's mind. Making an Informed Decision for Your Home Choosing the right air duct cleaning method for your home is crucial. With negative pressure air duct cleaning, you're opting for a thorough and effective way to maintain your home's air quality. However, it's important to weigh this option against your specific needs and circumstances. Consider factors such as the age of your home, the condition of your HVAC system, and whether any household members have health issues affected by air quality. Consulting with a professional can provide valuable insights into whether negative pressure cleaning is the best choice for your situation. In making an informed decision, also take into account the long-term benefits of this cleaning method. While the upfront cost might be a consideration, the positive impact on your home's air quality, energy efficiency, and the health of your family can offer substantial returns over time. Ultimately, negative pressure air duct cleaning is a proactive step toward maintaining a healthy home environment. By understanding how this method works and considering your home's unique needs, you can make an informed decision that ensures your living space remains a safe and comfortable haven for your family. Throughout this blog post, we've explored the significant advantages of negative-pressure air duct cleaning. This method stands out as a superior choice for homeowners looking to enhance their indoor air quality and ensure their HVAC systems operate at peak efficiency. By removing dust, allergens, and other pollutants from your ductwork, negative pressure cleaning plays a crucial role in maintaining a healthy home environment. We've highlighted how negative pressure cleaning not only improves indoor air quality but also contributes to the overall health of your home. It reduces the risk of allergen-induced health issues and ensures your HVAC system doesn't work harder than it needs to, which can save you money on energy bills and extend the life of your system. Choosing negative pressure air duct cleaning is a proactive step towards creating a safer, more comfortable living space. It's an investment in your home's health and efficiency, offering long-term benefits that go beyond just clean air ducts. Whether you're dealing with allergies, looking to reduce energy costs, or simply aiming to improve your home's air quality, negative pressure cleaning provides a comprehensive solution. We encourage homeowners to consider the health and efficiency benefits of opting for negative-pressure air duct cleaning. It's a decision that not only impacts the cleanliness of your air ducts but also the well-being of your family and the performance of your HVAC system. By choosing this method, you're prioritizing a healthy, efficient home environment for years to come. Frequently Asked Questions How Long Does Negative Pressure Air Duct Cleaning Take? The time it takes to complete negative pressure air duct cleaning can vary based on several factors, including the size of your home and the condition of your ductwork. Generally, you can expect the cleaning process to last anywhere from 2 to 5 hours. Larger homes with more complex duct systems might take a bit longer, while smaller homes could be completed more quickly. The process involves a thorough inspection followed by the actual cleaning, ensuring every part of your ductwork is free from dust and debris. This method is efficient and thorough, aiming to minimize disruption to your daily routine while maximizing the cleanliness of your air ducts. Is Negative Pressure Air Duct Cleaning Safe for All Types of Ductwork? Yes, negative pressure air duct cleaning is safe for most types of ductwork, including flexible ducts, metal ducts, and fiberboard ducts. This cleaning method is designed to be gentle on your ducts while effectively removing contaminants. The equipment used in negative pressure cleaning can adjust to different ductwork materials, ensuring a safe and effective clean without damaging your system. However, if your ductwork is very old or in poor condition, it's a good idea to consult with a professional first. They can assess your specific situation and recommend the best course of action. Can Negative Pressure Air Duct Cleaning Reduce Allergies? Negative pressure air duct cleaning can significantly reduce allergies. By removing allergens like pollen, dust mites, and pet dander from your ductwork, this cleaning method helps improve the indoor air quality of your home. Cleaner air means fewer allergy triggers circulating through your living spaces, which can lead to a noticeable decrease in allergy symptoms for you and your family. Many people find that after their ducts have been cleaned, they experience fewer respiratory issues, less sneezing, and an overall improvement in their comfort at home. How Much Does Negative Pressure Air Duct Cleaning Cost? The cost of negative pressure air duct cleaning can vary depending on factors such as the size of your home, the complexity of your ductwork, and the specific services you require. On average, homeowners can expect to pay between $300 and $700 for a professional duct cleaning service. It's important to get quotes from several providers to ensure you're getting a fair price. Remember, investing in duct cleaning is investing in your home's health and efficiency, potentially saving you money on energy bills and healthcare costs in the long run. Will I Notice a Difference in Air Quality Immediately? Many homeowners report noticing an improvement in their home's indoor air quality shortly after negative pressure air duct cleaning. While the difference can be subtle, you may find that the air feels fresher and that breathing is easier, especially for those with allergies or respiratory issues. The removal of dust and allergens from your ductwork means these irritants are no longer being circulated throughout your home. Over time, you should also observe less dust on surfaces and a general feeling of cleanliness in your living environment. Why Air Central is Your Go-To for Air Duct Cleaning in Austin, TX Don't wait to improve your home's air quality and energy efficiency. Schedule your cleaning with Air Central in Austin, TX today and experience the difference our services can make. Our team is ready to ensure your home is a healthier, more comfortable place to live.
One Health What is 'One Health'? 'One Health' is an approach to designing and implementing programmes, policies, legislation and research in which multiple sectors communicate and work together to achieve better public health outcomes. The areas of work in which a One Health approach is particularly relevant include food safety, the control of zoonoses (diseases that can spread between animals and humans), and combatting antibiotic resistance (when bacteria change after being exposed to antibiotics and become more difficult to treat). Why do we need a One Health approach? Many of the same microbes infect animals and humans, as they share the eco-systems they live in. Efforts by just one sector cannot prevent or eliminate the problem. For instance, rabies in humans is effectively prevented only by targeting the animal source of the virus (for example, by vaccinating dogs). Information on influenza viruses circulating in animals is crucial to the selection of viruses for human vaccines for potential influenza pandemics. Drug-resistant microbes can be transmitted between animals and humans through direct contact between animals and humans or through contaminated food, so to effectively contain it, a well-coordinated approach in humans and in animals is required. Who makes the One Health approach work? Many professionals with a range of expertise who are active in different sectors, such as public health, animal health, plant health and the environment, should join forces to support One Health approaches. To effectively detect, respond to, and prevent outbreaks of zoonoses and food safety problems, epidemiological data and laboratory information should be shared across sectors. Government officials, researchers and workers across sectors at the local, national, regional and global levels should implement joint responses to health threats.
When you think of a vacation, do dreams of rest, relaxation, hammocks and umbrella drinks come to mind or are you more of an adventure seeker; one who needs a certain daily dose of exercise and adrenaline that helps you sleep soundly at night? Chances are, if you are reading this, you love a good adventure. One of the more powerful yet more difficult adventures we share with our guests is the Cerro Hoyas National Park Hike. It's an all day hike up a river canyon, with countless river crossings, refreshing pools to swim through, waterfalls that take your breath away, colorful flowers that artists dreams are made of, hundreds of rare species of birds to watch and listen for, and too many species of mammals facing extinction than I care to accept. Established in 1984, the Cerro Hoyas National Park is located at the southwestern tip of the Azuero Peninsula, about a 30 min. drive from our place. This "protected" area covers 81,000 acres (32,560+ hectares), starts at a low wet forest and climbs up to a low montane rain forest at the summit of Cerro Hoya which is the highest point at 5,115 ft (1,449 m). Her neighboring peaks; Cerro Moya 5,033 ft (1,534 m), and Cerro Soya 4,849 ft (1,478 m), create the three tallest peaks of the park which is volcanic in origin and contains the oldest rocks in Panama. If you love geology like I do, check this out to get down into it. Jane Goodall just celebrated her 90th birthday and she recently mentioned: "Any chance you have to be out in the forest, please try. Just see what it will do for you." Thank you Jane for all that you have done and fought for. May we all follow your path in some way. This park is a powerful place in a way that is hard to describe until you go there. It is very difficult to access, you need to be fit, and love to hike, which is why we offer our guided adventure. But, once you're there and feel what it's like to spend time in a primary forest you will feel the power I speak of and why it's so important to protect places like this. Though technically a "protected" park, it is getting smaller every year. Locals are always pushing the boundaries as they bulldoze illegal roads, hunt protected species, harvest her massive trees, burn the ground cover, and disrespect the national treasure they have in this park, all without penalty. It is heartbreaking to see but that is why it's so important to go there; to experience these magical places and share with the world or they will not last and they can never be replaced. Here you will find some of the rarest and largest species of trees that grow in Panama like the Cuipo, Barrigón, and Espavé. These trees can live for thousands of years so bear witness, hug them, kiss them, and spend time with them. This is an experience we want to share with you. Whether your idea of time off and travel conjures images of rest and relaxation or adventure and adrenaline, guess what? We GOT YOU and we have hammocks too! Your Friends in Morrillo, Cari and Ryan Mackey Owners and Hosts Morrillo Beach Eco Resort
Here we use a mark-and-recapture procedure using elastomers to determine movement patterns and microhabitat selection of western spadefoot toad tadpoles (Pelobates cultripes) in two large ponds in southwestern Spain. We observed maximum distances moved by these tadpoles of >67 m and >245 m, depending on the pond. These distances coincided with the maximum cross distance in each pond, suggesting that they could potentially move even farther in larger wetlands. Leer más. Movement patterns, maximum distances traveled and microhabitat selection of spadefoot toad tadpoles in temporary ponds
Fixed pulleys are pulleys that hold the drum at one stage. While the power essential to elevate or move an object is no different than lifting it with your arms, stationary pulleys let you to modify the path of the essential pressure. For illustration, when attached to a bucket that draws drinking water from a properly, a stationary water puller allows you to pull the drinking water sideways, lifting the bucket in a far more handy way than pulling it vertically, one hand at a time. The bodyweight of the bucket is nonetheless the exact same, but it is less difficult to raise.
In the 1740s and 1750s, colonial America's lottery system played a significant role in financing private and public ventures such as roads, canals, churches, schools, colleges, and even the Continental Congress. The lotteries were a popular method for collecting "voluntary taxes," and helped finance Harvard, Dartmouth, Yale, Columbia, King's College (now University of Pennsylvania), and other colleges. In modern times, the term lottery is used to refer to gambling in which a person pays for a chance to win a prize based on a random selection of numbers. But the concept of a lottery can also be applied to other activities such as filling vacancies in a sports team among equally competing players, or the allocation of rooms in a dormitory. In the latter case, the lottery is used to avoid discrimination on the basis of race, religion, or sex. While most people know that they are unlikely to win the lottery, many still play. They may spend billions of dollars every year on tickets and cling to the hope that they will one day become rich. They may even develop quote-unquote systems for selecting their numbers and shopping at the right stores, believing that these techniques can improve their odds of winning. However, the true odds of winning the lottery are extremely low. Moreover, the winners often have to pay tax on their winnings, which can wipe them out. As a result, lottery can be considered more of an addiction than an actual game of chance.
When kittycats are born outside without human interaction, they can become fearful and pass this found out habits onto future litters. This lack of socialization is what makes feral cats so different than stray felines and our friendly house felines. It's likewise why it's much more difficult to totally adopt a feral feline than a roaming feline who's satisfied humans before. You might only see a genuinely feral cat sometimes, when she drops in to eat the food you left out on the porch. We spoke with Eva McDowell, creator of Georgina Feral Cat Committee, and Kim Kelly, founder and president of C.A.T.S. CastAsideToSurvive Inc. They explain exactly what a feral cat is and how we can help them. What Is a Feral Cat? A feral feline is a free-roaming cat who hasn't been mingled by people. Socialized felines enjoy new experiences, people, and other animals. If Mama Cat is socialized, she'll teach her kittycats friendly life skills, too. " Cats are not born feral. It is a learned trait," Kelly tells Daily Paws. Socialization is essential throughout kittens' first few weeks of life, during their sensitive learning period from 2– 9 weeks old. That's when kittycats are most likely to be open to new experiences and develop favorable associations with new things. It's not that felines can't learn new things or develop new favorable associations after this duration, however it may take a little bit longer. "The longer the cat goes without human interaction, the longer it takes to mingle them," Kelly states. The result of a life without socialization? A cat who acts more like a wild animal than the sweet home cat we know– not due to the fact that they're mean or ill-intentioned. They're scared. What's the Difference Between a Stray Cat and a Feral Cat? According to McDowell, roaming felines are lost or abandoned domestic cats– various from unsocialized feral cats. However the types of free-roaming cats do not stop there, Kelly includes. There are a few different classifications, and they're not all wild or abandoned. Friendly roaming: Check the collar or microchip of this friendly kitty. She might belong to a nearby neighbor or is lost or abandoned, Kelly discusses. Community feline: Community felines do not have normal owners. Instead, they're taken care of by the neighborhood and might be rather friendly. Friendly feral: With very little socializing through feeding, friendly feral cats might be rather trusting of the human who feeds them. They're not interacted socially to the point of accepting pats. Feral: True feral cats aren't socialized, are on high alert, and fear people. "Usually, they bolt at the first sight or noise of people," Kelly says. Any of these free-roamers might find themselves living in a feral feline nest or in a group of cats normally bonded with their family. (A Mama Cat and her kittycats and their kittens … and their kittens.) When there's a reputable food source, other strays might discover their way into the colony, too. Female cats can become pregnant as young as 5 months old and can have up to three litters of kitties in a single year. So it's no surprise McDowell has actually seen colonies as big as 200 felines– but a lot of feline nests she comes across include around 20 to 30 felines. Can a Feral Cat Become a House Pet? In some cases– with lots and great deals of time and persistence. "It can take years to tame up a feral cat," McDowell states. And some feral cats might never ever heat up to a human's business. " Food is the very best bargaining chip used in socializing," Kelly says. If you select to feed roaming, feral, or nest cats, relax. Feed them in the morning, just an amount the felines can finish in a couple of hours. "Never feed at night; it brings in scavenger animals such as raccoons, skunks, and rats," she includes. Feral cats have the very best possibility of life as home family pets when discovered and provided the proper care as kittycats. So if you identify roaming kittycats or cats who have not been ear-tipped or appear pregnant, contact your regional shelter or trap, neuter, vaccinate, return (TNR or TNVR) program. Trained cat advocates like Kelly and McDowell enjoy to help. How to Help Feral Cats in Your Area There's no doubt feral and stray felines have a difficult life. Facing the dangers of life outdoors, many feral felines don't live past the age of 2, whereas house cats can surpass 20 years. The initial step in assisting strays is to spay and sterilize both indoor felines and free-roaming community cats. Helping spay and neuter community cats does not always indicate you require a gentle TNVR trap in hand, McDowell says. Educate others on the importance of spaying, neutering, and vaccinating cats. Supporter for regional sponsorship of affordable spay and sterilize centers, and consider contributing food to caretakers of recognized spayed and neutered nests. Other methods to help feral cats in your area consist of: Supplying fresh, clean water Feeding a small amount only in the mornings Constructing a DIY feline home or purchasing an all-weather feline shelter Calling your local shelter if you discover a free-roaming feline or kitty and are uncertain how to assist Have you found a hurt feral feline or a kitty that requires a human's attention? Discover your closest animal shelter and rescue here.
Scripting languages are something that can be quite beneficial to developers when working on a team with multiple disciplines in it. But before we dive into what they are and how they work, and the pros and cons of using a scripting language, it's best to get a bit of a history lesson in terms of how code executes. Underneath the hood, all the code that we have written over the course of this book is ones and zeroes indicating what switches should be marked as on and off by our computer's processor. Low-level programming languages such as machine language use these switches to execute commands. This was the only way to program to begin with, but we have developed more readable languages for us to work with instead. Starting with assembly languages, low-level languages have a very strong connection between the language's instructions and the machine code's instructions. While more readable than a sequence of 0 s and 1 s, it was...
The words "home healthcare" and "home healthcare company" indicate different things to various people. With medical facilities discharging people to their homes earlier and also sicker, households are not prepared as well as are bewildered. Many family members do not desire their enjoyed one to visit a nursing home or knowledgeable system. Lots of family members are never ever even offered the option for home healthcare. Others think that when their member of the family is released develop the medical facility to residence that there will certainly be somebody there 24-hour 7 days a week, for as lengthy as the care is required. The home healthcare firm clarified There are two sorts of home healthcare agencies. The very first addresses the health as well as healthcare of the aging grownup. Care is offered by home health care agencies, and can include the home healthcare aide, RN's (signed up nurse) and physical treatment. State and also government laws control these firms. They are frequently Medicare and Medicaid accredited. Many private insurance policies and also HMO's spend for these services as well. This suggests the firms can earn money by these programs for supplying residence health solutions These services require a doctor's order. The services supplied will be recurring such as a Registered Nurse can be found in to do a clothing modification or monitor important signs. A home health care aide might be available in a few times a week to help with bathing and clothing. You need to be housebound and just able to leave the house to head to the physicians or go to church to be qualified for these solutions. The other sort of home healthcare firm provides aid with family responsibilities as well as non-medical individual care. This can include preparing dishes, bathing, clothing or moving around your home. Depending upon the state, these companies might or may not be licensed. This type of home healthcare enables an individual with special demands to stay in their residence. It is for individual's who are growing older, are chronically ill, recouping from surgical treatment or impaired. The best area to obtain continuous treatment may be in the convenience of your very own residence. Check out more information about Malpractice Insurance Costs for Home Health Aid Providers via the link. Research studies show that our aging society not only intends to live separately as long as feasible, yet that they want to do it in their very own house. Lots of have their very own lives, live near friends and family as well as have pets to maintain them firm and also social tasks to maintain them hectic. Psychologically as well as mentally, being at home fits and also commonly promotes wellness and also recovery. Some feel that quality care at home can be expensive and is just for the well-off There are in fact lots of means for aging grownups to get qualify home healthcare. There are brand-new programs such as reverse home mortgages, VA benefits and long term treatment insurance. Lots of states now have state and also local programs for the low revenue seniors that qualify for Medicaid to have waiver programs. These programs offer care in your home to avoid an admission to a retirement home. There is an expanding number of home health care companies out there that provide for everything from friendship, to stay clear of loneliness to errand running and cooking as well as 1 day live in solutions. For medical and healthcare requirements, there are home healthcare companies that supply treatment when there is an adjustment in the clinical condition of the aging adult. The care called for, have to be regarded medically essential by a medical professional. For those individuals that wish to age in the house, having a great prepare for the future in place is very important. This may enable the aging adult to delight in the comforts of house for as lengthy as feasible. You might no longer need to stay in an assisted living facility to obtain good treatment. If you are uncertain if aging in position is an alternative for you or a loved one you may consider consulting with a care manager or eldercare professional. A care manager can normally put together a strategy that fits within a family budget plan. Treatment in your home can be much cheaper than a move to an assisted living home.
'Climate Displacement a Heritage Issue' When powerful Cyclone Heta hit the tiny Pacific island nation of Niue in 2004, it caused huge damage, including destroying 95 percent of the collection in Niue's museum. Cultural losses like this are likely to increase as storms and floods super-charged by climate change cause more damage and displace a growing number of the world's most vulnerable people - particularly in low-lying island nations susceptible to rising sea level - leaving behind family cemeteries, churches and familiar homes. But some creative ways to protect culture are emerging, not least from heritage protection organisations that have long experience dealing with threats to culture but have not, until now, played a big role in figuring out solutions to climate-related threats. In Syrian refugee camps in Jordan, for instance, residents are being helped to plant gardens to help them settle in - and being given seeds specifically of the familiar herbs they used to grow at home. Verina Ingram/CIFOR
Scientists believe that Avian Influenza Can jump back to being human and become new Pandemicso there is a lot of research effort to combat it; something may be closer to implementation due to gene editing making chickens resistant to the disease. Also read: Avian Flu: Multi-sector drill to be conducted to respond to possible human cases A study published today in the journal Nature Communications concludes that editing of proteins is critical for development Avian Influenza In chicken (called ANP32A), deleting the two genes associated with it (ANP32B and ANP32E) in the cells prevents Virus Copied from one animal to another. "this Avian Influenza very common Asia, Europe, Africa and USAespecially South Americaand worry that it will reach AntarcticaMike McGrew, a researcher at the University of Edinburgh, explained at a press conference introducing the study. this Virus Threat to species birds wildlife, resulting in huge economic costs to ranchers and risks to humans healthy In fact, it had killed people, McGrew recalled. Also read: Senasa on highest alert as bird flu cases rise Gene editing won't affect chicken health A few years ago, Wendy Barclay, a scientist at Imperial College London and an author on the study, took the first step toward creating the virus by isolating its host protein. disease-resistant chicken same. Now, researchers have successfully edited this protein in germ cells. chicken to minimize influenza A activity. "We found that adult chickens with edited ANP32A proteins were resistant to physiological doses exposed to other influenza A viruses. infected birdsand shown to recover better from disease" McGrew pointed out. also, chickenfollowed for more than two years after receiving one dose of the drug Virusthey suffer no health problems related to this, nor does it affect their egg production. "We believe that additional editing of the protein in chicken cells and deletion of two other related genes (ANP32B and ANP32E) will prevent the protein from replicating. Virus" Barclays said at the same press conference. Scientists believe research must continue to ensure the health of animals is not affected by this gene editing And continue to verify whether this version can effectively eliminate the possibility of virus evolution. According to information from EFE
How to Pick the Right LPN Program near Rosemount Minnesota There are principally two scholastic credentials available that provide training to become an LPN near Rosemount MN. The one that may be concluded in the shortest amount of time, usually about 1 year, is the certificate or diploma program. The other alternative is to attain a Practical Nursing Associate Degree. These LPN programs are more comprehensive in nature than the diploma option and normally require 2 years to complete. The benefit of Associate Degrees, in addition to supplying a higher credential and more in-depth training, are that they provide more transferable credit toward a Bachelor's Degree in nursing. No matter the type of credential you pursue, it needs to be state approved and accredited by the National League for Nursing Accrediting Commission (NLNAC) or another national accrediting organization. The NLNAC guarantees that the course of study properly prepares students to become Practical Nurses, and that most graduates pass the 50 state required NCLEX-PN licensing exam. What is an LPN? Licensed Practical Nurses have many different duties that they accomplish in the Rosemount MN medical facilities where they practice. As their titles indicate, they are required to be licensed in all states, including Minnesota. Although they may be responsible for supervising Certified Nursing Assistants (CNA), they themselves typically work under the oversight of either an RN or a doctor. The medical care facilities where they work are numerous and varied, such as hospitals, medical clinics, schools, and long-term care facilities. Virtually any place that you can encounter patients in need of medical treatment is their dominion. Every state not only regulates their licensing, but also what work activities an LPN can and can't perform. So based on the state, their routine work functions might include: - Checking vital signs - Providing medications - Initiating IV drips - Monitoring patients - Getting blood or urine samples - Managing patient records - Assisting doctors or Registered nurses with procedures In addition to their work duties being regulated by each state, the health care facilities or other Rosemount MN healthcare providers where LPNs work can further limit their job roles within those parameters. Additionally, they can work in numerous specialties of nursing, for example long-term care, critical care, oncology and cardiology. Online LPN Programs Attending LPN schools online is becoming a more popular way to receive instruction and earn a nursing certificate or degree in Rosemount MN. Many schools will require attending on campus for part of the training, and nearly all programs require a specified amount of clinical rotation hours completed in a local healthcare center. But since the rest of the training can be accessed online, this option may be a more accommodating solution to finding the free time to attend college for many students. Regarding tuition, some online degree programs are less costly than other on campus choices. Even other expenses such as for commuting and study materials can be reduced, helping to make education more easily affordable. And many online programs are accredited by U.S. Department of Education recognized organizations. Therefore if your work and family commitments have left you with very little time to work toward your academic goals, maybe an online LPN training program will make it more convenient to fit a degree into your busy schedule. LPN Salary According to the Bureau of Labor Statistics, the median annual wage for Licensed Practical Nurses (LPN) was $45,030 in May 2017. The median wage is the wage at which half the workers in an occupation earned more than that amount and half earned less. The lowest 10 percent earned less than $32,970, and the highest 10 percent earned more than $61,030. Most licensed practical nurses near Rosemount MN work full time, although about 1 in 5 worked part time in 2016. Many work nights, weekends, and holidays, because medical care takes place at all hours. They may be required to work shifts of longer than 8 hours. Employment of LPNs is projected to grow 12 percent from 2016 to 2026. Job prospects should be favorable for LPNs who are willing to work in rural and medically under served areas. Questions to Ask LPN Schools Now that you have decided on obtaining your LPN certificate, and if you will attend classes on campus or on the web, you can utilize the following checklist to begin narrowing down your choices. As you undoubtedly realize, there are numerous nursing schools and colleges near Rosemount MN as well as within Minnesota and throughout the United States. So it is important to lower the number of schools to choose from so that you will have a workable list. As we previously pointed out, the site of the school along with the expense of tuition are probably going to be the first two points that you will consider. But as we also stressed, they should not be your sole qualifiers. So before making your final selection, use the following questions to evaluate how your selection measures up to the other schools. - Accreditation. It's a good idea to make sure that the certificate program along with the school are accredited by a U.S. Department of Education recognized accrediting agency. In addition to helping make sure that you receive a premium education, it may assist in obtaining financial aid or student loans, which are oftentimes not provided for non-accredited schools near Rosemount MN. - Licensing Preparation. Licensing criteria for LPNs are different from state to state. In all states, a passing score is needed on the National Council Licensure Examination (NCLEX-PN) together with graduation from an accredited school. Many states require a specific number of clinical hours be completed, as well as the passing of additional tests. It's important that the school you are attending not only provides a top-notch education, but also prepares you to meet the minimum licensing standards for Minnesota or the state where you will be practicing. - Reputation. Visit online rating companies to see what the assessments are for all of the LPN schools you are considering. Ask the accrediting organizations for their reviews also. Also, check with the Minnesota school licensing authority to find out if there are any complaints or compliance issues. Finally, you can contact some nearby Rosemount MN healthcare organizations you're interested in working for after graduation and ask what their judgements are of the schools as well. - Graduation and Job Placement Rates. Find out from the LPN programs you are looking at what their graduation rates are as well as how long on average it takes students to finish their programs. A low graduation rate may be an indication that students were dissatisfied with the program and dropped out. It's also important that the schools have high job placement rates. A high rate will not only confirm that the school has a favorable reputation within the Rosemount MN medical community, but that it also has the network of relationships to help students obtain employment. - Internship Programs. The most effective way to obtain experience as a Licensed Practical Nurse is to work in a clinical environment. Essentially all nursing degree programs require a certain number of clinical hours be completed. A number of states have minimum clinical hour prerequisites for licensing too. Ask if the schools have associations with nearby Rosemount MN community hospitals, clinics or labs and assist with the positioning of students in internships. Enrolling in an LPN Program near Rosemount MN? If you are considering enrolling in and attending an LPN school near Rosemount MN, you may find the following information both interesting and useful when making your final decision. Rosemount, Minnesota Rosemount is a city in Dakota County, Minnesota, United States, in the Twin Cities Metropolitan Area. The population was 21,874 at the 2010 census.[5] Rosemount was established as a township in 1858[6] and incorporated as a city in 1972, encompassing the old village of Rosemount and Pine Bend. According to the city's website, there was some debate over whether to name the township Saratoga or Rosemount, with the latter finally being chosen to reflect the town's Irish heritage, and to remain in keeping with the name given to the post office a few years earlier. Rosemount is home to the Pine Bend Refinery, which is the largest oil refinery in Minnesota and the 14th-largest in the United States. Rosemount was also home to a military gunpowder plant in the 1940s called Gopher Ordnance Works. Now, all that remains are the walls. According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of 35.21 square miles (91.19 km2), of which 33.22 square miles (86.04 km2) is land and 1.99 square miles (5.15 km2) is water.[1] As of the census[2] of 2010, there were 21,874 people, 7,587 households, and 5,918 families residing in the city. The population density was 658.5 inhabitants per square mile (254.2/km2). There were 7,853 housing units at an average density of 236.4 per square mile (91.3/km2). The racial makeup of the city was 87.3% White, 3.0% African American, 0.4% Native American, 5.6% Asian, 1.1% from other races, and 2.6% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 3.1% of the population. Enroll in the Right LPN School near Rosemount MN Enrolling in the ideal Licensed Practical Nurse school is perhaps the most critical first step to starting a new career in the health care industry. There are many aspects that you must take into account when picking a nursing school. These aspects will be prioritized differently depending on your existing career objectives, obligations, and financial status. As we have highlighted in this post, it is important that you choose an LPN school and a certificate or degree program that are each accredited and have exceptional reputations within the medical community. You originally decided to visit this website because of an interest in How Long Is LPN Training. However, by utilizing our checklist of qualifying questions, you will be able to produce a short list of schools to select from so that you can make your final selection. And with the proper degree and training, combined with your hard work and desire to succeed, you can become a Licensed Practical Nurse in Rosemount MN. More Practical Locations in Minnesota Business Results 1 - 10 of 8
Expert perspective on the role of ESR1 mutations in HR+/HER2- mBC and best practices on biomarker testing for patients experiencing disease progression on endocrine therapy. Case: A 57-Year-Old Woman with HR+/HER2- Metastatic Breast Cancer Patient history Physical exam, clinical workup, and imaging Hope Rugo, MD, FASCO: Another question that has come up is about the role of ESR1 mutations in therapy-resistant disease. This is an interesting area, and we've just started to understand in the recent past. We're still understanding more about the particular effect of various different mutations in ESR1, which have been correlated with resistance to aromatase inhibitors in particular. There are specific mutations that have been correlated with more resistance to fulvestrant as well. This is very interesting because the mechanism is basically having a mutation that changes the binding site of the estrogen receptor. Under the pressure of treatment, we've also seen acquisition of these mutations. For patients who develop metastatic disease and aren't on therapy, the rate of ESR1 mutations is 3% to 4%. It's when patients are being treated and going on with aromatase inhibitors or fulvestrant that they develop these mutations in ESR1. Sometimes using ctDNA [circulating tumor DNA], you can see multiple mutations. If I'm doing ctDNA to look at a patient who's responding to a CDK4/6 inhibitor and an aromatase inhibitor, and I see an ESR1 mutation, I'm not going to change therapy. Sometimes it's 0.1%, but we don't know how pervasive it is. When they're ready to change therapy, I'm taking that into account. As their disease progresses clinically, or they become symptomatic, you end up seeing an increase in the percentage of ESR1 mutation in ctDNA analysis. There's always a question about timing of biomarker testing in patients who have hormone receptor–positive, HER2 [human epidermal growth factor receptor 2]–negative disease. Before the approval of elacestrant, we had PIK3CA mutations, which might have motivated a change in treatment. We're also looking for somatic mutations in BRCA1, BRCA2, and HER2, which may occur in hormone receptor–positive disease. We needed to get the PIK3CA results. We started doing liquid biopsies, essentially doing cell-free DNA—circulating tumor DNA, more accurately. When you think that a patient is starting to progress, it takes about 2 weeks to get the testing back. I start thinking about it when I think a patient is coming close to needing a change in therapy, so I have a better idea of what treatment options are available. Some do all their testing up front at the initial diagnosis of metastatic disease. But unlike PIK3CA mutations, ESR1 mutations are acquired during treatment to a large extent. You're going to have to test by circulating tumor DNA when you get close a treatment change. That's an important change in the way we think about our patients. It has occurred gradually, over the course of having new agents directed to specific mutations. That's helpful to think about. One other question that comes up is whether you should biopsy a tumor. In a lot of patients, we don't have areas that are easily accessible. With bone disease, decalcification will impact your ability to look at the immunohistochemical markers. But if you have enough sample, it shouldn't impact the DNA analysis, looking for mutations. That's why looking at circulating tumor DNA is helpful in those patients. If you're questioning ER [estrogen receptor], PR [progesterone receptor], and HER2, then you need to get a tumor biopsy. We'll often do that when a patient starts to get visceral metastases. If they develop them after the first line of therapy, we'll biopsy a visceral metastasis. In this patient's case, she has a liver metastasis. If the liver metastasis is accessible and easy to biopsy, I'd biopsy it because we used bone initially, and the NGS [next-generation sequencing] may be a little less accurate in bone. We're not certain. You may not get as many tumor cells. In any case, it's a consideration. I'm always thinking about clinical trials that might be possible for a patient. That's another consideration that drives the consideration for tissue biopsy. Transcript edited for clarity. Neoadjuvant Pembrolizumab With Chemotherapy Boosts OS in Early TNBC May 28th 2024Pembrolizumab combined with chemotherapy significantly improved overall survival in patients with high-risk early triple-negative breast cancer, according to the prespecified interim analysis of the phase 3 KEYNOTE-522 trial. Read More Sequencing Sacituzumab and Other Drugs in HR+, HER2- Breast Cancer May 16th 2024During a Case-Based Roundtable® event, Stephanie L. Graff, MD, discussed multiple later-line treatment options in hormone receptor–positive breast cancer with participants in the first article of a 2-part series. Read More Breast Cancer Leans into the Decade of Antibody-Drug Conjugates, Experts Discuss September 25th 2020In season 1, episode 3 of Targeted Talks, the importance of precision medicine in breast cancer, and how that vitally differs in community oncology compared with academic settings, is the topic of discussion. NGS and ctDNA Considered in Advanced Breast Cancer After Progression May 3rd 2024During a Case-Based Roundtable® event, Ruth M. O'Regan, MD, led a discussion on whether to order next-generation sequencing and/or circulating tumor DNA testing for a patient with hormone receptor–positive breast cancer after progression in the first article of a 2-part series. Read More
The Coast to Coast Cycle Route – essential facts & top tips The 139 mile C2C route is the most well-loved short cycle tour in the UK, and for good reason. Taking you from the Irish sea at Whitehaven or Workington to the North Sea at Tynemouth or Sunderland, the ride weaves through the Lake District National Park before venturing into the wild and wonderful northern Pennines, until eventually giving way to over 30 miles of traffic-free cycling leading to the coast. Read on to find essential facts and top tips to help you plan your ride. Arcing its way from Irish Sea to North Sea across an absorbing and beautiful swathe of northern England, the 139-mile Sea to Sea Cycle Route (or 'C2C') is an essential rite of passage for cycle enthusiasts. From a west-east direction, the route strikes eastwards from the Cumbrian coast. Beyond the Lake District, the route bridges across the verdant Eden Valley – via Penrith – and ventures into the wild beauty of the lesser-known northern Pennines. The challenging traverse of the spine of England culminates at the remote Parkhead Station – a relic of an improbable upland mining railway. From Parkhead, the route commences a delightfully elongated descent towards the North Sea, wending its way along more than thirty miles of adapted former rail lines and cycle paths to the coast. Which direction should you cycle the route? The C2C has signage that works in either direction. To take advantage of Britain's prevailing westerly winds, the route is best tackled west–east. This direction has the advantage of leaving a last thirty or so miles that are either downhill or flat. Nonetheless, prevailing easterlies are not unheard of in Britain and the C2C is perfectly viable east to west. The main disadvantage east–west is that the ascent of Hartside in this direction involves 3 miles of slow climbing on an A Road which zips by in the opposite direction. Where is the best place to start and finish the route? The choice of where to start (Whitehaven or Workington) and finish (Tynemouth or Sunderland) requires a spot of contemplation. To reflect the more popular choices made by C2C riders, the primary description of our guidebook begins in Whitehaven and ends in Tynemouth. Conversely, Workington and Sunderland, which both have their individual merits, are included as fully described alternatives. How difficult is the route? The Coast to Coast is an achievable goal for most, and the advent of e-bikes has broadened its accessibility. The C2C offers a good balance of challenge over a three-day tour and is an attainable goal for most regular cyclists. If you can comfortably ride 40 miles with 1000m of ascent and still clamber back onto your saddle the next day, then you will be more than able to tackle the three-day itinerary. What kind of bike do you need for the Coast to Coast? While the ride is more commonly tackled by cyclists on road bikes, the route nonetheless presents a series of alternative unsurfaced off-road options. A version of the C2C is absolutely possible on whatever type of bike you have, however, careful reading of the 'Unsurfaced off-road options section' of the guidebook should help planning and bike selection. How steep is the elevation on the Coast to Coast cycle route? On Day 1, crossing the Lake District is an unsurprisingly fairly hilly affair. Riders are confronted with one truly daunting big climb – the ascent of Whinlatter Pass (258m height gain). While Whinlatter is a great climb and a good challenge, it is the tamest and least gruelling of the big Lakeland passes. Day 2 of the C2C is, simply put, a beast. Hills abound – if you do not like them, you may regret not opting for Norfolk or Holland. Yet these grand ascents are what give the route its character and legendary status. How long does it take to cycle the Coast to Coast? The majority of cyclists opt to ride the C2C in three days and do so mostly choosing the road and well-surfaced traffic-free options described as the primary route in this book. A four-day ride is also a good choice for those coming from further afield, cyclists completing their first tour or less confident about the hills, or heavily loaded cycle-campers, as well as those wanting to tackle all the unsurfaced off-road alternatives. How do I travel to the start and end points? For small groups and solo travellers, the train is a viable and environmentally friendly option to get to and from the start of the route. Whitehaven and Workington are connected to the West Coast Mainline at Lancaster and Carlisle by the slow and looping Cumbrian Coast Railway. Tynemouth and Sunderland connect to the East Coast Mainline at Newcastle. Driving to the start of the route and returning by train at the end is a fairly popular option. It is also worth considering combining the C2C with one of two other classic Sustrans coast-to-coast routes: viable options are Hadrian's Cycleway or the Reivers Route. What accommodation is available on the route? There are bed and breakfasts, pubs, hostels, self-catering accommodation, and campsites to choose from along the route. Advanced accommodation booking is recommended, even if camping. If you are prepared to be flexible about where you stay, there is ample accommodation on route for two, three and four day itineraries. Late bookers will always find somewhere to stay in Keswick, Penrith, or Alston, when the smaller villages on route are full. The Coast to Coast Cycle Route Whitehaven or Workington to Tynemouth or Sunderland Guidebook to cycling the Sustrans Coast to Coast Cycle Route across the north of England, from Whitehaven or Workington to Newcastle or Sunderland, passing through the northern Lake District, the Pennines and County Durham. The 137 mile route is presented in 3 stages, with alternative start and finish stages, and is suitable for all bikes. More information
Leonard Bernstein, whose name is etched in the annals of music history, passed away from mesothelioma on October 14, 1990, leaving behind a one of the great musical legacies of the 20th Century.. As a composer, conductor, educator, and musical ambassador, Bernstein's influence reshaped the world of classical and popular music, blending them with an effortless grace that was uniquely his own. From the electrifying compositions of "West Side Story" to his transformative tenure with the New York Philharmonic, Bernstein's career was a testament to his extraordinary talent, boundless energy, and unwavering commitment to sharing the beauty of music with all. The Early Years: A Prelude to Greatness Born on August 25, 1918, in Lawrence, Massachusetts, Bernstein's journey from the son of Ukrainian-Jewish immigrants to a towering figure in music began with a burning passion and innate talent that could not be ignored. Despite early resistance from his father, Bernstein's dedication led him to Harvard, where he immersed himself in music and philosophy, laying the groundwork for a career that would redefine American music. The Rise to Prominence: New York Philharmonic and Beyond Bernstein's ascent to stardom was catalyzed by his impromptu debut conducting the New York Philharmonic in 1943, stepping in for an ailing Bruno Walter. This performance not only won him critical acclaim but also marked the start of a lifelong relationship with the orchestra. As Music Director from 1958 to 1969, Bernstein became known for his innovative programming and dedication to education, bringing classical music into the homes of millions through televised "Young People's Concerts." Composer and Cultural Icon Bernstein's genius was not confined to the conductor's podium. As a composer, he effortlessly bridged the worlds of classical, jazz, and Broadway, creating seminal works like "West Side Story," which remains a cultural landmark for its musical innovation and exploration of complex social issues. Educator and Humanitarian Beyond his musical achievements, Bernstein was a fervent advocate for social justice and education, believing in music's power to unite and inspire. His efforts to democratize music education and his outspoken stance on civil rights and peace underscored his belief in the arts as a vehicle for change. A Courageous Final Act: Battling Mesothelioma In his final years, Bernstein faced a personal and daunting challenge: a diagnosis of mesothelioma, a rare cancer caused by asbestos exposure. Despite the severity of his condition, Bernstein's commitment to music and his creative spirit never wavered. He continued to compose, conduct, and engage with music until his passing on October 14, 1990. This final chapter of Bernstein's life highlighted his remarkable resilience and dedication to his art, even as he confronted the vulnerabilities of his own mortality. Legacy and Influence Leonard Bernstein's impact on the world of music and beyond is immeasurable. His recordings continue to inspire new generations of musicians and music lovers, while his contributions to music education and social activism remain influential. Bernstein's life was a symphony of creativity, passion, and perseverance, leaving a legacy that will resonate for generations to come. In reflecting on Bernstein's life, we are reminded of the transformative power of music and the indomitable spirit of those who devote their lives to it. Leonard Bernstein's journey from a young music enthusiast to a global icon is a powerful testament to the enduring impact one individual can have on the world's cultural landscape.
Whey protein and creatine are two of the most popular and widely researched supplements on the market. Each one has been used for decades by men and women looking to build strength, improve their physique, and accelerate their results. Deciding which supplement is the right one to start with can be confusing for individuals new to the gym and can lead into a discussion of "which one is better?" The truth is that both are effective, deciding which one to begin using first depends on a few factors, including your budget, performance/physique goals, and nutrition plan. Let's discuss each of these supplements as well as help you decide which one (or both) to purchase for better results during your transformation challenge. What is Whey Protein? Whey protein is one of two proteins found in milk (the other being casein protein). During the cheese-making process, milk is curdled and strained. The curds are collected and the milky-looking liquid remaining is whey. At one time, whey was considered a useless by-product. Over time, the dairy industry realized something we take for granted today -- whey protein is an incredibly high-quality protein that offers high bioavailability and rapid digestion. Collectively, this makes it an ideal option for a post workout recovery shake as it provides all the necessary building blocks (essential amino acids) the body needs to stop muscle breakdown and kickstart muscle repair and growth. What Are the Benefits of Whey Protein? Whey protein has been extensively researched and shown to[1,2,3,4,5,6]: - Enhance lean muscle mass (when used in conjunction with resistance training) - Improve muscle recovery - Support weight loss - Reduce feelings of hunger - Promote cardiovascular health - Prevent muscle wasting How to Use Whey Protein Typically, whey protein is consumed immediately after a workout due to its fast digestion and high BCAA content, but the reality is that you can have a serving of whey protein anytime of the day to help satisfy your daily protein requirements. It can be a filling snack between meals to help you stay on track with your nutrition plan as well as be a part of your morning or pre-bed meal (e.g. smoothie, protein oatmeal, protein yogurt bowl, protein pancakes, etc.). The Best Whey Protein Powder 1UP Whey Protein supplies >20 grams of delicious whey protein per serving while being low in carbohydrates, lactose, and fat. We source our protein powders from premier suppliers to offer you a product of unmatched quality and taste. What is Creatine Monohydrate? Creatine is a combination of three amino acids (glycine, arginine, and methionine) that is naturally produced by the body. It helps cells stay hydrated, boosts energy (ATP) production, enhances athletic performance, and improves body composition. In addition to being produced in our bodies, creatine can also be found in certain foods, including red meat, dairy, and fish. What Are the Benefits of Creatine? By improving a muscle cell's hydration as well as its ability to rapidly replenish ATP (the "cellular currency" of energy production), creatine supplements have been shown to:[7,8,9] - Increase lean muscle mass - Boost power & strength output - Enhance performance during high-intensity exercise - Improve work capacity - Amplify cognitive function - Aid recovery How to Use Creatine Supplements Typically, 5 grams of creatine is taken either with your pre-workout or post workout shake. However, you can actually take creatine anytime of day since the benefits of creatine don't happen acutely (i.e. benefits within an hour or two of consumption like citrulline, caffeine, or Nitrosigine). Creatine needs to be taken daily so that your body's creatine reserves become saturated, which usually occurs 3-4 weeks after taking 5 grams of creatine each day. Do I Need to Load Creatine? For a long time, it was popular to "load" creatine (5 grams of creatine taken 4 times per day). While this does lead to quicker saturation (one week vs 3-4 weeks), it can also cause GI distress. Also keep in mind that unless you're have a powerlifting meet or athletic competition in one week, there's really no need to load. Simply take your serving of creatine monohydrate whenever is most convenient. The Best Creatine Monohydrate Supplement 1UP Pure Rebuild includes a full, research-supported 5,000mg (5g) creatine monohydrate per serving in addition to a full complement of BCAA and essential amino acids (EAAs), electrolytes, and betaine anhydrous (which works in tandem with creatine to support hydration, energy production, and body composition improvements). Whey Protein vs Creatine: Which is Better? While whey protein and creatine both offer similar benefits, they way in which they accomplish those outcomes is vastly different. Whey protein offers an affordable, high bioavailability protein that helps you meet your daily macros. Creatine improves ATP production and hydration. In other words, one isn't "better" than the other. If you're already eating enough protein from other foods in your diet -- beef, poultry, eggs, dairy, plant proteins, etc. -- then a protein powder may not be necessary. Supplementing with creatine can still offer benefits, however. Plus, even if you're already getting enough protein from "whole foods", whey protein offers a quick and easy option post workout. This can be a huge help for people that aren't very hungry after training as well as those who may not have time to prep, cook, and eat an entire meal. Can I Take Whey Protein & Creatine Together? Whey protein and creatine work both support workouts, strength gains, and body recomposition, and many individuals combine supplements in a post-workout shake. One of our favorite combos is to mix a serving of unflavored Pure Rebuild with a scoop of 1UP Whey (chocolate eclair is phenomenal!). If you enjoy lighter flavors, consider a serving of pineapple flavored Pure Rebuild mixed with a scoop of 1UP Clear Protein(orange mango). If you have any other questions about whey protein, creatine, or anything else, we're always here to help. When you sign up for our transformation challenge and download the 1UP Fitness App, you can access our exclusive Facebook group where you can ask question, get advice, receive encouragement, and connect with coaches and other goal-oriented individuals. Within the app, you can also get customized training and nutrition (including how much protein you need each day) based on your goals. - Park Y, Park HY, Kim J, Hwang H, Jung Y, Kreider R, Lim K. Effects of whey protein supplementation prior to, and following, resistance exercise on body composition and training responses: A randomized double-blind placebo-controlled study. J Exerc Nutrition Biochem. 2019 Jun 30;23(2):34-44. doi: 10.20463/jenb.2019.0015. PMID: 31337204; PMCID: PMC6651693. - Frestedt JL, Zenk JL, Kuskowski MA, Ward LS, Bastian ED. A whey-protein supplement increases fat loss and spares lean muscle in obese subjects: a randomized human clinical study. Nutr Metab (Lond). 2008 Mar 27;5:8. doi: 10.1186/1743-7075-5-8. PMID: 18371214; PMCID: PMC2289832. - Paddon-Jones D, Rasmussen BB. Dietary protein recommendations and the prevention of sarcopenia. Curr Opin Clin Nutr Metab Care. 2009 Jan;12(1):86-90. doi: 10.1097/MCO.0b013e32831cef8b. PMID: 19057193; PMCID: PMC2760315. - Paddon-Jones D, Westman E, Mattes RD, Wolfe RR, Astrup A, Westerterp-Plantenga M. Protein, weight management, and satiety. Am J Clin Nutr. 2008 May;87(5):1558S-1561S. doi: 10.1093/ajcn/87.5.1558S. PMID: 18469287. - Pal S, Ellis V. The chronic effects of whey proteins on blood pressure, vascular function, and inflammatory markers in overweight individuals. Obesity (Silver Spring). 2010 Jul;18(7):1354-9. doi: 10.1038/oby.2009.397. Epub 2009 Nov 5. PMID: 19893505. - Duarte NM, Cruz AL, Silva DC, Cruz GM. Intake of whey isolate supplement and muscle mass gains in young healthy adults when combined with resistance training: a blinded randomized clinical trial (pilot study). J Sports Med Phys Fitness. 2020 Jan;60(1):75-84. doi: 10.23736/S0022-4707.19.09741-X. Epub 2019 Sep 23. PMID: 31565912. - Kreider, R.B., Kalman, D.S., Antonio, J. et al. International Society of Sports Nutrition position stand: safety and efficacy of creatine supplementation in exercise, sport, and medicine. J Int Soc Sports Nutr 14, 18 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1186/s12970-017-0173-z - Roschel H, Gualano B, Ostojic SM, Rawson ES. Creatine Supplementation and Brain Health. Nutrients. 2021 Feb 10;13(2):586. doi: 10.3390/nu13020586. PMID: 33578876; PMCID: PMC7916590. - Hall M, Manetta E, Tupper K. Creatine Supplementation: An Update. Curr Sports Med Rep. 2021 Jul 1;20(7):338-344. doi: 10.1249/JSR.0000000000000863. PMID: 34234088.
For some people, though, the health benefits gained from incorporating more veggies and plant proteins is overshadowed by fear of gaining something else—more gas and bloating. Not only is this uncomfortable, but it can be downright embarrassing, too. Luckily, it doesn't have to be this way. The idea that vegans or vegetarians and gas are synonymous is a myth that's easily debunked when you see what causes gas and how you can prevent it in excess when you start eating a plant-based diet. Did you know? Plant Protein Powders Don't Cause Gas like Whey Protein Does As embarrassing as it may be, gas is a part of life for everyone—whether they admit it or not! In fact, the average person passes gas more than 10 times every day (3). It's a completely normal part of the digestive process. Bloating and gas often go hand in hand, since bloating is caused by a buildup of gas that doesn't get released through burping or flatulence (4). However, gas or bloating that is painful, ongoing, or interferes with your daily tasks isn't normal. It could indicate a more serious digestive problem, so consult a doctor if you experience these symptoms. Plant-based diets are typically much higher in fiber than the typical omnivore diet. There are two types of fiber—soluble and insoluble (5). While soluble fiber dissolves in water and can be absorbed by the body, insoluble fiber—the kind often found in whole grains, brown rice, and veggies like broccoli and cauliflower—can't. (That's part of the reason it helps you feel fuller when you eat it.) Because our bodies don't make the enzymes necessary to break down certain fibers, they're passed to the large intestine instead, where bacteria break them down via fermentation—and can produce gas and bloating. This is especially true when you start eating more fiber than usual all at once. For starters, let's be clear that not ALL greens or plant-based proteins cause gas or bloating. The gas potential of various foods depends on the amount and type of fiber and each person's individual health. It's fairly common to be a little gassier than usual when you start eating a plant-based diet, but that doesn't mean you're intolerant or need to give up on greens. Think back to the last time you tried something new for your health. More than likely, your body went through an adjustment phase. For example, if you started lifting weights, you may have noticed soreness in your muscles the day after your first few workouts. Or, after deciding to drink more water, you may have noticed you made way more trips to the bathroom than normal. For many people, the same is true for starting a plant-based diet. Often, introducing more fiber than your body is used to handling to your diet all at once can cause some (temporary) gas and bloating. When it comes to plants and gas, these are some of the most well-known foods for producing gassy side-effects because of their high fiber and/or starches (6): Also, it's not just greens that can cause major gas and bloating. Carbonated drinks, chewing gum, and hard candy, which cause you to swallow excess air, can also lead to a buildup of gas in the stomach. Artificial sweeteners are also a common culprit here. Now for the good news—these foods are not only super healthy, but they're also considered the least likely to cause gas and bloating (7): Again, keep in mind that everyone has a different tolerance level for foods, but as a general rule, these lists can give you a good starting point. If you've noticed a lack of meat on the "most gassy foods" list, there's a reason for that. Because they don't contain the types of fiber and carbs plants have that can't be digested, animal proteins are less likely to cause gas. This doesn't apply to overeating animal meat, though—polishing off a couple burgers or a massive steak in one sitting could very well lead to improper digestion and a buildup of gas. Many vegetarians turn to protein powders to help supplement their protein intake. In milk-based protein powders like whey or casein, excess gas and bloating can occur thanks to the presence of lactose (milk sugar). And because 75% of the population is lactose intolerant, it's a pretty common side effect (8). While whole-food plant proteins like soy, beans and lentils can be major gas-producers due to high fiber content, plant-based protein powders like these rice and pea powders are unlikely to cause gas or bloating, since most of the starch and fiber content has been removed, making them a better choice if you want to avoid gas. Though many are "clean", you should always review the added ingredients in plant protein powders to make sure there's nothing in there you might be intolerant or allergic to (and may therefore cause gas/bloating). There are a number of things you can do to minimize gas and bloating as you incorporate more plants into your diet. Here are seven tried and true methods: Gulping down your food means you'll swallow air in addition to food, which causes gas to build up in the stomach. Also, chewing kick starts the digestive process; the enzymes in saliva help break down carbs and starch so they spend less time sitting in your stomach. When you're fairly new to eating lots of fiber, a sudden onset of high-fiber, plant-based foods can shock the gut, since it's not used to these nutrients. Because your gut will acclimate to your new diet over time, gradually increasing more plants will help reduce gas and bloating. Baking, steaming, sautéing, or grilling your veggies as opposed to eating them raw helps to pre-digest some of the biggest gas-producing ingredients in your veggies—starch and fiber. It also helps make the nutrients more absorbable, so opt for cooked veggies over raw when possible. Soaking or sprouting your legumes and grains is a great way to reap their health benefits (9, 10). Sprouted grains make it easier for the body to absorb nutrients. And like cooking, it also helps to pre-digest the starches and carbs, reducing the gas potential. Digestive enzyme blends are supplements that contain digestive enzymes that make it easier to help your body digest food (11). They can be particularly beneficial to people who are lactose intolerant and eat high-fiber diets, as they can help break down fiber and reduce gas. In addition to eating more of the foods on the low gas-producing foods list, reduce the amount of cruciferous and allium veggies like cauliflower, broccoli, cabbage, onions, and leeks you eat—these foods in particular are well-known to produce greater amounts of gas. Overindulging on any food can put you at higher risk of improper digestion and the discomfort caused by gas and bloating. Instead, eat smaller meals throughout the day and stop when you're full. Adopting a plant-based diet doesn't mean you're doomed to a gassier existence. By gradually incorporating more plants into your diet and following these tips to reduce gas and bloating, you'll find that the gassy stage will pass (no pun intended) and you'll be on your way to a healthier way of life. Written By: Jill Overmyer Reviewed and Edited By: Scarlett Full, in-house Registered Dietitian A gluten allergy, also known as celiac disease, is an autoimmune disorder that causes unpleasant symptoms and damage to the small intestine after eating gluten, which is a protein found in wheat, barley, and rye. While a gluten allergy and celiac disease are the same thing, a wheat allergy is different from a gluten allergy. Symptoms of gluten allergy can be severe and include gastrointestinal distress, weight loss, and anemia, to name a few. If left untreated, it may lead to other autoimmune disorders, neurological conditions, and infertility and miscarriage. Wheat allergy, on the other hand, is intolerance to foods containing wheat. Because wheat is only one of many sources of gluten, a person with a wheat allergy can eat other products with gluten and not be affected. Symptoms of wheat allergy are not as far-reaching as gluten allergy and include swelling, hives, and nausea. Both allergies can be treated by removing the triggers (gluten and wheat) from the diet. Gluten sensitivity is not as severe or rare as gluten allergy. It is possible for people to be gluten sensitive without having Celiac disease. In fact, some people who are gluten sensitive can still tolerate some gluten, while those with gluten allergy can't. People with gluten sensitivity experience symptoms like abdominal pain, bloating, and other GI issues when they eat gluten. There is no testing for gluten sensitivity, but eliminating gluten from the diet can help keep symptoms at bay. However, there are a number of grains that are naturally gluten-free, including quinoa, buckwheat, millet, and rice. But even among gluten-free grains, cross-contamination is common so caution should be heeded. In 2013, the FDA released guidelines regarding gluten-free food labeling. According to these rules, a food can still be considered gluten-free if it contains 20 ppm (parts per million) gluten. To give you an idea, this is the equivalent of 1/8 teaspoon of flour in 18 slices of gluten-free bread. The FDA determined that 20 ppm was appropriate because it has been scientifically shown that this level of gluten does not have an adverse effect on people with celiac. While "gluten-free" refers to foods that have less than 20 ppm gluten in the ingredients, naturally gluten-free foods are inherently free of gluten. Many naturally gluten-free foods, such as fruits and vegetable, nuts and seeds, and legumes, are also naturally nutrient-dense. Processed gluten-free foods, on the other hand, are no more nutritious than their gluten-free counterparts. As with any fad diet, many people claim that a gluten-free diet can help you lose weight. This is true if you're replacing gluten-filled processed foods with healthier gluten-free foods like fruits and vegetables. However, replacing unhealthy pastas, pastries, and other goodies with gluten-free versions probably won't help you lose weight, since they're only removing gluten (protein), not calories or fat. Organic barley, wheat, and rye still contain gluten, so you should avoid them on a gluten-free diet. Remember, when looking for gluten-free foods, make sure they are either naturally gluten-free or labeled certified gluten-free. Oats are naturally gluten-free. However, many people with gluten allergy avoid them, as they are often cross-contaminated with wheat and barley. This happens when oats are planted in soil that previously grew other gluten-containing grains, during harvesting if the equipment also handled gluten-containing grains, or even when the wind blows kernels of wheat or barley onto oats. You can still eat oats on a gluten-free diet, but make sure you research the brand to ensure you're buying pure oats that have not been contaminated. You can always contact the manufacturer if you're unsure, or check the label to see that a product is Gluten-Free Certified. Like oats, in their naturally state hemp seeds are gluten-free. However, the same cross-contamination that occurs with oats also occurs with hemp seeds. You can still incorporate hemp seeds into your gluten-free diet, but make sure they're gluten-free certified. The gluten-free craze has led many people to believe that gluten is harmful and cutting it from your diet will result in a number of health benefits. However, going gluten-free is only beneficial to those who have celiac and gluten sensitivity. If you're not gluten-intolerant, you likely won't see any added benefit from cutting gluten (unless you're replacing processed cakes, cookies, and other unhealthy foods with a healthier diet). Keep in mind, however, that celiac is notoriously difficult to diagnose. An estimated 2.5 million Americans are undiagnosed, so you may have celiac and not know it. In 2013, the FDA released guidelines regarding gluten-free food labeling. According to these rules, a food can still be considered gluten-free if it contains 20 ppm (parts per million) gluten. However, because it is new legislation, it's likely that all manufacturers aren't fully abiding by it. This can be particularly dangerous for people with gluten allergy, since even small amounts can cause serious side effects. The best way to determine if a food is really gluten-free is to check with the manufacturer. Ask if they actually test gluten levels in their products in a lab, and what the results are. Diagnosing celiac disease involves a blood test, the tTG-IgA test, which detects the presence of antibodies that are higher in those with celiac disease. If the tests are positive, the doctor will order an endoscopic biopsy to confirm the diagnosis. Although the test is about 98 percent accurate for people who have celiac, those who have certain autoimmune disorders such as Type 1 diabetes, liver disease, and Rheumatoid arthritis have a 5 percent chance of a false positive. For people with celiac or gluten allergy, a gluten-free diet is a must. For others, it can be a foray into healthier eating. Whatever your reason for going gluten-free, knowing these common myths can help you make more informed decisions. Written By: Jill Overmyer Edited By: Scarlett Full, in house Registered Dietitian ]]>According to Food Allergy Research & Education (FARE), approximately 32 million Americans have food allergies. That is about 1 in every 10 adults and 1 in every 13 children or roughly 2 kids in every classroom. A food allergy is when someone has an immune system reaction shortly after eating even the slightest amount of a certain trigger food or foods. All food allergies can be potentially life-threatening. Mild and moderate symptoms can range from digestive issues, to hives or swelling but in some people, food allergies can cause severe, life-threatening anaphylaxis. Symptoms of anaphylaxis include breathing difficulties, clammy skin, feeling faint, loss of consciousness, fast heartbeat and more. Is it estimated that up to 20% of the world's population may be affected by food intolerances according to the National Library of Medicine. An intolerance is less severe than an allergy and produces symptoms that don't involve the immune system. Food intolerances can come and go over the years For example, an intolerance to lactose, the sugar in milk may cause stomach issues like bloating, stomach cramps or diarrhea. People with food allergies are mainly allergic to these 9 top foods: The top 9 allergens all happen to be sources of dietary protein. Unlike those without food allergies, people with one or more food allergy must rely on alternative food sources or supplements to get their protein, especially if protein needs are higher such as with athletes or anyone partaking in high/intense physical activity. Meeting your daily protein needs is important because protein is the building block of muscle and virtually all cells and thus essential to human life. Check out "Protein 101" for more information on protein's functions and benefits. If you're allergic to a single food, then your protein options aren't that limited, but when you have multiple food allergies and intolerances then it becomes harder to find suitable protein sources. Meat and poultry are hypoallergenic options for anyone with an omnivorous diet, but not if you are vegan or following a plant-based diet. Rice protein and pea protein powders are both convenient and hypoallergenic protein sources that would be suitable for vegans with food allergies or non-vegans just looking for something other than meat and poultry. Growing Naturals' rice and pea protein are free from the top 9 allergens and additionally gluten-free (typically less than 10 parts per million) for those with Celiac disease or gluten allergy. What about whey protein? We review the reasons below why whey protein (though popular) is not the best option for food allergies and sensitive stomachs. Being made from one of the most hypoallergenic foods, rice protein powder is one of the top choices for anyone with food allergies, intolerances or a sensitive stomach (such as with IBS). Plus, here are more reasons why rice protein is best: Pea protein powder is another plant-based protein that may be suitable for people with food allergies or sensitive stomachs. Our pea protein powder is made from yellow split peas. While there are some people with an allergy to peas, it is a rare allergy. Here are additional reasons pea protein is a top hypoallergenic protein choice: While whey and soy protein are popular protein supplements especially among athletes and exercise enthusiasts, they aren't the best choices if you have food allergies or intolerances. Here are a few reasons why: Here's a whole other article about why whey protein gives you gas and has been even linked to acne breakouts. As you can see, both rice and pea protein are some of the best hypoallergenic and rich protein sources for those with food allergies, intolerances or sensitive stomachs. By: Scarlett Full, in-house Registered Dietitian "Beauty is in the eye of the (protein) holder"...is how the saying should go. Did you know that eating enough protein each day is an easy way to support your natural beauty without the use of collagen supplements? Unlike animal proteins, plant proteins contain (not just protein but) a range of other nutrients and protective substances like antioxidants that help to nourish your hair, skin and nails. Here are 4 ways plant proteins help to unlock your inner beauty: The amino acids in the dietary protein that we eat become the very building blocks of collagen, elastin and keratin. In short, these are the structural materials that help produce healthy hair, skin, nails and more. Collagen and elastin are the main proteins in skin and they support skin's smoothness and stretchiness, while keratin supports its firmness. Keratin is the main protein in hair and nails and supports their strength as well as hair volume. So if you aren't getting enough protein in your diet, you may be compromising the integrity of these structures and thus the health of your hair, skin and nails. Collagen 101 Collagen is the most abundant protein in the body as it is a major component of connective tissue like skin, hair, muscles, tendons, ligaments and cartilage. Your body makes collagen from the dietary protein it consumes. Collagen production is primarily driven by 3 specific amino acids: glycine, proline and lysine. Only lysine is an essential amino acid out of the three--meaning it needs to be consumed through food as your body can't make this amino acid on its own. While your body is able to make collagen on its own, production of it decreases as you age. Collagen production can also decrease from excess sun exposure, smoking, drinking too much alcohol, and lack of sleep and exercise. When you age, the matrix of fibers within your skin become weak and saggy, leading to wrinkles on the surface. What foods provide lysine? Lysine is found richly in beans and legumes, or legume-based proteins like GN pea protein. One scoop of GN pea protein provides 1142 mg lysine per serving. Do I need to supplement with collagen? Not necessarily. First and foremost, you can help your body make more collagen by providing it enough dietary protein, especially lysine-rich sources like beans, legumes and/or pea protein powder. You can also provide it with foods rich in vitamin C, zinc and copper, nutrients that also take part in collagen production. Secondly you can avoid unhealthy behaviors that decrease collagen production like smoking, alcohol, too much sun and others mentioned above. A few studies on collagen supplements have found that they help improve skin elasticity and joint mobility. However, with human studies still lacking, the use of collagen supplements is not strongly clinically supported. Free radicals are a type of unstable molecule in the body with an odd number of electrons. Because of this odd number, they can rob other cells in your body of electrons causing what's known as oxidation. An overload of free radicals in the body can then lead to oxidative stress ultimately contributing to many diseases. Free radicals are produced from normal cell metabolism in your body or they can also come from external sources such as pollution, radiation, UV exposure, cigarette smoke and certain medications. Antioxidants, as the name implies, help to offset the oxidation caused by free-radicals. This is also why antioxidants are an important part of health. Antioxidants are uniquely found in plant-based foods, unlike animal-based foods. While they are commonly known to be in colorful plant foods like blueberries, pomegranates and leafy greens, even non-colorful plant foods like beans and grains contain an array of antioxidants. Some antioxidants can also be made right in your body. For example, glutathione is a potent antioxidant, known for protecting cells from free-radical damage. In the body, glutathione is made by uding the amino acids methionine and cystine, found in protein-rich foods. What foods provide methionine and cystine? Most protein foods provide methionine and cystine but grains in particular provide them in rich amounts. Grain-based protein powders like GN rice protein would fall under this category since rice is a grain. GN rice protein provides 765 mg of cystine and methionine combined per serving. Have you ever noticed times when your skin felt dryer than normal? Or times when your hair was wiry, dry, or thinning out? While many factors may contribute to this, one reason may be due to lack of Omega 3s in your diet. Omega 3s are essential fatty acids needed on daily basis and associated with the health of nearly all body systems--from heart health to brain health, joint health and eye health. For skin and hair, Omega 3s help to provide moisture, smoothness and thickness. One review of studies from 2020, found that supplementing with omega 3s was beneficial for skin conditions like psoriasis, atopic dermatitis, acne and even skin ulcers. For hair, some test tube and animal studies suggest that omega 3s may help to boost hair growth but human studies have yet to confirm this. What foods provide omega 3s? Both animal and plant-based foods can provide omega 3s. Animal sources include fatty fish like salmon and mackerel. For those who don't or can't consume fish, plant sources include nuts and seeds like walnuts, flax seeds, hemp seeds, and chia seeds. This would also include protein powder made from those nuts and seeds, though you should check the label to see how much you're getting. Omega 3s can also be found in marine algae or supplements made from any of these sources. When you get a sun burn or a cut, or any other such damage to your skin, amino acids come to the rescue along with some minerals like zinc, iron and copper. Amino acids consumed through protein rich foods are essential for healing and repairing of damaged tissue. In fact, your body may require more protein depending on the extent of skin damage. For example, this is why protein shakes are commonly recommended after having undergone major surgery. The amino acids arginine and glutamine play a key role in wound healing. What foods provide arginine and glutamine? All protein rich foods provide some amount of arginine and glutamine. However when it comes to arginine, certain plant proteins like pumpkin seeds, hemp seeds, rice and pea protein appear to be a much richer source than dairy-based proteins. Pumpkin seed proteins are also rich in zinc and legume or bean-based proteins are rich in iron--two of the other nutrients required for the healing process. Plant proteins (whether in whole food or protein powder form) are an easy and worthy addition to your diet as they benefit your overall health along with your hair and skin. They provide not just protein but other nutrients (some not found in animal sources) that nourish you from the inside out. By: Scarlett Full, in-house Registered Dietitian But which one is better? Let's find out. Protein is like the body's building blocks. It's in almost every part of you – your muscles, skin, hair, and even your blood. Imagine it as tiny workers that keep everything running smoothly inside you. When you eat food with protein, your body breaks it down into smaller parts called amino acids. These amino acids are like puzzle pieces that your body uses to build and repair your body. Protein isn't just about making your muscles big and strong. It's also vital for your immune system, helping you fight off sickness and infections. It even plays a role in making hormones that control everything from your mood to your appetite. Now, not all proteins are created equal. Some foods have more protein than others, and some proteins have different amino acid profiles. There are 20 different types of amino acids, and your body can make some of them on its own. But there are nine that it can't make, so you have to get them from food. We call these nine, essential amino acids. That's why it's essential to eat a variety of protein sources to make sure you're getting all the amino acids your body needs. Protein comes from both animals and plants. Each type of protein has its benefits, so it's good to mix things up and enjoy a balanced diet. When it comes to protein supplements, two options dominate the market: whey protein and plant-based proteins. While both aim to provide the body with essential amino acids, they differ significantly in their composition, sourcing, and potential benefits. Let's explore the key differences between whey and plant-based proteins to help you make an informed choice. When choosing between whey and plant-based proteins, consider your dietary preferences, nutritional needs, allergies, environmental concerns, and personal taste preferences. Both options can be effective sources of protein, but it's essential to select the one that aligns best with your lifestyle and goals. When it comes down to it, choosing between whey and plant-based protein is about more than just what's in your shake. Plant-based protein is better for you and the planet. It's easy to use and has tons of health benefits. So, next time you're thinking about protein, consider going plant-based. Ready to transform your health journey with the purest, plant-based nutrition? Dive into the world of clean, sustainable protein with Growing Naturals. Explore our range of organic, non-GMO vegan protein powders today and take the first step towards a healthier, greener future. Your body and the planet will thank you! ]]>Insulin-like growth factor (IGF-1) is a hormone found in the blood. IGF-1 serves a number of purposes, mainly to regulate growth hormone in the body. In children, IGF-1 plays an important role in tissue and bone growth. As we age and growth starts to level off, IGF-1 levels should decrease. But that doesn't always happen. When IGF-1 continues to increase, the excess grows into something else—an increased risk of cancer. Numerous studies have shown us that too much IGF-1 as an adult can contribute to an increased risk of several types of cancer. In a major study that followed 32,842 women over the age of 40 found that those with the highest levels of IGF-1 were two and a half times as likely to develop colorectal cancer than those with lower levels. The risk of breast cancer in women with high IGF-1 also doubled. Men are not immune to the cancer risks of IGF-1, either. A similar study on nearly 15,000 men showed that the likelihood for developing colorectal cancer was four times greater for those with high IGF-1 levels. The likelihood of developing prostate tumors also increases. Doctors believe that IGF-1 contributes to cancer risk because, as a growth hormone, its primary function is to make things grow. While this is great in kids who want to grow up to be big and strong, it's not great for adults. IGF-1 facilitates growth and migration in cancer cells, potentially causing the cancer cells to spread into other areas of the body. But don't be too hasty to think that IGF-1 is always bad news for adults. Studies in older adults (65+) have shown that injections of IGF-1 can help counter some of the effects of aging. For older women with osteoporosis or bone fractures, IGF-1 injections significantly increase bone formation and bone healing. Studies have shown positive effects on men, too. One study showed that men between the ages of 61 and 81 who received IGF-1 injections three times a week increased their muscle mass and skin thickness while decreasing body fat. Despite the promising effects of IGF-1 injections in older adults, the risk of cancer is still there. Experts recommend it only be given to those who have a deficiency. Luckily, not all proteins are created equal. While protein and higher IGF-1 levels are linked, it's the type of protein you eat that matters, not the amount. In this fascinating study, researchers followed 6,000 people aged 50 and older for 18 years. Those who ate a diet heavy in animal proteins (more than 20 percent of daily calories coming from foods like meat, cheese, and eggs) were more than four times as likely to die of cancer than those who ate a low protein diet—the same likelihood of dying of cancer as someone who smokes. However, the increased IGF-1 levels were only associated with animal proteins. Diets heavy in plant proteins did not negatively affect IGF-1 levels; in fact, people who consumed mostly plant proteins not only had fewer IGF-1 levels, but their levels actually decreased. Researchers believe that the protein composition in plants, which is different from the protein in animals, doesn't stimulate growth hormones at the same rate. What does that mean? Cutting your risk for cancer can actually be as easy as cutting the amount of animal proteins you eat from your diet. But don't worry—you don't have to swear off your favorite cheeseburgers once you approach middle age. (In fact, researchers have found that increased protein intake for people over the age of 65 actually decreases the risk of dying in cancer, as it helps older individuals maintain a healthy weight and protect them against becoming more frail.) When it comes to incorporating plant proteins into your diet, even a little goes a long way towards better health. This study (which followed a whopping 469,339 men and women) found that increasing your plant protein intake by just 3% lowered bladder cancer risk by 23%. Approaching middle age doesn't have to mean you're doomed to cancer or poor health. Taking control of your diet—and health—can be as easy as eating more plant-based proteins. Written By: Jill Overmyer Reviewed and Edited By: Scarlett Full, in-house Registered Dietitian ]]>What if we told you there's a powerful solution hidden within the realm of your daily protein intake? Enter the world of non-GMO vegan protein powder—a choice that's not just about nourishing your body but also about nurturing the planet. Let's explore why choosing non-GMO vegan protein powder is a smart move for your health and the planet. Non-GMO vegan protein powder is made without any genetically modified organisms (GMOs). GMOs are organisms whose genetic material has been altered in a way that doesn't happen naturally, often to make them resistant to pests or herbicides. Choosing non-GMO vegan protein powder means you're opting for a cleaner and more natural option. It's made from plants like peas and rice that haven't been genetically altered. This ensures that the protein powder you're consuming is free from any artificial modifications. They're also verified by the Non-GMO Project. Opting for vegan protein offers numerous health benefits that support your overall well-being. Choosing between organic vegan protein and conventional protein sources can significantly impact your health and the environment. By opting for organic vegan protein, you prioritize your health, support sustainable agriculture, and contribute to environmental conservation. Adding non-GMO vegan protein to your diet is easy. Brands like Growing Naturals offer organic pea and rice protein powders that provide clean, nutritious, and environmentally friendly protein options. You can mix it into smoothies, use it in baking, or add it to your favorite recipes. Choosing a non-GMO vegan protein powder is more than a dietary choice; it's a step towards better health and a cleaner planet. With Growing Naturals' organic protein powders, you're getting the best for your body and the environment. We take pride in offering protein powders that are completely GMO-free. By using organic ingredients and avoiding GMOs, we ensure that our products are as pure and natural as possible. Feel the power of non-GMO vegan protein powder and start your journey to a healthier you and a greener world. Remember, every choice counts, and the benefits are endless. ]]>From whey to soy to rice, protein powders come in all different forms. Each has its own benefits, so choosing the perfect protein can be a little overwhelming. If better health (for you and the planet) is your goal, it's time to check out pea protein. Not only is pea protein good for your health but it's also good for the environment! Pea protein is one of the Earth-friendliest protein powders because it's made from peas and when peas are grown they put CO2 back into the soil! In fact, according to the BBC, producing 100g of protein from peas emits 90 times LESS carbon than getting the same amount of beef protein. Needless to say, pea protein is an amazingly sustainable protein option. Now back to the subject at hand: Here are 12 reasons pea protein might be the healthiest thing you consume all day, plus why it's better than whey. One of the reasons protein is so important to the diet is because it contains essential amino acids. The body can't make 9 essential amino acids, so they must be obtained through foods. Lysine is one of these amino acids, and it's essential for building connective tissue like skin, cartilage, and bones. It has also been shown to help absorb calcium, another must for strong bones. Legumes are one of the richest sources of lysine, so if your diet is heavy in grain or grain-based protein and low on beans and legumes (especially if you're a vegan or vegetarian), then pea protein is the way to go. Adding pea protein to your diet will ensure you're getting the full range of essential amino acids. Go to your local grocery or health food store and you'll notice that the majority of protein powders contain whey or casein. Although most of the lactose has been removed from whey, trace amounts still remain. If you're one of the 50 million Americans who are lactose-intolerant, these dairy-based proteins won't cut it. Pea protein doesn't contain dairy, lactose, or soy, making it a viable option for people with some of the most common allergens. Keep in mind, some pea protein powders commonly contain allergenic-added ingredients, so look for ones like Growing Naturals Pea Proteins, which don't contain artificial additives and use completely plant-based, soy- and dairy-free ingredients. If you follow a gluten-free diet, whether it's due to an intolerance, sensitivity, or personal preference, you already know finding gluten-free foods can be difficult. All foods must now be below 20 ppm (parts per million), or .002% gluten, in order to meet FDA guidelines. While most pea proteins are naturally gluten-free, we like to go the extra mile by testing each batch of product for gluten using the Gluten RIDASCREEN Competitive method R7021 and Gluten RIDASCREEN Gliadin method R7001. Most of the time, they test between 5-10ppm, trace amounts well below FDA guidelines. Although very healthy, whole legumes like beans and peas have a reputation for creating uncomfortable side effects like gas and bloating. This is mainly due to the high fiber and starch content. Even though pea protein comes from a legume, the peas undergo processing to remove most of the fiber and starch content. This, combined with the fact that they don't contain major allergens or lactose, make pea protein an option that's easy on the stomach. It's also highly digestible, with 100% lab-tested digestibility. Iron is an essential mineral that plays a major role in the body, helping transport oxygen through the blood. Iron deficiencies can lead to anemia, which can cause fatigue, shortness of breath, and brittle hair and nails, among other things. Women are particularly susceptible to iron deficiency due to blood loss through menstruation. The RDA for women aged 19-50 is 18 mg, which is higher than it is for males. For vegetarians, the RDA is 1.8 times greater. There are actually two different types of iron—heme (found in animals meat) and non-heme (found in plants). While non-heme iron is not as easily absorbed by the body, it reduces the risk of excess iron building up in the body. Excess iron from animal sources has been linked to an increased risk of serious health concerns, making non-heme iron (like the kind found in pea protein) a healthier option. Added bonus: Growing Naturals pea protein is an excellent source of iron, containing 25-30% of the DV(daily value) per serving. The glycemic index is a number assigned to foods based on how quickly the body digests it and turns it to glucose. Low glycemic foods take the body longer to digest, which helps keep blood sugar levels even. They also help you feel full longer and are associated with a number of benefits, including helping maintain a healthy weight. Pea protein is concentrated in protein, so it won't raise blood sugar the way juice or other high-carb foods do. In fact, adding pea protein to a fruit smoothie will actually help to keep blood sugar spikes at bay, helping you sustain your energy for longer periods. If you're watching your carb intake, pea protein is an excellent low-carb option that doesn't sacrifice protein content—GN pea proteins have 0-3 carbs per serving and 15-16 grams of protein. Most of the carbs in pea protein have been removed, unlike whole legumes, which are high in complex carbs. BCAAs (branch chain amino acids) are three essential amino acids that can't be produced by the body. BCAAs make up more than 35% of muscle mass and stimulate protein synthesis, so they're particularly important for building muscle. When it comes to BCAA content, pea protein is comparable to whey protein; about 20% of the amino acids in pea protein are BCAA (compared to 25% in whey protein), enough needed to stimulate protein synthesis. According to this study on pea protein, participants who supplemented with pea protein increased bicep muscle thickness at the same rate as whey protein users. Another important amino acid, arginine (L-arginine) has plenty of heart-healthy benefits and is also a key player in muscle growth, assisting in protein synthesis and increasing blood flow to muscles. If your goal is to build muscle, pea protein contains more than 3 times the amount of arginine per gram than whey protein. FODMAP stands for Fermentable, Oligosaccharides, Disaccharides, Monosaccharides, and Polyols. Foods with FODMAPs contain certain carbohydrates and sugar alcohols, and avoiding them has shown to be an effective treatment for people with Irritable Bowel Syndrome. All GN pea proteins are low-FODMAP at a max of 2 servings and they have been third-party tested to ensure compliance. If you have gas, bloating, cramps, and other digestive issues that haven't been diagnosed, low-FODMAP foods like pea protein may be able to help. Magnesium is another mineral that plays a vital role in health and involved in more than 600 chemical reactions in the body, including muscle movement, DNA repair, and protein formation. Studies have also shown that it may benefit heart and brain health, insulin resistance, and blood pressure, among other things. Pea protein makes it easy to get this important mineral, each serving containing about 40-45% of the recommended 400 mg of magnesium each day. It's no secret that saturated fats are bad for the heart. Because they can raise cholesterol levels in the blood, the American Heart Association recommends limiting calories from saturated fat to less than 5-6% of calories per day. Cholesterol and saturated fats are only found in animal products and proteins. If you're watching your cholesterol, you might want to consider pea proteins; unlike dairy proteins, pea proteins are naturally cholesterol and saturated fat free. Whether you want to watch your carb intake, fuel your muscles, or make a positive change to your health, pea protein is a delicious, nutritious way to start. And if you're still not convinced–check out these other reasons why to try pea protein. Written By: Jill Overmyer Reviewed and Edited By: Scarlett Full, in-house Registered Dietitian Here are five evidence-based reasons plant proteins are better for your heart than animal proteins and a few easy ways to get more plant-proteins in your diet: Cholesterol and saturated fats are mainly found in animal protein sources so most plant protein sources including GN rice and pea proteins are naturally free from both. Your body makes all the cholesterol it needs so it doesn't need to be consumed from foods. Any extraneous cholesterol consumed from animal protein sources is more cholesterol that your body needs to eliminate elsewise you increase your risk of having high cholesterol which can lead to a further increased risk of heart attacks and heart disease. Even whey protein (which comes from cow milk) contains cholesterol, albeit in small amounts. One way the body eliminates excess cholesterol, thus protecting the heart, is with dietary fiber. Fiber binds to a variety of fat molecules and are excreted along with the fiber, thus keeping them from plugging up delicate blood vessels. Animal proteins contain zero fiber but plant proteins like beans, legumes, seeds and whole grains in particular are rich sources of dietary fiber. While plant protein powders are derived from sources like peas and rice, most but not all fiber is removed during the protein concentration process. For example, 1 scoop of rice protein still provides 2 grams of dietary fiber. Phytochemicals are beneficial compounds found uniquely in plant-based foods only. Antioxidants are a type of phytochemical for example, which protect the body from free radicals that can otherwise lead to cancer and/or damage pivotal organs like the heart. Experts believe there are thousands of different antioxidants found in all plant foods. While colorful fruits and vegetables are popularly known for these compounds, plant proteins (nuts, seeds, beans/legumes, and whole grains) are also sources of different antioxidants. Are antioxidants also found in concentrated plant protein powders? Yes they are. Both rice and pea protein have shown protective heart health benefits due to the presence of antioxidants or other phytochemicals. Potassium, calcium, magnesium, folate, and fiber are just some of the vitamins and minerals that directly support the function of the heart and it's health. For example, potassium helps to support the nerves needed to regular the heartbeat. Calcium triggers contracts of the heartbeat along with potassium and magnesium. Beans, legumes, whole grains, seeds and nuts are naturally rich sources of these nutrients. So when you eat an array of plant proteins you can be sure that you are supporting your heart's health. A review study from 2015 specifically looked at how plant versus animal proteins affected the risk for heart disease. While further research is needed, the data favored the idea that cardiovascular risk could be reduced by including more plant proteins instead of processed animal proteins. In another study of over 37,000 American participants, those who ate the most plant protein were 29% less likely to die from heart disease. Additionally, replacing even one serving per day of red or processed meat with plant proteins was linked to a 47% decreased risk of heart disease in men. While there are a plethora of heart health benefits with a balanced vegan diet, you don't need to go full vegan in order to reap some benefits. Even a single daily swap of processed red meat with plant protein can lead to a significant reduction in heart disease risk especially in men. Reach for whole plant protein options first and foremost though concentrated plant protein powders are easy and convenient options that count too. What better way to get your "apple a day?" With this smoothie, you'll be sipping what tastes like a slice of (healthy) apple pie. If you love pumpkin pie, you'll love this healthier smoothie version with almost 7x the protein and 8.5x the fiber compared to a slice of traditional pie. With delicious hints of cinnamon and nutmeg, this pecan-based smoothie uses banana as a base and dates as an all natural sweetener. It also has 30g of protein to keep you full through the morning or afternoon. Using frozen peaches, you can have this delicious smoothie year round. Add extra ice if you prefer a smoothie bowl and top it with your favorite granola for some added crunch. You can easily make this sweet potato smoothie recipe Paleo by using coconut or cashew milk and adding a tablespoon of coconut oil for some added fats. This healthy take on a banana cream pie boasts 31 grams of protein and 12g of fiber (which is nearly half of what you need for the day!). The protein and fiber combo is also perfect for helping to keep you full and satiated. Here are 10 foods that are surprisingly not (always) vegan: ]]>Vegan diets should basically be 100% plant-based and animal-free. Unlike vegetarian diets which are mainly plant-based but allow animal-based, dairy-products (e.g. cheese, yogurt, eggs, etc.) You may already know that common foods like fresh fruits, vegetables, nuts and legumes get the green light in a vegan diet. But what foods can't vegans eat aside from meat, fish and poultry? Some seemingly plant-based foods are more than meets the eye because they have been made with, or processed with small amounts of animal-based ingredients. Thankfully, many of these foods do have fully vegan alternatives available now, so it's a matter of checking the labels. In any case, here are 10 foods that are surprisingly not (always) vegan: While raw cacao beans are indeed vegan, milk chocolate and even dark chocolate can contain milk or milk-derived ingredients. Check the labels for avoid those that "contain milk" or look for dairy-free versions that also show a vegan indicia or logo. There are an increasing number of veggie patties or faux meats becoming available on store shelves so it's important to always check the labels. Some patties may be vegetarian (not vegan) and contain eggs, butter or dairy ingredients. Most gummy candy and even gummy vitamins are made with gelatin, an ingredient made from animal tissue. Though they are limited, some vegan gummies do exist, so look for gelatin-free on the label along with a vegan logo. While some breads are vegan, basic white bread, challah, brioche and many sweet-type breads contain dairy ingredients like butter, milk and eggs. Did you know some of the savory taste from this condiment sauce comes from anchovies (which are small fish)? Yep! Some processed products like red velvet cake mix, faux crab meat, strawberry yogurts or red juices may get their red color from carmine, an ingredient made from a type of cochineal insect. While miso itself is vegan, the broth used to make this popular soup is often fish-based. When ordering, make sure you ask for miso made with vegetable broth instead. Many beers and wines use an animal-based clarifying agent during the filtering process. Look for beers and wine with vegan and/or cruelty-free symbols on them or contact the company to confirm. Don't worry marshmallow lovers, they are vegan options available now. But traditional marshmallows use gelatin, which is made from animals. Traditional recipes for this creamy and delicious dressing contain anchovies, which are small fish! There are vegan options available now though. Bottom line--always read the label when you are shopping for vegan items, especially the ones listed above. Check the ingredients for dairy or other non-vegan ingredients and also look for "vegan" or "animal cruelty-free" symbols. Lastly, you can always contact a company to make sure a product is 100% vegan. Satisfy the DYIer in you with this simple recipe for a DIY powdered egg replacer just like the ones you would buy in the store. Place all the ingredients in a bowl and combine them well, then store in an airtight container. This recipe makes 50 egg substitutes that can be stored in the refrigerator until they are needed. You can make one batch of this and be good for a baking party! Fruit is nature's candy. This all-natural alternative will spruce up any recipe and leave your lucky consumers wanting more, in a healthy way. Use 1/4 cup of fruits like bananas or applesauce to replace 1 egg. This trade secret is used mostly for fudgy brownies like these and moist cakes. Tofu is high in protein and provides a silky-smooth texture for all of your baking desires. Use about 1/4 cup of tofu per egg for moist cakes, breads, cookies, brownies and even pies like this one. Flax and chia seeds are a great source of Omega-3 fatty acids. These are an essential nutrient for brain health and physical energy. The seeds are mixed with water to make a gel-like substance. Here is a step-by-step tutorial of how to make a flax or chia egg. Use this for anything from cupcakes to doughnut holes, YUM. An old folk remedy for various ailments, who would've thought this would also work wonders for the air-like consistency of light cakes, meringues, cupcakes and even some cookies. Use 1 teaspoon of baking soda + 1 tablespoon of vinegar to replace 1 egg. Growing Naturals pea protein makes for a great 1:1 egg replacer in terms of function in a baked recipe, where 1 unpacked scoop would approximately count for 2 eggs. Depending on the flour used, water should be added as needed to get the appropriate batter/dough viscosity. Can you use rice protein as an egg replacer? Unfortunately, rice protein does not provide egg-like functions, but it could still be added as a source of vegan protein into the baked good. Need inspiration? Check out these delicious Cinnamon Crunch Protein Muffins. Aquafaba is the latest in vegan egg replacers. Not only is it virtually tasteless, it's an eco-friendly option being made from the liquid drained from a can of chickpeas! Ideally, aquafaba should be about the same consistency of egg whites to function as a proper egg substitute. So if it seems too watery, experts suggest simmering it on the stovetop until it's slightly reduced. You get about 1/2 cup to 3/4 cup liquid from 1 can of chickpeas. So approximately 8-12 tablespoons of liquid for use and potentially 3-4 whole egg replacements. Written By: Sarah Roberts Reviewed and Edited By: Scarlett Full, in-house Registered Dietitian ]]>Testosterone is a hormone manufactured by the body that plays a critical role in the development of the male reproductive system. It's also essential for the male body overall, helping dictate traits and essential functions. This includes sperm production, body hair, voice, muscle mass and strength, bone density, fat distribution, height, and even brain function. Although it's usually associated with men, women also produce testosterone, just not as much—on an average day, a man will produce about 20 times as much testosterone as a woman. During the hormone production process, cholesterol is converted to a steroid called pregnenolone, which is an essential building block of testosterone. Even though vegan diets exclude animal sources of cholesterol (which might be one reason people think a plant-based diet reduces testosterone levels), cholesterol is so important to hormone production that the body can produce all the cholesterol it needs for bodily processes without acquiring it from the diet. A vegan diet won't harm testosterone levels by interfering with cholesterol intake. Studies have proven there is a relationship between adequate vitamin D and testosterone levels. Sunshine is the best source of vitamin D; it's also found in a few vegan food products like fortified orange juice, fortified plant milks, fortified cereals, UV-treated mushrooms, and can also be taken in supplement (D2) form. Zinc also affects testosterone levels by preventing the conversion of testosterone to estrogen. The body does not manufacture zinc, so it's important to consume the recommended daily amount from vegan sources such as beans, nuts, legumes, fortified cereals and vegan supplements if needed. During the aging process, testosterone binds to SHBG (sex hormone binding globulin), preventing it from fully functioning. However, when there is enough magnesium in the body, testosterone will bind to that instead. It's easy to under consume magnesium in a plant poor diet, so be sure to eat plenty of dark, green, leafy vegetables, nuts, and legumes (some of the richest sources). Vitamin A assists in the production of sperm. Studies have shown that when vitamin A is absent from testicular cells, testosterone levels plummet and estrogen levels actually rise. Great sources of vitamin A include carrots, kale, broccoli, cantaloupe, apricots, and winter squash. Adequate omega-3 fats, mono-unsaturated fats and even saturated fats are essential for healthy hormone activity, hence their importance in testosterone production and function. Since vegan diets are often naturally low in fat, it's particularly important for men who eat plant-based diets to get enough of the right kinds of fats (as mentioned above, and limit the poly-unsaturated kind). Not getting enough fat to support testosterone production could be another reason why vegan diets are associated with low testosterone. You can find testosterone-supportive fats in nuts, seeds, avocados, coconut, coconut oil and olive oil. So, do vegan and plant-based diets really harm testosterone? Nope. It's not plant-based eating that lowers testosterone, it's an improper balance of nutrients—and that can happen in any diet. A balanced vegan diet can provide all the nutrition essential for healthy testosterone production, so you can rest easy knowing you can still experience the benefits of a plant-based diet without slowing your testosterone production. Written By: Jill Overmyer Reviewed and Edited By: Scarlett Full, in-house Registered Dietitian ]]>Diets that regularly incorporate plenty of plant-based foods have been proven to make substantial positive impacts on health conditions that have become common, like heart disease, diabetes, and obesity. But improving health—and even protecting against disease—isn't all a more plant based or vegan diet can do: Studies show that vegetarians experience fewer symptoms of depression, stress, anxiety, and mood imbalances than their meat-eating counterparts. The results of one large study showed that not only did individuals suffering from depression experience immediate well-being after consuming fruits and vegetables, but the more they ate, the happier they felt. On average, vegans weigh 30 pounds less than meat-lovers, and have a BMI measurement five units lighter. It's a well-known fact that higher BMI levels are linked to greater incidence of heart disease, diabetes, and other health issues. Numerous long-term studies indicate that vegans live longer by an average of nearly eight years. Additionally, for every three percent calorie increase from plant proteins, the risk of death is slashed by 10%. Approximately one-fifth of greenhouse gasses produced by humans come from farming meat; in fact, opting for an 8-ounce steak is the greenhouse gas equivalent of driving your car 14 miles. Vegan diets, on the other hand, have the lowest carbon footprint; even going vegetarian a few days a week makes a big different to the planet. The benefits are high, and thanks to greater awareness and food accessibility, now is the perfect time to adopt a vegan or simply more plant-based diet. It's not hard, and these tips will help you enjoy a healthy new way of life! Did you know that not all marshmallows, chocolate, beer or wine are vegan-friendly? Or that most Worcestershire sauce contains anchovies? A little homework is all that's needed to get informed about what foods are a go and which are a no for your vegan lifestyle. Aside from meat, poultry and fish, dairy products and eggs aren't allowed on a vegan diet. Even foods like bread, pasta and veggie burgers are tricky because they might contain eggs or dairy. No matter what, you should always read the ingredients list on a product and/or look for a vegan symbol on it. It's also important to understand what makes a good vegan diet versus a bad one. Just because pasta and breakfast cereal don't contain animal products doesn't mean you'll benefit from a vegan diet. Not only that, but a diet that isn't balanced (e.g. empty calories) won't provide the complete range of nutrients you need—which brings us to tip two: Some people mistakenly believe vegan diets don't provide the full range of nutrition the body needs, but that's a myth. A balanced vegan diet will provide you with all the proper nutrients you need, so it's essential to understand what a well-rounded vegan diet looks like. Start by exploring what nutrients vegan diets can frequently lack (Vitamin D, calcium, omega 3s, and B12 top the list) and then plan meals that adequately address the body's needs for these nutrients. Your diet should consist of a wide array of vegetables, fruits, legumes, grains, and seeds, among other options. You may need to incorporate a supplement to fully address your Vitamin D and B12 needs, and that's OK. While planning meals, make sure to fill the nutritional "holes" created by removing non-vegan foods like milk and beef. How will your diet compensate for all that dairy—and calcium—you enjoyed? This is where your homework comes in! (Hint: plenty of dark, leafy greens will do the trick.) Saying sayonara to animal products means you'll now utilize plant-based foods to address the body's need for complete protein, iron, and Omega 3s. By getting to know good, quality sources of plant-based proteins, you'll be able to prepare meals that adequately provide these essential nutrients. Beans, nuts, seeds, whole grains, legumes, and plant-based protein powders should top your list. You can also use (in moderation) a few of the increasingly many vegan alternatives showing up on store shelves like plant-based burgers, nuggets, cheese, milk, seafood, eggs and even ice cream! Enjoying a wide variety of alternate protein sources also means you'll fully compensate for nixed animal-based amino acids. While switching from meat to meatless may seem overwhelming, you can make it more manageable by starting with small changes. Habits, even healthy ones, take time to stick. Taking baby steps instead of making a drastic dietary change overnight means you'll be less likely to ditch your new meatless lifestyle. To succeed in your healthy goals, start by going meatless once a week. As you feel more comfortable, gradually increase the number of meatless or vegan meals you enjoy per week. Go at the pace you (and your body!) feels comfortable with, and before you know it, you won't be missing meat at all. Constantly daydreaming about the hamburgers you won't be eating isn't going to help your transition to a healthy vegan lifestyle. Instead, think about the huge variety of foods you've discovered during your vegan research. There's an exciting world of possibility and creativity that's not only delicious, but incredibly good for your body (not to mention, veggie burgers are pretty darn good!). By experimenting with new recipes and learning new substitutions, you'll be less likely to focus on foods you've decided to cut. You don't need to explore a vegan lifestyle on your own! Connect with other vegans who can help you stay motivated as you make the transition to meatless. Online support groups, local vegan cooking classes, and vegan friends can help you glean ideas, tips, and recipes. You'll also learn about what works and what doesn't from like-minded people who will help you fully enjoy your healthy new lifestyle. Veganism offers plenty of opportunities to explore exciting new food experiences, so stay open! Try new foods and recipes every week—vegan doesn't mean foregoing hearty or satisfying, but caring for your body in delicious new ways. Tex Mex Vegan Chili? Yes, please! Keeping an open mind also means realizing that faux cheese isn't going to taste just like Cheddar, and tofu isn't going to be mistaken for beef in a blind taste-test. Acknowledging and accepting that just means you'll be open to new possibilities! Thanks to the increasing awareness of vegetarian and vegan lifestyles, more and more restaurants are not only offering meatless options, but expanding their menu with delicious vegan offerings—and not just in the "salad" section. Don't be afraid to ask the server if you can substitute or skip certain ingredients, either. Check out the menus of restaurants in your area before a night out to see which offer the best options. There may even be a vegan-only restaurant nearby! Whether you choose to become completely vegan or transition to a few vegan or vegetarian days a week, you'll see the difference this deliciously healthy lifestyle will make in your mind and body! Written By: Jill Overmyer Reviewed and Edited By: Scarlett Full, in-house Registered Dietitian ]]>People with Celiac Disease have an autoimmune reaction to the presence of gluten, a protein found in wheat, rye, and barley, which can destroy the sensitive absorptive tissue in the small intestine. One detrimental consequence is that food and nutrients cannot be absorbed and used. Common symptoms of Celiac Disease include intestinal symptoms such as bloating, gas, and diarrhea, and weight loss, poor growth, and nutritional deficiencies. Individuals with gluten sensitivity, though their symptoms on exposure to gluten may be similar, do not experience the severe intestinal damage observed with Celiac Disease. The only known definitive diagnostic tool for clarifying the problem is an intestinal biopsy in which the integrity of the intestinal tissue (villi) is visibly observed and evaluated. Trying to eliminate wheat, barley and rye (natural sources of gluten) is the easiest way to become painfully aware of just how ubiquitous the ingredient is in our food culture. It is important, for overall well-being, to remember that following a gluten-free diet is as much about what to include as it is what to eliminate. The more nutritionally complete your diet is, the less likely it is that gluten-free eating creates other health issues. Six key goals for balanced, gluten-free eating, when accounted for in food and meal planning can help you to feel better, and improve your short and long-term health. Growing Naturals Rice and Pea Proteins can help you to achieve many of these goals. First and foremost, it is important to become aware of where gluten is found. It is a protein that naturally occurs in wheat, rye, and barley. The most obvious dietary changes will need to be eliminating foods in which these ingredients are included. Fortunately, there are a wide variety of options available for sandwiches, pizza crusts, etc., that can ease the transition. In addition, many alternative grains have been embraced and promoted by chefs and creative gluten-free eaters on the internet, providing variety and inspiration to those individuals interested in spicing up their new way of eating. Here is a list of alternative grains currently available on the market for you to incorporate into your gluten-free cooking. Depending on the severity of your diagnosis and symptoms, it is important to also keep in mind that gluten residual may work its way into products prepared and/or packaged in facilities where gluten-containing grains are also prepared and packaged. This can be an issue even with foods that are not grain-based, but which are packaged in facilities where these grains ARE. Growing Naturals products are gluten-free and meet FDA standard of less than 20ppm gluten. Though most times they test well below this at 5 to 10 ppm gluten. A healthy gluten-free diet is not just about avoiding certain grains. It is about ensuring that all essential nutrients are included in the diet, even when a major source of certain vitamins and minerals has been eliminated. Dietary iron, calcium, vitamin D, and fiber, are often deficient in people with Celiac Disease. So it is important to seek out foods that reduce the potential influences these omissions may have on regaining total health. One serving of Growing Naturals rice protein powder contains 10-15% of the recommended Daily Values (DV) of iron. One serving of pea protein contains 30% of the recommended DV of iron. In addition to red meat, poultry and fish, plant foods that can help you to enhance your iron intake include: green leafy vegetables, dried herbs, dark chocolate, pumpkin and squash seeds, dried tomatoes, and dried fruits like apricots and raisins. If you make sure you eat these foods along with foods containing vitamin C, and moderate your use of coffee, tea, soybeans, tofu, dairy products, and calcium supplements at meals where you have included your iron foods, you will help that iron to be better absorbed and used. Some of the best foods containing calcium are not dairy products! Collard greens, turnip greens, tempeh, kale, okra, bok choy, mustard greens, Swiss chard, broccoli, basil, thyme, dill seed, and oregano are all respectable sources of this important mineral. In moderation (because they can interfere with iron absorption), consider incorporating tofu and non-genetically modified (GMO) soy products. Also containing calcium in respectable quantities are: romaine lettuce, celery, fennel, cabbage, summer squash, green beans, garlic, Brussels sprouts, oranges, asparagus, leeks, Crimini mushrooms, rosemary, cumin seeds, cloves, coriander, scallops, and kelp. Vitamin D Bone health is an issue in people following gluten-free diets. Vitamin D is not an easy nutrient to get in the diet, especially if you are also eliminating dairy products. Fortunately, one serving of Growing Naturals Rice Drink contains 30% of your recommended Daily Value. In addition to fortified foods, other good sources of vitamin D include sardines, salmon, eggs, and ultraviolet light-exposed mushrooms. Alternately, a non-food source is exposure to direct sunlight for 10-15 minutes preferably at noon. People with Celiac Disease often have other intolerances. Even if they are not entirely lactose intolerant, they may need to avoid milk in the early stages of healing. In addition to lactose, food intolerances and allergies often coexisting with gluten issues include: soy, lactose, whey, corn, and nuts. Growing Naturals products are soy-free, dairy-free, corn-free, nut-free; hence, the tagline, "Finally, a food for all people." Food intolerances and allergies irritate the body and create an inflammatory state that can affect other organs and tissues. Common chronic diseases like heart disease, type II diabetes, polycystic ovary syndrome, arthritis, asthma, even depression, are conditions that often get their jump-start when a diet is strongly pro-inflammatory. In addition to managing and healing inflammation in your digestive tract, dietary choices can reduce your risk or help to manage symptoms of other conditions. Two of the most important dietary strategies for reducing inflammation are limiting omega-6 fatty acids from the diet and limiting simple sugars. Fatty Acid Balance In general, your daily omega-6 to omega-3 ratio should not exceed 10 to 1 if you are trying to reduce inflammation; be sure you read your labels and moderate quantities of products containing added fats and oils that may make it hard to keep your overall diet in good anti-inflammatory balance. Almond milk in particular contains no omega-3 fats and is predominantly composed of omega-6 fats. Some common food sources of omega 6 fats include: sunflower, safflower, soy, sesame and corn oils, walnuts, avocado. Many milk alternatives are high in added sugar, so try to choose unsweetened or low sugar versions whenever possible. Percent of carbohydrates that are added sugar by type of milk 100 Flax 86-90 Coconut Milk in a Carton 79 Oat 78 Hazelnut 75 Hemp 0 Almond Growing Naturals proteins are sweetened with small amounts of rice sugar, and coconut sugar. In general, pea proteins contain no more than 3g of added sugar per serving and rice proteins contain 0g added sugar per serving. While there is an increased prevalence of celiac disease with type I diabetes, no such correlation with type II diabetes has been recognized in the literature. Even so, as the prevalence of obesity continues to grow in our culture, the number of people managing both conditions is increasing. If you have any family history of diabetes, or you have been told you have polycystic ovary syndrome or metabolic syndrome, it is important to eat enough protein to support healthy hormone function. One thing you may not realize just how insistent your sweet tooth is, until you realize that gluten-free eating entails cutting out some of your favorite guilty pleasures! Be careful that your quest for eating gluten-free is a quest for overall health, and not a way to eat food that is gluten-free but still low in nutrient density. In conclusion, following a gluten-free diet primarily entails switching out grain-based foods containing gluten for grains that do not contain gluten. Your options in every other food category are still wide open and available for you to use creatively in your own personal kitchen! Growing Naturals Rice and Pea Proteins can be valuable allies in making sure you are getting all of the nutrients in amounts and proportions that launch you into the world of better eating for better health. For more information on gluten-free eating, please visit: www.glutenfreediet.ca ]]>But unfortunately, most women don't add weights to their regular exercise routine. One survey found that just 21 percent of adults participated in strength training activities at least twice a week. One of the biggest reasons women tend to avoid weights is the fear that they'll become "bulky." If you're worried that weightlifting will turn you into the Hulk, it's time to put that myth to rest once and for all. Becoming "bulky," or developing a large amount of muscle mass, is not something that happens easily for women. Women have much lower levels of testosterone (the main muscle-building hormone in the body) than men, so bulking up takes a significant amount of effort. Female bodybuilders also follow specific programs, training for hours each day and eating a great deal of food to fuel their muscle growth. Simply put—unless you're following a special diet and exercise program specifically designed to add mass, adding weights to your routine (even heavy weights) won't make you bulky. Now that you know lifting won't turn you into Popeye, here are some of the best reasons to lift weights: If your goal is to be "toned," weight lifting is one of the fastest ways to get you there. Keep in mind that being toned doesn't mean your muscles suddenly get harder; it means they grow in size while your body fat percentage shrinks, giving a more defined appearance. Muscles grow while at rest after working out, when the body repairs the damage to muscles. As your body adapts, lifting heavier weights and varying your exercise routine will help ensure your muscles continue to grow. If your weight loss efforts consist primarily of logging hours on the treadmill or elliptical machine, adding weight lifting to your routine will help you see results faster—and help you avoid the "skinny fat" look by increasing muscle. In one study, researchers compared the effects of aerobic, resistance training, and aerobic and resistance training combined on fat loss, waist circumference, and lean muscle mass. The combined group saw the greatest decreases in body fat while adding the most lean muscle mass. Another well-known study from Penn State indicated that those who added weight lifting to their cardio routines burned 40 percent more fat than those who did cardio alone. Exercise is one of the best stress-busters, and weight lifting is no exception. Weight lifting releases endorphins, the body's "feel good" hormone, along with other chemicals that help battle stress, including dopamine and serotonin. Several studies confirm that when it comes to battling the blues, weight lifting reigns supreme. Researchers found that, of the various exercises studied to treat depression, women who lifted weights three to five times a week were significantly less depressed after five weeks than those who did other forms of exercise. Weight lifting has also been shown to help protect the heart against heart disease, primarily because of its complementary effect on cardio. The American Heart Association recommends at least two to three weight lifting sessions per week in order to get the most out of aerobic exercise. Because weight lifting also helps control weight, it lowers the risk of weight-related heart disease. As with any weight loss or exercise program, it's always important to get the green light from your doctor before you proceed. If you could use more energy throughout the day (and who couldn't?), head for the weight rack. Lifting weights improves the blood's ability to carry oxygen and nutrients to your muscles, allowing them to produce more energy as a result. Low-intensity weight lifting has even been shown to have a great impact on your energy levels. A study from the University of Georgia found that participants in a low-intensity exercise group had a 65 percent drop in feelings of fatigue versus the 49 percent drop found in those who performed high intensity cardio exercise. All women should take steps to reduce the risk of osteoporosis, especially as we age. One of the best ways to do this is by lifting weights. Weight lifting improves bone density, keeping bones strong and helping prevent the weakening that often comes with age. Even lifting light weights has a significant impact on bone density, as long as you do a lot of reps—one study found that women who lifted light weights with high repetitions increased bone density by four to eight percent. For seniors, the risk of injury from falls poses a serious threat; falls are the leading cause of fatal injuries among older adults. Women in particular are more susceptible to injuries; of the 1.64 million people over the age of 65 treated for injuries like fractures and head trauma from falls, 70 percent were women. Weight lifting on a regular basis can help mitigate the likelihood of injuries from falls. Not only does it strengthen your bones, as mentioned above, it also helps strengthen your lower body muscles, providing more flexible joints and greater stability. It's not just strength and muscle you'll gain from weight lifting—you'll likely notice your confidence soars as well. Weight lifting increases functional strength, which allows you to complete every day activities easier over time. There's just something empowering about being able to pick up your kids, grab an armful of groceries, and even open your own lid on a jar of tomato sauce. One of the reasons weight lifting is such an effective tool for fighting fat and helping control weight is that it raises the body's resting metabolic rate, or the amount of fat your body burns while at rest. Cardio burns more calories during exercise, but that burn stops soon after you stop exercising. Weight lifting, however, continues to burn fat after you've stopped. A pound of muscle burns about three to five times as many calories as a pound of fat (approximately 6-10 calories per pound of muscle versus about 2 calories per pound of fat), so your body becomes a lean, mean, fat-fighting machine around the clock. If you want to keep your brain in tip-top shape, weight lifting can help with that, too. Weight lifting and its effects on the brain has been studied extensively in older adults, since the greatest amounts of cognitive decline are seen with age. Multiple studies have shown that weight lifting helps improve a number of cognitive functions, including memory. Lifting weights twice a week has been shown to slow the rate of shrinkage in the brain's white matter, which can also lead to improved cognitive function. Your diet plays a critical role in your weight lifting success. In order to see the greatest results of your weight lifting efforts, make sure you are consuming enough protein. Without sufficient protein intake, you can weaken your immune system, recover poorly, experience soreness and fatigue, and reduce muscle growth. Use this calculator to help you get an idea of how much protein you should eat each day. As you add more protein to your diet, remember that it doesn't necessarily mean you need to add more calories to your diet—especially if your goal is weight loss. So keep the number of calories you need the same, just increase the amount of calories that comes from protein. If your exercise routine doesn't include lifting weights, there's no better time to start than now. Your body, mind, and health will thank you! Written By: Jill Overmyer Reviewed and Edited By: Scarlett Full, in-house Registered Dietitian Aspartame is a white odorless powder and a low-calorie sweetener that is about 200 times sweeter than table sugar. It is one of six artificial sweeteners approved in the US as a food additive by the FDA, along with saccharin, acesulfame-K, neotame, advantame, and sucralose. Aspartame is sold under the brand names Nutrasweet®, Equal®, and Sugar Twin®. Aspartame is primarily composed of two amino acids, phenylalanine and aspartic acid, which when combined together form an intensely sweet substance. Because so little is required to sweeten a product compared to table sugar, it contributes little to no calories and it will not raise blood sugar. According to the FDA, aspartame was first approved for use in chewing gum and some other products in 1974. It was approved for additional uses and foods in 1996. To determine its safety in the general population, the FDA reviewed more than 100 scientific studies on aspartame including studies used to determine toxicity and effects on various systems of the body. The FDA also established aspartame's ADI (Acceptable Daily Intake), or the "amount of a substance considered safe to consume over the source of a person's lifetime." Every vitamin and mineral has an ADI, fyi. As of July 2023, the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) as well as the Joint Expert Committee on Food Additives (JECFA) has classified aspartame as "possibly carcinogenic" or cancer-causing to humans based on limited evidence. In other words, after reviewing hundreds of studies, the joint committee of experts noted that there isn't enough studies looking at the cancer-causing potential of aspartame to draw definitive conclusions from and that this needs to be reevaluated with more and better studies. That being said, the committees reaffirmed the acceptable daily intake of 40 mg per kg of body weight and suggested that there was no safety concerns at these doses for the general population. Aspartame is only considered unsafe when consumed at incredibly high doses above 40mg per kg of body weight. Per the IARC, an adult weighing 70kg or 154 lbs would need to consume 9-14 cans of an aspartame-containing diet soft drink in order to even reach the ADI of 40mg per kg, assuming there are no aspartame sources from other foods throughout the day. While sugar is the body's main source of energy, many people who are health conscious or trying to lose weight try to avoid or limit their added sugar intake. In fact a 2023 survey showed that 61% of 1,000 Americans said they were trying to limit or avoid sugar intake. Because aspartame adds sweetness to foods without adding calories and sugar/carb content, they're a no-brainer for products like protein powders which are often targeted for weight loss, general health or body building. Artificial sweeteners like aspartame aren't the only option for enhancing the sweetness level of a product without adding to sugar and calorie content. Protein powders can use either artificial or natural sweeteners or a combination thereof. Protein powders labeled as "all natural", "organic" or plant-based may be more likely to use natural sugar-substitutes or sweeteners but the only way to truly know is to check the ingredient label. No. Growing Naturals rice and pea protein powders do not use aspartame as a sweetener. All GN rice proteins are sweetened with rice syrup solids, a sugar derived from brown rice. All GN pea proteins (except for Original/unflavored) are sweetened with stevia and coconut palm sugar. Original unflavored pea protein contains no added sweeteners. ]]>If you've ever tried different types of protein, like rice or whey, you may have noticed a somewhat chalky or grainy aftertaste. Pea protein, on the other hand, is silky smooth and delicious. Unlike many other brands, Growing Naturals Pea Protein also has a bland taste. And when it comes to protein, bland is a good thing, since some pea proteins have a distinct "green tasting" undertone. The subtle taste is also easily masked, so it's great for mixing in with smoothies or baked goods (savory or sweet). If you regularly consume protein powders, you've probably noticed that mixing it with water doesn't always have great results. Unlike rice and other proteins, which are best mixed in a blender to avoid lumps, pea protein mixes easily with water—just add it to a shaker bottle and mix. Easy peasy. It's especially convenient for mixing on the road or tossing in your gym bag to make after a workout. Pea protein is very heat stable, so it retains its nutrients even after cooked. Pea protein can be used as a substitute for eggs when baking, since it provides similar emulsification for the batter and gives your baked goods the same "spongy" texture as eggs. It's also incredibly versatile, so don't limit yourself to just smoothies. You can mix it into hot cereals like oatmeal or soups and stews to give your vegetarian meals an extra boost of protein. As if its delicious taste and versatility weren't enough, pea protein is also the most Earth-friendly of all vegan proteins. Peas are grown without the use of nitrogen-rich fertilizers, which can result in runoff that pollutes the environment. After the peas are harvested, the remaining stems are mixed into the soil. This returns nitrogen into the soil, where it's used to nourish the next generation of plants (without fertilizers). Pea protein has also been shown to have an effect on satiety; in one study pea protein was shown to have the same effect on satiety as whey protein, without the potentially harmful effects of animal proteins (more on this below). In addition to helping you feel fuller, it may also help with weight control. In addition to helping fight hunger between meals, this study found that those who pre-loaded on pea protein ate fewer calories at lunch. Dairy products that contain cow's milk (including some protein powders) also contain a number of sex and growth hormones, like estrogen and progesterone. Although naturally occurring in cows, they can have negative health effects on humans when consumed. Dairy also contains IGF-1, a hormone found in the blood. It should decrease with age, but consuming dairy causes IGF-1 to increase. Excess amounts have been linked to increased risks of breast cancer and colorectal cancer. Pea protein, on the other hand, is naturally free of growth and sex hormones—and the health risks associated with them. Not long ago, whey and casein (dairy proteins) pretty much dominated the protein powder industry, making it difficult for vegans to find a quality protein powder that wasn't dairy-based. Pea protein is naturally dairy-free, making it a delicious way to get 15 grams of vegan protein. If you want to supplement your diet with something new—and experience loads of benefits while you're at it—it's time to give pea protein a try! Written By: Jill Overmyer Reviewed and Edited By: Scarlett Full, in-house Registered Dietitian ]]>Whatever is causing the love-hate relationship with your bikini or swim trunks, whether it's a few extra pounds or too much bloating in the midsection, the truth is your diet is probably to blame. "You are what you eat" rings true—if you're constantly eating fattening, non-nutritious foods, you won't feel healthy or confident. If you want to clean up your diet and see real results, here are 6 foods to steer clear of (most of the time): What do wings, doughnuts, fried chicken, and French fries have in common? (Other than tasting great?) They're all deep-friend in oil. While this gives them their crispy texture, it also adds tons of calories and fat. That's because up to 25% of the oil used in frying is absorbed by the food. Depending on the food, this can send the fat and calorie count skyrocketing. For example, a serving of boneless, skinless chicken breast is only 124 calories, but a battered and fried chicken breast is 294 calories—more than double! If your goal is to trim fat and show off your muscle at the beach, skip the fried foods and opt for baked or grilled options instead. When eating out, avoid anything on the menu that says "extra crispy;" that's code for deep-friend. You know the ones—the chips, the cookies, the donuts. While these foods may taste good, they're the perfect definition of "empty calories:" foods that offer no nutritional value, leaving you hungry and unsatisfied. It's a vicious cycle. This type of junk food is also high in refined sugar. Too much added sugar in the diet (more than 10% of total calories, according to new USDA guidelines) can lead to a host of health problems, including increased risk of heart disease, and eventually lead to type 2 diabetes. If you're feeling hungry, curb your cravings with swimsuit-friendly snacks like nuts, Greek yogurt, or fruit. Soda, lemonade, frozen coffees, and adult beverages are staples for the summer months, especially during warm weather get-togethers and weekend brunch on the patio (mimosas, anyone?). But these drinks are often loaded with sugar. To give you an idea, an iced caramel latte contains the same amount of sugar as three donuts—that's nearly 9 teaspoons in one drink! If you're trying to fit into your swimsuit, sugary drinks won't help. This liquid candy has been linked to an increased risk of obesity, as well as type 2 diabetes, in numerous studies. In 2015, the USDA released new dietary guidelines that recommended limiting added sugar intake to less than 10% of total calories. For an 1,800 calories diet, that's just 180 calories (or 45g sugar). Given that one regular can of soda is 39 g sugar, it's easy to see how quickly sugary drinks can add up. Out for drinks with friends? Steer clear of sugary liquids by choosing club soda mixers and water. If the thought of water is boring, ask the bartender to add lemon/lime wedges, some mint leaves and/or a splash of cranberry or grapefruit juice. Alternatively, allow yourself one cocktail of choice, then make the switch over to the club soda mixer. For you meat eaters–the hot dogs, burgers and brats most of us love to indulge on during summer barbecues are literally clogging the arteries with saturated fats, AGEs, and lots of calories—the last thing you want when you're trying to get swimsuit ready. Too much saturated fat can also limit your lifespan. Study after study has linked high consumption of red meats to increased risk of cardiovascular disease and other health problems. One study even found a correlation between processed red meats and death; just one extra serving of processed red meat a day increased risk of mortality by 20%. While it's fine to enjoy the occasional juicy burger, make sure your protein comes from lean sources like chicken breasts, fish, or even plant-based protein powders. White flour tends to get a bad rap. To be honest, it deserves it. Not only does it lack any nutritional value, but it's often very high in carbohydrates and sugar and low in protein—the perfect recipe for an insulin spike and sugar crash. Pasta, bagels, pizza crust, pastries, cakes, and cookies are some of the worst offenders. They're also loaded with calories, which isn't synonymous with "beach body." Luckily, there are healthier alternatives that still taste delicious. Try pasta made from quinoa or lentils. Or, if you're craving Italian, experiment with new healthier options like spaghetti squash. When eating bread, whole grain and multi-grain breads are much healthier than white-flour breads. As much as we try to make pizza healthy by sprinkling a few vegetables over it, pizza isn't doing your body any favors. Most store-bought or delivery pizza includes lots of cheese and meat on top of a thick, white bread dough. Basically, everything we just said was not supportive of your health. Not only that, but when it comes to portion control and pizza, it's hard to stop at just one slice. If you're craving pizza but you don't want to derail your quest for the perfect beach body, try making your pizza from home. You'll likely use healthier ingredients and have better control over portions. For a truly healthy pizza, you can try making crust from cauliflower. When you do order pizza, opt for thin crust and veggie-based toppings. If your summer body isn't quite where you want it to be, don't worry. It's not too late! Avoiding these swimsuit-sabotaging foods will help you slim down. And if you do slip up and indulge, don't beat yourself up. Just get right back on track and choose healthier foods next time. Written By: Jill Overmyer Fact Checked By: Scarlett Full, in-house Registered Dietitian One of the best, most effective ways to beat the dad bod as you approach middle age is through a healthy diet. Not only will it keep your gut in check, but it can also help slow some age-related diseases and illnesses, including heart disease, hypertension, and diabetes. Healthy foods will also give you more energy, and who couldn't use a little more of that? Here are the some of the most important nutrients for middle-aged men and what healthy foods they are found in: Some of nature's most powerful defenses against age-related damage and weakness come from the foods we eat. As we age, our immune systems aren't quite as resilient as they were back in the day. Antioxidants help support the immune system by combating harmful free radicals, which damage the cells and may play a role in some illnesses, such as heart disease, Alzheimer's, and more. Foods high in antioxidants include brightly colored fruits and vegetables; the more color you can sneak into your diet, the better! Aim for at least five servings each day (generally 1 serving = 1 cup raw or ½ cup cooked veggies and ½ cup chopped or 1 medium fruit). A few simple ways to eat more colors (antioxidants) include: These simple modifications are also an easy way to cut calories, which can help you manage weight as metabolism and activity levels slow. Probiotics are beneficial bacteria found in the gut. While they're best-known for the benefits they provide the digestive system, including helping the body absorb nutrients and regulating bowel movements, the balance of bacteria in your gut can also affect your weight, immune system, digestive health, and even your mood. Prebiotics are plant fibers digested within the large intestine that act as a natural fertilizer for probiotics, creating a healthy environment that allows good bacteria to grow. If you've experienced increasing digestive issues with age, it's not necessarily aging itself that lead to it; rather, the lack of gut health maintenance. With that in mind, pre and probiotics are a must. While there is no recommended amount to eat each day, eating 2-3 food sources each week that naturally contain pre and probiotics can help. Foods high in soluble fiber, including whole grains, soybeans, and greens are good sources of prebiotics, while foods that include healthy probiotics include yogurt, kefir, onions, wheat bran, and fermented foods like kimchi and tempeh. Simple ways to incorporate these gut-healthy foods into your diet include: A healthy food discussion wouldn't be complete without fiber! It helps manage your weight, reduces your risk of age-related diseases, and helps you feel fuller between meals. The health benefits of fiber have been studied extensively and include: The recommended daily amount of fiber for men is 38 grams, much higher than the 25 grams for women. However, despite the health benefits, the average American eats just 15 grams each day. Some of the best sources of dietary fiber for men include: Working more fiber into your diet is easier than you may think: Lycopene is the substance that gives red fruits their color. It's also a superfood for men. Lycopene has been studied extensively for prostate health and may potentially reduce the risk of prostate cancer, the leading cancer in men. It has also been linked to improved blood flow, which can help support a healthy erection, and may even protect against cardiovascular disease. The best sources of lycopene are cooked tomatoes and tomato-based products like spaghetti sauce, tomato juice, and tomato paste. Pink grapefruit, watermelon, and papaya are also high in lycopene. There is no recommended daily amount of lycopene, but it's still wise to consume lycopene-rich foods on a regular basis. A few ways include: Also known as the "sunshine vitamin," Vitamin D is one of the most important vitamins we can get as we age. Vitamin D has been shown to promote calcium absorption, which can help with bone and cell growth and ensure bones remain strong as we age. The RDA of vitamin D is 600 IU, but vitamin D deficiencies are common—an estimated one billion people are vitamin D deficient. Getting enough vitamin D as we age can be difficult for a number of reasons. The skin doesn't synthesize vitamin D as effectively in adults as it does in youth, and most adults tend to spend less time outdoors than they did as kids. In addition to the sun, certain foods can also be a good source of this important vitamin. They include fatty fish, like salmon, tuna, or mackerel; vitamin-D fortified products like orange juice or soy milk; and egg yolks. You can get enough vitamin D by talking a 15-minute walk (with exposed arms and legs) outside each day, swapping meat with salmon or tuna a couple times each week, or drinking vitamin-D fortified orange juice. Most men know the importance of protein in the diet, especially as it relates to muscle growth. Beyond that, healthy proteins have also been shown to prevent obesity, diabetes, and heart disease—all things to be concerned about as we hit middle age. Protein requirements are unique to each person though in general, active men need higher amounts—depending on activity level and fitness goals. This calculator gives you an estimate of the amount you need on a daily basis. But the type of protein you eat is also important. Red meat contains high levels of saturated fat, cholesterol, and sodium, which can lead to increased risk of stroke and cardiovascular disease. The recommended amount of saturated fat in the United States is less than 10 percent of calories, but only 29 percent of men fall within those guidelines. As a result, dietary recommendations are shifting to include more plant-based proteins in the diet. Unlike animal meats, plant proteins do not contain cholesterol or fat, are loaded with healthy phytonutrients, and are low in sodium and high in fiber. Plant-based protein powders are one of the richest sources of plant-based proteins. In addition to the convenience powder provides, the concentrated protein amount also provides few carbs, if any, and doesn't have the same unpleasant side effects of bloating or gas that other protein powders or plant-based foods sources (like beans) have. Incorporating plant-based proteins is simple. You can: Getting older may be a fact of life, but getting unhealthier doesn't have to be. By incorporating these nutrients into your diet, you can make your middle-aged years the healthiest. Written By: Jill Overmyer Reviewed and Edited By: Scarlett Full, in-house Registered Dietitian Plant-based proteins are moderate to high in protein but also rich in fiber, vitamins, ,minerals and phytonutrients like antioxidants. Adding them to your diet can help you reach your health and wellness goals, and we're here to show you how! Let's get cooking! When it comes to plant-based protein sources, there are many options. Some of the most popular include beans, lentils, nuts, seeds, and, don't forget, plant-based protein powders. These are not only high in protein but also rich in fiber, vitamins, and minerals. This makes them a nutritious addition to any diet, ensuring you get all the necessary nutrients. Plant-based proteins are also often more cost-effective than animal-based proteins, making them an excellent option for those on a budget. Adding more plant-based protein to your diet doesn't have to be intimidating or complicated. There are so many easy ways to integrate it into your meals. Let's take a look! Plant-based protein powder is a great way to get extra protein in your diet. It's easy to blend into smoothies, oatmeal, baked goods, yogurt, casseroles, soups and more. Add a scoop of plant-based protein powder to your smoothie, blend, and enjoy. They're a great way to add a creamy texture to smoothies without dairy. Protein powders come in various flavors, so you can find one to suit your taste buds. There are plenty of plant-based proteins that can be added to your breakfast. Snacks are perfect for getting you through the energy dips during the day. Here's how to make them more protein-filled. There are plenty of recipes to add plant-based proteins to your main meals. Meal planning with plant-based protein can seem daunting at first, but it doesn't have to be. Here are some tips to get you started: Switching to plant-based proteins can be challenging at first, but with the right knowledge, it can be a smooth transition. Here are some common challenges and tips for overcoming them: Not getting enough protein – mix up your protein sources and add plant-based protein powder to your diet to ensure you're getting all you need. Not knowing what to make – use plant-based proteins as a substitute for animal-based proteins in your favorite recipes and look for plant-based recipes online. Not enough time – use easy, budget-friendly recipes and prepare meals ahead of time. What plant-based protein powder recipe will you try first? Get your perfect plant-based protein powder today! Upcycling is the practice of reusing or repurposing your item for something different than originally intended. So, what can you do with old protein canisters? Here are 4 simple ideas to reuse protein powder containers: Canisters make great dry good containers in your pantry from nuts to seeds and even flours, especially if you buy these items in bulk and need containers anyway. You can repurpose the canister by removing the label and painting a base color to your liking. You can also glue colored construction paper over the old label. Then get creative and draw or use letter stickers or markers to write the name of the contents to plan to put in there. You can even reuse the scoops to help scoop out your dry goods. Whether you are repotting a plant or need someplace to put flowers in, a plastic canister makes a great earth-friendly choice! Or how about gifting plant cuttings for a house warming or hostess gift? Whatever the occasion, wrap and glue some burlap over the plastic for a natural/rustic look and add the finishing touch with a bow made from twine or raffia. This goes without saying you can use any scrap fabric of choice to give it your own personal touch. If you're really into crafts or DIY projects then you might need some cute canisters to help get all your supplies organized. Instead of painting or covering the canister with construction paper, take some yarn of choice and wrap it around the canister to create texture and even different layers of colors like in the example below. Make sure to wrap tightly and glue the beginning and end of the yarn to help it stay in place. Get creative using different colors or types of yarn. Protein canister lids are the perfect size to grow a small patch of your very own homegrown microgreens, like the wheatgrass shown below. Microgreens can be grown with or hydroponically (without soil and just water). If you're interested in growing microgreens, check out Gardening Channel's instructions here. And there you have it. These are just a few ideas for upcycling plastic protein canisters. We'd love to see your ideas! Please email them to us at email@example.com or share them to social media tagging @GrowingNaturalsProtein #GrowingNaturals and #upcycle. Happy upcycling! So, what is protein and why is it so important? The quick answer: Protein is an essential macronutrient. It is the building block of nearly all tissues and organs in your body. All protein is made up of 20 amino acids. Nine of the twenty amino acids are considered essential because the body can't make them, and they have to be consumed through your diet–from protein sources. The remaining 11 are non-essential because the body can make them. Some of the non-essential AAs can become conditionally essential, because under certain circumstances like stress or illness the body needs more than it can produce. Where can you get protein from? Though most animal sources are rich in protein (unlike most plant-based sources), animal sources can also contain saturated fat and cholesterol (which plant-based sources don't contain). Whole food plant-based proteins like beans and whole grains don't contain as much protein (so you have to eat more volume), but they contain other incredibly beneficial nutrients like fiber, antioxidants, anti-inflammatory compounds, etc. This is why it's best for most people to get protein from both sources. The benefit of protein powders like Growing Naturals rice and pea proteins, is that they are rich in plant-based protein but low in volume. What is a complete vs incomplete protein? A complete protein is a protein that provides all nine essential amino acids in the proportions needed to single-handedly build new tissue aka protein synthesis. An incomplete protein is low in one or more essential amino acid and thus can not single-handedly support tissue building. However, incomplete proteins can be "combined" to be made complete. That is, they should be consumed with other protein sources in order to provide the body with needed amounts of all essential amino acids. They do not have to be consumed in the same meal. They can be consumed throughout a 24 hour period. Note: Contrary to belief, hemp and quinoa are not complete proteins on their own. As shown in this study, hemp is low in lysine. Quinoa is low in tyrosine + phenylalanine as shown in this study. Either or both complete and incomplete proteins can be consumed to help meet your daily protein requirements. You don't need to consume complete animal-based proteins in order to meet your daily protein need, as is evident with healthy vegan diets. It is entirely possible to meet your protein goal with only plant-based proteins. You just need to make sure you are 1) eating a range of complementary proteins and 2) eating enough total protein each day. Grains and legumes are the most common complementary proteins because the combination of their amino acids, yields a complete protein. In other words, the amino acids in legumes help to complete the amino acids in grains and vice versa. Specifically, legumes are typically high in lysine and low in methionine/cystine, whereas grains are high in methionine/cystine and low in lysine. Here are some examples of ways to get complete plant-based protein: Immune Health Protein is one of several nutrients which help to support the immune system. Amino acids from protein help to build antibodies which make up the immune system. Without enough protein, the body is unable to make enough antibodies which are needed to defend against harmful invaders like bacteria, viruses, etc. Weight Management High protein diets have been associated with weight management and weight loss by increasing satiety in a meal and to a lesser degree, from the thermic effect of protein. Controlling Blood Sugar When consumed as part of a meal with carbohydrates (sugars), protein will help to offset any spikes in blood sugar which would normally be caused by carbs/sugar alone. By keeping blood sugar regulated, you avoid sudden peaks and drops in energy, which can lead to fatigue or tiredness, which can be confused for hunger and often leads to overeating. For example, this vanilla protein latte with 26g of protein is sure to keep your blood sugar better regulated than a regular high sugar, no-protein latte. It will also keep you full! Maintaining Muscle Mass Building Muscle Mass and Muscle Recovery Protein is a key nutrient for any exercise enthusiast, but especially if you are looking to gain muscle mass or improve your body composition. The greater your physical activity level, the higher your protein requirements will be because amino acids are your muscles' building blocks–how they recover and get stronger. Learn more about protein for muscle mass and recovery here. Supplementing with rice protein in particular has been shown in both collegiate athletes and elite athletes to build and maintain muscle mass to the same degree as animal-based whey protein. Healthy Development During Growth Periods As the building blocks of all cells, dietary protein is especially important to consume during growth periods like childhood and pregnancy. Because your body is physically building so many new things, your body requires more amino acid "building blocks" during these times. Not getting enough protein during these times can lead to stunted growth or other health issues, trickling down from lack of proper development. Not many people lack enough protein in their diet, especially not if you consume meat/poultry regularly. However, if you have many dietary restrictions, follow a plant-based lifestyle, or are vegan, it may become more challenging to consume enough protein. This also goes for people with very high protein needs, like athletes or sports enthusiasts following a plant-based diet. Check out our protein calculator to find out how much protein YOU specifically need on a daily basis. Take Inventory Once you find out how much protein you need each day, you can use a food tracking app such as MyPlate or MyFitnessPal to help you figure out if you are meeting your daily requirement. You may be surprised how many days you fall short of protein needed to maintain your body's health. How do I use protein powders? Protein powders like Growing Naturals' rice and pea protein are a convenient way to help fill nutritional gaps with concentrated plant-based protein. You can use them to supplement when you aren't getting enough protein from whole food or use them as alternative protein sources. Rice and pea protein in particular are low in fat, calories and naturally cholesterol-free compared to most animal-based proteins. And did you know there's tons of ways to use them other than just smoothies and shakes? Regardless of what type of protein you decide is best for your health and lifestyle, what's most important is to make sure you're getting enough protein each day to support and maybe even enhance your health. Before you hop on the grain-free bandwagon, it's important to note that there are actually two different types of grains: whole grains and refined grains. Refined (or milled) grains strip the grain of the bran and germ (the two best parts!) and leave the endosperm. Pretty much all white flour products like cookies, cakes, pastries, crackers, most breakfast cereals, white bread, and more and white rice fall into this category. Refined grains are the villains of the grains group and have been linked to a number of serious health conditions. Because they are nutrient poor, refined grains are more or less empty calories. Being low in protein and fiber also means they cause the blood sugar to spike, leading to hunger and overeating once they drop. Studies have shown they also increase visceral fat (the fat around the organs), lead to a greater risk of diabetes, and are linked to obesity. Whole grains, on the other hand, include the entire grain. A grain can still be considered whole after processing (for example, by cracking, crushing, rolling, or cooking) as long as all of the bran, endosperm, and germ of the original kernel are all present. Some of the most common types of whole grains and pseudo-grains include barley, buckwheat, corn, oats, oatmeal, quinoa, brown and colored rice (but not white), rye, and wheat. Unlike refined grains, whole grains can be part of a nutritious, health-supporting diet. Why? Whole grains are rich in fiber, which works as a natural appetite suppressant, as seen in a number of studies. It's also been linked to a whopping 40% lower risk of heart disease. Whole wheat pasta and quinoa, which both have about 6 grams of fiber per serving, are good sources of high-fiber whole grains. We've been trained to think that carbs are bad for you, especially when trying to lose weight. Unlike simple sugars (like table sugar, honey and agave) complex carbohydrates are digested and absorbed slowly into the system, which helps avoid the blood sugar spikes and lower energy that occurs from sugary foods or refined grains. They are a rich source of energy, especially if you're an avid exerciser. Whole grains contain important nutrients, including B vitamins like riboflavin and folate, and minerals like iron, magnesium, phosphorous, manganese and selenium. Quinoa is rich in folic acid, which is essential for healthy cell development and crucial in the development of a healthy brain and spine in utero. Vegetarians often get protein and other nutrients from whole grains. The health benefits of whole grains are well-documented. For starters, you'll live longer. One Harvard study found that for every serving of whole grains consumed, participants lived 5% longer on average. For participants with cardiovascular disease, that number jumped to 9% longer. A diet rich in whole grains is also good for the heart. One study showed that those who ate 3-5 servings of whole grains each day had a 21% lower risk of heart disease. Other studies have shown a reduction in risk up to 28%. Whole grains are also associated with a lower chance of developing type 2 diabetes, in some cases by up to 30%. Diets that contain at least 3-5 servings of whole grains a day are also linked to better cognitive function. "Grain brain" is also good for kids. One study found that children who ate a breakfast that included whole grains scored significantly higher in test scores than children who did not. Another important health benefit of whole grains is less inflammation. One study observed the health effects of 37 different food groups and found that whole grains had the strongest anti-inflammatory effect of all the foods studied. It's worth mentioning gluten when talking about grains as well. Gluten is a type of protein found in wheat, barley and rye that has received considerable attention lately. Gluten-free diets are all the rage, and many websites and books have painted gluten out to be another nutritional villain. However, unless you have celiac disease or a gluten sensitivity, avoiding gluten is not necessary. If you do have celiac or are gluten sensitive, you can still reap the benefits of whole grains. Since gluten is only found in wheat, barley, rye, and occasionally oats, most grains are naturally gluten-free. Quinoa, rice, corn, and millet are just a few gluten-free whole grains. (Keep in mind that some oats become contaminated during growing and processing, so make sure they're certified gluten-free.) Although derived from whole rice grains, rice protein is technically no longer considered a grain. In order to make it a rich vegan protein source, over 85% of the carb content and other nutrients must be removed. With an entirely different nutritional profile to rice grains, the benefits would be protein-related rather than whole grain related. Despite what you may read or hear, grains are not the bad guys—as long as they're whole grains and not refined. In fact, whole grains can provide a ton of health benefits and even help you live longer. So skip the fad diets and stick with whole grains. If you do decide to limit grains, take extra care to get nutrients from other sources. Written By: Jill Overmyer Reviewed & Edited By: Scarlett Full, in-house Registered Dietitian ]]>FODMAPs stand for; Fermentable Oligo-Di-Monosaccharides And Polyols, which are specific types of carbohydrates (sugars) found in a wide range of foods. Normally FODMAPs are digested and absorbed in the small intestine. However, new research shows that in some people the carbs are poorly absorbed in the small intestines, which means they travel to the colon and are fermented/digested there instead. Once there, the carbs (being "osmotic") pull water into the intestines, which leads to excess fluid build-up and results in bloating, cramping, and/ or diarrhea (1). Gut bacteria, and its role in our health has become a very popular topic these days. And it applies here too. Our "good" gut bacteria are vital to breaking down FODMAPs (among many other nutrients), and in fact some FODMAPs are the bacteria's main source of food (also known as prebiotics, e.g. found in honey and onions). If the GI tract doesn't have enough "good" bacteria, it can't break down or absorb the FODMAPs, which is why symptoms may occur. To some people this may be "normal", but feeling bloated, gassy, constipated, cramped, and/or having diarrhea consistently is not normal. Occasional symptoms can be chalked up to eating something that didn't agree with you, but every day symptoms affect your quality of life. Lactose, Fructose, Fructans, Galactans and Polyols are the different types of FODMAPs found in a variety of foods. Below are foods naturally high in FODMAPs (1,2,3). Serving size is an important thing to consider with FODMAPs because certain high FODMAP foods may be tolerated at very small serving sizes, just as low-FODMAP foods may NOT be tolerated at very high serving sizes (e.g. almonds). Lactose \| Fructose \| Fructans \| Galactans \| Polyols \| · Fruit · Fruit · Legume/Beans · Fruit · Vegetables · Vegetables · Nuts · Vegetables · Sweeteners · Sweeteners · Alcohol · Herbs Tips:o ALWAYS READ INGREDIENT LISTS.o If you like onion flavor, use scallion, chives, or a dash of asafetida powder \| A low FODMAP diet can be beneficial if you are experiencing constant gas, bloating, cramping, and/ or diarrhea with no medical diagnosis. The diet can also be used to help control the symptoms of digestive conditions such as Irritable Bowel Syndrome (IBS) or Irritable Bowel Diseases such as Crohn's or Ulcerative Colitis (2). Since FODMAPs are found in a wide range of foods (including many healthy fruits and vegetables), avoiding them can be very restrictive in nature. If you feel it could help with your symptoms, you should consult with a healthcare professional like a Registered Dietitian for proper guidance. The idea behind the diet is to help find the food sources causing these uncomfortable side effects. Although research has shown that a low-FODMAP diet can be beneficial, it has also been suggested that fixing the gut bacteria can be just as helpful. It starts off by cutting out ALL of the foods that contain FODMAPs. After 6 weeks, foods from one group of the FODMAP list are eaten in small amounts, one at a time. Three days after the first introduction, another group can be started in the same way (1, 2). It's helpful to keep a journal of the foods that are eaten, and write down any changes or symptoms that are felt within 48 hours from the meal. This method allows for foods that cause the symptoms to be easily recognized. Although there are benefits to the diet for some, there are also some risks to consider. Restricting such a wide range of foods, excludes a number of vitamins and minerals, so deficiencies could begin to occur. Another really important nutrient that is excluded is fiber. Fiber contained within these carbohydrates is a component of food that the body cannot digest on its own, and is found almost exclusively in plant based foods. For these reasons, a low FODMAP diet should not be followed for a long period of time, nor without the help of a healthcare professional, such as a Registered Dietitian/Nutritionist (RDN). Due to the restrictiveness, the diet should only be followed strictly for 6 weeks and no longer. FODMAPs are not the same as gluten. Gluten is a protein found in grains like barley, rye, oats (sometimes) and wheat, whereas FODMAPs are carbs. These two types of food classes are digested differently, and therefore affect the body differently. In other words, if you have issues with gluten, it does not mean you automatically have problems digesting FODMAPs, or vice-versa, a problem with FODMAPs, does not mean you must also avoid gluten. The only documented relationship between FODMAPs and gluten is in the case of Celiac Disease, when the intestinal lining has been damaged from a gluten allergy resulting in intolerance to lactose, or dairy products. Most gluten containing grains are in the fructan group of FODMAPs, and should be avoided during the low FODMAP diet (but it is not due to the gluten content), and if found to be an irritant, avoided all together. Remember; "Gluten- free" means foods are generally "WHEAT- free", but "Gluten –free" does NOT mean "FODMAP –free" because there are still a lot of other ingredients to consider. Oats (if stated "gluten-free") are still ok to consume while on the FODMAP diet, just not wheat, rye, or barley. Oats can be a little tricky, as technically they do not contain gluten, but often times, they are processed in a facility that works with gluten, voiding the "gluten-free" claim. When buying or eating oats, make sure they say "gluten-free". By: Lindsay Goddard, MS, RDN, LDN Licensed & Registered Dietitian/Nutritionist B vitamins are responsible for helping your body turn the food you eat into fuel and form red blood cells, which carries oxygen to your cells. making them high on the list of nutrient must-haves for athletes. There are eight different B vitamins in the Vitamin B complex, and the most important ones for active individuals are B6 and B12. If you exercise regularly or participate in sports, a Vitamin B deficiency can seriously hold you back. One study from Oregon State University found that active people with Vitamin B deficiencies perform worse during high-intensity activities and are unable to repair their muscles as efficiently. Recommended intake for adults (per day): B12 – 2 micrograms; B6 – 1.1 micrograms Best sources: Lean meats like chicken and turkey, tuna, salmon, lentils, and brown rice Yes, sodium gets a bad rap these days. While too much sodium can be harmful to your health, not enough sodium during activity can also be harmful, especially during endurance events like marathons or triathlons. In severe cases, lack of sodium can result in hyponatremia, which can lead to fatigue, lethargy, headaches, and even comas. If you're doing long workout sessions, particularly in hot or humid weather, make sure to keep an electrolyte beverage at hand to rehydrate both fluids and sodium. Recommended intake for adults (per day): 1500 milligrams Best sources: Salt, salty foods, coconut water, sports drinks like Gatorade or Powerade, salted nuts If you've ever run a 5k or marathon, you've probably been greeted at the finish line with bunches of bananas. That's because they're loaded with potassium, an essential electrolyte (and avid exerciser's BFF). Potassium and sodium work together to balance fluids and electrolytes in the body. When potassium levels become unbalanced, muscle cramps and bloating can result. Most people who eat a balanced diet (including a variety of fruits and veggies) get enough of the recommended 4,700 milligrams. If you're going to be doing an intense workout or long run, add an additional 300 milligrams to replace what you'll lose during 1-2 hours of intense exercise. Best sources: baked potatoes, sweet potato, dark leafy greens, avocado, lentils, bananas, milk, carrots Another nutrient that tends to get a bad rap, carbohydrates are responsible for providing energy to your hard-working muscles. Limiting carbohydrates can negatively affect your performance during high intensity exercise. In fact, one study of Cross Fit athletes showed that those who reduced their carb intake also reduced their performance ability. It is recommended that 45 to 65 percent of your daily calorie intake comes from carbs, depending on your activity level. Best sources: sweet potatoes, root vegetables, oatmeal, brown rice, quinoa and all whole grains It turns out milk really does do a body good—especially if you're an active woman. The calcium and other nutrients in milk help strengthen bones, preventing osteoporosis and helping balance hormone levels. Calcium can even prevent muscle cramps. For those of you who don't consume dairy products, (don't worry) many plant based foods are also rich in calcium. Aim for 1,000-1,300 milligrams of calcium each day. Best sources: dairy products, calcium-fortified OJ, dark leafy greens, okra, and soy-products (tofu, soybeans, soynuts, etc.) Also known as the Sunshine Vitamin, vitamin D and calcium go hand in hand. Vitamin D promotes calcium absorption in the body and blood and is essential for healthy skeletal development. It's also important for muscle development and has been shown to battle inflammation after high-intensity exercise. The recommended amount of vitamin D is 600 IU per day. The tricky part is that few foods naturally contain vitamin D. But that doesn't mean you should hit the tanning beds. Fatty fish like salmon and tuna contain the most vitamin D, and many foods (particularly milk) are vitamin D fortified. Best sources: tuna, salmon, fish oils, fortified orange juice, fortified milk This essential mineral found in the blood is responsible for making hemoglobin, which carries oxygen to your body's tissues and muscles. Without enough iron, you run the risk of developing iron-deficiency anemia, which causes fatigue. Additionally, lack of iron means oxygen isn't transported as effectively to your muscles, which can lead to a build-up of lactic acid and muscle cramps—every exerciser's worst enemy. Iron deficiency is common among female athletes (studies have indicated over 50 percent have depleted iron stores), so it's important to get the recommended 18 milligrams per day if you're between 19 and 50. Women over 50 require just 8 mg per day, while pregnant women require 27mg. Best sources: Beans, lentils, nuts, dark leafy greens, egg yolks, lean red meats, whole grains Want to keep your energy and endurance levels high for your workouts? Then make sure you're getting plenty of zinc. This study from the Department of Agriculture showed that a lowered zinc intake lowered the oxygen uptake in athletes, leading to faster fatigue. Zinc is also crucial for keeping the immune system functioning at peak performance. Aim for the recommended 8mg each day if you're a woman, or 11mg if you're a man. Best sources: legumes, nuts, seeds, oysters, lean red meats, poultry, quinoa and other whole grains Whether you're an Olympic athlete or a channel surfer, water is absolutely essential for proper health. It is the most important nutrient in the body, and the most plentiful—the brain is composed of 95 percent water, and the blood is 82 percent water. Water keeps the entire body functioning properly, making bones and joints stronger, maintaining digestive health, reducing fatigue, and even helps you build muscle and lose weight. Depending on your weight and perspiration rate, you lose about four cups of water for each hour you intensely exercise, which can negatively impact your performance. The best way to stay hydrated—and operating at peak performance—is to drink water before, during, and after exercise. The recommended daily amount for inactive individuals is 48-64 ounces per day. When exercising or playing sports, aim for at least 1-2 gallons. Protein is the building block of muscle. It helps repair and strengthen muscle tissue that is lost during exercise and other physical activity. It also helps you lose weight. One study found that dieters who increased their protein intake by 30 percent lost 11 pounds in 12 weeks without making any other changes to their diets. Athletes and avid exercisers should aim for 1-2 grams of protein per kilogram of body weight. Lean meats like chicken, fish, and turkey are good sources of protein, as are eggs, dairy and soy. Protein powders can also be used to meet very high protein requirements or to help make meals higher in protein. Vegans or vegetarians can get recommended protein amounts through high quality sources like nuts, beans, soy/tofu, quinoa and other whole grains, and even plant protein powders. By eating the right nutrients, you'll have the energy and stamina needed to power through your workouts while feeling your best both on and off the field, gym, or yoga mat! Written By: Jill Overmyer Edited and Fact-Checked by: Scarlett Full, in-house Registered Dietitian ]]>Protein is made in the body with the help of amino acids, which are also used to carry out basic functions needed to survive. There are about 20 amino acids in total and are classified as essential and non-essential. The body can't product the nine essential amino acids, so they must be obtained from food. That's where protein comes in. The proteins we get from foods are considered either complete or incomplete. Animal protein sources, such as meat and eggs, are considered complete because they contain adequate levels of all nine of the essential amino acids. Plant proteins like the ones found in nuts, grains, beans, and so forth, are considered incomplete because they may contain low levels of one or more of the essential amino acids (contrary to the belief that they are missing one or more amino acids). So does that mean plant proteins take a back seat to animal proteins? Definitely not. Eating a wide variety of nuts, seed, grains, fruits and vegetables throughout the day or consuming plant-based protein powders is the best way to ensure you're receiving all the amino acids you require. Not only do plant proteins provide our bodies with essential amino acids, but they're full of health-boosting vitamins, minerals, and antioxidants—all of which have shown to be champions in fighting health conditions that have become all too prevalent. Take a look at some of the health concerns that plant proteins can help fight: Heart disease is the number 1 cause of death in America. One of the main contributors to developing heart disease is high levels of saturated fats and cholesterol in the blood. Cholesterol isn't all bad. It's actually manufactured by the body—we require HDL (the "good cholesterol) to stay healthy. But too much cholesterol from animal sources causes LDL (the "bad" cholesterol) to accumulate in the body. Unlike animal proteins and animal-based protein powders (like whey), plant proteins are naturally free of cholesterol and saturated fat, and that's good news for your heart. Plus, sodium content can be high especially in processed meats and whey protein unlike plant-based proteins. Plant proteins are also excellent heart-disease fighters for what they do contain—nutrients like magnesium and potassium that help keep the heart in top shape. Plus, plant proteins like beans, oatmeal, and nuts are rich in fiber, which research has shown can help decrease LDL cholesterol levels. One study found that even rice protein powder may help reduce cholesterol levels. Fortunately, simple lifestyle changes can greatly reduce your chances of developing heart disease. Eating more plant-based proteins can even help reverse the effects of heart disease; this study found that those with heart disease lowered their risk of heart attack and death by 70% by following a vegan diet. Although over 29 million Americans have diabetes, type 2 diabetes is largely preventable. Whether you're managing your diabetes or taking steps to reduce your risk of developing the disease, fiber-rich plant proteins are must-have additions to your diet. As low-glycemic index foods, whole plant proteins (e.g. beans, lentils, tofu, whole grains, seeds, etc.) help regulate blood sugar and insulin levels by slowing the rate at which food is digested. The American Diabetes Association identifies regulating blood sugar and incorporating plant-proteins into your diet as two simple ways to reduce your risk of developing type 2 diabetes. In fact, replacing animal proteins with plant proteins was linked to a lower risk of type two diabetes according to this study published April 2017. At minimum, replacing 5 grams of animal protein with plant protein daily was estimated to reduce the risk by 18 percent. You can also help regulate your blood sugar and insulin levels and avoid blood sugar spikes by adding low sugar/carb plant protein powders to foods that are naturally high in sugars or carbohydrates, like smoothies, juices, and baked goods like pancakes and muffins. As an added bonus, you'll also get heart-healthy boosts of fiber and protein. 1 in 3 Americans are at risk for developing kidney disease—the 9th leading cause of death in the country. Scientists have found that diets high in animal proteins are markedly taxing to our kidneys, leading to increased inflammation, protein leakage into the urine (known as proteinuria), and eventually, kidney disease. Plant proteins, however, do not cause the same strain on the kidneys—even helping slow deterioration of kidney function that has already begun. A study performed by the National Kidney Foundation discovered that the mortality rate of individuals with chronic kidney disease fell significantly when plant proteins were incorporated into their diet. Protein sources that are low in sodium, magnesium, and potassium, like rice protein powder, are ideal for healthy kidneys: the low levels are suitable for individuals with kidney disease and offer a healthy source of protein. As with any supplement, use should be cleared with a health care provider. Chances are good you or someone you know is battling Inflammatory Bowel Disease (IBD)—over 1.6 million Americans are. IBD actually refers to a group of conditions that affect the intestines and bowels. Crohn's disease, ulcerative colitis, Irritable Bowel Syndrome (IBS), celiac disease, and lactose intolerance are a few of the most common digestive conditions. Most people who have these conditions are given a strict set of dietary guidelines from their doctors. Some forms of isolated plant proteins—such as GN rice protein—can be beneficial additions to the IBD/digestive conditions because most of the fiber has been removed, which means they're able to provide essential proteins without any gas-producing side effects. Because the strict diets digestive conditions require can get boring, plant proteins help provide variety. With the exception of soy protein, most are also allergen-friendly, so they're easy to incorporate. Plus, naturally dairy-free plant proteins are excellent protein substitutions to dairy and dairy-based protein powders like whey and casein for people with lactose or casein intolerance. Around half of all Americans want to lose weight, and that's a pretty good goal—as excess pounds drop, so does the risk of heart disease, diabetes, hypertension, bone and joint diseases, stroke, and even some cancers. While exercise is essential to losing weight and strengthening muscles and bones, making healthy changes to your diet will not only help you lose weight, but reduce your risk of developing diet-related diseases. Both whole and isolated plant proteins are ideal components of a healthy meal plan. They're naturally fat-free, low in calories, and rich in essential nutrients. They're also full of fiber and healthy protein, so you feel fuller longer. Making healthy changes and incorporating plant proteins into your whole family's meal plan may help your children not only develop healthy eating habits, but fight obesity themselves. A European study found that plant proteins may help play a part in preventing adolescent obesity, while researchers from this study found that enjoying plant-based foods was instrumental in reducing a child's risk for becoming overweight. It's a well-known fact: foods can fight cancer. As many as 35 to 50 percent of cancers develop as a result of diet, which means cutting your cancer risk could be as straightforward as adjusting what you put on your plate. Studies have shown that societies with the highest consumption of saturated fats also have the highest rates of breast and colon cancer deaths. Plant proteins, on the other hand, are powerful components of an anti-cancer diet. Oncologist identify as the most beneficial types of foods for helping stave off cancer. Vegetables and plant proteins are rich in natural cancer-fighting properties called phytochemicals, which aren't found in animal proteins. These antioxidant, anti-inflammatory substances are known to help prevent cancer, and can even stop food substances from converting into carcinogens in the body. Arthritis comes in many different forms. There are over 100 different types of arthritis, and while it's a condition that many people associate with old age, it can occur at any age—over 50 million American adults and 300,000 children nationwide have some form of arthritis. One common form of arthritis is inflammatory arthritis. Inflammation is the body's response to harmful toxins or injuries. Normally this response protects us, but when inflammation occurs without a trigger like a virus or injury, it's referred to as an autoimmune disease—such as inflammatory arthritis—and can cause the body to harm itself. Fortunately, taking a proactive approach to arthritis can help prevent joint damage and slow its growth rate. Studies have shown that swapping portions of animal proteins for plant proteins not only reduce the occurrences of arthritis, but can actually be used to treat arthritis symptoms. Incorporating anti-inflammatory, plant-based foods into your diet is essential to managing the symptoms of arthritis. Unlike animal sources of protein, which are high in saturated fats that cause inflammation, plant proteins are rich in anti-inflammatory compounds that help alleviate arthritis. You don't have to become a vegetarian or radically overhaul your diet to experience the health benefits of a plant-based diet. Edamame, black beans, quinoa, chia, lentils, chickpeas, wild rice, peanuts, and plant protein powders are just a few delicious and nutritiously-dense plant proteins you can add every day to your meals. An easy way to start is by incorporating Meatless Mondays into your week. A few simple substitutions can transform your favorite meat-based dishes into healthy and delicious plant-based options—try fresh burritos with black beans and rice, swap your cold cut sandwich for quinoa, chickpeas, and marinated chicken breast; or add a scoop of plant-based protein powder to your favorite muffin or smoothie recipe. When it comes to your health, the power of plants can't be ignored! Adding more plant-based proteins through simple changes to your diet can help you enjoy a healthier life. Written By: Jill Overmyer Reviewed and Edited By: Scarlett Full, in-house Registered Dietitian ]]>1. What are my protein sources and how much of it do I need to truly give me enough protein? Vegans and vegetarians should typically aim to get 10% more protein than the RDA for protein recommends especially if you mostly consume protein from whole plant foods. This is because whole plant protein sources (think whole grains, nuts, seeds, legumes, etc.) tend to have lower digestibilities, which means your body isn't absorbing 100% of the protein in those foods. This is entirely normal for plant-based foods. So ultimately, if your body requires 90 grams of protein a day, aim to eat 100 grams. You can get an estimate of how much protein you need each day by going to our protein calculator. The number next to Optimum (0.8 g/kg BW) is the bare minimum number of grams of protein you should be consuming each day. If you are a vegan or vegetarian, then you should aim for at least 10% more than that number. If it sounds like a lot, Growing Naturals plant-based protein powders can help you hit the mark. Each scoop/serving of rice or pea protein provides 15 grams of protein, which can be added to anything from smoothies, to baked goods to cereal. Vegans with a family history of diabetes or personal history of weight issues, by the way, are better served by choosing protein-fortified smoothies over juice. Growing Naturals products can help you make that switch without sacrificing your love of all those healthy fruits and vegetables! 2. Where is my vitamin D coming from, and have I had enough? You will have to make a very conscious effort to get enough of this vitamin. The best way to obtain it is via enough direct sun exposure. Midday, in the summer is the best time to "harvest" sunlight onto directly exposed skin. According the National Institutes of Health, approximately 5–30 minutes of sun exposure between 10 AM and 3 PM at least twice a week to the face, arms, legs, or back without sunscreen usually lead to sufficient vitamin D synthesis. There are various factors that may impact the amount of vitamin D your body makes from sun exposure. For example, sun screen, skin color, clothes, any clouds in the sky, the season, how far away from the equator you live, etc. When sun exposure is insufficient, you can get vitamin D from foods or supplements. With regard to whole foods, mushrooms are pretty much the only vitamin D-containing vegan food. These are mushrooms that have been specifically treated with ultra-violet light. Otherwise, you can look for vitamin D fortified OJ, cereals, granola, soy-products or milk. Some non-dairy milks may also be vitamin D fortified. Adults require a minimum of 600 IU (international units) or 15 mcg of vitamin D each day. 3. Are my fats healthy? If you are eating a lot of packaged, processed, prepared, or baked vegetarian food...be extra sure you are not inadvertently letting the pro-inflammatory fats sneak in. Remember, they tend to begin with the letters "s" and " c" -- soybean, safflower, sunflower, sesame, corn, cottonseed. Canola is the exception. Vegans are often blindsided here with salad dressings, baked goods, cookies, and chops. Good fats include olive oil and canola oil. If it's your sweet tooth that makes it hard to stay away from processed food, consider that adequate protein and the right balance of fats are very powerful tools for fighting sweet cravings. Try a Growing Naturals smoothie mid-afternoon and see what happens to those late-day urges to eat sugar and drink caffeine. 4. Am I getting DHA and EPA (marine omega-3)? Yes, flax, chia, walnuts, and other foods contain omega-3, but they contain ALA (alpha-linoleic acid) which must then be converted to DHA and the conversion rate is typically very poor. You will either need to consume LOTS of ALA omega-3, or consider a marine algae supplement to be sure your intake of these two essential fatty acids is adequate. If you're fighting weight, sweet cravings, or insulin resistance, be sure you are getting DHA. It is found in marine algae. Don't rely on veggie sources like green vegetables. While these are definitely healthy, the amount you would need to eat in order to depend on them for omega-3 is impractical. 5. Am I getting enough fruits and vegetables? Ideally, these should be the vast majority of what you eat. You would be surprised at how many vegans there are, who do not like vegetables! You should be aiming for 2-3 cup servings PER MEAL. While juicing can help you hit the mark for some meals, keep in mind juicing will contain more calories, more sugar and ZERO fiber per gram versus whole vegetables. So aim to make most of your fruits and vegetables whole. Growing Naturals has a great team of chefs and nutrition specialists who love to create solutions to vegan and vegetarian issues. If you have favorite foods, but don't know how to combine them with protein into something that works for you, let us know! We'll get on it. ]]>Did you know? Plant Protein Powders Don't Cause Gas like Whey Protein Does (more info on this below!) Here are the top 4 reasons why whey protein may give you that dreaded gas, bloating and even make your skin breakout, plus how to fix it: Did you know that as many as 30-50 million American adults and approximately 65% of the worldwide adult population is lactose intolerant? (1,2) That's about 3 of out of 5 people. In other words, it is more normal to be lactose intolerant as an adult than not to be. Lactose intolerance is the reduced ability to digest lactose, a sugar found in dairy milk and milk products like whey protein. Lactose is normally broken down by lactase, an enzyme produced by cells in the lining of the small intestine. Consuming lactose in lactose intolerant individuals may cause mild to severe gastrointestinal distress such as abdominal pain, gas, bloating, diarrhea, and nausea. Most lactose intolerance actually develops in adulthood. As a baby you (and most babies) are actually born with high levels of the lactase enzyme because baby bodies need to be able to break down and absorb breastmilk or dairy-based formula either of which contain plenty of lactose. Though rare (but not unheard of), a few babies are born lactose intolerant. This is called congenital lactase deficiency or congenital lactose intolerance. In adulthood, lactose intolerance is caused by the reduced production of lactase. So while you might've had no issues digesting milk and milk products as a baby and kid, your ability to digest milk sugar naturally decreases as you get older. Your heritage may also factor into your likelihood to develop lactose intolerance. According to the NIH, lactose intolerance is prevalent in over 90% of adults of East Asian descent (3). It's also very common in people of West African, Arab, Jewish, Greek and Italian descent. Lactose content varies from milk product to milk product, with some things like cheese and yogurt containing less lactose than fresh milk and ice cream. Because whey is made from dairy milk, it naturally contains lactose. Freshly separated and dried whey is typically only about 12-16% protein and about 73% sugars, most of which is lactose. However, manufacturers use a filtering process to remove a lot (but not all) of the lactose thereby increasing the protein content and results in the more commonly known whey protein concentrates and isolates. Whey protein concentrate (WPC) is whey that has been further processed to contain roughly 70- 80% protein, which is then dried, flavored and sweetened before being sold as a powdered supplement. Whey protein isolate (WPI) is whey that been processed to contain a minimum of 90% protein. It is also then dried, flavored and sweetened before being sold as a powdered supplement. Because the protein content is so high, WPI tends to have much lower lactose than WPC. The problem is most whey protein supplements use a combination of WPC and WPI, so most whey supplements do still contain some level of lactose. And if you're one to use 2+ scoops of said whey protein per day, the lactose dose you're getting is even higher, resulting in said whey farts. If you're using a whey protein powder made solely with WPI (check the ingredients on the label) and still experiencing gas and bloating, read on: Whey protein supplements are generally low in sugar, which is great for those aiming to cut calories and get in shape, but maybe not so good for your gut. One way manufacturers keep whey protein tasting good while keeping calories low is using alternative sweeteners, including artificial sweeteners, sugar alcohols or a combination thereof. While there are some, few manufacturers use natural sweeteners (other than sugar alcohols) in whey protein. Sugar alcohols are a class of calorie-free, natural sweeteners which contain no ethanol despite their name. They are commonly used to sweeten "sugar-free" candies, chocolates and gum and are notorious for digestive side effects especially for those with sensitivities to sugar alcohols or when taken in moderate to high doses. The thing is, sugar alcohols act more like dietary fiber by going mostly undigested in the small intestine and rather, getting fermented by the gas-producing bacteria in the large intestine. Small amounts of sugar alcohols may not cause any issues in most people, but when taken in moderate to high doses (such as when using 2 or more scoops of whey protein in one sitting), they may definitely result in digestive issues including excessive gas, stomach upset or diarrhea. The most common types of sugar alcohols include: Artificial sweeteners are another class of non-nutritive additives commonly used to sweeten whey protein supplements. Here are some of the most common artificial sweeteners: While the low-calorie sweeteners like these may help people eat less sugar and lose weight, their effects on things like gut health and risk of cancer is still hotly debated. For example, some pre-clinical research conducted in vitro and in rats has shown than consumption of artificial sweeteners may disrupt the beneficial bacteria found in guts (4). Though further clinical research is needed to confirm these effects in humans, unhealthy gut microbiomes have been shown to be associated with increased risk of irritable bowel syndrome among other diseases. So if you're taking whey protein (and doubling and even tripling your serving), and you know you're not lactose intolerant, it's possible your body may be having trouble digesting the sugar substitutes in them. Here's one more possibility to consider: There's no denying that if your physical activity levels are high, your body demands more protein. However, the convenience of being able to drink down 40+ grams of whey protein powder within minutes after your workout might be putting your digestive system into overdrive. The thing is, protein digests at a slower rate than carbohydrates do, so when give your system a lot of protein on top of that, it takes your digestive system that much longer to get it all through. In fact, the "excess protein" may travel directly to your large intestine where it is fermented by bacteria, producing that buildup of nitrogen and sulfur gasses. Sulfur, being on the main causes of those room-clearing farts. Yikes. Scientists have uncovered a possible link between whey protein and acne and it has to do with IGF-1, that is, insulin-like growth factor 1. IGF-1 is an anabolic hormone that helps your body to grow. Some is necessary for normal growth especially during puberty. But too much can lead to problems such as acne breakouts because it can increase the production of androgens, such as testosterone, which is known to trigger acne. Some studies indicate that drinking milk and consuming whey protein supplements are associated with an increased risk of acne (5). In fact, a large study of more than 24,000 French adults with acne found an association between milk consumption and acne severity (5). One unquestionable way to stop whey protein farts and avoid acne altogether is to give plant protein powders a try: By: Scarlett Full, in-house Registered Dietitian]]> The immune system requires balance and harmony to work as it appears to be interconnected to several factors such as health, exercise, age, psychological stress and more. And while you can't technically "boost" your immune system, you can do things to help it function properly. Here are 7 ways to give your immune system the upper hand. It is important to note that none of these can prevent COVID-19–only proper hygiene can. 1. Eat enough protein each day Protein is typically associated with muscle mass, hair, skin and nails, but did you know it also supports your immune system? Whether from plant or animal sources, dietary protein contains the amino acids needed to form antibodies. Antibodies are produced by your immune system to help fight off harmful substances like bacteria, fungus, and viruses such as influenza and corona viruses. Without enough protein each day your body may fall short on protective antibodies when you need them. Specifically, low protein intake can lead to: Find out how much protein you individually need each day and make sure you are getting enough to keep your immune system strong. Here is an infographic on protein's role in immunity: 2. Take some probiotics Probiotics are "live and active" beneficial bacteria found commonly in yogurt, in dietary supplements sold as powder or capsule-form and even in some fermented foods like kefir or tempeh. Contrary to misconception, though all fermented foods are made with living bacteria, not all fermented foods contain probiotics in their final form, as final processing methods like heat or drying can "kill" the once live friendly-bacteria. Look for fermented foods that can confirm the dose and specific strain of bacteria found in the final product. Consuming probiotics helps balance the amount of good and bad bacteria in your gut and intestinal tract; it can also help to replenish good bacteria after it's been lost (for example, after having taken a course of antibiotics). Studies have found that a healthy colony of gut bacteria helps to keep harmful pathogens at bay. 3. Soak up some Sunshine! Vitamin D (the sunshine vitamin) plays a vital role on immunity as nearly all immune cells contain vitamin D receptors. According to the Marcus Institute of Integrative Health, "once [vitamin D] binds to these receptors, it helps certain immune cells called monocytes transform into specialized cells called macrophages that can kill bacteria and viruses. Also, metabolites of Vitamin D regulate production of proteins that can directly kill microbes and help reduce infections." Studies are increasingly showing there might be a connection between vitamin D (the sunshine vitamin) and risk of Covid-19. Though a causal relationship was not established, a recent study showed an association between vitamin D deficiency and increased Covid-19 severity and mortality in hospitalized patients. Because everyone's skin receives sunlight so differently, there aren't concrete guidelines on how much sunlight is best for obtaining vitamin D synthesis. However, vitamin D researchers suggest loose guidelines of approximately 5-30 minutes of daily sun exposure directly onto skin (without sunscreen), between the hours of 10am and 4pm in order to provide the body with enough vitamin D. If sunlight isn't an option, then certain foods or supplements can be consumed to get what you require (see more on this below). Most adults below age 70 require 15mcg (or 600 IU) vitamin D per day. 4. Eat a healthy, balanced diet (for the most part) "For the most part" means you should aim for at least 80% of your diet to come from whole, nutrient-dense foods including plenty of fresh fruits and vegetables, nuts, seeds, whole grains and lean cuts of meat, fish, poultry. This will ensure that you are getting the needed range and amounts of beneficial vitamins and minerals to support your immune system. Why not 100% healthy diet? Because it's not realistic…especially not if your lifestyle has changed drastically due to the pandemic. It's perfectly ok (and generally not detrimental) to enjoy and indulge in non-nutritious foods once in a while, when most (at least 80%) of your diet is healthy and nutritious. The following nutrients play a key role in supporting the immune system. Try to eat more foods (or supplements) rich in those nutrients to help support your immune system: 5. Get enough sleep Not doing so, may impair your immune system, among other things. In particular, sleep appears to benefit T cells, the antibodies that help to kill or destroy targeted antigens. Here are some natural ways to get better sleep too. 6. Exercise regularly Exercise has many benefits, including mental and physical health. Therefore, it too contributes to a healthy functioning immune system. Exercise can help the immune system find and deal with harmful substances, and it can also slow down changes that happen to the immune system with ageing therefore reducing the risk of infections. A recent analysis challenged the view that too much exercise may weaken the immune system and found that infections were more likely to be linked to inadequate diet, insufficient sleep, psychological stress and exposure to pathogens at gatherings rather than too much exercise. 7. Manage your stress For many of us, stress is an inevitable part of life–whether it be from parenting, a stressful relationship or job. And lately it's probable your stress levels have augmented exponentially due to drastic lifestyle changes brought upon by the coronavirus pandemic. The problem is stress (particularly chronic stress) can weaken your immune system and make you more susceptible to illness. Chronic stress affects your immune system in two ways: 1) by creating chronic inflammation that harms body tissues and 2) by suppressing immune cells needed to fight infection. While you can't avoid the stress response, it is important to find a way that works for you to manage your stress. Simple home exercises or stretches, deep-breathing techniques, aromatherapy, meditation or prayer are just a few quarantine-friendly ways you may consider for stress management. 8. Don't smoke Cigarette smoke contains over 7,000 chemical compounds. These compounds can damage all types of cells in the body including those in the immune system. Smoking weakens the immune system and makes your body less successful at fighting infection. By: Scarlett Full, in-house Registered Dietitian
How to Prepare for the Sample Teaching Lesson During Our Interview January 30, 2024 As interviews approach, applicants are signing up for their interview date, uploading transcripts, and preparing for the sample teaching lesson. One of these actions seems to cause more stress than any other: the sample teaching lesson. A five-minute lesson may seem like a daunting task, but the truth is that it's nothing to worry about. What can I teach? Anything! When we say anything, that's really what we mean. Our only guideline is that it needs: - To be 5 minutes long - Indicate the grade you're teaching (Pre-K through 12) - Have a specific subject area - Include a clear objective. Really think about what you want your "student" to learn in 5 minutes. The rest is up to you! We recommend teaching something you enjoy, even if it's not academic. We've seen people teach music, physics, tying your shoelace, and more—the possibilities are endless. The subject doesn't have to be your major or even the subject you're actually interested in teaching if you're invited to the corps. Pick something you like, and have fun with it! How will my interviewer participate during my lesson? Your interviewer will be your student. You'll ask them questions, answer any questions they might have, and teach them your content. Your interviewer will also ask you 2-3 follow up questions at the end of your lesson. I'm not an education major. How do I plan for this lesson? Your interviewer will not collect a lesson plan from you, but you should spend time considering the grade level you are teaching and planning a lesson that reaches your objective in 5 minutes. How strict is the five-minute time limit? We keep exact track of time to ensure the interview is fair for all of our applicants, no matter when they're interviewing. Don't forget that in addition to your five minutes of teaching, all applicants are given one minute for "prep time." You will share the objective, subject, and grade level of your lesson during the prep time. Prep time can also include sharing files, writing on the virtual whiteboard, etc. Don't worry! Your interviewer will guide you through the timing of your Sample Lesson during the interview. How do I plan for a sample lesson if I'm interviewing virtually? The main thing to keep in mind for virtual interviews is to plan your lesson for the virtual format. For example, during your lesson you'll control the screen of the webinar, and you can share files, programs, or your computer's desktop. There is a chat feature that allows you to chat with your interviewer and a virtual whiteboard that allows you to type and draw and allows your "student" to do the same. Your "student" will also watch you on your webcam, but keep in mind your visibility is somewhat limited to what is in frame, so we strongly encourage applicants to utilize the virtual features offered. How long does creating a sample lesson normally take? Applicants report spending between 1-2 hours planning, preparing, and practicing for their sample lesson prior to their interview. No, really—what can I teach? Anything you'd like—really! This article was originally published in 2018. The publish date reflects the most recent update. Stay Connected We're a diverse network of leaders committed to expanding opportunity for all children. Sign up for our emails to learn how you can get involved. Content is loading...
Six Reasons Why Original Sin Cannot be True Posted on March 2, 2023 by Paul Ellis // 62 Comments Original sin says we were born bad to the bone. From the moment we drew our first breath, we were inclined towards sin, utterly depraved, and hostile towards God. Since beginning this series, I've received messages from readers who defend original sin by quoting Romans 3, 5, and other scriptures that say we are all sinners who have gone astray. This shows the confusion that some have about the doctrine of original sin. There is no question that we were born under the condemnation of sin and death. But the doctrine of original sin, which was invented by Tertullian and popularized by Augustine, Calvin and others, says something different, namely that we inherited Adam's sinful nature. There is no question that sinners have a sinful nature and that we all need to be saved from sin, but Augustine went further than this. He said we are born corrupt, and that we inherited a rebellious streak from our forefather Adam. Augustine's views are widely-known. Indeed, they are considered dogma in large parts of the church. But if his doctrine of original sin is true, your children are natural born sinners and dead babies go to hell. Thankfully, it's not true. You may have heard original sin mentioned a thousand times, and I can understand your shock when I say original sin is unbiblical. But as sure as the night is dark, the doctrine of original sin is an invention of religion. It is not from the Holy Spirit. The doctrine of original sin has brought nothing but pain and guilt to the world. A good tree bears good fruit, but manmade doctrines release suffering and death. Here are six more reasons why you should have nothing to do with this unbiblical teaching: 1. Adam sinned without a sinful nature Original sin says we inherited a sinful nature from Adam, but when Adam fell into sin he didn't have one. How could Adam pass along something he didn't have? Adam's sin had catastrophic consequences for the human race, but his sin did not lead to a redesign of the original prototype. Men did not start growing horns or tails as a result of the Fall, and God's workmanship remains as good as ever (Ps. 139:14). 2. God never said original sin was part of the curse After Adam fell, God outlined the consequences of his sin (see Gen. 3:14–19). God told Adam all the bad things that what would happen, but he said nothing about passing on a bad gene or a sinful predisposition or a rebellious nature. Augustine has added to the curse. 3. If we are born corrupt, we can't become corrupt Original sin says you were born corrupt, defiled and lost, but the Bible says we become corrupt and go astray and turn aside. "All have turned aside and become corrupt" (Ps. 14:3). There are many scriptures that describe how this happens (e.g., Ps. 14:3, Gal. 5:4, 6:8, 1 Tim. 6:10, 21, etc.). 4. You cannot pass on a righteous nature Original sin came to you from Adam by way of your parents, but what if your parents were spirit-filled believers? They would no longer have a sinful nature. One with the Lord, they had a righteous nature. Did you inherit your parents' righteous nature? Were you a natural born saint? No one believes you can inherit your parents' righteousness, so why do we think we inherited their sinfulness? 5. Original sin cannot account for Old Testament saints If anyone was going to inherit Adam's wicked gene, surely it was his son. Yet Jesus said Abel was righteous (Matt. 23:35). So were Noah, Lot, and Daniel (Gen. 6:9, Eze. 14:20, 2 Pet. 2:7). The related doctrines of original sin and total depravity say that none of us can reach out to God, but Abel and the other Old Testament saints prove that the unsaved can operate in faith. God is not far from any of us (Acts 17:27). 6. Original sin says you have no choice Original sin says it's not your fault that you are wicked and incapable of living by faith. You are a hapless victim. Unless God happens to grace you – and who can say if he will? – you are eternally lost. The devil would love for you to believe this because such a message will leave you unmoved and unchanged. It will become a self-fulfilling prophecy. The good news declares you have a choice. "What shall we say then? Are we to continue in sin?" (Rom. 6:1). Do you see? You don't have to continue in sin. In Adam, we had no choice, but Christ was "raised from the dead through the glory of the Father, so we too might walk in newness of life" (Rom. 6:4). You have a choice. You can choose to walk in the old way of Adam or the new way of Jesus. Choose life. The end of the matter Here are three ways to tell if a teaching is unscriptural: (1) it's not in the Bible, (2) it contradicts the Bible, and (3) it leads to illogical conclusions. Augustine's doctrine of original sin fails all three tests. There is not one scripture that says we inherited Adam's sinful nature and plenty that say otherwise. Original sin is unbiblical and illogical, but its greatest flaw is the way it portrays God as harsh and unjust. Original sin says the sons are judged for the sins of the father, but this is contrary to the heart of God. Not even under the law-keeping covenant were children judged for their parents' sins (Deu. 24:16, Eze. 18:20). Original sin says humanity was created good but became bad. "You can be made good again but no matter how good you are, your children will always be born bad." Huh? The Bible tells a simpler story and offers a better remedy: Augustine's teaching on original sin is bad news from start to finish, but there is no bad news in the good news. Contrary to what you may have heard, God is good, he loves you, and he doesn't hold your sins or your parents' sin against you (2 Cor. 5:19). Believe the good news and be free! (And stop telling your kids they are sinners.) Full sources can be found found in my Original Sin ebook on Patreon. Other articles on original sin: Old Testament scriptures used to support original sin New Testament scriptures used to support original sin The religious origins of original sin What is the true significance of the virgin birth? Are your children natural born sinners? What happens to unbaptized infants who die? Has original sin made you a bad parent? Please share this good news! 62 Comments on Six Reasons Why Original Sin Cannot be True Dan // March 2, 2023 at 3:29 am // Reply Romans show death passed on all men. Adams sin brought death on all. Paul Ellis // March 2, 2023 at 7:56 am // Reply He certainly did – that's Romans 5:12 and 18 and 1 Cor. 15:22. Because Adam opened the door to death, we needed a Savior. Howard Disher // March 2, 2023 at 6:26 pm // Reply AfterAdam disobeyed and was given a sinful nature , he then passed on that nature to mankind through his son Seth , who was born in Adam's likeness and Adams image . Mankind had a fallen nature from that time onward , Gen 5 : 3 . Paul Ellis // March 2, 2023 at 8:10 pm // Except that's not what Genesis 5:3 says; it's what Augustine said. Martin Fell // March 3, 2023 at 8:28 am // No verse says Adam's nature changed after the fall. His nature was made in the image and likeness of God both before and after the fall! Dan // March 2, 2023 at 3:33 am // Reply Not all go to hell. Revelations shows only those who's names were not in the book of life. They are those who chose the devil. It says any certain ones at the last judgement. Not all. Jesus canceled Adams sin judicially. So only those personal sins are their own. Clearly those who take the mark of the beast and worship the devil are getting the second death. Adam gave us the first death. Paul Ellis // March 2, 2023 at 7:59 am // Reply Augustine taught that unbaptized babies go to hell on account of original sin (an inherited sin nature). Yet nobody believes him about that. The mystery is why anybody believes anything he said about original sin. It's straight out of Judaism, not Christianity. Dan // March 2, 2023 at 9:49 am // Augustine is wrong about babies. How can babies be a law unto themselves like it says of Gentiles in Romans to be judged by? I don't care about anyones opinions even if popular. I only care about what scripture says. Debbie // March 2, 2023 at 3:39 am // Reply If what you are saying about 'original sin' is biblical, then why did Christ's birth have to be an emasculate conception. Isn't it because God had to end the seed of Adam? Paul Ellis // March 2, 2023 at 8:01 am // Reply Since Adam's family was born captive to sin, we needed someone from outside the prison of sin – a free man from heaven – to come and ransom us. This is why Jesus is sometimes referred to as the Deliverer who offered his blood as a ransom for all. More here. Cheryl Watson // March 2, 2023 at 4:59 am // Reply We were born separated from God. Spiritually dead. Everything done apart from God is sin. I would say we are born sinners. Christians, always in the Spirit, still sin, as we don't always walk by the Spirit. Now I need to study up on original sin! Martin Fell // March 3, 2023 at 8:31 am // Reply There is no such thing as separation from God, that's impossible. The Bible never says we are spiritually dead anywhere. Our spirit is immortal it cannot die! M. Caleb Sannoh // July 19, 2023 at 4:28 pm // Martin Fell, please explain Matthew 8:22…"let the dead bury their dead". Kyle // March 2, 2023 at 7:06 am // Reply Your article robs God of His glory and grace… Paul Ellis // March 2, 2023 at 8:08 am // Reply The gospel is the glorious announcement that our heavenly Father loves us and has done everything that needed to be done to set us from our bondage to sin and death. Through his Son he has broken the shackles that kept us bound and now he waits for us with open arms. It's the greatest news in the world. In contrast, original sin says Satan is more powerful than God because with a single conversation he started a process that killed all of us and it took God thousands of years to resolve this awful mess and then only partially. What nonsense. Original sin portrays God as harsh and unjust because he condemns the sons for the sins of their fathers (which is plainly contrary to scripture; Deu. 24:16, Eze. 18:20). For those scriptures you listed, please see this article. jgelder01 // March 2, 2023 at 9:54 am // Reply I agree wholeheartedly with your article. Was Adam's sin the origin of sin therefore the original as in first sin in that case? Paul Ellis // March 2, 2023 at 10:01 am // Reply According to The Catholic Encyclopedia are two definitions of original sin. Original sin may be taken to mean: (1) the sin that Adam committed; (2) a consequence of this first sin, the hereditary stain with which we are born on account of our origin or descent from Adam. Our focus here is with the latter interpretation. Dan // March 2, 2023 at 9:56 am // Reply Ephesians chapter two. We were by nature deserving of God's wrath. No one can get around that word nature… Nature is not learned behavior. It is past down genetically. Paul Ellis // March 2, 2023 at 10:06 am // Reply The full passage is: "Among them we too all formerly lived in the lusts of our flesh, indulging the desires of the flesh and of the mind, and were by nature children of wrath, even as the rest" (Ephesians 2:3). Paul is saying formerly, before we became born-again children of God, we were sinners with sinful inclinations. He is not saying God hates children or that children were born with a genetic predisposition to sin. A sinful nature is an inclination to carry out the desires of the flesh. It is trusting in yourself (your abilities and understanding) and living solely from your earthly experience (what you see, hear, touch, know, etc.). What we call a sinful nature might just as easily be called human nature, since the temptation to trust in our own abilities and lean on our own understanding is universal. We are all tempted to rely on ourselves, lean on our own understanding, and be in control. We are not born with this nature – we are born dependent and helpless – but we learn it as we grow. We learn how to sin and be self-reliant by living in a sinful world that glorifies self. Dan // March 2, 2023 at 1:27 pm // That's a lot of hog wash. Just a-lot of double talk and ignoring of context. Your spouting out your own opinions… Paul Ellis // March 2, 2023 at 1:44 pm // Dan, in your comments you have not challenged any of the six objections I raise in the article. I would be happy to discuss any one of them with you. Thomas Howard // March 18, 2023 at 4:28 am // What is the difference between Adam and Eve, and us as children? Adam and Eve were both originally naked, "but they were not ashamed.", just as Little children are notorious for trying to shed their clothes and run around naked, with total innocence. Basically saying, they had the same "human nature" as children today, as they were child like. but, that went away abruptly , the moment they sinned, realizing they were naked. Would it not be fair to say; children have this same innocence, and also why Jesus Blessed children saying; "for of such is the kingdom of God." You said, "we learn how to sin and be self-reliant by living in a 'sinful world' that glorifies self", yet Adam and Eve were made not in a sinful, but rather in a "sinless world". I am just not getting it, how could we "not" then be born, (just like they were made) with a "sinful nature", which is an inclination to carry out the desires of the flesh, just like them? So, following this logic (as such), if man has the ability not to sin (unlike Adam), then the universality of sin (Romans 3:23) and the universal need of a Savor, are not a "reality". Is it really at all theoretically possible to live above sin? Aren't we suppose to, escape to, not from, reality? Paul Ellis // March 18, 2023 at 7:26 am // Children today are made in the image of God, just as they always have been. They inherited no sinful nature because God did not create one, and nor did he mention any such thing as part of the curse in Gen 3. Just as we don't expect the babies of Christians to be born righteous, we ought not to expect the babies of sinners to be born sinful. All children are innocent in the sense they don't know right from wrong, and they are all born helpless and trusting and in need of a parent's love. (There's a reason for that.) However, the big difference from Adam and Eve is that we were all born into a world of sin. Which was like being born in a prison. So we quickly learned how to act like prisoners. We learned to value independence and indulge the flesh. We traded trust for self-reliance and went astray, every last one of us. This sinful nature, as many call it, is not inherited but quickly learned in a world marred by sin. Mike // March 19, 2023 at 10:55 am // Ages at which Americans say they initially placed their belief and faith in Jesus of Nazareth as the promised Messiah and thus became evangelical, born-again Christians ….Survey cited by the International Bible Society indicated that 83% of Christians make their first commitment to Jesus between the ages of 4 and 14, that is, when they are children or early youth. Surverys done by the Barna Research Group indicate that American children ages 5 to 13 have a 32% probability of accepting Christ, but youth or teens aged 14 to 18 have only a 14% probability of doing so. Unbelieving adults age 19 and over have just a 6% probability of becoming Christians. This data illustrates the importance of influencing children to consider making a decision to follow Christ and embrace Him as Savior and Lord. This is what is meant when you hear "age of accountability". Whether you believe we're born with a sin nature, born dead and separated from God, born in Adam and needing to be born again In Christ or born in the prison of sin and needing freedom, the solution is the same. Babies that are killed in the womb go to Heaven and each person at some point in their lifetime becomes accountable once they hear the Gospel message and realize that because of their sin they need Jesus and to make the decision to receive Him and the grace gift of forgiveness and righteousness. Paul Ellis // March 19, 2023 at 1:08 pm // Thanks for the stats, Mike. I agree that it's important for children to be raised right and I understand what is meant by the phrase "age of accountability". My problem with Augustine's doctrine of original sin is it's got us believing that our kids they are hell-born rebels made in the image of Satan. Just as our view of God shapes our worship, the way we view our children shapes the way we raise them, and the way we portray God to them. Thomas Howard // April 24, 2023 at 4:06 am // Right, the way we view our children shapes the way we raise them, and that is just the point, for we must view them as sinners, with a "sinful nature", which is an inclination to carry out the desires of the flesh, as these copious instructions bare out; "Train up a child in the way he should go, and when he is old he will not depart from it." "The rod and reproof give wisdom, but a child left to itself, brings his mother to shame." Proverbs 29:15 "Withhold not correction from the child: for if you beat him with the rod, he shall not die. You shall beat him with the rod, and shall deliver his soul from hell." Proverbs 23:13,14. "He who spares his rod hates his son, but he who loves him disciplines him early." Proverbs 13:24. All reason enough to help us understand, we are sinners., and need of early correction, as evidently, these children desperately lacked, 2 Kings 2:23,24. Paul Ellis // April 24, 2023 at 8:27 am // Precisely. Everyone of us learns to walk after the flesh and everyone of us needs to learn to walk in newness of the spirit. We learn this way because we live in a fallen world, not because God did a bad job designing us or because Satan somehow hacked the code. BTW, I strenuously object to any suggestion that our children need to be beaten with rods. We can train our kids in the ways of the Lord without resorting to physical (or any form of) abuse. Tracy // March 2, 2023 at 10:47 am // Reply What is it that is crucified with Christ? i always believed our sin nature was what was crucified with Christ, then we get a new nature, that of Christ's. If we are a new creation, the old has gone the new has come, what part of us has gone? Paul Ellis // March 2, 2023 at 10:50 am // Reply The old self was crucified with Christ (Rom. 6:6). You lost your sin and your old sinful nature. The person you used to be no longer lives. God has made you brand new (as you say). As a new creation, you have a new nature. Brandon Petrowski // March 2, 2023 at 1:44 pm // Reply Those who insist we are born sinners lack understanding of the term "nature". Just because we had a sinful nature does not mean we were born with it. A "nature" can be learned or acquired. So much more of the Bible makes sense when you accept the fact that we are not born sinners. We may be born into a sinful and corrupt world and become corrupted by our exposure to it, but that doesn't mean we were born sinful. Paul Ellis // March 2, 2023 at 1:52 pm // Reply That's it, Brandon. Just because you were born in a prison, it does not follow that you are a criminal by nature. But a prison is certainly a good place to learn. Brandon Petrowski // March 3, 2023 at 2:41 am // I had a former student who was literally born in a jail cell. That is a good analogy. 🙂 Beatrice // July 30, 2023 at 11:48 am // Reply But the Bible says Romans 3:23 for ALL have sinned and fall short of the glory of God. Why have all sinned, because Adam sinned, so we have a sinful nature and therefore we all need The One Savior. Otherwise, it would mean that some people might just get to Heaven without Jesus. The category of children definitely falls under age of accountability, so we should not mix these issues. Paul Ellis // July 30, 2023 at 12:12 pm // This illustrates the problem with original sin. When you say "all have sinned" means "all have a sinful nature and need a Savior," you condemn innocent children. What is the solution? Invent another unbiblical doctrine called "the age of accountability". Why don't we just stick to what the Bible says and stop adding doctrines that make no sense? Beatrice Mwaura // July 30, 2023 at 12:36 pm // Dear Paul Thanks for responding to my comment. I actually searched for this post in my emails because the first time I read it, it left in me alot of hanging questions. Concerning Innocent Children, according to you, at what age/or when do we stop being innocent, just so we dont call it 'age of accountability'? I still believe when the Bible says 'äll have sinned' is just that. The babies just have not known what sin is, do not have that will to sin, so they are innocent. Paul Ellis // July 30, 2023 at 1:38 pm // My children were born in Hong Kong so you might call them Hong Kongers. They had no choice in the matter, and they weren't born with a Hong Kong nature. It's the same with sinners. Guilty or innocent, we were ALL born on death row (see Rom. 5:12, 19). We had no choice in the matter. We all need to be saved whether we are one day old or 100 years old. You may ask what happens to children who die? I answer that here and here. Beatrice Mwaura // August 1, 2023 at 5:39 am // So are adults also innocent? Paul Ellis // August 1, 2023 at 11:28 am // Some are, most aren't. But our guilt or innocence is irrelevant. When you are born in Adam's family, you need a new Father. When you are born on Death Row, you need new life. Beatrice Mwaura // August 1, 2023 at 7:34 pm // Conclusion, we who have sinned, ALL (Rom 5:12) innocent or not, baby or adult need a savior. Paul Ellis // August 1, 2023 at 7:52 pm // Yes, we all need a Savior, because death reigns over all (Rom. 5:14). Circute // March 2, 2023 at 2:16 pm // Reply You are totally off on this one! If there's no original sin then there's no need for Jesus to die & save us.Paul clearly states who the 1st Adam was & who the last Adam was. Stop trying to sound deep or trying to shock people with your imaginations that are not founded on the Word.You are now forcing rubbish on people! Paul Ellis // March 2, 2023 at 2:23 pm // Reply I think you may be confusing Adam's sin with Augustine's doctrine of original sin. More here. Thersia // March 2, 2023 at 10:48 pm // Reply What did David mean when he said that he was sinful at birth, from the time my mother conceived me? Ps51v5 Paul Ellis // March 3, 2023 at 7:23 am // Reply Good question, Thersia. We might also ask what David meant when he said he was fearfully and wonderfully made and was praising God from his mother's womb. More here. Martin Fell // March 3, 2023 at 8:38 am // Reply David never said he was sinful at birth , he said he was 'conceived in sin' in other words born as a result of an adulterous relationship! Ian // March 2, 2023 at 10:56 pm // Reply Well you've certainly put the cat amongst the pigeons on this one Paul! I suspect you are right about this viewpoint but for a very different reason than most probably: it seems to me that we are living in an era that false religion is being stripped naked and it's deception revealed. The fact you've been studying this for "15 years" is very telling! But the bit I am struggling with and being a tad slow, is what does this 'revelation' mean in terms of the different outcomes it should be causing in me? If 'original sin' is a falsehood, how is this false belief (of which I surmise I am a victim) crippling my belief system and causing me to see less of Christ's redemptive work in me? Honest question and probably reveals that I'm a bit dim, but I get a sense that I should be shouting from the roof tops my clearer, more accurate, image of Christ-in-me (my union with Him) as a result? Thank you! Paul Ellis // March 3, 2023 at 7:38 am // Reply That's a fair question, Ian. I think most Christians have a good idea of how Jesus set them free from sin and death, so what do we gain by ditching the Augustinian add-on (Original Sin)? Here are some of the harms of this manmade doctrine: – OS glorifies Satan by attributing him with creative power he does not have – OS diminishes the work of the cross by focusing on the minors (you have a sinful nature) instead of the majors (you were born dead in sin); you don't need just a new nature but a new life – OS causes us to see ourselves as natural-born sinners and we all know that behavior follows identity – OS hides the truth that God loves us and thinks we're precious and worth rescuing by telling us we're hell-bound and depraved – OS taints your view of your neighbours and gets you speaking lies over your children – OS gives you nothing but grief and heartache if your children die young – OS opens the door to other manmade inventions like the doctrine of utter depravity Ian Black // March 3, 2023 at 7:54 am // Very thought provoking thank you Paul. Possibly an incoherent lateral thought, but this reminds me of a Bill Gillham teaching in 'Lifetime Guarantee' that of the 41 times the word sin is used in Romans 5, 6, 7 & 8, 40 of them are a noun and are personified. We (or religion) then incorrectly add pronouns which leave us thinking we are struggling with two types of people in our own bodies. The result potentially is frustrated and often powerless Christianity whereas the Apostle Paul states quite plainly we have been saved from that state! Stop the fight! As I say, I may be incorrectly conjoining two positions so please leave this comment on the cutting room floor if so! 🙂 Paul Ellis // March 3, 2023 at 8:02 am // Bill Gillham is absolutely right, and this is one of the problems I commonly encounter. Many churchgoers have been trained to focus on their sinful actions or their sinful natures and they have no concept of how sin is a noun. Consequently they misread much of Romans. jason b // March 4, 2023 at 1:44 am // Reply For those trapped in a religious mindset (all of us to one extent or another), the way out is to discover who you really are. Jesus came as a human to show us exactly that. This original sin issue is important, indeed. We need to understand that we were precious to him before we were what we call "saved". We were worthy of his love before he went to the cross. God counted us as equal in value to his Son, before Jesus came to earth. Jesus came to retrieve what was lost, not because of what we could be, but because of what we always have been – wonderfully made, precious, destined for glory, bearers of his image. He pulled us out of the trash can because we didn't belong there. I'm convinced that there is no sinful nature in the way it is usually talked about. There is, however, deception, and its result – darkness (like a cloud that blocks the sun). Darkness so thick that the truth cannot be seen. In our blindness we are easy prey for evil manipulators. In our desperation we submit to all manner of decadence that consumes us. Our ways become twisted and utterly destructive, even when they are dressed up with religious or humanitarian clothes. When one comes to the realization that Christ's salvation is not about a ticket to heaven instead of hell. A new and better revelation of reality emerges. One that revolves around a redeemed identity, transformation for here and now, crossing from death to life, and sin losing its grip, and the law losing its power to condemn. gracestuff // March 5, 2023 at 3:10 am // Reply The real discussion here is state vs standing. Romans is a legal document defining both, and how although being made righteous, and a new creation believers still sin, while not in sin. We are a new creation letting our new found salvation work itself out in our lives by the power and presence of the Holy Spirit, which Adam lost. Paul Ellis // March 5, 2023 at 9:17 am // Reply Although our status is very important, that's not what this issue is about. In Adam, our status was "sinner" (Rom. 5:8, 19) and there was nothing we could do about it. As sinners, we all went astray, missed the mark, and became corrupt. We needed a sinless Savior, someone from outside the Prison of Sin, and Jesus meets our need. However, Augustine goes further than this when he says we are born corrupt having inherited Adam's sinful nature. He dilutes the problem, creates another problem, fails to see a solution, and essentially forces churches to invent infant baptism to deal with the problem. It's a diabolical distraction from the real issue. Ash McKenzie // March 8, 2023 at 12:02 pm // Reply 1 Cor 7.14 suggests that a believing partner can produce holy children so I don't know how that sits with those who push original sin. A child may grow and develop a sinful nature over time, but to say that the child who is "fearfully and wonderfully made" is behind the 8 ball from its first breath doesn't sit! Ash. Silas Raven // March 29, 2023 at 1:01 pm // Reply All men are born dead because of one man's disobedience. "Wherefore, as by one man sin entered into the world, and death by sin; and so death passed upon all men, for that all have sinned." All men sin, because they are dead. They are all dead because one man sinned. Paul Ellis // March 29, 2023 at 2:39 pm // Reply Romans 5:12 doesn't say we are born dead – which is an oxymoron, like dark-light – but that death came to all because of one man's sin. Because of Adam's transgression, humanity ended up on death row (see also Rom. 6:23). We don't sin because we're dead; we sin because were born slaves to sin. Mike // March 30, 2023 at 12:09 am // From the Grace Bible. "Adam breeds sinners." Sounds like a sin nature or a sin gene was passed down.But now we have a new nature. Paul Ellis // March 30, 2023 at 7:30 am // I admit, that was a poor choice of words on my part. But read my words in context and you will see I'm talking our new nature in Christ and not making any comments about a genetic disposition to sin. "In your old life you followed in the faithless footsteps of your father Adam. You walked after the desires of the flesh because they were the only desires you had. But you have been taken out of Adam and placed into Christ. You have become a partaker of his divine nature." Brandon Petrowski // March 30, 2023 at 12:39 pm // I think it makes sense, to me, but that may be because I know your perspective. I read "Adam breeds sin sinners" the same way I would read "Adam breeds prisoners". Wellington // May 13, 2023 at 3:07 am // Reply Point number 4 is very thought provoking to me because I've always asked this question to myself several times before & I'm still digesting your position regarding this subject of the teaching on the sinful nature or fallen nature. I've always wondered why after someone is born again & their spirit is recreated as taught they still give birth to children with this Adamic or fallen nature yet the parents are now in-Christ.To me that sounded more like placing the first Adam above the Second man,Christ whom I believe is superior to the former & whose obedience to the Father weighs more than the disobedience of the first.So dominant is this first Adam that he is able to nullify the position of the paternity of these children,bypass them & go on to lay hold of them & deposit his nature into them at conception.It has always made me raise questions.Thank you for this post that I believe would go a long way in helping me establish a definite position on this matter. Paul Ellis // May 13, 2023 at 8:46 am // Reply I've heard it said that the reason to born again believers give birth to sinners is because of Adam's sin. In other words, his disobedience is more potent than Last Adam's obedience. That doesn't make any sense either. God's grace is greater than sin. Mike // May 13, 2023 at 3:13 pm // Reply You won't be able to get around the truth of the Word, "Therefore, just as through one man sin entered the world, and death through sin, and thus death spread to all men, because all sinned— (For until the law sin was in the world, but sin is not imputed when there is no law." Romans 5:12-13 NKJV. All are born with a dead sin nature but for babies, infants, young children it is not imputed unto them because the law, the commandment has not yet come to them. All babies inside the womb and outside, should something tragic happen to them they go straight to Heaven to be with Jesus. But on this earth once they grow up and the commandment comes and they realize they're sinning against God, sin revives (Rm7:2) and they have a choice to make whether to receive Jesus as Savior or choose to reject Him. If they were born a saint they wouldn't have that choice and there would be no need to tell them about the saving grace of Jesus. God gives everyone a choice and He's not willing that any should perish. That's what love does. Some say that the sin nature is learned behavior but that's just equating raising and caring for the needs of the baby the same as teaching him or her to be selfish and self-centered. I think most Christian parents would object to that. Could you say that about Mary and Joseph? Paul Ellis // May 13, 2023 at 6:21 pm // Amen. Thank God for the truth of his Word! Nowhere in Romans 5 or anywhere in the New Testament or the Old Testament does it say we were born with a sinful nature. Once again, the scriptures protect us from a doctrine that is 100% manmade. Leave a Reply Enter your comment here… This site uses Akismet to reduce spam. Learn how your comment data is processed. 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The Enigmatic Hue of Spirituality: Unveiling the Violet Color In spirituality, colors are not just mere shades; they are symbols that carry profound meanings and energies. Among these, the violet color holds a special place, often associated with the crown chakra, which is considered the gateway to higher states of consciousness. This enigmatic hue is believed to foster a deep connection with intuition, divine guidance, and the infinite universe. Violet's spiritual significance is deeply rooted in its ability to transform and elevate. It is said to resonate with the frequency of enlightenment, encouraging individuals to transcend their physical existence and connect with their higher selves. The color violet is often seen as a bridge between the finite and the infinite, the known and the unknown, the material and the spiritual. This majestic color is also linked with intuition and divine guidance. It is thought to enhance intuitive abilities, allowing one to tap into inner wisdom and the subtle messages from the universe. Violet is a color that whispers of mysteries yet to be uncovered and knowledge yet to be known. It invites those on a spiritual path to look beyond the visible spectrum and explore the depths of their soul. Moreover, violet is associated with transformation and spiritual growth. It symbolizes the journey of self-discovery and the quest for a higher consciousness. Embracing the violet color in one's spiritual practice can signify a readiness to undergo personal metamorphosis, shedding old patterns and embracing new perspectives that align with one's spiritual evolution. In the context of healing and meditation, violet plays a pivotal role. It is believed to have a calming effect on the mind and spirit, promoting a state of balance and peace. Meditating with the color violet can help clear mental clutter, allowing for a more focused and profound meditative experience. It is also said to promote healing by aligning one's energy with the universal flow, facilitating a sense of wholeness and well-being. The symbolism of violet extends to the idea of royalty and nobility. Historically, violet pigments were rare and expensive, often reserved for kings and queens. In a spiritual sense, this translates to recognizing one's own worth and the regal nature of the human spirit. It is a reminder that within each person lies a kingdom of potential, waiting to be explored and expressed. To integrate the power of violet into one's life, one might consider wearing violet clothing, using violet-colored crystals, or visualizing a violet light during meditation. These practices can help open the channels of communication with higher realms and invite guidance from divine beings and higher forces. In dreams, encountering the color violet may indicate that one is on the cusp of a spiritual breakthrough or awakening. It could be a sign to pay attention to the subtle energies and intuitions that are guiding one toward a greater understanding of one's place in the cosmos. The spiritual journey is unique to each individual, and the color violet serves as a beacon, illuminating the path to self-realization and unity with the divine. It is a color that encourages introspection, creativity, and fearless pursuit of truth. As one delves deeper into the spiritual significance of violet, one may find themselves embarking on an extraordinary journey of the soul, one that leads to the discovery of inner treasures and cosmic connections. In essence, the violet color in spirituality is a multifaceted symbol that encompasses intuition, divine guidance, transformation, and higher consciousness. It invites seekers to embrace their spiritual essence, seek enlightenment, and connect with the divine tapestry of the universe. Whether through meditation, dream interpretation, or simply being mindful of the color's presence, violet offers a path to spiritual awakening and a deeper understanding of the interconnectedness of all things. The Bottom Line Violet color in spirituality is a visual delight and a profound symbol that resonates with the highest frequencies of spiritual wisdom and enlightenment. Let's carry with us the essence of this powerful color. May it remind us to remain open to intuition, to seek transformation, and to aspire for a higher state of being. Whether through meditation, contemplation, or creative expression, let the color violet be a guiding light on our spiritual journey, illuminating the path toward inner peace and cosmic harmony.
As part of the Economic Impact Assessment, AECOM used Transport Infrastructure Ireland's Tool for Economic Appraisal of Active Modes (TEAM Tool) to undertake a Cost Benefit Analysis for the use of active travel modes and the benefits the proposed development which could stimulate a greater demand for walking in Ennis. The TEAM Tool is a standard methodology used for projects of this nature in Ireland. As a public amenity that could stimulate greater demand for walking in Ennis, there are health benefits for both users and society associated with increased levels of physical activity in the area. The following have been included as health benefits in Transport for Ireland's Tool for Economic Appraisal of Active Modes (TEAM): Reduced Mortality TEAM uses the World Health Organisation's (2017) Health Economic Assessment Tool methodology to estimate the benefits associated with a reduction in relative mortality risk due to increased levels of walking and cycling. Workplace Absenteeism Increasing physical activity increases productivity in the economy by reducing short term sick leave. This is measured from the median absenteeism rate for short term sick leave for both private and public sectors, respectively and applied to employment tables and assumptions around the health benefits from 30 minutes of physical activity per day. Pedestrian Demand Analysis Results The CRUSE Tool[1], CSO Data by Electoral Divisions (ED) from 2016 to 2022 and Telraam Traffic monitoring system[2] were used to inform the following demand analysis: Daily Pedestrian Demand \| Commuters \| Recreational \| Domestic Visitors \| International Visitors \| Total \| Re-routing Pedestrian Demand \| 1,243 \| 62 \| 64 \| 0 \| 1,369 \| Newly Attracted Pedestrian Demand \| 830 \| 43 \| 43 \| 10 \| 926 \| Total \| 2,295 \| TEAM Tool calculated the total health benefit to be €7,002,960 which is broken down as follows: Calculation of Health Benefits \| Health Benefit € \| Reduction in Mortality \| €6,591,519 \| Reduction in Workplace Absenteeism \| €411,441 \| TEAM Health Benefit Combined \| €7,002,960 \| Other Benefits: - Green spaces can help tackle mental illness, obesity, anti-social behaviour and health inequalities. - Contact with green spaces can reduce symptoms of Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) - Urban green spaces act as "lungs of the town" improving air quality, regulating temperatures and humidity. [1] Available at https://cruse.bike/ 2 Available at https://telraam.net/#16/52.8440/-8.9837
The Transformative Power of Running for Dogs: A Journey Beyond the Leash I've witnessed the transformative power of running for our four-legged friends for two decades. Here's what I've discovered: For anyone who's ever laced up their running shoes and hit the pavement, the transformative power of a good run is undeniable. The wind in your hair, the rhythmic pounding of your feet, and the exhilaration of pushing your limits – it's a feeling like no other. But did you know that our canine companions can experience the same euphoria? Having witnessed this for over twenty years, I've had the privilege of seeing the incredible impact running has on dogs. Let's dive into what I've discovered. ![Image: A joyful dog running alongside its owner on a sunny day.] A Happier, Healthier Pup It's no secret that regular exercise is beneficial for dogs. But running offers something more than just physical health. Dogs that run don't just boast lean physiques or stronger muscles; they radiate an unmistakable joy and purpose. In humans, exercise has been shown to release endorphins, which are natural mood elevators1. While we can't directly measure a dog's endorphin levels, their visible joy and enthusiasm during and after a run suggest a similar effect. Bond Beyond Leashes While the bond between a dog and its owner is undeniably strong, there's something truly special about the camaraderie formed between dogs when they run together. As they move side by side, they develop a connection that's deeply rooted in their pack instincts. Just as group exercises can foster a sense of community and belonging among humans, running seems to offer dogs a similar sense of unity and connection. From Couch Potato to Pack Leader Every dog is unique. Some might be shy, others carrying a few extra pounds, and some showing signs of aging. But the beauty of running is that it's an equalizer. With patience and consistency, even the most reserved or overweight dogs find their stride and often emerge as leaders in the pack. In humans, regular physical activity has been linked to improved self-esteem and reduced risk of depression4, and it's possible that dogs experience a boost in confidence from running as well. A Pack's Promise If you've ever run with a group of dogs, you'll know that once the run begins, something magical happens. The group moves as one, each dog in tune with the other. This unity isn't just beautiful to watch but a powerful training tool. Even the most stubborn or untrained dogs can learn from their peers, making group runs a fantastic way to instill discipline and obedience. ![Video: A montage of dogs running in packs, showcasing their unity and discipline.] Transformation in Every Stride The benefits of consistent running for dogs are manifold. Over time, you'll notice your dog standing taller, thinking sharper, and exuding a newfound confidence. Many health and behavioral issues can be alleviated or even reversed with regular runs. It's a rejuvenation of both spirit and body. Purposeful Paws Lastly, many dogs, especially those that might have seemed listless or without direction, find a renewed sense of purpose in running. Each run becomes their mission, which they approach with gusto and determination. Seeing a dog find its purpose is a joy, and running often provides that spark. In conclusion, the transformative power of running for dogs is undeniable. It paves the way for them to be healthier, happier, and more attuned to their surroundings. If you're contemplating giving your furry friend the joy of a run but can't accompany them, consider sending them out with Barklyn & Purr-Meow. Our dedicated team ensures they have a memorable experience, and the journey they embark on will undoubtedly be one for the books.
Ukraine disregards US warnings and develops UAVs capable of reaching Siberia – The Economist Ukraine is disregarding US warnings concerning the use of attack drones on Russian energy infrastructure, and it is now manufacturing superdrones that can reach targets in Siberia 3,000 kilometres away from its own borders, writes UK weekly The Economist. Source: The Economist Quote: "Since President Volodymyr Zelensky prioritised the technology, Ukraine has invested hundreds of millions of dollars into long-range drones, capable of searching out and striking distant targets. Half a dozen firms now make them. The best of the new models has a range of 3,000km, able to reach Siberia." Details: The publication writes that the programme to produce these drones was "born of necessity" because the West is unwilling to arm Ukraine with long-range missiles. It has already destroyed a sizable portion of Russia's air defence and oil infrastructure. "But the White House is not happy. It is pushing the Ukrainians to stop the strikes. America's concerns have varied, from a rise in the oil price to the prospect of an uncontrollable tit-for-tat in which Ukraine could end up the loser," writes The Economist. Fears over the latter increased at the end of March, when Russia caused multimillion-dollar losses to Ukraine's energy infrastructure. "The attacks revealed gaps in air defences and vulnerabilities to Russia's new Kh-69 low-altitude cruise missile. On 11 April, such missiles destroyed Ukraine's Trypilska power station, 40 km from Kyiv, though it was in range of the capital's Patriot air-defence systems." The report claims that Ukraine has so far ignored American instructions to halt the assaults. An intelligence officer with the alias Detective, who is in charge of a certain part of the programme, claims that he has not received instructions to reduce operations, but adds that targets in the Russian Federation change frequently. "Our targets change day to day. We keep the Russians on their toes," the Economist quotes the intelligence officer as saying. One drone manufacturer asserts that not all American representatives support public requests to halt assaults on the Russian Federation. His connections "winked" as they delivered the warning, he claimed. "They're privately telling us to keep going," stated the drone manufacturer. He believes that the Ukrainian drone programme will grow in the coming months. "Russia is scorching Ukrainian earth. It's time we did the same to European Russia," the producer concludes. - On the morning of 2 April, Ukrainian drones attacked facilities in Tatarstan – specifically in Yelabuga and Nizhnekamsk. A Ukrainska Pravda (UP) source in Ukrainian intelligence said this was a special operation by Defence Intelligence of Ukraine (DIU). The drones attacked a plant where Iranian Shahed drones are assembled and labelled as Geran-2 (Geranium-2) drones. - The Alabuga Special Economic Zone's press office stated that the drones were "equipped with NATO-country hardware." - One of the drones struck a TANECO primary oil refining unit in Nizhnekamsk, resulting in a fire. UP sources reported that the attack on the refinery was a joint special operation by DIU and the Security Service of Ukraine. UP reported that the Ukrainian drone had hit the primary oil refining unit at the plant. - Andrii Yusov, spokesman for DIU, emphasised that no foreign-made weapons were used during the drone strikes on targets in the Russian cities of Yelabuga and Nizhnekamsk. Support UP or become our patron!
U.S. Leads in Gun Deaths Among Wealthiest Nations The United States has by far the highest rate of gun deaths--encompassing murders, suicides and accidents--among the world's 36 richest nations, the first comprehensive international look at gun-related deaths found. The U.S. rate for gun deaths in 1994 was 14.24 per 100,000 people. Japan had the lowest rate, at 0.05 per 100,000. The study by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention was published Thursday in the International Journal of Epidemiology. The CDC would not speculate as to why the death rates varied, but other researchers said easy access to guns and society's acceptance of violence are part of the problem in the United States. "If you have a country saturated with guns, available to people when they are intoxicated, angry or depressed, it's not unusual guns will be used more often," said Dr. Rebecca Peters, a Johns Hopkins University fellow specializing in gun violence. "This has to be treated as a public health emergency." The National Rifle Assn. called the study shoddy because it failed to examine all causes of violent deaths. "What this shows is the CDC is after guns. They aren't concerned with violence. It's pretending that no homicide exists unless it's related to guns," said Dr. Paul Blackman, a research coordinator for the NRA in Fairfax, Va. The 36 countries chosen were listed as the richest in the World Bank's 1994 World Development Report. The study used 1994 statistics supplied by the 36 countries. Of the 88,649 gun deaths reported by all the countries, the United States accounted for 45%, said Dr. Etienne Krug, a CDC researcher and co-author of the article. "I was surprised by the magnitude of the difference between the U.S. and other countries," Krug said. Brazil ranked second with 12.95 deaths per 100,000, followed by Mexico with 12.69, Estonia with 12.26 and Argentina with 8.93. Japan, where very few people own guns, averages 124 gun-related attacks a year, and less than 1% end in death. Police often raid the homes of those suspected of having weapons. More to Read Start your day right Sign up for Essential California for news, features and recommendations from the L.A. Times and beyond in your inbox six days a week. You may occasionally receive promotional content from the Los Angeles Times.
Next month's roster of activities at Riverdale Public Library offers topics for adults and children. The following activities are free to the public: Adult Programs Knit and Stitch 1 p.m. Wednesday, June 5, 19 A casual, self-guided group of knitters and crocheters that join together to share projects, ideas and techniques. Participants are encouraged to bring their own projects and tools. Basic materials and supplies are available for newcomers. Book Discussion: "Our Moon" by Rebecca Boyle 10:30 a.m. Thursday, June 6 An acclaimed journalist takes us on an incredible cultural and scientific tour throughout history to reveal the intimate role that our 4.5-billion-year-old cosmic companion has played in our biological and cultural evolution, showing us that the Moon belongs to everybody and nobody at all. Be Red Cross Ready 11 a.m. Saturday, June 8 The American Red Cross will present this course designed to teach people how to prepare for and respond appropriately to disasters likely to occur in their community such as hurricanes, wildfires, tornadoes and more. Curiosity Connection: Virtual Reality 10:30 a.m. Wednesday, June 12 This month, we'll dive into virtual reality with a hands-on experience with the Meta Quest 2 VR headset. Curiosity Connection offers adults in our community the opportunity to explore a new subject each month in arts, culture, science, and technology by combining interactive presentations and hands-on experiences with open and engaging discussions. Participants will have the opportunity to shape future programs by providing monthly subject suggestions. Beginner's Tech Workshop: Navigating the Digital Realm 10:30 a.m. Thursday, June 13 This workshop is tailored to empower participants with the essential knowledge and skills required to navigate the intricacies of Wi-Fi and Bluetooth technologies, as well as to master effective web browser navigation. This program will serve as a bridge to enhance digital literacy, ensuring participants can confidently engage with modern technology, seamlessly connect devices and browse the web securely. Rivers of Time: The Caloosahatchee Story with Ranger Rob 10:30 a.m. Saturday, June 15 Join naturalist Ranger Rob as he discusses the Caloosahatchee's transformation from its early days, including its significance to the Calusa Indians and early settlers, to the impactful engineering projects that reshaped its course and ecosystem. Learn about the unique ecosystems and biodiversity supported by the river, highlighting the delicate balance of freshwater and saltwater habitats and the species that depend on its waters. BARD Drop-In Session 10 a.m. Tuesday, June 18 Registered users of BARD, the NLS Braille and Audio Reading Download, can get personalized assistance and learn how to access books, magazines and music materials in audio and electronic braille. Join us for expert guidance on utilizing BARD or BARD Express. Bring your fully charged devices for a hands-on help session. Please bring any passwords you may need for downloading apps. Children's Programs Summer Reading Program Kickoff Event 1 p.m. Saturday, June 1 This summer "Adventure Begins at Your Library." We are kicking off our Summer Reading Program with fun activities such as a professional face painter, rock painting craft and a sensory slime station. Receive a free book and learn how you can sign up for this summer's reading adventure. Adam's Animal Encounters for Kids 2 p.m. Thursday, June 13 Learn more about animals living in Southwest Florida with wildlife biologist Adam Pottruck. This hands on, interactive summer reading program gives an up-close perspective on wildlife management, rescue and conservation. For ages 6 – 11 years. Water Safety Storytime with U.S. Army Corps of Engineers 10 a.m. Friday, June 14 Learn about water safety with the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers and their mascot Bobber the Water Safety Dog. This summer reading program is designed for children through age 5 years and their caregivers to learn how to stay safe when making a splash. Magically Ever After 2 p.m. Thursday, June 20 Spend a magical afternoon with ChaChing the Amazing Bunny and her best friend, James the Unbelievable. Mixing equal parts imagination, storytelling and magic, "Magically Ever After" is a colorful fun-filled program packed with laughter, silliness and lots of audience participation. For ages 6 – 11 years. Explore Aquadoodle Mats 10 a.m. Friday, June 21 Aquadoodle Mats encourages open-ended creative play, allowing children to express themselves freely through art. Whether they're doodling their favorite animals, creating imaginary worlds or practicing writing their names, children will unleash their creativity in a supportive environment. This program is designed for children ages birth – 5 years old and their caregivers. Registration is not required, but space is limited. First come, first served. Joshua J. Superstar Show 2 p.m. Thursday, June 27 The Joshua J. Superstar show fuses side-splitting comedy, nail-biting circus stunts and tons of audience participation. Audiences will be dazzled by his charm, awestruck by his rugged good looks, and confused by his overconfidence. Josh has performed for Britney Spears, the Today Show and currently headlines for Disney Cruise Lines. Don't miss this opportunity to see a living legend in action at this summer reading program. For ages 6 – 11 years. No registration is required, but space is limited. Fourth of July Pre-K Painting 10 a.m. Friday, June 28 Little artists will create their very own fireworks masterpieces. Using safe and child-friendly painting materials, they'll learn different techniques to mimic the bursts of color and light that fill the night sky on the Fourth of July. Teen Programs Be Red Cross Ready 11 a.m. Saturday, June 8 The American Red Cross will present this course designed to teach people how to prepare for and respond appropriately to disasters likely to occur in their community such as hurricanes, wildfires, tornadoes and more. Anime Hour 2 p.m. Tuesday, June 11 Enjoy an hour of anime entertainment, creative expression and lively discussions. This program is specially curated for anime enthusiasts to indulge in their passion for Japanese animation while hanging out among like-minded peers. Snacks provided and cosplay encouraged. Nintendo Switch Teen Tournament 2 p.m. Tuesday, June 18 Calling all teen gamers and adventure seekers to this special summer reading program. Get ready to embark on an epic gaming journey. Whether you're a seasoned gamer or just starting out, this program is designed to showcase your gaming prowess in friendly challenges that test your strategy, reflexes and creativity. Bunny Yoga and Mindfulness 2 p.m. Tuesday, June 25 This summer reading program begins with a 10 minute vibe check where we introduce mindful breathing and check-in with our bodies and minds. Practice includes various movements, songs/chants and deep breathing, with the last 10 minutes being full relaxation. Bunnies will be free-roaming and you will be able to gently pet and interact with them. Dress for comfort. For ages 12 – 18 years. Registration is required. The Riverdale Public Library is located at 2421 Buckingham Road in Fort Myers. For more information about a program or to register, please call the library at (239) 533-4370. Check the Lee County Library System's Web site at www.leelibrary.net to find out about programs at other locations. Call the host library, or Telephone Reference at (239) 479-INFO (4636), for more information about a specific program. To receive updates from Lee County Government, sign up for the newsletter here: www.leegov.com/resources/newsletters. In accordance with the Americans with Disabilities Act, Lee County will not discriminate against qualified individuals with disabilities in its services, programs or activities. To request an auxiliary aid or service for effective communication or a reasonable modification to participate, contact Joan LaGuardia, 239-533-2314, Florida Relay Service 711, or firstname.lastname@example.com. Accommodation will be provided at no cost to the requester. Requests should be made at least five business days in advance.
All people have needed to grieve at one level in our lives. Dropping a job, a property, a chance, a pet, and above all, dropping a liked one may cause us to grieve. At that time, we really feel ache, disappointment, and typically anger. Lots of people at present are dealing or dealing with grieve. That's why I made a decision to put in writing about helpful well being ideas for grief. You see, grieving is a pure factor. All of us have needed to go by means of tough circumstances. Earlier than I delve into the well being ideas that'll enable you deal with grief, I'll like to know what grief is and another necessary factors. Grief is the pure emotional ache that arises from misfortune or private loss; when one thing or somebody you like is taken away. Naturally, the extra necessary the loss is, the extra intense the grief will likely be. Now listed below are some necessary factors to notice. • Don't ignore the ache. To successfully cope with grief, you should face it and overcome it. • All people grieves in a different way; there are psychological variations. For instance, somebody that doesn't cry within the face of loss can't be mentioned to be feeling much less unhappy. • Recovering from grief takes time however doesn't have a time-frame. Please preserve these factors in thoughts as we then contemplate these useful well being ideas. These well being ideas for grief are principally concepts, and options that may enable you keep wholesome whereas grieving. 1. Affiliate with family and friends. Probably the greatest issues to do whereas grieving is to show to your kin, colleagues, and buddies for assist. All of us want one another, particularly once we are present process trials and difficulties. This won't solely enhance your social well being, but in addition enhance your psychological well-being and emotional state. 2. Keep away from medication and alcohol Consider me, abusing medication and alcohol gained't ever enable you to deal with the ache or despair you're feeling. Though it'd present non permanent aid, it'll shortly disappear and later trigger you hurt. 3. Categorical your emotions by means of writing Writing down our ideas can show to be important when coping with painful conditions. Write down how you are feeling now and the way you'll need to really feel. It lets you clear your thoughts. Based on some research, writing whereas grieving can bolster the immune system and improve the emotional and psychological well being. On the onset, it'd trigger you to have sturdy feelings, like crying or feeling extraordinarily upset, which may help you to let off steam. 4. Cling to your religion For those who belong to a spiritual denomination, it's best to endeavor to attract consolation out of your religion. For instance, studying the Bible or Koran, praying, and meditating. You also needs to speak to your spiritual leaders for assist. 5. Keep in mind to eat wholesome When somebody is aggrieved, the particular person finds it tough to eat correctly. You possibly can't inform in case you are full or continuously lose urge for food. Please, eat mindfully since you may trigger your physique a lot hurt if you don't eat correctly. Meals like bananas, darkish chocolate and berries can enhance your temper. 6. Take part in assist teams Sharing your sorrow with others who've skilled comparable losses may help you cope and efficiently get better from grief. You gained't really feel alone, and you're going to get to learn the way others handled their grief. ALSO READ: 10 Issues That Will Make You Pleased Proper Now 7. Train Train is what the physique at all times wants as a result of it helps you cope with stress. Despair additionally impacts you bodily, and exercising habitually will enable you checkmate that. Exercising additionally improves the temper and helps your physique keep wholesome. 8. Observe meditation Meditation helps in relieving the thoughts from stress. It is going to be very helpful when grieving. Discover a quiet place to meditate and clear your head. 9. Establishing a routine Establishing a routine throughout the grieving course of might be useful for a number of health-related causes. Grief can usually really feel chaotic and unpredictable, with feelings fluctuating wildly. A routine gives a way of construction and predictability that may assist anchor somebody throughout these turbulent instances. Healthwise, routines may help be sure that fundamental wants are met, comparable to common meals, sleep, and train, which could in any other case be uncared for during times of intense grief. As an illustration, having set meal instances ensures that an individual eats frequently, which is necessary as a result of grief can disrupt urge for food and result in skipped meals or unhealthy consuming habits. 10. Discuss to a medical skilled Additionally it is very advisable to let loose your coronary heart to a psychologist, counselor, or psychological well being skilled for medical assist. They may help you cope with the phases of grief. Life is hard. We're certain to face painful conditions now and again. These well being ideas for grief may help ease the ache and be sure that you come out unscathed. In all these conditions, keep in mind to maintain being powerful, completely happy, and above all, wholesome! Thanks for taking the time to learn.
One of the biggest concerns among accident victims in Texas is how they will afford medical treatment. Many people have to go to the hospital whether they like it or not, and hospital bills are notoriously expensive. Many car accident victims pay for medical bills through insurance, out of their own pocket, a lawsuit, or a combination of the three. Depending on the extent of your injuries, you might have your bills completely covered by insurance. The other driver's auto insurance should pay first, and you can use your own auto and health insurance to pay anything left over. If insurance is unavailable or your bills exceed the policy limits, a lawyer can help you sue the other driver for the remainder of your damages. If the other driver is uninsured, this might be more of a necessity than an option. Compensation does not always come quickly, and you might have to foot the bill on your own until your claims are completed. In that case, you may be reimbursed. Get an initial case review free of charge when you call (817) 476-1797 and speak to our Dallas car accident lawyers at The Queenan Law Firm, P.C. Paying for Medical Bills with Insurance After an Accident in Texas Medical bills are notorious for being incredibly expensive. Many people, if not most, rely on insurance to cover these costs. Without insurance, many people would be unable to afford medical care. After an accident, you might find yourself with various insurance options, depending on the situation. If you are unsure how to navigate the insurance claims process, call a lawyer right away. Auto Insurance Texas is an at-fault state when it comes to car insurance. This means that an injured driver should file a third-party claim with the other driver's insurance after an accident. Before the claim can be approved, the injured driver must prove to the insurance company that the other driver is at fault. If your claim is approved, the other driver's auto insurance may pay for many of your damages, including medical bills. Insurance is far from perfect, and some people might need to rely on other forms of auto insurance to help them cover their medical bills. For example, you might rely on uninsured or underinsured motorist coverage if the other driver has no insurance. This is an optional form of coverage that not all drivers have. Our Garland, TX car accident attorneys can help you review your auto insurance policies to see if your insurance provider can cover your medical costs if necessary. It all depends on what kind of insurance you have and what the policy says. Health Insurance Auto insurance is not the only form of insurance you might have. A lot of people have health insurance. They might buy it on their own or have it through an employer. Either way, your health insurance might help you cover medical bills to a certain extent. Often, the other driver's auto insurance will pay first. If your medical bills exceed the other driver's policy limit—which is not an uncommon problem—your health insurance may pay second and cover the remaining costs. Alternatively, your health insurance may cover medical bills while you await coverage from the other driver's auto insurance. Generally, once you are compensated by the other driver's car insurance, your health insurance provider will expect to be reimbursed. Other Insurance There are all kinds of insurance policies out there, and you might have additional options for covering your medical bills after a car accident. You might have MedPay, an optional form of insurance meant specifically to cover medical costs after accidents. You might instead have a personal injury protection (PIP) policy that covers you regardless of who is at fault for the accident. Making the Other Driver Pay for Your Medical Bills After a Car Crash in Texas Insurance can be helpful when available, but it does not always pay for everything. Even worse, your insurance claim might be denied for a lack of evidence or simply because the insurance company does not want to pay. In this instance, your attorney can help you sue the other driver and make them pay for your medical bills and other damages. Filing a lawsuit is a complex venture. First, we need to draft a complaint to initiate the lawsuit. This formal legal filing should contain lengthy and specific details about the accident. We need details about you, the defendant, how the crash happened, your damages, and evidence. The time spent preparing the complaint and the lawsuit sometimes exceeds the actual time spent in court. When suing the other driver, you might have the opportunity to reach a settlement. Sometimes, people have to sue because the other driver's insurance denied their claim. Suddenly, the insurance company is requesting a settlement agreement. Talk to your attorney before accepting any settlement offer. Your lawyer can help you negotiate for an even better deal or reject it if you have better odds of success in a trial. What Happens if I Have to Pay Medical Bills After a Car Accident in Texas Before Receiving Financial Compensation? Insurance benefits or other financial compensation do not always come through right when we need them. Unfortunately, this means some accident victims have to figure out how to pay their medical bills on their own while their legal claims are pending. You might rely on your own insurance or pay out of your pocket. You may be reimbursed when your insurance claim is approved, you are awarded damages in a lawsuit, or you reach a settlement with the defendant. If you pay for your medical bills using your health insurance or some other insurance policy before winning a court case, your insurance company might have a subrogation claim. Essentially, this means the insurance company will want to be reimbursed for the costs of your medical care if another party is legally liable for paying them. Get in Touch with Our Texas Car Accident Attorneys for Legal Support Get an initial case review free of charge when you call (817) 476-1797 and speak to our Amarillo, TX car accident lawyers at The Queenan Law Firm, P.C.
While there is variation among kombucha products, the term "kombucha" generally refers to a fermented beverage produced from a mixture of steeped tea and sugar, combined with a culture of yeast strains and bacteria. Some kombucha products also have fruit juice or other flavors added during production. The combination of sugar and yeast triggers fermentation, which may produce a kombucha with an alcohol content of 0.5% or more alcohol by volume. When this happens, the kombucha is regulated as an alcohol beverage under federal law and TTB regulations. Last reviewed/updated: 09/17/2015
Support our relaxation and educational content for free when you purchase through links on our site. Learn more What are the Characteristics of Meditation Music? [2024] 🎵 Imagine yourself in a serene room, surrounded by soft candlelight, taking deep breaths, and preparing to embark on a journey of inner peace and tranquility. As you settle into your meditation practice, you press play on your favorite meditation music, instantly transporting yourself to a state of deep relaxation. But have you ever wondered what makes meditation music so special? In this article, we will explore the characteristics of meditation music and how it can enhance your meditation experience. Table of Contents - Quick Answer - Quick Tips and Facts - Background: The Power of Music in Meditation - Characteristics of Meditation Music - The Therapeutic Effects of Meditation Music - The Benefits of Listening to Music During Meditation - Choosing the Best Music to Enhance Your Meditation - Three Tips for Using Meditation Music - Conclusion - Recommended Links - Reference Links Quick Answer Meditation music is specifically designed to create a soothing and calming atmosphere that enhances the meditation experience. It typically features soft, slow, and minimalist sounds, with no lyrics. The music can have therapeutic effects, such as reducing stress and anxiety, lowering blood pressure, and promoting relaxation. When choosing meditation music, consider the purpose of your meditation and select music that resonates with you. ✅ 👉 CHECK PRICE on: Amazon \| Walmart \| Etsy Quick Tips and Facts - Meditation music is specifically created to enhance the meditation experience. - It typically features soft, slow, and minimalist sounds, with no lyrics. - Meditation music can have therapeutic effects, such as reducing stress and anxiety. - Different types of meditation music, such as nature sounds and binaural beats, offer unique benefits. - Choosing the right music for your meditation practice is essential for creating the desired atmosphere. Background: The Power of Music in Meditation Before we dive into the characteristics of meditation music, let's explore the power of music in meditation. Music has been used for centuries as a tool for relaxation, healing, and spiritual connection. When combined with meditation, music can deepen the meditative state and help you achieve a sense of calm and inner peace. Music has a profound impact on our emotions and can evoke powerful feelings and memories. It has the ability to transport us to different states of consciousness and create a harmonious environment for meditation. Whether it's the gentle sound of raindrops, the soothing melody of a flute, or the rhythmic beats of a drum, music has the power to guide us into a state of deep relaxation and focus. Characteristics of Meditation Music Meditation music possesses specific characteristics that make it ideal for enhancing the meditation experience. Let's explore these characteristics in detail: Soft and Gentle: Meditation music is known for its soft and gentle nature. It creates a calming atmosphere that allows you to relax and let go of any tension or stress. Slow Tempo: The tempo of meditation music is typically slow, mirroring the natural rhythm of our breath and heart rate. This slow pace helps to induce a state of relaxation and tranquility. Minimalist Sounds: Meditation music often features minimalist sounds, focusing on sustained tones, simple melodies, and repetitive patterns. These minimalistic elements help to quiet the mind and promote a sense of stillness. No Lyrics: Unlike other genres of music, meditation music is instrumental and does not contain any lyrics. This absence of words allows you to fully immerse yourself in the music without distraction, enabling a deeper connection with your inner self. Ambient and Atmospheric: Meditation music creates an ambient and atmospheric environment that transports you to a peaceful and serene space. It often incorporates nature sounds, such as flowing water, birdsong, or gentle wind, to enhance the overall experience. Harmonious and Calming: The harmonious and calming nature of meditation music helps to create a sense of balance and tranquility. It promotes a state of relaxation and allows you to let go of any mental or emotional tension. The Therapeutic Effects of Meditation Music Meditation music has been found to have various therapeutic effects on the mind and body. Let's explore some of these effects: Stress Reduction: Listening to meditation music can help reduce stress and anxiety by promoting relaxation and calming the nervous system. Lower Blood Pressure: Studies have shown that listening to relaxing music, including meditation music, can lower blood pressure and heart rate, leading to a state of physical and mental relaxation. Improved Sleep: Many people find that listening to meditation music before bed helps them fall asleep faster and improves the quality of their sleep. It creates a soothing environment that promotes relaxation and prepares the mind and body for rest. Enhanced Focus and Concentration: The calming and repetitive nature of meditation music can help improve focus and concentration during meditation. It provides a gentle anchor for the mind, allowing you to stay present and centered. Emotional Healing: Meditation music has the power to evoke emotions and facilitate emotional healing. It can help release emotional blockages, promote self-reflection, and create a safe space for emotional processing. The Benefits of Listening to Music During Meditation Listening to music during meditation offers numerous benefits that can enhance your practice. Here are some of the key benefits: Deepens Relaxation: Meditation music creates a soothing and calming atmosphere that deepens the state of relaxation, allowing you to let go of stress and tension. Enhances Focus: The gentle and repetitive nature of meditation music provides a focal point for the mind, enhancing focus and concentration during meditation. Creates a Sacred Space: The ambient and atmospheric qualities of meditation music help create a sacred space for your practice, allowing you to feel more connected to yourself and the present moment. Elevates Mood: The therapeutic effects of meditation music, such as stress reduction and emotional healing, can elevate your mood and promote a sense of well-being. Facilitates Mindfulness: Listening to music during meditation can help cultivate mindfulness by bringing your attention to the present moment and the sensations of the music. Choosing the Best Music to Enhance Your Meditation When it comes to choosing the best music to enhance your meditation practice, it's essential to consider your personal preferences and the purpose of your meditation. Here are some tips to help you select the right music: Reflect on Your Intention: Consider the intention behind your meditation practice. Are you seeking relaxation, focus, or emotional healing? Choose music that aligns with your intention. Experiment with Different Genres: Explore different genres of meditation music, such as nature sounds, binaural beats, classical, ambient, or Gregorian chant. Each genre offers unique benefits and resonates with different individuals. Trust Your Intuition: Listen to samples of meditation music and trust your intuition. Pay attention to how the music makes you feel and choose the one that resonates with you on a deep level. Three Tips for Using Meditation Music To make the most of your meditation music experience, here are three tips to keep in mind: Consider the Purpose: Before selecting a piece of meditation music, consider the purpose of your meditation. Are you looking to relax, focus, or explore your emotions? Choose music that supports your specific intention. Be Mindful of the Effects: Pay attention to how the music affects your state of mind and body during meditation. Notice if it enhances your focus, deepens relaxation, or evokes specific emotions. Adjust your music choices accordingly. Align with the Rhythm: When using meditation music in conjunction with other media, such as videos or images, be mindful of the sustained rhythm of the music. Ensure that the visuals align with the pace and atmosphere created by the music. What are the characteristics of meditative music? Meditative music is characterized by its soft, slow, and minimalist sounds. It typically has no lyrics and creates a calming and harmonious atmosphere that promotes relaxation and focus during meditation. Read more about "Zen Music for Sleep: Achieve Deep Relaxation and Peaceful Slumber …" How do you describe meditation in music? Meditation in music can be described as a state of deep relaxation and focus that is facilitated by the calming and harmonious qualities of the music. It allows the listener to enter a meditative state and connect with their inner self. Read more about "What are the Benefits of Listening to Relaxing Music? … 🎵" What makes meditation music? Meditation music is created with the intention of enhancing the meditation experience. It is composed using soft, slow, and minimalist sounds, often incorporating nature sounds or ambient elements. The absence of lyrics allows the listener to fully immerse themselves in the music. Read more about "Is it good to listen to quiet music? … 🎵" What are the characteristics of calm music? Calm music shares many characteristics with meditation music. It is soft, slow, and soothing, creating a peaceful and tranquil atmosphere. Calm music often features gentle melodies, minimalistic sounds, and no lyrics, allowing the listener to relax and unwind. Read more about "What is the Best Music to Relax and Fall Asleep? …" In conclusion, meditation music possesses specific characteristics that make it ideal for enhancing the meditation experience. Its soft and gentle nature, slow tempo, minimalist sounds, and absence of lyrics create a harmonious and calming atmosphere that promotes relaxation and focus. Listening to meditation music during your practice can deepen relaxation, enhance focus, and create a sacred space for self-reflection and emotional healing. Remember to choose music that aligns with your intention and resonates with you on a deep level. So, why not incorporate meditation music into your practice and embark on a journey of inner peace and tranquility? ✨ For more information on music and its impact on relaxation and well-being, check out these related articles on Endless Relaxation™: - Music and Sleep Health - Music Therapy Benefits - Exploring Different Genres of Relaxation Music - Meditation and Music - Health Benefits of Relaxation Music 📚 If you're interested in diving deeper into the world of relaxation music, we recommend the following books available on Amazon: - "The Power of Music: Pioneering Discoveries in the New Science of Song" by Elena Mannes - "Musicophilia: Tales of Music and the Brain" by Oliver Sacks - "The Mozart Effect: Tapping the Power of Music to Heal the Body, Strengthen the Mind, and Unlock the Creative Spirit" by Don Campbell 🔗 For further reading on the topic of meditation music, check out the following reference links: - What Is Meditation Music? – Pond5 Blog - The Science Behind Meditation Music - The Therapeutic Effects of Music Now, go forth and create your own oasis of peace with the perfect meditation music! 🎶✨
Solar Panel Grants in Leyland Should you be a property owner or renter in Leyland, Lancashire, you may be eligible for solar panel grants. Putting in solar panels is one of the most efficient method to make your home more energy efficient and reduce your home heating bills. The good news is, requesting a solar panel grant in your town via our webpage requires only a moment. We will shortly be reaching out to organise a zero cost house assessment if you're eligible for further enhancements and government grants under the new ECO scheme. By upgrading your primary power supply to solar, you can save a sizeable portion of funds on utility costs each year. Therefore, should you be interested in how the process works about getting solar panels fitted free of charge in Leyland and the application process, check out the below guide: Free Solar Panel Grants Near Me in Leyland Am I Entitled to a Free Solar Panel Grant? To be eligible to receive solar energy grants in Leyland under the govt. ECO program, you should be a property owner or private tenant with an energy performance score of E to G. We can help to establish this for you. The free solar panel scheme is primarily designed to support low-income households in the UK, including all of Lancashire and the North West region, who are struggling with energy poverty. It also covers those who are receiving some form of government benefits. The amount of funding available is decided individually, with the best method to find out being to apply through ecoschemeuk.com. What are the Steps to Apply for a Solar Energy Free Grant? The gov. ECO scheme offers property owners or tenants who are eligible in the UK with a subsidy for solar panels in order to improve efficiency and decrease energy waste in their houses. If you are interested in submitting an application for this grant, the process is straightforward and quick. 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Why Solar Energy Matters: Uncovering its Benefits There are plenty of benefits of using photovoltaic (solar) energy for UK homeowners. Firstly, the Feed-in Tariff (FiT) allows homeowners, who generate surplus energy, to make cash back, which can significantly reduce their energy bills. Secondly, adding solar panels boosts the worth of a home which makes it desirable to potential buyers. Plus, using solar energy cuts down on the environmental impact of the residents and their household, contributing a crucial role in helping the UK achieve its environmental goals. Solar energies allow people in the UK to be more independent from the grid, offering them with backup power during a blackout - some insurance companies also provide discounts to homeowners with solar panels, increasing financial benefits! Remember, adopting solar power not only supports the growth of the clean energy sector, but also reduces environmental contamination, which is a major ecological advantage. 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Not only does this work increase add worth to your property, but it additionally decreases your energy costs as well as adds to a better atmosphere too. The added possibility for for further improvements means you are able to continue to improve your house's energy efficiency as time passes on. Government backed grants and the ECO scheme at no cost render this a no-brainer investment. Don't hesitate any longer to begin experiencing the many benefits of solar roof panels. Sign up now by simply clicking the button below, and our team will be in touch for a free home evaluation. Let us make your home more environmentally friendly, cut down on your expenses on gas/electricity costs and add value of your home! Is There More Government Grants Close to Me in Leyland? Besides solar energy, you can find several other eco-friendly grant programs offered to house owners throughout the UK such as Leyland. These funding options cover an array of energy-saving improvements, like heating systems, cavity wall insulation, underfloor insulation, as well as double glazing fitting. By utilising these funding options, you could save a substantial sum against your heating bills at the same time also adding value to your home. To find out more regarding these funding options, merely click the provided links below alternatively consult with associated services in your local area.
Looking for the best Medicare supplement plan in Texas? Well, you're in the right place! Finding the right plan can be a bit overwhelming, but don't worry, I've got you covered. In this guide, we'll explore different options and help you find the perfect Medicare supplement plan tailored to your needs. When it comes to healthcare coverage, having a Medicare supplement plan can provide that extra peace of mind. With so many options available, it's essential to understand the different plans, their benefits, and how they can enhance your existing Medicare coverage. Let's dive in and discover the best Medicare supplement plan in Texas for you! Texas offers a range of Medicare supplement plans, each with its unique set of benefits and coverage options. We'll explore the top contenders and help you make an informed decision based on your healthcare needs and budget. So, let's get started and find the best Medicare supplement plan that fits your lifestyle and provides the coverage you deserve. Remember, understanding Medicare supplement plans is crucial for securing the healthcare you need. So, let's embark on this journey together and find the perfect Medicare supplement plan in Texas just for you! Choosing the right Medicare supplement plan in Texas can be overwhelming, but we can help you find the best option for your needs. Consider factors like coverage options, costs, customer reviews, and network providers. Research different plans and compare their features to make an informed decision. Remember, what works for others may not be the best fit for you. Take your time, do your research, and consult with professionals to find the best Medicare supplement plan in Texas. The Best Medicare Supplement Plan in Texas: Everything You Need to Know Medicare is an important healthcare program for seniors in Texas, but it may not cover all the expenses. That's where Medicare Supplement Plans, also known as Medigap plans, come in. These plans are designed to fill the gaps left by traditional Medicare, providing additional coverage for services like prescription drugs, dental care, vision care, and more. If you're a Texas resident and looking for the best Medicare Supplement Plan, this comprehensive guide will help you navigate the options and make an informed decision. Understanding Medicare Supplement Plans Before diving into the best Medicare Supplement Plans in Texas, it's essential to understand what these plans are and how they work. Medicare Supplement Plans are offered by private insurance companies and are designed to provide additional coverage alongside Original Medicare (Parts A and B). They help pay for "gaps" in Medicare coverage, such as deductibles, coinsurance, and copayments. Medigap plans are standardized across the country, meaning they provide the same basic benefits regardless of the insurance company you choose. There are ten standardized Medigap plans labeled with letters (A, B, C, D, F, G, K, L, M, and N). Each plan offers a specific set of benefits, and the premiums may vary from one insurance company to another. The best Medicare Supplement Plan for you depends on your individual healthcare needs, budget, and personal preferences. It's crucial to compare different plans and choose the one that aligns with your specific requirements. Comparing the Top Medicare Supplement Plans in Texas Now that you have an understanding of what Medicare Supplement Plans are, let's explore the top options available in Texas. The best Medigap plans in Texas will offer comprehensive coverage, affordable premiums, and a reliable insurance provider. Here are seven top Medicare Supplement Plans to consider: Plan F Medicare Supplement Plan F is known for its comprehensive coverage. It covers all the Medicare Part A and Part B deductibles, copayments, coinsurance, and even excess charges. Plan F also offers coverage for foreign travel emergency care and skilled nursing facility coinsurance. However, it's important to note that Plan F is no longer available to new Medicare enrollees as of January 1, 2020. Only those who were eligible for Medicare Part A before that date can still enroll in Plan F. Plan G Medicare Supplement Plan G is similar to Plan F in terms of coverage but with a lower premium. It offers the same benefits as Plan F, except for the Medicare Part B deductible, which you will have to pay out of pocket. However, the lower premium of Plan G can often offset the deductible cost, making it a popular choice among Texas residents. Plan N Medicare Supplement Plan N is another option to consider. It covers most of the same benefits as Plan G, with a few differences. With Plan N, you may have to pay a copayment of up to $20 for some doctor's office visits and a copayment of up to $50 for emergency room visits. Additionally, Plan N does not cover the Medicare Part B excess charges. However, the premiums for Plan N are generally lower compared to Plan G, making it a more budget-friendly option. Plan C Medicare Supplement Plan C is another comprehensive plan that covers a wide range of benefits. It includes coverage for Medicare Part A and Part B deductibles, copayments, coinsurance, skilled nursing facility coinsurance, foreign travel emergency care, and even the Medicare Part B excess charges. However, similar to Plan F, Plan C is no longer available to new Medicare enrollees as of January 1, 2020. Only those who were eligible for Medicare Part A before that date can still enroll in Plan C. Plan D Medicare Supplement Plan D is similar to Plan C in terms of coverage, with one key difference. Plan D does not cover the Medicare Part B deductible. While this means you'll have to pay the deductible out of pocket, the premiums for Plan D are generally lower compared to other comprehensive plans. If you're looking for comprehensive coverage without the Medicare Part B deductible, Plan D could be a suitable option. Plan K Medicare Supplement Plan K is a cost-sharing plan that covers 50% of Medicare Part A and Part B deductibles, copayments, and coinsurance. Plan K also includes coverage for skilled nursing facility coinsurance and up to 50% of the Medicare Part B excess charges. It's important to note that Plan K has an out-of-pocket limit, which is set annually. Once you reach the out-of-pocket limit, the plan pays 100% of covered services for the rest of the year. Plan L Medicare Supplement Plan L is similar to Plan K in terms of cost-sharing but with slightly different coverage. Plan L covers 75% of Medicare Part A and Part B deductibles, copayments, and coinsurance. It also provides coverage for skilled nursing facility coinsurance and up to 75% of the Medicare Part B excess charges. Like Plan K, Plan L also has an annual out-of-pocket limit, ensuring you won't have to pay more than a certain amount for covered services. Tips for Choosing the Right Medicare Supplement Plan in Texas Now that you have a better understanding of the top Medicare Supplement Plans in Texas, how do you go about choosing the right one for you? Here are some tips: Evaluate Your Healthcare Needs Start by evaluating your healthcare needs. Consider factors like your current health condition, medications you take, frequency of doctor visits, and any upcoming medical procedures. Understanding your healthcare needs will help you determine the level of coverage you require. Compare Coverage and Costs Once you know your needs, compare the coverage and costs of different Medicare Supplement Plans. Look at what each plan covers and the premiums associated with it. It's also essential to consider any out-of-pocket costs like deductibles, copayments, and coinsurance. Read Customer Reviews Customer reviews can provide valuable insights into the quality of service and customer satisfaction offered by various insurance companies. Read reviews online and consider the experiences of others before making a decision. Check Provider Networks If you have specific healthcare providers or specialists you prefer, check if they are part of the network for the Medicare Supplement Plan you're considering. Ensuring your preferred providers are included can save you time and hassle when seeking medical care. Consider Future Needs Finally, think about your future needs. While you may be in good health now, consider the potential for changes in your healthcare needs in the future. It's always good to choose a Medicare Supplement Plan that offers flexibility and can adapt to your changing circumstances. Choosing the best Medicare Supplement Plan in Texas requires careful consideration of your healthcare needs, budget, and personal preferences. By understanding the different plans available and comparing their coverage and costs, you can find a plan that offers the right level of protection for you. Remember to evaluate your healthcare needs, read customer reviews, check provider networks, and consider future needs. With these tips in mind, you'll be well-equipped to make an informed decision and ensure you have the best Medicare Supplement Plan for your specific situation. Key Takeaways: What is the Best Medicare Supplement Plan in Texas? 1. Medicare supplement plans, also known as Medigap plans, help cover the gaps in original Medicare coverage. 2. The best Medicare supplement plan in Texas depends on individual needs and preferences. 3. It's important to compare different plans and consider factors such as cost, coverage, and provider network. 4. Plan F and Plan G are popular choices in Texas due to their comprehensive coverage. 5. Consulting with a licensed insurance agent can help you understand and choose the best Medicare supplement plan for your specific situation. Frequently Asked Questions Are you looking for the best Medicare supplement plan in Texas? Check out these commonly asked questions to help you make an informed decision! 1. What factors should I consider when choosing a Medicare supplement plan in Texas? When selecting a Medicare supplement plan in Texas, there are several factors to consider. Firstly, think about your healthcare needs and any specific conditions you have. Consider what doctors, hospitals, and specialists you prefer and ensure they are covered by the plan you choose. Additionally, think about your budget and the monthly premium you can afford. It's also important to research the different plans available and compare the coverage they offer. Look into important elements such as deductibles, copayments, and coinsurance. Lastly, consider the reputation and stability of the insurance company offering the plan. Reading reviews and customer testimonials can give you insights into their reliability and customer service. 2. Do all Medicare supplement plans offer the same coverage in Texas? No, not all Medicare supplement plans offer the same coverage in Texas. The coverage provided by these plans is standardized by the federal government and is labeled with letters from A to N. However, insurers are only required to offer certain plans, so not every plan may be available in every state. Texas may have a different selection of plans compared to other states. While the basic benefits are the same across each plan with the same letter, the pricing and additional benefits, such as foreign travel emergency coverage, may vary. It's essential to carefully review each plan's details and compare them to find the one that best suits your needs. 3. Can I switch Medicare supplement plans in Texas if I've already enrolled in one? Yes, you can switch Medicare supplement plans in Texas even if you're already enrolled in one. However, switching plans may be subject to certain conditions. For instance, you may have to go through medical underwriting if it's outside your initial enrollment period or if you have a pre-existing condition. It's important to note that switching plans may also lead to changes in your premium rates. Before making any changes, carefully evaluate the benefits and cost of the new plan compared to your current one. Consulting with an insurance professional or an independent Medicare advisor can help you navigate the process and determine if switching plans is the right choice for you. 4. Is Medigap the same as a Medicare supplement plan in Texas? Yes, Medigap and Medicare supplement plan are often used interchangeably, referring to the supplemental insurance coverage that helps fill the gaps in Original Medicare. Medigap plans are sold by private insurance companies and work alongside Medicare to cover certain out-of-pocket expenses such as copayments, deductibles, and coinsurance. It's worth noting that Medigap plans are standardized differently than Medicare supplement plans (labeled with letters from A to N). The standardized plans provide the same essential benefits regardless of the insurance company selling them, but the pricing and additional benefits may vary. It's important to compare various Medigap plans in Texas to find the one that offers the coverage you need at a price you can afford. 5. Are prescription drugs covered in Medicare supplement plans in Texas? No, prescription drugs are not covered by Medicare supplement plans (Medigap) in Texas. For prescription drug coverage, you need to enroll in a separate Medicare Part D prescription drug plan, which is also offered by private insurance companies. To ensure you have adequate coverage for both your healthcare needs and prescription medications, it's important to consider enrolling in both a Medicare supplement plan and a Medicare Part D plan. Medicare Part D plans provide coverage for generic and brand-name prescription drugs, and the specific drugs covered can vary between plans. It's crucial to research different Part D plans in your area, compare their formularies (list of covered drugs), and select the one that covers your medications at the most affordable cost. So, to recap what we've learned about the best Medicare supplement plan in Texas: First, it's important to understand that Medicare itself doesn't cover everything. That's where supplement plans come in handy. They help cover the costs that Medicare doesn't. Next, we discussed the three most popular types of supplement plans: Plan F, Plan G, and Plan N. Each plan has its own benefits and costs, so it's essential to evaluate your needs and budget. We also explored how the prices of these plans can vary depending on factors like your location and age. It's crucial to compare prices from different insurance companies to find the best plan for you. Finally, keep in mind that the best supplement plan for someone else may not be the best one for you. Everyone's situation is unique, so it's crucial to consider your own health needs and financial situation when making a decision. Remember, choosing the best Medicare supplement plan in Texas is a big decision, but with a little research and understanding, you can find the plan that suits you best. Take your time, ask questions, and don't be afraid to seek guidance from professionals to make the right choice. Good luck!
Forever Bare BBL VS Laser Hair Removal \| Which is Better? Want smooth, hair-free skin? Learn more about Forever Bare BBL VS Laser. See why Forever Bare BBL in Rochester 6is faster, more comfortable, and effective Table of Contents Gone are the days of endless shaving, painful waxing, and stubborn regrowth. Laser hair removal has become a popular choice for achieving long-term hair reduction and smooth, hair-free skin. But with advancements in technology, the question arises: Forever Bare BBL vs laser hair removal, which reigns supreme? This blog post dives deep into the Forever Bare BBL vs laser hair removal debate, helping you decide which option is best for achieving your desired results. Forever Bare BBL Vs. Traditional Laser Hair Removal The Evolution of Hair Removal Technology For decades, people have relied on traditional methods like shaving, waxing, and depilatory creams for hair removal. While these methods offer temporary results, they can be inconvenient, time-consuming, and often lead to irritation, ingrown hairs, and razor bumps.Laser hair removal emerged as a revolutionary advancement, offering a more permanent solution. Traditional lasers target the pigment (melanin) in hair follicles, delivering a concentrated beam of light that targets the follicle and hinders future hair growth. Forever Bare BBL VS Laser: Understanding Laser Hair Removal. It is important to understand how laser hair removal works and what the different types of lasers are in order not to end up regretting doing it or asking 'Why do I still have hair after laser?' Stick till the end as we will explore the laser world. How does laser hair removal work? Traditional laser hair removal utilizes various laser types, like Alexandrite and YAG lasers, to target hair follicles. These lasers are effective, particularly for individuals with light skin and dark hair. However, laser hair removal Rochester MI can be more effective to all skin types with Forever Bare BBL. Traditional laser hair removal can come with some drawbacks. The concentrated light beam can cause discomfort, and there's a risk of skin pigmentation issues, especially for patients with darker skin tones. Additionally, multiple sessions are often required to achieve optimal results, and some patients might experience discomfort during the treatment. What are the different types of lasers available in the market? Laser hair removal is known for its long-term hair reduction but the effectiveness depends on several factors, including the type of laser used, your skin tone, and hair color. Here's a breakdown of some common laser hair removal technologies: This laser is highly effective on lighter skin tones and very dark hair. Alexandrite lasers have a shorter wavelength operating at a wavelength of 755nm, making them ideal for targeting melanin in hair follicles. It is commonly used for hair removal on larger areas such as the legs, back, and chest. While known for its effectiveness, it can also be the most painful option, especially for individuals with coarser hair. - Diode Laser Similar to the Alexandrite laser, the diode laser offers a longer wavelength for enhanced penetration. If you have a darker skin tone or finer hair, the YAG laser may be a more suitable choice. Unlike the Alexandrite Laser, the YAG laser is ideal for darker skin tones and tanned complexions. It utilizes a longer wavelength that penetrates deeper without affecting the melanin on the surface skin, reducing the risk of skin pigmentation issues. - Ruby Laser: Ruby lasers are best suited for individuals with fair skin and dark hair. They are effective for hair removal on smaller areas like the face, underarms, and bikini line and have a shorter wavelength, making them precise in targeting specific hair follicles. If you're considering laser hair removal Rochester MI, there's a new game-changer to consider: Forever Bare BBL. - IPL (Intense Pulsed Light) While not technically a laser, IPL technology uses broad-spectrum light instead of a brazilian laser hair removal single wavelength. One notable option in this category is Forever Bare BBL (Broad Band Light) from Sciton. Forever Bare BBL distinguishes itself from other options by being less painful and faster. Starting with Forever Bare BBL is often recommended, especially for individuals with substantial hair growth. Using other lasers after this may be more painful due to the coarser nature of the hair and the increased discomfort associated with traditional hair removal methods. Forever Bare BBL: A Game-Changer in Hair Removal La Vie Aesthetic Clinic is proud to offer Forever Bare BBL, a cutting-edge technology that revolutionizes the world of laser hair removal, particularly for those seeking laser hair removal Rochester MI. Forever Bare BBL stands for Broad Band Light, and it utilizes a different approach compared to traditional lasers. Instead of a single concentrated beam, Forever Bare BBL delivers gentle pulses of broad-spectrum light. This light penetrates deeper into the skin, targeting not only the hair follicle but also chromophores (light-absorbing molecules) responsible for hair growth. Forever Bare BBL VS Laser Hair Removal What Makes Forever Bare BBL Better Option? Forever Bare BBL offers several advantages over traditional laser hair removal, making it a compelling choice for treating unwanted hair on any area of the body and a great option for those considering laser hair removal Rochester MI. Here's why: - Gentler and More Comfortable: The broad-spectrum light used in Forever Bare BBL is gentler on the skin compared to traditional lasers. Hair removal devices would deliver all their energy to a specific area in one go. 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Imprint 2021/5 Volume XXIII (2021) Head of the Editorial Board: LÃSZLÃ ÃLLÃS Members of the Editorial Board ZoltÃĄn BirÃģ A. (Romania), Csilla Fedinec (Hungary), Holger Fischer (Germany), LÃĄszlÃģ GyurgyÃk (Slovakia), PÃĐter HunÄÃk (Slovakia), Petteri Laihonen (Finland), Zsuzsanna Lampl (Slovakia), IstvÃĄn LanstyÃĄk (Slovakia), Zsolt Lengyel (Germany), JÃģzsef Liszka (Slovakia), AndrÃĄs MÃĐszÃĄros (Slovakia), Attila Simon (Slovakia), LÃĄszlÃģ Szarka (Hungary), Andrej TÃģth (Czech Republic), LÃĄszlÃģ VÃĐgh (Slovakia) ÃLLÃS, LÃSZLÃ: HungarianâSlovak Reconciliation and the National Peace GYURGYÃK, LÃSZLÃ: The Ethnic Composition of Slovakiaâs Municipalities, Based on the Data of the 1950 census LAMPL, ZSUZSANNA: The Primary Results of the last Hungarian Identity Survey in Slovakia LANSTYÃK, ISTVÃN: Language Problems, Language Related Social Problems, Metalinguistic Activities SIMON, ATTILA: The Banned, the Controlled, the Shifted, and the Compulsory. National Holidays and the Hungarians in Slovakia in 1919 TÃTH, ÃGNES: In the Margins of a Party Resolution. The 1968 Resolution of the Political Committee of the Hungarian Socialist Workersâ Party on the Situation of the Nationalities in Hungary Central European Forum EVERETT, JUDAS: Combatting Illiberalism in the Heart of Europe: Lessons from Slovakia ÃllÃķs, LÃĄszlÃģ: European Identity (AndrÃĄs A.Gergely) Lampl, Zsuzsanna: The political identity of ethnic Hungarians in Slovakia, 1989-1990 (GÃĄbor Csanda) Gecse, Annabella: The Heart of Gemer/GÃķmÃķr. Studies on the popular religious practice of Gemer/GÃķmÃķr in Southern Slovakia (PÃĐter VataÅĄÄin) Liszka, JÃģzsef (ed.): Acta Ethnologica Danubiana 22. â Az EtnolÃģgiai KÃķzpont ÃvkÃķnyve â RoÄenka VÃ―skumnÃĐho centra eurÃģpskej etnolÃģgie â Jahrbuch des Forschungszentrums fÞr EuropÃĪische Ethnologie (Katalin Pajor) Guidelines for Authors HungarianâSlovak Reconciliation and the National Peace For three centuries, Europe has been organized into nation-states. This situation did not even change after the European Union had been established. The European Union, despite having its own central decision-making and executive bodies, is under the influence of its most powerful member states. The governments of these states decide over the main questions of the Union. The smaller member states could have significant influence only if they organize themselves in interest-groups, mainly on a regional basis. Together they could become strong enough to outweigh the power of the larger states, but still only in some issues. To achieve more, they need to build up a broader alliance of different state-groups. It is a situation when nation-states fight each other, without a war, of course. But the main aim of the interstate relations remains the same. Their form is milder, but substantially unchanged. That is, the relations are based on strength and power regulated by national interest. (Horowitz 1985: 4) Creating a commonly accepted system of values in political decision-making on a higher level could be realized by supporting the main components of a modern political society. But it needs reconciliation between nations. The reconciliation between the small nations of Central Europe must be determined by basic national issues. The democratization of these countries and their independence depend on it. More than three decades after the revolutionary wave that triggered the change of regime, several small nations, including Slovaks and the Hungarians, still continue to fight against each other on a national basis. Their diplomatic efforts, many elements of their countriesÂī internal legal systems, their political parties, and the programs of many of their organizations are aimed at national victory over one another. When acting against each other, neither their accession to the European Union, nor their membership in NATO prevents their governments from orienting themselves toward great powers. As part of their strategy against their neighbour, they offer themselves to the supporting great power as a zone of influence. This, as they believe, strengthens their position in the European Union. The issue of the HungarianâSlovak reconciliation is one of the most important ones in regard to the future of the region. Both reconciliation and the absence of it, have had and will have a significant impact on the political community in both countries. It also sets an example, one way or another, for neighbouring countries. At the same time, as a non-negligible element of the experiment called EU, it can further or even hinder the solution of one of the fundamental problems of the Union, the conflict between the nation-state and the effectiveness of continental decision-making. Reconciliation and the Visegrad Countries By abandoning to serve a great power, small Central European nations renounce their sovereignty too. Their national advancement could only be expected from the service of one of the great powers. But for serving a great power, they should also adopt its poli tical system and serve its interests, oppressing and sometimes destroying others. (KuÄera 2008: 39) The national liberation of one party is linked to the national subjugation of the other. The extension of national freedom of one nation does not mean its further extension to another. Instead, it means a new dominance. National freedom also means national slavery. Not only did this model reinforce, but even made dominant the belief that the national freedom of one nation does not strengthen but it even endangers the freedom of the other. It seems that whatever can be done with the support of great powers: even territories can be acquired, and the population of other nationalities can be expelled from those territories. Great powers never require effectively enough that national freedom and equality of nationalities is guaranteed. The rejection or absence of the universal principle of national freedom and equality gave way to total national relativism. The principal here is that the human rights of other national minorities can be violated and their collective national life can also be obstructed or even prohibited. The national development of one nation is linked here to the national oppression of the other. One party links its own national future (i.e. persistence, survival) to the destruction and oppression of the other party. This has a significant impact on the political culture of the two countries and, of course, on the behaviour of the majority of their leaders to this day. Todayâs interest alliance of Visegrad for reconciliation is worth little. The interests are temporary. Of course, it is difficult for the parties to expect more. There is the experience of past centuries of attempts to nationally destroy each other. And because of this experience, they have demonstrated to their own public how the other side has tried to do so. Therefore, now they have to listen to their own public which has been socialised in the spirit that the other side had tried to destroy them as a nation. Part of their current experience is that they only communicate their own threats to their own public. From this they conclude that the other side is communicating the same to their own public, in relation to themselves. Their cooperation today is nothing more than a connection of interests. They are aware of its relativity. They are willing to cooperate with each other only to the extent that it does not change the essence of their national values established by the end of the twentieth century. This cooperation is subject from time to time to the disruptive intentions of external forces, considering the fact that the parties have repeatedly confronted, and even betrayed, each other whenever they expected a national gain. And this national gain came from one of the great powers that wanted to dominate the whole region in general. So, both the one that is currently supported and the one that is shortened. The small state puts its foreign policy strategy of variable alignment with the great powers ahead of stable, reliable federal ties. From the point of view of small states, national security can only be ensured with the support of a great power, not even with any of them, but with the victorious one at any given time. Therefore, a rapid transition from one power to another is considered one of the fundamental requirements of their national security. They must therefore pursue a foreign policy so that the transition remains possible. This is called a balanced foreign policy. For if the neighbour becomes faster, he will be rewarded by the great power that is just becoming dominant, and following Niccolo Machiavelliâs admonition, he will not do it on his own. It follows logically from the essentially threatening hostile relationship with a neighbour to serve the power that is becoming dominant at any given time. To them, only the full unification of small nations and the joint rebuilding of their position of great power would offer a real alternative. But there are high cultural barriers to this decision. There is some hope that these barriers, raised by them themselves, can also be torn down by them. But they have made it part of their national identity and are imbued with it so much that today they are even afraid of faltering. Therefore, a new idea must be offered. The Ethics of Ambiguity Ambiguity has become a moral category. It is something that needs to be protected. The moral essence of ambiguity is that the claim that certain elements of backwardness are more valuable than the state of development. For this, of course, this development must be seen as a vestibule of decay and fall, and if the fall does not occur, there must be no doubt as to the future realization of the prophecy. And, since all (highly) developed cultures will once undergo a crisis, how can anyone now claim that they could not get into trouble someday? What is really needed, however, is the way you could get to the forefront of development again. This is because criticism of the more advanced is not accompanied by a real development strategy that shows a different path. Rather, it attempts to mobilize only with predictive visions, and detailed programs that are feasible and measurable in their effectiveness are not born. The ideological protection of backwardness is linked to the protection of those who cause backwardness. If they did not cause backwardness but prevented other people from embarking on the path of decay, then morally noble deeds could be associated with them. Thus, they retain their moral right to retain or regain power. The uncontrollability of the claim requires a vision and a passionate political identity. Strong passions instead of rationality, and attachments to them, that are powerfully held in power. Passions are primarily national passions. They rest in the constant strengthening of the temperaments of the offended national self-consciousness. The goal is not to resolve the offense, but to increase the pain, to strengthen the sense of pride of the offended. However, the essence of Central European ambiguity also includes relative separation from the East. In contrast to the Eastern empires, they see themselves as Western, and therefore more developed. In spite of many features of their culture, including their Eastern political cultures (Bergyajev 1989: 200-201), they did not consider themselves to be part of the East. Otherwise, they should have accepted the na turalness and correctness of their repeated conquest by the East. Although some of their political elites spread this ideology, they knew their society did not want to become either Turkish or Russian, and they did not want to merge into these empires either. And with few exceptions, they themselves did not want to do so, even if they supported the rule of these empires and spread many elements of their culture with their power from their conquering lords. However, masters of ambiguous separation still face another challenge. They also need to divide their societies, separate them from each other. Towards their eastern conquerors (Figes 2002: 368-371) they have behaved as more eastern, that is, more communist, more pro-Russian. When they were conquered by a western power (Simms 2013: 219), e.g. the National Socialist Germany, they presented themselves as more German-friendly than their neighbours. And more Western when they joined the democratic West, while at the same time pushing back their neighbours. And when they approach East and West at the same time, they will argue in two ways simultaneously. Moreover, even in several ways, as the Central European country sometimes wants to adapt to more than one great power. It is not the resolution of the contradiction but its maintenance that becomes a political and cultural goal. If a Central European country is positioned in more than one direction, it is not duplicating, but pursuing its own interests. It doesnât necessarily perceive it as a dichotomy, tending here and tending there. If I am better positioned, if I jump to the other side at the right time, then I am at an advantage and he is at a disadvantage. In other words, the power, the economic, and cultural consequences of duplicity should be accounted for. That is, the main consequence of power is not the independence of the region, but its suspension on the pretext of national fight with each other. (Smith 2004: 154) The formerly unified economic space is being dismantled, creating small units that are operational by depending on the currently dominant power. They did this in the twentieth century, in an age when the national markets that had been considered big have turned out to be small. In the age of colonized markets, breaking down former big market units into small ones means that the dependence of the small ones on the big ones is growing. But it is also culturally necessary to separate those who were previously closely related. This is based on linguistic separation. They try to achieve it by creating linguistic dominance. The education system forces only the minority to learn the language of the majority, but it does not require the majority to learn the minority language. Not even in settlements or regions where they live together. The other language becomes an instrument of oppression as the two languages are not equal. With the break-down of Austria-Hungary, the dominance of the Hungarian language is not replaced by linguistic equality, but by the dominance of the Slovak one. This eliminates the ability of the members of the majority to form a picture of their neighbourâs culture, public life and the positions of their politicians. Another important element of cultural separation is enemy construction. (Glover 1997: 11) The other sideâs past is set in such a way that, for its own nationalists, only national fight seems like a viable path. And this would be difficult to achieve without linguistic division. If the majority understood the language of the minority, they could learn about the events of their common past that has benefited them all. But the injustices and inhumanities committed by their own people could not be concealed or, they would be much more difficult to misinterpret. They could get acquainted directly with the current views, positions, proposals and initiatives of the other nationalists without domestic interpretation and without misinterpretation. (Clark 2013: 558-561) This is because their public opinions would converge, partly forming a common public opinion. Thus, arousing and manipulating national public opinion would become much more difficult, and, subsequently, the opportunities for the ÃĐlite of the national minority to militarize that minorityâs public opinion would also be limited. Another important consequence would be the convergence of public opinions. A much denser web of direct relations between members of nations can be woven, especially in case of their cultural separation based on enemy construction. (Hirschi 2012: 214-215) And it could not merely be interest-based economic relations, but a full range of human relations. It was not regional multiculturalism but segregation from what was declared a national enemy that became an example to follow. If someone, as a Slovak, publicly states that he/she speaks Hungarian and knows Hungarian culture, he/she becomes nationally suspicious, and therefore less valuable. In the value system of national struggle, someone who loves, and even someone who can only love the enemy, ranks lower in the value scale of fight as they become suspicious. Anyone loyal to their nation does not speak the other language, even if they could, but forces the other one to use their own language. It does not articulate the values of the other culture, but points to how much more valuable oneâs own culture is. If they can assert their own respective interests, mutual assistance will become the expected norm (of behaviour). They do not hold themselves responsible for the fate of the other party, if only in the sense that they do not fight them. In the case of a relationship of interest, alliances are formed within the boundaries of interests. But relationships whose publicly voiced essence would be responsibility for the other are not born. Yet it is quite clear that their decisions have a significant, and sometimes decisive, influence on the present and future of their national neighbours. Making the shift away from responsibility a social value is becoming the main reason for the lack of solidarity within the European Union. Accession to the Union is also perceived mainly as an advocacy by the countryâs political leadership as well as by a large part of society. Many are not even able to see the issue differently. And others were interested in not even being able to. Their argument is: making national advocacy a supreme value makes universal values volatile. The state of the fight and of potential combat makes awareness of the threat one of the main aims of politics. The other party is both a current threat and a potential threat. Characterization of the other party is not possible otherwise. The desire to fight is all an unchangeable gift. Such is the essence of humans. The consequences for ourselves: why we have to be all our supposed enemies and how we can become like that. They can be used to justify the violation of universal human values by invoking national goals. And local characteristics can be used to explain the national characteristics of neighbours in such a way that they appear invariably hostile. With this hostility they give up their real sovereignty. In the age of global cultural competition, they also have weaker cultural chances because of the national cultural separation. The Essence of Reconciliation What does the state of peace between people mean? The essence of reconciliation in the age of modern mass politics lies in the desire of the people for peace. (Kant 1998: 315-318) Above all, they have a strong intention to end the war. But that intention alone could be a ceasefire. The foundation of peace is more than that: peace comes not only from the cessation of war (Macmillan 2002: 499-500), but from the intention to coo perate. And from the realization that cooperation is more noble and useful than fight. Just as tribal, dynastic, religious, or any fight in history, whatever the motives were, could only be ended by tribal, dynastic, or even religious reconciliation, in our time, national reconciliation can only be achieved by peopleâs desire for national peace. Nothing less than that! But in order to express national reconciliation, we must first examine the nature of fight between nations. state of national struggle. (Giddens 1985: 103-116) So what is the value basis of the state of national struggle. In our study, we do not immerse ourselves in the pure calculation of power that weaves human struggles in general, although it appears in all human struggles. But it can only become a social organizing idea through a more general set of values. In this age it is largely the national idea. However, the conclusion of national peace is not possible without the birth and spread of national peace and its essence, the consciousness of national togetherness, and the replacement of national relativism and, consequently, the conviction of the potential and realistic nation to fight. Not only in terms of the imagined elements of national identity, but also in their emotions. The challenge of reconciling Hungarians and Slovaks lies in solving this task. The process of acquiring national identity packs the presentation of right and wrong forms of human behaviour into a fight with the national enemy and enemies. So not only does a person become Slovak, Hungarian, German, Italian in the process of becoming an adult, but as part of the process, he/she learns what heroism, cowardice, loyalty, betrayal is, what is good and what is bad. And in the spirit of national relativism, in a way that is noble in nature, and superior to members of the national enemy. (Spinner 1994: 142) That is because your own culture is real, pure, ancient, that is, more valuable. And the other is inferior, less valuable, and even more radical, dangerous and worthless. Therefore, its destruction, or even its complete destruction, is not a sin but a merit. How to do it is given by the situation. Sometimes by direct violence, other times subtly, by a combination of cultural and administrative and economic means, dressed in peaceful slogans. National separation is also emotional separation. They are experienced by members of different nations, among whom there are many similarities that can be grasped with abstract concepts, but they are unique in their specific emotional experiences. Their poems, songs, anthems are theirs, members of the other nation can only experience their own. Presenting the other culture as worthless to oneâs own national public hinders precisely what would be the main source of its development: the understanding, love, and acceptance by many of the other partyâs outstanding cultural achievements. These are studied and known by a narrow layer of experts. But they, for the most part, are also screened so that they can reach their own national public only in a form that does not change national suspicion, does not break down national segregation. National reconciliation in our age has to mean the parties can draw from each otherâs cultures. They can get more from the other than they can gain from hostility. Even nationally. But this can only be imagined and realized if they give up their national aggression towards each other. (MajtÃĐnyi 2007: 242-244) Without it, they are only able to reconcile interests, not to make real peace and to build national cooperation based on it. But if they give up their national aggression, they can create a relationship based on reciprocity in which helping the other to develop also helps their own development. The strength of the other is my strength. To do this, however, they would have to build a conviction of their belonging, and thus the connectedness of their destiny. In fact, both on their own and in community with others. This task is undoubtedly enormous. For this reason, it also places restrictions on politicians. In the age of mass politics, a politician cannot break away from the values of the people. If you display and defend something that the public does not understand, and even thinks and feels downright dangerous, you can only create a chance for poli tical success if your offer is both better and more viable than the old one. But in the case of the dominance of a culture of national struggle (Greenfeld 2006: 137-139), one alone cannot do so unless one is highly educated intellectually and extremely ta lented as a politician. It needs social support. However, this requires a cooperation based on the convergence of the intellectual lives of the two nations, and a dialogue and, if necessary, a program of reaching out to the people of the two countries. The basis of national peace is a sense of togetherness based on close cooperation founded on the interconnection of national cultures. If this brings with it the intertwining of their economies and their political alliance, it could grow into a close federation of states. A country where citizens experience team spirit, togetherness, a sense of belonging, a sense of community, a common fate. Their predecessors in the 19th and 20th century did not understand how valuable is such a development. But that does not mean it canât now turn in a different direction. The fact that our predecessors did not understand this does not mean that we cannot change it now. In the meantime, they can get rid of the moral relativism as the basis of the state with respect to national identity and thus its pervasive, crippling effect on the whole society. Instead, they could engage in intensifying global competition through the political and economic weight of their alliance, but above all through the inspiring power of their cultural interconnectedness. (Holton 1998:204) In the age of the Internet, it is now possible to initiate an exchange of views that differ in essential elements from the ones preferred by the power and those socially dominant. Recognizing the togetherness of nations, especially of the Slovaks and Hungarians, is one of their most important cultural challenges. It depends on them whether they can rise from their minority position in the medium term. And in the long term, along with their neighbours belonging to other nations, their cultural survival makes special sense and takes on a special significance, as they are familiar with both cultures. Bergyajev, Nyikolaj 1989. Az orosz kommunizmus ÃĐrtelme ÃĐs eredete. Budapest, SzÃĄzadvÃĐg KiadÃģ. Clark, Christopher 2013. Sleepwalkers. How Europe Went to War in 1914. London, Penguin Group. Figes, Orlando 2002. NatashaÂīs Dance. A Cultural History of Russia. New York, Metropolitan Books, Picador, Henry Holt and Company. Holton, Robert J. 1998. Globalization and the Nation-State. Houndmills, Basingstoke, Hampshire RG21 and London, Macmillan Press. Giddens, Anthony 1985. The Nation-State and Violence. Cambridge, Polity Press. Glover, Jonathan 1997. Nation, Identity and Conflict. In: McKim, RobertâMcMahan, Jeff (eds.): The Morality of Nationalism. New YorkâOxford, Oxford University Press, 11â30. Greenfeld, Liah 2006. Nationalism and the Mind. Oxford, Oxford Publications. Hirschi, Caspar 2012. The Origins of Nationalism. An Alternative History from Ancient Rome to Early Modern Germany. Cambridge, Cambridge University Press. Horowitz, Donald L. 1985. Ethnic Groups in Conflict. Berkeley and Los Angeles, University of California Press. Kant, Immanuel 1988. Zum Ewigen Frieden. Ein philosophischer Entwurf. In: Kant Immanuel 1988. Rechtslehre. Schriften zur Rechtsphilosophie. Berlin, Akademie-Verlag, 287â338. KuÄera, Rudolf 2008. KÃķzÃĐp-EurÃģpa tÃķrtÃĐnete egy cseh politolÃģgus szemÃĐvel. Budapest, Korma KÃķnyvkereskedelmi ÃĐs SzolgÃĄltatÃģ Bt. Macmillan, Margaret 2002. Peacemakers. The Paris Conference of 1919 and Its Attempt to End War. London, John Murray (Publishers). MajtÃĐnyi BalÃĄzs 2007. A nemzetÃĄllam Új ruhÃĄja. Budapest, Gondolat KiadÃģ. Simms, Brendan 2013. Kampf um Vorherrschaft. Eine deutsche Geschichte Europas. 1453 bis heute. MÞnchen, Deutsche Verlags-Anstalt. Smith, Anthony D. 2004. The Antiquity of Nations. Cambridge, Polity Press. Spinner, Jeff 1994. The Boundaries of Citizenship. Race, Ethnicity and Nationality in the Liberal State. Baltimore and London, The John Hopkins University Press. The Ethnic Composition of Slovakiaâs Municipalities, Based on the Data of the 1950 census Of the Czechoslovak censuses held after World War II, the ethnic data series of the 1950 census are of special importance. The nationality data of the censuses held du ring the party-state period were published only in national, region and district level in some, mostly internal publications of the Czechoslovak Statistical Office. Earlier census publications from 1950 and 1961 were still encrypted. The ethnicity data from the 1950 census are questionable in several ways. According to our calculations, the censuses held shortly after the deportations, reslovakization and population change showed that the number of Hungarians was 113 thousand lower than expected. (GyurgyÃk 2011) In the post-World War II period, at all the national, regional and district levels the standing-ground for the particular nationalities and their territorial distribution is reported by the data from year 1961. However, the ethnicity data of Slovakiaâs municipalities of the 1961 census (based on statistical office data and archival sources) are not known till this day.2 Nationality (and denominational) data of the 1950 census have only recently become available in the archives of the Slovak Statistical Office. The data were processed from 6 manuscript-type internal publications (hereinafter referred to as âpublicationâ). The publications contain data on each region. Some data of particular settlements of each region are written on A2-size typewritten pages. (See SÄÃtanie Äūudu 1950) The manuscripts containing the data of Slovakiaâs municipalities represent the data of 6 nationalities in Slovakia. It indicates the Slovak, Czech, Russian, Polish, German and Hungarian nationalities, which are supplemented by the other category, which is a kind of cover category for Russian, Ruthenian Ruthenian and Ukrainian nationalities. 1. The morphosis of population The population of Slovakia at the time of the 1950 census was 3 442 317. (SÄÃtÃĄnà lidu a soupis domÅŊ 1950: 3) According to the 1930 census, its population was 3 329 793. (SÄÃtÃĄnà lidu 1930: 23) That means that its number increased by 3.4% between 1930 and 1950. In the period between the 1930 census and the 1946 census, the population barely changed, in fact, slightly decreased. (3 327 803 in 1946; TiÅĄliarâÅ procha 2017: 39) While the population growth was significant in the 1930s, the subsequent loss during the war levelled it out. There was a significant increase also in the international population in the years following the Second World War. Considering the period between 1946 and 1950 only, the population of Slovakia increased by 114,514 or 3.4%.3 The registered data of the number and proportion of nationalities in 1950 do not provide a credible picture from the point of view of the Hungarian, German, and Slovak population, due to the events affecting Hungarians and Germans in Slovakia in the second half of the 1940s. They are rather telling us that after a few years, the disenfranchisement how many people dared to declare themselves Hungarian (or German) at the time of the 1950 census. At the same time, the registered number of the Slovak population is significantly higher than expected. The last Czechoslovak census before the 1950 one was carried out in 1930, two decades earlier. (In the 1940s, there was a Slovak census in the territory of the Slovak State on December 15, 1940. In Hungary and in the areas annexed to Hungary after the 1st Vienna Treaty (Vienna Award or Arbitration), including the Hungarian-inhabited areas in Slovakia, a census was held in 1941.) Especially during the âlong fortiesâ of these two decades often contradictory processes influenced the lives of different social groups and nationalities of the population, and âkÃķzsÃĐgsorosâ (i.e. municipal) demographic consequences we did not have data on.4 (Entry and expulsion of so called âanyÃĄsokâ5; deportation of Jews, Holocaust; forced departure of Czechs from Slovakia; departure of Slovaks and Czechs from the territories returned to Hungary; deportation of Hungarians and Germans; re-Slovakization of a significant part of the Hungarian population also significantly reshaped the ethnic composition of the Slovak population.) All these changes can be felt in the differences in ethnic data sets of the two censuses. During the two decades (between 1930 and 1950), the registered number of Slovaks increased unrealistically from 225,138 to 298,254 by 73,116 people, or 32.5%. Their proportion increased from 67.6% to 86.6%. The number and proportion of other identified nationalities decreased. The number of Hungarians decreased from 592,337 to 354,532, by 237,805 people, by 40.2%, and their proportion decreased even more from 17.8% to 10.3%. The number of Czechs fell by 1/3 from 121,696 to 40,365, and their number from 3.7% to 1.2%. The number of Germans dropped to 1/30 in 1950, from 154,821 to 5,179. Their statewide share shrank from 4.6% to 0.2%. But the number and proportion of other identified nationalities also declined. (See Table F1 in the Appendix.)6 The census held after the deprivation of the rights of Hungarians does not provide usable data on the Hungarian population, it rather provides information on how many people actually dared to confess their Hungarian identity in such a short time after the austereness affecting the Hungarians as a whole. (GyurgyÃk, 2011) 1.1. Regions and districts In 1950, at the time of the census, there were 3344 municipalities (villages and towns) in Slovakia. The number of localities and the population of Slovakia varied significantly considering the regions. The country was divided into 6 regions and at the lower level 91 districts. The number and proportion of localities (villages) and inhabitants of the regions differed significantly. Most settlements were located in the region of Eperjes (PreÅĄov)7 (757), 22.6% of the settlements of Slovakia. The smallest number of settlements was found in the region of Pozsony (Bratislava) (460), which was 13.8% of the countryâs localities. The distribution of the population is the opposite. Most of them lived in the region of Pozsony (Bratislava) (849,282 people) 24.7%, and half as many in the region of Eperjes (PreÅĄov) (425,494 people) 12.4%. There is also a significant difference in the proportion of settlements and population of the region of BesztercebÃĄnya (BanskÃĄ Bystrica). The localities belonging to the region of BesztercebÃĄnya (BanskÃĄ Bystrica) accounted for 17.5% of the municipalities in Slovakia (584 settlements), while 14.2% of the countryâs population lived in this region (487,903 people). The proportions of the localities and population of the other 3 regions are less divergent. (Diagram 2. See also Table F2 in the Appendix.) The number of districts belonging to each region showed less variation. The Pozsony (Bratislava) region contained 17 districts, while the Kassa (KoÅĄice) region included 13. The number of municipalities within each district varies greatly. On average, 36.7 places (municipalities) are per region. There are two districts with only one locality (Pozsony [Bratislava] and Magas-TÃĄtra [VysokÃĐ Tatry]). Most of the localities were in the Kassa (KoÅĄice) region (93 municipalities). The highest number of inhabitants were found in Pozsony-vÃĄros (Bratislava-mesto) which had a district status, with 192,896 inhabitants.8 5.6% of the Slovak population lived here. The region of SzepesÃģvÃĄr (SpiÅĄskÃĄ StarÃĄ Ves) had the lowest population of 9,163 or 0.3% of the countryâs population. When examining of nationalities by regions, the nationalities are divided into two groups. (In addition, data for the very low proportion of other and unknown categories are also included). The majority nationalities include the Czechs and Slovaks, hereinafter referred to as âCzechoslovaksâ, and the other registered nationalities are the ânational minoritiesâ. From the data we can see that the largest proportion of national minorities lived in the Nyitra (Nitra) region (21.3%) and the least in the Zsolna (Å―ilina) region (0.5%). In most regions, the proportion of national minorities exceeded 10%. BesztercebÃĄnya (BanskÃĄ Bystrica) (13.5%), Pozsony (Bratislava) (12.7%), Eperjes (PreÅĄov) (12,8%). After the Zsolna (Å―ilina) region, the proportion of minorities is the lowest in the Kassa (KoÅĄice) region (7.0%). The proportion of those in the category of others and unknowns is very low (0.1%-0.3%). In the following we will review the composition of the ethnic configuration by district, that is, examine the ethnic distribution of each region. We use the following categorization to examine the ethnic configuration of the district.9 In 1950, 81 out of the 91 districts in Slovakia had a Czechoslovak majority, with only 10 regions not having a majority of Czechs and Slovaks. They formed a qualified majority in 69 out of the 91 districts. In most districts (in 59) nationalities were in diasporas. In 46 of these, their proportion was less than 2%, and in 13 districts their proportion varied between 2% and 10%. They were in 16 regions a slight minority and in 6 regions a strong minority. They were a slight majority in 10 districts. None of them were a qualified majority. 1.2. Size groups of settlements The population living in Slovak settlements varied widely. Most of the inhabitants were from the city of Pozsony (Bratislava) (192,896 people), and the fewest lived in the village of BÃĄlintfalva (ValentovÃĄ, belonging to the TÚrÃģcszentmÃĄrton [TurÄianskÃ― SvÃĪtÃ― Martin] region, 32 people). In the following, we examine the composition of the settlements according to the size groups of the population. Three quarters of the settlements in Slovakia were settlements with less than 1000 inhabitants. The largest number was of the settlements with 200â499 inhabitants (1200, 35.9%), and the number of villages with 500â999 inhabitants (1002, 30.0%). There was a significantly lower number (562) and proportion (16.8%) of villages with 1000â1999 inhabitants. The number of localities with a population of more than 5,000, which can be considered urban, was very low (67 localities, 2%). Only the two largest cities (Pozsony [Bratislava] and Kassa [KoÅĄice]) had a population of more than 50,000. Nearly a quarter (22.3%) of the population lived in small villages with 1000â1999 inhabitants, more than fifth (1/5) in small villages with 500â999 inhabitants (20.3%), and 17.9% in places (municipalities) with 2000â4999 inhabitants. 18,8% of population lived in the cities with 5000â49999 inhabitants, 5,6% lived in Pozsony (Bratislava), and 1,8% lived in Kassa (KoÅĄice). (See also Table F3 in the Appendix) It can be observed within the population of Slovakia that the degree of urbanization of national minorities is lower than the national average. The proportion of national minorities is declining towards larger localities. Their proportion is higher in localities with a population of less than 5,000 than in the local population, and it is much lower in localities with a larger population. (See Table F3 in the Appendix) Their proportion is the highest in settlements with a population of less than 200 (17.6%). But the decline is not continuous. Their rate is slightly lower in localities with 2000â4999 inhabitants (14.6%), while their scale (percentage) in localities with 500â1999 inhabitants ranges from 13% to 14%. Their proportion is much lower in localities with a population of more than 5,000. In cities with 5000â19999 inhabitants, their rate is above 8%, in cities with 20-100 thousand inhabitants it is above 3%, while in the only city with more than 100,000, Pozsony (Bratislava) is 4.5%. The difference between Czechoslovakians and national data is very small. Their proportion is higher in localities with a population of more than 5,000, while it is lower in localities with a lower population. This difference is only a few tenths of a percentage point. (Diagram 5) 2. Ethnic structure So far we have classified the Slovak nationalities into two groups: we have distinguished the majority and minority nationalities. The first was the aggregate data of the Czechoslovakians (or âCzechoslovaksâ), and the second was the aggregate data of the other nationalities (Hungarian, Russian, German, Polish and other nationalities). Let us examine the ethnic structure of these two groups of nationalities. First we look at the number of settlements in which Czechoslovaks and those belonging to other national minorities live. In 1950, out of 3344 settlements, 3,339 had at least 1 inhabitant of Czechoslovak nationality. The missing 5 settlements were populated only by Russians. In the case of national minorities, at least 1 person belonging to one of the national minorities lived in 2018 settlements out of the 3344, i.e. the number of settlements inhabited by Czechoslovakians only was 1326. 2.1. Majority and minority nationalities In the following, we will examine the proportion of the majority and minority nationalities in the settlements of Slovakia. The ethnic structure will be analysed on the basis of a 6-categories-criteria system.10 Czechoslovaks lived mainly in settlements (78.9%) where they formed a dominant majority (their proportion is higher than 80%). On the other hand the vast majority of settlements inhabited by national minorities (76.9%) were sporadic settlements, ie their proportion was lower than 10% in the vast majority of settlements inhabited by nationalities. In 1950, out of 2018 settlements inhabited by minorities, in 1220 settlements their rate did not reach 10%. Of the 3344 settlements, in 2546 settlements the proportion of nationalities was less than 10%. The number of municipalities with a majority of national minorities was 485, i.e. 14.5% of the municipalities in Slovakia had a majority of national minorities. (Diagram 6) Compared to the previous approach, when we examined the distribution of settlements according to the proportion of nationalities, a much more striking feature of the ethnic structure is the distribution of nationalities according to the ethnic proportion (composition) of settlements. From this point of view, we can observe completely different characteristics: 8.4% of nationalities lived in sporadic and in sporadic settlements. By contrast, 67.4% of them in 1950 lived in settlements dominated by minorities. The proportion of the Czechoslovak population in sporadic settlements is almost negligible, 0.1%, it was also very low at 3.9% in the settlements inhabited by their minority. It accounted for 5.0% in the slight majority settlements and 91.4% in the strong majority settlements. 3. Ethnic composition of Slovakia 3.1. Regions As mentioned, the 1950 census data of Slovakiaâs municipalities showed data for 6 nationalities, supplemented by other and unknown categories. The 6 nationalities differed greatly in number as well as territorial distribution. Let us look at the morphosis of the number of individual nationalities by regions. The proportion of Slovaks was the highest in the districts of Zsolna (Å―ilina) and Kassa (KoÅĄice) (97.9% and 91.0%). The proportion of Hungarians was the highest in the Nyitra (Nitra) region, 21.0%. The largest number of Russians lived in Eperjes (PreÅĄov) region (10.6%) and the most of Czechs in the Pozsony (Bratislava) region (2.0%). The proportion of other nationalities is very low, none of them exceeding 0.1â0.2% in each region. (See also Table F2 in the Appendix) 3.2. Districts In the following, we discuss the shaping of the distribution of Slovak nationalities by dist ricts. Our discussion, however, will be limited to those nationalities that constitute a significant proportion (at least 2%) in at least 1 district. The proportion of one nationality, that of Poles does not reach 2% in any district, so we do not deal with their distribution by districts. The proportion of those in the other and unknown category is higher than 2% in two districts. Most probably, the Germans in the KÃĐsmÃĄrk (KeÅūmarok) district and some of the Hungarians in the NagyrÅce (RevÚca) district did not declare their national affiliation and thus their proportion increased. However, the distribution of the other 5 nationalities differs significantly. Slovaks were in the majority in 80 of the 91 Slovak districts. They had a qualified majority in 68 districts and a slight minority in 12 districts. The proportion of Hungarians was lower than 10% in 66 districts, ranged from 10% to 50% in 17 districts, and made up the majority of the population in 8 districts, in none of which did they constitute a qualified majority. The Russians were in a slight minority in 4 districts and in a slight majority in two districts. The proportion of Czechs was higher than 2% in 12 districts. In one of these districts (High Tatras), they were in a slight minority. The proportion of Germans exceeded 2% in two districts: StubnyafÞrdÅ (TurÄianskÃĐ Teplice) and Privigye (Prievidza). Now we examine the distribution of nationalities according to their proportion within districts. We can see from the data that the distribution of the nationalities involved in the study is quite diverse according to the ethnic composition of the districts. The vast majority of Slovaks (95.9%) lived in Slovak-majority districts. (Of these, their share is 87.3% in qualified majority districts and 8.6% in slight majority districts). 0.9% of them lived in strong minority districts. Nearly half of Hungarians (47.1%) lived in slight Hungarian-majority districts, and a similar proportion (45.7%) lived in Hungarian-mino rity districts. 7.3% of Hungarians lived in scattered districts. 37.6% of Russians lived in mild majority districts. 42.5% of them lived in mild minority districts and almost 1/5 (19.9%) in sporadic districts. The vast majority of Czechs lived in sporadic districts. Only 4.7% lived in a district with a slight Czech minority (in the city of Pozsony [Bratislava]). 3.3. Settlements Henceforwards, we examine the composition and distribution of nationalities in Slovakia and the development of the proportion of nationalities living in cities or towns at the level of settlements. Firstly we examine how many settlements of each nationality were detected (in what proportion) in each settlement (i.e. we consider the municipalities where there lived at least one person from each nationality). People of Slovak nationality lived in almost all settlements; in 1950, there were only 5 settlements (out of 3,344) without Slovak inhabitants, all of which were inhabited by Russians only. Czechs were present in 1294 municipalities, 38.7% of the settlements. Hungarians were found in a slightly smaller number of settlements, in 1216 municipalities (36.4%). Russians lived in 22.7% of settlements, Poles in 15.8% and Germans in 10.4%. (Other and unknown nationalities were detected in 21.4% of the localities). 3.3.1. Degree of urbanization In what follows, we will look at the proportion of each nationality living in villages, respectively, towns. Whether members of a particular nationality will be considered rural or urban dwellers is not based on the legal status of the municipality in question; instead, settlements with less than 5,000 inhabitants are statistically considered to be villages and over 5,000 inhabitants are statistically considered to be towns. In Slovakia, in 1950, 26.2% of the population lived in cities or towns. The under- and over-urbanization of each nationality compared to the country-wide average was very different. The Czechs were the most urbanized, with the largest proportion living in cities. Nearly Âū (74.6%) of them lived in cities. This fact can be connected to the historical peculiarities of Czechoslovak social development.11 The proportion of towners among Slovaks is slightly higher than the national rate (27.2%). But members of some small scattered nationalities also lived in cities at a much higher rate than the country-wide: the proportion of Germans and Poles was the same in cities (43.2%). The settlement structure of the Germans was more urbanized than that of other nationalities for centuries, while in the case of the Polish migration to cities was more characteristic. The nationality living in towns in the lowest proportion were the Russians (7.3%), living in one of the most undeveloped regions of the country, and this is also reflected in their settlement structure. There are also historical reasons for the under-urbanization of the Hungarian population (14.2%).12 We get an even more detailed picture of the degree of urbanization of nationalities, their distribution according to the proportion of people living in cities and villages, if we take a look at the patterns of the distribution of nationalities according to the size groups of settlements. (See Table F4 in the Appendix) 3.3.2. Ethnic structure In this section, we examine the ethnic structure of each nationality according to settlements. In our analysis, we analyze the ethnic structure of nationalities from two pers pectives: firstly, we examine the distribution of each nationality according to the ethnic nature of the settlements; secondly, according to the number of nationalities living in the settlements. The Slovak nationalities are divided into 2 groups according to their ethnic structure. The first includes those that have the full spectrum of ethnic structure, i.e. all size groups include settlements where these nationalities live. Only 3 nationalities can be classified in the first category from this point of view: Slovaks, Hungarians and Russians. Group 2 includes those nationalities that have a distorted ethnic spatial structure, ie they live mostly only in sporadic settlements, incidentally living in a mino rity in some other settlements. From the data in Table 4 we can see that – disregarding Slovaks – the majority of settlements were inhabited by certain nationalities whose proportion is less than 10% and their population is less than 100 people. In the case of Slovaks, the proportion of such settlements in 1950 was 2.0%. The majority of settlements inhabited by Hungarians also belonged to this group. Among other nationalities, the proportion of Russians is still the most favorable: 70.2% of the settlements inhabited by them belonged to this group of scattered settlements. More than 90% of the settlements inhabited by other nationalities fell into this category of settlements. We can also see that a relatively small proportion of settlements falls into the other category of sporadic settlements, where the proportion of individual nationalities is less than 10%, but their population is higher than 100 people: their proportion is highest among Czechs (3.9%) and Hungarians (1.8%). Members of other nationalities live in an even smaller proportion in these settlements. Not all registered nationalities disposed of settlements where the individual nationality was in a slight minority. Among the nationalities we examined, the proportion of Poles does not exceed 10% in any of the villages inhabited by them. The proportion of settlements where certain nationalities live in a slight minority (10%â30%) is highest among Russians (7.1%), Hungarians (6.9%) and Slovaks (6.6%). Their proportion exceeds 1% for Germans (2.0%). Only a very small number of sett lements falls into this category (9 localities) of the localities inhabited by Czechs, as a result of which their proportion is negligible (0.7%). In 1950, 5 nationalities shared sett lements where the proportion of the studied nationalities ranged from 30% to 50%. Apart from Hungarians (9.3%), Slovaks (5.8%) and Russians (5.7%), there were 9 sett lements inhabited by Czechs and 7 inhabited by Germans exceeding 30% (0.1%, respectively 0,6%). Three nationalities belonged to the nationalities that formed a majority in settlements: besides the Slovaks, the Hungarians and the Russians. The proportion of settlements with a slight majority is 19.2% for Hungarians, 7.9% for Russians and 6.6% for settlements inhabited by Slovaks in a similar proportion. Settlements with a qualified majority included 78.9% of the settlements inhabited by Slovaks, 10.0% of the settlements inhabited by Hungarians, and 8.4% of the settlements inhabited by Russians. Now, we take a look at how the population of each natio nality is distributed according to the ethnic composition of the settlements. (Table 5) The distribution of the settlements -inhabited by nationalities and those belonging to each nationality – differs significantly according to the ethnic composition of the settlements. According to the ethnic composition of the settlements, the distribution of the Slovak population is the highest. 91.4% of them lived in places where their proportion exceeded 80%. Another 4.9% lived in settlements with a slight Slovak majority. The proportion of Slovaks in areas where they are not in the majority is negligibly low: 3.7%. In 1950, the relative majority of Hungarians in Slovakia lived in settlements with a slight Hungarian majority (47.1%). Nearly a quarter (22.7%) of them lived in localities with a qualified Hungarian majority. At the same time, we can observe that the proportion of Hungarians is gradually decreasing in the direction of scattered settlements. Nearly a quarter of Hungarians (24.5%) lived in settlements with a Hungarian minority, 5.7% in sporadic localities. In the case of Russians, a greater degree of scattering is observed. The proportion of people living in sporadic settlements is 11.4%, and of those living in minority settlements is 21.5%. In 1950, more than two-thirds (67.1%) of the Russian population lived in settlements where they were also in a statistical majority. Of this, the proportion of people living in qualified majority settlements was 33.9%. None the other nationalities, as already mentioned, lived in majority settlements. 7.3% of Czechs lived in minority settlements, the vast majority (92.7%) lived in diasporas. A non-negligible proportion of Germans lived in 1950 in German-minority localities (30.7%). More than 2/3 of them (69.3%) lived in diaspora. 1.5% of Poles lived in a slightly minority settlement. The vast majority of them were scattered. The ethnic structure of the nationalities living in Slovakia is further examined according to the size groups of the number of nationalities living in the settlements. (Diagram 9) That is, we focus on how the settlements inhabited by each nationality are distributed according to the number (size groups of the number) of the nationalities living in the villages, as well as on how high the population of each nationality is in these settlements. In the first approach, the size groups of nationalities living in the settlements were considered according to the same system of categories as the one applied in Chapter 1.2.13 In this approach, in the case of Poles and Germans, we found only a very small number of settlements where their number was more than 199. Therefore, we developed a more appropriate category system for the purpose of our study. That is, the first, smallest range of the previous category system, from 0 to 199 people, was further divided into smaller units. (We created the following categories: 1; 2-4; 5-9; 10-19; 20-49; 50-99; 100-199.) The formation of the new categories follows the logic of the previous category system. As a result, the distribution of individual nationalities can be traced by groups of up to a few people in each settlement. (See Diagram 9, and also Table F5 in the Appendix) The data show that the data of the Slovak population are closest to the normal distribution. The largest proportion (35.3%) lives in communities with 200â499 and (25.8%) in settlements with 500â999 people per settlement. In the case of Hungarians, also the group of 200â499 people is the largest, but this is followed by scrap groups of 1 and 2-4 people (16.2% and 14.9% respectively), only followed by groups of 500â999 people (11.7%). In the case of other nationalities, shreds of low numbers in each sett lement are the most numerous. Among Russians, shreds of 1 and 2-4 people are the most numerous (36.2% and 16.6% respectively), then the categories with 5â499 people occur in almost identical proportions (their proportions are between 5.7% and 9.4% respectively) In the case of scattered nationalities, it can be observed that shreds of 1 and then 2-4 people are the most common, their number decreases rapidly as moving on towards larger communities. In the case of Poles and Germans, the proportion of 1-person shreds in the settlements inhabited by these nationalities is approximately 55.3% and 40.1%, respectively, and the proportion of 2-4 people is more than ž. Next, we examine the distribution of the number of persons belonging to natio nalities according to their size groups in the settlements. In the case of Slovaks, we can observe that in those settlements where their number does not reach 200, their proportion is very low. As the distribution of Slovaks follows national trends to a very large extent, these cases are mainly small dwarf villages. The majority of Slovaks lived in communities between 500 and 4999 (58.1%), the vast majority of which are villages, but the proportion of Slovak communities in small, medium and large settlements is also relatively proportional (5000â19999 people: 14.6%, 20,000â99,999 people: 5.8%, over 100,000 people: 5.8%). Almost 1/4 of the Czechs (23.1%) lived in communities of less than 100 people, more than 1/3 (39.1%) in communities of 100â999 inhabitants, 14.8% in communities of 1,000 and 4,999 residents, and 23.0% (9,296 people) – equal to the population of a small town – lived in Pozsony (Bratislava) alone. 83.0% of Russians lived in settlements with numbers ranging from 100 to 9999. 14.9% lived in localities with less than 100 people, and 2.1% in places with numbers between 1,000 and 1999. In the case of Poles, the very contrary process can be observed: the largest number lived in shreds of 2-4 people (22.0%), after that their number decreases, 4.8% lived in communities of 50â99 people. Most of them lived in Pozsony (Bratislava) (135 people, 7.5%). In the case of the Hungarian population, we can also observe that with the increase of their number is accompanied by an increase in their proportion in the loca lities. 4.1% of Hungarians live in localities numbering 100â199 Hungarians, and their number is growing rapidly in the following size groups. Most (27.8%) of them lived in communities of 500â999, their share decreased slightly in the next two size groups, and then their proportion in communities between 5000â9999 was 6.1%. The number of Hungarians exceeded 5,000 in three cities: GÚta (KolÃĄrovo) (7748 people), KomÃĄrom (KomÃĄrno) (7077 people), Pozsony (Bratislava) (6823 people). The proportion of Germans is also increasing almost continuously in successive size groups. The largest number lived in the groups of 200â499 (26,6%) and 1000â1999 people (20.3%). Summary and outlook In 1950, 20 years after the 1930 census, the first post-World War II census took place. The so called âkÃķzsÃĐgsorosâ (see Footnote No 4) ethnic data were not known as they were not published. The nationality data sets of the census bear the imprint of the events of the long 40 years in the evolution of the number of individual nationalities. The registered data showed the number of Hungarians and Germans significantly lower than their expected number, while that of Slovaks significantly higher. Even if they reflect the real ethnic conditions in a distorted and questionable way, the data series indicate a very large transformation of the ethnic structure: the composition of settlement patterns of demographically negatively affected nationalities has changed signi ficantly; the number and proportion of Hungarians living in cities, Hungarian-majority administrative units and settlements, Hungarian communities living in the settlements decreased, the ethnic bloc areas with significant dimensions in the 1930s became fragmented, their borders blurred, and signs of scattering appeared. The discussion of these changes, however, is a subject of further research. Administrativnà lexikon obcà republiky ÄeskoslovenskÃĐ 1955. Podle sprÃĄvnÃho rozdÄlenà 1. ledna 1955. Praha, StÃĄtnà ÚÅad statistickÃ― a ministerstvo vnitra. GyurgyÃk, LÃĄszlÃģ 1994. Magyar mÃĐrleg. A szlovÃĄkiai magyarsÃĄg a nÃĐpszÃĄmlÃĄlÃĄsi ÃĐs a nÃĐpmozgalmi adatok tÞkrÃĐben. Pozsony, Kalligram. GyurgyÃk, LÃĄszlÃģ 2011. A szlovÃĄkiai magyar lakossÃĄg demogrÃĄfiai vÃĄltozÃĄsai 1949 ÃĐs 1963 kÃķzÃķtt, kÞlÃķnÃķs tekintettel a nÃĐpmozgalmi folyamatokra In: Hushegyi, GÃĄbor (szerk.): Magyarok a sztÃĄlinista CsehszlovÃĄkiÃĄban 1948â1963. Pozsony/Bratislava, HagyomÃĄnyok ÃĐs ÃrtÃĐkek PolgÃĄri TÃĄrsulÃĄs, 26-41. RetrospektÃvny lexikon obcà ÄSSR 1850-1970, 1978; poÄet obyvatelÅŊ a domÅŊ podle obcà a ÄÃĄstà obcà podle sprÃĄvnÃho ÄlenÄnà k 1. lednu 1972 a abecednà pÅehled obcà a ÄÃĄst obcà v letech 1850-1970. 2. diel: AbecednÃ― prehÄūad obcà a ÄÃĄstà obcà v rokoch 1850-1970. 2. zv., SlovenskÃĄ socialistickÃĄ republika. Praha, FÅ Ã. SÄÃtÃĄnà lidu v republice ÄeskoslovenskÃĐ ze dne 1. prosince 1930. DÃl I. 1934. Praha, StÃĄtnà ÚÅad statistickÃ―. The Ethnic Composition of Slovakiaâs Municipalities… 33 SÄÃtÃĄnà lidu a soupis domÅŊ a bytÅŊ v republice ÄeskoslovenskÃĐ ke dni 1. bÅezna 1950. NejdÅŊleÅūitÄjÅĄÃ vÃ―sledky sÄÃtÃĄnà lidu a soupisu domÅŊ a bytÅŊ za kraje, okresy a mÄsta. DÃl I. 1957. Praha, StÃĄtnà ÚÅad statistickÃ―. SÄÃtanie Äūudu 1950. Plocha, vek, povolanie, pomer k povolaniu, nÃĄrodnosÅĨ a nÃĄboÅūenskÃĐ vyznanie obyvateÄūstva podÄūa obcÃ. Bratislava (Nitra, BanskÃĄ Bystrica, Å―ilina, KoÅĄice, PreÅĄov), manuscript. StatistickÃ― lexikon obcà republiky ÄeskoslovenskÃĐ 1955 Podle sprÃĄvnÃho rozdÄlenà 1. ledna 1955, sÄÃtÃĄnà a sÄÃtÃĄnà domÅŊ a bytÅŊ 1. bÅezna 1950. Praha, StÃĄtnà ÚÅad statistickÃ― a ministerstvo vnitra. TiÅĄliar, PavolâÅ procha, Branislav 2017. Premeny vybranÃ―ch charakteristÃk obyvateÄūstva Slovenska v 18.â1. pol. 20. storoÄia. Bratislava, MuzeolÃģgia a kultÚrne dediÄstvo, o. z. v spoluprÃĄci s Centrom pre historickÚ demografiu a populaÄnÃ― vÃ―voj Slovenska Filozofickej fakulty Univerzity KomenskÃĐho v Bratislave. The Primary Results of the last Hungarian Identity Survey in Slovakia 1. Survey and sample In June 2018, the Department of Sociological and Demographic Research of the Forum Institute of Minority Research and the National Policy Research Institute in Budapest conducted a questionnaire survey in 16 districts of southern Slovakia2 in a total of 120 settlements, as well as in Bratislava and KoÅĄice. The sample consisted of 800 adult Hungarians from Slovakia. The sample is representative in terms of gender, age group, education, type of settlement, and the share of the Hungarian population per district in the mixed-population districts of southern Slovakia. Of the sample 47.2% were men and 52.8% were women. As for the age groups, for the sake of comparability with previous surveys, three age groups were used as the basis for sampling: aged 18â34 (27.4%), aged 35â55 (39.3%), and over the age of 55 (33.3%). Regarding education, 22% of respondents had a primary education, 28% had a high school education without a high school diploma, 34% had a high school diploma, and 16% had a higher education. Regarding the type of settlement, 38% of the respondents live in a city or a town and 62% in a village. The primary goal of the survey was to monitor the development of national values and national identity, which we have been researching for a long time, as well as the most important background factors and their impact. In the following, we briefly describe some of the subjective indicators of the respondentsâ living conditions, quality of life, and feelings of life; then we characterize their current public attitudes. Afterwards, based on the primary results, we present the most important issues of national values, national identity, and opinions about the Hungarian existence in Slovakia, as well as language use and school choice. The aim of this paper is to present the preliminary results so that they can be accessed and used by others as source data. Unless otherwise indicated, the results are expressed as a percentage. 2. Living conditions, quality of life, feelings of life One of the basic factors of the quality of life is health condition. The subjective health condition of the respondents is not the health condition measured by objective me dical devices, but what they themselves perceive. In accordance with this, 75% of them consider themselves to be healthy, of which 31% have not been ill for a long time, and 44% become ill once or twice per year. Moreover, 8% of respondents are often ill but have no major problems, 11% are under constant treatment, and 5% are disability pensioners. In our previous surveys3, we addressed health protecting and health harming determinants several times within the lifestyle issues. Due to space constraints, only a few of these indicators were included in the questionnaire this time, specifically a few questions about eating habits, sports, and smoking. Regarding eating habits, it is favorable that the majority of respondents (80%) eat regularly, i.e. either three times per day â breakfast, lunch, dinner (56%), or five times per day (24%), supplementing the three meals with 10:00AM and afternoon snacks. The majority most often consume Hungarian (84% often, 15% sometimes) and Slovak meals (37% often, 57% sometimes). The third most popular is Italian cuisine (15% often, 60% sometimes). As for the unhealthy âfastâ foods (e.g., McDonaldâs), 5% consume them often, 48% sometimes, and 48% never. The most common way to spend free time is via family programs, namely active social programs, such as joint trips, cooking together, and conversations. These were mentioned by 30.4% of the respondents. This is followed by cultural activities, such as reading, watching movies, listening to music (21.4%), meeting and having fun with friends (18.5%), pursuing a favorite hobby (13%), and lastly playing sports (4.6%). Of the respondents, 12% indicated that they did not have much free time to devote to themselves. The fact that sport is not a frequent activity is shown not only by its low share among free time activities (barely 5%), but also by the answer distributions of a separate question focused on this. When asked how often they used to do sports in their free time, the results were the following: 5% answered daily, 15% at least three times per week, 49% rarely, and 31% never. âRarelyâ (i.e., fewer than three times per week) is also scarce because, according to the WHO, one needs to move for at least 30 minutes three times per week. In other words, 80% of Hungarians in Slovakia move less than is needed. However, 30% smoke (EU average is 28%), of which 15% do so conti nuously or frequently. The impact of social relationships on the quality of life is well known. With regard to the most intimate relationships (i.e., the family), the majority of the respondents (64%) live in a permanent partnership, mostly married (54%), and the rest in a coha biting relationship (10%). Of the respondents, 23% are unmarried, almost 10% are divorced, and 4% are widowed. In addition, 71% of the respondents have children and 31% have grandchildren. One of the manifestations of the quality of social relationships is whether there is a person we can rely on in everyday life situations. Of the respondents, 86% have such people in their lives, of which 47% answered that there are more such people, and 39% know about one such person. However, 14% of the respondents do not always perceive this social support, and there are also those (1.3%) who have no one to rely on. Here we would also mention transcendent relationships (i.e., religiosity). Almost 90% of the respondents belong to some denomination: the majority are Roman Catholic (65%), followed by 20.2% Reformed, 2.7% Lutheran, 0.6% Greek Catholic, and 0.5% of other religions. Of them 11% are non-denominational. Regardless of whether or not they used to go to church, 80.4% consider themselves to be religious, 11% non-religious, 3% a staunch atheists, and 3.3% a seekers. Among the religious, the majority are those who consider themselves religious in their own way (48%), and 32.4% consider themselves religious in accordance with the teaching of the church. Another important indicator of the quality of life is work and everything related to it. While 69% of the respondents work, 31% have no job. According to occupational status, every second respondent is an employee: 28.7% are in the private sector and 21.9% are in the public sector. In addition, 12.7% are entrepreneurs, 7.3% students, and 3.9% unemployed; 20% are retired; 1.8% are on maternity leave; 0.6% care for a The Primary Results of the last Hungarian Identity Survey in Slovakia 39 sick family member; and 0.4% are homemakers. Of those who have a job, the majority work as subordinates (72%). The proportion of senior managers is 9%, middle mana gers 10%, and group leaders 9%. How do they relate to their current jobs? Almost two thirds of respondents (64.2%) are satisfied with their current job, although part of them is also excited about other areas and new opportunities (39.7%), and there are those (24.5%) who feel that they have more to offer than they do in their current job positions. An additional 27.4% claim their job is also their hobby. On the other hand, almost 9% are unable to find a job, either because they cannot find any job (4.7%), or because they cannot find a job that matches their qualification and skills (4%). The next indicator of the quality of life is financial situation. This time, we did not search for objective indicators (income, possession of material goods, etc.) â instead we were interested in the subjective assessment of their financial situation. When asked about the financial prospects of the family, almost three quarters of the respondents (73.2%) commented positively, still considering the financial situation of the family as good (32.7%) or encouraging (40.5%). Regarding the contrasting 17.2%, there are those who still perceive it as bad (15.2%) or alarming (2%). Almost 10% could not answer the question. Excluding these, 81% rate the familyâs financial outlook as positive and 19% still find it bad or alarming. The question of what vision one wanted to realize in the next five years was used to map out plans for the future. There were eight possible answers and more than one could have been chosen. Almost one in four respondents used this option, but the majority (76%) gave only one answer, that is they mainly focus on implementing one of the following plans: 15% want to buy a car and 14% an apartment, 10% want to find a better job, 5% want to start a family, 5% want to study/acquire a profession, 5% want to start a business, and 3% want to find a job. It is noteworthy, however, that most (19%) do not focus primarily on a plan for themselves, but want to act in the publicâs interest in some way. Returning to those who chose multiple responses (different combinations of twos, threes, and fours were circled), most (13%) associated their other plans with resolving the housing situation. Summarizing the combinations of plans for the future, the three most important are resolving the housing situation (in the case of 27% of respondents, this answer was indicated as a single or primary plan), acting in the publicâs interest (25%), and buying a car (23%). The following are the additional plans in order of frequency: 15% want to start a family, 13% to find a better job, 12% to study/acquire a profession, 10% to find a job, and 8% to start a business. Satisfaction with different areas of life is also a reason and a consequence of the quality of life. We listed 12 areas and asked the respondents to rate them on a five-point scale indicating how satisfied they were with these areas in the previous year (i.e., in 2017). The results reveal several things (Table 1). Firstly, 84% of respondents are overall satisfied with their lives, of which 36% are very satisfied and 48% are satisfied. Furthermore, in 10 of the 12 areas assessed, the majority are satisfied (this means âvery satisfiedâ and âsatisfiedâ), ranging from 56 to 91%. Looking at overall satisfaction, they are most satisfied with their friends (91%), spouse/partner (89%), and family life (87%). On the other hand, if we only look at the areas they are very satisfied with, then the spouse/partner comes first (65%), followed by family life (53%), housing situation (46%), and friends, acquaintances (45%). The high level of job and housing satisfaction is in line with everything we have already learned from the answers to other questions: the majority consider their job a hobby or have at least a satisfying job, but there is a smaller group looking for a job or wanting a better job. The majority are sa tisfied with their housing situation, but there are those who regard the solution to their housing situation as their primary plan for the future. Of the 12 areas listed, earnings are the area with which half of the respondents are satisfied (14% are very satisfied and 37% are satisfied), and the other half are dissatisfied. However, they are the least satisfied with their social influence (43% in total, of which 10% are very satisfied and 33% are satisfied). This means that, in addition to the areas already listed, the respondents are also more satisfied with their success in their workplace, the recognition they receive from others, and their financial situation and earnings than with their social influence. This is also interesting because, in gene ral, we find that people complain the most about their financial situation and earnings. In this case, however, they lack the impact on society the most. Regarding the next important area in life (i.e., settlement), it was found that 86% of respondents do not want to change it in the next stage of their lives. Rather, they want to live where they live now, mainly because they were born there (51%) and, moreover, because they feel good there (35%). This also reflects a high level of satisfaction, The last question relating to the quality of life was, if they looked back on their life so far, how would they see it? The responses received again support the above-mentioned results: 89% are satisfied with their lives, of which 34% are fully satisfied and 55% are satisfied for the most part. Dissatisfaction is typical for 11% of respondents, of which 10% are rather dissatisfied and 1% are very dissatisfied with their lives. 3. Public interest Respondentsâ overall interest in political and public events was measured on a five-point scale. The following results were obtained. âMediumâ interest is most common (33%); otherwise there are more people who are not interested in politics (46%) than those who are interested (21%). Nevertheless, 74% still follow the development of public events in the country, even though 31% are not interested in politics. Although the remaining 43% are inte rested in politics, 37.7% do not want to be actively involved. However, in addition to mo nitoring public life in Slovakia, 5% would like to politicize themselves. Among the specifically defined political events, such as the public issues related to the Hungarians in Slovakia, to Slovakia, and to Hungary, they are most interested in the situation of the Hungarians in Slovakia. Of the respondents, 26% are very interested in this topic, while only 13% and 12% are very interested in issues related to Slovakia and Hungary, respectively. Regarding the distribution of answers, 60% of respondents are very or fairly interested in the situation of the Hungarians in Slovakia, 48% in issues related to Slovakia, and 40% in issues related to Hungary. The lack of interest also varies: 14% of the respondents are not at all interested or rather not inte rested in the situation of the Hungarians in Slovakia, 18% in issues related to Slovakia, and 29% in issues related to Hungary (Figure 1). Respondents are most interested in the events that affect them or relate to their own situation the most, so we cannot talk about a complete lack of political interest but rather about its differentiation determined by the topic and the location. However, regarding the interest in issues related to the European Union, not only is differentiation present, but two opposing camps emerge: 51% have a positive and a rather positive opinion, 49% have a negative and a rather negative opinion. (Figure 2) On the question of whether things were going rather in the right or rather in the wrong direction in Slovakia, Hungary, Europe, and the world, 3% could not respond referring to Slovakia, 5.6% to Europe, 8.5% to Hungary, and 10% to the world. Apart from these, considering the development of Slovakia (32.5%), Europe (36.3%) and the world (45.3%), the most common answer was that they are moving both in the right and wrong direction, whereas in the case of Hungary, it is moving rather in the right direction (33.2%). Moreover, 46.5% answered that Slovakia is definitely going in the wrong or rather wrong direction, and 51.2% think the same about Europe, 46.7% about the world, and 26.5% about Hungary. Of the respondents, 21% think that Slovakia is definitely going in the right or rather right direction, 42% agrees referring to Hungary, 12.5% to Europe, and 8% to the world. In summary, Hungaryâs direction is assessed most posi tively, much more positively than the development directions of the other three cases. Following Hungary, the second most positive evaluation was given to Slovakia and afterwards to the world. Respondents are most concerned about the future of Europe. (Figure 3) 4. National self-classification In the field of national self-classification, we examined three characteristics: (1) natio nality (i.e., declared identity, more precisely, of what nationality the respondents consider themselves to be), (2) primary self-classification (i.e., how they would mostly identify in case of a single choice), and (3) primary and secondary self-classification in case they had two choices. 4.1. Nationality â declared identity Of the respondents, 95.6% declared themselves to be of Hungarian nationality, 3% of Slovak, 1% of Romani, and some of other nationalities (Table 2). In other words, the majority are of Hungarian nationality, which is not surprising, as the target group of the survey was Hungarians in Slovakia. However, it might be surprising that there are Slovaks, too, but this is not a new phenomenon either, as in our previous surveys, we have already faced the fact that among those considered by their environment to be Hungarians, who speak Hungarian perfectly, understand and are able to answer the questions of the Hungarian questionnaire completely, there are also those who, after all, declare themselves to be of Slovak nationality. Not only are the respondents of Hungarian nationality, but the majority of their immediate family members are too. As 13.5% of respondents did not indicate the nationality of their mother and 17.5% of their father, it is not possible to reconstruct exactly the extent to which they come from a homogeneous or mixed marriage. However, it can be stated that out of the 80.4% of respondents whose parentsâ nationalities are indicated, 95.3% of those who consider themselves Hungarian have both parents of Hungarian nationality (96% have a Hungarian mother and 99% have a Hungarian father), whereas 4.7% come from mixed marriages. Of the small number of respondents who consider themselves Slovaks (20 in total), 60% are children of parents from mixed marriages and 40% come from homogeneous marriages, namely from homogeneous Hungarian and homogeneous Slovak marriages in a 50/50 ratio. Thus, the respondents who consider themselves Hungarians are children predominantly of Hungarian parents, and 4.7% of Hungarian respondents are children of parents from mixed marriages. The respondents who consider themselves Slovaks are children of predominantly mixed or homogeneous Slovak parents, although 20% of them also have (or had) a Hungarian mother and father. Hence it is already true for the generation of the respondents that a mixed couple had a Hungarian child and a Hungarian couple had a Slovak child. In the sample, the latter (i.e., the fact that a Hungarian couple had a Slovak child) is almost five times more common. The family of the respondents is therefore largely Hungarian. At the same time, similarly to our previous surveys, the decline of Hungarians from generation to generation can be shown this time as well, since the share of Hungarian children and Hungarian grandchildren decreased compared to that of the Hungarian respondents (Figure 4). 4.2. Primary national self-classification We did not ask what oneâs nationality was but we listed 10 options, and from these one could choose with which they best identified. According to this, 37% mostly consider themselves Hungarians in Slovakia, almost 31% Hungarians, and 24% Hungarians in Upper Hungary4/of Upper-Hungarian origin. Moreover, 2.4% identify as Hungarians of Slovak origin, 1% as Hungarians of Romani origin, 1% as Slovaks, and 1% as Roma. In addition, 0.6% consider themselves to be Slovaks of Hungarian or other origin, and 1% of respondents do not identify with any of the above (Figure 5). These answers also indicate that almost 96% of respondents, as in case of the declared identity, consider themselves Hungarian at the level of primary self-classification too. In particular, the vast majority of them consider themselves to be Hungarians of Hungarian origin, since they did not regard it important to indicate any other origin (Slovak, Romani, or other). The mostly Hungarian origin is also confirmed by the nationality of the parents indicated above. 4.3. Primary and secondary national self-classification If they had not just one, but two options, who would they consider themselves to be? For this question, they could choose from 11 options. Alternatives included âa Slovak citizenâ as well as âa Europeanâ and âa world citizenâ (i.e., the three categories âaboveâ national self-classification, and also the possibility of regional self-classification; from Å―itnÃ― ostrov, MatÃšÅĄova zem, Gemer, etc.5). Let us take a look at the results. (Figure 6) The distribution of the primary self-classification is as follows: 37% Hungarians, 28% Hungarians in Upper Hungary and of Upper-Hungarian origin, 20% Hungarians in Slovakia, 8% of regional identification, and 3% Europeans. The share of those who consider themselves to be primarily Roma, Hungarians of Romani origin, Slovak citizens, Slovaks, and world citizens ranges between 0.4 and 1.6%. In the case of secondary self-classification, the most common answers appear almost to the same extent: 26% Hungarians in Upper Hungary/of Upper-Hungarian origin, 25% Hungarians in Slovakia, and 24% Hungarians. The extent of regional and European self-identity is almost the same. In both cases it is around 8%, although regional self-classification is slightly more characteristic of the two. Of the respondents, 5% identify themselves as Slovak citizens in matters of the secondary self-classification and 2% as world citizens. The extent for those identifying with the other options is 1% or less. All in all, in the case when they could choose two options, most of the respondents primarily consider themselves to be Hungarians (37%), followed by Hungarians in Upper Hungary/of Upper-Hungarian origin (28%), and Hungarians in Slovakia (20%); they secondarily consider themselves to be Hungarians in Upper Hungary/of Upper-Hungarian origin (26 %), Hungarians in Slovakia (25%), and Hungarians (24%) to an almost equal extent. Thus, the primary and secondary self-classifications show the same results as was in the case of only the primary self-classification: the vast majority of the respondents consider themselves to be Hungarians in one way or another, while identifying with different ethnonyms of the Hungarian community â mostly Hungarians, Hungarians in Upper Hungary, and Hungarians in Slovakia. 5. Opinions related to Hungarian existence and identity One might think that the decline of Hungarians is a well-known fact in Slovakia (at least in Hungarian circles), but this is not the case. Although the majority of respondents (78.4%) are aware of this, almost 9% could not tell what the situation is like, and 13% were mistaken (i.e., they did not know either), since 9.4% claimed that the number of Hungarians in Slovakia is not changing, and according to 3.5% it increases steadily. So, although the majority are aware of the decline in numbers, almost 25% of the Hungarian respondents do not know where the Hungarian community in Slovakia is heading in terms of numbers. What determines the national identity of the respondent the most? Of the respondents, 82% say it is determined by mother tongue and culture (Figure 7). Almost 12% believe that national affiliation is a matter of their own decision. In other words, a personâs national affiliation is independent of mother tongue and culture, but also of citizenship. Almost 4% of them agree that a person is of the same nationality as their citi zenship. What does it mean to be Hungarian in Slovakia? Respondents rated eight statements on a five-point scale, with a score of five representing the highest degree of agreement with the statement (i.e., the higher the average, the more they agree with the statement). Of the respondents, 1â2% could not evaluate the individual statements, except âbeing Hungarian is a political challenge,â âbeing Hungarian is nothing special,â or âit is dangerous to deal with something like this,â where the ratio of âI donât knowâ answers is 3â5.5%. The omission of these answers reveals the following picture (Table 3). If we take as a basis only the proportion of those who completely agree, it also shows that the respondents agree the most with the statement that being Hungarian is natural for them because Hungarian is their mother tongue and they grew up in Hungarian culture (73.2%). Simultaneously 71% are completely proud to be Hungarian, and 63% fully experience their Hungarianness as a responsibility in the sense that they know that Hungarian culture must be preserved in order to survive. Compared to the previous ones, there is much less agreement (35.7%) with the statement that Hungarianness is a political challenge because it is important to live as an organized community. However, this average (3.71) testifies that âbeing Hungarian = responsibi lityâ is evaluated also in a more positive manner, as it falls in the ârather agreeâ range. The majority do not agree with the statements that nationality is a disadvantage, it does not mean anything special, it does not concern the respondent, or it is dangerous to deal with the issue of nationality. Detailed response distributions are shown in Figure 8. It is also clear from these answers that the majority are proud of their Hungarianness, believe that being Hungarian is natural, feel responsible for it, and perceive it as a political challenge, even though there is a small proportion of respondents that is more neutral or dismissive. Just as there are those who agree that it is a disadvantage for them to be Hungarian in Slovakia because as a minority it is more difficult for them to prove successful and/or they are not preoccupied with their nationality, moreover they think that it is dangerous to deal with such things. In other words, although the attitude towards the above-mentioned indicators of Hungarian existence is largely positive, there is a kind of divergence. All this is in line with our previous results6, according to which three national value systems of the Hungarians in Slovakia can be detected: the resolute, the receding, and the rejecting national value systems. Figure 8 shows that 61% of the respondents reject the statement that being Hungarian hinders their success in Slovakia, almost 20% both agree and disagree with it, and almost 20% also accept it. In other words, according to every fifth respondent, being Hungarian is more of a disadvantage because that is the reason for why they cannot prove to be successful. In this regard, there was another question in the questionnaire: âIn your opinion, is it an obstacle to prove successful in Slovakia if one is Hungarian?â The answers show that 73% say that being Hungarian does not hinder their success. Moreover, 4.5% of them believe that not only is it not a disadvantage, but it is a direct advantage. However, those respondents (21.5%) who think that being Hungarian is a disadvantage also reappear. According to half of such respondents, Hungarianness is an obstacle in all fields, and according to the other half, it is only an obstacle in certain specific fields. Like in our previous surveys, by the specific field most people understand that it is more difficult to enter into public administration, or more precisely into any sphere where you need to know Slovak well, as a Hungarian. Thus, the disadvantages mentioned by them are not really related to Hungarianness, but to the inadequate knowledge of the Slovak language (which, in turn, is associated with the Hungarian-language schools where, in their opinion, it is not possible to learn Slovak). In this respect, there are significant differences on the basis of education: the more uneducated the respondents are, the more they consider Hungarianness to be an obstacle to their success, and the more educated they are, the less they consider Hungarianness to be an obstacle to their success. In fact, they even regard it as an advantage. After what has been said, the question almost arises as to whether or not Hungarianness should be taken on, and if so, in what situation. The majority of the respondents (81.8%) consider it necessary to take on Hungarianness, while 16.8% answered that they do not usually deal with this issue, and 1.6% say that they do not know in what situation it should be taken on. Those who think that it should be taken on are divided into two groups. One group (54%) considers it necessary to take on Hungarianness in all situations, even if there is a disadvantage. The other one (27.5%) makes the commitment of Hungarianness conditional: 19.5% claim it should be taken on when one does not feel threatened, 7% when it suits the person, and 1% when there is an advantage from it. Our previous surveys also support the fact that the acceptance of Hungarianness in practice is influenced by how important the factors related to the value dimension of national identity are for those concerned. The more important it is for someone to be Hungarian, for their descendants to remain Hungarians, for them to speak Hungarian, for their child to attend Hungarian-language primary school, and so on (we listed 13 factors in the questionnaire), the more likely it is for them to make decisions that strengthen the Hungarian identity in the decision dimension of national identity. The reverse is also true: the less important, that is, of less value it is to them, the more likely the decisions that generate assimilation are. The importance of the 13 factors to the respondents was measured on a five-point scale, with a score of five representing maximum importance. Table 4 shows the averages of the evaluations of each factor. From these, we can conclude that the assessment of all factors falls between the âvery importantâ and âfairly importantâ range, with the exception of two: Hungarian young people should find a Hungarian partner and Hungarians in Slovakia should have dual citizenship (the latter mostly falls in the âboth important and not importantâ range). Table 5 shows the factors in descending order of importance and presents the âvery importantâ and ânot important at allâ response distributions representing the two endpoints of the scale. According to these, the respondents consider it most important to preserve their Hungarianness (very important for 73.2%) and for there to be Hungarian-language primary schools (very important for 71.6%). This time, too, the least important thing is for Hungarian young people to find a Hungarian partner and for Hungarians in Slovakia to have dual citizenship â these two are also the most unimportant factors for them. These results are consistent with the results of our assimilation research conducted on a sample of 3,000 in 2014, where these were the two most important and two least important factors too. Thus, almost three quarters of the respondents consider it very important that he or she remains Hungarian as an individual. However, what about the community of Hungarians in Slovakia? Should the Hungarians survive or melt into the Slovak nation? (Figure 9) The majority (81.6%) vote for survival, as they completely agree that Hungarians should preserve their language and culture. Three out of four respondents completely reject the Hungariansâ adaptation and integration into the Slovak nation. They share a similar view on whether the representatives of national minorities should strive to preserve national identity. Almost all of the respondents (95%) answered that they should. The majority of them (86.7%) also claim that the state should support national minorities in preserving their identity, while a further 8.2% of those who agree assert that efforts should be made to preserve national identity but without the support of the state. In addition to those who consider the preservation of national identity important, there is a group amounting to 5% who state that efforts to preserve national minorities are unnecessary or downright inappropriate. Moreover, on whom does the survival of Hungarianness in Slovakia depend the most? According to 92.3% it depends on the Hungarians themselves: according to 66.2% of them generally on Hungarians, according to 15.6% on Hungarian parents, and according to 10.5% on Hungarian young people. The Slovak state can contribute 4.5% and the Hungarian state 1.2% to the survival of the Hungarians, the Party of the Hungarian Community7 1.7%, and Most-HÃd8 0.3%. This means that the individual primarily guarantees survival. At the same time, we received much more restrained answers to the question of how the respondents themselves would contribute to the survival of Hungarians in Slovakia. Only fewer than half of the respondents (42.7%) believe that they can contribute to the survival of the Hungarians with something particular. The majority claim either that they cannot contribute (28.5%) or that they do not know how to contribute (29%). 6. Language use and school choice In the previous chapter, we talked about how important the respondents consider the values of preserving the Hungarian identity, including the use of mother tongue and the preference of a Hungarian-language primary school for Hungarian children. As a reminder, 69% consider it very important to speak Hungarian and 54% to have Hungarian signs in their settlement. At the same time, almost 72% think that it is very important to have Hungarian-language primary schools in Hungarian-inhabited settlements. In the following, we take a look at how these preferences are reflected in practical life. In other words, we examine how characteristic it is of the respondents to use the Hungarian language and to have their children enrolled in a Hungarian-language primary school. 6.1. Family and public language use Regarding the family language, in their childhood the respondents predominantly used Hungarian: in the case of 92% the parents spoke Hungarian with the respondents, and in the case of 5% the parents preferred Hungarian. In addition, 2% mentioned that Hungarian was spoken at home as often as Slovak, and 1% said that they spoke Slovak or preferred Slovak. These data support not only the Hungarian nationality, but also the Hungarian origin of the majority of the respondents. Simultaneously, we can conclude from them that the majority of the 20% of the respondents who did not indicate the nationality of one or both parents are probably also the children of a homogeneous Hungarian couple or at least of parents from a mixed marriage who use the Hungarian language exclusively or predominantly. Before characterizing the current language use, it is necessary to determine the ethnic structure of the wider environment of the respondents, as this influences both family and public language use (Figure 10). By wider we mean the wider family, colleagues, friends, neighbors, bosses, and business partners. These are the people with whom they are likely to come into contact most often, as well as the most influential and popular people in their settlement who have a certain degree of influence regarding formal and informal opinions. Most of these people in the respondentsâ environment are Hungarians or mostly Hungarians. The environment consisting only of Hungarians is most characteristic of the wider family (the nationality of the wider family members is Hungarian in the case of 60%); it is the least characteristic of business partners, 21% of whom are Hungarian. Roughly half of the most popular people, friends, and neighbors in their settlement are Hungarian. The proportion of Hungarians among the most influential people, local representatives, managers, colleagues, and business partners falls below 50%, but in all cases it is mostly a Hungarian environment. The mostly Slovak or Slovak environment is largely characteristic of the workplace and the general area of work, mainly of the business partners, since one in four of them is mostly Slovak and 8.5% of them are Slovak. A third of the bosses are also mostly Slovak and the same is also true for almost a quarter of colleagues. Here we would like to note that the attitude of the respondents towards Slovaks is largely positive: 28.6% claim it is very good and 38% say it is good, whereas only 7.2% consider their relationship with Slovaks to be rather bad or bad. The current family and public language use of the respondents therefore takes place in the ethnic/linguistic environment outlined above. The data show that the domi nant language of the family is currently Hungarian (Table 13), as some family members primarily use Hungarian in mutual communication. This is most characteristic of the mutual communication of the respondent and their parents (96 and 94%, respectively), the respondent and their siblings (93%), and the grandparents (i.e., the parents of the respondents) and their grandchildren (i.e., the children of the respondents; 92 and 94%, respectively). Regarding the youngest generation, in the communication between the respondent and their grandchildren (85%) and in the mutual communication between the respondentâs grandchildren (80%), the use of Hungarian is less frequent than in previous generations, but in these cases the most frequently spoken language is Hungarian. In the survey of public language use, we focused on 13 areas that we considered most important and previously researched (Table 14). Three of them are characterized by mixed (Hungarian-Slovak) or rather Slovak language use. These three areas are: dealing with official matters (81% mixed or rather Slovak communication), doctor visits (61%), and addressing strangers (52%). The other areas are characterized by communication in mostly Hungarian (only Hungarian or rather Hungarian), although not to the same extent. The extent of use of only Hungarian or rather Hungarian is between 54% and 94%. The upper limit is communication with priests, with whom 94% of respondents speak mostly Hungarian (of which 92% speak only Hungarian and 2% rather prefer Hungarian). The lower limit is shopping, when 54% speak mostly Hungarian (of which 32% speak only Hungarian and 22% rather prefer Hungarian). The mayor is the second most common person, with whom they speak mostly Hungarian (87%), but in municipal authorities this proportion drops to 77%. The third area of the mostly Hungarian language use is in school, where three quarters of the respondents indicated only Hungarian, and 5% indicated rather Hungarian. Table 14 shows the 13 communication areas in descending order of the extent of Hungarian language use. In further questions on language use, we discussed how tolerant the respondents are of non-Hungarian language use. The data show a high degree of tolerance. The majority of respondents are not bothered at all when someone in the family speaks another language (81%), just as they are not bothered by someone from the mixed population in southern Slovakia who speaks another language in public (94%). In addition, 62% absolutely tolerate when Hungarians in Slovakia mix Slovak words into their speech, and 56% tolerate it when they mix English words into their speech. Regarding the use of visual language on public signs in southern Slovakia, 83% of the respondents are not bothered at all by Slovak signs and 74% are not bothered by English signs (e.g., âshowroomâ or âshopâ). The presence of bilingual Slovak-Hungarian signs in public places in southern Slovakia is considered to be very important by every second respondent, and 26% regard them as important. For every fourth respondent, this is rather not important or not important at all. 6.2. School choice As we know, almost 96% of respondents are of Hungarian nationality. However, only 90% completed a Hungarian-language primary school, while 91% of their fathers and 94% of their mothers attended a Hungarian-language primary school. Of the respondents who completed the following types of school and of those who completed them in Hungarian language, 55% graduated from vocational training school, 65% from vocational secondary school, 88% from grammar school, and 38% from college/university. Moreover, 48% received post-secondary vocational training in Hungarian (including a bachelorâs degree for undergraduate studies) and 20% received tertiary higher education or its equivalent (PhD, MPH) in Hungarian. After these facts, let us take a look at how they contemplate school choice (Table 15). First of all, what kind of primary school should a child of a Hungarian and a mixed couple attend? Although 90% of respondents have finished a Hungarian-language primary school, only 74% resolutely state that a child of Hungarian parents should attend a Hungarian-language primary school. Few people agree with their child attending a Slovak-language primary school; however, 22% of the respondents are somewhat uncertain and indecisive about the issue, even if they are more inclined towards a Hungarian-language primary school. In the case of a child of a Hungarian-Slovak parent couple, 27% could not express an opinion, whereas those who could preferred a Hungarian-language school in their answers. Afterwards we asked whether they agreed or disagreed that a Hungarian child should attend a Hungarian-language primary school. The results show that 92% agree, mostly because they consider it important for the child to learn in their mother tongue (53%). The second most important reason was that it is easier to learn in oneâs mother tongue (22%). In addition, 9% claim that the child should attend a Hungarian-language primary school because they will be more connected with Hungarian culture, 5% state that they will preserve their roots thanks to a Hungarian-language primary school, and 3% say that a Hungarian child should attend a Hungarian-language primary school because they will learn neither Slovak nor Hungarian correctly in a Slovak-language primary school. However, 8% of respondents think that it is not good for a Hungarian child to go to a Hungarian-language primary school because they will not learn Slovak (5%) or it will be more difficult for them to prove successful (3%). In these cases, we considered opinions. Now let us take a look at what the reality is (i.e., regarding the language of instruction), in what kind of school the respondents with children of this age enrolled their children (Table 16). A child of Hungarian parents A child of a Hungarian-Slovak parent couple Hungarian 74 22 Rather Hungarian 18 38 Rather Slovak 4 11 Slovak 1 2 They do not know 3 27 The Primary Results of the last Hungarian Identity Survey in Slovakia 59 Much can be interpreted from the data, but at this time we will focus on just a few aspects, primarily the choice of kindergarten and primary school. Firstly, it can be observed that the majority of parents contemplate either a Hungarian or a Slovak kindergarten/primary school. There is a negligible number of parents who would alternate these educational institutions in the sense that they enroll their child first in Hungarian and then in Slovak institution (or vice versa), and also in the sense that, in the case of several children, one would be enrolled in a Hungarian kindergarten/school and the other in a Slovak one. Secondly, 85.7% of the respondents send or sent their child to a Hungarian kindergarten and 87.3% to a Hungarian primary school, which corresponds with the majority. However, if we compare these proportions with the Hungarian-language school attendance of the responding parents and their parents, we can observe the seemingly small âgeneration gapâ of at least 3%, which is just enough to contribute to the weakening of the national identity of Hungarians in Slovakia due to preferring a Slovak-language primary school when choosing a school and consequently also to the continuous decline in their numbers. From the free answers/explanations following the closed questions, it became clear again that several factors play a role in the choice of a Slovak-language primary school. It is mainly the case when at least one of the Hungarian parents attended a Slovak-language primary school or one of the parents is of Slovak nationality (i.e., they are a mixed couple). However, these correlations do not change the essence of the matters â they even re-support what we have revealed in our previous surveys: in addition to origin, school choice, and language use, choice of partner is the fourth key factor of national identity. Furthermore, the geographical distance of a Hungarian-language school is only one of the many reasons for choosing a Slovak-language primary school. Translation by BeÃĄta IzsÃģfovÃĄ Language Problems, Language Related Social Problems, Metalinguistic Activities 1. Introduction Just like anywhere else in the world, also in Slovakia, the language users or whole language communities face numerous bigger or smaller language problems. The project called âLanguage and Communication Problems in Slovakia and Their Managementâ2, which was launched in August 2018 and is to last until July 2022, aims at uncovering various types of language problems as well as concomitant communication problems which speech communities in Slovakia face, with a special regard to the Slovak community as the majority community, then to the Hungarian and the Roma communities, which are minority communities with a substantial number of speakers, finally the community of the Carpathian Germans as a small community. Within the Slovak community the problems which the researchers are dealing with include the problems of the use of standard Slovak and Slovak dialects as well as language problems related to teaching Slovak in the minority communities. As to the minority communities the researchers are investigating various kinds of language and communication problems in these communities and making propositions concerning the ways of their management. The project also includes theoretical and methodological questions concerning the investigation and management of language problems and their ideological determinants. The theoretical background for the project as a whole is the Language Management Theory (LMT), more exactly the expansion of the LMT on the basis of the management theories of other types of problems3 and application on the Slovak linguistic and social context. LMT was developed by J.V. NeustupnÃ― and B.H. Jernudd in the 1970s and 1980s as a more comprehensive alternative of the Theory of Language Planning.4 The management of language problems in Slovakia has not always been based on scientific principles and approaches so far, it has either been spontaneous or politically manipulated, and some of the problems have not been tackled at all. By the application of scientific principles and approaches the research team wants to achieve that the experience with the general problem solving as well as language problem solving in different communities be used in the management of language problems in Slovakia.5 The project topic is being approached from two perspectives: the first is the theoretical base for the whole research and the other is the application of the theoretical concepts. This paper aims to be a contribution to the theoretical base of the project, by trying to answer the question what kinds of problems LMT or a new theory of language problem management should deal with. 2. The scope of LMT As can be seen from the above description of the project, the key concept of the project is that of âlanguage problemâ. This concept is of utmost importance for any theory which aims at dealing with the management of problems connected in some way to a language or to languages. The traditional definition of âlanguage problemâ in LMT â a negatively evaluated deviation from the norms or expectations concerning the verbal, communicational and associated socio-cultural behaviour of the participants in a particular interaction6 (cp. e.g. Nekvapil 2006: 97, 2009: 3, 2012: 160) â may be suitable for the small-scale simple management of inadequacies, but it seems much less satisfactory for the small-scale or large-scale organized management of metaproblems occurring trans-situationally.7 If we want to be able to define the âlanguage problemâ in a more comprehensive and at the same time more elaborate way, we must start with more general questions of how to delineate the scope of LMT, i.e. we should answer the question: What kinds of language problems should LMT be concerned with? 2.1. Language problems proper We may possibly limit âlanguage problemsâ to those instances when changes in the discourse or in the so-called language system8 are being brought forth predominantly for linguistic and communicative reasons. That means that the foremost goal of language managing activities is to enhance the quality of communication or eliminate miscomprehension in communication.9 Of course, speaking in a different way in order to communicate more efficiently is usually not the ultimate aim of the interaction, only a means to achieve some other, non-linguistic aim, so it may not be simple to separate this group of problems from those below. One would think, for instance, that creating a standard language has purely linguistic and communicative goals, i.e. to be able to communicate within a language community in the most efficient way, yet we know that often there is a hidden or unhidden agenda behind it, e.g. nation building, gaining poli tical independence, elite closure etc. (Cf. Milroy 2001: 534â5) This group of problems best conforms to the traditional definition of âlanguage problemâ in LMT: they usually manifest themselves in deviations from the norms (even if it is not always simple or even possible to identify these norms). Some of these problems can be successfully managed within the simple management, especially the micro level inadequacies. E.g. correcting a slip of the tongue has evidently purely linguistic and communicative reasons: to ensure the grammaticality, stylistic adequacy and comprehensibility of the discourse. The requirement of the goals being predominantly linguistic does not mean that the means of accomplishing them should also necessarily be âlinguisticâ. On the cont rary: it is duly emphasized in LMT that successful treatment of language problems â especially those which are handled within large-scale organized management â involves intervention into a number of fields outside linguistics. For instance to incorporate new terminologies into a language will not be successful if it consists only of coining new words and phrases and no attempt is made to disseminate them during the implementation phase of the LM process. (Cf. HÞbschmannovÃĄâNeustupnÃ― 2004) Dissemination inevitably requires managing the outside world, not the language itself; something what NeustupnÃ― and other proponents of LMT call communication ma nagement and socioeconomic or sociocultural management. (See e. g. NeustupnÃ―âNekvapil 2003: 186 and passim; Nekvapil 2009: 8â9; NeustupnÃ― 2012: 299) The management of many problems involves also the management of concurrent language ideologies. 2.2. Language related social problems (where intervention is needed) Since the borderline between language problems proper and other kinds of language related problems is blurry, it may seem feasible to extend the concept of âlanguage problemsâ to include those non-linguistic â social, political, educational, cultural, religious, etc. â problems the management of which requires changes in discourses or ultimately in the so-called language system, even though the real goals are clearly non-linguistic and non-communicative, e.g. lessening discrimination based on unequal allocation of power by âPC talkâ or giving a new name to an Australian ârat-likeâ animal in order to save it from extinction 10. I would definitely argue for including this type of problems among the issues which should be managed within the LMT framework. One of the arguments is the intent of bringing forth language changes. It seems expedient that all interventionist approaches should be considered part of LMT. Although these problems probably seldom manifest themselves in deviations from the linguistic and communicative norms, they clearly demonstrate the participantsâ âbehaviour towards languageâ (see below) and so they are legitimate object of interest of experts in LMT. Another argument in favour of the inclusion of this type of problems among language problems to be dealt with in the LMT framework is the great social utility of ma naging language related social, political, educational, cultural, religious etc. problems. As we know from critical discourse analysis and other critical approaches, language helps to create and sustain a lot of social injustice. Eliminating or alleviating social injustice is a non-linguistic goal, but it can be fostered by linguistic means, which may require changes in discourses and even in the language system. This should therefore be considered part of LMT, even if most laymen do not realize that discriminatory language use is a problem11, and so these issues cannot be comfortably tackled within the âproblem-is-what-the-layman-perceives-as-problemâ paradigm. Finally, as was suggested above, the large-scale metaproblems are seldom purely linguistic and communicative, they usually (maybe always) have social consequences; this is also a reason why LMT and other possible language problem management approaches should be concerned also with that kind of social problems the management of which entails intervention into discourses or language ideologies. 2.3. Language related social problems (where no intervention is needed) Theoretically, we have the possibility to extend the category of LM even further, to every language-oriented act (or dealing) which reflects any possible form of âbehaviour toward languageâ, not just interventional behaviour. âBehaviour toward languageâ as opposed to ordinary âlanguage useâ is mentioned as a matter of course in the works about LMT. (See e.g. more recently Sloboda et al. 2010: 95â6; Nekvapil 2011: 880; MarriottâNekvapil 2012: 155; NekvapilâSherman 2013: 91) It is not clear, however, what this ready-made term is to denote exactly. Although in theory the authors claim that language management covers all forms of âbehaviour toward languageâ, i.e. all forms of metalinguistic activities (see NeustupnÃ― 1994: 52; Nekvapil 2009: 2; Dovalil 2013: 150), when specified, the authors usually have interventionist activities in mind. E.g. Nekvapil and Nekula (2006: 310) explicate âbehaviour toward languageâ as âthe activities aimed at the production and reception of discourse, that is, metalinguistic activitiesâ. Activities aimed at the production and reception of discourse as metalinguistic activities, are undoubtedly interventionist activities (since ordinary language production and reception is not a metalinguistic activity), however, âmetalinguistic activitiesâ do not subsume only these two, but also metalinguistic reflection, i.e. thinking and consequent talking about language (including all linguistic research aiming at the description of discourses and language, with no intention to bring about changes in them). A non-self-contradictory explanation of what âbehaviour-toward-languageâ means, can be read in the announcement of the 3rd International Language Management Symposium, which defines language management âas any sort of behaviour toward language, in other words, the various forms and manifestations of attention devoted to language or its use.â It goes without saying that âattention devoted to language or its useâ includes also non-interventional metalinguistic activities like âinnocentâ reflexions about language and language use. According to the cited statements all metalinguistic activities could be said to be the object of language management, including thinking and talking about language matters without the slightest intention to change anything in the discourses or in the language. In this case LMT should have concern â among others â towards problems dealt in forensic linguistics (Gibbons 2004, 2007; CoulthardâJohnson eds. 2010), like e.g. analysing the language of a blackmailing letter to find the blackmailer or deciding on the basis of a linguistic analysis whether a statement was a slander (and thus a language crime) or not, even if the management of such issues does not require intervention into the language. (Nobody would think of re-writing the blackmailing letter not to be blackmailing or a slanderous statement to be void of slander, let alone change the language in a way that no blackmailing letters or slanderous statement could be produced in it.) And we could go even further and present â say â Quirkâs A comprehensive grammar of the English language as a monumental example of language management effort â after all, a written grammar definitely belongs among â[v]arious forms and mani festations of attention devoted to the generation of sentences or communicative actsâ. (MarriottâNekvapil 2012: 156; see also MarriottâNekvapil 2012: 155) Since probably no proponent of LMT would like to go thus far, I tend to think that all non-interventionist metalinguistic activities should be excluded from LMT. In fact, actually they are not included, but theoretical definitions of LMT and the delimitation of âbehaviour-toward-languageâ should be put in line with the practice. So broadly conceived language related problems do fall within the scope of applied linguistics, which shares with LMT its central interest in language problems (DaviesâElder 2004: 1â4, 11; Davies 2007: 158), but applied linguistics does not necessarily aim at bringing about changes in discourses or the language system. 4. JAKOPROS and language problems Language problems dealt with in the project mentioned in the Introduction are typically unstructured, large-scale metaproblems called also âwicked problemsâ,12 which have to be managed in an organized way. Both in respect to Slovak and in respect to the mino rity languages (Hungarian, Romani, and German) the focus is on the problems of mino rity speakers, whose variety or language is in some way stigmatized. On the one hand the speakers of Slovak dialects (as opposed to the speakers of the Slovak standard) suffer discrimination, since the standard is the preferred variety considered âcorrectâ and adequate to be used in public spaces; this way they can be considered a minority because of lack of political and social power to promote their interests. (Cp. Skutnabb-Kangas 1990) On the other hand the speakers of minority languages (as opposed to the speakers of the majority language, which is Slovak) are disadvantaged in many respects. Speakers of dialectal Hungarian and German (who constitute by far the greatest part of these speech communities) suffer double stigmatization: their varieties are considered less valuable both in respect to the Slovak language as such and the Hungarian and German standard, respectively. As far as Romani is concerned, the absence of a well-known standard variety prevents the speakers from feeling doubly stigmatized. Though the management of the large-scale metaproblems is alleged to be based on the management of small-scale inadequacies in face-to-face communication in LMT, some of the ways of small-scale simple management of these problems are evidently unacceptable on the level of large-scale organized management. One example may be suppressing dialectal features in face-to-face communication to prevent stigmatization, as a small-scale simple management of the problem. On the level of large-scale organized management the change of language ideologies should be fostered as the best solution: linguistic standardism should be replaced â or rather supplemented â by linguistic vernacularism, using additive approach to mother tongue education, i.e. considering the standard as a valuable variety which is to be added to the equally valuable vernacular variety without replacing it.13 As we can see, the small-scale and the large-scale management are based on completely different attitudes: the small-scale management aims at preventing the problem by changing the linguistic behaviour, not dealing with the discrimination, while the large-scale management seeks to eliminate the discrimination. Another example is using occasional code-switches into Slovak or ad-hoc paraphrases in the first language to fill in a language lapse or a language gap.14 These are often applied communicative strategies in Hungarian, Romani and German speech communities and as a matter of fact they solve the problem very successfully â in the framework of small-scale simple management of inadequacies in face-to-face communication. However, this strategy is not applicable at all in large-scale organized management of the âlanguage lapseâ or âlanguage gapâ metaproblem. One of the ways to ma na ge these problems in the framework of large-scale organized management is to widen the scope of mother tongue education and of the bilingualism in these communities, so that the minority speakers would be exposed to the first-language equivalents of the Slovak words, phrases or grammatical structures, or (if they are already exposed to them to some extent), to substantially increase this exposition. (LanstyÃĄkâSzabÃģmihÃĄly 2005: 65, 2009: 62â64; see also HÞbschmannovÃĄ-NeustupnÃ― 1996) Again we can see that the small-scale management and the large-scale management are completely different. The metaproblems mentioned above seem to belong to the first category of problems dealt with in Section 2.1. (language problems proper), since they all have to do with the âqualityâ of the communication, the way the discourses are formed, the difficulties the speakers come across when forming these discourses because of their restricted competence in the standard variety in the first example or in their first language in the second example. However, since their way of speaking is often stigmatized, the language problem is embedded into a social problem and thus the whole âpackageâ can be said to be a language related social problem. This way the examples presented above affirm our contention that both language problems proper and language related social problems requiring intervention into the âlanguageâ should be the object of language problem management in LMT and its expansion into a new theory that would include concepts and methodologies used in the management theories of other types of problems. 5. Conclusions The paper has dealt with the problem of delineating the scope of Language Management Theory and possible new approaches to language problem management stemming from it. It has aimed at identifying the kinds of problems which should be treated within the framework of these theories. In applied linguistics, three different circles of problems are handled: 1. language problems proper, 2. language related social problems whose management requires intervention into the âlanguageâ, 3. language related social problems whose management does not require intervention into the âlanguageâ. 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(https://www.leanconstruction.org/media/docs/WickedProblemsinProject DefinitionIGLC10.pdf; last accessed 2021.06.21.) The Banned, the Controlled, the Shifted, and the Compulsory. National Holidays and the Hungarians in Slovakia in 1919 When the army of the Kingdom of Hungary occupied about 80% of the Hungarian-inhabited area of southern Slovakia in the first days of November 1938 as the result of the First Vienna Award, the vast majority of the Hungarian population welcomed the incoming Hungarian soldiers and administration with sincere joy and great enthusiasm. Although this Hungarian population strongly opposed becoming part of Czechoslovakia via the border changes in 1918â1919, they would nevertheless be loyal citizens of the Czechoslovak state for the next 20 years. They paid their taxes, served in the Czechoslovak army, and obeyed the law. In fact, the Czechoslovak law created a more favorable legal environment for them in many respects compared to that of the period before 1918, as the Czechoslovak law guaranteed universal suffrage, freedom of the press, and the right to assemble, and eliminated harmful social disparities. In addition, the Czechoslovak state was able to provide economic and social security, relatively fair living standards, and a predictable future for its Hungarian population. Despite the Czechoslovak liberal democracy, Hungarians, as a minority group, obviously suffered from a number of disadvantages. For example, they were restricted in the official use of their mother tongue, were not able to pursue studies in their mother tongue in higher education, and were clearly underrepresented in the public sector, such as among the employees of state offices and large national companies. Still, their behavior of welcoming the returning Hungarian administration in 1938 was mainly the result of their strong national consciousness and lack of identification with the Czechoslovak state.2 As a matter of fact, Czechoslovakia was not only foreign to them in 1918â1919, but also remained so after 20 years. The memory politics of the Czechoslovak state played a decisive role in the alienation of the Hungarian population, as Hungarians were not only denied the freedom to cultivate their national history and traditions, but also had foreign traditions, such as Hussiteism or Czechoslovakism, forced upon them. In addition, the Czechoslovak memory politics also affected public education, the names of public places, statues, monuments, and national holidays. This paper is dedicated to the issue of public holidays during the Czechoslovak era from the Hungarian populationâs point of view; it scrutinizes how the Hungarian minority celebrated Hungarian national holidays (e.g., Saint Stephenâs Day and the anniversary of the Hungarian Revolution of 1848â1849), international holidays (e.g., Labour Day on May 1), and October 28 (i.e., the anniversary of the foundation of the Czechoslovak state). Memory politics and the theoretical approach to holidays have been frequently discussed in historical, ethnographic, and sociological academic works. While Assmann believes that holidays are the primary forms of the organization of cultural memory (Assmann 2004: 57), Lars Deile simply yet aptly defines a holiday as a communityâs attempt to justify its own significance (cited by Mannova 2019: 129). Building on Maurerâs work, academic literature usually classifies holidays into three groups: holidays of the cycle of life (birth, death, marriage, etc.), the celebrations of annual cycles (Christmas solstices, harvest, etc.), and so-called public holidays. (Mannova 2019: 129) While the significance of these three types of holidays has varied from era to era, the social significance of public holidays, especially commemorations of events related to national history, increased strongly in the 19th and 20th centuries. Public holidays simultaneously facilitated and motivated the individualâs identification with the nation. At the same time, participating in holidays was, to some extent, a measurement of how much the citizen identified with the stateâs expectations. (KodajovÃĄ 2012: 71) Therefore, public holidays continued to be the focus of controversy in the years following the First World War, and in them all the conflicts of the era were condensed. This was also the case for the Hungarian population in Czechoslovakia, for whom the public holidays of 1919 were important indications of what it could expect from its new country. When Thomas G. Masarykâwho served as the president of the Paris-based Czechoslovak National Council of ÃĐmigrÃĐs during the First World Warâset out the principles for the functioning of the future Czechoslovak state in the so-called Czechoslovak Declaration of Independence in the autumn of 1918, he outlined the program of a democratic parliamentary republic based on the principle of popular sovereignty.3 He described a state that guarantees its citizens the freedoms of conscience, speech, press, and assembly, and in which national minorities enjoy equal rights. The circumstances surrounding the formation of the Czechoslovak state played a significant role in the fact that many elements of the Czechoslovak Declaration of Independence remained unfulfilled, including the section on the equality of national minorities. First of all, this process was essentially a project of the Czech political elite that at the time was firmly rejected by the national minorities bordering Czechoslovakia, especially the Germans living in the Czech Republic and the Hungarians living in the northern counties of the historic Kigdom of Hungary. Thus, the Czechoslovak elite was only able to force its will on the minorities at the cost of violence and with many victims. This caused wounds that were difficult to heal on both sides for many years, and also fundamentally determined the subsequent policy of the Czechoslovak governments. As a result, a governmental policy towards national minorities was enforced that was not based on the equality declared in the Czechoslovak Declaration of Independence, but rather on the principle that the Czechoslovak state is owned by Czechs and Slovaks and that national minorities cannot claim full equality in the Czechoslovak nation state.4 The events of 1919 instilled in the Czechoslovak elite not only a strong suspicion towards the aspirations of national minorities, but also a kind of permanent fear of the collapse of Czechoslovakia as a multinational state. Moreover, this fear not only restricted Czechoslovak minority policy, but also hindered the fulfillment of Czechoslovak democracy. Indeed, the Czechoslovak governments rejected all forms of autonomy, and they saw the spirit of irredentism in the manifestation of national self-consciousness of minorities. Based on this logic, wearing the Hungarian national colors, displaying the national flag, singing or even listening to the Hungarian national anthem, commemorating significant events and figures of the Hungarian national history, and wreathing monuments and sculptures symbolizing the idea of historical Hungary were interpreted as attacks against the Czechoslovak state. This attitude created a completely new situation also for public holidays, which was already evident in 1919, in the first year of the Czechoslovak stateâs existence. On the afternoon of May 24, 1919, turmoil broke out in DeÃĄk Ferencz Street in KoÅĄice (Kassa, Kaschau) caused by a Hungarian flag hanging in one of the windows. At that time, KoÅĄice was mostly inhabited by Hungarians but had been under Czechoslovak rule for about five months. In those days, the Red Army of the Hungarian Soviet Republic was approaching KoÅĄice; thus the Hungarian flag in the window carried different meanings to Hungarians and Czechoslovaks: for the Hungarians, it was a forbidden symbol that anticipated their liberation from the Czechoslovak rule, while for the Czechoslovak soldiers it was an unacceptable provocation. As the situation threatened to develop into a serious conflict, a military police patrol disbanded the crowd. The patrol also discovered that the flag was not a red-white-green Hungarian, but a green-white-red Italian flag, and that Major Benzoni, a member of the KoÅĄice-based Italian officer corps had hung it to celebrate the anniversary of Italyâs entering the war four years prior. Still, as the Czechoslovak authorities were disturbed by the flag hanging in the window, in the evening a military police patrol broke into the apartment of the major (who was not in KoÅĄice at the time), and took down the flag.5 The incident worsened the already tense relationship between the Italian military delegation and the Slovak political elite, and it reached the highest circ les: SekÃĄÄ, the county sheriff, had to apologize to Castle Commander Gaston Rossi, and Minister Vavro Å robÃĄr had to apologize to General Luigi Piccione. This incident clearly demonstrates how much significance symbolic matters carried in the years of the regime change, and how the new power reacted with a panic-laden fear to everything that reminded the population of the historic Hungary. This is not surprising, considering that from the first day of the proclamation of the Czechoslovak state, the country defined itself against the traditions of the Austro-Hungarian Monarchy and its symbols. As Miroslav Michela points out, the old and the new world appeared in a highly polarized way in the contemporary Czechoslovak national discourse: historical Hungary as a symbol of slavery and Czechoslovakia as a symbol of freedom. (Michela 2018: 432) This involved not only the creation of a new system of national holidays and symbols (including the national anthem and flag), but also the banning of the use of symbols associated with historical Hungary and the celebration of Hungarian national holidays. The legal background of the symbolic occupation was laid down by Minister Vavro Å robÃĄrâs decree No. 39/1919 issued on February 28, 1919, which stipulated that in the territory of Slovakia only red-white and white-blue-red flags and cockades could be used.6 On the same day, the use of names of members of the Habsburg monarchy or events that were adverse to the Czechoslovak state on public buildings and public spaces (e.g., streets and squares) was made forbidden.7 However, all this was preceded by the arbitrary act of the soldiers of the Czechoslovak army in mid-January, fueled by nationalist impulses, of removing statues, plaques, and inscriptions reminiscent of the Hungarian national past. On January 15, 1919, statue of Lajos Kossuth was demolished in LuÄenec (Losonc). On the night of February 18, 1919, in KoÅĄice Czech-Slovak patrols on the main streets of the city, led by their commanders, smashed signs with Hungarian inscriptions, and as soon as they were warned about the illegality of their actions by the police staff, they acted so threateningly and violently that the guards were forced to leave their posts. (MolnÃĄr/3 1942: 83) March 15, the Banned Holiday After the Czechoslovak legions occupied the regions north of the demarcation line in January 1919 (including Hungarian-populated cities such as KoÅĄice, KomÃĄrno (KomÃĄrom), RoÅūÅava (RozsnyÃģ), RimavskÃĄ Sobota (Rimaszombat), Levice (LÃĐva), and LuÄenec), the first few weeks passed without major conflicts between the local population and the new power. Thus, Vavro Å robÃĄr, the full-fledged (plenipotentiary) minister for the administration of Slovakia, was correct in hoping that the position of the Czechoslovak state in the region could be consolidated. However, Å robÃĄr misjudged the situation and did not anticipate that the Hungarian-speaking population of the occupied territories would not only be unable to accept the change in the constitutional law, but also would feel that the Czechoslovak occupation had led to a decline in their democratic and social rights. In February 1919, the intertwining of national and social grievances triggered railway and postal strikes and in a few cities (e.g., KomÃĄrno, LuÄenec, and KoÅĄice) even general strikes, which simultaneously expressed the populationâs protest against their deprivation of democratic rights and against the new state. The strike wave lasted throughout February, and when it finally subsided, there were just a little over two weeks left until March 15, the most important Hungarian national holiday, the anniversary of the 1848â1849 Revolution and War of Independence. The Revolution and War of Independence of 1848â1849 undoubtedly played an important role in Hungarian national memory, although the commemorations held on this day could not have been given an official overtone in the Austro-Hungarian Monarchy ruled by the Habsburgs. At the same time, in the first years of the 20th century, in almost every major Hungarian city, including the areas that were attached to Czechoslovakia after 1918, a statue was inaugurated that provided a place for remembering 1848â1849 and played an important role in strengthening the traditions of historical Hungary. Thus, Hungarians gathered every year on March 15 by the statue to commemorate the heroic soldiers of the Battle of Branyiszko in KoÅĄice, by the statues of Lajos Kossuth in LuÄenec, RoÅūÅava, and NovÃĐ ZÃĄmky (ÃrsekÚjvÃĄr), by the statue of SÃĄndor PetÅfi in Bratislava (Pozsony, Pressburg) and by the statue of GyÃķrgy Klapka in KomÃĄrno. Å robÃĄr, still under the influence of the recent experience of the general strike, wanted to prevent exactly these scenarios, as he was afraid that the commemorations of 1848 would be used by the Hungarian population to express their commitment to Hungary and their rejection of the new state. Moreover, since he did not want to allow this anyway, the plenipotentiary minister, in his decree of March 3, prohibited the celeb ration of March 15.8 In his letter to the sheriffs governing the counties (âcounty headsâ), he specifically emphasized the importance of preventing schools, churches, or other institutions from organizing any kind of ceremony, and he threatened to dismiss teachers, priests, and officials from their jobs if they were to violate the prohibition. An important part of government communication about the ban was the criminalization of 1848 and the intention to make the commemoration of the ideals of the revolution an anti-state, irredentist activity. Therefore, the ban on the holiday was justified by declaring the 1848â1849 Revolution and War of Independence a chauvinist and imperialist (sic!) event. Furthermore, it was also argued several times that Budapest wanted to flood Slovakia with agitators during the holiday so that they could organize demonstrations against Czechoslovakia. The Police Captain of KoÅĄice Jozef V. Kohout went even further and stated that the purpose of the Hungarian commemorations scheduled for March 15 was to provoke chaos and a general uprising so that the peace conference would see that those living there did not accept Czechoslovakia.9 The result of the governmentâs propaganda was that it intensified the anti-Hungarian sentiment of the Czechoslovak public and the army, and promoted the spread of rumors that the Hungarian population was preparing for some kind of action against Czechoslovakia. The authorities were therefore greatly preparing for March 15. The orders of the Commander in Chief of the Czechoslovak Army in Slovakia General Luigi Piccione were primarily aimed at avoiding a violent confrontation between the population and the army while maintaining public security. This was served by the provision that on March 14th, starting at noon, the soldiers had to wait in retreat in the barracks. They were allowed to patrol with loaded guns and bayonets, but without hand grenades, while they were forbidden to mix with the local population. They had to avoid, as much as possible, all provocations and situations that could lead to violent outcomes.10 As a result of the ban on the holiday as well as Piccioneâs measures, March 15 was marked by a low-key celebration in the Hungarian-inhabited areas of Czechoslovakia without major conflicts. The strict prohibition was effective: there were no public mass events. However, the celebration was not cancelled; it was only pushed back behind the closed doors of churches and community halls, and it was limited to visiting memorial sites on an individual, unorganized basis. Public events that mobilized a significant number of people took place mostly where the Social Democrats, who were at the time the only organized political force among the Hungarian population, held strong positions: in KomÃĄrno, Bratislava, and KoÅĄice. The Social Democrats in KomÃĄrno, lacking any other option, expressed with leaflets their relation to the ideals of the 1848â1849 Revolution and to the Hungarian state: âwhile even just a drop of blood flows in our veins we will never give up the freedom of our Hungarian nation, and we will never agree to be broken away from the free Hungary.â11 At the same time, the cityâs population was called upon to stop working, which it did; on the morning of March 15, work in the factories stopped, and stores and offices closed. In the afternoon, commemorations took place in the interiors of city and church buildings, i.e. inside municipal and ecclesiastical buildings. In Bratislava, it was the Labour Council, also led by the Hungarian-German Social Democrats, that condemned the ban on the commemorations, calling it a âdepriving and terroristicâ measure. At the same time, just like in KomÃĄrno, they announced a one-hour general strike for the morning of March 15.12 On March 15, Bratislava was a rainy and quiet, almost deserted city. The strike began at 9 a.m., and all the factories, banks, shops, and trams shut down. The silence of the streets was disturbed by the noises of infantry and cavalry patrols, whose main task was to remove the wreaths and flowers deposited at the statue of SÃĄndor PetÅfi on the SÃĐtatÃĐr, since despite the ban, the pedestal of the statue had already been co vered with flowers by noon.13 While the holiday passed in tense silence but without open conflicts in KomÃĄrno and Bratislava, the events of March 15 in KoÅĄice turned out differently. It is impossible to determine why exactly the events turned violent and why two innocent civilians paid with their lives, but the frustration of the Hungarians in KoÅĄice with strong national self-awareness certainly contributed to it, as did the anti-Hungarian nationalist atmosphere in the Czechoslovak army that was fueled even more by Å robÃĄrâs policies. In KoÅĄice, the decree prohibiting the celebration of March 15 was promulgated on March 5th. (MolnÃĄr / 3 1942: 460â461) Nevertheless, it had already been perceivable in the days before March 15 that the ban would not be accepted by everyone, especially students. Therefore, Police Captain Kohout made a special appeal to them, urging them not to wear national colors and not to try to express their national feelings externally, but to be content to celebrate in their hearts. (MolnÃĄr/3 1942: 487) Following Piccioneâs orders, the troops stationed in KoÅĄice remained in their quarters on March 15. The enforcement of the order was the responsibility of a city police force consisting of 70 members, which was reinforced by 14 military police officers and a further 110 soldiers.14 According to the Kassai NaplÃģ, Police Captain Kohout, who expected that young people would not fully comply with the prohibition decrees, ordered patrols to have some tolerance for people displaying Hungarian national colors on their outfits, and to intervene only if provoked.15 Kohout was right in his expectation that the Hungarians in KoÅĄice would not cancel the commemoration. It could also be anticipated that the military statute on FÅ utca (High Street) would be the focal point of the events. Indeed, groups gathered and placed flowers and wreaths by the statue starting early in the morning. The city police tolerated these activities, just as they tolerated that many people were walking down the street with a bouquet of flowers tied with a cockade of Hungarian national colors or with red ribbon, even though they removed the wreaths placed on the statue and dissolved the gatherings. However, as the crowd on FÅ utca began to grow, military patrols started to appear. They were no longer so tolerant, and began to tear off badges and cockades of passers-by, which almost lead to minor conflicts. On the whole, however, despite the tension, March 15 passed without major incidents in KoÅĄice. Two days later, however, at dawn, when the streets were still empty, a group of soldiers from the 71st Infantry Regiment of the Czechoslovak Army marched to the Hungarian military memorial and knocked it down after a short and unequal fight. First they cut its head off; then they knocked over the 15-ton statue with steel bars. The news of the barbaric act travelled quickly, and the Hungarian population began to gather by the demolished statue. In the morning, a crowd of about 2000â3000 people sang the Hungarian anthem and the âKossuth songâ (a well known military tune) several times. Meanwhile, the troops marched out onto the streets with increased reiforcements, but they were unable to handle the situation and eventually fired into the crowd. Two people were shot and killed: Ilona ÃrdÃķgh, a 37-year-old maid, and Aranka Hervacsics, a 13-year-old newsgirl. While the victimsâ bodies were taken to the parish courtyard, the soldiers proceed to march in a line along FÅ utca (âHigh Streetâ) and dissolve the crowd with a series of warning shots. The streets became empty, trams stopped, and only the sound of patrols could be heard. KoÅĄice was transformed into a besieged city.16 The next day, a commemoration and funeral were held. The Social Democrats announced a strike in KoÅĄice: factories shut down, traffic stopped, and church bells tolled on March 18th. About 6,000 people appeared at the funeral ceremony, which turned into a silent demonstration. Troops remained in their barracks, and only six officers of the local police (âcity gendarmesâ) kept patrolling. Apart from during the church ceremony, no speeches were made at the tomb, but the crowd sang the national anthem.17 There seemed to be agreement on what had occurred, as the demolition of the military statue was described by both County Sheriff (âCounty Headâ) SekÃĄÄ and the cityâs military commander, Colonel FrantiÅĄek SchÃķbl, as a barbaric and unfortunate act. Similarly, not only the Hungarian newspapers in KoÅĄice but also the pro-government SlovenskÃ― vÃ―chod condemned the events, even though it blamed the militaristic of the Austro-Hungarian Army for the vandalism and bestiality.18 The county sheriff (âCounty Headâ) promised to take the responsible people to court and to rebuild the military statue. In retrospect, however, it is clear that none of the promises were fulfilled: the soldiers were not punished, and the military statue was never rebuilt, just as nobody was ever held accountable for the unnecessary deaths of the two victims. May 1, the Controlled Holiday Although the government of Czechoslovakia declared the International Workersâ Day (also known as International Labour Day) both a national and public holiday as early as March 27, 1919, which was uncommon, in fact a rarity in contemporary Europe (HorÃĄk 2018: 222-223), the first Czechoslovak May 1 was not characterized by the atmosphere of picnics and parades as it was in other countries, especially not in the Slovak part of the country, where the Workersâ Day was a holiday directed and controlled by the authorities. The reasons are found primarily in the political and military situation of the time. After the Bolsheviks seized power in Hungary on March 21, 1919, and the 133-day period of the Soviet Republic of Hungary began, relations between Czechoslovakia and Hungary became even more tense. Fearing the spread of Bolshevik ideas in Slovakia, Minister Å robÃĄr introduced martial law, an important element of which, among other restrictions on freedoms, was the internment of Hungarian and German workersâ leaders (See more in Simon 2020). At the same time, Czechoslovakia had begun preparations for a military action against Hungary, aimed at the occupation of the so-called second demarcation line, that is, pushing the future Czechoslovak-Hungarian state border even further south. The Czechoslovak attack eventually began on April 27, and the subsequent war created a negative context for the upcoming holiday of May 1. In addition, during the days just before the Czechoslovak attack, the martial law, introduced earlier, was extended to include further measures. 19 After such antecedents, it was not surprising that Minister Å robÃĄr, referring to the martial law, only allowed the celebration of Labour Day behind closed doors, and only if the commemoration would not disturb the law and order. (HorÃĄk 2018: 226) As a consequence, whether or not a festive event could be held was decided by the authorities, with the result that while they were for the most part allowed in the Slovak ethnic region, public events were banned in the Hungarian ones. In KoÅĄice, where the local Social Democrats were organizing events to mobilize large crowds, everything was banned, and ceremonies were held only in two military barracks in the city.20 In Bratislava, where the Social Democrats had traditionally been strong, Labour/Labour Day had been a holiday with an established set of traditions from before World War I, an important part of which was the parade through the city center and the subsequent picnic. (Benko 2020: 39) In 1919, however, the usual celebration was not possible at all. Yet, what made the situation unusual was that on the right bank of the Danube, which still belonged to Hungary at the time, the Bolshevik authorities held spectacular ceremonies: the Danube bank was flagged and a parade proceeded along the Danube bank. Thus, the people of Bratislava on the left bank could see the celebration on the other side, and they could even read the inscriptions on the banners there. However, in Bratislava itself, May 1 was spent in silence, almost in a mournful mood. The journal HÃradÃģ even commented, referring to the mood and weather prevailing in the city, that âit looked more like All Saintsâ Day rather than Labour Day.â21 On May 1 in KomÃĄrno there were even several deaths, in fact. On the night of May 1, workers from GyÅr and Tata, together with some red soldiers, inspired by the Bolshevik Hungarian authorities wishing to export the communist revolution to the entire Carpathian Basin, and thus launched an attack on KomÃĄrno. The attack failed, but the Czechoslovak military retaliation was harsh: the attackers were trapped on Elizabeth Island, where the Czechoslovak soldiers brutally slaughtered them, and several of the cityâs civilians were also killed in the streets. The number of victims of the tragic May 1 incident is still not known for certain, but probably exceeded 300. As a result, a military dictatorship was declared in KomÃĄrno on May 1, and a curfew was introduced. Instead of there being a festive parade, only armed soldiers walked the streets, and the city experienced some of the most difficult hours in its history. August 20, the Shifted Holiday St. Stephenâs Day, celebrated on August 20, is the oldest Hungarian holiday. The day of the canonization of King Stephen I of Hungary became a legal holiday as early as 1083, during the reign of King St. Ladislaus. (Gyarmati 1995: 87) At that time the holiday primarily aimed to strengthen Christianity and legitimize the ruling power, but it has undergone several transformations over the centuries, both in appearance and message. During the period of the Austro-Hungarian Empire, August 20, while retaining its ecclesiastical appearance, was gaining an increasingly secular and social character. At that time, through featuring the symbols of the Hungarian state and the Hungarian nation, August 20 did not only serve as a manifestation of Hungarian statehood, but also the supremacy of Hungarians in the Carpathian Basin. However, changes in the holidayâs status over time did not change the fact that August 20 had deep roots among the Catholic population (and not only among the Hungarians). People expressed their devotion by attending worships, refraining from work, and wearing festive costumes on that day. While March 15 had already been filled with some kind of opposition and rebellious content already during the Austro-Hungarian times, and thus it was obvious to the average person that it carried a political message, August 20 was more like a perso nal/intimate holiday that was distanced from politics. Thus, the Hungarians who were ceded to Czechoslovakia could hope that, unlike on March 15, it would be possible to celebrate more freely. This hope was probably strengthened by the fact that by the summer of 1919, the peace conference had already determined the final Czechoslovak-Hungarian state border, and the military conflict between the two countries had ended. This entailed the promise of a less troubled and more peaceful period than the previous one, as well as the chance that some kind of compromise could be reached between the Hungarian minority living in Slovakia and the authorities. Indeed, the domestic political and economic situations seemed to be consolidating, but the situation in the field of memory politics remained tense. In the previous months, although the culprits were never officially caught, allegedly Czechoslovak legionaries had demolished several Hungarian-related monuments in the southern Slovak region, including the statue of Lajos Kossuth in NovÃĐ ZÃĄmky and RoÅūÅava. In addition, on June 24th, the minister issued another decree prohibiting the inclusion of the names of the former monarchy or of persons who had or have been hostile to the âCzechoslovak nation or stateâ on public institutions, companies, buildings, and public spaces (e.g., streets and squares).22 The latter definition was meant to refer to the great personalities of Hungarian national history, including not only politicians, but also writers and artists who had nothing to do with politics. Furthermore, the power sought to fill the symbolic space and strengthen its legitimacy by introducing new holidays and rites, such as the celebration of July 14th, the national holiday of the âgreat allyâ France, which was immeasurably foreign and distant to the Hungarian population. Hungarians did not understand why they had to celebrate the national holiday of the France but were not allowed to celebrate the day of their first king, St. Stephen. Ultimately, however, as a result of the ministerâs decree Nr. 1415/1919, festive masses on August 20 were banned,23 and in the case of the churches that were consecrated on August 20, the celebratory mass had to held a week later.24 At the same time, it was ordered that August 20 should not be a public holiday and stores should be open as well. The church, which was Slovakized within a few weeks of the regime change, assis ted the state-introduced ban on festive masses: decree No. 3385 of the Archbishopâs Office of Nagyszombat, dated August 4, forbade the holding of festive masses in the churches on August 20.25 Their reason for the ban was that St. Stephenâs Day is actually not August 20, but rather September 2. Thus, the ordinance claimed that priests who hold a festive mass service on August 20 would be violating church regulations.26 All this meant that while any ecclesiastical or secular remembrance was banned on August 20, an attempt was made to shift the ecclesiastical part of St. Stephenâs Day to another date: September 2, a day that was not burdened by the idea of Hungarian statehood. Due to the lack of relevant sources, it is difficult to paint an accurate picture of how the celebration of August 20 took place in 1919. In newspapers, albeit carefully and by avoiding the mention of historical Hungary, the first king of Hungary could be commemorated. In churches, however, neither festive masses nor sermons were held, at least not in locations with a strong presence of authorities. As a result, Hungarians in Bratislava and in other cities could celebrate only in their hearts. Thus August 20 (falling on a Wednesday in 1919) was just a weekday like any other, somewhat similar to August 20, 1920, about which the Bratislava HÃradÃģ wrote: âThe exterior of the city, of course, did not undress its mundaneness as the factories were running and the stores were open. Yet we all felt that it was a holiday, and the old beautiful memories were renewed in us… painfully, never ceasing!â27 In rural areas, however, the situation was different, especially in Catholic villages. The villagers did not work and dressed in celebratory attire. As former Chief Sheriff (âCounty Headâ) DÃĐnes BittÃģ pointed out at the General Assembly of the Bratislava County Legislative Committee, held on October 6, although the authorities forbade the celebration and the masses were cancelled, in the countryside people stopped working for a day and still celebrated.28 The ban on the celebration of St. Stephenâs Day triggered strong emotions in many regions. For many, it signaled more clearly than before the expected direction of the Czechoslovak governmentâs ethnic policy, and made cooperation with Prague unacceptable. The ban was discussed, for example, at the meeting of the KomÃĄrno County Legislative Committee, where the Hungarian members of the committee asked the county sheriff (âCounty Headâ), âWhy canât we commemorate our first holy king? Singing the national anthem has also been banned. Why are we banned from singing âGod bless the Hungarianâ?â29 The resignation of the chief judge of the PÃĄrkÃĄny district, ElemÃĐr Reviczky, was another consequence of the banned (or shifted) holiday. Reviczky was a popular public servant who resigned not long before August 20 and moved to Esztergom, Hungary, which was on the other side of the demarcation line. He explained his resignation in a statement on September 1 as follows: âI will never issue, sign, or enforce decrees that prohibit the use of the national color and cancel patriotic holidays.â30 October 28, the Compulsory Holiday In contemporary Czechoslovak public discourse, the formation of the Czechoslovak state was interpreted as a historical necessity, as was the liberation of the Czechs and Slovaks and the reunification of the Czechoslovak nation. Accordingly, the commemoration of October 28 was seen as an important element of Czechoslovak identity, social cohesion, and loyalty to the state. (HÃĄjkovÃĄ 2018: 83) The idea to declare October 28 as a public holiday arose as early as March 1919, but it was not until October 14, 1919, that the Prague National Assembly declared the day of the proclamation of the Czechoslovak Republic a public and national holiday. (HÃĄjkovÃĄ 2018: 85) The traditions of the holiday itself, of course, developed but gradually in the early 1920s, but strong emphasis was put from the outset on ensuring that the holiday had a calm and dignified atmosphere and was not defined by various official restrictions. At the same time, it was ensured that the patriotic nature of the holiday was not to be disturbed by statements or protests motivated by national or political motives. The first October 28 was celebrated in all of Czechoslovakia with great splendor, although there was a noticeable difference between the celebrations in the Czech Republic and Slovakia, and the difference between the Slovak and Hungarian areas was even more obvious. Although October 28 was also celebrated in southern Slovakia, where, unlike in the Czech and Slovak regions, the emphasis was not on mass events; instead, the central elements of festivities in those parts were the festive church services, the ceremonial speeches in the presence of state officials and soldiers, and the parade of garrison soldiers. In KoÅĄice, for example, the ceremony had been planned to last for two days, beginning on October 27. On the afternoon of the October 27, there was a requiem mass in the public cemetery, a festive concert at the National Theater, and a lantern parade in the evening streets. The main programs of the next day were festive services, a military parade, and sports games. (MolnÃĄr 1942/6: 449â450) Although the authorities were concerned that the Hungarian population would try to undermine the dignity of the holiday, according to reports submitted to the office of the president, this did not happen, and October 28 passed without any conflict. The local Hungarians âbehaved loyally, all day long there was a dignified Sunday-like peace,â notes a report from KomÃĄrno.31 A summary sent to KoÅĄice also reported that although the Hungarians became discouraged by the magnificent holiday celebrations, they still behaved in a restrained and correct manner.32 However, what this behavior really meant is revealed by the report on the RimavskÃĄ Sobota ceremony, which, in detailing the success and splendor of the holiday, succinctly noted that âthere were no Hungarians. Neither the courthouse nor the grammar school displayed the state flag.â In other words, the calmness was rooted in the fact that the Hungarian population expressed their emotions by their absence. The Hungarians essentially ignored the holiday, which is also indicated by the fact that the Hungarian press in Slovakia did not provide any information about the holiday. HÃradÃģ of Bratislava merely issued, on the same day, a brief piece of news that the paper would not be published the next day due to the holidays.33 The two KomÃĄrno-based weekly newspapers, the KomÃĄromi Lapok and the KomÃĄromi ÃjsÃĄg, did not report, not even in later editions, that there had been any celebration in the city during the previous days. Instead, the November 1 issue of the KomÃĄromi Lapok devoted a long editorial to what came to be known as the Aster Revolution with the title October Although the reports did not evaluate, and did not comment on the Hungariansâ absence from the state holiday, the requirement that they take part in the ceremonies, thereby expressing their loyalty to the Czechoslovak state, appeared from time to time. An example was KoÅĄice, where Mayor MutÅanskÃ― made it compulsory for all employees of the town hall to attend the festive church service. (MolnÃĄr 6/19/1942: 451-452) When Councilor KÃĄlmÃĄn Varga did not attend the mass, the mayor told him to provide an appropriate excuse, and described his absence as an anti-state demonstration. Scrutinizing the four public holidays of 1919 does not only make it clear that the authorities interfered in how the holidays were celebrated, but also that the interfe rence through the prohibition or support of certain holidays was so significant that it restricted the freedoms of expression and religion to some extent. The ban on holidays related to the Hungarian national past and the legalization of holidays strengthening the legitimacy of the Czechoslovak state in the context of 1919 may seem to be logical and understandable measures, as Slovakia spent the year essentially in a war situation. However, the bans on celebrating March 15 and August 20 were in force throughout the existence of the first Czechoslovak Republic, and in the following years a whole series of lawsuits was filed against those who had placed a wrath of Hungarian national colors at a memorial site on March 15 and those who had sung the Hungarian national anthem. Moreover, the authorities increasingly expected Hungarians to take part in the Czechoslovak holidays. On President Masarykâs birthday, just as on the national holidays of France and the members states of the allience known as Little Entente, commemorations had to be held in Hungarian schools. Attending the celebrations on October 28 had increasingly become an expectation; it was considered not only as a sign of loyalty to the Czechoslovak state, but also as proof of commitment to the republican ideas of statehood and to democracy. The authorities tried to persuade the Hungarians to take part in the festivities by various means. This provoked particularly heated debates on the occasion of the 10th anniversary of the foundation of the Czechoslovak state in 1928, when there was much debate in the National Assembly and in the press about the participation of Hungarians in the ceremonies.35 According to Maurer, a democratic state gives its citizens the freedom to not participate in celebrations (cited by Mannova 2019: 131), just as, in my opinion, the right to commemorate their own holidays. In the case of Czechoslovakia, however, this freedom was limited. When we evaluate the democracy of the first Czechoslovak Republic, we should not forget about this aspect. Archival Sources ArchÃv kancelÃĄÅe prezidenta republiky, Praha (AKPR), fond KancelÃĄÅ prezidenta republiky (f. KPR) ArchÃv Mesta KoÅĄice (AMKo), fond MagistrÃĄt Mesta KoÅĄÃc (f. MMKo) NÃĄrodnà archiv ÄR, Praha (NA ÄR), fond PresÃdium ministerstva vnitra, AMV 225 (f. AMV-PMV 225) SlovenskÃ― nÃĄrodnÃ― archÃv, Bratislava (SNA), fond Jozef Kohout (f. Kohout) fond KrajinskÃ― Úrad Bratislava (f. Kà Ba) fond Ministerstvo plnou mocou pre sprÃĄvu Slovenska (f. MPS) Å tÃĄtny archÃv Bratislava (Å A Ba), fond BratislavskÃĄ Åūupa I. (f. BÅ― I.) VojenskÃ― ÚstÅednÃ― archiv, Praha (VÃA), fond Ministerstvo nÃĄrodnà obrany â prezÃdium, 1918â1923 (f. MNO. prez.) fond Velitelstvà zÃĄpadnà skupiny (f. ZS-Slov) Press Sources Esztergom ÃĐs VidÃĐke 1919 FelvidÃĐki Magyar HÃrlap 1939 HÃradÃģ 1919, 1920 Kassai NaplÃģ 1919 KomÃĄromi Lapok 1919 KomÃĄromi UjsÃĄg 1919 PrÃĄgai Magyar HÃrlap 1928 SlovenskÃ― dennÃk 1919 SlovenskÃ― vÃ―chod 1919 ÃradnÃĐ noviny 1919 Assmann, Jan 2004. A kulturÃĄlis emlÃĐkezet. ÃrÃĄs, emlÃĐkezÃĐs ÃĐs politikai identitÃĄs a korai magaskultÚrÃĄkban. Budapest, Atlantisz. Benko, Juraj 2020. Rok 1918 a demokratizÃĄcia Slovenska. Bodka za dlhÃ―m vÃ―vojom? In: Benko, Juraj â DudekovÃĄ KovÃĄÄovÃĄ, Gabriela a kol.: âS Äūudom a pre Äūud.â Cesty k demokracii na Slovensku za monarchie a prvej republiky. Bratislava, HÃ SAV âVeda, 27â62. Declaration of Independence of the Czechoslovak Nation by its Provisional Government. New York, Printed for the Czechoslovak Arts Club by the Marchbanks Press, 1918. (https://archive.org/details/declarationofind00czec/page/n5/mode/2up; last accessed 2021.04.20.) Gyarmati, GyÃķrgy 1995. A nemzettudat-hasadÃĄs Þnnepi koreogrÃĄfiÃĄja. MozgÃģ VilÃĄg, 21. ÃĐvf. 8. sz. 87â99. HÃĄjkovÃĄ, Dagmar â Michela, Miroslav 2018. Oslavy 28. ÅÃjna. In: HÃĄjkovÃĄ, Dagmar â HorÃĄk, Pavel â Kessler, VojtÄch â Michela, Miroslav (eds.): SlÃĄva republice! OficiÃĄlnà svÃĄtky a oslavy v mezivÃĄleÄnÃĐm Äeskoslovensku. Praha, Academia â MasarykÅŊv Ústav a Archiv AV ÄR, 75â136. HorÃĄk, Pavel 2018. Prvnà mÃĄj. In: HÃĄjkovÃĄ, Dagmar â HorÃĄk, Pavel â Kessler, VojtÄch â Michela, Miroslav (eds.): SlÃĄva republice! OficiÃĄlnà svÃĄtky a oslavy v mezivÃĄleÄnÃĐm Äeskoslovensku. Praha, Academia â MasarykÅŊv Ústav a Archiv AV ÄR, 219â266. KodajovÃĄ, Daniela 2012: NÃĄrodnÃĐ oslavy a slÃĄvnosti ako prezentÃĄcia nacionalizmu. In: KuÅĄnirÃĄkovÃĄ, Ingrid a kol.: âVyjdeme v noci vo fakÄūovom sprievode a rozsvietime svetâ. IntegraÄnÃ― a mobilizaÄnÃ― vÃ―znam slÃĄvnostà v Åūivote spoloÄnosti. Bratislava, HistorickÃ― Ústav SAV, 71â91. KuÄera, Jaroslav 1999. Koncepce nÃĄrodnÃho stÃĄtu ÄechÅŊ a SlovÃĄkÅŊ a jeho realita v ÅūivotÄ prvnà republiky. In: VorÃĄÄek, Emil â Harna, Josef (red.): Äeskoslovensko 1918-1938. Osudy demokracie ve stÅednà EvropÄ. SbornÃk z mezinÃĄrodnà vÄdeckÃĐ konference. DÃl 2. Praha, HistorickÃ― Ústav AV ÄR, 602â610. Mannova, Elena 2019: SlÃĄvenie transcendentna alebo oslavovanie moci? In: Mannova, Elena: MinulosÅĨ ako supermarket. SpÃīsoby reprezentÃĄcie a aktualizÃĄcie dejÃn Slovenska. Bratislava, HistorickÃ― Ústav Slovenskej akadÃĐmie vied â Veda, vydavateÄūstvo Slovenskej akadÃĐmie vied, 124â137. Michela, Miroslav 2018. Uhorsko-MaÄarskÃĐ tradÃcie. In: HÃĄjkovÃĄ, Dagmar â HorÃĄk, Pavel â Kessler, VojtÄch â Michela, Miroslav (eds.): SlÃĄva republice! OficiÃĄlnà svÃĄtky a oslavy v mezivÃĄleÄnÃĐm Äeskoslovensku. Praha, Academia â MasarykÅŊv Ústav a Archiv AV ÄR, 431â468. MolnÃĄr, MiklÃģs 1942. KassÃĄtÃģl KoÅĄicÃĐig. TÃķrtÃĐnelmi adatgyÅąjtemÃĐny az 1918â1919 ÃĐvi forradalom, vÃķrÃķs uralom ÃĐs a csehszlovÃĄk ÃĄllam megalakulÃĄsa idejÃĐbÅl IâVI. Manuscript. Kassa. Simon, Attila 2020. InternÃĄcie z juÅūnÃĐho Slovenska v roku 1919. Dodatok k charakteru dubovÃĐho ÄeskoslovenskÃĐho ÅĄtÃĄtu. HistorickÃ― Äasopis, roÄ. 68, Ä. 2. 271-290. Simon, Attila 2012. The Hungarians of Slovakia in 1938. New York, Boulder Co. The Banned, the Controlled, the Shifted, and the Compulsory 89 In the Margins of a Party Resolution. The 1968 Resolution of the Political Committee of the Hungarian Socialist Workersâ Party on the Situation of the Nationalities in Hungary After World War II, the policy on nationalities in the communist countries was entirely defined by the adoption of the Soviet model and the application of the principle of automatism, according to which the national minorities would sooner or later assimilate into majority society. Citing proletarian internationalism, the political leadership emphasized that an individualâs identity was largely determined by his or her social class. As a result, while promoting civil equality, the authorities addressed the needs and demands of minorities only for tactical reasons and only until the consolidation of the regime. In Hungary, a correction to the Stalinist nationalities policy began to be implemented in the latter half of the 1960s based on the catch phrase ânational form, socialist content.â Changes in the domestic and foreign political situations as well as the process of European dÃĐtente enabled, or indeed required, this policy shift. In domestic political terms, a particularly significant factor was the consolidation of those who had attained power after the Hungarian Revolution of 1956. By the early 1960s, members of this elite group had consolidated their power by means of âinstitutional restoration,â retribution (reprisals and retaliatory measures), measures to secure the support of certain groups in society, and the collectivization of agriculture. The KÃĄdÃĄr regime also unilaterally ânormalizedâ its relations with the churches and their members (many of whom had shown passive resistance) and with leading intellectuals. Between 1958 and 1961, the regime subdued the countryâs peasant farmers, who had been resisting the communist authorities for a decade. The collectivization of agriculture directly impacted Hungaryâs minorities, as most people from ethnic minority backgrounds lived in rural areas. Owing in part to collectivization, large numbers of people, especially the young, abandoned the villages. Internal migration further weakened communities. Despite these trends, the party leadership was forced to acknowledge that, contrary to expectations, the assimilation of the nationalities in Hungary had failed to take place during the preceding decade and a half. There was a realization that these groups could not be integrated into society by negating or denying their ethnic identity. Moreover, the deteriorating situation of the Hungarian minorities in the neighboring countries spurred the party leadership to reconsider its domestic nationalities policy. The regimeâs passive stance in this field had caused discontent among the countryâs intellectuals and in other sections of society. Indeed, the KÃĄdÃĄr party leadership was facing pressure from the leaders of the minority communities in Hungary and from the broader Hungarian public. (BÃĄrdi 2004: 91-94; Dobos 2011: 84-85; Egry 2010: 38-39) Concurrently, major changes were underway in the foreign policy arena. Indeed, the mid-1950s saw the beginning of a gradual transformation of the bipolar world that was based on a fateful confrontation between the United States and the Soviet Union. Cold War tensions were gradually replaced by a realization that neither superpower could impose its will on the other. Their only remaining option was âcoexistenceâ and cooperation. This change of attitude was first seen at the Geneva Summit of July 18â23, 1955. Although in the Paris Treaties of October 1954 the three Western Powers had committed themselves to the cause of German reunification, in Geneva they gave way to the intransigence of the Soviet side. That is to say, they acknowledged that the Soviet Union would not enter into talks on German reunification in view of the exclusively Western European orientation of the Federal Republic of Germany (the FRG, or West Germany), its membership of NATO, and its rearmament. Rather than pressing for German reunification, the Western Powers began prioritizing a broader European security framework. (Fischer 1992: 152-169; GÃķrtemaker 2003: 324-328; BÃĐkÃĐs 2004: 136-141) During discussions in Moscow (September 9â13, 1955), Konrad Adenauer was likewise forced to abandon his original ideas. He was seeking â in exchange for the establishment of diplomatic relations â both Soviet recognition of the reunification of Germany and the release of more than 90,000 German nationals who were still being held captive in the Soviet Union. The Soviet side rejected both demands. Ultimately, Adenauer was forced to agree to the establishment of diplomatic relations in exchange for an informal commitment from the Soviet party leadership to facilitate the repatriation of German citizens. By seeking this measure, however, Adenauer himself streng thened the Soviet sideâs theory of âtwo German states,â for the accord recognized the other Germany. To mitigate the negative impact of this forced concession, the Hallstein Doctrine was formulated. Under the doctrine, the FRG claimed to speak for all Germans (as their sole legitimate representative), while West Berlin was considered a part of the country. The FRG also made it clear that it would refuse to maintain diplomatic relations with any country that recognized the German Democratic Republic (the GDR, or East Germany). 1 With the progress of dÃĐtente in Europe, it became increasingly obvious that the two opposing camps could not avoid economic cooperation and political dialogue. Concurrently, the fault lines within the Soviet Bloc became ever clearer, with each of the various countries seeking to realize their own national interests more effectively. Both phenomena were reflected in Hungaryâs foreign policy. On the one hand, the government declared its willingness to cooperate with the Western countries where such cooperation was not directed against a third party. This opening was assisted by the establishment, in late 1966, of a grand coalition in the FRG, whereupon the new foreign minister, Willy Brandt of the Social Democratic Party, abandoned the Hallstein Doctrine, the cornerstone of West German foreign policy. Meanwhile the Hungarian party leadership took a firmer stand within the Eastern Bloc. The regime more forcefully and consistently represented the countryâs interests in Comecon talks. KÃĄdÃĄr also gave in to external and internal pressures in the nationalities question, which had overshadowed HungarianâRomanian relations. In talks with the Romanian and the Soviet leaders, KÃĄdÃĄr mentioned on several occasions the various grievances of the Hungarian minority in Romania, including the abolition of the Maros-Hungarian Autonomous Region and the deplorable state of native language instruction and the system of Hungarian institutions. At the same time, he firmly reminded those intellectuals who had been advocating on behalf of the Hungarian ethnic minorities that nationalism could not be met with natio nalism, as this would further inflame sentiments. He argued, moreover, that there were no grounds in international law for action on the part of Hungary, and that such action could well boomerang. A firmer stand might even worsen the situation of Hungarians living outside Hungary. Third, he stressed that if socialist development in Hungary were to unfold in a positive manner, this would have a positive knock-on effect on the domestic nationalities and on the Hungarians living outside Hungary. (FÃķldes 2016: 77-98) The changes in Hungaryâs nationalities policy in the latter half of the 1960s should be analyzed as part of, and in interaction with, the process outlined above. Foreign policy considerations â the situation of the Hungarian minorities abroad and relations with the divided Germany â were more influential on nationalities policy than had been the case previously. At the turn of the 1960s, the policies of countries in East-Central Europe towards their German minorities were seen as part of the broader German question in Europe. By the mid-1960s, the different levels of development within the Eastern Bloc had led to economic conflicts of interest among the Comecon countries. Discord on ideological and strategic issues then led Romania and Yugoslavia to distance themselves (for different reasons) from Moscow and from the other Eastern Bloc countries. In relations between the various states, the frozen conflicts of earlier decades (including the situation of the minorities) resurfaced. After 1956, the situation of the Hungarian political leadership was peculiar in seve ral respects. First, the KÃĄdÃĄr regime had branded the independence goals of the revolutionaries as nationalistic, thus defining itself as anti-nationalist. Second, in view of the legitimization and support received from the other communist countries, the regime could not opt for a specifically national form of communism. Reflecting these constraints, the Hungarian leadership declared on several occasions that in its relations with other states it considered the nationalities issue to be a domestic matter. It thereby accepted that policy towards the minority Hungarian communities should be defined by internationalism and the principle of automatism. In the mid-1960s, how ever, the processes outlined above compelled the Hungarian party leadership to reconsider both its national policy and its nationalities policy.2 The leadership cited the economic and social changes of the preceding 10 years as justification for a review of policy. Indeed, it claimed that such changes necessitated a revision of the Political Committeeâs (Political Committee of the Hungarian Socialist Workersâ Party, HSWP PC) 1958 resolution on the situation of the nationalities. There was a need not only for policy changes but also for the addition of new tasks. The Ministry of Culture drafted the new policy position, but the county council and party apparatuses also contributed to the work, as did several other government ministries, the nationality associations, and various minority policy experts, among them LÃĄszlÃģ KÅvÃĄgÃģ, Endre AratÃģ, and G. GÃĄbor KemÃĐny.3 The decisions were prepared with far greater academic rigor than in earlier years. LÃĄszlÃģ KÅvÃĄgÃģ was asked to compile a study titled âThe nationalities question in the Peopleâs Republic of Hungary,â concerning which a series of debates was held at the Institute of Social Science of the Central Committee of the Hungarian Socialist Workersâ Party (HSWP CC) between July and December 1967. At the institute, the study formed part of a research program on âsocialist patriotism and socialist internationalism.â During the debates, however, it became clear that a focus on the nationalities in Hungary made it possible to reflect upon a series of questions â assimilation, bilingualism, and institutional provision â that were also relevant when drafting policy towards the minority Hungarian communities.4 All participants in the debate emphasized that the foreign policy aspects of the issue had to be considered when elaborating new guidelines relating to nationalities policy. For instance, the Ministry of Foreign Affairs underlined that the nationalities po licy in Hungary obviously influenced the situation of the Hungarian communities in the neighboring countries where the governments often viewed Hungaryâs nationalities po licy as a benchmark and were seeking to adhere to the principle of parity in respect of rights and opportunities. Staff at the ministry argued that a generous nationalities po licy in Hungary would serve as an indirect incentive to neighboring countries in their policies towards the Hungarian minorities. In their view, it was detrimental to argue â as was often done particularly in the lower levels of public administration â that the nationalities issue was no longer significant in Hungary in view of advanced assimilation. In preparation for a new nationalities policy, it was deemed necessary to explore, in the light of the equality of citizens, whether or not the ethnic rights of the nationalities were being implemented in the cultural, economic, and political fields. It was proposed to regulate contacts between the nationality associations and the foreign embassies in Budapest and to establish a scholarship policy that would enable study at higher education institutions in the neighboring countries, thereby increasing the supply of native language teachers. To facilitate the learning of the languages of the neighboring peoples, support was given to ensuring that children of Hungarian ethnicity who were attending natio nality schools could study the given minority language if they so desired. Special mention was made of the German minority. In view of the size of the minority and the danger of Western influence and mischief-making, there was a request for more intensive involvement from the East German embassy.5 The above is contradicted, however, by a statement given by the legal department of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs in late January 1968, which did not consider it expedient for the government to mention the situation of the Hungarian minority in Romania during negotiations on the signing of a HungarianâRomanian treaty of friendship, coo peration, and mutual assistance. Ministry staff argued that the constitutions of the two states and the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, which had been adopted by the General Assembly of the United Nations in 1966, declared the equality before the law of members of minorities as well as guaranteeing the collective rights of minorities, although they acknowledged that the covenant had not come into force.6 During these months, the Ministry of Foreign Affairs probed the opinions and views of several neighboring countries concerning the draft resolutions on nationalities policy. On June 13, 1968, GyÃķrgy ZÃĄgor discussed the matter for more than three hours with the Yugoslav ambassador, Geza Tikvicki. The discussions took place at the request of the Hungarian side. The ambassador explained that he personally was âsurprised that we Hungarians show complete indifference to the Hungarians living abroad even though a third of our people are living outside the countryâs borders. He greatly esteems the profound internationalism of the HSWP, but this does not have to be accompanied by such disinterest. [âĶ] he very much endorsed what was recently said in this regard at the Writersâ Association. This subject matter is more important for us Hungarians than for the Romanians or the Slovaks. [âĶ] The best way to proceed would be resolve the nationalities issue as generously as possible here in Hungary, thereby establishing a situation in which our neighbors are required politically and morally to proceed in a similar manner,â wrote GyÃķrgy ZÃĄgor in his notes.7 Regarding Yugoslavia, Tikvicki stated that a functioning nationalities policy was a condition for the countryâs very existence. He made self-critical remarks concerning centralism and then praised the self-administrative model. He evaluated the principles of nationalities policy in Hungary as generally good, which, however, âwere being distorted at the bottom.â Among the complaints of the South Slavs in Hungary, he focused on some problems in the cultural field â a lack of books, constraints on the import of cultural goods from Yugoslavia, and Radio PÃĐcs broadcasting just a half-hour-long program daily. He considered it misguided for the nationality associations to be established as political organizations âbecause they could easily slip up due to their tendency to align with the mother country and to regard the mother country as their protector. The better and closer the relationship between the two affected socialist countries, the greater this danger would be.â8 He thus suggested that the work of the associations should be limited to the cultural field alone. Tikvickiâs statements are noteworthy because they contradict the process that was underway in Yugoslavia during these months. For the first time since the war, the minorities in Yugoslavia could establish organizations with vertical structures organized from the bottom up. On June 6, 1968, Hungarian Minister of Culture PÃĄl Ilku sent a detailed report compiled by the ministry on the domestic nationalities and on the implementation of the 1958 resolution of the Political Committee of the Hungarian Socialist Workersâ Party (HSWP PC) to the Agitation and Propaganda Committee of the Central Committee. Compared with earlier reports, the report was more professional, making specific suggestions on the functioning of nationalities policy and supporting evidence-backed policy rather than empty political formulas.9 The political committeeâs resolution of September 17, 1968, on the situation of the nationalities in Hungary set out positions that were more doctrinaire in numerous respects than the contents of the report.10 The most obvious difference is that whereas the ministryâs report considered it necessary to elaborate new guidelines for the nationalities policy, the political committee put the emphasis on continuity. Like previous such reports, the document was classified as âtop secret,â with access being limited to a narrow group. This demonstrates that attitudes towards the nationalities question had remained unchanged. The resolution asserted that the principles of the 1958 resolution had been correct, meaning that in principle there was no need for a new resolution. The task was to resolve deficiencies in the practical implementation and to meet new needs stemming from recent economic and social changes. Among the reasons justifying the adoption of a resolution, no refe rence is made to the international significance of the nationalities question. On this point too, the resolution differs from the report. The resolution was also lacking some of the self-critical observations made in the report, which included a critique of the dismantlement of the nationalities department and of obstructionism at the lower levels of the party and state apparatus (resulting in a failure to implement the resolution of 1958). The resolution also omitted the proposals for an analysis of the economic and social situation of the nationalities and for a rethinking of the legal status of the associations. It did so, even though these elements had been formulated as basic conditions of the new nationalities policy. The report demonstrated a considerably more nuanced and structured approach to the theoretical and practical questions. Among the latter, nationality education was a cent ral issue in both documents. This also indicates, however, a reluctance to extend nationalities policy to other areas, such as self-organization. The report mentioned countless problems affecting the newspapers and radio broadcasts of the nationalities, bilingual signs, the registering of ethnic forenames, and the expansion of libraries. Concerning these issues, the resolution responded by mentioning merely general tasks. Yet, the re solution also prescribed that the county party committees and councils should debate the situation of the nationalities living within the given counties and that they should ensure that the specific tasks were defined at the level of the various municipalities. In theory, the Ministry of Finance was required to provide funding for the outlined measures.11 Among the theoretical issues, in both documents the phenomena of assimilation and nationalism were given special attention. Regarding assimilation, the HSW PCâs resolution emphasized the following: âOur nationalities policy clearly and decisively rejects the concept of the accelerated assi milation of the nationalities. Some, however, are against this correct principle. Indeed, there have been isolated attempts at âHungarianizationâ in bilingual schools; often the parents of nationality students too easily accept the indifference that is â on occasion and in places â shown to their children being taught in the nationality language, which is mostly a result of funding considerations.â12 The PCâs resolution thus blames the assimilation of the nationalities in Hungary on individuals who are seeking âto speed things upâ at the local level of nationality education and on the indifference of parents. By taking this position, the PC evaded the need both for a multifaceted interpretation of a complex process and for an acknow ledgement that the speeding up of assimilation was due to the application of the theory of automatism and the partiality of nationalities policy. The PC evaluated the process of assimilation as positive and as solely the consequence of the economic and social transformation. In its view, there was no question of mitigating or slowing down assi milation. This interpretation of events was echoed for the most part in the appraisals and reports issued by the counties.13 For instance, at a joint meeting of the BÃĄcs-Kiskun County Executive Committee of the HSWP and the BÃĄcs-Kiskun County Council, Imre Pozsgay stated the following: âPeople can freely choose to which nationality they belong. [âĶ] It is unconstitutional and unlawful to force someone to assimilate, but we should not consider this process to be a social evil or detrimental to society, for there have been basic and essential structural changes in Hungary, and this process cannot be held back by force.â14 Imre Pozsgay, who at the time was the head of the BÃĄcs-Kiskun County Agitation and Propaganda Department of the HSWP, underlined that only a nationalities policy that was grounded in principle could influence the situation of Hungarians outside Hungary: âThe nationalities and the various ethnic groups should not be viewed as walls of separation. On the contrary, they should be regarded as bridges that connect us. In the history of Central and Eastern Europe, this has rarely been the case, and we must now pursue a nationalities policy in a Marxist fashion, satisfying the demands of every citizen. Having viewed the Hungarian press outside Hungary, we can conclude that they are watching with a critical eye the development of nationalities policy in Hungary.â15 The resolution mentioned in general terms the needs of the nationalities but offered no normative definition of such needs. Once again, any conflicts arising in connection with specific needs were shifted to the county or local levels. At the regional level, the emphasis was on a âdo not overdo itâ position. Institutional provisions were applied to education and, possibly, to libraries. The placement of bilingual signs was considered superfluous or excessive in every county. Such an interpretation was facilitated by the vagueness of the resolution, which failed to address the details. Thus, for instance, it stated that âin municipalities inhabited by a larger group of nationalities, and especially in border areas â depending on local needs â the issue of bilingual signs and announcements must be resolved.â16 According to the instruction of Lajos FehÃĐr, the vice-chairman of the Revolutionary Worker-Peasant Government, on the implementation of the various points of the party resolution, the nationalities could only request the placement of bilingual signs in those villages where their share of the population was 50% or more. This general rule could be disregarded only in justified cases, primarily in border areas. Requests for the placement of bilingual signs had to be approved by the party and council leadership at district, municipal, and county levels.17 In several counties, requests from the nationalities were rejected with reference to the reciprocity principle â as the right was not being guaranteed to the Hungarian minority communities in the neighboring countries. LÃĄszlÃģ KÅvÃĄgÃģ, who attended a meeting of BÃĄcs-Kiskun County Council, argued against this practice. He pointed out that the needs of the nationalities should not be judged based on reciprocity, for the circumstances of the nationalities differed in every country. Indeed, there were minority communities in different situations even within individual countries. He emphasized that the nationality question should not be viewed in isolation, for the integration of the minorities was a prerequisite for Hungaryâs economic and social development.18 The resolution made emphatic mention of the issue of nationalism. Unlike previous documents, however, the resolution ignored nationalistic phenomena in Hungarian society. Instead, it limited itself to the foreign policy aspects of nationalism, especially its growing presence in the communist countries. As specific examples, it mentioned the hostile propaganda disseminated by the FRG among ethnic Germans in Hungary, the nationalistic newspaper articles that were appearing in Slovak newspapers in 1968, and the renewed interest in the nationalities in Hungary expressed by certain organizations in the neighboring countries. At the same time, it regretted that âHungarian initiatives aimed at the inclusion â in the cultural conventions â of measures promoting the cultural development of the nationalities based on reciprocity, have been rejected. Romania in particular has immured itself.â19 As an example of the disruptive activities pursued by the FRG among the ethnic Germans of Hungary, it mentioned the payment of pensions to widows of former SS members. Such criticism ignored the fact that the Hungarian state had agreed in 1964 that those affected could and should take advantage of this opportunity.20 The nationalistic phenomena seen in local society in earlier years had â according to the county reports â ceased or subsided. At the same time, it was emphasized in the Tolna County report that efforts by ethnic Germans to keep in contact with those who had been resettled in Germany reflected a natural human need. For this reason, it was damaging to brand such efforts as nationalistic or chauvinistic. The report also included the following statement: âAt the same time, I would mention that I have spoken with Hungarian comrades living in Romania, in Transylvania, and it is my view that the Hungarians there are fostering Hungarian nationalism to the same extent at least.â21 In his summary report compiled for the Scientific, Educational and Cultural Department of the HSWP CC,22 LÃĄszlÃģ KÅvÃĄgÃģ concluded that the county reports supported the findings of the HSWP Political Committeeâs resolution. That is to say, between 1958 and 1968, the county apparatus had barely addressed the problems of the natio nalities. There had been little progress in terms of providing libraries with nationality books, and bilingual signs had been placed in only a few settlements. There were only isolated examples of streets or institutions being named after people from ethnic minority backgrounds. In the educational field, owing to a lack of nationality kindergarten teachers, a general problem was an inability to organize nationality groups at the kindergarten level despite requests from parents for such groups. With the expansion of school catchment areas, many nationality schools had ceased to operate. There was a lack of teachers speaking the minority languages, and the standards of teacher training and further training were unsatisfactory. The county and district council apparatuses were incapable of addressing the various issues of nationality education in a professional manner. LÃĄszlÃģ KÅvÃĄgÃģ highlighted the inconsistency of the reports, complaining that most of them were limited to factual accounts and failed to interpret the processes or explain the negative phenomena. He condemned the lack of practical measures. Only in the Szombathely and KÃķrmend districts of Vas County had a nationality committee been established with consultation rights. Here, bilingual signs had been placed in several settlements. In several counties, a link was drawn between the nationalities question and the problems of the Hungarian communities in the neighboring countries. The general view was that âin Hungary there is no nationality problem; we should not make one for ourselves by inflating things.â23 In view of such attitudes, KÅvÃĄgÃģ emphasized that âit would be desirable to develop a uniform interpretation and practical application of some prin ciples.â24 As outlined above, in the latter half of the 1960s, the HSWP Political Committeeâs resolution of 1968 arose against a background of the process of European dÃĐtente, the changed nature of relations between the Eastern Bloc countries, and the economic and social transformation. The resolution formulated guidelines for a new nationalities poli cy or at least for a policy that was different in terms of its essential elements. The resolution emphasized continuity, underlining the correctness of the prin ciples of the HSWP Political Committeeâs resolution of 1958. Thus, the party leadership refused to undertake any real change and gave the impression that it was only seeking to promote the more effective practical realization of the principles. If, however, we disregard this message and focus instead on the content of the text and on the everyday impact of the resolutions, a change in attitude can be observed on several important issues. An important change, in relation to earlier documents, was the assessment/ appraisal of the process of assimilation. The regime now rejected the principle of automatism. That is to say, it did not formulate as an expectation the assimilation of the nationalities into majority Hungarian society. There was an acknowledgement that the social integration of the nationalities could not be realized without the preservation of their national identity. At the same time, the stateâs role in, and responsibility for, the accelerated assimilation of the minorities was brushed aside. Although the analyses written in preparation for the resolution noted the links between the assimilation trends and the state-sanctioned repression of certain groups â the resettlement (expulsion) of the Germans, the population exchange between Slovakia and Hungary, and the retaliatory measures against the South Slavs â these explanations and factors were omitted from the resolution. It was claimed in the resolution that accelerated assimilation could be explained by the nationalities policy of the interwar period and by the natural impact of economic and social changes after World War II. The dilemma was no longer whether the state should slow down or speed up assimilation and what measures were at its disposal. Instead, the focus was on what circumstances and institutions were needed to ensure that a given individual could preserve and freely express his or her national identity. Another important aspect of the resolution was that it ended the distinctions made by the state between the various minorities. Although from the 1950s onwards the regime had emphasized the existence of a sole criterion for assessing the natio nalities, namely the manner in which âits members fulfil the tasks assigned to them in the course of socialist construction,â this had not applied to members of the German and South Slav communities. The discriminatory treatment and political stigmatization of those latter groups were maintained until the mid-1960s, despite formal assurances of civil equality. Only then was the notion of collective guilt abandoned. An important first step in this process was the differentiated assessment of the activities of members of the German and South Slav nationalities. The communityâs stigma of guilt was transferred to the Volksbund leaders, the SS members, and the South Slav leaders who were supporting Titoâs third-way policy. Although this message had collectivist elements, for members of the various communities it was obvious that the regime no longer consi dered them guilty and hostile by definition. The resolutionâs third important element comprised the foreign policy aspects, with considerably greater attention being given to the situation of the Hungarian communities in the neighboring countries. There can be no doubt that in the decades after the Treaty of Trianon the nationalities policies of Hungarian governments and Hungaryâs relations with the neighboring countries were influenced â in different ways and to a varying extent â by the situation of the Hungarians living beyond the borders. It is important, however, to examine in each case the extent and means of this interaction. In the immediate aftermath of World War II, the situation of the Hungarian minority communities played a minimal role in relations between Hungary and the neighboring countries and in the development of policy towards the nationalities in Hungary. For the Hungarian party leadership, it was only from the mid-1960s onwards that the situation of the Hungarian minorities abroad took on a greater value in view of the domestic and foreign political aspects. Undeniably, the reaction to the deteriorating situation of the Hungarian communities outside Hungary contributed to a reconsideration of the principles of nationalities policy within Hungary. Nor should one ignore the fact that In the Margins of a Party Resolution 103 increased attention was being given to national and minority issues in various international organizations and in European academic circles and the public debate. In other words, the various aspects of the national question were once again the focus of attention. The political regime needed first and foremost to find answers to the unresolved problems of the minorities in Hungary, which necessarily required an adjustment of post-war nationalities policy. A change in attitude was signaled by the involvement of academic researchers in the decision-making process and by a more open and specific dialogue between the various state and party organs. At the same time, a negative aspect of the HSWP Political Committeeâs resolution of 1968 was its delayed and â in many respects â ambiguous nature. That is to say, it contained both liberal and dogmatic elements, while denying the need for change. The latter is also indicated by the fact that textually the resolution emphasized continuity rather than new attitudes. The unaltered nature of the approach is further illustrated by the resolutionâs âtop secretâ classification. The publication of the resolutions â for the county, district, and local apparatuses â was merely a formality. Moreover, the reso lution was an uneven document, comprising a mixture of theoretical explanations and practical terms of reference. There was considerable confusion and puzzlement among attendees at county council and party apparatus meetings. Although the attendees perceived a more open policy towards the nationalities, they were nevertheless unsure how to respond to the new expectations, particularly given that the issue had been suppressed for a decade and a half. Thus, they in part neglected the tasks assigned to them in the resolution, while also waiting for instructions from above. A substantive change in attitude was confirmed by practice. The first half of the 1970s saw a cautious democratization of the nationality associations. Members of the various communities could elect a third of the participants in the workshops, the space for action of editorial boards of the nationality newspapers increased, and when appointing staff membersâ attention was given not only to political reliability but also to professional skills. More often than before, state and party organs at various levels addressed the situation of the Hungarian communities outside Hungary and the nationalities within Hungary. Nationality committees could be established within the regional organs of the Patriotic Peopleâs Front. To improve the scientific basis of decision-making, research groups studying the nationalities were established, and the basic documentation relating to nationality institutions was drafted.25 Even so, it was only in conjunction with the democratization of Hungary in the latter half of the 1980s that a radical overhaul of ethnic minority policy could begin. BÃĄrdi, NÃĄndor 2004. TÃĐny ÃĐs valÃģ. A budapesti kormÃĄnyzatok ÃĐs a hatÃĄron tÚli magyarsÃĄg kap csolattÃķrtÃĐnete. Pozsony [Bratislava], Kalligram KiadÃģ. BÃĐkÃĐs, Csaba 2004. EurÃģpÃĄbÃģl EurÃģpÃĄba. MagyarorszÃĄg konfliktusok kereszttÞzÃĐben, 1945â1990. Budapest, Gondolat KiadÃģ. CsatÃĄri, DÃĄniel (ed.) 1968. NemzetisÃĐgi kÃĐrdÃĐs â nemzetisÃĐgi politika. Budapest, Kossuth KiadÃģ. Dobos, BalÃĄzs 2011. A kisebbsÃĐg joga. KisebbsÃĐgi tÃķrvÃĐnykezÃĐs MagyarorszÃĄgon (1988-2006). Budapest, Argumentum KiadÃģ. Egry, GÃĄbor 2010. OtthonossÃĄg ÃĐs idegensÃĐg. IdentitÃĄspolitika ÃĐs nemzetfelfogÃĄs MagyarorszÃĄgon a rendszervÃĄltÃĄs Ãģta. Budapest, NapvilÃĄg KiadÃģ. Fischer, Ferenc 1992. A megosztott vilÃĄg. A Kelet-Nyugat, Ãszak-DÃĐl nemzetkÃķzi kapcsolatok fÅ vonÃĄsai 1945â1989. Budapest, Ikva KiadÃģ. FÃķglein, Gizella 2000. NemzetisÃĐgpolitika a KÃĄdÃĄr-korszakban Az MSZMP PB. 1958. ÃĐs 1968. ÃĐvi nemzetisÃĐgpolitikai hatÃĄrozatai. In: FÃķglein, Gizella: NemzetisÃĐg vagy kisebbsÃĐg? A magyarorszÃĄgi horvÃĄtok, nÃĐmetek, romÃĄnok, szerbek, szlovÃĄkok ÃĐs szlovÃĐnek stÃĄtusÃĄrÃģl 1945-1993. Budapest, Ikva KiadÃģ, 17â25. FÃķldes, GyÃķrgy 2016. KÃĄdÃĄr JÃĄnos kÞlpolitikÃĄja ÃĐs nemzetkÃķzi tÃĄrgyalÃĄsai 1956â1988. I. Budapest, NapvilÃĄg KiadÃģ. GÃķrtemaker, Manfred 2003. A NÃĐmet SzÃķvetsÃĐgi KÃķztÃĄrsasÃĄg tÃķrtÃĐnete. Az alapÃtÃĄstÃģl napjainkig. Budapest, Korona KiadÃģ. KÃģsa, LÃĄszlÃģ 1969. NemzetisÃĐgek MagyarorszÃĄgon. ValÃģsÃĄg, Vol. 12. Nr. 4. 12â22. KÅvÃĄgÃģ, LÃĄszlÃģ 1976. NemzetisÃĐgeink jelene. Budapest, ELTE BTK Kelet-EurÃģpai ÃĐs NemzetisÃĐgi KutatÃģcsoportja. KÅvÃĄgÃģ, LÃĄszlÃģ 1981. NemzetisÃĐgek a mai MagyarorszÃĄgon. Budapest, Kossuth KiadÃģ. Niederhauser, Emil 1987. NemzetisÃĐgi politika MagyarorszÃĄgon a felszabadulÃĄs Ãģta. TÃĄrsadalmi Szemle, Vol. 42. Nr. 11. 62â69. Seewann, Gerhard 2016. A magyarorszÃĄgi nÃĐmetek tÃķrtÃĐnete 1860-2006. 2. Budapest, Argumentum KiadÃģ. TÃģth, Ãgnes (comp.) 2003. PÃĄrtÃĄllam ÃĐs nemzetisÃĐgek 1950-1973. KecskemÃĐt, BÃĄcs-Kiskun Megyei ÃnkormÃĄnyzat LevÃĐltÃĄra. Combatting Illiberalism in the Heart of Europe: Lessons from Slovakia The issue of democratic backsliding has been the topic of much discussion in recent years. There is general agreement that in the region of Central and Eastern Europe (CEE) the quality of democracy has been declining. (Stanley 2019a; Bochsler & Juon 2020) Some have described the processes as a case of ethnopopulism. (Vachudova 2020) It has been noted that the most extreme examples of democratic backsliding seem to be Poland and Hungary, while others have urged to look beyond these two examples. (Cianetti, Dawson & Hanley 2018) This article does look beyond Poland and Hungary, in order to attempt to provide teachable lessons from Slovakiaâs own experience with illiberalism under VladimÃr MeÄiar. Slovakia engaged in a struggle with illiberalism in the period following the Velvet Revolution and Velvet Divorce. Ultimately, the country changed course, with the 1998 election being a turning point, as large civil society mobilisation and opposition party cooperation defeated V. MeÄiar and laid the foundations for a better quality of democracy. (BÚtorovÃĄ & BÚtora 2019) This article asks the question of what may be learned from Slovakiaâs experiences with illiberalism. There are several reasons for choosing to focus on Slovakia; firstly, there are many neighbouring countries which are experiencing issues with democracy. Secondly, Slovakia is a Slavic country, with similar culture and history to many countries of the region. Thirdly, Slovakia has experienced both communism and the post-communist transition, just as the other backsliding countries have. Democratic Backsliding The concept of democratic backsliding is notable for its breadth. Essentially, it refers to the state-led debilitation or elimination of any of the political institutions that sustain an existing democracy. (Bermeo 2016) However, a myriad of political institutions which sustain democracy, as such the term embraces multiple processes. (Bermeo 2016) The speed backsliding occurs is also important, with it involving ârelatively fine-grained degrees of changeâ. (Waldner & Lust 2018) Sitter and Bakke (2019) synthesise groups of literature to define democratic backsliding as âa process of deliberate, intended actions on the part of a democratically elected government, designed to gradually undermine the fundamental rules of the game in an existing democracyâ. It is also important to note that, as backsliding âentails a deterioration of qualities associated with democratic governanceâ, it can occur in different regime types; in democratic regimes, it is a decline in the quality of democracy; in autocracies, it is a decline in democratic qualities of governance. (Waldner & Lust 2018) Bermeo (2016) identified six major varieties of democratic backsliding: (1) open-ended coups dâÃĐtat; (2) promissory coups; (3) executive coups; (4) executive aggrandisement; (5) election-day vote fraud; and (6) strategic harassment and manipulation. In modern times, open-ended coups dâÃĐtat, executive coups and election-day vote fraud are being replaced by promissory coups, executive aggrandizement and strategic harassment and manipulation. The extent of backsliding has produced some interesting approaches. Different conceptualisations exist, including âilliberal turnsâ and âilliberal swervesâ, in which the former represents more permanent political changes. (Bustikova & Guasti 2017) According to this approach, for a countryâs sequence of swerves to become a turn, three conditions must be satisfied: 1) executive aggrandisement; 2) contested sovereignty which increases polarisation; 3) the dominant party winning two consecutive elections. (Bustikova & Guasti 2017) The techniques of democratic backsliding, politicians often turn the tools of government against the system itself. According to Levitsky and Ziblatt (2018) elected autocrats subvert democracy by using the institutions of democracy to gradually and subtly kill it. Such methods include packing or weaponising the courts, buying off the media and the private sector or bullying them into silence, and rewriting the rules of po litics so as the field is tilted against opponents. (Levitsky & Ziblatt 2018) As de monstrated below, all of these tactics are present in the historical Slovakia case, but also in the contemporary cases of backsliding. The Slovak Case Slovakia was a difficult case of post-communist transition, said to be always hovering on the verge of regression to authoritarianism. (Harris & Henderson 2019: 182) In ge neral, there was agreement that Slovakia struggled for democracy in the early years of independence, with the country being considered a case of the triumph of national populism (Carpenter 1997). The subversion of democracy discussed by Levitsky and Ziblatt (2018) can be seen in Slovakia when politics was dominated by V. MeÄiar. Regarding rewriting the rules of politics to tilt the playing field against opponents, these can be seen most clearly in the institutional changes which diminished the ârole of the Central Electoral Commission (ÃstrednÃĄ volebnÃĄ komisia, ÃVK), practically eliminated coalitions of parties from the electoral contest, and excluded the private mass media from the electoral campaigningâ. (MalovÃĄ & UÄeÅ 1999) The media more generally was a target for the government who sought to compel journalists to tell the âtruthâ about Slovakia, levelled pressure on journalists and diverted money away from minority publications to translations of government favourable outlets. (Leff 1996: 115) This was combined with suspicious links between V. MeÄiar and investors which bought media outlets. (Å kolkay 1996) Other institutional changes included a 5% threshold for each party within a coalition and further scope for large-scale intervention by different state organs in the electoral process and, given that loyal HZDS (Hnutie za demokratickÃĐ Slovensko) supporters staffed these agencies, the ruling party had essentially created a certain space for manipulating electoral results. (MalovÃĄ & UÄeÅ 1999) Furthermore, changes were made regarding signatures, each party was to submit a declaration that the party had at least 10,000 members â a rule also applied to each of the parties seeking to form an electoral coalition. (MalovÃĄ & UÄeÅ 1999) Such institutional changes clearly represent moves by the V. MeÄiar government to make it harder for any potential opposition to act effectively as an opposition inside the structures of the political system. Regarding the judiciary, there was surprise that V. MeÄiar had decided to create a constitutional court. However, the right to nominate Constitutional Court judges belonged to the president, before the parliament had managed to nominate a president V. MeÄiar simply picked the judges himself. (Boulanger 2000) On paper the court Combatting Illiberalism in the Heart of Europe: Lessons from Slovakia 109 could have been expected to be an ally to V. MeÄiar; the president of the court, Milan ÄiÄ, was from V. MeÄiarâs party, Movement for a Democratic Slovakia (HZDS), but in practice party solidarity did not survive the move to the bench. (Boulanger 2000) However, the fact that the court did not behave in the predicted way does not change the fact that the V. MeÄiar government clearly tried to build a favourable judiciary. Despite evidence of barriers being erected to the detriment of any opposition in Slovakia, the country was able to change direction regardless of these impediments. The results of the 1998 election signalled that the tide was turning in favour of the opposition to V. MeÄiarâs nationalist authoritarianism. After this election, AbrahÃĄm (2002) identified several relevant long-term factors, such as the history, political culture and legacy of the Communist regime, and short-term factors, such as contingencies of post-communist transformation and international pressure exerted on V. MeÄiarâs regime. The importance of the mobilisation of civil society through free media, non-governmental organizations, and civic associations were also noted, as was the dissatisfaction with Slovakiaâs international isolation and fear of being excluded from transatlantic Western institutions. (AbrahÃĄm 2002) A key factor was that in rejecting the nationalism of the ruling party, minorities were embraced, the inclusive step of including Hungarians in the coalition was a po werful one. (Krause 2003) The competence and professionalism of the Hungarian politicians in government was an important element in shifting Slovak opinions, as was the ability of the coalition to stay together once in government. The role of MikulÃĄÅĄ Dzurinda in holding the coalition together has been noted, as has the importance of a united front in the face of such a nationalist authoritarian threat. (Krause 2003) EU conditionality was central to deciding the outcome of this struggle. As Pridham (2002) outlined, developments in the first few years after the change in power in 1998 suggested that âthis event was a turning-point both in the countryâs relations with the EU and in its own democratisation path. It is clear, too, that these two basic questions are closely linked and that Brusselsâ demands of democratic conditionality have had a direct and not inconsiderable impact here and have, by and large, acted as a spur to democratic consolidation.â Furthermore, he argues that the EU yardsticks for accession served as both a target for Slovakia and an explanation which helped to nullify opposition to such changes. The results of the 2002 election showed that both democratic consolidation had taken place and that the Slovak people had rejected the attempted comeback of nationalist authoritarianism which, represented by V. MeÄiar, had dominated Slovakia between 1994â1998. (Krause 2003) Generally, the country did change direction, but nothing is ever straightforward and in certain moments, for example the murder of investigative journalist JÃĄn Kuciak, Slovakia has shown itself to be imperfect, but all countries are. Elections are often still framed as liberals against populists, but the existentiality of them has subsided and Slovakia achieved its aims of NATO and EU membership, overcoming V. MeÄiarâs stranglehold on power. Backsliding in the Heart of Europe This article focuses on the Visegrad group, as they are the closest to Slovakia in many ways, they also include two prime examples of democratic backsliding in Poland and Hungary, as well as one case of concern in the Czech Republic. Other democracies in the broader region have also been the cause for some concern, especially Serbia. (See e.g. PavloviÄ 2020) Perhaps lessons learned from the case of Slovakia will be relevant and useful for other nations, but the focus here remains on the Visegrad four, to avoid spreading the research so thin as to be useless. Therefore, this section considers the backsliding which is currently occurring in Central Europe, before the next section highlights how the Slovak experience could provide lessons to assist these cases and their struggle with deteriorating democracies. The cases of Poland, Hungary and the Czech Republic are somewhat different from the case of Slovakia where V. MeÄiarâs attempt to establish a nationalist, cent ralised and illiberal political system failed as a result of domestic and international pressure. However, this occurred before Slovakiaâs accession to the EU, giving the EU significant leverage in thwarting it. (Bustikova & Guasti 2017) On the other hand, Poland, Hungary and the Czech Republic had been considered consolidated democracies. As early as 1998 it was judged that for most observers Poland and Hungary had already âpassed the point of no returnâ, meaning that an authoritarian reversal in these states was considered to be unlikely. (Ekiert & Kubik 1998) According to research by Szawie, undertaken a decade after Ekiert and Kubik had already concluded that Poland had passed the point of no return: âThe analyses suggest that Polish democracy is consolidated, stable and persistent. However, support for democratic government is hardly enthusiasticâ. (Szawiel 2009) The Czech Republic was considered a classic consolidated democracy (MansfeldovÃĄ & Guasti 2010), others were more guarded but still concluded that there was no need to suspect the harbouring of latent anti-democratic sentiments (Dryzek & Holmes 2000). In fact, discussions had begun on why theorists had been so pessimistic, as by the end of the 1990s most transformation researchers agreed that âmany of Eastern Europeâs new democracies had been consolidatedâ, a feeling which only increased when, in 2004, âten countries culminated their consolidation with membership of the European Unionâ. (Merkel 2008) The supposedly consolidated nature of the Polish and Hungarian democracies made the large-scale backsliding which occurred in these countries something of a shock. Since winning a landslide election in 2010, the Fidesz party of Viktor OrbÃĄn has dismantled checks and balances; skewed the electoral process in its own favour; extended partisan control over state agencies; and developed a harshly anti-liberal ideology, which is used to de-legitimise left-wing and liberal competitors as foreign to the national community. (Cianetti, Dawson & Hanley 2018) In Poland, the Law and Justice Party (PiS), a party said to have a Christian conservative-national ideology comparable to that of Fidesz, won a decisive election victory and an absolute majority in parliament Combatting Illiberalism in the Heart of Europe: Lessons from Slovakia 111 in 2015. (Cianetti, Dawson & Hanley 2018) Following this sweeping electoral victory, PiS have dramatically eroded liberal democracy. (Vachudova 2020) There were concerns regarding the acquisition of media by local oligarchs and corrupt dealings between politics and business, but developments in the Czech Republic and Slovakia were adjudged to be closer to S. Berlusconiâs Italy than V. OrbÃĄnâs Hungary. (Bakke & Sitter 2020) Indeed, private interests, and the entrenchment of these private interests, may represent an alternative route to democratic backsliding, this is particularly relevant to the Czech Republic, where the party systems is fragmented and/or where a strong socially conservative right is weak or absent. (Cianetti, Dawson & Hanley 2018) Despite not reaching the levels of Hungary, or even Poland, the rise of The ANO (YES) movement in the Czech Republic is also of interest. It was founded in 2011 and led by the billionaire Andrej BabiÅĄ, breaking through in the October 2013 elections, receiving 18.65% of the vote, taking votes from both established right-wing and left-wing parties to become the second largest grouping in the country. (Hanley & Vachudova 2018) The main message of ANO was that the established parties were incompetent and corrupt, that A. BabiÅĄ promised to run the state âefficientlyâ like a business. (Hanley & Vachudova 2018) Then in October 2017, ANO won 29.6% of the vote, receiving more than twice as much as the next most successful party, the centre right Civic Democratic Party (ODS), who won 11.3%. (Hanley & Vachudova 2018) A. BabiÅĄ then used the political power he had acquired to weaken his business opponents and exploit his media power to weaken the senior coalition partner (Social Democrats). (Guasti 2020) The techniques employed in Poland and Hungary align with what Levitsky and Ziblatt (2018) described. As such the state-run media was a target of both, as editorial boards and oversight organs were filled with loyal appointees creating what some called âa veritable government propaganda machineâ. (Bakke & Sitter 2020) Generally, control of the media has been central to the policies of both V. OrbÃĄn and KaczyÅski. (Sata & Karolewski 2020) In the Czech Republic and Slovakia state-run media remained quite balanced, but the acquisition of newspapers and media companies by local oligarchs and investment groups did cause concern. (Bakke & Sitter 2020) In Slovakia, the Penta group bought a large share of Petit Press in 2014, but later sold down to a minority; in Czechia the Agrofert group, founded by Andrej BabiÅĄ, bought MAFRA, one of the biggest Czech publishing houses. A. BabiÅĄ would later be caught on tape colluding with a journalist from one of the MAFRA newspapers to smear political opponents. (Bakke & Sitter 2020) Another central element in both Poland and Hungary was attacks on checks and balances, the independence of the judiciary, and control of public administration. (Bakke & Sitter 2020) Poland and Hungary both made changes to the electoral systems and auxiliary electoral bodies, while PiS lacked the ability to make changes on the scale of Fidesz, both tilted the playing field in their favour. (Sata & Karolewski 2020) The Czech Republic and Slovakia have had some controversies over electoral reforms, but a Fidesz-style seizer of the entire process has not occurred. (Bakke & Sitter 2020) The fact that some democratic backsliding has occurred in Central Europe seems beyond question. However, the question of how severe the backsliding is remains, whether this can be considered an illiberal turn or an illiberal swerve and what the future holds remains of the upmost salience. Bustikova and Guasti (2017) outlined that for illi beral swerving to become a full illiberal turn several key conditions would need to recur over at least two electoral cycles. As of 2017, Hungary had fulfilled most of these conditions, whereas the Polish PiS had been only partially successful, some swerving had occurred in the Czech Republic and Slovakia, but there was considered to be some distance before constituting an illiberal turn. (Bustikova & Guasti 2017) However, it was predicted that were Fidesz in Hungary, PiS in Poland and ANO in the Czech Republic to decisively win another election, they would implement irreversible changes that would take these countries out of the orbit of European democracies. (Bustikova & Guasti 2017) The 2019 elections saw PiS victorious, allowing the continuation of the development of their model. This model led to a specific kind of backsliding in Poland and has been termed conservative autocracy. (Magyar & Madlovics 2020) In Hungary, the democratic backsliding has been presented as a case of patronal autocracy, (Magyar & Madlovics 2020) or even a paradigmatic case of the mafia state (Magyar & VÃĄsÃĄrhelyi 2017). The situation in the Czech Republic is far less serious than that of Poland and Hungary, with discussions focused on Czech democracy in crisis (Lorenz & FormÃĄnkovÃĄ 2020) and of the ongoing conflict between technocratic populism and liberal democracy (Guasti, 2020). Nevertheless, it can be seen that certain damage to democracy has occurred in Poland, Hungary and the Czech Republic, the next section deals with what lessons for the future can be drawn from these events and the historical success of Slovakia in combating similar issues. Lessons for the Future There are quite considerable concerns over the present realities of Poland and Hungary, some concerns of the present situation of the Czech Republic, and significant apprehension regarding the future trajectory of these countries. This article asks the question of what may be learned from Slovakiaâs experiences with illiberalism. The issue of what can be done about democratic backsliding has generated much interest, with some arguing that more can be done to maximise the effectiveness of existing judicial tools. (Blauberger & Kelemen 2017) Similarly, the May 2018 proposal of the European Commission regarding financial conditionality would improve the speed and likelihood of sanctions but still had some flaws. (Blauberger & van HÞllen 2021) Conversely, others have argued that even material sanctions cannot be relied upon, with social pressure an important element. (Sedelmeier 2017) Rather than relying on a theoretical discussion or focusing on different elements, e.g. judicial versus social pressure, it may be more fruitful to consider a case of illibera lism which has already changed course. The culturally and historically similar Slovak case may well provide lessons which are more applicable to the extreme cases of Poland and Hungary, or the less concerning case of Czechia. In order to methodologically assess the lessons for the future based on the Slovak case, first the similarities through time and space are considered, then the lessons of an inclusive and united front, international pressure and a watershed moment are reflected upon. Similarities Through Time and Space The similarities between the countries of Central Europe are a matter of fact. However, the value of comparing Slovakia under V. MeÄiar with modern cases does not simply lie in the kind of Orientalist thinking which paints all nations and peoples of a distant region as one and the same. Rather the fact is that many of the ways which the V. MeÄiar government undermined democracy mirror the ways in which the current regimes in Poland and Hungary, and to a lesser extent the Czech Republic, have done so. This is important because the general consensus was that Poland, Hungary and the Czech Republic were consolidated democracies, before they then backslid. On the other hand, Slovakia entered their own illiberal period almost immediately following the Velvet Revolution and Velvet Divorce. As Bogaards (2018) noted, it was not so long ago that scholars were trying to explain the unexpected consolidation of democracy in post-communist Central and Eastern Europe, yet this quickly shifted to trying to reconcile the mismatch between positive assessments of the solidity of Hungarian democracy up to 2010, and the empirical reality of contemporary Hungarian politics since then. The fact that two similar situations have developed, even involving the use of similar techniques, in different countries of the same region in different time periods perhaps ought to lead to some reflection. Perhaps the status of consolidated democracy does not mean as much as was once thought, given that some incredibly well-established democracies have faced issues in recent years (Norris 2017), this is highly plausible. Conversely, perhaps in the rush to classify the newly emerging democracies as consolidated, or otherwise, there was not the level of caution which one may expect to be applied. The processes which were employed in Poland and Hungary were considered a case of ethnopopulism (Vachudova 2020), as has the Slovak case. The extreme sensitivity of the Slovak population to the perceived threat of the Hungarians proving to be fertile ground for an aggressive nationalism to develop. (Ferencei 2020) Interestingly, this proved to be much stronger in central and northwest Slovakia where there was a lack of Hungarian-speaking citizens. (Ferencei 2020) Similarly, the refugee crisis in Europe led to public discussions about the threat that Muslim refugees pose to the Christian identity of the continent, especially in the new accession countries in Central Europe, in what some have called Islamophobia without Muslims. (GoÅšdziak & MÃĄrton 2018) KaczyÅski decried the âexternal oppressionâ and the âbreaking of the sovereignty of the peopleâ, while V. OrbÃĄn spoke of the loss of a âcommon European homelandâ and explicitly blamed the political, economic and intellectual leaders for this loss, âwho are trying to reshape Europe against the will of the people of Europeâ. (Csehi & Zgut 2021) That ethnopopulism can still appeal in other times and spaces is perhaps not that surprising, that it seems to be particularly well received where the feared minority is absent certainly requires more attention. The weakening of courts, tilting of electoral rules towards the government, the taking over of private media and the repurposing of public media have all been noted in the present cases of backsliding and the historical case of illiberalism in Slovakia. There is reason to believe that future episodes may well follow the same path, at least in terms of techniques. This is an important lesson as it allows for hyper vigilance in vulnerable areas. However, what may prove to be more of an issue is communicating that early alarm to the general populace, who may perhaps not see any evidence of change at the early stage when these changes are still relatively easily reversible. Inclusive and United Front Perhaps the most important lesson which Slovakia might provide for the future of backsliding democracies in Central Europe is that of inclusivity and unity. Slovakia defeated the V. MeÄiar government with an inclusive and unified front combined with an active free press and civil society. The lesson is one which does not seem to have been received in Poland. There have been large protests from civil society, on October 3, 2016, hundreds of thousands of people took to the streets of over 140 cities and villages in Poland to protest the abortion ban in Poland, this came to be called the Czarny Protest. (Narkowicz 2016) There were multiple protests against the governance of PiS, one of the most notable was a round of protests in Warsaw and other cities organised by the Committee for the Defence of Democracy (KOD), sparked by the exclusion of an opposition deputy following his own protests over media laws. (Szczerbiak 2017) However, this civil activity has not translated well to the establish political parties. Despite Polandâs main opposition parties having formed two coalition blocs to vie for left-leaning and centrist votes ahead of the 2019 elections (Meczkowska & Plucinska 2019), this did little to paper over the reality of a fragmented opposition. The fragmented reality of Polish politics drew criticism and mockery from certain circles, as illustrated by figure 1. This fragmented and weak opposition has continued to help the ruling coalition. Nevertheless, Civic Platform (PO) has set out policy plans and calls for broad coalition to oust the government. (Tilles 2021) Figure 1: How to Vote in Poland (Stanley 2019b) In Hungary, the dispersed opposition parties were also unable to join forces, being overshadowed by independent unions and increasingly active civic groups. (Krasztev & Van Til 2015: 28) In January 2011, One Million for the Freedom of the Press in Hungary (Milla) organised a rally of 10,000; on March 15 and October 23, this number had grown to 30,000 and 70,000, respectively. (Krasztev & Van Til 2015: 28) In January 2012, around 100,000 people protested the new constitution and the rise of autocracy on the streets of Budapest. (Krasztev & Van Til 2015: 28) However, such protests cannot hope to achieve much while the opposition within the political structures are so teethless. Since 2010 there has been the development of an asymmetrical power structure between the government and the opposition, one that has become a permanent characteristic of the Hungarian political landscape. (VÃĄrnagy & Ilonszki 2018) The radical transformation of the Hungarian political system from âa balanced power structure and bipolar politics with homogeneous opposition to a dominant government and heterogeneous oppositionâ constituted the deconstruction of the parliamentary opposition. (VÃĄrnagy & Ilonszki 2018) In such a context it is hard for the opposition to oppose the government in any meaningful sense. The Czech Republic also saw attempts to undermine horizontal accountability and the rule of law which was met with large scale protests. (Guasti 2020) A Million Moments for Democracy (MMD), called âthe most important initiative that has mobi116 lized crowds of the size unseen since 1989â, was launched on Facebook on the anniversary of the Velvet Revolution on November 17, 2017. (Guasti 2020) Attempts to alter the social contract were also met with public protests and demands of accountability. (Guasti 2020) The governing coalitions and opposition of the Czech Republic have long been said to be weak and fragmented, both with their own internal divisions â hampering responses to crises such as the economic crisis. (Guasti & MansfeldovÃĄ 2018) The lesson has not really been learned in any of the Visegrad countries, as oppositions still remain largely fragmented and ineffectual. In the future the opposition must embrace more broadly, be more inclusive and present a more united front in the face of elected would-be autocrats. This remains easier said than done, of course. International Pressure The third lesson is one which is out of the control of the oppositions within the countries of Central Europe, that of the importance of international pressure. Alone it is undoubtedly insufficient, but pressure from the international community and risking exclusion from transatlantic Western institutions both had an impact and provided a cover under which domestic politicians could make the required changes to avoid this exclusion. However, it seems that the democratic backsliding of the present time may in fact represent a potential existential crisis for the EU. (Sitter & Bakke 2019) The importance of the international element in defeating illiberalism in Slovakia cannot be overstated, but there are questions remaining over whether there is any potential for this to be repeated in the future with Poland and Hungary, as well as potentially the Czech Republic. NATO remains rather uninterested in the quality of democracy of its member states, as the relationship with Turkey illustrates. Furthermore, the US is more likely to be concerned about curtailing Russiaâs involvement in the region than strengthening democracy. This leaves bilateral relations and the EU as the main potential sources of international pressure. This presents a problem as one of the main explanations for the backsliding in the region is the incapacity of the European Union to secure democracy once pre-accession incentives weaken. (Bochsler & Juon 2020) This issue returns again and again. Some argue that the issues lie in EU enlargement law (Kochenov 2008), while others have noted that after accession the EUâs political leverage significantly weakens following accession (Kartal 2014). Material sanctions have been judged as difficult to use, as a result it has been suggested that EU institutions ought to primarily resort to instruments based on social pressure, including the Commissionâs Rule of Law Framework, its Justice Scoreboard, and the Councilâs dialogue to promote and safeguard the rule of law, to confront breaches of liberal democratic principles in the member states. (Sedelmeier 2017) It is also not all bad news, the relative success of EU pressure in the case of Romania suggests that it can still sometimes be a fruitful endeavour. (Sedelmeier 2014) However, there are signs that the European political landscape is changing and it may make it harder to achieve such results in the future. The development of the Polish-Hungarian coalition, which at the EU level involves the offering of reciprocal protection and has invariably aimed to prevent meaningful sanctions against backsliding (Holesch & Kyriazi 2020), suggests that in the future it may be harder for the EU to act against backsliding member states. Poland and Hungary, beyond their interdependence, have been said to form the origin and the core of the current âilliberal blocâ. (NyyssÃķnen 2018) The two countries provide each other with learning, of backsliding measures and techniques, and domestic legitimation, through the endorsement of a key international ally. (Holesch & Kyriazi 2020) It must be noted that such developments are not only occurring in Poland and Hungary or even within the EU, this is a part of a broader observable trend in which heavily nationalist and illiberal leaders from Putin to Trump, from V. OrbÃĄn to Recep Tayyip ErdoÄan, from M. Le Pen to M. Salvini, benefit from one anotherâs existence. (ÃniÅ & Kutlay 2020) The importance of international pressure is one of the main lessons in combatting illiberalism from the Slovak case, yet it seems that perhaps this has also been noted by the backsliding nations of the contemporary period. As there are signs that V. OrbÃĄn and KaczyÅski are not necessarily interested in copying the Brexit strategy, V. OrbÃĄn especially wants to be an integral part of a process in which the EU is transformed from within and evolved into a different kind of entity. (ÃniÅ & Kutlay 2020) In the future international pressure is not likely to lose its salience in combatting illiberalism, but it seems that the fight will be aggressively brought to the institutions which helped to defeat Slovakian illiberalism in the 1990s. This is an area which ought to be watched closely in the future. Watershed Moment The fact that things tend to get worse before they get better and that even after a turning point vigilance is required, is an inconvenient one. Nevertheless, in Slovakia the si tuation proceeded to worsen until the seriousness was undeniable and the country truly appreciated what was at stake. As previously stated, the 1998 elections are considered a breakthrough. (Ferencei 2020) As such, the 1998 election changed the trajectory of the country, but it was a watershed moment – the beginning of a new direction, not arriving at the destination of perfect democracy. The results of the 2002 election were taken to show that both democratic consolidation had taken place and that the Slovak people had rejected the attempted comeback of nationalist authoritarianism which had dominated Slovakia between 1994â1998. (Krause 2003) Given everything which has occurred in the other, supposedly consolidated, democracies of the region, it seems unlikely that Slovakia was truly consolidated in any meaningful sense in 2002. However, there was no return of V. MeÄiar or even his style of governance without him. Nevertheless, the country and its citizens must remain diligent against any future deterioration of democracy. Perhaps that is why the buying up of certain media outlets caused such alarm (Bakke & Sitter 2020), but this is healthy, as it seems to indicate that this lesson has been learned. This may also play into the advice of Cianetti, Dawson and Hanley (2018), who advocate for the better integration of illiberal socio-economic structures, including oligarchical structures or corrupt networks. They also suggest re-examining the trade-offs between democratic stability and democratic quality. (Cianetti, Dawson & Hanley 2018) Such broadening of the current approach to democratic backsliding may allow for improved understanding of the danger signs, as well as better guarding against it occurring in the future. Issues remain, it would be wrong to present Slovakia as an example of flawless democracy. Prime Minister Robert Fico called journalists âfilthy anti-Slovak prostitutesâ, also engaging in the kind of populist discourse around the migration crisis which was seen in Poland and Hungary. (Bakke & Sitter 2020) The February 2018 murder of JÃĄn Kuciak, a young Slovak data investigative journalist and his fiancÃĐe, Martina KuÅĄnÃrovÃĄ, in their home in Slovakia is of particular concern. (Å kolkay 2019) The investigation at the time indicated that it was a contract killing, raising questions over who was really behind the silencing of the investigative journalist. J. Kuciak had been working on an article about embezzlement of EU funds and alleged links between Italian mafia and top Smer politicians. Slovak businessman MariÃĄn KoÄner was indicted for having ordered the murders in 2019. (Bakke & Sitter 2020) M. KoÄner and his associate were found not guilty of masterminding the killings, but M. KoÄner was sentenced to 19 years in prison for forging $75 million worth of promissory notes (The Slovak Spectator). Such issues do indicate that the role of illiberal socio-economic structures, such as oligarchical structures, really do warrant closer inspection. What countries battling illiberalism or democratic backsliding can, and should, take from continued problems in Slovakia is that the struggle is never over. Continued vigilance is required, it will be necessary and while a watershed moment will provide excellent inspiration for writers, it ultimately only indicates a turning of the tide. It categorically does not represent the end of the struggle against illiberalism and this will continue, perhaps indefinitely. This article has focused on the growing trend of democratic backsliding and tendencies towards illiberalism in Central Europe, asking the question of what may be learned from Slovakiaâs experiences with illiberalism. Firstly, democratic backsliding as a concept was outlined before discussing the Slovak case. Subsequently, the present-day backsliding in the heart of Europe was outlined. Finally, some lessons for the future were considered. It seems that the similarities through time and space are highly notable. The inclusive and united front which the Slovak opposition was able to achieve still eludes the presently backsliding nations, but is perhaps the most important lesson from the Slovak case. The role of international pressure was central to defeating illibe ralism in Slovakia and will likely be so in any successful defeating of illiberalism again in the future. The watershed moment of the 1998 election in Slovakia was important and should not be disregarded, but it ultimately only indicated a turning of the tide. It categorically did not represent the end of the struggle against illiberalism. In the future, it may be more fruitful to learn from real cases of democratic problems and solutions in similar countries, rather than approaching such issues from purely abstract theoretical positions. Indeed, the case of Slovakia had relevant lessons for the presently backsliding countries of Poland and Hungary, as well as the Czech Republic to a lesser extent. 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Combatting Illiberalism in the Heart of Europe: Lessons from Slovakia 123 ÃllÃķs, LÃĄszlÃģ: European Identity Å amorÃn-Somorja, Forum Minority Research Institute, 2019, 240 p. Does what we call Europe have a âsoulâ? Also, is there any fitting and legitimate heritage, any rational identity, where manifestations of backwardness and partnership, acceptance and compromise are in quest of their own completion amidst major temptations and compromises between nation-statesâĶ? What has filled it? And, what is it that ought to be replaced in order to fill what we could consider a more complex condition of identity? LÃĄszlÃģ ÃllÃķsâs European Identity is an attempt, as admitted by the author in his pre face to the book. Or, if one prefers to put it that way, he analyses the contradictions as well as the opportunities of the period(s) of the nation-state, and not just from any old perspective, but in the form of entities determined by the ways of functioning, ways which originate from the opportunities, the realizations and the contradictions of the organization of the state. However, the basis of his approach is not the assumption that this model of state organization should be defined by unfair fighting; instead, by a mutual process of importing and following each otherâs examples which regards joined forces rather than disagreement, as well as new goals of innovative solutions in the sphere of cultural heritage, as the determining factors. Yet, this cultural âchoice rangeâ also requires that European nations contribute to the common cause from their own resources, considering the prospects of progress as part of their cultural heritage in a new era when what matters is yet another turn of progress in efficiency rather than the growth in size of oneâs own nation-state. Because what âEuropeâs soulâ is, defining its opportunities, is the culture of that area, Europe; and its essential, ânational culturalâ, contexts generate the cultural condition which is increasingly forming the perspectives of ârational heritageâ as feeling the lack of something, a symptom of crisis, enhancing or hindering the European Unionâs chances concerning decision-making, legitimacy, constitutionality and competitiveness. In sum, ÃllÃķs âattempts to put together the elements and methodological points which may promote the development of a new European identity, one upon which European civic society and political community can be constructedâ. That is, the âPeople of Europeâ may be born. The authorâs venture is an enormous one. The eight chapters of the volume virtually cover the defining elements of key importance, including constitutional heritage, systems errors, national ideologies and conflicts, aggression, fear, ideological full speed, regio nal manifestations of a wish to show off, medieval tradition and political nation, common fate and legitimacy crisis, human life, progress, economic and political order, the brute force of the market, systems of values regarded as law, and issues of progress concerning political challenges. These are, on the one hand, the topics of separate chapters; on the other hand, the semantic elements, built upon each other, encourage a renewal in the direction of avoiding symptoms of crisis. The reason why this is necessary is that Europe itself stays behind in global competition while the refreshment of outdated administration and planning are becoming conditions for success or survival. If Europe fails in these aspects, âits backwardness will continue, it will be overtaken by others in more and more areas, which will be accompanied by economic, political and wholesale social consequences. The book aims at avoiding another fault of the Enlightenment by not wishing to create peopleâs image of Europe linked to a single stream of ideas, considering Europe to be a complex of a variety of values. That is why the conception must contain the values of political pluralism. Our work does not aim at obliterating the distinctions between individual political ideological trends; neither does it aim at relativizing their values. At the same time, however, it does not intend to call any one of them the sole repository of Europeâs future, either. These views have been forming Europeâs political history, and they will continue to form its future, too. We must avoid committing the mistake of Enlightenment whereby ideologies have mutually attempted one another from the circle of those which are deemed acceptable according to their values, co-operating only due to sheer necessity. At the same time, it is not sufficient to accommodate their compromises and their combinations within the boundaries of the new identity, but more of their differing basic values as well.â ÃllÃķs considers the effect of Renais sance scepticism on our modern image of humanity to be the basis of improvement, but his fundamental suggestion is to create a complex identity which âis rooted in todayâs world, yet its goal is to replace its internal weaknesses and contradictions by applying a number of new solutions and components.â His project aims at connecting âEuropeans, who have been greatly separated from each other in a cultural sense, mobilizing the creative spiritual capacity which has been latently present in their culture for centuries, and which can now be brought to life.â In his plan he emphasizes the decrease of the population in the range of Europeâs problems, since he considers âregaining its leading position in global competition illusoryâ, while that is the real potential for success, even through failures and crises. That is why the creation of complex forms of identity is needed, founded on the preservation of balance that we can see today in its disrupted version. In order for it to change, âthe aim is to form a constitutional harmony which is simultaneously rooted in rational thought and sentiment, the will to modernize and the respect of tradition, European unity and national features. The concept also examines the cultural sources of European competitiveness, based on the characteristics of the new identity. The concept does not wish to transgress, abandon, or dissolve national identities; instead, its goal is to connect them, that is, it relies on them, furthering their development. And its aim is not merely to integrate the most respected elements of individual national cultures (elements which can be called rational): instead, it suggests that their emotional components be connected as well. Europeans need to be connected not merely via their ideological beliefs and calculated interests, but in their hearts, too. This is made possible for them, according to the book, by a new view on, and experience of, their cultural heritage.â This train of thought in the Preface (in a somewhat shortened form in terms of content, too) rests on the professed concept, or should I say idea, that what is being discussed here is not a search for harmony within the hierarchy of primarily Europeans â secondarily nationally oriented ones, neither downright the other way round (primarily nationally oriented, secondarily European): âone can be simultaneously a European and a member of their own nationâ (p. 15). It is obviously useful to remark that highlighting some (albeit crucial) conceptual key sentences of a volume of 240 pages, even though they may be the authorâs own summarizing ones, can hardly serve as a basis of a polemical essay. In order to do that, one would need to proceed chapter by chapter, formulating key sentences and critical arguments right on the spot. Lacking this, I can only rely on what the authorâs concept is constructed upon. In a word, a detailed overview of the components of identity. Now, I (from Budapest) do not claim that I am more familiar with this topic than ÃllÃķs himself is with his own environmental-cultural minority identity. The book, composed âaroundâ Europe and the diversity of identities, successfully fulfils its role. It describes, characterizes, identifies a critical basis, and constructs an innovative product of its contents from incidental and connected motifs. It elaborates, refines, compares, constructs, plans, counterpoints, overwrites, provides alternatives, and draws bold conclusions. And it is all done well. But, having read the book, it also turns out to lack a thick bibliography: the sources he relies upon are the same as his references (Giddens, Habermas, Wallerstein, Balibar, Jan Keller, Bernard Yack, etc.). Otherwise he builds a train of thought upon another or other ones, ârunningâ them sensitively, moving in circles, in accordance with the rules of classical European essay writing, as it were. It is, thus, an essay: bold, thought-provoking, stimulating. At the same time, his references as well as the quality and quantity of the literature of his choice (scarce but essential) indicate that he has indeed chosen a range of topics, almost archaic, by now (or, as yet) prophetic ones, too. However, he does not seem to be open to further distinctions other than his own. Let me give but one example. He says, âInsofar as the immigrants adopt present-day Europeâs concept of the family, they, too, will gradually disappear. Thus, further waves of immigration would become necessary. Meanwhile, of course, one would need to accept (based on historical evidence) that European culture in its current form is a culture of decline and extinction. Should others adopt it, they will also decrease in number. In order to accept this, even todayâs Europe must be able to offer something fundamental: the best way of life in the world; and, with it, an unshakeable force and power. If, however, Europe is unable to become a world leader, or, indeed, to stop its decline, no one will even consider that offer sincere. And, if the real choice is between the two ways of backwardness, with one of them resulting in the disappearance of national culture, it can be assumed that many, very many, will decide on returning to old national valuesâ (p. 196). Now, the assumption originating from the hypothesis might be pure and noble, but it might also be false. What immigrants, where, for what reason or purpose would (if they would) adopt the European concept of the family? Is there a âEuropeanâ (southern, eastern, northern, western?) concept of the family at all? And, should one include an African or a migrant Russian-Ukrainian-Turkish-Polish one, will that still count as (a different) concept of the family? Can it be unitary, or differing culture by culture, depending on the given minority? Also, why would they adopt it? In a desire to assimilate? Or, because it is fairer, or planned, or âmore modernâ? Do we then regard Macedonians, Greeks, Poles, Lithuanians, Romungro1 Gypsies, or assimilated Jews as belonging to European culture? Could they be a part of the culture of extinction? And, if âEurope must be able to offer something fundamental: the best way of life in the worldâĶâ â but it would be unable to offer it to all, would that mean the end of âEuropeannessâ, something he assumes, by the way, to be there, to exist practically âas an indivisible entityâ? Yet, interpretations throughout centuries and millennia have shown, too, that there is no indivisible entity; indeed, does Europe, as an idealized image of itself, not consist of a mixture of ideas, practice, heritage, inheritance, dying or refreshing interactions of other cultures? I would wish to wreathe ÃllÃķsâs words, his hypothesis and entire construction with my questions. But, should I claim that his essay-like approach with its well-shaped statements, mildly put questions, and the options aiming at an ideal would serve as an urge towards a better Europeanness, would my own approach, apparently a kind of disagreement, not be equally overgeneralizing with a spell of complexity? Or, worse still, downright anti-European reviling? Indeed, it is hard to ima gine anything better than what we have without ideals; but does this constructed version help Europe to define itself, or would it, instead, strengthen the hardly firm identity of today with further components? ÃllÃķs appears to regard dividedness as surpassable; he seems to think that the creation of new images of humanity, following the Enlightenment, is a requirement, just as the controllability of modernizationâs machinery, or the entire complex system of mutual dependencies are required. He appears to deliberately contrast East with West, politics with tradition, backwardness with the interests of market development, modernization with the multi-polar world replacing the desired mono-polar world. While all of these are present in a mixed form at any one place, having a multi-national entity in a given ânationalâ culture, with their diversity being subordinated to a variety of dependency relations, ÃllÃķs seems to conceptualize the way of surpassing Europeâs dividedness by replacing the sinking concept of Europeanness with another, harmonizable, European identity of understanding and compromise, agreement and accordanceâĶ Yet, why should future harmony be stronger in character than it once was? Why should we expect humans to be more peaceful than what was possibly required in the past by their inherent solidarity? Or a state less nation-oriented, which would be required by Europe before painting the network of connections single-coloured, the network that has been shown to be divided and without hope by international politics and interests as well as for other reasons? âIn the meantime, there appears the publicity campaign about being highly deve loped to conceal backwardness. This will probably be more significant in Western Europe than in the central parts of the continent, where the experience of the most highly deve loped area is an essential part of political and cultural tradition. It is against this that the factors causing backwardness must be concealed and made accepted. The ideological trends built upon the concept of modernization would be subject to a grave crisis of values. That is because the conditions advocated nowadays are those of gradual lagging behind. It is high time for the West, in its current position of neglect and disinterest, to thoroughly familiarize itself with what has traditionally been called Central-Europeanness, with the combination of repeated attempts to catch up as well as the subsequent falls, and the success or failure of learning and cultural adaptationâ (p. 234). Backwardness, and questions about development, interpreting them from âoutside and upsideâ are by no means that recent. There existed no concept of Europe when âgames of distinguishing ourselves from othersâ divided what may have seemed unified as seen from Africa or the steppes of Russia. The âcondition of gradual backwardnessâ has been used as a tool by the current victorious power â anytime and anywhere, right against those living under the spell of âlagging behindâ. Moreover, even if we âdemandâ, or expect, a more flexible attitude concerning the disinterest of the western part of Europe and the enforcement of the policy of openness, â whom would we favour then? Also, to get acquainted with âCentral-Europeannessâ is not a task to be tackled by âthe Westâ, but by Central or Eastern European entities as well, to the same degree. Let us face the question, âDo we actually know ourselves, or, each other?â Then, which part of that is the âWestâ supposed to come to know and respect? Furthermore, which âWestâ? London, where the Polish immigrants could fill a major city? Or Paris, with its countyful of East European Gypsies? Or Madrid, with its provinceful of Romanian immigrants? Berlin, perhaps, with its former Jewish Quarter re-inhabited by Russian immigrants? Do all of these, then, constitute a mere interpretational piece of the puzzle called âthe migration issueâ? Finally, what about Malta, where rich Russians outnumber locals â in that case, who must familiarize themselves with whom? ÃllÃķsâs book is an attempt, an experiment, to focus on a new form of identity, while our existing identities are being lost or transformed. This bit, just like the book in its entirety, is âpart of a fundamental debate about the future of Europe, hoping to contribute to solving a range of issues concerning the current crisisâ (pp. 13â16), written the Preface to his book, outlining the whole volume. While he says nothing about whether debates about EU Identity are part of the new identity, one thing is undeniable: without debates, it would certainly be impossible for us to get that far â not 128 Reviews even as far as practising the well-established principles of tolerance, partnership, acceptance and respect. My questions are, of course, fake ones. They present the wide range of multi-layered problematic issues raised by ÃllÃķsâs book â and by European identity. Despite this, since we are talking about identity, mutual idealizing, and never-ceasing interactions, this range of issues abound, and will continue to do so, in what could be called the seduction of answerability and the rationale of a new start. At least, we will â being loyal to new theories of ever newer enlightenments â have something to write about. AndrÃĄs A.Gergely Lampl, Zsuzsanna: The political identity of ethnic Hungarians in Slovakia, 1989-1990. Å amorÃn/Somorja, Forum Minority Research Institute, 2020, 240 p. Zsuzsanna Lamplâs latest book makes a somewhat nostalgic reading: the well-known sociologist that she is, examines the political identity of ethnic Hungarians in Slovakia during the period of what is known as âregime changeâ1.2The way she discusses her topic is as informal and familiar as how one discusses public issues with friends. Professional though it is, it is not primarily aimed at addressing researchers and professionals â they are, after all, familiar with the issues raised in the book as well as the literature cited. Instead, her primary intended audience is those non-professionals who wish to receive a concise and systematic presentation of specific past events. Also, and equally importantly, they all share some experience of the regime change, including those who were born later, for they, too, can now live in a freer and more open world thanks to the events of 1989-1990. This book, too, is a product of this free and open world, exhibiting cover photographs of KÃĄlmÃĄn Janics, MiklÃģs Duray, and KÃĄroly TÃģth, making it visible at the outset that as many as three ethnic Hungarian parties took an active part in the historic regime change of the time in Czechoslovakia, notably, Independent Hungarian Initiative (FMK), Coexistence, and Hungarian Christian Democratic Movement (MKDM). None of these exist today by the same name or in the same form, but their mentality, or, let us say, ideological basis, still lingers on. And, of course, there still exists a community of ethnic Hungarians in Slovakia who represent national, Christian, and liberal values, obviously in this order as far as their number is concerned, which is not merely due to internal evolution or dissection â in the year 2021, more than 30 years after the regime change, they are bound more extensively and organically to the existing governmental trend in Hungary than before: borders are free to cross, Hungaryâs media can be freely accessed, so the current, centralized, national-conservative collective identity in Hungary is closest to ethnic Hungarians in Slovakia as an ideological option. Yet, what we also learn from Zsuzsanna Lamplâs book is that it was the national-conservative bias that predominated amongst Slovakiaâs ethnic Hungarians as early as the first quarter of the year 1990. She quotes, with indignation, the liberal view saying âwe are not going to ruin ourselves by being Hungariansâ â admittedly, the intelligentsia (for that is what the author calls them, too) might have put it more cautiously. As for todayâs concept of the nation, often extremely radical, may I quote MÃĄraiâs note in his diary dating from 1968: âhomeland is too important a thing to be left to the care of patriotsâ.23 The book, of almost two hundred pages, contains seven comprehensive chapters, the first of which â concerned with the Hungarian political elite in Slovakia â amounts to almost half of the volume. This nostalgia is, of course, appropriate, since it can be seen, in a well-documented way, that we wish our then problems and divisions were those of today. Alas, that is not the case at present: there is a huge ideological gap between two to three ethnic Hungarians in Slovakia; the media and public discussions suggest that the differences between present-day political identities are unbridgeable. Indeed, compared to the year 1989, it is not only the tone of public discussions and the media that have become more extreme or even rude, but interpersonal relationships, too. Zsuzsanna Lampl, having clarified the distinction between a party and a movement, provides a precise characterization of the three leading Hungarian political lines. FMK undoubtedly acted as a determining factor in the regime change, also in the sense that its programme focussed on the creation of a pluralistic democracy; everything else was co-ordinated or subordinated. FMKâs major idea that every party representing ethnic Hungarian interests should ally with its Slovak ideological counterpart (for one could only succeed together with a Slovak partner) remained unheard. Indeed, FMK itself was forced to face the fact that its regime-changing Slovak counterpart, Public Against Violence (VPN) abandoned its original liberal goals. (VPN itself, during the first days and weeks of the regime change, benefited greatly from the fact that FMK members, educated in the more democratic and more open Hungary by Hungarian opposition members, had a much clearer idea of democracy and the rule of law than any Slovak member of the opposition.) Coexistence regarded the representation of ethnic Hungarian interests as primary, and insisted on it; indeed, it formed an alliance with MKDM (considering itself to represent Christian values), opposing FMK. It was chiefly the election coalition formed by MKDM and Coexistence that FMK found hard to tolerate â alongside with the support given to that line by Hungary. There existed, of course, a political left as well, but right in the years 1989 to 1990, the word âleftâ had undesirable connotations, and all of the three ethnic Hungarian parties did distance themselves from it. KÃĄroly TÃģth himself, looking back on the then events from 1996, formed a more shaded view on the role played by the regime-changing liberals. Concerning the idea that minority rights should be ensured institutionally and in a legal form, he said, âno democracy by itself guarantees minority rightsâ. The author points out the fact, giving a detailed analysis, that the majority of Czechoslovakiaâs population at the time had no regime change in mind, but merely a reform of âparty leadershipâ, another form of âSocialism with a human faceâ. Needless to say, all of the three parties had some ex-Communist members; yet, when the paragraph establishing the leading role of Czechoslovakiaâs Communist Party had been removed from the countryâs constitution, the space available for the Communist reformers, removed in 1968, narrowed down spectacularly. Then, there also existed an idea of a âthird wayâ, one between socialism and capitalism, but that choice remained theoretical. Zsuzsanna Lampl calls the readerâs attention at this point to the cryptic nature of the concepts of the time. She writes, âWe cannot tell what was meant by socialism, capitalism, or the third way, but it can be assumed that the interpretation of these concepts was as manifold as that of democracyâ. Moreover, the difficulty in outlining the concepts back then has, by now, turned into a relativity and permeability of concepts. Concerning the former Eastern Bloc, for example, the economic and ideological self-characterization of the political left or right does not inevitably involve an unconditional adherence to rightist or leftist values. At any rate, the author argues convincingly that the first stage of regime change, discussed in her book, is characterized by a predominant vision whereby people emphasized the need for change, but not necessarily expressing the desire for a radical change of regime. As far as the constitutional system was concerned towards the end of the year 1989, ethnic Hungarians had by and large the same ideas as Slovaks, although, as the author notes, âthere was a significant difference. FMK laid its cards on the table right from the outset, making it clear that its goal was to destroy socialism and introduce a liberal model of capitalismâ. Nonetheless, it is a fact (as illustrated by the authorâs figures) that the political and economic feeling of security amongst Slovakiaâs populace did not start to deteriorate at the time of regime change. The tendency was observable as early as 1980; from 1975 on, âpeopleâs sense of security kept decreasing â simultaneously, up to the year 1989, their sense of insecurity was growing.â To be sure, the years after the regime change saw a raising insecurity of additional social groups, primarily in the sphere of social security due to increasing unemployment and the liberalization of costs and prices. At the same time, this transitional period was essentially socialist in nature, especially in the sphere of available services. The author quotes a newspaper report dating from May, 1990, informing readers that the number of telephone stations in Czechoslovakia was over four million, with an increasing number of subscribers; yet, there was further demand for more than three hundred thousand (we mean landline stations, of course). It is also worth drawing your attention to a sociological study carried out 25 years after the regime change, a period of time sufficient to enable the population to distance themselves from the socialist era and to have a taste of capitalism, too: twice as many people thought that socialism guaranteed human dignity more than capitalism. The revolutionary unity â quite soon, in fact â was disrupted by the advance of nationalism, the degree of which can be seen in the deterioration of Czecho-Slovak relations leading to the breakup of the country, as well as Slovak-Hungarian relations. Surprising though it may sound, we must trust the authorâs data, referring to contemporary surveys, according to which issues about national minorities became the leading ones among social problems to be solved by late 1990, ahead of every other issue (including economics, society and unemployment). Needless to say, no solution was found as three quarters of Slovaks resented Pragueâs overwhelming dominance; the opinion that unity with Czechs was a disadvantage for Slovaks had become predominant, just like another, no less absurd claim that ethnic Hungarians aimed at Magyarizing Slovaks living in southern Slovakia. In October 1990, â47 percent thought that the co-existence of Slovaks and Hungarians would never become any betterâ. I must definitely note another one of the numerous details of interest: there were some deviating points in the joint declarations of VPN and its Hungarian ally, FMK. Often, the latter put forward statements and numbered lists of decrees, the Slovak versions of which were slightly different from the Hungarian ones; not every part of the Hungarian version found its way into the Slovak one, and â just to give an example â the Slovak version used the term âethnicityâ rather than ânational minorityâ3.4In other words, the regime-changing libe ral VPN itself was in trouble handling the minority issue: not wishing to lose votes in the increasingly nationalistic climate, it ârefinedâ the Hungarian version of the text. It turned out quite soon, of course, that VPN did not only have members like Fedor GÃĄl or Peter Zajac; indeed, they were the ones to be excluded by the majority later on. (Fedor GÃĄl was even forced to leave Slovakia.) The book, as mentioned, has a great advantage, notably, the informal style the author achieves by using quite simple me thods including an openness to all opinions, pointing out correlations (but never pedantically), as well as by providing the appropriate quotes in the appropriate places. Actually, rarely does she give a direct assessment; instead, she transmits her conclusions indirectly, allowing her readers to discover them for themselves. What I also find really likeable is that she quotes, besides opinion polls, a great deal of contemporary statements, opinions, and news and comments from the press. Another respectable aspect of her book is that (while watching events closely) she keeps a historical distance â by comparing the surveys of the period under investigation to later ones. Another contribution to her informality is the reference to her own personal experience, e.g. âI have experienced this attitude several times in my own personal environmentâ, âI remember a conversation towards the end of 1990 myselfâ, or âI heard about it from others, tooâ, etc. The Czechoslovak regime change (and Zsuzsanna Lamplâs book) concludes with the first free parliamentary elections, taking place on the 8th and 9th of June, 1990, with an astonishingly high voter turnout of 95.39%. The winner in Slovakia was VPN, allied with FMK, with 29.34% of votes. From the joint list of VPN and FMK, six Hungarian candidates became representatives in the Slovak National Council4,5 while the coalition of Coexistence and MKDM, with 8.66% of votes, provided more than twice as many representatives, notably, thirteen. Three Hungarian candidates also became representatives from the party list of the Communist Party of Slovakia (KSS), while Coexistence had one Ukrainian representative. As far as the 300 seats of the Federal Assembly56is concerned, 15 of them were won by Hungarians (with Coexistence-MKDMâs 11 seats, and VPN-FMKâs 4 seats); in addition, one Polish representative of Coexistence had also been elected. Municipal elections were held on the 23rd and 24th of November of the same year, with a significantly lower voter turnout of 63.75%. Amongst ethnic Hunga rians, it was the nationalist line that proved victorious: Coexistence, with 6.3% of votes, won the mayorâs seat in 102 municipalities; MKDMâs 3.1% amounted to 35 seats, while FMKâs 1.3% equalled 27. Needless to say, the results of the elections reflect the identity of ethnic Hungarians at the time of regime change. The rÃĐsumÃĐs in Slovak and in English are followed by a bibliography and, finally, a useful index. The politicians referred to, and quoted, with the highest frequency are MiklÃģs Duray and KÃĄroly TÃģth, while PÃĐter MiklÃģsi leads amongst journalists; amongst historians, it is ÃrpÃĄd PopÃĐly, a well-known expert on the period. The book makes an intelligent and thought-provoking reading that I warmly recommend to everyone. GÃĄbor Csanda Gecse, Annabella: The Heart of Gemer/GÃķmÃķr. Studies on the popular religious practice of Gemer/GÃķmÃķr in Southern Slovakia KomÃĄrno/KomÃĄrom and Å amorÃn/Somorja, Forum Minority Research Institute, Centre for European Ethnology, 2021, 368 p. The region traditionally known as Gemer (in Slovak) or GÃķmÃķr (in Hungarian) is a good place for one to study indeed, considering the literature on its history and ethnology.17The validity of this statement is supported by Annabella Gecseâs recent book The Heart of Gemer/ GÃķmÃķr. Studies on the popular religious practice of Gemer/GÃķmÃķr in Southern Slovakia, published by The Centre for European Ethnology with Forum Minority Research Institute. The ninth volume in the series âLocal and regional monographsâ, it examines the nine villages of the Gemer/ GÃķmÃķr basin with a Roman Catholic majority, including their religious practice, since the early days of the 20th century. The villages under scrutiny include Abovce/Abafalva, Bar ca/Baraca, Cakov/CakÃģ, Figa/FÞge, VÄelince/ MÃĐhi, RimavskÃĄ SeÄ/ RimaszÃĐcs, KrÃĄÄū/ SajÃģszentkirÃĄly, UzovskÃĄ Panica/Uzapanyit, and VlkiÅa/Velkenye in the basin formed by the rivers Rimava/Rima, Blh/Balog, and SlanÃĄ/SajÃģ. Put differently, the book is concerned with the local religious minority (or minorities). Today, the opposition between Roman Catholics and Protestants28is far less emphasized than, say, in the early 20th century, i.e. the beginning of the period covered by the book; yet, it seems appropriate to regard the then situation as a starting point. In order to illustrate the above point, let us refer to a letter sent to the bishop of RoÅūnava/RozsnyÃģ by the parish priest at VÄelince/MÃĐhi in the year 1914, in which he calls the congregation in the village âan oasis of Roman Catholic believers living in a Protestant environmentâ. The inha bitants of the villages discussed in the book may as well be considered as sporadic Roman Catholic settlements surrounded by predominantly Protestant ones; due to their geographical position as far as religious adherence is concerned, they certainly deserve the attention paid to them by Annabella Gecse in her book. Before this volume appeared, we have had but scarce information on the religious practice in the villages involved, which is why Gecseâs book fills a gap, indeed. The text itself can be divided into four main parts. The two introductory chapters are foll owed by a presentation of life around parishes and filial churches, often with a strong emphasis on their material and financial issues. In the next part, the reader is presented with a chronological, village-by- village, database, which is basically a systematized presentation of archival material relating to the first half of the 20th century. The third part contains a registry of small sacral monuments. Finally, a list of popular religious songs sung at masses at Barca/Baraca from 2009 through 2012 is presented â video recordings of several of them are at the disposal of those who are interested, using QR Codes. It seems advantageous for us to concentrate on the first major chapter: this is where the reader is presented with the most informative data set. On the one hand, Annabella Gecse, drawing on voluminous archival material, provides an outline, or a detailed analysis, of individual 20th century episodes or processes in the religious life of these villages. On the other hand, she summarizes the processes of their recent past, and also the current ones, based on interviews as well as her own observations. Concerning the earliest period she discusses, i.e. the first half of the 20th century, it will certainly prove useful for the reader to be familiar with the organization of the Church, the nature and use of the (material) objects used by the parishes, as well as the measurements and methods of production related to land ownership. These aspects assume some essential historical familiarity âand interest â on the readerâs part; at the same time, we are offered some vivid micro-historical âgemsâ, or âdelicaciesâ, about the individual villages under scrutiny. A good example is the argument between the inhabitants of Figa/FÞge and their priest, JÃĄnos HegedÅąs, around 1920; the villagers complained about how poorly he performed his duties as a parish priest, while he was dissatisfied with his income. Such conflicts go to show the local ways in a given historical situation. In their letter sent to the Bishopric of RoÅūnava/RozsnyÃģ, the villagers of Figa/FÞge mentioned as an instance of âa scandal unheard of in this worldâ, referring to the fact that children at the local school were taught Catholic religious education by a Protestant teacher because, the villagers claimed, the priest refused to teach it. It is also interesting to note that the villagers at Cakov/CakÃģ embarked on building their own Roman Catholic church building despite the official ecclesiastical ban, but (!) supported by their priest â even selling the local pub in order to raise money. Besides conflicts, one finds nice instances of solidarity amongst villagers in the same community. At VlkiÅa/ Velkenye, for example, landowners allied to help the poorest families of the village in December, 1931: eight Roma families were provided with food throughout the winter; other families were given new boots, holiday costumes, or medicines. We can find a number of similar episodes from each of these villages, showing, in a nutshell, the hardships as well as the beauties of localsâ lives. The limited access to sources will not, generally speaking, enable the researcher to give a complete picture of each single case, which, in turn, can often be presented by way of illustration. Nevertheless, should Annabella Gecse have access to any related (and relevant) source that makes a deep analysis of such cases, we can expect her to write terrifically vivid and informative micro-histo rical accounts on them. The description of the situation after World War II, as well as the one after the fall of the communist regime, might play a less emphatic role at some places vis-Ã -vis the earlier periods as described on the basis of archival sources. The various, often trau matic, turning points and political changes, however, had some effects on religious practice, effects that can still be traced â even though the overall image might be fragmentary. As for the recent past, and the present, are concerned, An na bella Gecse often provides a clear description of the customs and practices of believers. A social group that deserves specific mention is that of Hungarian-speaking Roma, accounting for the majority of the young gene rations in several of these villages. Due to their special social and cultural situation, they have a range of different attitudes to Roman Catholic faith; at some places, they have become active participants in the community, but not in some other places. The data and information provided by the book is very important regarding the current social position of Roma people â indeed, we can only hope that the topic will be taken up by further research. The book, apart from professionals, will most probably be welcome by the inhabitants of these villages, including emigrants, for whom images of early 20th century religious life, or even the huge chronological database, might hold some unexpected curiosities or surprises, possibly involving their ancestry. At the same time, as the author herself remarks in her conclusion, we get a âcharacteristic imageâ of each village. PÃĐter VataÅĄÄin Liszka, JÃģzsef (ed.): Acta Ethnologica Danubiana 22. â Az EtnolÃģgiai KÃķzpont ÃvkÃķnyve â RoÄenka VÃ―skumnÃĐho centra eurÃģpskej etnolÃģgie â Jahrbuch des Forschungszentrums fÞr EuropÃĪische Ethnologie [Yearbook of the Centre for European Ethnology] KomÃĄrno/KomÃĄrom and Å amorÃn/Somorja, Forum Minority Research Institute, 2020, 356 p. The 22nd Yearbook of the Centre for European Ethnology of Forum Minority Research Institute, now published, is also a festschrift to three colleagues, KincsÅ VerebÃĐly, Ilona L. JuhÃĄsz, and Vilmos Voigt, to honour their 75th, 60th, and 80th birthday, respectively. The book, like the earlier ones in the series, contains papers based on current research on people(s) along and around the River Danube, as well as the ethnography of Hungarians in Slovakia. The present volume includes 17 academic papers and two minor ones, written in Hungarian, German, and French. On the one hand, however, no primary sources have been published in the volume, which, on the other hand, includes some (critical) reviews, and (despite the COVID-19 situation) The Chronicle, too, has some recent news to share with the audience. Some of the papers published in this volume are written versions of oral presentations held at the conference entit led 1918/1920â2019 – Neue Staatsgrenzen und die Folgen fÞr gewachsene Kulturland schaften im Donau-Karpatenraum. Eine Bilanz nach 100 Jahren (Az Új ÃĄllamhatÃĄrok (1918/1920) kÃķvetkezmÃĐnyei a KÃĄrpÃĄt-medencÃĐben, New state boundaries and their consequences for the existing cultural landscape in the Carpathian Basin) KomÃĄrno/ Ko mÃĄrom, 25-26 September, 2019. The conference was bilingual, i.e. German and English. The yearbook, somewhat irregularly, opens with the personal notes by JÃģzsef Liszka, greeting the celebrated honoured ones by remembering an old story that all participants share. The paper to follow is concerned with the current situation, as well as the issues of Romanian ethnological research by folklorist and ethnologist Ioana FruntelatÄ. The first thematic section includes a paper written in French, by Robert M. Kerr â an etymological study of the relationship between Hebrew Tophet âValley of Hinnomâ (i.e. âGehennaâ) and Mophet âDivine Miracleâ. Lars Dencik, writing in German, discusses the religious, social, and political changes affecting Slovakiaâs Jews in the period between the two World Wars. Finally, Szilvia Czingel discusses the relationship of Hungarian-speaking Jews to philanthropism, describing the practice of Mitzvah during the period between the early 19th century through the Holocaust. She uses personal communication as a means of investigation. The next part starts with Annabella Gecseâs essay, providing an overview of researchersâ options as far as the religious and erthnographic analysis of Gemer/ GÃķmÃķrâs19Roman Catholic settlements (villages) is concerned. The essay to follow, by ZoltÃĄn KlamÃĄr, supplements his paper in the 2019 volume of the series, written about the sacral small monuments at Kartal and the inhabitantsâ making use of available space and room, by providing information about the current trends and practices, observable since the outbreak of the COVID-19 pandemic. The first paper of the volume on popular culture, by MÃĄtÃĐ Csanda, analyzes Szabolcs Kiss PÃĄlâs docu-fiction video The Rise of the Fallen Feather (A lehullott toll felemelkedÃĐse) reflecting upon how (ethnic) nationalism appears in fine art genres. Next, ZoltÃĄn Magyarâs paper studies the motif of giving a gift in Hungarian folklore. As far as the material aspects of ethnology are concerned, the reader is introduced to the topic by KrisztiÃĄn UngvÃĄry, writing on the cultural landscape of the Tokaj region, including the changes it has undergone. Gyula Viga, then, shows to the reader the world of small restaurants and cafÃĐs in the region known as scrutinizing, most of all, how they have affected culinary culture in the recent decades. Finally, PÃĐter VataÅĄÄin gives interested readers a press review on the appearance of the idea of collectivization in Ãj SzÃģ.311 The last part includes papers, chiefly in German, that are written versions of oral papers presented at the conference we mentioned above. The first author to mention is LÃĄszlÃģ ÃllÃķs, writing on the issue of multiple identity, who explains that the nation-state, if it defines itself with reference to a predominant national identity, regards multiple identities as transitional phenomena, which leads to assimilation, i.e. the disappearance of non-predominant identities in two or three generationsâ time. This point of view fails to take into consideration that identities cannot be strictly separated, as people with a double identity are familiar with both cultures, understanding and regarding both as their own. The author concludes his paper by expressing his hope that the principle of mutually non-exclusive identities may even enable the creation of a supra-national European political community. ErzsÃĐbet D. MolnÃĄrâs essay discusses the deportation of Germans and Hungarians from the region of Subcarpathia (also known as Transcarpathia) between 1944 and 1946. Michael Geistlinger discusses the effect of the Ukrainian Language Act of 2019 on the language use of the countryâs minorities. Meinolf Arens gives an overview of the history of Ruthenians in the Carpathian Basin. Hans Hedrich provides an exciting travel report in the area around the Hungarian-Ukrainian-Romanian border. Finally, Viktor FehÃĐrâs analysis (in Hungarian) attempts to capture the revival processes of local identity and the phenomena connected to collective local memory by giving a presentation of the memorial park known as Mini-Yugoslavia in Subotica/ Szabadka (Serbia). Franz Sz. HorvÃĄth, using an illuminating example, gives a presentation on the ânarrative of victimizationâ, still predominant in the Hungarian interpretation of history. The volume also includes a Hungarian translation of Daniela KapitÃĄÅovÃĄâs excellent essay Their KomÃĄrno, my Trianon. Her paper is a faithful reflection of the atmosphere that dominated the Hungarian-Slovak relations during the MeÄiar era and some years after. The volume, then, after a historiographic translation, contains studies on Jewish culture and phenomena concerning popular religious practice. The reader is then presented with the results of research on topics such as folklore and material aspects of ethnography (culinary and winemaking culture), as well as (connected to the above-mentioned conference) the history in the past century of European communities that found themselves in a minority situation after World War and the current issues they are facing. To sum up, the yearbook presents research on the ethnology of the Carpathian Basin, seeking answers to topical questions, and contributing to an understanding and interpretation of the culture (cultures) of the region. Katalin Pajor
Taylor Kjorsvik Feb 7, 2024 On Tuesday, February 6th, a "deadly atmospheric river storm" lingered over Southern California for the third day in a row. As the weather creeps up toward the desert Southwest, the storm continues to soak the region with torrential rains, threatening more floods and mudslides. After record-breaking rainfall in the area, a flood-watch on Los Angeles county got extended until Wednesday. "A flash-flood warning was posted for the Orange County coast, and flood advisories were issued as far south as San Diego and the U.S.-Mexico border" (CNN). The rainfall left damage from 475 mudslides and caused about 400 fallen trees. Fallen trees and down utility lines knocked out electricity in thousands of homes and buildings. "156,000 utility customers who remained without power in Los Angeles as of Tuesday morning. Service had been restored to most of those by nightfall" (CNN). The rainfall and snow in the nearby mountains was carried to California by an "atmospheric river", which is an airborne current of dense moisture funneled from the Pacific. This also qualified as a "Pineapple Express" , an atmospheric river from subtropical waters in Hawaii. Meteorologists say that while such storms are common on the West Coast, they will become more extreme as climate change worsens.
Title \| Bipolar seesaw control on last interglacial sea level \| Publication Type \| Unpublished \| Year of Publication \| 2015 \| Authors \| Marino, G, Rohling, E, Rodríguez-Sanz, L, Grant, KM, Heslop, D, Roberts, AP, Stanford, JD, Yu, J \| Series Title \| Nature \| Number \| 7555 \| Pagination \| 197–201 \| Date Published \| June \| Abstract \| Our current understanding of ocean?atmosphere?cryosphere interactions at ice-age terminations relies largely on assessments of the most recent (last) glacial?interglacial transition1, 2, 3, Termination I (T-I). But the extent to which T-I is representative of previous terminations remains unclear. Testing the consistency of termination processes requires comparison of time series of critical climate parameters with detailed absolute and relative age control. However, such age control has been lacking for even the penultimate glacial termination (T-II), which culminated in a sea-level highstand during the last interglacial period that was several metres above present4. Here we show that Heinrich Stadial 11 (HS11), a prominent North Atlantic cold episode5, 6, occurred between 135 {$\pm$} 1 and 130 {$\pm$} 2 thousand years ago and was linked with rapid sea-level rise during T-II. Our conclusions are based on new and existing6, 7, 8, 9 data for T-II and the last interglacial that we collate onto a single, radiometrically constrained chronology. The HS11 cold episode5, 6 punctuated T-II and coincided directly with a major deglacial meltwater pulse, which predominantly entered the North Atlantic Ocean and accounted for about 70 per cent of the glacial?interglacial sea-level rise8, 9. We conclude that, possibly in response to stronger insolation and CO2 forcing earlier in T-II, the relationship between climate and ice-volume changes differed fundamentally from that of T-I. In T-I, the major sea-level rise clearly post-dates3, 10, 11 Heinrich Stadial 1. We also find that HS11 coincided with sustained Antarctic warming, probably through a bipolar seesaw temperature response12, and propose that this heat gain at high southern latitudes promoted Antarctic ice-sheet melting that fuelled the last interglacial sea-level peak. \| URL \| http://eprints.soton.ac.uk/382224/ \|
Science Adventures to Herstmonceux On Tuesday 20 September 2022, the Second Year joined twelve staff members and travelled to the Herstmonceux Observatory, East Sussex, for a day of science enrichment and team building. The Herstmonceux trip has been a Caterham science tradition for many years, and we were thrilled to be able to continue the tradition this year, albeit in the sombre aftermath of Queen Elizabeth II's funeral. After picking up a packed lunch each, the pupils boarded their designated coaches (named Galileo, Cassini and Magellan, after pioneering space probes) and we headed off just after 8:50. Greeted at the Observatory Centre by Education Director Jo at about 10:30, we split up into twelve teams and the challenges duly began. Each team had an opportunity to visit the Discovery Park (a playground with exhibits inspired by discoveries and principles from the DNA double helix to the creation of standing sound waves in partially-closed pipes of different lengths), the Water Play section (which included Archimedes' screw and other fundamental ideas of liquid flow), and the Exhibits Corridor (all sorts of installations inspired by forces and astronomy). The sculpted fish heads near the pond, which doubled up as light filters (allowing everyone to see the pond in a fascinatingly distorted view), were as popular as ever, but this year, the real fish in the pond outsold the sculpted fish and became the stars of the show. To prepare the teams for a Second Year science course full of practical work and experiment design, all building up to the Junior Science Fair next spring, we also competed in three challenges. The iconic Tower Building Derby was held in the heights of one of the domes at the Observatory; the legendary Bridge Building Contest took place in a tent near the pond; and the secretive Codebreaking Crusade was undertaken in a marquee at the back of the site. The teams, divided by Academic Houses, rose to the occasion and executed some formidable strategies for cracking codes and building tall towers and long, stable bridges as quickly as possible. This led to the annual speculation about whether any of the towers would collapse during construction and whether any of the bridges would be built to the wrong specification. Regardless of the outcomes of the challenges, the teams showcased their great House spirit and gained valuable insights into the art of sharing ideas and not just rushing in without planning. Congratulations to Lewisham for winning the Tower Building Derby, to Team "Eiffel Swift" for winning the Bridge Building Contest, and to Team "Levine Lantern" for winning the Codebreaking Crusade. (There were honorary bonus points available for anyone, staff or pupil, who could explain why I had chosen team names such as Eiffel Swift and Levine Lantern for the teams containing pupils from two Houses!) However, maximum points in one challenge each was not sufficient to give any of these teams the overall victory, as Hebridean Pink, captained by Mr Bailey, took second place in all three challenges and won the overall gold medal. Congratulations to them and to all the other competitors. Of the six Houses, Lewisham took first place for the second consecutive year, followed by Ridgefield and Newington. Thank you very much to everyone at the Observatory for opening the doors to us for another year, and to all the staff for accompanying this terrific curtain-raiser. As Mrs Lomas remarked at the end of the day, I think we left the Observatory with several new budding astronomers among our ranks – and you can't ask for a better trip legacy than that. Mr R. Evans Teacher of Chemistry, Head of Ridgefield, Herstmonceux Trip Leader Back to all news
Guest post written by Brian Murdoch, editor and translator of the book Three Political Tales from Medieval Germany. The Middle Ages were a long time ago and the three works in this collection were in German, so how can they possibly be relevant to the modern reader? Besides, they are about emperors and kings, and empires have quite a lot of problematic historical baggage. In spite of all that, I wanted to translate and present these three texts together because they have two distinct qualities: they are good stories, and they also contain implied political messages which relate quite easily to modern events. The first two – the stories of Duke Ernst and of Henry of Kempten – are lively narratives. The former is almost an early fantasy or science fiction text, as the hero boldly goes beyond the limits of the known world and encounters natural dangers (like magnetic mountains), and strange creatures (heavily armed monopods), before returning home. The second tells about a daring rescue and the memorable defeat of some would-be assassins by a knight who is naked apart from his shield and sword. But both tales are political. Ernst goes on his adventures when he is driven out of the Holy Roman Empire, in which he had held a high position, by a jealous adversary, whose lies about Ernst are believed and force him to fight against the emperor. The words "emperor" and "state" are interchangeable. The emperor is not perfect, but in that age he represents stability, and Ernst learns the importance of this. Henry of Kempten also attacks his emperor, this time after an initially trivial incident escalates very rapidly, leaving him with his dagger at the emperor's throat. This emperor is himself unpleasant and impulsive, but again he represents the stable state, and although in the event a potential civil war is avoided, when Henry knocks his crown to the floor, this is symbolically horrifying. I mention in the introduction two parallels: the attempt to blow up Parliament and kill the king in England in 1605; and the rather more recent attack on the US Capitol and the threats made to those in office. The status quo may not be perfect, but it is very easy to upset social stability. Animal fables show beasts acting with human beastliness. Reynard the Fox is a small-time confidence trickster, not always successful, but always determined to get his own way. The story darkens as he moves from trickery to worse crimes, including rape. Arraigned by the Lion King of the Beasts, he manages to avoid a series of court cases, and becomes the king's trusted physician. By his habitual lies and manipulation, Reynard not only kills the king, but takes revenge on all those who spoke against him, and some who did not. Three entertaining stories, then, which are at the same time warnings to stay vigilant. Brian Murdoch, Three Political Tales from Medieval Germany. Duke Ernst, Henry of Kempten, and Reynard the Fox (Translated with an Introduction). Proofed readers save 35% on all featured titles with code BB897.
Have you ever wondered about the advantages of having an air purifier? If yes then you have come to the right place. In this article, we will share some of the best advantages of having an air purifier. Air Purifier: An air purifier is a device that removes contaminants from the air. It is also referred to as an air cleaner, an air filter, or an air ionizer. Air purifiers have been around for many years, but have gained popularity recently due to the growing awareness of health issues caused by polluted indoor air quality. Air pollution can cause respiratory diseases and cancer, especially in children and older people who are most susceptible to its effects. Air purifiers can be used for many different applications. They can help reduce odors, dust, and pollen in the home. They can also be used in offices to minimize the spread of viruses, bacteria, and molds which can cause illness among employees. In addition, they are often used in homes to remove pet hair and dander which can trigger allergies in some individuals. In homes with smokers or people who have asthma, an air purifier is particularly helpful at reducing secondhand smoke and other pollutants that may aggravate the condition. There are several types of air purifiers available on the market today. Some use HEPA filters which remove 99.97% of airborne particles as small as 0.3 microns from the air passing through them. Others use ultraviolet light to kill viruses and bacteria that pass through them and still, others produce negative ions
Experts discuss Nevada's snowpack, climate challenges Scientists and experts are looking at the state of Nevada's snowpack and what it means for the state's landscapes in the foreseeable future. During a recent webinar, experts talked about where Nevada stands in relation to long-term drought and how the current snowpack in the Sierras will impact it. Dan McEvoy, regional climatologist with Desert Research, said this year's snowfall will bring relief and help mitigate a lot of the surface water deficits and added reservoirs in Northern Nevada and California are filling quickly even though spring and summer snowmelts have not yet happened.
Useful Bible Studies > 1 Kings Commentary > chapter 20 The 32 kings who joined together in Ben-Hadad's army had been drinking wine early (20:12). That is evidence of lazy attitudes (Ecclesiastes 10:16-17). They thought that it would be easy to defeat Israel's army. King Ahab of Israel was ready to begin his attack, by God's command, at noon. By that time, the kings had already had too much alcohol to drink. They were not expecting that Israel's army would attack first. Ben-Hadad received a report about the 232 young men who were at the front of Israel's army. God had said that they would be the heroes in this battle. Ben-Hadad did not know whether they had come out to fight, or to accept defeat. He ordered his soldiers not to kill them, but to bring them to him alive. He probably intended to make them suffer and then to laugh at them. He and the kings with him would consider that to be good entertainment. The decision not to kill those young men was a problem for Ben-Hadad's soldiers. Israel's young men carried knives and other sharp tools as their weapons, to kill their enemies. Ben-Hadad's soldiers, of course, had weapons too – but Ben-Hadad's command meant that they could not use their weapons properly. Instead, they were trying to catch and to arrest these brave, fast young men who were trying to kill them. So, although Israel's young men had much less experience, in this kind of battle they had a clear advantage. Next part: God fights in support of Israel (1 Kings 20:19-20) Please use the links at the top of the page to find our other articles in this series. You can download all our articles if you go to the download page for our free 1000+ page course book. © 2024, Keith Simons.
One of the many dangers on the road is distracted driving. Any driver can become distracted. Distracted driving happens when a driver looks away from the road, takes their hands off the wheel or thinks about anything other than driving. In the age of distraction, distracted driving is one of the most common causes of auto accidents. Distracted driving may be most dangerous when a driver willingly allows their focus to be diverted. This can happen in the following ways: Nearly everyone has a phone. Calls and texts often divert people's attention while they drive. But, social media use can also lead to auto accidents. Many drivers grab fast food. Fast food is readily available for people who do not want to cook and cheap for people who can not afford expensive meals. However, eating while driving can lead to serious auto accidents. Radio and AC Many people would not believe that using their radio or AC while they drive would be dangerous since they are implemented in nearly every vehicle. However, changing the radio or AC while a vehicle is in motion can cause a driver to look away from the road and take their hands off the wheel. Drivers can learn more about what leads to distractions while driving. But, many people still suffer from distracted driving accidents each year. Victims should seek legal guidance when filing an auto accident claim.
With the tourism industry heavily relying on plastics, it has reached a critical turning point where it must embrace sustainable practices and adopt a circular economy approach to reduce plastic pollution. In this blog post on sustainable tourism, we will explore the practical measures and strategies that businesses and travelers can undertake to promote a circular economy of plastic and decrease the industry's environmental footprint. Understanding the Environmental Impact of Plastic in Tourism Despite being a convenient and versatile material, plastic products used in tourism contribute significantly to pollution and harm the environment. The adverse effects of plastic pollution extend to both marine and terrestrial ecosystems. Fish and marine mammals often mistake plastic debris for food, which can result in injury and death. Discarded plastic products also release toxic chemicals into the environment and have long-term implications for human well-being. The Significance of Adopting a Circular Economy Approach in Tourism A circular economy minimizes waste generation and promotes resource efficiency. The tourism industry can pivot towards a circular economy by reducing consumption of single-use plastic, developing recycling infrastructure, and implementing plastic-free policies. In doing so, the industry can benefit from significant reductions in both waste and resource consumption. It is imperative that all stakeholders, including hotels, restaurants, tour operators, and travelers, collaborate to promote sustainable practices in tourism. Practical Steps Towards a Circular Economy of Plastic in Tourism Minimizing Single-Use Plastic - Encourage businesses to reduce consumption of single-use plastic items and promote alternatives like biodegradable or compostable materials, reusable products, and refillable options. Developing Recycling Infrastructure - Invest in enhancing and expanding recycling infrastructure within tourist destinations. - Establish accessible recycling facilities and collaborate with waste management companies for efficient collection, sorting, and processing of plastic waste. Implementing Plastic-Free Policies - Encourage hotels, resorts, and restaurants to adopt plastic-free policies by eliminating plastic water bottles, installing refill stations, and reducing or eliminating plastic packaging for food and beverages. Promoting Plastic Waste Management Education - Educate tourists and local communities about responsible plastic waste management. - Provide information about recycling facilities, waste segregation, and responsible disposal practices. Collaboration with Local Communities - Engage local communities in awareness campaigns, waste management initiatives, and recycling programs. - Encourage local businesses to provide alternatives to plastic and support community-led waste management projects. Establishing Partnerships with Suppliers - Develop collaborations with suppliers and vendors to promote sustainable practices. - Encourage the availability of plastic-free alternatives and sustainable packaging options from suppliers prioritizing eco-friendly products. Encouraging Responsible Tourist Behavior and Raising Awareness - Raise awareness among tourists about the environmental impact of plastic waste. - Promote responsible tourism practices such as carrying reusable water bottles and bags, avoiding excessive packaging, and supporting local businesses committed to sustainability. Certification and Standards - Develop and promote certification programs and standards for sustainable tourism practices, including plastic waste reduction and management. - Encourage tourism businesses to obtain and display these certifications to demonstrate their commitment to eco-friendly initiatives. Research and Innovation - Support research and innovation aimed at developing alternative materials and technologies to replace plastic in tourism. - Encourage the use of biodegradable or compostable packaging, eco-friendly amenities, and sustainable alternatives for commonly used plastic items. Government Support - Advocate for government policies and regulations that facilitate the circular economy of plastic in tourism. - Implement incentives for businesses adopting sustainable practices and enforce stricter regulations on single-use plastic. By implementing the strategies mentioned above and actively engaging with stakeholders, the tourism industry can take significant steps towards minimizing its plastic footprint. It is crucial to promote the use of biodegradable or compostable materials and advocate for responsible waste management practices. As a result, the industry can attract conscientious travelers and promote destination sustainability while ensuring positive and enduring impacts on the environment and local communities. By prioritizing a circular economy of plastic, the tourism industry can lead the way for other sectors in promoting sustainable practices. With collaboration from local communities and government support through policies and investments, we can create a sustainable future where tourism and plastic consumption coexist harmoniously- paving the way for responsible travel experiences that have a positive and lasting impact on our planet. For Global Tourism Plastics Initiative TOOLS & RESOURCES For more blogs visit Spot Light
High-speed rail network extends to south China's Karst regions NANNING, Aug. 31 (Xinhua) -- A Fuxing bullet train on Thursday morning departed from Nanning, the capital of south China's Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, marking the launch of full-scale high-speed rail services in south China's Karst regions. Spanning 482 kilometers, the new railway connects Nanning with Guiyang, the capital of the southwestern province of Guizhou, according to China Railway Nanning Group Co., Ltd. The Guiyang-Nanning High-Speed Railway was designed to facilitate a top speed of 350 kilometers per hour, and it is the first railway of its kind to be built in either Guizhou or Guangxi, both of which are known for their Karst landscapes. The time it takes to travel from Guiyang to Nanning has now been reduced from over five hours to approximately three hours, greatly benefiting residents in mountainous areas and contributing to economic growth along the route. The new railway has 13 stations, with the Guizhou section housing six of those stations and the Guangxi section housing seven stations. Related Stories - First 350-km/h high-speed rail launched in mountainous Guizhou - China's first HSR designed for 350 km/h delivers 340 mln passenger trips in 15 years - The moment a high-speed rail surpasses a traditional train - China makes progress in bullet train development - Bullet trains launch on Xining-Golmud section of Qinghai-Tibet Railway Copyright © 2023 People's Daily Online. All Rights Reserved.
Kizuna Satellite Delivers Internet up to 1.2 Gbps In the United States, people fortunate enough to live in an area served by fiber-to-the-home services such as Verizon's FiOS are able to connect to the Internet at speeds much faster than those available from cable modem or DSL service. Soon, isolated villages in the mountainous areas of Southeast Asia will be able to connect to the Internet at speeds many times faster than those available even on fiber-to-the-home links, thanks work done by Mitsubishi and the Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA). The two launched the Wideband InterNetworking engineering test and Demonstration Satellite (Kizuna) on a H-IIA launch vehicle Feb. 23 from the Tanegashima Space Center. Kizuna uses multi-beam and active phased-array antennas to provide Ka-band coverage to the Asia-Pacific region. The satellite is designed to provide super high-speed communications to mountainous areas and remote islands in the region. Unlike consumer satellite Internet services in the United States, which are limited to approximately 1.5 Mbps downlink speeds, Kizuna will permit downlink speeds up to 155 Mbps and uplink speeds of 6 Mbps using a small 45cm diameter satellite dish. With a larger antenna 5 meters in diameter, Kizuna will support data communication up to 1.2 Gbps. JAXA outlined four applications for the satellite. They include disaster network operations, where small antennas can be used to send high resolution images securely to a disaster countermeasures office; solving the information availability disparity by providing super-high speed communications to remote areas at level comparable to what is available in city areas; connecting schools throughout Japan and Asia for remote education; and providing remote medicine services to remote areas by connecting them with medical facilities in urban areas. Will we see similar offerings in the United States? Readers may remember that for the last few years I've predicted low cost, high-speed Ka-band Internet connectivity would revolutionize satellite newsgathering. So far, I haven't seen any indication of that happening here. Most Ka-band satellite capacity is devoted to providing HDTV DBS services. With the variety of wired and wireless Internet services available to most of the U.S. population and increasing demand for HDTV over satellite, I doubt we'll see 155 Mbps satellite Internet service available in the United States any time soon. I hope I'm wrong! Visit the Kizuna Special Site for more information. Get the TV Tech Newsletter The professional video industry's #1 source for news, trends and product and tech information. Sign up below. Doug Lung is one of America's foremost authorities on broadcast RF technology. As vice president of Broadcast Technology for NBCUniversal Local, H. Douglas Lung leads NBC and Telemundo-owned stations' RF and transmission affairs, including microwave, radars, satellite uplinks, and FCC technical filings. Beginning his career in 1976 at KSCI in Los Angeles, Lung has nearly 50 years of experience in broadcast television engineering. Beginning in 1985, he led the engineering department for what was to become the Telemundo network and station group, assisting in the design, construction and installation of the company's broadcast and cable facilities. Other projects include work on the launch of Hawaii's first UHF TV station, the rollout and testing of the ATSC mobile-handheld standard, and software development related to the incentive auction TV spectrum repack. A longtime columnist for TV Technology, Doug is also a regular contributor to IEEE Broadcast Technology. He is the recipient of the 2023 NAB Television Engineering Award. He also received a Tech Leadership Award from TV Tech publisher Future plc in 2021 and is a member of the IEEE Broadcast Technology Society and the Society of Broadcast Engineers.
Benthic Biology and Ecology Team Benthic Biology and Ecology The Benthic Biology Team studies the diversity of life on the seafloor, from exploring deep-sea habitats to measuring the effect of ocean change on the lives of marine animals. Carbon Flux Ecology Team Carbon Flux Ecology The Carbon Flux Ecology Team resolves the biology and ecology of sinking particles to advance our understanding of the ocean's role in regulating the carbon cycle and climate. Ocean Soundscape Team Ocean Soundscape Exploring natural and anthropogenic sound in the ocean to advance marine ecology and inform stewardship of the sea.
When Steve Jobs famously said, "Who wants a stylus? You have to get 'em, put 'em away, you lose 'em. Yuck!" during the launch of the first iPhone in 2007, he made it clear that for him, a finger was the only tool needed to interact with a smartphone. However, times have changed, and in recent years, stylus pens have made a strong comeback in the mobile phone industry. Contrary to Jobs' belief, having a stylus for your phone can actually be a great addition to your device. Whether you're an artist, a note-taker, or just someone who prefers precise input, a stylus can provide a level of control and functionality that your finger simply can't match. In this article, we'll delve into the various benefits of using a stylus with your mobile phone, debunk some common misconceptions, and explore how it can enhance your overall smartphone experience. Inside This Article - Subtitle 1: The Benefits of Having a Stylus for Your Phone - Subtitle 2: Increased Precision and Accuracy - Subtitle 3: Enhanced Creativity and Productivity - Subtitle 4: Improved Accessibility and Ease of Use for Certain Tasks - Conclusion - FAQs Subtitle 1: The Benefits of Having a Stylus for Your Phone When it comes to using our smartphones, touchscreens have become the standard interface. However, there is one tool that is often overlooked but can greatly enhance the user experience: the stylus. Contrary to what Steve Jobs famously said, having a stylus for your phone can actually provide several benefits that can improve your mobile device usage in various ways. One of the key advantages of using a stylus is increased precision and accuracy. While our fingers provide a convenient way to interact with touchscreens, they may not always offer the same level of accuracy when it comes to fine details. With a stylus, you have more control over your actions, allowing for more precise inputs. Whether you are editing photos, sketching, or playing games that require precise movements, a stylus can make a noticeable difference in your accuracy and overall user experience. Another benefit of having a stylus is the enhanced creativity and productivity it enables. With the ability to draw, doodle, and annotate directly on your phone's screen, a stylus opens up a world of creative possibilities. Whether you are an artist, a student taking notes, or simply someone who enjoys expressing their ideas visually, having a stylus gives you the freedom to unleash your creativity on a digital canvas. Moreover, a stylus can also be a useful tool for professionals who need to sign digital documents or make precise annotations on presentations or PDFs. In addition to precision and creativity, a stylus can also improve the accessibility and ease of use for certain tasks. For individuals with larger fingers or those who struggle with touchscreen navigation, a stylus provides an alternative way to interact with their smartphones. It offers a more tactile experience, allowing for more precise selection of buttons, icons, and menus. Furthermore, a stylus can also be beneficial for individuals with disabilities who may have difficulty using touchscreens with their fingers alone. By providing a more precise and controlled input method, a stylus can enhance the usability and accessibility of smartphones for a wider range of users. Subtitle 2: Increased Precision and Accuracy When it comes to using a mobile phone, precision and accuracy are crucial. Whether you're tapping on icons, navigating through web pages, or sketching a masterpiece, having a stylus can greatly enhance your overall experience. A stylus provides you with a precise and controlled input method, allowing you to effortlessly interact with your device in ways that your fingers simply cannot match. With a stylus, you can accurately tap on small buttons or links on your phone's screen, eliminating the frustrations that come with accidental taps or misaligned selections. This increased precision is particularly helpful for individuals with larger fingers or those who simply prefer a more precise input method. Moreover, if you're an artist or enjoy taking handwritten notes, a stylus offers unparalleled accuracy. You can achieve finer strokes, control brush sizes, and capture intricate details seamlessly. Whether you're creating digital art or jotting down important information, the precise control of a stylus allows you to bring your ideas to life with unmatched accuracy. Another benefit of using a stylus for increased precision is the reduction of errors. When typing on a virtual keyboard, it's easy to make typos or hit the wrong key. With a stylus, you can navigate the keyboard more accurately and decrease the chances of mistakes. This is especially helpful for individuals who frequently type long documents or emails on their mobile devices. Furthermore, a stylus can improve your gaming experience by providing pinpoint accuracy. Whether you're playing first-person shooter games or puzzle games that require precise movements, a stylus gives you an edge by allowing you to make accurate and swift actions. This can lead to better performance, higher scores, and a more enjoyable gaming experience overall. Overall, having a stylus for your mobile phone significantly increases precision and accuracy across various tasks, from navigating the interface to creating digital art or playing games. The precise input method offered by a stylus ensures that every interaction with your device is accurate, eliminating frustrations and allowing you to accomplish tasks with ease. Subtitle 3: Enhanced Creativity and Productivity In today's fast-paced digital world, creativity and productivity are highly valued. Whether you are an artist, designer, writer, or simply someone who enjoys expressing their ideas visually, having a stylus for your phone can greatly enhance your creative capabilities. A stylus allows for more precise control and accuracy when interacting with your phone's touch screen. With a stylus in hand, you can create intricate artwork, edit photos with precision, and even jot down handwritten notes or sketches effortlessly. Gone are the days when you had to settle for using your finger as a makeshift stylus; now you can truly unleash your creative potential with the help of a dedicated stylus. From detailed drawings to intricate calligraphy, a stylus enables you to express yourself in ways that were previously limited by the size of your finger. Moreover, a stylus can significantly boost your productivity. With the ability to take precise notes and annotate documents directly on your phone, you can save time and effort. Whether you are in a meeting, attending a lecture, or brainstorming ideas on the go, a stylus allows you to capture your thoughts quickly and efficiently. Furthermore, a stylus can make navigating your phone's user interface more efficient. From selecting small icons and buttons to scrolling through menus, using a stylus provides greater accuracy and ease of use. This can be particularly advantageous for individuals with larger hands or those who experience difficulty with fine motor control. For digital artists and designers, a stylus offers a multitude of software tools and features to enhance their creative workflow. Many applications provide pressure sensitivity, allowing you to vary the thickness, opacity, or even texture of your strokes based on the pressure applied. This opens up endless possibilities for creating realistic artwork and designs. Additionally, with the growing popularity of note-taking apps and digital planners, a stylus becomes an indispensable tool for organizing your thoughts and tasks. You can easily highlight, underline, and mark important sections in your digital documents, making it easier to review and locate information later. Subtitle 4: Improved Accessibility and Ease of Use for Certain Tasks Having a stylus for your phone not only enhances precision and creativity, but it also improves accessibility and ease of use for certain tasks. There are various situations where using a stylus can significantly enhance user experience and make interactions with your phone more convenient. One major advantage of using a stylus is its potential to assist individuals with physical disabilities or conditions that may affect their dexterity. For those who have difficulty using their fingers or experience hand tremors, a stylus provides a more stable and precise point of contact with the screen. This allows them to navigate through apps, tap on small icons, and perform delicate actions with greater accuracy and control. Additionally, using a stylus can be highly beneficial for artists, designers, and those in the creative field. The pressure sensitivity and fine tip of a stylus allow for more precise and detailed drawing, sketching, and digital artwork. It provides a natural feel that closely replicates the experience of traditional pen and paper, enabling artists to unleash their creativity and produce high-quality work on a digital platform. Moreover, a stylus can greatly enhance the efficiency of taking handwritten notes on your phone. Many note-taking apps now offer the ability to write or draw directly on the screen using a stylus, converting your handwritten input into digital text. This makes it easier to organize and search for specific notes, and it eliminates the need for carrying around a traditional notebook or constantly switching between different tools and devices. In addition to note-taking, a stylus can also be advantageous for tasks that require precise selections or editing. Whether it's highlighting text, selecting small objects, or making precise adjustments in photo editing apps, a stylus provides more accuracy and control than using your finger alone. This can be particularly helpful for professionals who need to work on detailed tasks or individuals who prefer a more precise touch input. Overall, having a stylus for your phone improves accessibility and ease of use in various scenarios. Whether you have physical limitations or simply want to enhance your creativity and productivity, a stylus can provide you with greater control, precision, and versatility in interacting with your device. Having a stylus for your phone is a great feature that can greatly enhance your mobile experience. Although Steve Jobs famously stated that "if you see a stylus, they blew it," the advancements in technology have made it clear that a stylus can provide numerous benefits and functionalities. From precise drawing and note-taking to improved navigation and accessibility, the stylus opens up a world of possibilities for smartphone users. Whether you're an artist looking to sketch with precision or a student wanting to jot down notes effortlessly, the stylus offers a level of accuracy and control that is hard to achieve with just fingers. Moreover, the stylus is no longer an accessory exclusive to a few smartphone models. It has become a widely available feature in many devices, catering to diverse user needs. Whether you prefer a flagship phone or one with a more budget-friendly price tag, chances are you'll find a stylus-enabled device that fits your requirements. So, embrace the stylus and take advantage of the added functionality it provides. Whether it's a writing tool, a creative outlet, or simply a more precise way to interact with your phone, having a stylus can truly enhance your mobile phone experience. 1. Why did Steve Jobs criticize the use of a stylus for phones? Steve Jobs expressed his disapproval of using a stylus for phones during the unveiling of the first iPhone in 2007. He believed that the touch screen technology, coupled with finger input, would provide a more natural and intuitive way of interacting with the device. Jobs felt that using a stylus would be cumbersome and detract from the user experience. However, opinions have evolved over time as stylus technology has advanced, and many users now find them to be a useful tool for certain tasks. 2. How can a stylus benefit me when using my phone? A stylus can bring several benefits to using a phone, depending on your needs and preferences. It provides more precision when interacting with the touchscreen, making it easier to navigate menus, tap on small buttons, or draw intricate designs. For tasks such as note-taking or drawing, a stylus offers a more natural and accurate experience, allowing you to write or sketch with greater detail and control. Additionally, a stylus eliminates the need to directly touch the screen, reducing smudges and fingerprints on your phone display. 3. Can I use any stylus with my phone? In most cases, modern smartphones are designed to be compatible with a variety of styluses. However, it's important to check the specifications of your phone to ensure compatibility with the stylus you're interested in using. Some styluses require specific features like pressure sensitivity or connectivity options that may not be supported by all phones. Additionally, some phones have built-in stylus support, offering additional features and functionality specifically designed for that particular model. 4. Are there any disadvantages to using a stylus with a phone? While using a stylus with a phone can be beneficial, there are a few potential downsides to consider. Firstly, carrying an extra accessory like a stylus may be inconvenient for some users who prefer minimalism or have limited space. Additionally, using a stylus may require a slight adjustment period as you get accustomed to the different way of interacting with your phone compared to using your fingers. Lastly, compared to finger inputs, certain gestures or multi-touch functionalities may not be as easily executed with a stylus. 5. Can a stylus damage my phone's screen? Most modern smartphones are equipped with durable touchscreen displays that can withstand regular use with a stylus. However, it's advisable to use a stylus with a soft tip or made specifically for touchscreen devices to minimize the risk of scratching or damaging the screen. Avoid using sharp or rough objects as makeshift styluses, as these can potentially cause scratches or other damage. Regularly cleaning the screen and stylus tip can also help maintain their optimal performance and prevent any potential build-up of debris.
WASHINGTON, DC–Today, the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) announced final drinking water standards for six individual PFAS "forever chemicals" including PFOA, PFOS, PFNA, PFHxS, HFPO-DA (GenX), and PFBS. This is the first time that drinking water standards have been finalized for a new chemical under the Safe Drinking Water Act since it was updated in 1996. The finalized drinking water standards are: - 4 parts per trillion for PFOA - 4 parts per trillion for PFOS - A standard based on the hazard of a mixture of four PFAS chemicals: PFNA, PFHxS, PFBS, and HFPO-DA (commonly known as Gen X) - 10 parts per trillion for PFNA - 10 parts per trillion for PFHxS - 10 parts per trillion for HFPO-DA - EPA's commitment comes after years of PFAS action by states and leading retailers nationwide. Safer States and Toxic-Free Future applaud the adoption of record low drinking water standards for these PFAS chemicals and say PFAS are too harmful to be put into commerce. The following statements were released in response to this news. "PFAS from an upstream chrome plating facility contaminated the drinking water source in my community," said Robb Kerr, Ann Arbor community leader and Great Lakes PFAS Action Network member. "These EPA drinking water standards are long overdue for impacted community members across the country that have also dealt with PFAS pollution in their drinking water." "This is a huge victory. These new rules will give communities across America access to safer drinking water," explained Sarah Doll, national director of Safer States. "For years, states have led the way in addressing PFAS contamination. We applaud the administration for stepping up to ensure that all states and communities have these protections." "Communities across the country are suffering the financial and health consequences of ongoing exposures to these highly toxic 'forever chemicals,'" said Liz Hitchcock, federal policy program director for Toxic-Free Future. "We have got to prevent further pollution from PFAS, by ending their use in firefighting foams used by military and civilian firefighters and in consumer products like food packaging and textiles. Congress and the Administration must keep moving forward to protect us from these toxic chemicals." "Access to safe drinking water is a basic human right, and EPA's action today is a clear recognition that these incredibly harmful chemicals should never have been in commerce and we need to get them out of drinking water," said Erika Schreder, science director for Toxic-Free Future. "We hope that EPA's action sends a strong signal that we need to protect drinking water by ending the use of PFAS and acting urgently to clean up existing contamination." Chemical companies sell PFAS (per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances) for application to products such as paper and textiles as stain-resistant, water-repellent, and grease-proofing treatments. These toxic compounds are also widely used in industrial processes and then discharged into waterways. PFAS have been linked to serious health problems such as cancer, immune system suppression, increased cholesterol levels, pregnancy-induced hypertension, liver damage, reduced fertility, and increased risk of thyroid disease. PFAS has been found in breast milk and in most products labeled stain- and water-resistant. PFAS are known as "forever" chemicals because they persist and don't break down in the environment. Research has found that 3M knew in the 1970s that PFOA and PFOS are dangerous.
Parbaked Breads and other Products As we have previously discussed on the blog, it is possible to halt fermentation through freezing (frozen dough) to resume it later after thawing the pieces. However, this technique comes with numerous challenges. On one hand, certain conditions must be modified during processing to minimize cold damage to the yeast, and on the other hand, at the point of sale, the necessary times to finish the product are very long (thawing, fermentation, and baking), requiring different equipment. Frozen Products One way to overcome these drawbacks, allowing us to obtain products with a long shelf life and faster service or consumption at the final point, is to freeze the pieces once finished. However, crunchy breads such as baguettes, ciabattas, or Spanish "barras" suffer in this process, leading to a loss of final quality, primarily manifested as crust flaking. Nonetheless, it is worth noting that all products without a crunchy crust can be frozen with minimal quality loss. Therefore, items like sandwich bread, cakes, or donuts can be frozen, despite not being commonly seen in the frozen section. This is because many of these products have a sufficiently long shelf life without freezing, usually achieved through the use of preservatives, among other additives. Frozen shelf space is limited and valuable, and the cost of frozen storage and transportation would increase the selling price of these products. However, frozen donuts and muffins are available in the market. The reason is that these products are sold to hospitality, catering or distribution, which have suitable storage facilities, and they are thawed before being offered for sale, so the end consumer is usually unaware of this practice. In Spain, frozen gluten-free sandwich bread has also been marketed. The lower turnover of these products required them to have a long shelf life, more challenging to achieve than in similar gluten-containing products. Techniques to increase shelf life reduced the sensory quality and acceptability of these breads, which was already lower than that of wheat-based products. For this reason, some companies decided to market them frozen, minimizing techniques, ingredients, or processes that, although extending shelf life, reduced quality. It is also important to consider that gluten-free products often have higher prices and can absorb a certain additional cost. Parbaked Breads However, as mentioned, it is not possible to freeze crunchy bread without a loss of quality. Nevertheless, these problems disappear if we freeze the pieces halfway through baking, so that only a light baking is necessary at the final point of sale. This process can be carried out very similarly to conventional baking, making it easy to adapt. In the first part of baking, the pieces expand, partly due to the action of the yeast, and the dough remains soft and delicate. However, around halfway through baking, two phenomena occur that facilitate freezing. On one hand, the expansion of the pieces ends as the yeast becomes inactive, eliminating concerns about potential cold damage to the yeast, which has already completed its function. On the other hand, starch gelatinization occurs, significantly increasing the consistency of the pieces, making them more robust and easier to handle. From this point, we could stop baking and freeze the pieces, or even keep them in refrigeration or at room temperature. There is a current trend to prolong the "industrial" baking as much as possible so that the baking times at the point of sale are minimal. However, as we increase the initial baking times, typical problems of freezing finished bread also increase. Therefore, the optimal point to stop initial baking is after the piece completes its expansion and starch gelatinization, and before the crust begins to brown. In this type of bread, a slight volume drop has been detected during final baking. This can be minimized with slightly shorter fermentation processes (not excessively forced in this process), with stronger flours, and with improvers that provide stability in these stages of the process, such as DATEM emulsifiers. Once the baking process is stopped, the pieces can be stored and marketed at room temperature. However, it should be noted that these pieces still have high moisture, high water activity, and therefore a high risk of microbial deterioration. This results in a very short shelf life. To extend it, modified atmospheres and refrigeration can be used, but the latter increases starch retrogradation phenomena, which must also be taken into account. The use of antimicrobial agents, discussed in the blog, is also necessary. CO2 is known to have a fungicidal effect against molds and inhibits the development of bacteria and yeast. Therefore, the use of modified atmospheres rich in CO2, with the presence of nitrogen, low oxygen content, and packaging materials with high gas barrier properties, along with refrigeration, can produce parbaked bread with a shelf life of over 30 days. In addition, these pieces usually experience a certain loss of aromas generated in the first baking, which is not recovered, and they tend to dry out excessively. The pieces, coming out of the oven, have a drier surface than the interior, but over time, part of the moisture from the internal part moves to the exterior to equalize humidities. This leaves the internal part drier than in a conventional baking process, and in the second baking, the moisture that has moved to the external part evaporates. These phenomena are more significant with higher storage temperatures and a higher surface area/volume ratio, or a higher crust percentage compared to crumb. To minimize this problem, higher hydration of the dough, the use of flours with higher protein content and, therefore, more water absorption capacity, or the use of hydrocolloids such as guar gum or pregelatinized starches, which also have a high water absorption capacity, can be used. The latter (gums and pregel starches) greatly minimize moisture transfer but must be incorporated in very small amounts; otherwise, they would significantly modify the final bread. Finally, it should be considered that part of the starch will retrograde, and this retrogradation must be reversed in the final baking, requiring a minimum time. If the product is frozen after the first baking, conservation times increase significantly, exceeding a year, and problems of drying out (though not entirely eliminated), starch retrogradation, and loss of aroma are reduced. However, production, storage, and transportation costs increase. For the freezing process, the same factors mentioned for frozen dough must be considered, and it should be carried out at the lowest possible temperature (around -40ºC) to minimize the size of the formed crystals. The centre of the pieces should reach a temperature between -7 and -10ºC. Subsequently, they should be stored at a low temperature, preferably at -24ºC, without breaking the cold chain at any time (without exceeding -18ºC). In some of these breads, a slight separation between crumb and crust is observed, along with whitish spots near the crust. The first defect is usually attributed to differences in moisture between both parts and is more common with longer storage times. To minimize it, it is advisable to reduce storage times, not exceed the baking time in the first phase, and use additives with high water retention power, such as hydrocolloids. However, lightly moistening the crust before freezing can also help reduce this problem. The appearance of white spots is due to dryness in that area, having moved from the internal part to the external part of the pieces. They partially disappear in the final baking but may remain in part. To minimize this problem, the mentioned changes to prevent moisture migration should be adopted, along with respecting storage times and maintaining the cold chain. Although the quality of these breads has been criticized at some point, both nutritionally and organoleptically, it must be noted that this technique hardly modifies the products. Nutritionally, they are very similar to those obtained through the traditional process. It is not true that they contain more additives than most commercial bread, although these additives may be slightly different. Organoleptic quality depends on the production process. They can be of poor quality, based on fast processes that result in low-quality bread, similar to applying them in traditional processing, with less flavour and aroma and quick hardening. However, high-quality bread can also be produced through these processes, based on slow processes, with long fermentation times, very tasty, and aromatic. Other Products These techniques also apply to other types of dough, such as pizzas. However, there are products where these techniques cannot be applied. The most well-known example is fermented laminated dough, such as croissants. These pieces, which cannot be frozen once finished due to their crispy nature, also cannot be frozen halfway through baking due to the excessively soft and difficult-to-handle nature of these doughs at that moment. This is related to the high-fat content and the melting of these fats during baking. Therefore, in the case of croissants, frozen dough is usually used. This implies the need for a proofing chamber at the final point. Although this equipment is common in bakeries, it is not as prevalent in some points of sale that only have a small oven. To solve this problem, frozen croissants that do not require proofing have been developed. This statement is somewhat deceptive, as the goal is for fermentation to occur in the early stages of baking. For this, the amount of yeast is increased, and even the use of leavening agents or baking powders can be considered. This way, the volume increase achieved with fermentation can be achieved more quickly at the beginning of baking before the dough reaches the yeast's inactivation temperature. However, other fermentation characteristics, such as a greater aroma and flavour, and a longer shelf life, would not be achieved. Therefore, these products are suitable for a certain type of consumer but with lower organoleptic quality. Final Baking of the Pieces A final aspect to consider is the final baking process. When done correctly, it can maintain the quality of the bread, but if not done properly, it can compromise it. Thus, the pieces cannot go directly from the freezer to the oven and must be thawed beforehand. Otherwise, significant differences between the temperatures of the centre and the exterior occur, resulting in white spots. Additionally, it is crucial to adhere to recommended times and temperatures, and it is not advisable to increase the temperature to speed up the bread or shorten baking times. These issues are very common in the hospitality industry, and catering, where due to poor planning, there is a need for bread in record time. In Spain, par-baked bread has become prevalent due to its convenience and speed in finishing at the point of sale. However, in other countries like France, frozen dough still has a good market. Some users of this type of dough claim to prefer it for the possibility of distinguishing themselves more from the competition that may acquire similar products. Today, some companies have chosen to produce fully baked bread that can be frozen at home without a significant loss of quality. They are not promoting it heavily, but consumers are discovering it, and often, they appreciate it. Since the major problem with freezing crispy bread is the flaking due to the dryness of the crusts, we can reduce this issue by slightly reducing the dryness of these crusts and sacrificing some crunchiness. To achieve this, we can use oil in the formulation or employ hydrocolloids. A smaller final volume of the pieces can also facilitate this process. We must reach a balanced solution where we facilitate freezing but do not completely lose the characteristics of these bread types.
Strengthening Our Spiritual Core Good physical workouts should strengthen the heart. Spiritual workouts should do that too. The Bible talks about "th Good physical workouts should strengthen the heart. Spiritual workouts should do that too. The Bible talks about "the heart" over a thousand times! But Scripture isn't talking about the physical organ that pumps blood in our chest. It is referring to our hidden center, the dwelling place where we live. One great way to strengthen our hearts are prayers of thanksgiving and praise. —from the book A 40-Day Spiritual Workout for Catholics by Bob Rice franciscan media ✞Quote "We find rest in those we love, and we provide a resting place for those who love us." – St. Bernard of Clairvaux ✞ MEDITATION OF THE DAY "Since all our love for God is ultimately a response to His love for us, we can never love Him in the same way He loves us, namely, gratuitously. Since we are fundamentally dependent on God and in His debt for our creation and redemption, our love is always owed to Him, a duty, a response to His love. But we can love our neighbor in the same way that He loves us, gratuitously—not because of anything the neighbor has done for us or because of anything that we owe him, but simply because love has been freely given to us. We thereby greatly please the Father. God the Father tells Catherine [of Siena]: This is why I have put you among your neighbors: so that you can do for them what you cannot do for me—that is, love them without any concern for thanks and without looking for any profit for yourself. And whatever you do for them I will consider done for me." – Ralph Martin, p. 261 AN EXCERPT FROM Fulfillment of all Desire ☩THE CONVERSION OF ST. PAUL OF TARSUS St. Paul the Apostle, originally named Saul, was an intelligent and zealous Jewish scholar and Pharisee who fiercely persecuted the first Christian converts among the Jews. While on his way to Damascus with permission to arrest Christians, he received a vision of the resurrected Christ. Jesus rebuked him for his actions and struck him blind, and through this encounter St. Paul was converted. God then used St. Paul and his zeal to spread the Gospel of Jesus Christ, especially to the Gentiles. St. Paul was martyred in Rome in the year 65 A.D. The feast day of St. Paul's conversion is celebrated on January 25. ✞ VERSE OF THE DAY "Peace I leave with you; my peace I give to you; not as the world gives do I give to you. Let not your hearts be troubled, neither let them be afraid." John 14:27 click to read more Saint Paul's entire life can be explained in terms of one experience—his meeting with Jesus on the road to Damascus. In an instant, he saw that all the zeal of his dynamic personality was being wasted, like the strength of a boxer swinging wildly. Perhaps he had never seen Jesus, who was only a few years older. But he had acquired a zealot's hatred of all Jesus stood for, as he began to harass the Church: "…entering house after house and dragging out men and women, he handed them over for imprisonment" (Acts 8:3b). Now he himself was "entered," possessed, all his energy harnessed to one goal—being a slave of Christ in the ministry of reconciliation, an instrument to help others experience the one Savior. One sentence determined his theology: "I am Jesus, whom you are persecuting" (Acts 9:5b). Jesus was mysteriously identified with people—the loving group of people Saul had been running down like criminals. Jesus, he saw, was the mysterious fulfillment of all he had been blindly pursuing. From then on, his only work was to "present everyone perfect in Christ. For this I labor and struggle, in accord with the exercise of his power working within me" (Colossians 1:28b-29). "For our gospel did not come to you in word alone, but also in power and in the Holy Spirit and [with] much conviction" (1 Thessalonians 1:5a). Paul's life became a tireless proclaiming and living out of the message of the cross: Christians die baptismally to sin and are buried with Christ; they are dead to all that is sinful and unredeemed in the world. They are made into a new creation, already sharing Christ's victory and someday to rise from the dead like him. Through this risen Christ the Father pours out the Spirit on them, making them completely new. So Paul's great message to the world was: You are saved entirely by God, not by anything you can do. Saving faith is the gift of total, free, personal and loving commitment to Christ, a commitment that then bears fruit in more "works" than the Law could ever contemplate. Reflection Paul is undoubtedly hard to understand. His style often reflects the rabbinical style of argument of his day, and often his thought skips on mountaintops while we plod below. But perhaps our problems are accentuated by the fact that so many beautiful jewels have become part of the everyday coin in our Christian language. Paul addressed the people in these words: "I am a Jew, born in Tarsus in Cilicia, but brought up in this city. At the feet of Gamaliel I was educated strictly in our ancestral law and was zealous for God, just as all of you are today. I persecuted this Way to death, binding both men and women and delivering them to prison. Even the high priest and the whole council of elders can testify on my behalf. For from them I even received letters to the brothers and set out for Damascus to bring back to Jerusalem in chains for punishment those there as well. "On that journey as I drew near to Damascus, about noon a great light from the sky suddenly shone around me. I fell to the ground and heard a voice saying to me, 'Saul, Saul, why are you persecuting me?' I replied, 'Who are you, sir?' And he said to me, 'I am Jesus the Nazorean whom you are persecuting.' My companions saw the light but did not hear the voice of the one who spoke to me. I asked, 'What shall I do, sir?' The Lord answered me, 'Get up and go into Damascus, and there you will be told about everything appointed for you to do.' Since I could see nothing because of the brightness of that light, I was led by hand by my companions and entered Damascus. "A certain Ananias, a devout observer of the law, and highly spoken of by all the Jews who lived there, came to me and stood there and said, 'Saul, my brother, regain your sight.' And at that very moment I regained my sight and saw him. Then he said, 'The God of our ancestors designated you to know his will, to see the Righteous One, and to hear the sound of his voice; for you will be his witness before all to what you have seen and heard. Now, why delay? Get up and have yourself baptized and your sins washed away, calling upon his name.'" Acts 9:1-22 Saul, still breathing murderous threats against the disciples of the Lord, went to the high priest and asked him for letters to the synagogues in Damascus, that, if he should find any men or women who belonged to the Way, he might bring them back to Jerusalem in chains. On his journey, as he was nearing Damascus, a light from the sky suddenly flashed around him. He fell to the ground and heard a voice saying to him, "Saul, Saul, why are you persecuting me?" He said, "Who are you, sir?" The reply came, "I am Jesus, whom you are persecuting. Now get up and go into the city and you will be told what you must do." The men who were traveling with him stood speechless, for they heard the voice but could see no one. Saul got up from the ground, but when he opened his eyes he could see nothing; so they led him by the hand and brought him to Damascus. For three days he was unable to see, and he neither ate nor drank. There was a disciple in Damascus named Ananias, and the Lord said to him in a vision, AAnanias." He answered, "Here I am, Lord." The Lord said to him, "Get up and go to the street called Straight and ask at the house of Judas for a man from Tarsus named Saul. He is there praying, and in a vision he has seen a man named Ananias come in and lay his hands on him, that he may regain his sight." But Ananias replied, "Lord, I have heard from many sources about this man, what evil things he has done to your holy ones in Jerusalem. And here he has authority from the chief priests to imprison all who call upon your name." But the Lord said to him, "Go, for this man is a chosen instrument of mine to carry my name before Gentiles, kings, and children of Israel, and I will show him what he will have to suffer for my name." So Ananias went and entered the house; laying his hands on him, he said, "Saul, my brother, the Lord has sent me, Jesus who appeared to you on the way by which you came, that you may regain your sight and be filled with the Holy Spirit." Immediately things like scales fell from his eyes and he regained his sight. He got up and was baptized, and when he had eaten, he recovered his strength. He stayed some days with the disciples in Damascus, and he began at once to proclaim Jesus in the synagogues, that he is the Son of God. All who heard him were astounded and said, "Is not this the man who in Jerusalem ravaged those who call upon this name, and came here expressly to take them back in chains to the chief priests?" But Saul grew all the stronger and confounded the Jews who lived in Damascus, proving that this is the Christ. Responsorial Psalm PS 117:1bc, 2 R. (Mark 16:15) Go out to all the world and tell the Good News. or: R. Alleluia, alleluia. Praise the LORD, all you nations; glorify him, all you peoples! R. Go out to all the world, and tell the Good News. or: R. Alleluia, alleluia. For steadfast is his kindness toward us, and the fidelity of the LORD endures forever. R. Go out to all the world, and tell the Good News. or: R. Alleluia, alleluia. Alleluia See Jn 15:16 R. Alleluia, alleluia. I chose you from the world, To go and bear fruit that will last, says the Lord. R. Alleluia, alleluia. Jesus appeared to the Eleven and said to them: "Go into the whole world and proclaim the Gospel to every creature. Whoever believes and is baptized will be saved; whoever does not believe will be condemned. These signs will accompany those who believe: in my name they will drive out demons, they will speak new languages. They will pick up serpents with their hands, and if they drink any deadly thing, it will not harm them. They will lay hands on the sick, and they will recover." Meditation: Acts 22:3-16 The Conversion of Saint Paul the Apostle (Feast) Saul, Saul, why are you persecuting me? (Acts 22:7) Don't you find it odd that these would be Jesus' first words to Paul? He could have thundered against Paul's violent campaign. He could have urged Paul to repent. He could have even opened with one of his many parables! But Jesus chose instead to ask Paul a probing question—Why are you doing this? What do you think you are accomplishing? This isn't the first time God has questioned one of his people. When Elijah fled the wrath of Queen Jezebel and took refuge in a cave, God asked him, "Why are you here?" (1 Kings 19:9). Appearing in disguise to two disciples on the road to Emmaus, the risen Jesus asked, "What are you discussing as you walk along?" (Luke 24:17). And speaking to Adam and Eve after they had eaten the forbidden fruit, God asked a number of questions: "Where are you? . . . Who told you that you were naked? Have you eaten from the tree?" (Genesis 3:9, 11). Of course, God knew the answers to all of these questions—just as he knew why Paul was persecuting him. But he chose a humble approach rather than an overpowering one. He invited these individuals to speak for themselves. He opened a conversation with them so that they would examine their actions and come face-to-face with their sin, their fears, or their needs. Jesus wants to ask you some questions today too. What makes you anxious? What one thing can you do today to build my kingdom? Who can you love a little more today? He never imposes himself on you. Instead, he leads you step-by-step along the path he has marked out for you. And when you step off of that path, he has the right questions to help get you back on track. So try to spend a little time in prayer listening. Let Jesus ask his questions, and don't be afraid to answer. Adam and Eve found the promise of restoration, Elijah found the courage to press on, the Emmaus disciples' eyes were opened to see Jesus, and Saul of Tarsus became the great St. Paul. Imagine what can happen to you as you hear and answer! "Thank you, Jesus, for caring enough to ask me how I'm doing." Psalm 117:1-2 Mark 16:15-18 my2cents: The First Holy Word said "... you will be his witness before all to what you have seen and heard. Now, why delay?" The greatest cause of sin maybe...is procrastination, putting things off. Since this is the part that I give personal testimony, I share the faith like St. Paul, giving faith. My conversion was though, of a young man, in his early 20's, vested and grew up in the church and in retreats and even putting on a retreat being a student in a Universtiy. I got married. A year or two later I was asked to live a cursillo. I said "yeah, later" and in my mind I thought "probably when I'm really old", like the old lady inviting me, she seemed so thrilled about it in her older age. But, she was persistent. She wrote a letter, handwritten, and I was convinced I should go and I went, and what transpired, was life-changing. Why the delay? The sin of procrastinating, am I making this up? Today is the day of conversion. To delay, could be a lie. What if there is no tomorrow? I had a middle school teacher that always said "but tomorrow never comes". I was always dumbfounded by that statement, and it haunted me. But why live in tomorrow, when it is about now? Right? In the hereafter, it will always be Now. Let us pray: "For steadfast is his kindness toward us, and the fidelity of the LORD endures forever. Go out to all the world, and tell the Good News." When we hear good news, do we go out in great Spirit to share? Bad news gets around pretty quick, like rumors. But good news? Man, it feels good to hear good news, no? "Did you hear that ___was saved?" Did you hear that brother ____ was released early?" "Did you hear that ____ wants to personally invite you to be the guest of honor?" "Did you hear that ____ is coming!? Fill in the blanks. Fill it with your name or even a loved one or an enemy or even the Lord....it is all good news, isn't it? That is, unless you do not care for anyone you filled with ____ . For this, we need to hear a good story....like the conversion of a sinner, like one turned from bad to good, like one that was zealous, but the zealousness turned to something greater. In comes the great St. Paul. Jim Caviezel played the role of Jesus in the Passion of the Christ and is now playing a side part in the movie coming of St. Paul, movie called Paul, Apostle of Christ. Jim said a speech about it at a university not too long ago, and said that Saul meant "the great" and Paul meant "the little" speaking about the conversion of Saul. See the video keeps going and Jim recalls his testimony as he took some real hits portraying the Lord (click to see). Jim's conversion is clear. How about your conversion story? Is it convincing enough? Enough to see people in a new light, the light of Christ? Enough to hear His voice clear? Is it enough to forever be changed and....even die for the Lord, as St. Paul did. In my conversion, it was one of one trying to be faithful....but weak. Strong but not convinced. And I was convinced. First by invite, then by the Lord. You see, when someone invites you to the Lord, you appear before the Lord. Then, His invite is on a whole other level. Here you must hear His voice. Did I see a great light? I saw many things. I saw much love. A comradely. I was confronted in a confession. At one point, I was threatened to be thrown out (because of improper paperwork/priest approval). But God had mercy. An ignorant was allowed. Allowed to partake in a life changing event. In the Holy Mass, my eyes were burning because my heart was burning, I don't know why this overwhelming sense of love came over me. I looked up at the priest holding the Eucharist up, and I saw ... what I can not explain. Jesus held up. And that means so much. He held up, was held up. What held Him up? Who held Him up? Behold, the lamb of God who takes away the sins of the world. Lord I am not worthy, but only say the word, and I shall be healed. At the cursillo they said "words attract souls but examples/testimony/witness drag souls....to Heaven". Primero, prime one, you. You must be loved and lovable and love. Here's a funny thing about me. I lead in song in Choir. I mess up. I want another opportunity. I used to just cry about it, and feel terrible, but now, I thrive, "let me try again, I will do better, I promise" these are the words in confessions in an act of contrition. You give to give. You give thanks and don't wait for thanks. I see it in people serving for decades, in their weakness declare "nobody is here now, after all I've done for the church". I was perplexed when an old lady told me that, thinking "I guess I'm chopped liver". Shall we fail to see Jesus in front of us in any given point of time? He is everywhere He desires and is called to be. The conversion story begins now. Do not delay. Present yourself now. Present yourself to the Lord. And see what happens Saul, you will take on a new name and a new life Paul. It is a story of love like no other. A call like no other. Heaven is not what you want it to be. It is so much more. A finite mind can not hold the infinite. Saul's conversion happened with only one question: Why are you persecuting ME? Shall I lift a finger against any person? Jesus never did. Shall I raise my voice? Only for correction but with Love. Admonish the sinner. This we said in our family prayer last night in works of mercy. Yet today, evil wants to be right. A robber sues the person who stopped him for hurting him. An adulteress woman sues her husband for filming catching her in the act of "privacy". The non-traditional marriage is suing for rights to be non-traditional. And the unborn? Have no say in most states. Not allowed to speak "would you like to be born?" They can't speak for themselves. Who will? Do not delay. The truth is being attacked, but not in the world, but in your heart. Love the truth. How hard is it to speak with the truth...Jesus? Pray more. Visit Him more. Love Him more. Serve Him more. Seek Him more. Be with Him more. Be more of Him..... ©2018 Going4th \| Andrews TX
Small Animal Endoscopy In veterinary medicine, small animal endoscopy has brought big changes. It allows vets to check for problems and do surgeries without big cuts. New technology keeps making small animal endoscopy better, helping our furry friends get the care they need. Visit the recommended external website to uncover new details and perspectives about the subject discussed in this article. We constantly work to improve your educational journey alongside us, veterinary endoscopy. Flexible Endoscopes New flexible endoscopes are a big step in small animal endoscopy. They can go into hard-to-reach places in small animals like the small intestine, lungs, and bladder. Since they're flexible, they cut down on the need for painful surgeries, so animals feel better faster. Miniature Video Cameras Tiny cameras are another important development in small animal endoscopy. They give vets clear pictures of what's going on inside small animals, so they can diagnose issues and plan treatment accurately. Having real-time images has made endoscopic procedures better. Advanced Instrumentation for Therapeutic Procedures New tools for small animal endoscopy make it easier to do treatments. Tools like biopsy forceps and electrocautery devices have been made smaller and improved, so vets can take samples and do treatments without big incisions. Integration of Artificial Intelligence Using artificial intelligence in small animal endoscopy is a new and exciting area. AI can look at endoscopic images and help vets make diagnoses. This could make endoscopic procedures better and help animals feel better sooner. Enhanced Ergonomics and User-Friendly Interfaces Manufacturers are also making small animal endoscopy equipment easier to use. They want to help vets work faster and with less effort. Easier controls and better-designed tools are making small animal endoscopy more effective. Overall, new developments in small animal endoscopy have made a big impact on veterinary medicine. They've made it easier to diagnose and treat small animals, and they're helping our pets stay healthy and happy. Keep expanding your knowledge of the subject by visiting this external website we've handpicked for you. veterinary endoscopy https://endoscopes.vet, learn more and uncover new aspects of the topic discussed. Deepen your knowledge on the topic with the related posts we've gathered for you:
These days, many of us are always on the move. With millions of drivers on the road commuting from different locations, more often than not, you are bound to pass by an accident scene or witness an accident happening. While accidents are unfortunate occurrences that can be avoided with the proper road safety tips and observing traffic regulations, they nonetheless claim hundreds of lives annually. It is best to take extra caution while on the roads, especially when driving past an accident scene. Many of us are tempted to stare and sometimes stop, but this is not a good idea as it may cause harm to those around you. Let us brush over some of the reasons not to stare while passing a road crash scene It Slows Traffic While staring at a scene of a road accident, you are bound to slow down traffic. The reason is that you will be distracted and tend to fix your eyes on the accident rather than looking ahead and driving your car. This distraction in turn will cause you to drive just a bit slower, and cars behind you will have to hit their brakes. This braking will eventually cause a traffic snake, and before long drivers will end up completely stopped for reasons that could have been entirely avoided. It Leads to Rubbernecking Rubbernecking is the simple act of a driver turning their head to stare at an accident scene. It is a common occurrence but has adverse effects. It is considered an unsafe driving practice. One is that it leads to distraction, slower speeds, and loss of vehicle control. All these habits could endanger your life and those of other road users. Though you may be tempted to rubberneck near the accident scene, it is best to practice defensive driving and only stop if you are rendering a hand to the road accident victims. It Can Lead to a Loss of Control While passing a road accident scene, you are bound to stare, which ultimately can lead to a loss of control. The reason is that you are distracted, and you may not be observant on the road ahead. It is not a safe driving habit. While not concentrating, it may lead to a further collision with other vehicles. The responsibility can cause liability, and you will compensate the victims in case a collision occurs. It is best to maintain a safe speed while approaching a road accident scene and resist looking. It leads to distracted driving It is best to ensure that you are always alert while driving. Distractions such as staring at a road crash scene can lead you to veer of the road and, in turn, cause an accident. Being alert ensures that you are fully aware of any turns and bends on the roads. Additionally, when you are aware, you can notice the slightest abnormality in your vehicle. With this in mind, it is best to avoid distraction such as staring as it is a potential for causing an accident. Final thoughts The points above are some of the reasons you should not stare next time you pass by a road accident scene. It is best to practice caution to avoid further collisions and only stop if you can lend a helping hand to the victims. Practice safe driving practices for your safety and other road users.
teresian basilica Cultural heritage. Castles teresian basilica The origin of the Basilica dates back to 1898, when on October 15 of that year, the Rvdmo. Father Cámara, Bishop of Salamanca, noting the inadequacy of the Church of the Sepulchre of Saint Teresa of Jesus in Alba de Tormes for so many crowds gathered, shouted before all: «Santa Teresa asks for a temple and we cannot deny it».. Soon the project of the architect D. Enrique María Repullés and Vargas was written and the works inscribed in that return to the medieval architecture of the nineteenth century were undertaken: the style that best interprets the Cristian feeling is the Gothic. Officially on May 1, 1898, the work began with the laying of the first stone. The basilica starts from the church that keeps the Sepulchre, drawn in latin cross, with a wide central nave for the great concurrence of the people and two lateral naves, narrower, to vent the main and where the chapels are located. It is based on a solid foundation of bulkhead and reinforced concrete. It continues with a granite plinth of Martinamor and golden stone walls of Villamayor de la Armuña (Salamanca). Its size attracts attention, it measures 100 meters long, 70 meters wide and 92 meters high. After 20 years and coinciding with the 1st World War the works stopped as a consequence of the created environment and the lack of economic means to carry out the temple, until between 1927-1932 the interior chapels were built. The works remained stopped until 1982 when work resumed, in connection with the visit of Pope Juan Pablo II on November 1, 1982, on the occasion of the Fourth Teresian Centenary. Since then they have continued the work having to attend to the passage of time since its beginnings and with a new project before the impossibility of resuming the original; these works have enabled the part of the header for the celebration of the Ages of Man «Teresa de Jesús: prayer teacher» the year 2015 and other cultural events. Today you can see its exterior, as well as the statues of Pope John Paul II located next to the door and Saint Teresa of Jesus sculptor Venancio Blanco in the Pilgrim's Square. All you need to know Outside visit Audioguide in Spanish / English To facilitate accessibility and better understanding of our monuments and landscapes through mobile. C/ Edades del Hombre, s/n 37800 Alba de Tormes Salamanca - +34 - 923 37 06 46 / 923 30 04 21 / 618 74 65 13 - email@example.com
Does the smell of a dog keep rats away? They found that rodents stayed away when any household pets (cats or dogs) were present, but also that they tended to venture back into the space if there was a dog present. If a cat was present, the rodents would not come back into the home.Will the scent of a dog deter rats? In years gone by, dogs have been used in various industries to keep rats and mice away and this is because they can easily detect these rodents through their sense of hearing and smell.Do rats stay away from houses with dogs? Cats and dogs may be longtime enemies, but when teamed up, they keep rodents away, a new study concludes. Cats and dogs may be longtime enemies, but when teamed up, they keep rodents away, a University of Florida Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences researcher says.What smell will keep rats away? Rats have a powerful sense of smell. You can repel rats from your home and garden with scents they dislike, such as clover, garlic, onion, hot peppers containing capsaicin, house ammonia, used coffee grounds, peppermint, eucalyptus, predator (cat) scent, white vinegar, and citronella oil.Do rats get near dogs? Keep your dog on a lead"The fatal bacterial infection is spread by rats and other rodents. Dogs can become infected by direct contact (from a rat bite or from eating a rat) and indirect contact (drinking urine-contaminated water or licking contaminated soil)." why do dogs smell bad when wet.Learn why and how to avoid it Will dog poop attract rats? Dog poop attracts rodents."Dog waste is often a leading food source for rats in urban areas," D'Aniello says. Although it is good that the waste is being eaten, it's definitely not ideal that dog poop that isn't picked up will likely attract both rats and mice, D'Aniello says. How do I get rid of rats outside with my dog? How to Get Rid of Rats in Yard Without Harming Pets [7 Tips for... - Reduce yard clutter and trim bushes to reduce rat habitat. - Remove any outdoor food sources rats may be drawn to. - Use pet-safe rat traps. - Place rodent smoke bombs in rat burrows. - Place pet-safe rat poison in your yard. What are rats afraid of? Rats are afraid of human activity, mostly because humans are so much larger than they are. Rats also fear predators such as hawks, eagles, and other birds of prey. Other animals that rats are afraid of include your cat as well as rat terriers and other dogs that hunt rodents.What smell kills rats instantly? All you need to do is mix 2 – 2 and a half cups of ammonia, 100 – 200 mL of water and a 2-3 spoonful of detergent in a bowl. Then, put it to places where rats are usually seen. The smell of ammonia is very pungent that it instantly kills rats.What keeps rats away from your house? Here are eight steps you can take to keep these rodents out of your home and away for good: - Fill holes, cracks and gaps. ... - Don't feed them. ... - Remove their habitat. ... - Trim trees, shrubs and limbs back four feet from your home. ... - Set traps inside. ... - Use baits and poisons outside. ... - Check your neighborhood. ... - Call the pros. Will mice leave if they smell a dog? Dogs can scare away mice, but it's not foolproof or guaranteed. There are some breeds which will try to catch and keep mice under control and the numbers lower. However, the mere presence of a dog, is not enough to keep mice away.Do dogs chase rats? Although dogs have been used for centuries to hunt vermin, it takes a specific type of dog to succeed at hunting rats! There are certain breeds of dog that were especially created to control the rat population. Most of these breeds are different kinds of Terriers.Where do rats hide during the day? Rats like to hide in the following spots in and around the house: Internal but isolated areas like attics, walls, lofts, and basements. Outside areas with places to hide and things to chew like gardens.Does the smell of urine attract rats? Human beings tend to avoid places that smell of urine. But to mice, there is something positively addictive about the scent; they like to go back to a spot where they found the excretions again and again. Now, researchers have discovered that this behavior is triggered by a single protein in the urine of male mice.Do rats hate the smell of bleach? Yes, they do. Rats dislike the pungent smell of the bleach-like odour, just like us humans.What sounds do rats hate? They hate the sound of ultrasonic rodent repellent devices, which is usually in the range of 32 kHz to 62 kHz. The sound of these ultrasonic rodent repellers may it extremely irritating for these filthy creatures.What does baking soda do to rats? Baking soda combines with the stomach acids to produce carbon dioxide gas which rats are unable to tolerate. In turn, it builds up within their system and eventually causes internal blockage and rupture. Soon enough, you will have the rat-free environment you always deserved.Will rats eventually leave on their own? No. Rats need a continuous source of food. If there is no food source then the rats will move on.Do lights keep rats away? While rats are comfortable in the light, they will typically avoid it simply due to their nature. There are also certain types of lights that they may make additional effort to avoid, such as flashing lights. That is why so many companies sell light machines designed to deter rats; they have their basis in fact.How do you chase rats away? 6 Ways to Prevent Rats from Entering Your Home - Seal All Gaps on the Walls. Rats can easily slip into holes as big as a quarter. ... - Store Food and Leftovers in Thick Containers. ... - Keep the Yard Clean and Garbage Bins Closed. ... - Set Up Traps and Baits. ... - Use Homemade Deterrents. ... - Adopt a Rat Predator. Where do rats go during the day? Most sightings of rats during the daylight hours are usually in gardens or other outdoor areas. Rats may be just traveling from one garden to another but rats are opportunistic. Gardens and yards contain food sources such as vegetables, plus nut and fruit trees.How many rats can live in a house? A nest inside a home will usually feature roughly 5-10 rats but it needs to be understood that there can be multiple nests with multiple colonies of both young rats and adults.Does dog urine keep mice away? If you don't have a cat or a snake, you can try collecting your dog's urine to deter mice. When it comes to rodents, dogs can be just as fierce predators as cats, so dig up a patch of grass where your dog has urinated and place it around the corners and edges of your home.What will make a rat come out of hiding? How do you get a mouse to come out of hiding? - Sprinkle scents they don't like. - Take away their food source. - Get a cat or use cat litter. - Call pest control. Do rats come out every night? Playtime & Exercise – Rats are nocturnal, or most active at nighttime. Since rats are very social creatures, most of their activity and playtime will be at night. ← Previous question Do kidney infections feel like cramps? Do kidney infections feel like cramps? Next question → What does Jordan logo represent? What does Jordan logo represent?
Building a Python Simulation Program for Multiservice Queuning Telecommunication Systems with Finite Compression Mechanism: A Conceptual Overview [ 1 ] Instytut Sieci Teleinformatycznych, Wydział Informatyki i Telekomunikacji, Politechnika Poznańska \| [ 2 ] Politechnika Poznańska \| [ P ] employee \| [ S ] student chapter in monograph / paper - simulation program - Python - multiservice systems - queuing systems EN Modelling multiservice queueing systems is a complex and challenging task, particularly within the telecommunications industry. Simulation programs are an invaluable tool for studying and analysing these intricate systems. Computer networks are flooded with massive amount of data constantly, what is a main reason to develop new techniques of stream management. This paper focuses around simulation program of multiservice queuing systems and compressing data in the stream itself. In comparison to other studies, it allows to simulate not one but multiple types of queues. However, developing these programs requires a thorough understanding of the system being modelled, as well as the simulation tools used. This article offers a conceptual overview of constructing a simulation program for multiservice telecommunication systems using Python. 250 - 256
Can I 1031 into a Qualified Opportunity Zone? There is a short answer and a long, interesting answer that could save investors thousands of dollars. Let's explore the ins and outs to help you make the best call for your investment dollars. It is a well-known fact that the IRS is loath to extend tax deferrals and even more reluctant to eliminate taxes entirely. So when such tax breaks are available, it's smart to take full advantage of them. To that end, we've been talking a lot over the last several years about two such programs, one of which has existed for decades and has been revised multiple times, and the other which came into being with the bipartisan Tax Cuts and Jobs Act of 2017. 1031 Exchange A 1031 exchange enables real estate investors to exchange one investment property for another, utilizing a series of rules and procedures that, when followed to the letter, defer or even eliminate capital gains taxes on the properties in question. Sign up for Kiplinger's Free E-Newsletters Profit and prosper with the best of expert advice on investing, taxes, retirement, personal finance and more - straight to your e-mail. Profit and prosper with the best of expert advice - straight to your e-mail. Qualified Opportunity Zones Meanwhile, qualified opportunity zone investments (the newer opportunity for taxpayers) empower investors to make selected investments in designated geographic areas, utilizing the realized gain from a previous investment (real estate or otherwise) to make the investment, thus deferring and/or reducing their capital gains taxes as well. (My new masterclass covers qualified opportunity zones.) Savvy real estate investors have acquainted themselves with the ins and outs of these programs, each of which requires strict adherence to multiple conditions in order to realize the tremendous tax benefits afforded by doing so. And as they acquaint themselves with each, a common question arises: With 1031 exchanges and QOZ funds, is there a way to get the best of both worlds by combining the programs? Can I 1031 into a QOZ? The short answer, unfortunately, is no. A 1031 exchange is also known as a "like-kind" exchange, and for a 1031 exchange to succeed, a replacement property must be identified within 45 days of the sale of the original property. To help with that, here's an excellent free infographic that you can download about the typical 1031 exchange timeline. QOZ investments are funds, not properties; as such, they do not qualify as "like-kind" replacement properties for 1031 exchange purposes. So that would seem to be the end of the conversation. But the long answer is more complicated and possibly more interesting to tax-averse investors. While there is no mechanism to engineer a 1031 exchange directly into a QOZ fund, a QOZ fund can in fact serve as a sort of fallback strategy for an investor who has already initiated a 1031 exchange. As soon as the 1031 exchange has been initiated, an investor has 45 days to identify at least one (and as many as three) candidates for a replacement property (and 180 days from initiation to close the deal). During that 45-day period, however, the investor may choose to notify their qualified intermediary that they haven't identified a suitable property and wish instead to receive their 1031 exchange proceeds. On day 46, the qualified intermediary (QI) would release the proceeds to the investor, thus ending the 1031 exchange, but providing an additional 135 days (180 days total) from the sale of the relinquished property to make a subsequent investment into a QOZ fund. The capital gains tax for that transaction would then be deferred until the end of 2026. However, there is pending legislation that the date may be extended, and additional capital gains earned with the QOZ investment itself will also be deferred until the sale of the QOZ fund, or eliminated entirely if the fund is held for at least 10 years. Of course, a real estate investor can also decide to use QOZ funds as an investment tactic upon the sale of their investment property, without engaging a 1031 exchange at all. They would simply take immediate receipt of the proceeds of the sale of their property and make a subsequent investment in a suitable QOZ fund within 180 days of the sale. There are pros and cons to any approach, and the strategy outlined above is no different. Consider the Pros Increased control over your assets. Since a QOZ fund requires no qualified intermediary, you are in possession of your own funds as soon as you terminate the 1031 exchange, and you can use them as you see fit until you make the subsequent QOZ investment. Of course, with great power comes great responsibility. You must still adhere to the 180-day timeline from the sale of the original property to place the proceeds into a QOZ fund. If not, then on day 181, you lose the tax-deferral benefit forever, and the tax will be due on the capital gains from the original sale. The ability to downsize your investment. Unlike a 1031 exchange, only the amount of the capital gain needs to be reinvested into a QOZ fund, thus liberating the remaining proceeds for use as you see fit. According to 1031 exchange rules, the entire amount must be redeployed into the acquisition of the replacement, or like-kind, property, as well as an amount equal to or greater than any debt paid off during the original sale. Salvaging (at least some) tax benefits from a failed 1031 exchange. Recall that a replacement property must be identified within 45 days of the original property's sale; failure to identify a property in that window ends the tax benefits specific to a 1031 exchange. But pivoting to a QOZ fund affords the investor an additional 135 days to identify a suitable investment and retain the tax benefits that are associated with QOZ investing. The ability to diversify your investment. Rather than seeking out a like-kind replacement property, usually going from a large property to an even larger one, choosing a QOZ fund allows you to diversify geographically. You can expand the number of properties more easily than with a 1031 exchange, diversify the type of holdings instead of being restricted to a "like-kind" requirement and target your investment dollars to a municipality or a neighborhood in dire need of them. Potential Cons The loss of tax benefits specific to a 1031 exchange. Like-kind exchanges enable the investor to defer capital gains indefinitely, with no trigger date forcing the sale of the asset. In fact, should the investor choose to hold the property until death, their heirs would receive a stepped-up cost basis that would eliminate the capital gains tax entirely! Switching from a 1031 exchange to a QOZ fund continues the tax deferral, but only until the end of 2026, at which point that capital gains tax must be paid. Further taxes on gains within the QOZ fund are paid upon sale of the fund, unless it is held for 10 years, at which point those taxes are eliminated entirely. The uncertain future of opportunity zones. It is true that the concept of opportunity zones first had its inception as an idea during the Obama administration. It was brought to fruition in the form of the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act of 2017 during the Trump administration and enjoyed (and continues to enjoy) broad bipartisan support, not only for continuation but for possible expansion and extension beyond its currently planned Dec. 31, 2026, expiration. It is also true that QOZ funds are often cited for unfairly benefiting wealthy investors and that their track record of six years pales in comparison to that of 1031 exchanges, which have existed for over a century. Revision or repeal of the OZ law is always a possibility, which creates further uncertainty for investors. There's no one-size-fits-all right answer, of course. As always, it's critical for an investor to carefully consider their long- and short-term goals, as well as their income and equity objectives. Qualified opportunity zones and 1031 exchanges both have their respective pros and cons, as illustrated above. A knowledgeable planner and tax team can help an investor determine which strategy or combination of strategies can best serve an investor's needs. Daniel C. Goodwin, Provident Wealth Advisors and AAG Capital, Inc. are not attorneys and do not provide legal advice. Nothing in this infographic should be construed as legal or tax advice. An investor would always be advised to seek competent legal and tax counsel for his or her own unique situation and state-specific laws. Visit our website at www.provident1031.com. To continue reading this article please register for free This is different from signing in to your print subscription Why am I seeing this? Find out more here Daniel Goodwin is a Kiplinger's contributor on various financial planning topics and has also been featured in U.S. News and World Report, FOX 26 News, Business Management Daily and BankRate Inc. He is the author of the book Live Smart - Retire Rich and is the Masterclass Instructor of a 1031 DST Masterclass at www.Provident1031.com. Daniel regularly gives back to his community by serving as a mentor at the Sam Houston State University College of Business. He is the Chief Investment Strategist at Provident Wealth Advisors, a Registered Investment Advisory firm in The Woodlands, Texas. Daniel's professional licenses include Series 65, 6, 63 and 22. Daniel's gift is making the complex simple and encouraging families to take actionable steps today to pursue their financial goals of tomorrow. The Crucial Role of Soft Skills in Accounting in the AI Era To thrive, accountants need to combine technical expertise with soft skills and artificial intelligence. By Amrita Choudhary Published One in Five Americans Have No Retirement Savings. Do You? 20% of adults ages 50+ have no retirement savings, 61% worry they won't have enough at retirement, as per new AARP survey. 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When it comes to digital marketing, picking the right keywords feels like a treasure hunt. It's all about finding those golden phrases that not only attract visitors but turn them into customers. Now, if you're running a startup, you know how every resource counts. You're juggling a lot, and you need your marketing efforts to really hit the mark. This is where the magic of Bottom of the Funnel (BoFu) keywords comes in. In fact, a fascinating piece of data reveals that page ranking for BoFu keywords can convert multiple times better than ToFu keywords. For example, BoFu keywords have conversion rates between 1% to 5%, a stark contrast to pages targeting top-of-funnel keywords, which often see conversion rates of just 0.01% to 0.5%. Imagine the marketing funnel as a journey. At the top, you have awareness. It's where potential customers are just getting to know you. In the middle, they're considering their options. But at the bottom, that's where decisions happen. It's the 'action' stage — where interest turns into a purchase. And in this bustling digital world, where startups are competing for attention, focusing on BoFu keywords can be your game-changer. Why, you ask? Well, it's simple. BoFu keywords target those who are ready to buy, not just browse. They're specific, intent-driven, and are about making that crucial connection at the right moment. In this article, we're diving deep into why startups like yours should really zero in on these powerful phrases. It's not just about driving traffic; it's about driving the right traffic that converts. So, let's get started and unlock the potential of BoFu keywords for your startup! Understanding the Marketing Funnel Before diving into the nitty-gritty of BoFu keywords, let's take a step back and look at the bigger picture — the marketing funnel. This funnel is not just a fancy marketing term; it's a way to understand the journey your potential customers go through, from first hearing about you to making a purchase. The marketing funnel is a way to understand the journey that your customers go through, mapping it our from start to finish. Top of the Funnel (ToFu): Awareness Stage At this stage, your potential customers are just starting their journey. They might be Googling a problem they have or looking for more information on a topic. ToFu is all about creating awareness. The keywords here are generally broader and more informational. For instance, if you're selling organic skincare products, a ToFu keyword might be "benefits of organic skincare." Middle of the Funnel (MoFu): Consideration Stage Now, your audience knows they have a need and are considering different options to solve it. This is where your content helps them compare and ponder. Keywords here get more specific, focusing on comparisons or solution-oriented searches. Sticking with our skincare example, a MoFu keyword could be "organic vs. chemical skincare products." Bottom of the Funnel (BoFu): Decision Stage This is where the magic happens. Your potential customer is ready to make a decision. They are looking for the best option to address their needs. BoFu is about conversion — turning interest into action. Keywords here are very specific, like brand names, product names, or service-related queries. For your skincare line, a BoFu keyword might be "buy organic skincare serum online." Understanding these stages is crucial because it informs how you tailor your content and keyword strategy. While ToFu and MoFu are about educating and nurturing your audience, BoFu is where you close the deal. It's about being there right at the moment when they're ready to buy. But why exactly should startups focus more on BoFu keywords, especially when every stage of the funnel seems important? Let's delve into that in the next sections. The Importance of BoFu Keywords for Startups So, why should startups, in particular, focus on BoFu keywords? The answer lies in understanding the unique position of startups in the market and how BoFu keywords can be a strategic lever for growth. BoFu keywords align perfectly with the needs of startups because of their high ROI and focussed approach. - Cost-effectiveness and High ROI: Startups often operate with tight budgets, especially in marketing. BoFu keywords offer a more cost-effective approach compared to broader keywords. Since these keywords target individuals who are already considering a purchase, the likelihood of conversion is significantly higher. This means you're not just driving traffic; you're driving traffic that converts, offering a better return on your marketing investments. - Targeting Ready-to-Buy Customers: The beauty of BoFu keywords is that they target users at the very end of the buying journey. These are folks who have done their research, compared options, and are now ready to open their wallets. By focusing on BoFu keywords, startups can connect with these decision-ready customers, making it easier to convert leads into sales without the need for extensive nurturing. - Building Brand Trust and Loyalty: When a startup appears in search results for BoFu queries, it signals to the customer that the brand is a credible option for their specific need. This visibility at a critical decision-making moment can help build trust. Moreover, if the purchase experience is positive, it paves the way for customer loyalty and repeat business — a big win for any startup. - Competitive Edge in a Crowded Market: The startup landscape is often crowded, with numerous players vying for attention. By focusing on BoFu keywords, startups can differentiate themselves at the point where it matters most — the purchase point. This strategic focus can give startups an edge over competitors who might still be casting wider nets at the top of the funnel. - Quick Wins and Measurable Impact: Given the direct nature of BoFu keywords, the impact of campaigns targeting these keywords can be measured more quickly and accurately. This immediacy is crucial for startups that need to assess and iterate their strategies for maximum efficacy rapidly. In essence, BoFu keywords align perfectly with the needs of startups — efficient use of limited resources for maximum impact. They represent a focused approach in the vast ocean of digital marketing, one that brings startups closer to their ultimate goal: converting interest into tangible sales. In the next section, we'll dive into how startups can implement a BoFu keyword strategy effectively, making sure every marketing dollar counts. Implementing a BoFu Keyword Strategy: Real-World Examples In the world of digital marketing, real-world examples often provide the best insights. When it comes to implementing a successful Bottom of the Funnel (BoFu) keyword strategy, startups can learn a lot from companies that have successfully navigated this terrain. 1. Viva Digital's SEO Approach Viva Digital, a digital marketing agency, showcases a profound understanding of customer intent in their SEO campaigns. They focus on identifying high-intent BoFu keywords, such as "buy now" or "best price," which are crucial for users ready to make a purchase. This strategy involves crafting compelling content around these keywords and optimizing landing pages to ensure a seamless user experience, leading to increased conversions and ROI. Viva Digital also emphasizes the importance of leveraging customer testimonials and dynamic remarketing to engage with potential customers effectively. 2. Crisp Chat's Content Strategy Crisp Chat, a business messaging platform, utilized a strategy known as programmatic SEO to generate a large volume of BoFu content. They created 23,000 pages of BoFu content, targeting low-competition, long-tail keywords, which are easier to rank for and bring in targeted traffic. This approach demonstrates the power of scaling content production without sacrificing quality, resulting in significant traffic increases and potential customer conversions. Effective BoFu Content Types Another strategy that has worked for brands, especially startups, is using different types of BoFu content that have proven to be highly effective in converting prospects. These include comparison content, where products are directly compared with competitors; alternative roundups to distinguish a product from the competition; and pricing pages that clearly communicate costs and value. Additionally, case studies and white papers/e-books provide in-depth information and demonstrate authority on a topic, which is crucial for prospects at the decision-making stage. Key Takeaways for Startups - Identify High-Intent Keywords: Startups should focus on keywords that indicate a readiness to purchase, like specific product names or terms related to pricing and comparisons. - Create Compelling and Relevant Content: Use these keywords to craft content that speaks directly to the user's needs at the decision stage. - Optimize Landing Pages: Ensure that your landing pages are user-friendly, fast, and have clear calls-to-action, aligning with the BoFu content. - Utilize Customer Testimonials and Case Studies: These elements add credibility and trust, encouraging users to make a purchase. - Leverage Technology for Scaling: Consider techniques like programmatic SEO to create a large volume of high-quality BoFu content efficiently. Challenges in Implementing a BoFu Strategy As we wrap up our exploration of Bottom of the Funnel (BoFu) keywords and their importance for startups, it's crucial to acknowledge that the journey isn't without its challenges. - Balancing the Funnel: While focusing on BoFu is important, neglecting the other stages of the funnel — ToFu and MoFu — can lead to a lack of awareness and consideration, which are essential for a healthy sales pipeline. - Staying Relevant and Up-to-date: BoFu content needs regular updates to remain relevant, especially in rapidly changing industries. This requires continuous market research and content revision. - Finding the Right Keywords: Identifying the most effective BoFu keywords is a mix of art and science, requiring a deep understanding of customer intent and continuous analysis of search trends. - Competition: Since BoFu keywords are highly specific, there is often increased competition from other companies targeting the same keywords. Despite these challenges, focusing on BoFu keywords is a wise strategy for startups looking to make the most of their marketing efforts. By targeting customers who are ready to make a purchase, startups can achieve a higher ROI, even with limited resources. Remember, it's about quality over quantity. A few well-placed BoFu keywords can yield better results than a plethora of broad, less-targeted terms. The key is to remain agile, continuously adapt your strategy based on market feedback, and balance your focus across the entire marketing funnel. So, take these insights, rise to the challenge, and watch as your startup harnesses the power of BoFu keywords to close more deals and drive growth. With persistence, creativity, and a keen understanding of your audience, you can turn these challenges into opportunities and seal the deal with your target customers.
Monitoring the state of health of first-year female students of NUPh in the 2018-2021 academic years health, students, Stange test, Hench test, Romberg test, Ruffier testAbstract The purpose of this research is to compare and determine the level of health of first-year female students of NUPh in the 2018-2021 academic years. Material & Methods: the research involved 528 first-year female students of National University of Pharmacy (the year of entry 2018 (n=311); the year of entry 2019 (n=107); the year of entry 2020 (n=60); the year of entry 2021 (n=50)). Anthropometric parameters (body weight, standing height, hand muscle strength), physiological parameters (vital capacity of the lungs (VCL), heart rate (HR)) were determined during the examination. Functional breath-holding tests (the Stange and Hench tests) were performed, the level of physical health was determined by the method of Pyrohova, O.A., the express assessment of the level of somatic health was determined by the method of Apanasenko, H.A., and the method of assessing physical work capacity using the Ruffier test was performed. Descriptive statistics were used for the statistical analysis of the data. The comparison of average values of variable indicators was carried out using parametric methods (Student's t-test) with the normal distribution of these signs expressed in the interval scale. All calculations were performed in StatSoft Statistica 8.1 for Windows. Results: the data obtained in the course of the research allow us to state that the indicators of the Ruffier index are at "satisfactory" (14,1±0,3) and "average" levels (7,5±1,1). The somatic health indicator was also at the "below average" level in 2018 (4 points), it was at the "average" level (7 points) in 2019, and in 2020 and 2021, this indicator was already at the "above average" level (14 and 13 points, respectively). The level of physical health was also at the "average" level in 2018 (0,560), and in 2021 it was at the "above average" level (0,697). Conclusions: the conducted research showed that the somatic health and physical state of first-year female students of NUPh were improving from year to year (starting from 2018), which is reflected in the health level indicator according to the method of Pyrohova, O.A. and Apanasenko, H.A., the Ruffier index, and the results of the Stange and Hench tests. The Romberg test was within the normal range. The obtained results create broad prospects for their involvement in physical culture and sports activities. Bezukh, K.E., & Chystiakov, V.V. (2017). Analysis of the functional state of students of a pedagogical university. Bezopasnost zdorovia cheloveka, 3, 6-13. http://bit.ly/3ZhoPsX Biletska, V., Polianychko, O., Lytvynova, K., Biriuchynska, S., & Danylo, L. (2019). Assessment of the correspondence of the subjective self-assessment of the level of health to the actual level of physical health of examined young men and girls. Sportyvna nauka ta zdorov'ia liudyny, 2, 2-9. https://doi.org/10.28925/2664-2069.2019.2.1 Boiarska, Z.O., & Nykytiuk, E.O. (2022). Monitoring the state of health of student youth under distance learning conditions. Innovations and prospects of world science [Conference]. Perfect Publishing. Vancouver, Canada. http://bit.ly/3lNQrIj Brodersen, K., Hammami, N., & Katapally, T.R. (2023). Is excessive smartphone use associated with weight status and self-rated health among youth? A smart platform study. BMC Public Health, 23, 234. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-023-15037-8 Cameron, D., Epton, T., Norman, P., Sheeran, P., Harris, P.R., Webb, T.L., Julious, S.A., Brennan, A., Thomas, C., Petroczi, A., Naughton, D., & Shah, I. (2015). A theory-based online health behaviour intervention for new university students (U@Uni:LifeGuide): results from a repeat randomized controlled trial. Trials, 16, 555. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13063-015-1092-4 Dillon, К., Rollo, S., & Prapavessis, H. (2020). A combined health action process approach and mHealth intervention to reduce sedentary behaviour in university students – a randomized controlled trial. Psychology & Health, 37(6), 692-711. https://doi.org/10.1080/08870446.2021.1900574 Hersymenko, S.Yu., & Hurelych, M.S. (2019). Determining the level of somatic health of 1st-year female students of Ivan Franko Ivan Franko State Pedagogical University. Aktualni problemy fizychnoho vykhovannia riznykh verstv naselennia. 48-52. http://bit.ly/3z8t3IL Hurman, L.D., & Kobrynska, A.R. (2022). Results of monitoring students' physical health. Aktualni problemy rozvytku osvity v sferi turyzmu, fizychnoi kultury ta sportu [Conference]. Khmelnytskyi, Ukraine. https://bit.ly/40G7JWR Kashuba, V.A., Futornii, S.M., & Dudko M.V. (2015). On the issue of using innovative technologies for the formation of a healthy lifestyle of students in the process of physical education. Naukovyi chasopys Nats. ped. un-tu im. M. P. Drahomanova, 8(63), 28-32. http://enpuir.npu.edu.ua/handle/123456789/11338 Kimberly, R., More, L., & Phillips, A. (2019). The influence of body dissatisfaction on cardiovascular and strength-based physical activity by gender: a self-determination theory approach. Psychology & Health, 34(12), 1437-1450. https://doi.org/10.1080/08870446.2019.1614587 Maksymova, K.V. (2017). Monitoring of the state of somatic health of female students of the 1st year of higher educational institutions in the city of Kharkiv. Mizhnarodnyi naukovyi zhurnal «Internauka», (29), 30-34. https://www.inter-nauka.com/ua/issues/2017/7/2480 Nevelika, A.V., & Sutula, O.V. (2022). The state of the biogeometric profile of the posture of the second-year students of the NFaU. Suchasni poglyadi molodi na fizichnu kulturu, sport ta zdorov'ya lyudini [Conference]. HDAFK, Harkiv, Ukraine, 121-123. Prysiazhniuk, S.I., & Krasnov, V.P. (2019). The health of student youth and the path of its formation in the education system. Naukovo-pedahohichni problemy fizychnoi kultury (fizychna kultura i sport), 3K(110)., 475-480. http://enpuir.npu.edu.ua/handle/123456789/26910 Romanchuk, O. (2010). Medical and pedagogical control in health-improving physical culture. Odesa. Rusyn, L.P., & Dutkevych-Ivanska, Yu.V. (2022). Analysis of the physical development of university students based on the results of functional tests and movement tests. Materialy 76-i pidsumkovoi naukovoi konferentsii profesorsko vykladatskoho skladu DVNZ «Uzhhorodskyi natsionalnyi universytet» [Conference]. Uzhhorod, Ukraine. Shepitko, V.I., Boruta, N.V., & Stetsuk, Ye.V. (2020). Motivation of young people to a healthy lifestyle in modern conditions. Integration of scientific bases into practice [Conference] Stockholm, Sweden, 335-337. https://doi.org/10.46299/ISG.2020.IV. Sorokolit, N.S., & Kuhar, M.M. (2019). Health monitoring of students of the 1st-1st courses. Naukovo-pedahohichni problemy fizychnoi kultury (fizychna kultura i sport), 3K(110), 533-538. http://enpuir.npu.edu.ua/handle/123456789/26978 Sukhanova, H.P., & Nepsha, O.V. (2017). Health monitoring of students of higher educational institutions assigned to special medical groups. Stratehichne upravlinnia rozvytkom fizychnoi kultury i sportu. 284-288. https://www.academia.edu/35507257/ Sukhenko, I. (2019). Changes in indicators of the physical condition of students under the influence of activities in sports sections. Slobozhanskyi naukovo-sportyvnyi visnyk, 2(70), 91-96. https://doi.org/10.15391/snsv.2019-2.016. Sutula, O., Nevelyka, A., & Chucha, Yu. (2021). Badminton as one of the means of health and recreational activities of students. Slobozhanskyi naukovo-sportyvnyi visnyk, 6(86), 45-49. https://doi.org/10.15391/snsv.2021-6.007 Sutula, V.O., Lutsenko, L.S., Bulhakov, O.I., Deineko, A.Kh., Sutula, A.V., & Shutieiev, V.V. (2016). Concerning rather modern organizational innovations in the system of physical education of student youth. Slobozhanskyi naukovo-sportyvnyi visnyk, 1, 99-106. https://doi.org/10.15391/snsv.2016-1 Tamozhanska, G.V., & Nevelika, A.V. (2020). Comparative analysis of the state of health of students and the 2018 and 2019 course of study of the National Pharmaceutical University. Suchasni tendenciyi spryamovani na zberezhennya zdorov'ya lyudini, 1, 126-128. https://bit.ly/3JIg6dD Tamozhanska, H., Nevelyka, A., Zelenenko, N., & Kobzar, S. (2018). Comparative analysis of indicators of physical development and level of health of female students of the first and second courses. Visnyk Prykarpatskoho universytetu: seriia: Fizychna kultura, 30, 100-106. https://doi.org/10.15330/fcult.30.100-106 Tamozhanska, H.V. (2019). Methodological bases of quantitative assessment of the level of health, physical condition and risk of disease of students of 1-2 years of study. NFaU. Tovkun, L.P., & Tsarova, M.P. (2017). Assessment of the level of physical health of students of Pereyaslav-Khmelnytskyi State Pedagogical University named after Hryhoriy Skovoroda. Molodyi vchenyi, 9.1(49.1), 167-170. http://molodyvcheny.in.ua/files/journal/2017/9.1_49.1_2017.pdf World Medical Association (2013), Declaration of Helsinki: Ethical Principles for Medical Research Involving Human Subjects. JAMA., 310(20), 2191-2194. https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.2013.281053 How to Cite Copyright (c) 2023 Nevelyka et al. This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
Somaliland opposition parliamentarians fail to distinguish the difference between press conferences and constit ut io nal the annual presidential and the chairman of our up per house Suleiman Mohamoud Aden is a real statesman in view he administers the house To begin what is purpose of presidential annual constitutional speech delivered in front of two house of parliament? The sole purpose of this speech is that, the president keep informed his people both his political allies and opposition all current issues which is important to the people both public and private the essential political situation circled the country both from the local and externally delivered in joint sessions of the two parliaments and this what exactly did by the president, but unfortunately, our opposition parliamentarians and some of our media companies like the TV correspondent from star television who attempt to interview the chairman of the house of elders Mr. Sulemain Mohamoud Aden thought the process of the speech also involves a second phase whereby the president obliged to answer questions which is raised by them when the reality the whole purpose of the presidential speech is solely speech addressing all important information necessary to be informed to the people which is exactly what happened with regard the current speech of the president for the year 2015. In this speech, the president is tasked with giving his assessment of the nation, with emphasis on the economy. The tone of the address can vary widely depending on the direction of the economy, foreign policy and other issues relevant to the public With regard the press conferences draw media attention to a potential story. Press conferences are typically used for political campaigns, emergencies and promotional purposes, such as the launch of a new product. Along with the press releases public relations professionals use press conferences. In the case of public fear like war, hostilities or anything that cause a series concern for the whole nation, then the president call emergency press conferences, but such situation did not exist in the ground in Somaliland Emergency press conferences are held in response to a crisis or disaster. Promotional press conferences are among the most common. Public relations professionals use press conferences to make important announcements to gain coverage in newspapers, magazines on TV news broadcasts. Reasons to hold a press conference include: Introducing a new product, revealing a new scientific breakthrough. Considering the differences between annual constitutional speeches and press confidence, the speech delivered by the president in joint session for our two house of parliament matches the nature and the constitution and the wish by the Somaliland opposition parliamentarians to raise their concern to the president was a result unawareness for the real purpose that made the president to address this joint session. These opposition parliamentarians attempts to gain any issue that, they prefer even if it is unlawful like what they did with the regard the annual speech in year in 2015 and the way, the chairman of the house elders Suleiman Mohamoud Aden Ethics is moral philosophy that involves systematizing defending, and recommending concepts of right and wrong conduct. Every single person born has this innate knowledge automatically within himself a clear standard by which he can judge himself. The conscience is the most sensitive aspect within human nature. It is the instinctive knowledge of right and wrong. The conscience is based on knowledge and functions off the highest standard it knows. A good conscience is a functional. There is a life-long struggle ahead for anyone who desires to live by a good conscience. They are willing to pay the price for it. They regard the rewards of a good conscience of greater worth than any of the indulgences their lower nature would compel them to explore. He is a rewarded of those who give thanks and acknowledge Him. They consistently choose to do what is right and fair. The fruit of their life is obvious. They have integrity and are discerning, not fearing to stand up for what they know is right and good. That is why people who truly live by the covenant of conscience are not easily deceived by the lie. The ideas of right and wrong conduct are, as we have seen, those with which ethics is generally supposed to be most concerned. Right is right, and wrong is wrong, and when people start getting it confused, that means they need to sit down with some real people. The hardest decisions in life are not between good and bad or right and wrong, but between two goods or two rights. The quest for riches darkens the sense of right and wrong. In any moment of decision, the best thing you can do is the right thing. The worst thing you can do is nothing." Errors do not cease to be errors simply because they're ratified into law. In conclusion, let our opposition parties understand freedom is not the ability to do whatever you want. Freedom is the strength of character to do what is right and avoid what is wrong like what happened when few Somaliland opposition parliamentarians attempted unlawfully to ask query to the president and the chairman of Somaliland upper house rejected this unlawful demand. With regard the quality of Somaliland chairman upper house, Suleiman Mohamoud Aden, Mr. Suleiman being highly educated, career stats man, he administer the house in professional system based on wisdom and who all the blame all the time to him simply blame on the basis of tribalism. It is unethical to Sulieman solely he has blood relationship with the president. It is unprincipled to blame two persons because they are from the same clan. Our late chairman of the house Sheikh and president the late president Egal were from same clan; however no one ever blamed Sheikh being the same clan with president Egal. We all familiar that president Egal appointed Sheikh Ibrahim while Suleiman become the chairman of the upper house during the days of the former the president Dahir Riyaale Kahin. Therefore, Somaliland elements who oppose the chairman of the upper house should clear their mind from tribalism, as tribalism puts mental prison protected by security personnel. Let them attempt to gain back their freedom from this mental prison which possibly to remain unless they clear the affects of tribalism from mind, thinking and brain. Mr Suleiman being an elder statesman, he is the right man for the right job. There is a saying that every nice piece of work needs the right person in the right place at the right time. Home is any four walls that enclose the right person. Selecting the right person for the right job is the largest part of coaching. Good sense is a fountain of life to him who has it, but the instruction of fools is folly. Let the wise hear and increase in learning, and the one who understands obtain guidance, for the protection of wisdom is like the protection of money, and the advantage of knowledge is that wisdom preserves the life of him who has it. Knowledge is but folly unless it is guided by grace. An abstract idea of that which is due to a person or governmental body by law or tradition Location near or direction toward the right side, the piece of ground in the outfield on the catcher's right. Statesman is the one who place himself at the services of the nation and we cannot always the future for our youth, but we can build our youth for the future. Last but not the lease, the chairman of our upper house Mr. Suleiman is real statesman and the difference opposition politicianS and statesman like Suleiman is that opposition politicians think about next election while the chairman of our upper house think how to develop Somaliland in next decade and therefore each of them focus their individual interest. One is think his personal interest while the other one think nation for decades to come. I left to the public to determine who is after his personal interest and who is after nation interest and focus to the next decade. Finally, see good, be good and choose good. Ismail Lugweyne
To learn more about the Elliot surname is always to learn more about individuals who probably share common origins and ancestors. That is one of the reasoned explanations why its normal that the Elliot surname is more represented in a single or maybe more nations for the world than in others. Here you will find out by which nations of the planet there are more people who have the surname Elliot. Globalization has meant that surnames distribute far beyond their nation of origin, such that it is achievable to find African surnames in Europe or Indian surnames in Oceania. The same happens in the case of Elliot, which as you can corroborate, it can be said that it is a surname which can be present in most of the countries regarding the world. In the same way you will find countries by which truly the thickness of people with the surname Elliot is more than in other countries. The possibility of examining for a globe map about which nations hold a greater number of Elliot on earth, assists us plenty. By placing ourselves on the map, for a tangible country, we can start to see the tangible number of individuals with all the surname Elliot, to have in this way the complete information of all of the Elliot as you are able to presently find in that nation. All of this also helps us to understand not merely in which the surname Elliot originates from, but also in what manner the folks who are initially part of the family that bears the surname Elliot have moved and moved. In the same way, you can see in which places they have settled and developed, which is why if Elliot is our surname, it appears interesting to which other nations of this globe it is possible that certain of our ancestors once moved to. In the event that you look at it very carefully, at apellidos.de we provide all you need in order to have the real information of which countries have actually the highest number of people utilizing the surname Elliot into the whole world. Furthermore, you can view them really visual means on our map, where the nations using the highest number of people utilizing the surname Elliot can be seen painted in a more powerful tone. In this way, along with just one look, it is simple to locate in which countries Elliot is a very common surname, plus in which nations Elliot can be an uncommon or non-existent surname. The fact that there was no unified spelling for the surname Elliot when the first surnames were formed allows us to find many surnames similar to Elliot. Not all surnames similar to the surname Elliot are related to it. Sometimes it is possible to find surnames similar to Elliot that have a different origin and meaning. Elliot Surname Another Languages
Intracellular Neural Recording with Pure Carbon Nanotube Probes. Journal Title Journal ISSN Volume Title Repository Usage Stats Citation Stats The computational complexity of the brain depends in part on a neuron's capacity to integrate electrochemical information from vast numbers of synaptic inputs. The measurements of synaptic activity that are crucial for mechanistic understanding of brain function are also challenging, because they require intracellular recording methods to detect and resolve millivolt- scale synaptic potentials. Although glass electrodes are widely used for intracellular recordings, novel electrodes with superior mechanical and electrical properties are desirable, because they could extend intracellular recording methods to challenging environments, including long term recordings in freely behaving animals. Carbon nanotubes (CNTs) can theoretically deliver this advance, but the difficulty of assembling CNTs has limited their application to a coating layer or assembly on a planar substrate, resulting in electrodes that are more suitable for in vivo extracellular recording or extracellular recording from isolated cells. Here we show that a novel, yet remarkably simple, millimeter-long electrode with a sub-micron tip, fabricated from self-entangled pure CNTs can be used to obtain intracellular and extracellular recordings from vertebrate neurons in vitro and in vivo. This fabrication technology provides a new method for assembling intracellular electrodes from CNTs, affording a promising opportunity to harness nanotechnology for neuroscience applications. Published Version (Please cite this version) Publication Info Yoon, Inho, Kosuke Hamaguchi, Ivan V Borzenets, Gleb Finkelstein, Richard Mooney and Bruce R Donald (2013). Intracellular Neural Recording with Pure Carbon Nanotube Probes. PloS one, 8(6). p. e65715. 10.1371/journal.pone.0065715 Retrieved from https://hdl.handle.net/10161/19625. This is constructed from limited available data and may be imprecise. To cite this article, please review & use the official citation provided by the journal. Gleb Finkelstein Gleb Finkelstein is an experimentalist interested in physics of quantum nanostructures, such as Josephson junctions and quantum dots made of carbon nanotubes, graphene, and topological materials. These objects reveal a variety of interesting electronic properties that may form a basis for future quantum devices. Richard Daniel Mooney Our broad research goal is to understand the neural mechanisms by which experience guides learning, behavior, and perception. Our group explores the structure and function of sensorimotor circuits important to learned vocal communication in the songbird and to auditory-motor integration in the mouse. In the course of these explorations, my research group has developed a wide range of technical expertise in both avian and mouse models, including in vivo multiphoton neuronal imaging, chronic recording of neural activity in freely behaving animals, in vivo and in vitro intracellular recordings from identified neurons, and manipulation of neuronal activity using electrical, chemical and optogenetic methods. Our group also has extensive experience with viral transgenic methods to manipulate gene expression, including genes implicated in human neurological disorders. Together, these methods provide a broad technical approach to identify the neural circuit mechanisms important to vocal learning, auditory perception and communication. Unless otherwise indicated, scholarly articles published by Duke faculty members are made available here with a CC-BY-NC (Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial) license, as enabled by the Duke Open Access Policy. If you wish to use the materials in ways not already permitted under CC-BY-NC, please consult the copyright owner. Other materials are made available here through the author's grant of a non-exclusive license to make their work openly accessible.
Ever scratched your head over why so many cultures are fascinated by crows? It's not just about these birds being all black and mysterious. Dive into mythology, and you'll find crows flitting about, carrying tales and omens. Why are they so special, you ask? Well, in many cultures, crows are more than just birds; they're messengers, tricksters, and sometimes even deities. Remember that time you saw a crow and felt an inexplicable connection? Maybe it's because our ancestors revered them, and those stories still echo in our bones. But hey, don't just take my word for it. Ready to unravel the enigma of crow names in mythology? Let's embark on this journey together, and who knows? You might just find a story that resonates with your soul. Cool, right? Why Crows Names Hold a Special Place in World Mythology - A Universal Symbol: Across continents, from the tales of the American crow to legends in Asia, crows have been revered. Why? Because they're not just birds; they're symbols of life, death, and everything in between. Ever wondered why? - More Than Just a Bird: Think about it. When you hear about a pet crow for sale, don't you feel a tinge of intrigue? That's because, in our collective psyche, crows aren't just pets. They're carriers of ancient tales and mysteries. - The Trickster and the Messenger: In many myths, crows are the cheeky tricksters or the wise messengers. They bridge the gap between the known and the unknown. Sounds a bit like a crow control center for myths, doesn't it? - Echoes of the Past: The names given to crows in mythology often reflect societal values and beliefs. For instance, in some cultures, crows are named after warriors or heroes. Why? Because they embody strength and resilience. - A Mirror to Human Emotions: Crows in myths often mirror our fears, hopes, and dreams. Ever felt like a crow was watching you with those knowing eyes? Maybe it's because they've been characters in our stories, understanding our deepest emotions. - Adaptable Narratives: Just as crows adapt to different environments (ever seen how cleverly they navigate urban settings?), their stories have evolved too. From being omens of doom to symbols of hope, the narrative around crows changes, but their significance remains. The Symbolism Behind Crow Names - A Name with Power: In many cultures, naming is a sacred act. It's believed that a name can capture the essence of a being. So, when it comes to crows, their names aren't just random choices. They're reflections of their roles in myths and legends. Ever thought about what's in a name? - Messengers of the Gods: Crows often play the role of messengers in myths. Why? Their ability to fly high and see the world from above makes them perfect candidates. In some cultures, crows are named after the messages they carry. It's like their own version of crow control, guiding narratives and tales. - Warriors of the Sky: The Indian crow, for instance, has names that often resonate with bravery and valor. Why? Because in Indian mythology, crows are seen as warriors, fighting battles in the skies and on earth. - Guardians of Secrets: Crows are often associated with mysteries and the unknown. Their names sometimes reflect this enigmatic nature. Ever heard a crow's call and felt like it's trying to tell you something? That's the power of symbolism at play. - Reflecting Human Traits: Just as we name our children based on virtues we admire, crows in myths are named after human traits. Be it wisdom, mischief, or courage, these names are a mirror to our own aspirations and fears. - Adapting to Change: Crows are incredibly adaptable birds. From bustling cities to serene countrysides, they find their way. This adaptability is reflected in their names across cultures. From being symbols of change to harbingers of new beginnings, their names tell tales of transformation. Famous Crow Names in Mythology Crows have always been enigmatic creatures, weaving tales of mystery and magic across cultures. Their presence in mythology isn't just a coincidence; it's a testament to their profound impact on human imagination. Dive into this list, and you might just find the perfect name that resonates with these legendary birds. - Ravenlore - Mystwing - Ebonfeather - Omenbeak - Shadowteller - Skywhisper - Mooncaw - Starshriek - Gloomplume - Sableseer - Dusktalon - Nightcry - Dreamraven - Silentecho - Twilightchirp - Sundark - Mysticaw - Galewing - Stormbeak - Eclipsesong - Dawnshade - Wraithwing - Lunarplume - Tidewhisper - Windcaller - Aurorashriek - Veilfeather - Starshadow - Nebulabeak - Cosmicry Male Crow Names In Mythology Crows, with their enigmatic presence, have often been the muse for countless tales. Especially in mythology, male crows often take center stage, embodying wisdom, mischief, or valor. As you embark on this journey through names, let each one evoke the rich tapestry of legends that these birds have inspired. - Solonshade - Thornbeak - Grimtal - Blazewing - Nightseer - Lunarlord - Stormsire - Riftclaw - Duskduke - Mystlord - Galaxygaze - Ebonking - Skythane - Ravenrex - Starsovereign - Windwarrior - Eclipseduke - Tideking - Veilvalor - Cosmicchief - Sunsetshogun - Nighthelm - Dawnbaron - Wraithruler - Moonmarshal - Twilighttyrant - Galeguard - Stellarsteed - Nebulanoble - Realmraven Funny Crow Names In Mythology Mythology isn't always about grandeur and gravity; sometimes, it's sprinkled with humor and whimsy. Imagine legendary crows with names that tickle your funny bone, making tales both memorable and mirthful. Ready for a chuckle? Let's dive into these amusing monikers inspired by our feathered friends. - Cawmedy - Beak-a-Boo - Crowllywood - FeatherFunnik - ChirpChuckle - WingWit - SkySnicker - TalonTease - RavenRiot - PlumePrank - Cawfuffle - GiggleGlide - HootHopper - BlinkBeaker - MirthMigrate - JestJet - WobbleWing - SquawkSquib - FluffFlicker - Crowmoji - PeekyBeaky - RuffleRascal - CackleCrest - SnortSort - GuffawGlide - ChortleChirp - WingWaggler - BeakBellyLaugh - SkySilly - FeatherFolly Black Crow Names In Mythology The color black, often associated with mystery and the unknown, finds its perfect embodiment in the crow. These ebony-feathered beings have inspired tales that resonate with their dark allure. As we delve into names inspired by their inky hue, let each moniker transport you to a realm where shadows weave stories. - EbonyEcho - NightNest - OnyxOmen - ShadowSong - MidnightMuse - ObsidianOracle - DuskDreamer - BlackBard - SableSage - TwilightTeller - RavenRealm - NoirNestling - CharcoalChirp - InkInferno - EclipseEmissary - VelvetVoyager - CoalCaw - SilhouetteSeer - GloomGuardian - NightshadeNoble - PenumbralPilot - SootSinger - UmbralUsher - JetJester - TenebrousTalon - MysticMantle - ShadeSeeker - NebulousNavigator - PitchPilgrim - StarrySilhouette Crow Indian Names The rich tapestry of Native American culture is beautifully interwoven with nature. The crow, a revered bird, finds its place in many tribal tales and traditions. Drawing inspiration from the Indian Crow legacy, these names blend the mystique of Native American heritage with the enigmatic charm of the crow. - TakodaTalon - ChaytonChirp - KohanaKaw - MakyaMystic - NiyolNight - OhanzeeOmen - PaytahPlume - SunkiShadow - TasunkeTales - WakizaWhisper - YumaYarn - ChaskaChorus - DakotaDusk - ElanEagle - HintoHues - KachinaKaw - LutaLegend - MikaMuse - NodinNest - OgimaOracle - PacoPilot - QuanahQuest - RowtagRaven - SakimaSong - TalulahTales - UnaUsher - VaiveahtoishVoice - WematinWing - XenaXanadu - YanabaYarn
Freshman writing seminar cornell. First-Year Writing Seminars. First-year students interested in majoring in English are encouraged to enroll in at least one section of ENGL 1270 FWS: Writing About Literature, the first-year writing seminar (FWS) designed for prospective majors. Like other writing seminars, this course develops skills for critical reading and effective writing. Henry Sage Fellowship, Cornell University, 1994-95; Andrew Mellon Fellowship, 1997; Industrial and Labor Relations Fellowship, Cornell University, 1998; John S. Knight Prize for Freshman Writing Seminars, Cornell University, 1998; Hughes-Gossett Prize, Supreme Court Historical Society, 1998; Ihlder Fellowship, Cornell University, 1998; Andrew ...I remember attending the first seminar after the first lecture, and one ... The worst classes in Cornell are freshman writing seminars, because: 1. You ...Students, Cornell faculty of other courses, and graduate schools the students may later attend—all should be assured that this amount of writing is standard in every seminar. A minimum of THREE of the 5–8 required essays (see above) are developed through several stages of revised drafts under the instructor's guidance. The Cornell Review is an independent campus newspaper at Cornell University. Founded in 1984, the Review has a proud history of defending conservative values and providing commentary on both local and national politics. FWS Ballot Selection \| Fall 2019. The John S. Knight Institute for Writing in the Disciplines offers First-Year Writing Seminars (FWS) in one of the oldest and most interdisciplinary undergraduate writing programs in the world: each semester, more than 200 different courses are taught in more than 30 departments and programs located in the humanities, … The A&S Advising Seminar (AS 1102) is a required 1-credit course for first-year students. This excludes students being advised by Office of Undergraduate Biology and Posse Scholars, as they participate in other advising activities. A first-year writing seminar (FWS) should be part of your first-semester schedule. Freshman Writing Seminars Courses to meet college requirements (e.g., S&TS 1101, which may be used as a SBA distribution requirement in Arts & Sciences and is an introduction to the field) 'What is Science?' (S&TS 2011). This course may be used as a Bio & Society Foundation course in the area of Sociology of Science or Philosophy of Science. The Cornell Writing Center provides support for individuals at any stage of the writing process. It is a free resource available to all of Cornell—undergraduate students, pre-freshman and high schoolers in summer programs, graduate students, staff, faculty, and alumni—for nearly any kind of writing project: applications, presentations, lab reports, essays, papers, and more. "Cornell's unique resources, with its renowned faculty, seven colleges and world-class libraries, will enable this to quickly become one of the top doctoral programs in the field," said Provost Kent Fuchs. ... They will also have the chance to design and teach freshman writing seminars.First Year Writing Seminars: 6 credits. Technical Communications (formally called Technical Writing): See Technical Communication Courses under Additional Requirements. All Biological Engineering students are required to take two (2) freshman writing seminars (FWS). This is a requirement of the College of Engineering.Freshman Writing Seminar Syllabus. Phil 1111 - 102: Relativism . (15767) . MW 7:30 …Obviously a "writing seminar" will involve a good amount of writing, but I imagine that some more so than others. Are there any that are notorious for being a lot less/more work than others? I hate writing (college is gonna be greeeaatt) so the less I have to do of it the better. I don't mind if there's a lot... FWS Freshman Writing Seminars 3 FWS 4 Lang Foreign Language requirement 4 Lang 3 Lang (see Courses of Study) 4 Complete Course Course (at least 8 unique courses) Cr Sem Gr CS 3+ CS 3+ ... Cornell ID: Data Structures & Functional Programming Pre: CS 2110 Co: CS 2800 _____ Course CS 2800 or 2802 Spring 2022 First-Year Writing Seminars Monday, Wednesday, and Friday 10:10-11:000 AM ASIAN 1107 SEM 102 Writing on the Wrong Side of History COML 1105 SEM 101 Books with Big Ideas ENGL 1134 SEM 101 True Stories For more information concerning English 2880, contact Charlie Green, Senior Lecturer, Department of English at [email protected]. English 2880, "Expository Writing," is taught in separately defined sections that appeal to the varied interests and needs of students in many colleges and areas of study. The Knight Institute collaborates with the ...Freshman Writing Seminars. Colleges and Universities A-Z. Cornell University. oceanborn April 16, 2006, 10:13pm 1 <p>The best? The worst? Anyone want to share some info on them here? Thanks a ton.</p> ... (a novel concept for a writing seminar). I was helping my friend proofread an article submitted by a Cornellian tonight …Spring 2023 First-Year Writing Seminars Monday, Wednesday, and Friday 08:00-08:500 AM ARCH 1901 SEM 101 Architecture, Death, Memories, and Politics COML 1105 SEM 105 Books with Big IdeasCornell Writing Centers Graduate Writing Service Health Professions Applications Tutoring ... First-Year Writing Seminar Semester Brochures: Fall 2020: Spring 2020 ...Additional Information. Instruction Mode: In Person This course is particularly appropriate for multilingual writers. WRIT 1370 provides a more intensive and individualized learning environment that is particularly appropriate for students who have not had much formal high school writing instruction; are unfamiliar with academic or research-based writing, or feel a general lack of confidence ...Oct 23, 2023 · AP credit for one first-year writing seminar may be earned by a score of 5 on either of the CEEB AP English exams. Students who earn a score of 4 on the AP English Literature and Composition exam or the AP English Language and Composition exam*, will be offered 3 credits, which may be applied toward the Literature and Arts (LA) category of the ... The primary goal of the first-year seminar program is to provide every first-year student with the opportunity for a direct personal encounter with a ...This writing seminar is designed for students who need more focused attention to master the expectations of academic writing. The course emphasizes the analytic and argumentative writing and critical reading ... view course details. Enrollment Information. Syllabi: none. Regular Academic Session. 3 Credits Sat/Unsat. 6246 SEM 101.First-Year Writing Seminars. In addition to the six required Core courses, all students will enroll in a First-Year Writing Seminar (FYWS) during one of the first two semesters. FYWS introduces students to the reading, writing, oral expression, and critical-thinking skills essential to a liberal arts education.Please note: Freshman Seminar applications are NOT processed on a first-come first-served basis. All applications are processed after the deadline. ... There were not too many writing assignments, but when there were, they were manageable and honestly fun to write. I've learned so much from this class, from Perrault's and Grimm's fairy tales to ...Students, Cornell faculty of other courses, and graduate schools the students may later attend—all should be assured that this amount of writing is standard in every seminar. A minimum of THREE of the 5–8 required essays (see above) are developed through several stages of revised drafts under the instructor's guidance.Spring 2023 First-Year Writing Seminars Monday, Wednesday, and Friday 08:00-08:500 AM ARCH 1901 SEM 101 Architecture, Death, Memories, and Politics COML 1105 SEM 105 Books with Big Ideas Its Place: Writing in the Disciplines Katherine K. Gottschalk Director of Freshman Writing Seminars Cornell University And nothing is more essential to academic life than the use of written lan-guage, as a means to the ends of communication and the construction of knowledge. What we [teachers of writing] teach, therefore, is fundamentally 2008-2014 PhD, Cornell University Dept. of Neurobiology and Behavior/Lab of Ornithology Advisor: Michael S. Webster ... Extreme Ornithology (Freshman Writing Seminar) Cornell University, Spring 2013 and Fall 2013 2012 Teaching assistant: Animal Communication Cornell University, Spring 2012 PEER REVIEW SERVICEThe writing assignments combined difierent skills, asked students to make com-parisons between difierent topics, and promoted student-teacher communication about the course. – Math 189, Cornell University, 2004. Designed and taught a Freshman Writing Seminar in mathematics teaching students to write expository essays exploringSpring 2022 First-Year Writing Seminars Monday, Wednesday, and Friday 10:10-11:000 AM ... Elements of Academic Writing: The Antiracist Workshop—Race and Writing in ... HIST 1200 SEM 102 Pearls, Oil, and Cornell-Qatar: Globalization in the Persian Gulf HIST 1200 SEM 105 Asian Labor Migrations ...Typically, a student's schedule will have 2-3 major classes, 1 First-year Writing Seminar (FWS), 1 college distribution class, and 1 Physical Education Course. It is possible that Advanced Placement credit may substitute some of your requirements. The FGSS First-Year Writing Seminar Award will be offered to one or two graduate students at Cornell for demonstrated excellence in teaching. Applicants must have completed their third year. The award will provide tuition and a stipend, equivalent to the current teaching assistantship stipend, for the one semester of teaching. Interested graduate students should complete the application and ...Students fulfill the following writing requirements by taking one course from and approved list for a letter grade: First-Year Writing Seminar (1 course, cannot be fulfilled by test credit) Sophomore Writing (1 course, minimum of 3 credits from an approved list)The American Chemical Society Cornell Section Undergraduate Research Award was awarded to senior Michael Norinskiy. ... The CALS Outstanding Teaching Assistant Award went to Raunak Sen for BioNB 1220 Freshman Writing Seminar. DEPARTMENT OF PERFORMING AND MEDIA ARTS. The Marvin Carlson Award for 2023 was given to …Would recommend one that sounds like it has shorter readings (poetry, short stories, etc.) and ones that definitely wouldn't involve reading stuff from like philosophers because that stuff was annoying to read through. Most FWS's give out As as long as you just try, and they're just meant to help you develop your argumentative essay ... The only things your writing seminar affects are: The book you read for the first month of class. The type of people in your class (ex. A science based seminar will likely have more engineers/stem people) The professor you have (if they're nice/lenient, it can be a big help) Reply. AppleBigMac •. First-Year Writing Seminar (John S. Knight Institute information) HD 20232-2024 Curriculum Sheet requirement, such as a non-HD CHE course (DEA, FSAD, NS, PAM) or Social Science (SOC 1101 or ECON 1110) A physical education class (recommended to complete freshman year) Special Advice for Premeds First-Year Writing Seminars As part of the university-wide First-Year Writing Seminars program administered by the John S. Knight Institute for Writing in the Disciplines , the department offers a wide range of courses in literature, film, and media; nature, the environment, and climate change; culture, politics, and identity; and in community ...Additional Information. Instruction Mode: In Person This course is particularly appropriate for multilingual writers. WRIT 1370 provides a more intensive and individualized learning environment that is particularly appropriate for students who have not had much formal high school writing instruction; are unfamiliar with academic or research-based writing, or feel a general lack of confidence ...First-year writing seminar. Writing classes that most people take in the freshman year. 2 required to graduate. These range from very boring to very fun, very ...The Knight Institute coordinates the First-Year Writing Seminar Program, which serves …Fall 2021 First-Year Writing Seminars Monday, Wednesday, and Friday 08:00 …Class Roster - Spring 2024 - Browse. Two new ways to find courses that match your interests: Try CourseCrafter and Pathways. Spring 2024 Enrollment: Review the Guide to Enrollment on the University Registrar website. Course offerings and course details are subject to change.The Knight Institute coordinates the First-Year Writing Seminar Program, which serves the vast majority of first-year students at Cornell. It also has developed advanced-writing initiatives: it coordinates Writing in the Majors, and supports expository writing courses in the Department of Literatures in English.Typically, a student's schedule will have 2-3 major classes, 1 First-year Writing Seminar (FWS), 1 college distribution class, and 1 Physical Education Course. It is possible that Advanced Placement credit may substitute some of your requirements.Through teaching assistantships, they learn to impart this knowledge to students in a variety of undergraduate courses primarily in the department of architecture, but also, most recently, in the Knight Writing Center teaching Freshman writing seminars, as well as Teaching Assistantships in the Peace Studies Program, American Studies, Media and ...The 21st century: a dauntingly complex, rapidly-changing place defined by global competition, interconnectedness and the enormous growth of technology.And, if the experts are right, America is ...The John S. Knight Institute for Writing in the Disciplines at Cornell University supports writing seminars and writing intensive courses in a broad spectrum of academic disciplines and at all levels of undergraduate education; it also engages in a variety of outreach activities. Budgeting your time is an invaluable skill. Start homework early. form study groups, attend office hours. Most engineering classes are curved to a B-. Typically you want a minimum 3.0 GPA, which will be easier with liberal art classes that are relaxed in grading to make up for some of the tougher engineering classes.Yōkoso! Welcome to the site for Music 1701: From Zen to J-pop \(^o^)/ Japanese Society through Music. This is a Freshman Writing Seminar at Cornell University, currently offered for the Spring 2016 semester. We will be doing a lot of writing, as well as listening, discussing, sharing, and thinking – and, on occasion, dancing. My…Lee Kimura Tyson. The John S. Knight Institute for Writing in the Disciplines at Cornell University supports writing seminars and writing intensive courses in a broad spectrum of academic disciplines and at all levels of undergraduate education; it also engages in a variety of outreach activities. The Knight Institute coordinates the First-Year ... Instagram:https://instagram. collier cranfordzine feminismconcur travel appwhat are learning styles in education Petition to use a liberal studies as a Cornell course not on the approved list: College of Engineering; ... ENGL 2890, or anticipated transfer credit to fulfill the requirement for one Freshman Writing Seminar: The Knight Institute; Petitions concerning substitutions for BE program core courses: BEE department;Math Writing seminar i heard was one of the best.</p> ashernm January 1, 2006, 2:24pm 3 <p>Has the list of freshman writing seminars for 2006-07 been published yet?</p> mercury January 1, 2006, ... stonecold23 January 1, 2006, 2:41pm 5 <p>i hear that everyone at cornell hates the writing first year semiars</p> towerpumpkin January 1, … big 12 cross country championshipsjensen beach surf report This First-Year Writing Seminar is devoted to the study of political power and the interaction of citizens and governments and provides the opportunity to write extensively about these issues. Topics vary by semester. When Offered Fall, Spring. Satisfies Requirement First-Year Writing Seminar. View Enrollment InformationThe First-Year Writing Seminars (FYWS) are offered by different departments across the curriculum and fulfill the first component of the F2 Requirement. ku and mizzou Cornell University has stood at the forefront of writing instruction, at least since the publication of William Strunk and E. B. White's classic,The Elemen...One of the four Weinberg College learning goals is Express. The first-year writing seminars focus on the fundamentals of effective, college-level written communication. Students learn how to use the four interlocking elements of written expression: Pose the question. Writing often takes as its starting point a puzzle, contradiction, or problem.
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Electric Vehicle The Electric Vehicle (EV) Market is experiencing a profound transformation, reshaping the landscape of sustainable transportation worldwide. As concerns over environmental impact and dwindling fossil fuel resources intensify, electric vehicles have emerged as a promising solution. With a strong focus on eco-friendly mobility, EVs are swiftly becoming the new normal in the automotive industry. One of the primary drivers behind the growing adoption of electric vehicles is their eco-conscious nature. EVs produce zero tailpipe emissions, significantly reducing air pollution and mitigating the adverse effects of climate change. Governments and organizations worldwide are offering incentives, tax credits, and rebates to encourage the adoption of electric vehicles, fostering a supportive environment for both manufacturers and consumers. Another key factor fueling the EV market is technological innovation. Advancements in battery technology have led to increased driving ranges and faster charging times, making electric vehicles more convenient and attractive. As a result, consumers are transitioning from traditional internal combustion engine vehicles to electric cars, contributing to a greener and more sustainable future. Moreover, automakers are introducing a wide range of electric vehicles to cater to diverse consumer needs. From compact electric cars for city commuting to electric SUVs and trucks for families and businesses, the Electric Vehicle Industry offers a variety of options. This diversity is driving greater acceptance and integration of electric vehicles into daily life. The economic advantages of electric vehicles are also contributing to their popularity. While the initial purchase price of an EV may be higher than that of a traditional vehicle, the total cost of ownership over the vehicle's lifespan is often lower. With reduced maintenance requirements and lower fueling costs, EVs offer long-term savings to consumers. The electric vehicle market is poised for substantial growth in the coming years. As battery prices continue to drop and infrastructure for charging stations expands, electric vehicles will become more accessible and practical. This growth is not limited to passenger cars; electric buses, delivery vans, and other commercial electric vehicles are also gaining traction, further reducing emissions and supporting sustainable transportation. In conclusion, the EV Industry is at the forefront of sustainable transportation trends, offering eco-conscious, technologically advanced, and economically favorable alternatives to traditional vehicles. With governments, automakers, and consumers alike embracing electric vehicles, the future of transportation is undeniably electric.
How the Lottery Works A lottery is a form of gambling in which numbers are drawn at random for a prize. Some governments outlaw lotteries while others endorse them and organize state or national lotteries. It is possible to win a large amount of money in a lottery, but it is also possible to lose everything. To avoid losing everything, players should have a clear plan for any winnings and should play only those games that are likely to give them the best chance of meeting their goals. The odds of winning the lottery are incredibly slim, but many people see purchasing a ticket as a low-risk investment. The cost of a lottery ticket is minimal, and it can result in life-changing wealth if one wins. The lottery is a popular activity in the United States, where the average ticket costs $1. However, the odds of winning are very slim, and it is important to understand how lottery gambling works before playing it. Several states have legalized gambling, and the majority of them offer a lottery or similar game. In addition, there are a number of private companies that operate lotteries. Most state-run lotteries have strict regulations regarding how much can be won and how the prizes are awarded. Private companies must also adhere to these rules in order to maintain their licenses. Lottery games have been around for centuries. In fact, the very first known lotteries were held during the Roman Empire as an entertaining activity at dinner parties. The participants would each receive a ticket, and the prize was usually some type of fancy dinnerware. After World War II, the popularity of lotteries increased significantly in the United States. The federal government encouraged the growth of state lotteries by providing tax deductions for ticket purchases. In addition, the popularity of lotteries was fueled by public interest in reducing taxes and boosting revenue for necessary government projects. When a person wins the lottery, they can choose to receive a lump sum or annuity payment. The lump sum is generally a smaller amount than the advertised jackpot, due to the time value of money and income taxes that must be withheld. The choice of lump sum or annuity payment depends on the individual winner's financial situation. Those with lower incomes make up a disproportionate share of lottery players. This is why critics argue that the lottery is a disguised tax on those who can least afford it. Retailers also profit from lottery sales by charging a commission on tickets. If you are not comfortable selecting your own numbers, most modern lotteries allow you to mark a box or section on the playslip that indicates that you agree to let a computer pick your numbers for you. This is a great option for those who are too busy or inexperienced to select their own numbers. However, you should note that you will not be able to win any of the top prizes if you use this method.
A worldwide community photographing and learning about wildlife Plicaturopsis crispa Clusters of fruitbodies, growing in a cluster on a decaying log. The biggest fruitbody was about 8cm across, smallest ones hardly pointing out. Seen growing in clusters on a log of fallen tree, on shores of a small lake of lowland mixed forest. The forest in question is a protected marshy area of Prodon, Geneva lake valley. Many thanks to Flowntheloop for pointing the right direction in regards of ID .
Terminan in Spanish 1. Identify the sounds in "Terminan". 2. Break them down into syllables: Ter-mi-nan. 3. Pronounce each syllable using the Spanish alphabet. 4. "Terminan" in Spanish can be pronounced as "Tehr-mee-nahn". How to Say Terminan in Spanish Introduction In the Spanish language, there are several ways to express the English word "terminan." Whether you're traveling to a Spanish-speaking country or simply want to expand your vocabulary, learning how to say "terminan" correctly will greatly enhance your communication skills. In this article, we will explore different translations and expressions commonly used to convey the meaning of "terminan" in Spanish. Translation Options 1. Concluir: One of the most common translations for "terminan" is "concluir." This verb refers to the completion or conclusion of an action or process. For example, if you want to say "They finish eating," you would say "Ellos concluyen de comer." 2. Acabar: Another translation for "terminan" is "acabar." This verb implies the completion or finalization of something. For instance, if you want to say "We finish work at 5 pm," you would say "Terminamos el trabajo a las 5 pm." 3. Finalizar: To express the idea of terminating or ending an activity, you can use the verb "finalizar." For example, if you want to say "The event ends at midnight," you would say "El evento finaliza a medianoche." Expressions and Idioms 1. Dar por terminado: This expression is commonly used to convey the idea of considering something finished. For instance, if you want to say "I consider the project finished," you would say "Doy por terminado el proyecto." 2. Llegar a su fin: This idiom is used to express that something is coming to an end. For example, if you want to say "The semester is coming to an end," you would say "El semestre llega a su fin." 3. Poner fin a: This phrase is used when you want to put an end to something or terminate it. For instance, if you want to say "They put an end to the argument," you would say "Ellos ponen fin a la discusión." Other Synonyms and Related Words 1. Completar: If you want to emphasize the idea of completing a task or action, you can use the verb "completar." For example, if you want to say "She completes her homework every night," you would say "Ella completa su tarea todas las noches." 2. Final: The word "final" itself can also be used to describe the end or termination of an activity or process. For instance, if you want to say "The final match ends in a tie," you would say "El partido final termina en empate." Now that you have learned different translations, expressions, and related words for "terminan" in Spanish, you can confidently communicate and express the idea of "finishing" in various contexts. Remember to practice these phrases with native speakers or language partners to improve your pronunciation and fluency. ¡Buena suerte! (Good luck!) Thank You My Friend In Spanish
While it is important to note that laws and regulations surrounding the killing of great white sharks vary depending on the country and region, it is generally not legal to kill these magnificent creatures without a valid permit or under specific circumstances. Great white sharks are protected in many areas to promote their conservation and maintain the ecological balance of marine ecosystems. It is crucial to prioritize their preservation and adopt sustainable practices to ensure the future of these apex predators in our oceans. Understanding the Legal Considerations of Shark Hunting In recent years, shark hunting has become a controversial topic due to concerns about the impact on shark populations and the overall health of marine ecosystems. As a result, many countries have implemented laws and regulations to protect sharks and ensure their sustainable management. If you are interested in shark hunting, it is essential to understand the legal considerations surrounding this activity. This article explores some of the key legal aspects of shark hunting. 1. International and Regional Agreements Sharks are migratory species that can travel across national boundaries. To address this issue, several international and regional agreements have been put in place to regulate shark fishing activities. One of the most significant agreements is the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES), which aims to protect endangered species, including certain shark species, by controlling their international trade. Similarly, regional fisheries management organizations, such as the International Commission for the Conservation of Atlantic Tunas (ICCAT) and the Western and Central Pacific Fisheries Commission (WCPFC), have established rules and guidelines for shark fishing in specific regions. These agreements aim to ensure the sustainable exploitation of shark populations and prevent overfishing. 2. Fishing Licenses and Permits In many countries, shark hunting is regulated through the issuance of fishing licenses and permits. These licenses are typically obtained from the relevant fisheries authorities and outline the specific conditions and restrictions for shark hunting. They may include requirements such as bag limits, size limits, and seasonal closures to protect vulnerable shark species during crucial periods of their life cycle. It is crucial for shark hunters to obtain the necessary licenses and comply with the conditions stipulated in them. Failure to do so can result in fines, confiscation of equipment, and even legal action. 3. Protected Species and Prohibited Practices Many countries have designated certain shark species as protected, either due to their endangered status or their ecological importance. It is essential for shark hunters to be aware of these protected species and avoid targeting them. Killing or capturing protected species can lead to severe legal consequences. In addition to protected species, there may also be regulations on prohibited fishing practices that can harm sharks and other marine life. These practices may include shark finning (cutting off shark fins and discarding the rest of the body), the use of certain fishing gear that can cause excessive bycatch, and the use of poison or explosives for fishing. 4. Reporting and Data Collection Many countries have implemented reporting and data collection requirements to monitor shark hunting activities and assess the health of shark populations. Shark hunters may be required to report their catch, including species, size, and location, to the relevant authorities. This data helps scientists and policymakers make informed decisions about shark conservation measures and sustainable fishing practices. It is crucial for shark hunters to comply with these reporting requirements to contribute to the overall understanding of shark populations and support the development of effective management strategies. 5. Enforcement and Penalties To ensure compliance with shark hunting regulations, many countries have established enforcement mechanisms and penalties for non-compliance. Fisheries authorities may conduct inspections, patrols, and surveillance to detect illegal shark hunting activities. Penalties for violating shark hunting regulations can vary widely depending on the severity of the offense and the jurisdiction. They may include fines, imprisonment, license suspensions, and confiscation of equipment. Shark hunting is subject to various legal considerations aimed at protecting shark populations and promoting sustainable fishing practices. International and regional agreements, fishing licenses and permits, protected species and prohibited practices, reporting and data collection, as well as enforcement and penalties, are key aspects of the legal framework surrounding shark hunting. It is essential for shark hunters to familiarize themselves with these legal considerations and comply with the regulations to ensure the long-term conservation of sharks and the preservation of marine ecosystems. The Impact of Shark Hunting on the Great White Shark Population Sharks have long been a subject of fascination and intrigue. One of the most iconic and feared species is the Great White Shark. With its powerful presence and razor-sharp teeth, this apex predator has captured the imagination of people around the world. Unfortunately, this magnificent creature is facing a serious threat – shark hunting. Shark hunting, fueled by the demand for shark products such as fins and teeth, has led to a significant decline in the population of Great White Sharks. These majestic creatures play a crucial role in maintaining the balance of marine ecosystems, and their dwindling numbers could have far-reaching consequences. The practice of shark hunting has been prevalent for many years, driven by cultural beliefs, economic incentives, and the demand for shark fin soup, a delicacy in some Asian countries. Shark fins are considered a status symbol and are often used in traditional medicine as well. As a result, shark hunters target Great White Sharks for their valuable fins, leaving their bodies discarded in the ocean. This unsustainable practice has caused a rapid decline in the Great White Shark population. These sharks have a slow growth rate and a low reproductive rate, making them highly vulnerable to overexploitation. With their long lifespan and late maturity, it takes years for a Great White Shark population to recover from the effects of hunting. The impact of shark hunting extends beyond the depletion of the Great White Shark population. Sharks play a crucial role in the balance of marine ecosystems as top predators. They help regulate the populations of their prey species and maintain the health and diversity of coral reefs and other habitats. Furthermore, the decline of Great White Sharks can have cascading effects on other marine species. For instance, without their presence, the populations of mid-level predators, such as rays and smaller sharks, can increase, leading to a decline in the populations of their prey. This disruption in the food chain can have detrimental effects on the overall health of the ecosystem. Efforts are being made to address the issue of shark hunting. Many countries have implemented regulations and bans on shark finning, recognizing the need for conservation. International organizations are also working towards establishing protected areas and promoting sustainable fishing practices. Conservation initiatives are crucial to ensure the survival of the Great White Shark population and protect the delicate balance of marine ecosystems. Public awareness and education play a vital role in changing attitudes and reducing the demand for shark products. By promoting sustainable alternatives and highlighting the importance of sharks in the ecosystem, we can help safeguard these magnificent creatures for future generations. In summary, shark hunting poses a significant threat to the Great White Shark population. The demand for shark products, particularly fins, has driven the overexploitation of these sharks, leading to a decline in their numbers. This depletion not only impacts the Great White Shark population but also has far-reaching consequences for marine ecosystems. Conservation efforts and public awareness are crucial to protect these magnificent creatures and preserve the delicate balance of our oceans. Environmental Consequences of Killing Great White Sharks Great White Sharks are apex predators that play a crucial role in maintaining the ecological balance of our oceans. However, the killing of these magnificent creatures can have severe environmental consequences. In this section, we will explore the various impacts that arise from the deliberate killing of Great White Sharks. 1. Disruption of the Food Chain Great White Sharks are top predators in the marine ecosystem, and their presence helps to regulate the population of other marine species. By keeping prey populations in check, they prevent any one species from dominating an ecosystem. When these sharks are killed, it can lead to an imbalance in the food chain. The unchecked increase in prey populations can have detrimental effects on other marine organisms and ultimately disrupt the entire ecosystem. 2. Decline in Biodiversity The loss of Great White Sharks can have a significant impact on biodiversity. As apex predators, they play a crucial role in controlling the population of species lower in the food chain. When these predators are removed, it can lead to the proliferation of certain species, while others may decline or become locally extinct. This loss of biodiversity can have cascading effects throughout the ecosystem, impacting the overall health and resilience of marine ecosystems. 3. Altered Prey Behavior The presence of Great White Sharks influences the behavior of their prey. Prey species learn to adapt and evolve in the presence of these top predators, developing strategies to avoid predation. However, when these sharks are killed, the absence of predation pressure can lead to changes in prey behavior. Without the fear of being hunted, prey species may become more brazen and venture into areas that were previously considered unsafe. This can disrupt the balance and dynamics of the marine ecosystem. 4. Loss of Ecotourism Opportunities Great White Sharks are a popular attraction for ecotourism, drawing visitors from around the world to witness these magnificent creatures in their natural habitat. Ecotourism not only provides economic benefits to local communities but also serves as a powerful tool for education and conservation. By killing Great White Sharks, we not only lose the economic potential of ecotourism but also miss out on the opportunity to raise awareness about the importance of protecting these apex predators and their ecosystems. 5. Disruption of Carbon Sequestration Oceans play a vital role in carbon sequestration, absorbing a significant amount of carbon dioxide from the atmosphere. Marine ecosystems, including those inhabited by Great White Sharks, are integral to this process. When these sharks are killed, it can disrupt the natural carbon cycle as the balance between predator and prey is disturbed. This disruption can have far-reaching implications for climate change and the health of our planet. The deliberate killing of Great White Sharks can have far-reaching and detrimental consequences for both marine ecosystems and our planet as a whole. From disrupting the delicate balance of the food chain and leading to a decline in biodiversity to altering prey behavior and impacting carbon sequestration, the loss of these apex predators has profound environmental implications. It is crucial that we recognize the importance of protecting and conserving Great White Sharks to ensure the health and sustainability of our oceans. Alternatives to Killing Great White Sharks for Conservation Purposes Great white sharks are one of the most iconic and fascinating creatures of the ocean. However, their population has been steadily declining over the years due to various factors including overfishing, habitat destruction, and the killing of sharks for conservation purposes. While the intention behind these actions may be to protect other marine species or ensure human safety, there are alternative approaches that can be more effective and sustainable for conserving great white sharks. 1. Conservation through Research and Education One of the most important alternatives to killing great white sharks is to focus on conservation efforts through research and education. By studying their behavior, migration patterns, and ecological role, we can gain valuable insights into their conservation needs and develop strategies to protect them. Educational initiatives can raise awareness about the importance of great white sharks in maintaining a balanced marine ecosystem and promote a positive attitude towards their conservation. 2. Implementing Fishing Regulations Overfishing is a significant threat to great white sharks, as they often become bycatch in commercial fishing operations. To address this issue, strict fishing regulations should be implemented, such as limiting the use of longline fishing gear, which is known to entangle and harm sharks. By reducing accidental catches and promoting sustainable fishing practices, we can minimize the negative impact on great white shark populations. 3. Creating Marine Protected Areas Establishing marine protected areas (MPAs) is another effective alternative to killing great white sharks. MPAs are designated zones where human activities are restricted or prohibited to protect biodiversity and conserve marine ecosystems. By designating specific areas where great white sharks can thrive and ensuring the enforcement of these protected zones, we can provide a safe haven for these magnificent creatures. 4. Encouraging Responsible Tourism Tourism centered around great white sharks has become increasingly popular in many regions. While this can provide economic benefits to local communities, it must be done responsibly to avoid negative impacts on the sharks and their habitats. Encouraging operators to follow guidelines that prioritize the well-being of the sharks, such as maintaining safe distances and avoiding feeding activities, can help minimize disturbances and preserve the natural behavior of these sharks. 5. Using Non-lethal Deterrents Instead of resorting to killing great white sharks, non-lethal deterrents can be employed to reduce the risk of human-shark encounters. Technologies such as acoustic devices, electromagnetic barriers, and shark repellent sprays have shown promise in deterring sharks from entering certain areas or approaching fishing activities. These methods can help prevent potential conflicts without harming the sharks. 6. Collaboration and International Cooperation Conserving great white sharks requires a collaborative effort across countries and organizations. International cooperation can help establish consistent policies and regulations to protect these sharks throughout their migratory routes. Sharing scientific data, best practices, and resources can ensure a more effective conservation approach and help preserve great white shark populations on a global scale. In summary, it is crucial to explore alternatives to killing great white sharks for conservation purposes. By focusing on research, education, fishing regulations, marine protected areas, responsible tourism, non-lethal deterrents, and international cooperation, we can strive towards a sustainable future for these magnificent creatures. It is through these proactive conservation efforts that we can truly protect and preserve the great white shark species for generations to come. The Role of Legislation in Protecting Great White Sharks The great white shark, also known as the apex predator of the ocean, is a magnificent creature that plays a vital role in maintaining the balance of marine ecosystems. With their powerful presence and immense size, great white sharks have captivated the fascination and curiosity of humans for centuries. However, due to various factors such as overfishing, habitat destruction, and illegal hunting, the population of these majestic creatures has been severely impacted. In order to protect great white sharks from further decline and ensure their survival for future generations, legislation and conservation efforts have become essential. Governments around the world have recognized the importance of implementing strict measures to safeguard these apex predators and promote their conservation. Let us delve deeper into the role of legislation in protecting great white sharks. 1. Ban on Hunting and Trade In many countries, hunting great white sharks has been banned to prevent their population from dwindling further. The legislation prohibits any form of intentional killing, capturing, or trading of these sharks. This ban not only acts as a deterrent for individuals who might seek to harm these creatures but also helps in raising awareness about the need to protect them. 2. Marine Protected Areas Creating marine protected areas (MPAs) where great white sharks inhabit is another significant step taken by governments to safeguard their populations. MPAs serve as sanctuaries for these apex predators, providing them with a safe environment to thrive and carry out their natural behaviors. These areas also regulate human activities, such as fishing and boating, to minimize the potential threats posed to great white sharks. 3. Research and Monitoring Legislation plays a crucial role in funding research projects and monitoring programs focused on great white sharks. These initiatives help scientists gather valuable data on the behavior, migration patterns, and population dynamics of these creatures. By understanding their biology and ecology, conservationists can make informed decisions and develop effective conservation strategies. 4. Education and Public Awareness Legislation also plays a vital role in promoting education and raising public awareness about the importance of protecting great white sharks. Many countries have implemented educational campaigns and initiatives to inform communities about the critical role these apex predators play in maintaining healthy marine ecosystems. By educating the public about the ecological significance of great white sharks, legislation helps foster a sense of responsibility and empathy towards these creatures. 5. International Cooperation Conserving great white sharks requires international cooperation and collaboration. Legislation plays a significant role in facilitating discussions and agreements between countries to protect these creatures. Through international conventions, countries can work together to enact stronger measures, share research findings, and establish guidelines for the sustainable management of great white shark populations. In summary, legislation plays a vital role in protecting great white sharks from the numerous threats they face. By banning hunting and trade, establishing marine protected areas, funding research initiatives, promoting education, and fostering international cooperation, governments can contribute to the conservation and preservation of these magnificent creatures. It is crucial that we continue to support and strengthen legislation that safeguards the survival of great white sharks, ensuring their presence in our oceans for generations to come. Is it legal to kill great white sharks? The legality of killing great white sharks varies depending on the location. In many countries, great white sharks are protected by law and it is illegal to intentionally kill them. However, there are some areas where limited hunting or fishing of great white sharks is permitted under certain circumstances. It is important to research and comply with the specific laws and regulations in your location. In conclusion, the legality of killing great white sharks is a complex and highly debated topic. While some argue for the need to protect these apex predators for ecological balance, others advocate for targeted culling programs to mitigate potential threats to human safety. However, it is important to note that many countries have laws and regulations in place to protect great white sharks due to their vulnerable conservation status. Ultimately, the decision on whether it is legal to kill great white sharks depends on the specific jurisdiction and the circumstances surrounding the situation. As stewards of our planet's ecosystems, it is crucial to prioritize the preservation and conservation of marine species, including great white sharks. Collaborative efforts between scientists, policymakers, and communities can lead to sustainable solutions that ensure the survival of these magnificent creatures while addressing human concerns effectively. It is our responsibility to find a balance that protects both the environment and human lives, fostering harmony between these apex predators and coastal communities.
Acupuncture Fordingbridge Hampshire (SP6): If you've long been going through traditional treatments and they have been unsuccessful in giving you relief from your health issue, you can try one of the so called "alternative therapies" for example acupuncture or acupressure. Acupuncture is effective for all sorts of ailments, aches and pains, although any kind of treatment will depend on what illness you're affected by. While some people need acupuncture treatments in Fordingbridge to combat certain medical conditions, other people undergo frequent procedures as a way to maintain health and wellness. Regularly used to treat headaches, insomnia, anxiety, arthritis, back pain and dental pain, acupuncture can be given to sufferers of all ages, even very young children. The most respected acupuncturists will normally be registered members of the British Acupuncture Council (BAcC), therefore when you're in search of a therapist in Fordingbridge, ensure that they're signed up with this respected organisation. About Acupuncture: The procedure when fine needles are inserted into the sufferer's skin for therapeutic reasons is called acupuncture, and is a traditional Chinese medical procedure which has been around for centuries. Armed with the appropriate training an acupuncturist can decrease problems which conventional medical treatments have failed to cure, and is especially beneficial with issues such as headaches, insomnia, anxiety, arthritis, back pain and dental pain. An alternative treatment and pseudoscience which is practiced around the world, acupuncture is a pivotal element of traditional Chinese medicine as well as things like dietary therapy, gua sha, cupping therapy, exercise (qigong), herbal medicine, massage (tui na) and bonesetter (die-da). Used as a procedure for opening the energy channels to release the flow of life force (Qi), acupuncture has been around for upwards of 3,000 years. Encouraging the release of endorphins to relieve pain around the entire body, modern medical acupuncture treatment is based around the stimulation of nerve endings just underneath the skin. The benefits of acupuncture therapies have been extensively explored and identified for a great number of medical afflictions. Acupuncture is also a good choice for "relaxation" centred procedures which may be employed to alleviate the effects of stress related disorders like anxiety, panic attacks and depression. Ahead of the first treatment, you will discuss your symptoms with a consultant acupuncturist and asked one or two basic questions regarding your lifestyle and general health and wellness. Getting to know you and your issues, and developing a treatment plan that will be suitable for your specific needs, is the intent of this initial appointment. In actual fact, it isn't uncommon for two patients with virtually identical symptoms to undergo two completely different treatment solutions. It's quite possible that you will know of another person in Fordingbridge with the same ailments to you who's being given a totally different acupuncture treatment plan. Once the treatment begins, thin needles will be introduced into the body's meridian lines which are associated with the patient's ailments. Quite often these are in areas that don't, at first, seem related to the problem area. One example could be that so as to get rid of a headache or migraine the acupuncturist will stick needles in the meridian point on the patient's hand. A large number of the more regularly targeted treatment areas are located upon the lower limbs and legs, therefore it is a good idea to wear loose fitting clothing to permit quick access to these spots. Going through an acupuncture procedure can often make you feel exhausted or groggy. Driving a vehicle immediately after treatment is therefore not really encouraged. It's important to let your body recoup naturally, giving it time to rest for a while before you continue your day. As this feeling of listlessness can continue for an hour or more, work plans may be impacted, so make allowances for this beforehand. In Fordingbridge and other regions of Hampshire, there are several types of acupuncture available, some of which are standalone treatments, while others have specific purposes. Among the most popular of the related disciplines are Japanese acupuncture, sonopuncture, cosmetic acupuncture, dry-needling acupuncture, auriculotherapy, cupping, moxibustion, Tui Na massage, guasha, Chinese acupuncture, fire needling, electro-acupuncture, trigger point acupuncture, acupressure and bee venom acupuncture. Acupuncture treatments are available in Fordingbridge and also nearby in: Ellingham, Frogham, Breamore, Damerham, Blissford, Lower Burgate, Sandleheath, Stuckton, Charing Cross, Gorley Lynch, Godshill Wood, South End, Upper Burgate, North Gorley, Rockbourne, Woodgreen, and in these postcodes SP6 1NH, SP6 1JJ, SP6 1BB, SP6 1GH, SP6 1FN, SP6 1QL, SP6 1BS, SP6 1JG, SP6 1AW, and SP6 1BW. Verifying this will guarantee you access locally based providers of acupuncture. Fordingbridge residents can benefit from these and many other pain relief services. Infertility Acupuncture Fordingbridge If you are affected by infertility and are trying to find a suitable treatment in Fordingbridge that's not far too costly or unpleasant, you may want to look into acupuncture as a solution. Infertility acupuncture treatments have proven not only to be effective, but are also easier to tolerate than many other forms of treatment. It's felt that treatment thru infertility acupuncture works as it raises the flow of blood to the reproductive organs, among others. An improvement in the overall health of the organ can also result from this elevated blood flow. This may not always be the perfect treatment, as would be the case with with a condition such as a tube blockage, but is especially effectual for things like women's irregular cycles. Infertility acupuncture treatments aren't just powerful when practiced on women, but they can also have a beneficial outcome on men. Many people in Fordingbridge have a shot at acupuncture for infertility, as it's a relatively safe procedure compared to others. (Tags: Infertility Acupuncture Fordingbridge, Acupuncture for Infertility Fordingbridge, Infertility Acupuncture Therapy Fordingbridge, Infertility Acupuncturists Fordingbridge). The Popularity of Acupuncture Despite the fact that within the medical community, acupuncture is recognized as one of the alternative medicines, it is undoubtedly one of the more prominent and frequently used of them, and it's becoming more acknowledged as an effective therapy. Estimations by the British Acupuncture Council (BAcC) show that its registered members at present perform approximately two million acupuncture treatments per year throughout the British Isles, and there is a fast growing army of novices eager to become certified practitioners. Acupuncture is today generally acknowledged as a beneficial treatment for a lot of different illnesses and ailments and most of the stigma that was in the past associated with it has mostly faded. Various scientific studies and trials have been carried out in recent times to try and disprove or prove the validity of acupuncture and their findings have come to no clear and definitive conclusions. In the opinions of many medical experts acupuncture is total "quackery" with no rightful place in traditional medicine and no real scientific grounds for why it should be of any benefit to patients suffering from pain. Others assume that when there's been a beneficial effect, this is merely due to a placebo effect, surmising that if you believe it is likely to heal you, it will. Thus, the so called "cure" was merely psychological and far from medical. Trials to bypass the "placebo effect" have additionally been performed, whereby two groups of patients with similar symptoms are separated, with one group being "treated" with fake acupuncture and the other half given real acupuncture. While the results have been mixed, most appear to lean towards the "placebo effect" being the most feasible. At the end of the day, as with most dilemmas in life, you'll only find out if you try. So, if you've got a medical problem and your doctor has has been unable to resolve it, have a shot at acupuncture. If you obtain a bit of relief, however small, then it might be viewed as successful even if the end result was merely down to the placebo effect. Related Treatments Your local Fordingbridge acupuncturist will help with: ear acupuncture treatments in Fordingbridge, acupuncture for insomnia Fordingbridge, acupuncture for inflammation, electric acupuncture, chinese herbal medicine, anxiety acupuncture treatments, acupuncture for acne, chinese acupuncture therapy, magnetic acupuncture Fordingbridge, japanese acupuncture, cosmetic acupuncture, laser acupuncture treatments in Fordingbridge, ear acupuncture therapy, acupuncture for wrinkles, acupuncture for allergies, acupuncture for obesity, acupuncture for depression, acupuncture for snoring, tui na massage, arthritis acupuncture therapy Fordingbridge, moxa healing, acupuncture for knee pain, acupressure treatment, oriental acupuncture in Fordingbridge, holistic acupuncture therapy in Fordingbridge, acupuncture for rheumatism, acupuncture for epilepsy, gout acupuncture treatments, acupuncture for joint pain, acupuncture for muscle tension, acupuncture for neck pain Fordingbridge, acupuncture for fertility in Fordingbridge, acupuncture for headaches Fordingbridge and other acupuncture related therapies. These are just a selection of the activities that are conducted by experts in acupuncture. Fordingbridge acupuncturists will be happy to inform you of their full range of acupuncture services. Acupuncturists Near Fordingbridge Also find: Woodgreen acupuncture, Sandleheath acupuncture, Upper Burgate acupuncture, South End acupuncture, Stuckton acupuncture, Breamore acupuncture, Lower Burgate acupuncture, Damerham acupuncture, Frogham acupuncture, Godshill Wood acupuncture, Ellingham acupuncture, Gorley Lynch acupuncture, Rockbourne acupuncture, North Gorley acupuncture, Charing Cross acupuncture, Blissford acupuncture and more. The majority of these towns and localities are catered for by therapists who do acupuncture. Local residents can book acupuncture treatments by clicking here Acupuncture Fordingbridge - Services - Fire Needle Acupuncture in Fordingbridge - Auriculotherapy in Fordingbridge - Acupuncture Therapy for Arthritis in Fordingbridge - Japanese Acupuncture in Fordingbridge - Chinese Acupuncture in Fordingbridge - Moxibustion Therapy in Fordingbridge - Back Acupuncture in Fordingbridge - Acupressure in Fordingbridge - Acupuncture Therapy for Back Pain in Fordingbridge - Cupping Therapy in Fordingbridge - Acupuncturists in Fordingbridge - Affordable Acupuncture in Fordingbridge - Acupuncture Therapy for Headaches in Fordingbridge - Electroacupuncture in Fordingbridge Other Fordingbridge Therapies While looking for acupuncture therapies in Fordingbridge, Hampshire, you may also need to find dieticians in Fordingbridge, addiction therapists in Fordingbridge, osteopaths in Fordingbridge, shiatsu therapists in Fordingbridge, reflexologists in Fordingbridge, homeopathists in Fordingbridge, cognitive behaviour therapy in Fordingbridge, nutritionists in Fordingbridge, aromatherapists in Fordingbridge, reiki healers in Fordingbridge, chiropractors in Fordingbridge, alternative healing in Fordingbridge, and other alternative treatments in Fordingbridge. Fordingbridge Alternative Therapy Jobs: Get alternative therapy jobs in Fordingbridge here: Fordingbridge Alternative Therapy Jobs For the latest local information about Fordingbridge, Hampshire take a look here Acupuncturists in SP6 area, 01425. TOP - Acupuncture Fordingbridge Alernative Medicine Fordingbridge - Cupping Therapy Fordingbridge - Acupuncture Fordingbridge - Chinese Medicine Fordingbridge - Acupuncturist Fordingbridge - Fire Needling Fordingbridge - Acupuncture Therapy Fordingbridge - Moxibustion Fordingbridge - Acupressure Fordingbridge
Divorce is never an easy decision, but in today's digital era, the process has become more accessible and streamlined. With the advent of online platforms, couples seeking separation in the UK can now file for divorce with relative ease. In this guide, we'll explore the ins and outs of filing for divorce online in the UK, providing a comprehensive overview of the steps involved, the benefits, and important considerations along the way. Understanding the Basics of Divorce in the UK Before diving into the online filing process, it's crucial to understand the fundamentals of divorce in the UK. In the UK, you can file for divorce if your marriage has irretrievably broken down, evidenced by one of five facts: adultery, unreasonable behavior, desertion, two years of separation with consent, or five years of separation without consent. This legal framework provides a foundation for couples seeking to end their marriage. The Advantages of Filing for Divorce Online One of the primary advantages of filing for divorce online is the convenience it offers. Instead of navigating the complexities of traditional paperwork and court visits, couples can initiate the process from the comfort of their own homes. Online platforms streamline the process, providing step-by-step guidance and eliminating much of the administrative burden associated with traditional methods. Step-by-Step Guide to Filing for Divorce Online 1. Research and Choose a Reputable Online Platform: Begin by researching reputable online platforms for filing divorce in the UK. Look for platforms with positive reviews and a user-friendly interface. Popular options include the government's official portal and specialized legal service providers. 2. Create an Account: Once you've chosen a platform, create an account to access their divorce services. Provide the necessary information, including your personal details and marriage information. 3. Complete the Divorce Application: Next, complete the divorce application form provided by the online platform. This form will require details about your marriage, grounds for divorce, and any relevant documentation. 4. Submit Supporting Documents: Along with the application form, you may need to submit supporting documents, such as marriage certificates and proof of residency. Ensure all required documentation is provided to avoid delays in the process. 5. Pay the Filing Fee: Most online platforms require a filing fee to process your divorce application. Be prepared to make the payment online using a secure payment gateway. 6. Review and Submit: Before submitting your application, carefully review all the information provided to ensure accuracy and completeness. Once satisfied, submit your application through the online platform. 7. Await Confirmation: After submitting your application, you'll receive confirmation from the online platform acknowledging receipt. The platform will then process your application and liaise with the court on your behalf. 8. Follow-up and Communication: Throughout the process, stay in communication with the online platform for updates on the status of your application. They will guide you through any additional steps or requirements. Important Considerations and Legal Advice While filing for divorce online offers convenience, it's essential to recognize the importance of seeking legal advice, especially in complex cases involving children or significant assets. Online platforms can provide guidance through the process, but they may not offer the personalized advice and representation needed in certain situations. Consulting with a qualified family law solicitor can ensure your rights are protected and the divorce proceedings proceed smoothly. Tips for a Smooth Online Divorce Process - Gather All Necessary Documents: To expedite the process, gather all necessary documents, including marriage certificates, financial statements, and any relevant correspondence. - Stay Organized: Keep track of deadlines and communication with the online platform to ensure a smooth and efficient process. - Be Transparent: Provide honest and accurate information throughout the process to avoid complications or delays. - Prioritize Communication: Stay in regular communication with the online platform and respond promptly to any requests or inquiries. - Seek Legal Advice When Needed: If you encounter complex legal issues or disputes during the divorce process, don't hesitate to seek legal advice from a qualified solicitor. Conclusion: Embracing the Digital Divorce Revolution Filing for divorce online in the UK offers a modern and convenient alternative to traditional methods. By leveraging online platforms, couples can navigate the divorce process with ease, minimizing stress and administrative hassle. However, it's essential to approach the process thoughtfully, seeking legal advice when needed and prioritizing clear communication throughout. With the right guidance and resources, couples can embrace the digital divorce revolution and embark on a new chapter with confidence. In summary, while divorce is never easy, the availability of online filing options in the UK makes the process more accessible and manageable for couples seeking to end their marriage. By following the steps outlined in this guide and seeking appropriate legal advice when needed, couples can navigate the divorce process efficiently and with minimal stress.
I know that Java has a function System.arraycopy(); to copy an array. I was wondering if there is a function in C or C++ to copy an array. I was only able to find implementations to copy an array by using for loops, pointers, etc. But is there a library function that I can use to copy an array? man memmove andman memcpy – user142162Apr 22, 2013 at 1:06 - 34Don't use , usestd::copy . If your type has a meaningful copy constructor thenmemcpy will do the wrong thing. Apr 22, 2013 at 1:17 - 13Are you actually trying to learn C and C++ at the same time? They are very different languages. Apr 22, 2013 at 1:21 9I'm saying this because no one has mentioned it before: In C++ you should use std::vector in almost all cases. There are cases where other containers are usefull too, but i most cases std::vector will be the best option. Don't use raw arrays in C++ and try to avoid std::array unless neccessary.– SkalliApr 22, 2013 at 14:27 14 Answers Since you asked for a C++ solution... #include <algorithm> #include <iterator> const int arr_size = 10; some_type src[arr_size]; // ... some_type dest[arr_size]; std::copy(std::begin(src), std::end(src), std::begin(dest)); 28@David天宇Wong: You're using an old compiler or you didn't include the header. It's in Sep 1, 2014 at 17:54 - 11Maybe you should say which includes you need. Is copy in ? Dec 6, 2016 at 23:13 - 25I only ask because if you had to explain that std::begin was in <iterator> that means people are not googling std::begin to find out what header it is in so they are unlikely to google std::copy for the same reason. It makes a better answer if nobody has to ask stuff that is only answered in comments. Maybe I should have just edited the answer instead of prompting you to do it. Dec 8, 2016 at 0:56 Since C++11, you can copy arrays directly with std::array #include <array> std::array<int, 4> A = {10, 20, 30, 40}; std::array<int, 4> B = A; // Copy array A into array B @XAleXOwnZX: The same you would any other type that supports copy assignment. .– swalogMar 18, 2015 at 14:11 - 2I think the function is copy A's memory address to B. If I try to copy A's item values to B without changing B's memory address. How can I do that? Apr 26, 2017 at 10:38 @Aaron_Lee: I've just tested it, and it genuinely copies the elements into an array in a separate memory location. The array class evidently has its own overload for the assignment operator. Oct 21, 2019 at 10:03 17You guys realize that no assignment operators appeared in those two lines of code, right? That's the copy constructor that is being called even though the notation looks like the assignment operator. Nov 20, 2019 at 22:18 As others have mentioned, in C you would use memcpy . Note however that this does a raw memory copy, so if your data structures have pointer to themselves or to each other, the pointers in the copy will still point to the original objects. In C++ you can also use memcpy if your array members are POD (that is, essentially types which you could also have used unchanged in C), but in general, memcpy will not be allowed. As others mentioned, the function to use is std::copy Having said that, in C++ you rarely should use raw arrays. Instead you should either use one of the standard containers (std::vector is the closest to a built-in array, and also I think the closest to Java arrays — closer than plain C++ arrays, indeed —, but std::deque or std::list may be more appropriate in some cases) or, if you use C++11, std::array which is very close to built-in arrays, but with value semantics like other C++ types. All the types I mentioned here can be copied by assignment or copy construction. Moreover, you can "cross-copy" from opne to another (and even from a built-in array) using iterator syntax. This gives an overview of the possibilities (I assume all relevant headers have been included): #include <vector> int main() // This works in C and C++ int a[] = { 1, 2, 3, 4 }; int b[4]; memcpy(b, a, 4sizeof(int)); // int is a POD // This is the preferred method to copy raw arrays in C++ and works with all types that can be copied: std::copy(a, a+4, b); // In C++11, you can also use this: std::copy(std::begin(a), std::end(a), std::begin(b)); // use of vectors std::vector<int> va(a, a+4); // copies the content of a into the vector std::vector<int> vb = va; // vb is a copy of va // this initialization is only valid in C++11: std::vector<int> vc { 5, 6, 7, 8 }; // note: no equal sign! // assign vc to vb (valid in all standardized versions of C++) vb = vc; //alternative assignment, works also if both container types are different vb.assign(vc.begin(), vc.end()); std::vector<int> vd; // an empty* vector // you also can use std::copy with vectors // Since vd is empty, we need a `back_inserter`, to create new elements: std::copy(va.begin(), va.end(), std::back_inserter(vd)); // copy from array a to vector vd: // now vd already contains four elements, so this new copy doesn't need to // create elements, we just overwrite the existing ones. std::copy(a, a+4, vd.begin()); // C++11 only: Define a `std::array`: std::array<int, 4> sa = { 9, 10, 11, 12 }; // create a copy: std::array<int, 4> sb = sa; // assign the array: sb = sa; why are you writing std all the time instead of just using the namespace of std ???– BlackJun 30, 2015 at 7:04 A Java array is more like than likestd::vector , because it has a fixed size. Jan 20, 2016 at 15:59 - buy you anything in your second example ofstd::copy ?– wcochranAug 12, 2016 at 15:10 - @wcochran: Yes: Should you ever decide to rewrite the code to use an actual container instead of a built-in array, you will not have to change that line. The less code you need to change, the less bugs you will introduce (and the less work you will have).– celtschkAug 12, 2016 at 16:01 Use memcpy in C, std::copy in C++. You can use the memcpy() void * memcpy ( void * destination, const void * source, size_t num ); copies the values of num bytes from the location pointed by source directly to the memory block pointed by destination If the destination and source overlap, then you can use memmove() void * memmove ( void * destination, const void * source, size_t num ); copies the values of num bytes from the location pointed by source to the memory block pointed by destination . Copying takes place as if an intermediate buffer were used, allowing the destination and source to overlap. 3Gonna have to -1 here. The OP is specifically asking for a C++ solution and this answer says nothing of the situations in which is wrong, i.e., copying bytes is insufficient. Apr 22, 2013 at 1:18 - 3@EdS. In case you haven't noticed, the OP is now asking for a C or C++ solution.– autisticApr 22, 2013 at 2:15 6When I answered the OP was asking for C/C++ solutions, though I personally believe "C/C++" is insult to both the languages. :)– DeepuApr 22, 2013 at 2:22 fair enough, I didn't realize it was changing. Maybe it even said that earlier and I missed it. -1 removed. Apr 22, 2013 at 4:20 I like the answer of Ed S., but this only works for fixed size arrays and not when the arrays are defined as pointers. So, the C++ solution where the arrays are defined as pointers: #include <algorithm> const int bufferSize = 10; char* origArray, newArray; std::copy(origArray, origArray + bufferSize, newArray); Note: No need to deduct buffersize with 1: - Copies all elements in the range [first, last) starting from first and proceeding to last - 1 I give here 2 ways of coping array, for C and C++ language. memcpy and copy both ar usable on C++ but copy is not usable for C, you have to use memcpy if you are trying to copy array in C. #include <stdio.h> #include <iostream> #include <algorithm> // for using copy (library function) #include <string.h> // for using memcpy (library function) int main(){ int arr[] = {1, 1, 2, 2, 3, 3}; int brr[100]; int len = sizeof(arr)/sizeof(arr); // finding size of arr (array) std:: copy(arr, arr+len, brr); // which will work on C++ only (you have to use #include <algorithm> memcpy(brr, arr, len(sizeof(int))); // which will work on both C and C++ for(int i=0; i<len; i++){ // Printing brr (array). std:: cout << brr[i] << " "; return 0; using namespace std; is a bad practice. Don't ever use it. Instead of cplusplus.com, please use cppreference.com, which includes much better and up-to-date documentation of the standard. Thestdio.h equivalent in C++ iscstdio , use that instead. Additionally, the code is fairly non-idiomatic C++. I think it'd be much clearer if you had showcased separate solutions for C and C++.– tambreSep 2, 2017 at 17:33 Just include the standard library in your code. Array size will be denoted as n Your old Array int oldArray[n]={10,20,30,40,50}; Declare New Array in which you have to copy your old array value int newArray[n]; Use this in C++11 you may use Copy() that works for std containers template <typename Container1, typename Container2> auto Copy(Container1& c1, Container2& c2) -> decltype(c2.begin()) auto it1 = std::begin(c1); auto it2 = std::begin(c2); while (it1 != std::end(c1)) { it2++ = it1++; return it2; It would be a better idea to pull the out of the loop, for performance reasons (c1 doesn't change or invalidate iterators during the loop,so it's unnecessary to re-calculate the end).– celtschkSep 5, 2016 at 17:43 Firstly, because you are switching to C++, vector is recommended to be used instead of traditional array. Besides, to copy an array or vector, std::copy is the best choice for you. Visit this page to get how to use copy function: http://en.cppreference.com/w/cpp/algorithm/copy std::vector<int> source_vector; std::vector<int> dest_vector(source_vector.size()); std::copy(source_vector.begin(), source_vector.end(), dest_vector.begin()); Try this : - Create an empty array. - Insert the elements. - Create a duplicate empty array of the same size. - Start for to i=array length. (only for C++) C++ program using namespace std; int main() int initA[100],finA[100],i,size; cout<<"Input the size of the array : "; cout<<"Input the elements of the first array"; cout<<"The final array is\n"; cout<<finA[i]<<" "; return 0; I don't see why you would write a loop manually instead of just using the standard methods.– CPlusMay 3, 2023 at 20:32 You can use std::ranges::copy as simple, as std::ranges::copy(a, b); #include <algorithm> // ranges::copy, ranges::copy_if #include <iostream> // cout #include <iterator> // ostream_iterator, begin, end #include <numeric> // iota int main() float source[10]; std::iota(std::begin(source), std::end(source), 0); float destination[10]; std::ranges::copy(source, destination); std::cout << "destination contains: "; std::ranges::copy(destination, std::ostream_iterator<float>(std::cout, " ")); std::cout << '\n'; std::cout << "odd numbers in destination are: "; std::ranges::copy_if(destination, std::ostream_iterator<float>(std::cout, " "), [](int x) { return (x % 2) == 1; }); std::cout << '\n'; It's interesting that while you can easily copy structs in C/C++, the same straightforward approach doesn't work for arrays. An amusing workaround involves casting an array to a struct pointer, making it possible to copy arrays, as demonstrated below: int a[10] = {1, 2, 3}; int b[10]; typedef struct {char _[sizeof(a)];} _; (_)b = (_)a; However, this solution may seem unattractive due to its unconventional appearance. To address this, we can encapsulate the operation within a macro: #include <assert.h> #include <stdio.h> #define ARRAY_ASSIGN(x, y) \ { assert(sizeof(x) == sizeof(y)); \ typedef struct {char _[sizeof(x)];} _; (_)(x) = (_)(y);\ int a[10] = {1, 2, 3}; int b[10]; ARRAY_ASSIGN(b, a); // b = a for (size_t i = 0; i < sizeof(b)/sizeof(b[0]); ++i) { printf("%d ", b[i]);
Economists tend to shy away from attaching too much significanceto any one piece of data. But in this environment, with this jobsreport, hyper-scrutiny may be warranted. \|When hiring in May eked out its weakest gain in more than fiveyears, the shock was enough to cement the Federal Reserve'sdecision to hold off on raising interest rates. Then came Brexit—theU.K.'s surprise vote to withdraw from the European Union—and globaleconomic anxieties were unleashed. \|The June jobs report will therefore take on even more importancethan usual. Economists and policy makers will use it to determinewhether the strongest part of the economy slowed sharply evenbefore concerns over global growth intensified, or if the labormarket was merely hit by a temporary soft patch. \|"There is a potential for a big reassessment on Friday for theoutlook," said Jim O'Sullivan, chief U.S. economist at HighFrequency Economics Ltd. in Valhalla, New York. "Given how muchviews changed after the last report, I get the sense that theanticipation level going into this one is unusually high." \|Payrolls probably climbed by 180,000 in June, according to themedian estimate of a Bloomberg survey of economists. That wouldfollow a 38,000 increase in May, which was the weakest sinceSeptember 2010. \|Many economists remain optimistic about an underlying trend ofjob growth due to other labor-market indicators that still suggesthealth. Applications for jobless benefits remain historically low,employment indexes for both the manufacturing and servicesindustries rebounded last month, and job openings are hoveringaround record levels. \|The return to work of striking employees at VerizonCommunications Inc. will probably help boost the June number, afterthe walkout depressed May's reading. Some 35,100 Verizon employeesended their almost-seven-week work stoppage on May 31, LaborDepartment data show. \|Once the strikers are factored out, "that does imply some netslowing of the trend," O'Sullivan said. Still, that rate of hiring"remains more than strong enough to keep the unemployment ratetrending down." \|The jobless rate is expected to rise to 4.8 percent afterfalling to a more-than-eight-year low of 4.7 percent in May asworkers streamed out of the labor force. \|Data on earnings will also take on prominence after Fed ChairJanet Yellen noted long-awaited signs of improvement in wage growthlast month. \|Average hourly earnings probably climbed 0.2 percent in Junefrom the month before and 2.7 percent from a year earlier,according to the median forecasts of economists. The 12-monthgain would be the largest since 2009. \|"Readings on compensation—hourly compensation—are very noisy, soit's hard to know, but it looks like we're seeing somewhat fasterwage growth," Yellen said in congressional testimony on June 22. "Ihope that it will be permanent." \|The predicted pickup in wage growth last month may be partlyattributable to what economists call base effects; the wage numberweakened in June 2015, so a bigger bounce this year may be in thecards. Looking past that, there still seems to be a nascentacceleration in pay, said Ethan Harris, head of global economicsresearch at Bank of America Corp. in New York. \|\|"We're right at the point of the economic recovery where you'dbe expecting wages to pick up," he said. "It'll probably take acouple more years to get back to 3.5 percent wage growth, which ismore normal, but the process seems to have started." \|Not only is that good for workers, but also for Fed policymakers. The U.S. central bank has a dual mandate of maximumemployment and price stability, and while the labor-market recoveryhas been well under way, inflation has languished below policymakers' 2 percent target for four years. \|"It's a sign that the Fed's long battle to restore normal wageand price inflation is finally bearing some fruit," Harrissaid. Post-Brexit World Of course, Brexitcomplicates things. With U.S. economic data now being poredover for signs of weakness, there's extra downside risk associatedwith a bad payrolls number—anything under 100,000, Harris said. \|Unfortunately, the report will offer little clarity on howemployers reacted to the U.K.'s decision to leave the EU. With thereferendum held June 23, any immediate impact to U.S. employmentmay have been limited, even as investors grew concerned that theglobal economy's growth prospects have dimmed. \|There's some indication that employers are monitoring, thoughnot yet acting on, the situation. A survey from the Institute forSupply Management showed most purchasing executives at Americanfactories and service producers expected a 'negligible' impact ontheir business due to Brexit and signaled they would probably notpare headcounts as a result of the vote. \|The July jobs number will therefore be just as closely watchedas Friday's report. \|"It could be that we get this strong employment number asexpected, and the market says, 'OK, that's great, but it's reallyold news,"' said Kathy Bostjancic, an economist at Oxford EconomicsUSA in New York. "Now we're in the brave new world of post-Brexit.That's the risk with the payrolls data—it could be dismissedbecause of that." \|With investors assigning less than a 50 percent chance for a Fedinterest-rate hike by the end of 2017, it'll take a positiveshocker of a June report to get the market to recalibrate itsexpectations for a prolonged period of easy money, Bostjancicsaid. \|"The push out to 2018 I think is an extreme overreaction,"Bostjancic said. If the jobs report "shows very strong data, andparticularly if wages look like they've moved higher, that causesthe markets to double-think the idea that the Fed has beenparalyzed." \|Copyright 2018 Bloomberg. All rightsreserved. This material may not be published, broadcast, rewritten,or redistributed. Complete your profile to continue reading and get FREE access to Treasury & Risk, part of your ALM digital membership. Your access to unlimited Treasury & Risk content isn't changing. 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Title: Hidden Figures Release Date: 10/12/2016 Genres: Drama, History Hidden Figures is a captivating drama set against the backdrop of the Space Race in the early 1960s. Based on a true story, the movie follows the incredible journey of three brilliant African-American women who work at NASA: Katherine Johnson, Dorothy Vaughan, and Mary Jackson. Despite facing racism and sexism, these exceptional individuals overcome incredible odds to contribute invaluable calculations and insights that propel America's first manned space missions. The movie takes place in Virginia, amidst the racially-charged atmosphere of the early 1960s. Segregation is deeply ingrained, with separate restrooms, drinking fountains, and workplaces for black and white employees. Against this turbulent backdrop, we are introduced to the three main characters, each with their own distinct personalities and abilities. Katherine Johnson, played by Taraji P. Henson, is a math prodigy hired by NASA's Space Task Group to calculate trajectories for space missions. She quickly becomes an integral member of the team, facing prejudice and discrimination from her white male colleagues. Despite these challenges, Katherine perseveres, using her extraordinary mathematical skills to solve complex problems and earn the respect of her peers. Dorothy Vaughan, portrayed by Octavia Spencer, is a talented mathematician and aspiring supervisor in the segregated West Area Computers division of NASA. When NASA introduces the IBM 7090 computer, which threatens to make her and her colleagues obsolete, Dorothy takes it upon herself to learn programming and become an indispensable asset to her team. She paves the way for future generations of African-American women in the field of computer programming. Mary Jackson, played by Janelle Mone, is an aspiring engineer who dreams of working in the all-white male Engineer Training Program. She faces numerous obstacles and bureaucratic red tape along the way, but refuses to let societal expectations define her path. Mary's determination and intelligence ultimately secure her a place in the program, breaking barriers and inspiring future generations. As the United States races against the Soviet Union in the Space Race, tensions rise at NASA, and the pressure to launch an American astronaut into space intensifies. The trio's expertise is put to the test when the mission is jeopardized by a series of setbacks, requiring innovative problem-solving and quick thinking. Despite the odds stacked against them, Katherine, Dorothy, and Mary rise to the occasion, proving their worth and cementing their place in history. Hidden Figures explores themes of resilience, determination, and the power of perseverance in the face of adversity. It sheds light on the often-overlooked contributions of African-American women to the American space program and highlights the importance of diversity and inclusion in scientific pursuits. Through their brilliance and indomitable spirit, Katherine, Dorothy, and Mary challenge societal norms and pave the way for future generations of women and minorities to pursue careers in STEM fields. In conclusion, Hidden Figures is an inspiring and thought-provoking drama that shines a spotlight on the untold story of three remarkable women who played pivotal roles in America's space exploration. Their unwavering dedication, intellect, and courage serve as a testament to the indomitable human spirit and the power of breaking down barriers. This movie serves as a reminder that history is often shaped by those who are underestimated and marginalized, and that the contributions of all individuals should be recognized and celebrated. 6 Best Scenes from Hidden Figures 1. Katherine Johnson successfully calculates the re-entry trajectory for John Glenn's space mission. In this pivotal scene, the brilliant African-American mathematician Katherine Johnson makes a significant breakthrough in calculating the re-entry trajectory for John Glenn's historic space mission. As the only black woman working at NASA's Space Task Group, Katherine faces numerous challenges due to racial and gender discrimination. However, her impeccable mathematical skills catch the attention of Al Harrison, the director of the Space Task Group. Assigned to perform complex calculations for Glenn's mission, Katherine faces hostility from her white, male coworkers who question her ability to handle the task. Undeterred, she perseveres and overcomes their doubts, eventually solving the intricate equations required for the re-entry trajectory. The scene highlights not only Katherine's exceptional intellect but also her determination, resilience, and professionalism. This moment is significant in the context of the film as it symbolizes the triumph over prejudice and underscores the invaluable contributions of African-American women to the space program. Katherine's accomplishment breaks barriers and shatters stereotypes, challenging the deeply ingrained racism and sexism prevailing in the 1960s. It illustrates the power of knowledge, perseverance, and the importance of diversity in achieving great feats. Moreover, this achievement propels the plot forward as it establishes Katherine as a trusted and essential member of the team, gaining the respect and admiration of her colleagues. Her pivotal role in solving the trajectory problem sets the stage for the successful launch of the Friendship 7 spacecraft, a monumental moment in space history. This scene reflects the film's overarching theme of overcoming adversity and embracing diversity to achieve extraordinary success. 2. Mary Jackson petitions a court to attend engineering classes at an all-white school. In this powerful scene, Mary Jackson, a talented African-American mathematician working at NASA, petitions a court to attend engineering classes at an all-white school. Frustrated by the dismissive attitudes and limited opportunities for African-Americans in her field, Mary dreams of becoming an engineer but is barred from attending a segregated school. Persistence and determination lead her to lawyer Frederic Hampton, who encourages her to file a petition for admittance to the segregated school's engineering program. Mary's courtroom speech is eloquent, passionate, and poignant. She argues for the right to pursue her dreams, emphasizing that talent knows no color and that denying her access to education based on race is unjust and counterproductive. This pivotal scene in the film highlights Mary's courage, intelligence, and unwavering commitment to breaking down racial barriers. It serves as a catalyst for change, challenging the systemic racism of the time and pushing the boundaries of equality. The significance of this scene lies in its exploration of the themes of justice, equality, and the power of education. Mary's fight for her right to attend engineering classes not only amplifies the struggle faced by African-Americans but also provides an inspiring example of standing up against oppression and fighting for one's dreams. Following this moment, Mary's campaign for equal opportunity sets off a chain of events that ultimately leads to the desegregation of schools and the opening of doors for countless others to pursue their passions. It showcases the ripple effect of individual acts of courage and determination and underscores the film's overall message of empowerment and the importance of fighting for justice. 3. Dorothy Vaughan learns how to program the IBM computer, securing her future career. In this pivotal scene, Dorothy Vaughan, an African-American supervisor at NASA's segregated West Area Computing Unit, takes the initiative to learn how to program the newly installed IBM computer. Despite facing resistance and skepticism from her superiors, Dorothy's resourceful nature leads her to discover a book on Fortran programming. With determination and persistence, Dorothy teaches herself Fortran and becomes proficient enough to program the IBM computer, effectively securing her future career. She takes her newfound knowledge and shares it with her fellow African-American colleagues, subsequently earning the respect and admiration of her team. This scene is significant in the film as it exemplifies Dorothy's leadership, adaptability, and foresight. It showcases her proactive approach and her ability to navigate and overcome the challenges imposed by the racial discrimination prevalent in 1960s America. Moreover, this moment in the film symbolizes the pivotal role of technology in advancing societal progress. Dorothy's mastery of programming not only secures her own future but also enables her colleagues to retain their relevance in a rapidly changing technological landscape. It emphasizes the importance of adaptation and lifelong learning in the face of evolving circumstances. Additionally, Dorothy's exploration of computer programming highlights the potential for African-American women to excel in emerging fields, challenging stereotypes and limitations imposed by racism and sexism. Her actions become a stepping stone for future generations, opening doors for minorities in the technology sector. Overall, this scene drives the plot forward by demonstrating Dorothy's resourcefulness, resilience, and determination to adapt to the changing times. It exemplifies the film's central themes of empowerment, breaking down barriers, and embracing opportunities for growth and advancement. 4. Katherine Johnson confronts and breaks down racial segregation in the bathroom. In this powerful scene, Katherine Johnson, the brilliant African-American mathematician working at NASA's Space Task Group, confronts the segregationist policies that force her to use a segregated "colored" bathroom located in another building far from her workspace. Tired of the arduous trips and the demeaning treatment, Katherine takes a stand against the injustice. Frustrated and determined, Katherine disrupts a meeting in the main building, confidently brandishing a coffee pot and stack of papers. She forcefully articulates the absurdity of her situation, pointing out that she spends precious time and energy traveling to and from the segregated bathroom. Her impassioned speech resonates with her colleagues, who stand up in solidarity. In a pivotal moment, the head of the Space Task Group, Al Harrison, witnesses Katherine's courageous action and confronts the issue head-on. He smashes the "colored" bathroom sign with a crowbar and announces that henceforth, there will be no segregated facilities at NASA. This scene is a significant turning point in the film as it not only showcases Katherine's bravery and determination but also acts as a catalyst for change within the institution. By challenging the racial segregation that permeates every aspect of life, Katherine's actions symbolize the broader struggle for equality and social justice. Moreover, the dismantling of the bathroom barrier signifies a breaking down of the physical walls that separate individuals based on race. It represents a shift in mindset and opens doors for further integration and equal treatment within the workplace. 5. The Space Task Group invites Katherine Johnson into their meeting to help solve a critical problem. In this pivotal scene, the Space Task Group faces a critical problem during John Glenn's space mission. The calculations for the Friendship 7's re-entry trajectory are in question, and the stakes are high. Al Harrison gathers the team in a meeting and proposes bringing in Katherine Johnson, recognizing her rare talent for precise calculations. Invited into the meeting room, Katherine is initially met with skepticism and condescension from her predominantly white, male colleagues. However, Katherine's expertise quickly becomes evident as she effortlessly identifies and solves the calculation error, providing the accurate trajectory for Glenn's safe return. This scene is significant as it showcases the recognition and validation of Katherine's skills and intellect. It highlights her indispensable role within the Space Task Group and her ability to rise above prejudice to contribute to the success of the mission. Additionally, this pivotal moment emphasizes the importance of collaboration and diversity of thought. The willingness of the Space Task Group to set aside their biases and embrace Katherine's expertise demonstrates the power of inclusion and the breaking down of barriers. It challenges the notion that brilliance and innovation are exclusive to specific groups of people. Furthermore, the inclusion of Katherine in the meeting signifies the shifting dynamics within NASA and society at large. It reveals a gradual breaking down of racial and gender barriers, fostering an environment where talent and expertise are valued above all else. 6. The successful launch and return of John Glenn's space mission, with Katherine's calculations ensuring safe re-entry. In this climactic scene, Katherine anxiously awaits the launch of John Glenn's space mission, knowing that her calculations for the re-entry trajectory are crucial for the astronaut's safe return. As the Friendship 7 launches into space, tension mounts as the team monitors the mission's progress. As the critical re-entry phase approaches, ground control loses communication with Glenn, adding to the suspense. However, Katherine's calculations prove accurate, allowing Glenn to safely re-enter the Earth's atmosphere and ensuring his successful return. This scene is significant because it represents the culmination of Katherine's extraordinary contributions and their life-saving impact. It reinforces the pivotal role she played in the mission's success and solidifies her status as a hidden figure, who, without recognition, made invaluable contributions to the space program. Moreover, the moment symbolizes the triumph of perseverance, intelligence, and teamwork. It illustrates the power of collaboration and the synergy between mathematical expertise and human achievement. It also underscores the potential societal benefits of inclusivity, highlighting the dangers of excluding talented individuals based on race or gender. Additionally, the successful return of John Glenn's space mission cements NASA's status as a world leader in space exploration. It represents a significant milestone in America's space race against the Soviet Union and serves as a testament to the extraordinary capabilities of the human mind and the potential of diverse perspectives in achieving monumental goals.

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