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Sprinting Towards Success: The Agile Methodology Sprint 1. Unleashing the Power of Agility: An Introduction to Agile Methodology Agile methodology sprint is a project management approach that emphasizes flexibility, adaptability, and efficiency. It allows teams to respond to changes quickly and deliver high-quality products to customers in a timely manner. The core principles of Agile include customer collaboration, responding to change, and delivering working software frequently. Agile methodologies promote a collaborative work environment where communication is key, and teams work closely together to achieve common goals. By focusing on iterative development and continuous feedback, Agile helps teams deliver value to customers and stakeholders faster than traditional waterfall methods. The Agile mindset is about embracing change, valuing individuals and interactions, and delivering working products. 2. Breaking Down the Agile Methodology Sprint: What You Need to Know An Agile methodology sprint is a time-boxed iteration during which a specific set of tasks or user stories are completed. Sprints typically last anywhere from 1 to 4 weeks, with a clear goal or objective to achieve by the end of the sprint. The sprint planning meeting kicks off the sprint, where the team collaborates to define the scope of work for the upcoming iteration. During the sprint, the team works together daily to track progress, address any obstacles, and adjust as needed to meet the sprint goal. At the end of the sprint, a sprint review meeting is held to demonstrate the work completed, gather feedback, and plan for the next sprint. This iterative cycle continues until the project is complete, with each sprint building on the progress of the previous one. 3. Accelerating Your Progress: How to Implement Agile Methodology Sprint Successfully Implementing Agile methodology sprint successfully requires clear communication, collaboration, and commitment from the entire team. It is essential to have a dedicated product owner who can prioritize the backlog, define user stories, and provide direction to the team. The team should be cross-functional, with members from different disciplines working together to deliver value. Setting realistic sprint goals, tracking progress transparently, and adapting to changes quickly are key to success. Regular retrospectives help teams reflect on what went well and what can be improved in the next sprint. Embracing a culture of continuous improvement and learning is vital to maximizing the benefits of methodology sprint. 4. From Start to Finish: Navigating the Agile Methodology Sprint for Guaranteed Success To navigate the Agile methodology sprint for guaranteed success, it is crucial to prioritize collaboration, adaptability, and customer feedback. Breaking down work into small, manageable tasks, maintaining a clear focus on the sprint goal, and fostering a culture of continuous improvement are essential components of achieving success with Agile methodology. By embracing the Agile mindset, empowering teams to make decisions, and fostering a supportive work environment, organizations can leverage the power of Agile methodology sprint to accelerate their progress and achieve business success. With a focus on delivering value, staying flexible, and adapting to change, the Agile methodology sprint can help teams sprint towards success in today's fast-paced, competitive marketplace.
City commuting: best adult scooter When considering your commuting options, the best adult scooter is an irresistible choice. It's not only a convenient and cost-effective way to travel, but also an environmentally friendly one. Picture yourself gliding effortlessly through the streets in the gentle morning breeze, experiencing both the thrill of speed and the beauty of the surroundings. Adult scooters are not only exciting but also exude modernity and style, becoming a striking sight in the community. They shorten the distance between you and your destination into a pleasurable experience, allowing you to easily reach anywhere you wish to explore. Without a doubt, choosing an electric scooter as your commuting companion is a wise and exhilarating decision. Buying the Best Adult Scooter When considering purchasing the best adult scooter for commuting, understanding its main components and features becomes crucial. How to Choose the Best Adult Scooter for Commuting? Electric scooters, as a green, fast, and practical mode of transportation, are gradually becoming one of the preferred choices for daily commuting among urban residents. These portable vehicles provide users with a convenient way to travel from point A to point B, effortlessly weaving through city streets. However, while all electric scooters share the same basic functionality, they differ significantly in aspects such as speed, performance, weight, and comfort. Some electric scooters boast impressive high-speed performance, allowing users to reach their destination quickly; while others prioritize comfort and manoeuvrability, ensuring users have a more enjoyable experience throughout their commute. Shape and size are also among the diverse features of electric scooters, so the best choice for your commuting needs may vary from others' requirements. Some may prefer lightweight and portable folding scooters for easier carrying while commuting; others may favour larger-sized longboards for a more stable riding experience. When considering adult scooters, categorising them into three types can help you choose the most suitable one for your needs. These three categories primarily focus on usage and budget. - Lightweight and Portable Commuting Adult Scooters - Long-distance Commuting Adult Scooters - Fastest Commuting Adult Scooters Lightweight Adult Electric Scooters for Commuting What exactly defines a lightweight adult electric scooter? A lightweight scooter should be easy to carry, fold, and store. If the weight starts approaching 50 pounds (22 kilograms), we consider it no longer lightweight. You should be able to carry it easily with one hand. The most popular electric scooters S9Pro lightweight Electric Scooter For Adults Choose this advanced transportation device with a top speed of up to 18.6 miles and a range of 18 miles. It features a 35-watt efficient motor to ensure ample power, along with 8.5-inch solid, puncture-proof tyres and a rear dual suspension system, providing you with a stable and comfortable driving experience. Motor Power Max Speed Max Range Size is also important, as it should be small and compact enough to comfortably ride public transportation, fit in a car boot, or even be placed conveniently under a desk at work. It needs to be highly foldable. Long-distance Adult Electric Scooters for Commuting The exact definition of a lightweight adult electric scooter includes two key elements: weight and size. A lightweight electric scooter should maintain a relatively lightweight range, ideally below 50 pounds (22 kilograms), for easy carrying and manoeuvring. Ideally, it should be easy to carry with one hand for convenient transportation or storage when not in use. Additionally, the size of a lightweight adult electric scooter is crucial. It should be designed compact enough to easily pair with public transportation, fit into car trunks, or be conveniently stored under a desk at work. Hence, it needs to have a high degree of foldability to maximize space-saving when not in use. The most popular electric scooters lightweight S9max Electric Scooter 500w Choose this advanced transportation device with a top speed of up to 18.6 miles and a range of 18 miles. It features a 35-watt efficient motor to ensure ample power, along with 8.5-inch solid, puncture-proof tyres and a rear dual suspension system, providing you with a stable and comfortable driving experience. Motor Power Max Speed Max Range Adult electric scooters designed for commuting and long-distance riding have differences in design. Long-distance riding requires more comfort, stronger performance, and additional features. They might serve as alternatives to traditional lightweight commuting scooters and even function as lightweight motorcycles or mopeds. For long-distance rides, the vehicle's range is crucial. Rides exceeding 30 miles (48 kilometers) are considered long-distance, thus requiring larger battery capacities for support. While these models might be slightly heavier than regular lightweight commuting scooters, they should still possess some level of foldability for convenient carrying and storage when necessary. Fastest Commuting Adult Electric Scooters For adults interested in fast, high-performance electric scooters for commuting, portability and overall weight aren't the primary concerns. They pursue maximum power and performance, aiming to enjoy speeds exceeding 20 miles per hour (32 kilometers per hour). These scooters, nicknamed "beasts," are exceptionally powerful, with astonishing thrust that commands respect. The most popular electric scooters FASTEST GT2 Off Road Electric Scooter The GT2 electric scooter features a lightweight magnesium alloy frame, making it easy to carry and significantly enhancing the driving experience, acceleration performance, and handling. This enables a faster and more agile riding experience. Motor Power Max Speed Max Range However, unlike wild horses, these scooters come with various settings that allow riders to control speed in a highly conservative manner, ensuring everything stays within manageable limits. Whether on urban streets or suburban roads, these machines exhibit remarkable adaptability and reliability. Their outstanding performance and diverse settings enable riders to tailor their experience according to their preferences and needs, ensuring each ride is a unique experience. Structure Design of Electric Scooters When considering the design of electric scooters, the first thing to think about is what kind of experience you're aiming for. For instance, if you want a lightweight and portable scooter that's convenient for commuting or taking on public transport, you'll need a cleverly designed, quickly foldable lightweight scooter. However, if you prefer speed and power to conquer hills around you, you might opt for a powerful scooter equipped with a large motor and battery, even though such a scooter might be heavier and less convenient to carry. In addition, you'll also need to consider the positioning of the wheels and motor. Is it front-wheel drive or rear-wheel drive? Front-wheel drive is typically used for lightweight scooters, while rear-wheel drive provides better weight balance and riding experience. There are also designs with dual-wheel drive, offering more power and control. Another important factor is aesthetics and weight distribution. You'll need to consider the placement of the battery, whether it's positioned in the front stem above the front wheel motor. Placing the battery beneath the deck can provide longer ride times and better stability, but you'll need to ensure it doesn't compromise your riding experience. Lastly, the position of the handlebars is also crucial. Are they positioned correctly and comfortably? If the handlebars are not in the right position, it can affect your riding experience. So, when choosing an electric scooter, remember to consider these factors to ensure you get the design that suits you best. Motor and Power Performance Understanding the motor and performance of electric scooters depends on how you intend to use them. For example, if you need to reach your destination quickly, you'll need to consider a powerful motor. But if you just want to cruise around the neighborhood, speed might not be the top priority. For practical use, power is key, especially if you want to go faster. Also, if there are hills on your route, you need to consider how the scooter performs downhill. You can measure these things using voltage, watts, and torque. Electric Scooter Batteries and Range When selecting an electric scooter, understanding its battery situation is crucial. After all, the battery's lifespan directly affects your travel capability. You need to ensure that the battery you choose meets international standards, such as the IEC standard, to guarantee safety. Also, don't forget to pay attention to protocols related to lithium batteries and the like. For electric scooter batteries, look at their lifespan. Don't be misled by manufacturers' exaggerated mileage ranges. Typically, if you're within the maximum weight limit range and riding at around 50% of the top speed, you might achieve the mileage they claim. But if you want to go all out and unleash the scooter's full potential, those mileage numbers might need to be adjusted. Lastly, don't overlook the battery brand that your scooter comes with. Some battery brands might be more durable and reliable, which is crucial for the long-term use of your scooter. So, before making a choice, make sure to do your homework and not just focus on price and appearance. Essential Features of Electric Scooters The features of electric scooters are becoming increasingly diverse! Did you know? Nowadays, scooters are not just a means of transportation but more like smart devices. Imagine being able to control your scooter through a cool smartphone app, not only monitoring battery life but also conducting diagnostics to ensure it's in good condition. That's much more powerful than those simple scooters from the past! Moreover, don't forget that modern scooters can also adjust speed, which is simply amazing! You can set the speed according to your needs and preferences, making your ride more comfortable and safe. Whether it's on crowded city streets or quiet country lanes, you can find a speed mode that suits you. What's even better is that these features are not set in stone. With technology constantly advancing, your scooter might have even more surprises waiting for you. So, don't hesitate, go and explore the latest integrations and applications for your electric scooter that suit you best! Why Choose Adult Electric Scooters Over Other Vehicles? When considering commuting options, time and cost are often primary considerations. While there are many transportation choices available, adult electric scooters might stand out as a compelling option. These vehicles offer unique advantages that address many common commuting issues. Adult electric scooters offer greater flexibility and portability compared to other vehicles. They are not affected by traffic congestion, allowing for swift navigation through cities and easy avoidance of traffic bottlenecks. Additionally, they are easier to park compared to traditional bicycles or cars, with more convenient parking spots available near offices or shops. Adult electric scooters are also more cost-effective. Their price tag and maintenance costs are lower compared to purchasing and maintaining a car, and they have lower operating costs. Charging expenses are relatively low, and they do not require significant funds for upkeep and maintenance. Adult electric scooters can also address some last-mile commuting issues. Even if there's a short walking distance from public transportation stops to the office or home, using a scooter can get you to your destination more quickly, saving valuable time and energy. So, if you're after a novel, convenient, and cost-effective commuting solution, an adult electric scooter could be a jolly good option! Comfort of Riding Adult Electric Scooters When choosing an adult electric scooter, comfort is paramount. At isinwheel, we understand the importance of comfort in the riding experience. Therefore, we consider not only design and functionality but also seek the best solutions based on your usage needs. Tire and suspension types are crucial factors. In recent years, tire technology has made significant advancements, particularly with the advent of airless tires. These tires not only eliminate worries about flats but also provide better stability, making your ride smoother. When choosing, it's essential to consider tire size and front/rear suspension. Different configurations affect your riding experience, and the best way to gauge it is through test rides. You can try out a friend's electric scooter or watch review videos on YouTube. The advantage of buying online is that you can access feedback and experiences from real users, helping you make informed choices. Whether you're commuting on city streets or enjoying rides in the suburbs, we are committed to providing you with the most comfortable and satisfying riding experience. Choose isinwheel for a perfectly catered riding experience. Walking Commute vs. Adult Electric Scooter Commute For many, walking is a daily commuting method, but determining the effective distance for walking depends on individual factors such as age, physical condition, and health. Suppose your usual walking commute to and from work takes about 15 minutes. In that case, it could occupy a significant amount of time in a week, approximately 2.5 hours. However, opting for an adult electric scooter or bicycle can significantly reduce commuting time. Adult electric scooters or bicycles excel in time-saving for commuting. For example, riding an adult electric scooter at an average speed of 20 miles per hour translates the walking commute time to just 2-3 minutes. Simple math shows that the 10-hour weekly walking commute time can be completed in less than 1 hour. This significant time saving makes adult electric scooters or bicycles a more attractive option. Although the initial cost of purchasing an adult electric scooter or bicycle may be an upfront expense, compared to other modes of transportation, their operational costs are much lower. Considering the value of commuting time and the time-saving efficiency of electric scooters, the investment is worthwhile. Additionally, compared to other modes of transportation, commuting with adult electric scooters or bicycles is more environmentally friendly, aligning with sustainable principles. Adult Bicycles vs. Adult Electric Scooters - Which Is Faster? According to research from Copenhagen, bicycles play a significant role in urban commuting, with an average speed of about 9.6 miles per hour (15.5 kilometers per hour). This figure reveals the popularity of bicycles as a fast and convenient mode of transportation in urban environments. In fact, Denmark ranks second globally in bicycle usage, reflecting the importance and popularity of bicycles in the country. Comparing the speed between bicycles and adult electric scooters demonstrates significant differences between the two modes of transportation. The speed of adult electric scooters is approximately half that of bicycles, meaning in some situations, opting for scooters may be faster. Additionally, scooters have the advantage of quick starts and stops, which may be an attractive feature for urban commuters, especially in busy city traffic. Despite the advantages of adult electric scooters, bicycles still have their unique merits. For example, bicycles have greater carrying capacity, suitable for transporting shopping items, backpacks, etc. Moreover, bicycles have health and environmental advantages, as cycling provides a healthy form of exercise and reduces negative impacts on the environment. With technological advancements, electric bicycles are also becoming a popular choice. While electric bicycles provide some assistance in long-distance rides or uphill climbs, limitations in size, weight, and practicality compared to traditional bicycles still exist. Therefore, whether choosing traditional bicycles, electric scooters, or electric bicycles, it's essential to make a wise decision based on personal preferences and practical needs. Bus vs. Scooter Commuting When you think of bus commuting, crowded cabins and endless waiting times might come to mind. After all, spending time in a crowded bus cabin is hardly enjoyable. The unpredictability of buses can be headache-inducing; you never know if they'll arrive on time or get delayed due to traffic congestion. And who enjoys being squeezed in with a bunch of strangers? Of course, buses have their advantages, but comparing them to adult electric scooters is almost unfair. After all, traffic conditions vary in every city, so bus speeds vary widely. A study in New York showed that the average speed of buses is only 7.44 miles per hour, and some even go as slow as 3.9 miles per hour, hardly different from walking! Considering these issues, combining bus commuting with adult electric scooters might be a good idea. You can get off a few stops early and then ride your electric scooter through the city, avoiding those headache-inducing traffic jams. This not only saves time but also saves money on bus fare. Of course, choosing a scooter that's easy to carry is crucial. You don't want to lug around a bulky scooter on the bus, right? So, make sure to choose a lightweight, portable model. This way, you can easily switch between the bus and the scooter, making your commute more convenient and efficient. Train, Subway, or Scooter? When you're contemplating your daily commute, you might find yourself torn between taking the train, the subway, or a scooter. Trains offer the convenience needed for long-distance commuting, but if you need to walk a distance from the station, you might need assistance from other modes of transportation. An adult electric scooter could be a great choice to help you swiftly and conveniently navigate the final stretch of your journey beyond the train. Subway systems play a vital role in urban commuting, but sitting in crowded subway cars can be uncomfortable. If you want to escape this congestion, an adult electric scooter could be a great alternative. Not only does it allow for easy maneuvering between city locations, but it also provides a sense of freedom and ease during your commute. Commuting isn't just about speed; it's also about comfort and experience. When you find yourself squeezed in crowded trains or subways, you might start questioning if it's worth the hassle. Adult electric scooters offer a more relaxed and liberating commuting option, allowing you to enjoy the breeze on your journey. Driving vs. Scooter Commuting In this day and age, driving is no longer the revolutionary choice for solving all problems. While cars are indeed indispensable for certain situations and needs, considering the costs involved (not to mention the frequent traffic jams and difficulty finding parking spaces), it can be quite an expensive decision. Even if you outright buy a car without needing any loans, vehicle maintenance, upkeep, fuel, and other expenses can cost you several thousand dollars annually. Not to mention the environmental costs, which are significant. For those whose commute isn't too far, adult electric scooters might be more convenient. Especially if your commute route traverses busy city centers. Apart from the array of costs that come with driving, there are also parking fees to consider. For some, this might not be an issue. But for many commuters, parking fees can be daunting, sometimes deducted directly from their salaries. With an adult electric scooter, you can glide easily under your office desk or lock it at a bicycle stand, saving even more money to spend elsewhere. Leave a comment The Latest Posts Explore isinwheel products City E Scooter \| Off-Road Scooter Fastest Scooter \| Kids Scooters best adult scooter · City adult scooter · commuting adult scooter · Explore isinwheel information Performance Guide \| News Center
Science & Innovation Quantitative systems pharmacology gets medicine to patients quicker, improves how well they work, and minimizes patient risk—especially for new treatments. Real People In 2013, Bruce's life changed. He was living in sunny Florida with Chris, his wife of over 20 years, when he received an unexpected diagnosis. Purpose & Ideals The Butterfly Club, co-founded by cancer survivors, pairs Pfizer colleagues who have cancer and caregivers with mentors who've had similar experiences. Programs & Initiatives Since 2014, Pfizer has used artificial intelligence to help sort through and categorize reports that people file when they experience an "adverse event." Living & Wellbeing The concept of "severe COVID-19" can be a frightening one. The term itself is so often misunderstood or confused with having severe symptoms of COVID. Trusted Voices One in three people in the United States will receive a cancer diagnosis in their lifetime. This means you, or someone you know, may someday be impacted. This disease does not discriminate. Got Yours? Spokesperson Martha Stewart on Health and Wellness Martha Stewart has seemingly done it all – she's a lifestyle expert, media mogul, and even founded a care center to support the geriatric population.She recently chatted with Pfizer.com about why she joined the Got Yours? COVID-19 vaccination campaign, how her father's job at Pfizer impacted her view on science, how she juggles her busy schedule and more!Pfizer: The first thing we wanted to ask you is why you chose to partner with Pfizer, and if you've had a favorite part of being involved in.... - Real People The Importance of Returning Clinical Trial Data to Participants Clinical trial participants are at the heart of medical research, and it's with their help that Pfizer is able to bring life-changing treatments to patients. But, until recently, clinical trial sponsors like Pfizer have not been equipped to provide participants with their own personal clinical trial data when a trial ends. Pfizer's team of clinical trial experts have worked for many years to change that by launching the Clinical Trial Participant Data Return Initiative. This first-of-its-kind.... - Programs & Initiatives From Math to Medicine: What Are Mathematical Models and How Do They Predict Pharmacology? It sounds strange, but predicting how medications impact diseases and the body is a lot like forecasting the weather. To understand why, imagine opening a weather app on your smartphone to check the forecast for the upcoming weekend. You see that it'll be sunny, 72 degrees, with a slight breeze—perfect weather. But how did scientists predict those precise physical conditions so far in the future? The answer: mathematical models. Scientists across disciplines use mathematical models to make.... - Science & Innovation The Butterfly Club: Stories of Volunteers that Colleagues with Cancer Can Lean On When Nikki Shaffer was diagnosed with breast cancer at 35, she had so many questions. How should she tell her three young children about it? Should she keep working? Would she see her kids grow up? That was in 2009. As Shaffer went through treatment, a non-profit connected her with other cancer survivors, but she didn't click with anyone. "They connected me to people who were in their 50s when they were diagnosed, and their questions and their concerns were not the same as mine," says Shaffer.... - Real People Adolescents with Alopecia Areata: What Caregivers Should Know A lot of kids just want to fit in.1 But for too many, hair loss makes them stand out. For the one in 1,000 children and teens diagnosed with alopecia areata (AA), an autoimmune disease that causes the immune system to attack the hair follicles, hair loss can create practical challenges.2,3 Youth with AA might feel too self-conscious for selfies, refuse to go out without a hat, or decline invitations to swimming parties or sports leagues for fear their wigs will fall off. In a 2017 study of 69.... - Living & Wellbeing Bringing Together Diverse Organizations to Strive for Health Equity As a Black woman who grew up living in subsidized housing in the U.S., I know what it means to live in a world where healthcare is not equal, and not trusted. Like so many others, I have family and friends along the health spectrum who have little interest in going to the doctor because they don't feel seen or heard. This well-earned lack of trust has led some to decide against receiving the COVID-19 vaccine, among other healthcare services and interventions. I know firsthand the work that.... - Trusted Voices Migraine in the Workplace and Creating a Safe Space One billion people worldwide live with migraine; that's about one in seven. At those odds, there's a high probability that each of us works with someone who experiences migraine. And if you're an employer, this could mean that migraine in the workplace could have a significant impact on your workforce. Migraine is a debilitating neurological disease that causes intense pain in the head, as well as other sensory and/or motor dysfunction. Migraine attacks usually include symptoms like nausea.... - Purpose & Ideals The Challenges of Defining, Understanding, and Addressing Long COVID Years have passed since COVID-19 was declared a global pandemic. And though some immunity (acquired by vaccination or through a combination of vaccination and prior infection) allows people to reincorporate some of the lifestyle and activities that they used to enjoy, the virus continues to significantly impact patients, health systems, and economies around the world. In addition to the devastating effects that acute infection can have on those at high risk for severe illness, so-called long.... - Science & Innovation Lady Gaga on Living With Migraine If migraine attacks have impacted your ability to simply go about your day, spend time with your family and friends, or do your job, then you and Academy Award®, Golden Globe® Award and 13-time Grammy® Award-winning actress and philanthropist have a lot in common. Lady Gaga recently opened up to Pfizer.com about how migraines have affected her life. "My experience with migraines was debilitating. I would be in bed for days with tremendous pain in my head, behind my eyes, and all throughout my.... - Real People 05.01.2024 Updates & Statements Albert Bourla Cancer Covid-19 Diversity & Inclusion Leadership Vaccines April Social Media Round-Up—Black Maternal Health, World Immunization, and Long Covid - 04.30.2024 Events Cancer Covid-19 Leadership Technology Pfizer Goes Live in SXSW's Podcast Lounge - 04.09.2024 Events Updates & Statements Albert Bourla Cancer Diversity & Inclusion Leadership March Social Media Round-Up—Annual Review, International Women's Day, and a School of Science Celebration - 04.05.2024 Events Breast Cancer Cancer Research Working to "Outdo" Cancer: A Multi-Modality Approach to Accelerating the Next Generation of Cancer Breakthroughs Behind the Science Features Sign up for communications from Pfizer Receive the latest news from Pfizer in our monthly The Breakthrough newsletter and email alerts on a variety of topics. The latest media resources from Pfizer Working journalist? Visit the Pfizer Newsroom for our complete library of news, announcements and multimedia assets.
Baca Juga: Growing U.S. Oil Exports Put Lasting Pressure on Prices The expansion of U.S. oil exports has significantly impacted global oil prices, putting enduring pressure on market conditions. With an increase in shale oil production and advancements in drilling technology, the United States has emerged as a major player in the global oil market. This surge in exports has led to significant fluctuations in prices and a reshaping of the international oil landscape. Rising Production and Exports One of the primary factors driving the growth of U.S. oil exports is the remarkable increase in domestic oil production. The utilization of hydraulic fracturing, commonly known as fracking, has unlocked vast reserves of oil from previously inaccessible shale formations. As a result, U.S. oil production has surged, surpassing even the levels achieved by traditional oil-producing nations such as Saudi Arabia and Russia. This surplus production has paved the way for substantial exports, further fueling the pressure on prices. Shifts in Global Demand and Supply The rise in U.S. oil exports has also had a profound impact on global demand and supply dynamics. Historically, oil-producing nations such as OPEC (Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries) held significant control over global oil prices. However, the increased availability of U.S. exports has created a more competitive marketplace, challenging the traditional dominance of OPEC. This shift in the balance of power has forced OPEC and other major oil-producing nations to reconsider their strategies and adapt to the changing dynamics of the global oil industry. Ripple Effects on Prices The influx of U.S. oil into international markets has created a ripple effect on prices. As competition intensifies, major oil-consuming nations have benefitted from lower prices due to increased supply. However, this surplus has also created upward pressures on prices. The fragile equilibrium between supply and demand has been disrupted, leading to greater price volatility and uncertainty in the global oil market. Balancing Act The lasting pressure on oil prices emanating from growing U.S. exports has created challenges for both producers and consumers. While higher oil prices can spur investment in alternative energy sources, it burdens consumers, particularly those in oil-dependent industries such as transportation and manufacturing. Producers, on the other hand, grapple with the need to strike a delicate balance between meeting domestic energy demands and satisfying export requirements. Looking to the Future The impact of growing U.S. oil exports on global prices is likely to persist in the future. As the United States continues to expand its oil production capacities and explore new reserves, the international oil market will remain subject to the influence of American exports. The consequences of this growth are complex, presenting both opportunities and challenges for nations across the globe. The growth of U.S. oil exports has become a significant driver of lasting pressure on global oil prices. The rise in production, shifts in global supply and demand, and the ensuing ripple effects have transformed the dynamics of the international oil market. As the United States continues to increase its oil export capabilities, the impact on prices and the broader energy landscape will continue to shape the future of the global oil industry. Baca Juga: - Sweeping public safety bill in D.C. aims to increase security, undoing past changes - Get Ready for Enchanting Adventures in Season 4 with Witch Doctor - Talk therapy shown to be effective in addressing psychological factors contributing to back pain - Microsoft eliminates Android app integration on Windows 11 - Seven Years Later: Racing Game Enjoys Explosive Success on Steam Thanks to Epic Sale
University of Aberdeen research identifies North Sea gas 'super basin' Published by Jack Roscoe, Editorial Assistant Oilfield Technology, Described as 'world-class research' by the UK regulator, the North Sea Transition Authority (NSTA), scientists from the University's Centre for Energy Transition used subsurface data and techniques usually employed in oil and gas exploration, to produce a detailed technical study of the Anglo-Polish Super Basin in the Southern North Sea to determine its suitability for carbon capture, utilisation and storage (CCUS). Their results confirm the huge potential of the area – a globally important hydrocarbon basin – as a future CCUS hub where industrial emissions can be safely stored in former gas fields and other geological formations. If used in this way, the basin could play a major role in helping European nations sequester carbon emissions and meet net zero targets while promoting energy security, protecting industrial activity and prolonging the life of North Sea basin infrastructure. As well as showing the geological criteria that determine the areas with the greatest potential, the study also highlighted the need to assess non-geological risks – such as the potential for leaks along legacy wells and the need to avoid co-location conflicts with other stakeholders such as windfarm operators or the fishing industry. The research provides a framework that can be used to determine CCUS suitability in other major basins around the world, as part of global efforts to safely store billions of tonnes of CO2 in geological formations. The two-year study funded by the Net Zero Technology Centre was led by Professor John Underhill, Director of the University's Centre for Energy Transition, along with colleagues from Heriot Watt University in Edinburgh. It was published in the AAPG Bulletin, a high-impact major international journal. Professor Underhill said: "The study highlights the areas where the best carbon stores are located and provides a basis to evaluate and rank sites. "Perhaps just as importantly, it also demonstrates the urgent need for regulators and stakeholders to work together to resolve any issues that may arise from the co-location and overlap of technologies to avoid competition for the offshore real estate. This is vital in ensuring that the UK remains on track to retain energy security and meet its net zero emission targets." "The study also has global relevance and application, and the workflow we have used has already been adopted by other countries. We have also used it to undertake studies in other parts of the UK as well as in Malaysia, Egypt and Brazil." Dr Nick Richardson, Head of Exploration & New Ventures at the UK's regulator for Carbon Storage activities, the North Sea Transition Authority, said: "The Aberdeen University-led team has made a timely and incisive contribution with this world-class research that puts the UK's storage resource capability on the map as a leading destination for the sequestration of industrial emissions from across Europe. "By establishing a consistent regional geological framework, this work will assist the evaluation of storage sites within the Southern North Sea, allowing the optimisation of their exploitation and supporting assessments of risk and uncertainty. It will also aid regulatory and marine planning bodies in their ongoing efforts to identify synergies between offshore activities, and maximise opportunities for innovation and collaboration on the pathway to net zero." Graeme Davies, Harbour Energy's Project Director of Viking CCS, said: "The UK Continental Shelf, and in particular the Southern North Sea Gas Basin, provides world-class CO2 storage opportunities as we look to decarbonise our industrial and power sectors. "This leading independent academic study into the basin's geology and structured approach to risk segment analysis provides a robust platform for the long-term development of CO2 storage opportunities and provides further insight into how we are well positioned to use our existing oil and gas sector's skills, data and infrastructure to help develop the burgeoning CCS industry in the UK." Read the article online at: https://www.oilfieldtechnology.com/exploration/31072023/university-of-aberdeen-research-identifies-north-sea-gas-super-basin/ You might also like Elemental Energies awarded major wells decommissioning contract in the Gulf of Mexico The company has secured a major master services contract to support the decommissioning of nine orphaned wells in the Gulf of Mexico from Promethean Energy.
You've invested in your future, now you want to make every penny count toward your academic success. And you know that success in school means a solid foundation for achieving your career goals and creating the life you dream of. Effective study habits will help you improve your grades and take your life to new levels. Good study habits can increase confidence, reduce anxiety about tests and exams, and help in absorbing and retaining knowledge. Here we examine ten study-habit tips proven to help students succeed at school and in life: 1) Designate a Study Space Where you study matters more than you think, as having a designated study space can help avoid distractions while also acting as a reminder to the brain that it's time to learn. Whether you prefer studying in quiet or with background noise, the space you choose for studying should allow you to focus for long periods of time. 2) Study with Friends Study groups can be a great way to review materials and help each other stay on track with study goals and homework milestones. Pick a few studious friends who want the benefit of group work and schedule study time together every few days. 3) Space it Out Study research shows that spacing out study sessions is more effective than cramming for a big test. Though studying the day before a test is important, so is being sure to space out study sessions and learn bits and pieces of the material in advance of the test. In order to spread out your studying, be sure to create a study schedule and list of tasks to complete on a daily basis. Take the "Anderson College Career Discovery Quiz" 4) Test Yourself Also known as retrieval practice, testing yourself on material at home with family members or friends is a great way to increase retention. Understanding and remembering information improves if you can explain it to someone else. If you don't have anyone to help you with this practice, try using flash cards to test yourself. 5) Play Teacher Pretend to be the teacher and explain the material in your own words, whether in a study group, with family and friends or on your own. Reciting the material out loud also allows you to pinpoint problem areas or material that is still confusing to you. 6) Tidy Space Focusing on one task at a time, in an uncluttered environment, will allow your brain to process information more effectively, according to neuroscience researchers. When focusing on one subject, place only the items you need to complete that task on your desk. Having things neat and tidy has a calming effect on the mind that will allow you to focus on the singular task at hand. 7) Exercise the Body to Feed the Mind Studies show that the brain is better able to function with regular physical activities. Exercise boosts cognitive function and memory retention. The more oxygen the brain gets, the better able it is to perform during exams. 8) Take Breaks Studies show that taking regular study breaks improves attentiveness, reduces stress, boosts productivity, and helps memory. Keep the breaks short and consistent and head back to the books right after the break has come to an end. 9) Plan Ahead Immediately after class is over, take the time to review and expand on your notes. Taking the time to reflect on the information will move the class material from your short-term memory to your long-term memory – which will help when it comes time to study for the big test. 10) Use Visual Aids Visual aids can be powerful tools in understanding and retaining information. Condensing your notes into one-page diagrams can help you recall important details that you need to know for the exam. Cultivating good study habits by tapping these tips will empower you to reach your goals with focus and ease. Try them over the weeks ahead and notice the difference they make, to your confidence, peace of mind and in your marks on the next exam. By developing good study habits, you can stay motivated and achieve your goals – in and out of the classroom. If you haven't begun already, start your learning journey with one of our 30+ programs and take your life to the next level of success. Book a virtual appointment with our Admissions team today!
Law firm PPC marketers in the ever-evolving digital landscape, are continually exploring dynamic ways to connect with their potential clients. One such potent tool is PPC or 'Pay-Per-Click' advertising. As you might gauge from its moniker, PPC is a model of online marketing where advertisers pay a fee each time their ad is clicked. It's a way of buying visits to your site, rather than attempting to "earn" those visits organically. This article will serve as an extensive guide for law firms seeking to harness the power and potential of PPC strategies. So, whether you're looking to understand the basics of "law firm PPC", or delve deeper into advanced strategies and expert tips for success, we've got you covered. We will also discuss related and equally significant concepts like "paid search for lawyers" and "PPC strategies for lawyers." Briefly speaking, 'Paid Search' refers to any search process where results are dictated by paid advertisements. In other words, marketers pay search engines for the opportunity to show ads alongside the results for those search queries. While SEO (Search Engine Optimization) focuses on ranking high on search engine results pages (SERPs) through relevant content and website optimization, with Paid Search Advertising, businesses can pay to have their site displayed on the top of SERP's results. The prominence of legal services in paid search is not surprising because these services can be quite lucrative. For instance, a single case could generate thousands, or even millions, making it worthwhile to invest significantly in acquiring that client. Why should Law firms consider PPC? Legal firms often function in intensely competitive environments. Traditional SEO practices alone may not suffice to help a legal business rank above competitors consistently. Here's where PPC campaigns can play an essential role – they provide a unique opportunity to achieve immediate visibility on the first page of search results. It, therefore, makes perfect sense for legal firms to consider incorporating "PPC for lawyers" as part of their digital marketing arsenal. In summary, PPC campaigns can drive traffic, improve visibility, and lead to a higher client conversion rate for law firms in an increasingly competitive online space. But like any other business tool, it requires specialized knowledge to be effectively implemented and managed. Stay tuned as we unravel the world of Law firm PPC through this comprehensive guide. We will walk you through the basics, advanced strategies, common pitfalls to avoid, expert tips, and much more. Our aim is to provide you with actionable insights that can be applied to your firm's PPC strategies to generate tangible results. Whether you're just starting out or looking for ways to optimize your law firm's current PPC campaigns – this guide has ample information, tips, and advice to help you succeed. Basics of PPC Campaigns for Law Firms Before we dive into the advanced law firm PPC strategies, it's essential to understand the fundamentals of a pay-per-click campaign. Having a solid foundation in PPC basics will equip you with the knowledge necessary to build and manage successful PPC campaigns for your law firm. PPC advertising is a search engine marketing technique that requires you to pay only when someone clicks on your ads. The most prominent platforms offering these services are Google Adwords, Bing Ads, and Facebook Ads. In the scope of this article, however, our primary focus will be on Google Adwords – mainly because it offers the broadest reach given Google's dominant position in the search engine landscape. 1. Keyword Selection The first step in executing any successful PPC campaign is keyword selection. Identifying what terms or phrases potential clients might use in their searches can steer your ads in front of the right audience. Using phrases like "lawyer PPC" or "Law Firm PPC", as well as drilling down into specific practice areas like "divorce lawyer" or "personal injury attorney," can lead to highly targeted exposure for your legal services. 2. Setting Your Budget The beauty of PPC is that it allows you to set your budget according to your financial capacity and business objectives. It's recommended to start small until you understand which strategies work best for your law firm; then gradually scale up over time. 3. Crafting Effective Ad Copy Your ad copy should be compelling enough to encourage potential clients to click through and learn more about your services. Include unique selling propositions, call-to-action phrases, and make use of all components offered by the platform, such as headline, description, and URL paths. 4. Landing Page Optimization This is a crucial yet often overlooked aspect of PPC campaigns. Once users click your ad, they should arrive at a landing page that matches the promise made in your ad copy and meets their expectations. An optimized landing page with relevant information can significantly increase conversion rates. 5. Tracking and Analysis Like any other marketing campaign, tracking, analysing, and making improvements is an ongoing part of PPC advertising. Tools like Google Analytics can provide important data about how people interact with your website after clicking on one of your ads. The world of PPC for law firms may seem overwhelming at first, but don't let that deter you from exploring this avenue. Remember, successful digital marketing does not rely solely on organic strategies; paid search advertising can help law firms carve out a powerful position in search engine results pages (SERPs). In the upcoming sections, we will delve deeper into advanced PPC strategies for Law firms based on our research from top-ranking pages such as "PPC for Lawyers: 10 Proven Google Advertising Strategies". Stay tuned to learn more about how you can further enhance your firm's online visibility and client conversion rate through effective use of PPC campaigns! Advanced Law Firm PPC Strategies Now that we have covered the basics of law firm PPC, let's dive into some advanced strategies. These techniques can greatly enhance the reach and impact of your campaigns, eventually translating to improved visibility and higher client conversion rates. We've gleaned and refined these from our research on top-performing pages such as "PPC for Lawyers: 9 Tips for Success." 1. Use Single Keyword Ad Groups (SKAGs) One of the most effective Google Ads techniques is using SKAGs or Single Keyword Ad Groups. The idea behind SKAGs is to create a highly targeted ad that matches one specific keyword, leading to a better quality score, lower costs per click (CPC), and increased conversions. Given how competitive legal keywords can be, SKAGs are perfect for law firm PPC campaigns. 2. Implement Retargeting Techniques Retargeting is an exceptional strategy to recapture those who may have visited your site but did not convert. Essentially, a retargeting campaign will serve ads specifically to individuals who have already interacted with your site, thereby increasing their familiarity with your law firm and keeping you at the forefront of their consideration set. 3. Focus on Local Search Advertising Nearly all industries benefit from local search advertising, but this holds particularly true when it comes to law firms given their location-specific clientele. Optimize your PPC campaigns for local search by incorporating geo-specific keywords (city names, regions etc.) and utilizing targeting options available in Google Ads. 4. Implement Call Tracking Understanding which campaigns lead potential clients to pick up the phone can be invaluable for assessing and tweaking your PPC strategy. Tools such as Google's call tracking can be implemented to gather data on these calls. This can help fine-tune your PPC for Lawyer strategies and truly understand how you are acquiring leads. 5. Use Negative Keywords An often overlooked PPC strategy is the use of negative keywords. These are terms or phrases that you specifically do not want your ad to show for. By effectively using negative keywords, you can prevent wastage of your ad spend on irrelevant clicks, ensuring that you reach only those who are genuinely interested in the legal services you offer. These advanced PPC strategies for law firms could provide the competitive edge your company needs in the intensifying digital landscape. Understanding how these techniques work and how to implement them effectively within your unique context might require some learning curve but remember, investing time and effort in mastering these strategies can significantly multiply benefits and returns down the line. In the sections that follow, we will further delve into common pitfalls to avoid while executing a law firm's PPC campaign along with expert tips from our research like "PPC for Lawyers: 10 Proven Google Advertising Strategies", so make sure to stick around! Mistakes to Avoid in Law Firm's PPC Campaign Like any endeavour, a law firm PPC strategy can be fraught with pitfalls that can hinder success. Identifying common errors and learning from them is a critical step towards improving your campaign's performance. Drawing inspiration from pages such as "Law Firm PPC – 8 Reasons You're Not Winning & How To Fix It", we have listed some of the most common mistakes that many firms make, along with their potential solutions. 1. Not Using the Right Keywords Choosing the wrong keywords can lead to lost opportunities and wasted ad spend. While it may be tempting to bid on broad or generic legal terms, remember that competition for these keywords tends to be fierce and expensive. Instead, focus on long-tail keywords that are specific to your law firm's niche. Negative keywords also play a vital role by preventing your ads from showing up for irrelevant searches. 2. Ignoring Ad Quality Score The quality score is Google's rating of how relevant both your ad and landing page are to a user's search query. A low quality score implies lower ad ranking and higher cost-per-click (CPC). Improving your ad relevance, click-through rate (CTR), and landing page experience can boost your Quality Score. 3. Forgetting Mobile Users In this mobile-dominated era, many businesses mistakenly overlook mobile optimization for their PPC campaigns, causing them to lose out on a significant user base. Optimize your ads for mobile users by ensuring your website is responsive and loading times are quick. 4. Neglecting Conversion Tracking A PPC campaign without conversion tracking is like driving with eyes closed—you'll never know if you're going in the right direction. Implement suitable tracking tools to understand which ads and keywords are driving conversions and adjust your campaign accordingly. 5. Ineffective Landing Pages Even if your ads attract a multitude of clicks, they will be fruitless if your landing page fails to convert users into clients. A well-optimized, user-friendly landing page that aligns with your ad's message can significantly improve conversion rates. 6. Not Testing Ads If you're always running the same ads without experimenting or testing different ad variations, you might be settling for less-than-optimal results. Regularly A/B test different headlines, descriptions, and calls-to-action to identify what works best for your target audience. In sum, while mistakes are part of any learning process, understanding common blunders before they occur can save you considerable time, effort, and resources. Remember: successful PPC management for law firms requires continuous monitoring, optimization, and adaptation to evolving market trends and client needs. In the following sections of this guide, we will provide expert tips on running successful PPC campaigns under the broader aspect of "Law Firm PPC management" – stay tuned! Expert Tips on Running Successful PPC Ad Campaigns Diving deeper into the realm of law firm PPC campaigns, we have compiled some highly effective tips to maximize your success. These suggestions are backed by our comprehensive research on successful blogs and insights, such as "The Ultimate Guide to PPC for Law Firms". From defining your goals to setting an advertising budget, these pieces of advice would help add much-needed clarity and direction to your PPC journey. 1. Define Your Goals The first step in any successful PPC campaign is clear goal setting. Are you looking to generate leads? Increase brand awareness? Or drive traffic to your website? By understanding what you want to achieve, you can design your campaign accordingly. Clearly defined goals guide keyword selection, ad creation, bid strategy, and more. 2. Know Your Audience To create ads that resonate with potential clients and prompt them to click, it's crucial to understand your target audience well. Knowing their needs, search behaviour, demographic characteristics, and legal concerns will greatly improve ad relevance & effectiveness. 3. Set A Practical Advertising Budget Once you have clear goals in place and a good understanding of your target audience, determine how much you're willing to spend on your PPC campaign. Start small initially until you're sure which strategies work best for your law firm. As results begin to manifest, consider scaling up the campaign budget gradually. 4. Use Geo-Targeting If you're a local firm serving clients in certain geographical areas only, make sure your ads are shown specifically in these regions through geo-targeting. This not only saves advertising expenditure but also helps attract potential clients from places relevant to your practice. 5. Create Engaging Ad Copy Your ad copy must be compelling and unique to capture a potential client's attention amidst the clutter of search results. Use emotional triggers, incorporate strong calls-to-action (CTAs) and leverage the power of ad extensions while crafting your ad copy. 6. Test Multiple Ad Variations In order to identify what works best for your target audience, test different variations of your ads by modifying headlines, description, CTAs and more. Google Ads provides an option for A/B testing which can help you compare performance between multiple ad versions. 7. Prioritize Landing Page Experience The user experience on your landing page significantly influences the conversion rate. Therefore, ensure that your landing page is optimized for conversions – maintain relevance with the ad, keep the design clean and simple, provide valuable information concisely and include clear CTAs. 8. Monitor & Optimize Regularly Last but not least – ensure that you continuously monitor the performance of your PPC campaigns through analytics and optimize them based on data-driven insights. This approach will allow you to make necessary adjustments in real-time and align the campaign with achieving the desired goals. Through careful planning, diligent execution and constant refinement based on performance feedback, law practices can successfully leverage PPC advertising as a potent tool in their digital marketing arsenal. In our next sections, we will further explore facets related to "Law firm PPC management" and "Law firm PPC services." Conclusion and Additional Resources Congratulations! You have now reached the end of our comprehensive guide to mastering law firm PPC. We hope you found this resource valuable in understanding the basics, advanced strategies, and expert tips for running successful PPC ad campaigns for your law firm. Remember, PPC advertising offers law firms a unique opportunity to achieve immediate visibility on search engine results pages (SERPs) and drive targeted traffic to their website. By implementing the strategies and tips mentioned in this guide, you can enhance your online presence, improve client conversion rates, and ultimately grow your legal practice. If you still have questions or need assistance in implementing effective PPC campaigns for your law firm, we recommend seeking help from a trusted PPC agency specializing in serving the legal industry. These agencies have the expertise and experience necessary to navigate the complexities of law firm PPC and deliver optimal results. Here are some additional resources that you may find helpful: - Measured Marketing PPC Agency – A renowned PPC agency with expertise in serving law firms. - Google Ads – The primary platform for running PPC campaigns. - Google Ads Help Centre – A comprehensive resource for learning about Google Ads and resolving common issues. - Facebook Business – A platform for running PPC campaigns on Facebook. - Hootsuite Blog: How Much Do Facebook Ads Really Cost? – An informative article on understanding the costs involved in Facebook advertising. We hope these resources will further enrich your knowledge about law firm PPC and assist you in successfully executing your digital marketing endeavors. Thank you for choosing our guide as your source of information. Remember to consistently monitor, optimize, and adapt your PPC campaigns based on performance data to stay ahead of the competition. Best of luck!
Incorporating a small element of nature can fill your loft with brilliant, natural colors. Adding a miniature garden is a great way to create a unique atmosphere in a modern space. However, if your loft doesn't get much sunlight, and if the air is dry and cold, it might put an end to your tropical garden dream; moisture-loving and thermophilic plants cannot survive in these conditions. Therefore, a florarium is a great option for those who want to grow exotic plants with minimal maintenance. It's fun and surprisingly simple to make your own florarium, and it's just as simple to maintain it as a zkittlez strain in the UK. In any environment, a florarium will thrive with a little indirect light and a spritz of water. In this article, we will discuss in detail what a florarium is and how to plant one in your loft effectively. What Is a Florarium? A plant terrarium or florarium is a tiny container in which plants can grow and develop. It's almost like your own mini-garden. Creating it out of glass or dense translucent plastic is preferable to making it out of wood. Florariums are typically designed to have a tighter entrance at the top or side so that the microclimate inside is maintained. A lid is often used to completely cover the opening. One of the most notable advantages of florariums is their compactness, which is especially beneficial for tiny lofts. The terrarium's variety of plants is striking and distinctive, especially when compared to normal potted plants. Steps for Installing a Florarium Follow the below steps to create and install a florarium. Gather the Necessary Materials To make your own florarium, you'll need the following materials: - A glass jar with or without a lid (aquarium, vase, jar) - Soil that is suited to the needs of the chosen plants - Drainage (sand, small pebbles, expanded clay, broken brick) - Activated charcoal - Succulents and other low-maintenance plants - Small stones or shells can be used as decorative components. - Tools (spatula or spoon, long tweezers, sprayer, watering can, scissors) Prepare the Materials To begin with, clean the container thoroughly. Then, gather small stones and place them on the ground. Small stones can be painted with poster paints to look like miniature mushrooms. After the paint has dried, apply a layer of transparent nail polish to keep it from washing off. If you're going to work with soil and plants, remember to maintain cleanliness and safety in mind, especially if the greenery and dirt have come from a park or forest. Prepare the Container To prevent the glass from cracking, wash it well with hot water, but don't let it boil. Add a drainage layer at the base of the container. Use your imagination when it comes to choosing the materials – it might be anything from expanded clay to gravel, from aquarium decor to seashells. Create a drainage layer that is 3-4 cm thick. Cover the Drainage With Activated Charcoal This is required to absorb toxic compounds from the water and prevent the growth of mold and mildew. In addition, purified water should be used to irrigate and mist the terrarium plants. Cover It With a Layer of Damp Soil About 5-8 cm Thick Rather than being used as a separate layer, crushed charcoal can be incorporated into the soil. Soil layers can be interspersed with thin layers of colored sand for ornamental purposes. Sieved sand should be utilized in desert plant compositions, and for tropical plants, a ready-made substrate is recommended. Make Little Indentations for the Plants With a Spoon and Level the Soil Plants should be carefully removed from their pots and cleaned at the roots. Plant them gently in the prepared paste with tweezers and a little water. Ensure that large leaves don't come into contact with the container's sides. Using a sprayer, lightly mist the planted plants. Pour water from a thin-nosed watering can if the soil isn't wet enough. Decorate with some ornamental elements. That's all! Your florarium is now complete. How To Take Care of a Florarium? Because of the climate established inside miniature gardens, they resemble greenhouses. You need to pay attention to each plant, as well as the whole composition. You should also keep an eye on the container's cleanliness. Here are the guidelines for maintaining green spaces: - Irrigation: Florariums should be watered sparingly, with no excess moisture allowed. Surplus moisture will collect at the bottom of the container, causing root rot and killing off plants. Only moisten the soil if there is no condensation on the glass's inner walls. - Clipping: The plants will take up more and more room as they grow. However, due to the limited space, they will have to be trimmed and pinched. Remove any leaves that show signs of fungal or bacterial disease. - Fertilizer: You need some if the leaves become yellow or dark. Mind you the dosage should be kept to a bare minimum. Excessive fertilizing causes faster growth and salt build-up in the soil. What Is the Best Location for the Florarium? The florarium will thrive best on the shaded side of a window sill as the sun's direct rays harm it greatly. The temperature inside the container rises, causing natural processes to be disrupted. Succulent gardens are an exception. In areas with diffused bright light, flowering plants will thrive. If there isn't a suitable location in the loft, artificial light can be used; otherwise, the flowers will stick to the glass and lose their beauty. Creating a florarium is simple and even fun. It's sure to impress your guests and bring new life to any modern loft. It's a great way to experiment with tropical orchids and succulents, as well as mosses and cacti.
Artificial intelligence (AI) is deeply integrated into many aspects of technology and daily life, and its influence extends to the gambling industry. In the realm of online gambling, it's not uncommon for adverts to pop up with uncanny accuracy, suggesting games and bets that seem to know our desires better than we do ourselves. The move of gambling to the internet was a natural progression, given the technological advancements and the growing demand for more accessible gaming options. The introduction of AI into the gambling sector, however, was not initially obvious to many. The strategic placement of AI systems in online casinos allows for a more personalised and engaging user experience. For example, promotions like the Wanted Win casino no deposit bonus can be targeted to appeal to new users, enticing them with the opportunity to try games without an initial investment. This not only enhances the appeal of online casinos but also provides a practical demonstration of how AI can be used to tailor marketing efforts and enhance customer interaction. The concept of AI in gambling goes beyond marketing. It includes sophisticated algorithms that analyse player behaviour, predict preferences, and even manage the odds in real-time to ensure the house's profitability. This integration raises important questions: while AI can undoubtedly make gambling more engaging, does it also affect the fairness of the game? And more importantly, what does this mean for the player's chances of winning? These questions highlight the dual-edged nature of AI in gambling—it enhances the experience but also introduces complex ethical and practical challenges. A casino with neural brains. The dealer's a fake! In the bearded year of 1962, an artificial intelligence first defeated the best American draughtsman R. Neely by moving its neuro brains and learning during the game. Everyone gasped. And now we never tire of gasping. What technology has come to be! It is not surprising that high technology interested in gambling-businessmen. Today they are actively cooperating with software developers. If done wisely, the software will scour all the information about the most popular games, suggest which slots are the most profitable, analyse the behaviour of players and offer options for "communication" with them. The scheme is simple: the IT guy wrote the programme, the software works, the player transfers money for entertainment, the gambling tycoon fills his pockets. Every day such electronic brains are getting smarter. They track gamblers' behaviour, tactics, and their preferences. You like three-in-a-row games? An advert for "Diamond Rush" or "Zuma" will pop up. And bettors will be notified about the possibility of these or those bets. Activity is tracked at different times of the day, and depending on this, owls or larks will be able to receive bonuses according to their mode of the day, if they visit the casino site or get stuck in the app. It's long been no secret that AI is capable of modelling human behaviour. Sometimes a virtual croupier or dealer is so believable that a real player can forget that the feedback he is receiving is just an imitation. Philip Fry considered Bender his friend in general. Cheat, you won't get through! Players who try to cheat, inveterate cheaters (these are such uncles and aunts who cheat with bets) are cut off from breathing by specially sharpened programmes. A flesh and blood operator may not see or realise at once that you have some wrong bees… that is, bets. But software can't be fooled – it picks up such "bees" on the fly. Look for free honey elsewhere, forklifts. Good gambler, bad gambler What about the integrity of dealers and gamblers? Suddenly they will set up their software in such a way that after the first successful spin, the next ones will be losing? They will justify themselves with clever words like "optimisation", and they will be paid off. Overseas publisher The Guardian is desperately trumpeting the use of artificial intelligence for nefarious purposes. Unscrupulous gamblers study the habits of consumers and can form addictions in particularly susceptible players who reason like this: "No luck in love – maybe I'll get lucky with money, why not place a few bets"? On the idea of getting rich quickly can be "hooked", and then a neophyte ludomania or unlucky player with a long history are left without trousers. The nimble businessmen always have access to data storage of phone numbers or e-mail addresses – a space for selecting new customers. Somebody's gonna try to play Russian roulette… But we believe in humanity. No matter what. Even the ubiquitous AI. There are websites and apps with more or less transparent software. Some online sources claim that many gamblers struggle with gambling addiction, their systems warn operators about players with hints of shifts, and some software themselves impose restrictions or even ban manic spenders. Trust but verify! Despite the fact that the state is trying to regulate online gambling, there are often unscrupulous sites that not only do not meet the requirements of the legislation, but also implement AI to make the player win less. Shake off the money and disappear from the internet. To summarise: do everything with caution. Want to quench the passion for online entertainment – quench, but do not go about your enthusiasm. Before you make a bet or start spinning – check the casino licence (the presence of such is mandatory!). Conscientious gamblers use AI not to reduce the frequency of winnings, but to attract customers in various ways, be it advertising, bonuses or promotional offers. One-time gain is not for honest business. Be vigilant, friends! Artificial Intelligence (AI) has carved out a significant niche in the gambling industry, revolutionising it with innovations that can sway the scales either towards ethical business practices or manipulative tactics. The integration of AI in gambling platforms allows for an enhanced understanding of player behaviours and preferences, which can be used to personalise gaming experiences effectively. This, theoretically, should benefit both the provider and the consumer. Advertisements and game recommendations are now smarter and more tailored, aiming to meet the individual tastes of players which, ideally, enhances user engagement and satisfaction. However, this coin has another side. The capabilities of AI to analyse vast amounts of data can also be exploited to manipulate players. There are genuine concerns about the potential for creating addictive behaviours, particularly among vulnerable individuals. Unscrupulous operators might configure their systems to maximise player losses over time, cloaking their schemes under the guise of 'optimization'. Moreover, the transparency and fairness of AI operations in gambling remain questionable, with some platforms possibly skewing odds or gaming outcomes in favour of the house more than ever before. On a positive note, some gambling platforms use AI to promote responsible gambling. These systems are capable of detecting problematic gambling patterns and can trigger interventions such as temporary bans or restrictions for at-risk users. This use of technology showcases the potential for AI to support rather than undermine ethical gambling practices. As AI technology continues to evolve and become more deeply integrated into the gambling industry, the balance between leveraging it for profit and protecting consumers becomes increasingly crucial. It is imperative for regulators to step in and enforce strict guidelines and transparency standards to prevent the misuse of AI. Players, on their part, are urged to remain vigilant—always verifying the credibility and licensing of gambling platforms before engaging. Ultimately, while AI can significantly enhance the gambling experience, it also necessitates a heightened level of responsibility from both operators and players to ensure that the evolution of gaming remains a fair and enjoyable pursuit.
Related items Showing items related by metadata. Brochure, flyer, fact-sheetThe Democratic Republic of the Congo: Impact of conflict on agriculture, food security and livelihoods in Ituri Executive summary of the DIEM-Impact report (August 2023) 2024Also available in: Marked by more than forty years of conflict, the province of Ituri, in the northeast of the Democratic Republic of the Congo, has experienced massive population displacement and recurrent violence. The basic needs of the population, notably access to food and the practice of agriculture, have been seriously impacted, harming the quality of life and worsening food insecurity. The goal of the Data in Emergencies (DIEM) team at the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) was to assess the impact of decades of violence on agriculture , food security and livelihoods in Ituri, and to propose recommendations for programming. This document is a summary of the DIEM-Impact report carried out following the August 2023 assessment. - Brochure, flyer, fact-sheetDemocratic Republic of the Congo: Humanitarian Response Plan 2024 2024 Also available in: No results found.The Democratic Republic of the Congo is one of Africa's largest internal displacement crises, with 22 percent of the population acutely food insecure due to increased armed conflict and the impact of climate hazards. Emergency agricultural interventions offer cost‑effective solutions. For example, with a USD‑80 market gardening package, a family can quickly produce a variety of nutritious vegetables, worth USD 480 on the local market, improving their self‑reliance. - Brochure, flyer, fact-sheetDemocratic Republic of the Congo \| 2020 Humanitarian Response Plan 2020 Also available in: In the Democratic Republic of the Congo, rural populations are the most affected by recurrent shocks. Violence perpetrated by armed groups and inter-community conflict are triggering massive population displacements, mainly in the eastern part of the country. Compounding the situation are floods, insufficient rainfall in certain areas, epidemics and fall armyworm, which are limiting availability of and access to food thus exacerbating vulnerabilities and humanitarian needs. It is thus crucial to provide timely agricultural support to vulnerable households to allow them to produce their own food and generate income. Users also downloaded Showing related downloaded files No results found.
Writing an essay can be a daunting task, especially if you don't have a clear plan to follow. Without a proper outline, your ideas may appear scattered and your argument may lack coherence. However, with a well-structured essay outline, you can organize your thoughts and ensure that your essay flows smoothly from start to finish. In this article, we will provide you with easy tips and examples to help you create a winning essay outline. Whether you're a high school student working on an assignment or a college student preparing for an exam, these strategies will guide you through the process of outlining and writing an impressive essay. Tip 1: Know your topic and thesis statement. Before you begin outlining your essay, make sure you have a clear understanding of your topic. This will help you determine the main ideas and supporting points that should be included in your outline. Additionally, having a strong thesis statement will provide you with a clear direction for your essay and serve as a foundation for your outline. Example: If your essay topic is "The Impact of Social Media on Society," your thesis statement could be "Social media has revolutionized the way people communicate and has had a profound impact on various aspects of modern society." How to Craft an Effective Essay Outline: Step-by-Step Guide Writing an essay can be a daunting task, but having an effective outline can make the process much easier and more organized. A well-structured outline acts as a roadmap for your essay, guiding you through each section and helping you stay focused on your main points. Here is a step-by-step guide on how to craft an effective essay outline: Step \| Description \| 1 \| Choose your topic \| 2 \| Brainstorm ideas \| 3 \| Create a thesis statement \| 4 \| Outline your introduction \| 5 \| Develop your main points \| 6 \| Organize your supporting evidence \| 7 \| Outline your conclusion \| 8 \| Review and revise \| First, choose a topic that is interesting and relevant to your assignment. Once you have your topic, brainstorm ideas and concepts related to it. This will help you generate a list of key points you want to include in your essay. Next, create a clear thesis statement that presents the main argument or purpose of your essay. This will serve as the foundation for your outline and help you stay on track throughout the writing process. Outline your introduction by providing some background information on your topic and presenting your thesis statement. This section should grab the reader's attention and provide a preview of what they can expect from the rest of your essay. Develop your main points by expanding on the ideas you brainstormed earlier. Each main point should be supported by evidence or examples that further strengthen your argument. Use this section to provide clear and concise explanations of your ideas. Organize your supporting evidence by grouping related ideas together. This will help you structure your essay in a logical and coherent manner, making it easier for the reader to follow along. Use subheadings or bullet points to further organize your information. Outline your conclusion by summarizing your main points and restating your thesis statement. This section should leave a lasting impression on the reader and reinforce the significance of your argument. Avoid introducing new information in the conclusion. Finally, review and revise your essay outline to ensure that it flows smoothly and effectively communicates your ideas. Make sure each section is well-developed and contributes to the overall coherence of your essay. By following this step-by-step guide, you can craft an effective essay outline that will serve as a valuable tool throughout the writing process. Remember to stay focused and organized, and your essay will be well-structured and persuasive. Understanding the Basics of an Essay Outline An essay outline is a helpful tool that aids in organizing your thoughts and ideas before you start writing your essay. It serves as a roadmap, guiding you through the writing process and ensuring that your essay is well-structured and coherent. When creating an essay outline, it is important to understand its basic components. The outline typically consists of three main parts: the introduction, the body paragraphs, and the conclusion. The introduction The introduction sets the stage for your essay and provides some background information on the topic. It should grab the reader's attention and present the thesis statement, which is the main argument or the central idea of your essay. The introduction should be concise and engaging, giving the reader a clear idea of what to expect from the essay. The body paragraphs The body paragraphs make up the bulk of your essay and support the thesis statement. Each body paragraph should focus on a separate point or idea related to the topic. Use topic sentences to introduce each paragraph and provide evidence and examples to support your claims. Make sure to include transitional phrases or words to ensure a smooth flow between paragraphs. The conclusion The conclusion wraps up your essay and reinforces the main points made in the body paragraphs. It should not introduce any new information but rather provide a summary of your arguments. The conclusion should also leave a lasting impression on the reader and make a final statement that relates back to the thesis statement. By having a clear understanding of the basic structure of an essay outline, you can effectively organize your thoughts and ideas, resulting in a well-written and coherent essay. Remember that the outline is a flexible tool, and you can modify it as needed during the writing process to accommodate any changes or new insights that may arise. Key Elements of a Winning Essay Outline When it comes to writing an essay, a well-structured outline is crucial for success. An outline acts as a roadmap for your essay, helping you organize your thoughts and ideas in a logical manner. To create a winning essay outline, consider including the following key elements: - Introduction: Start your outline with an attention-grabbing introduction that presents the topic and thesis statement of your essay. - Main Points: Next, highlight the main points or arguments that you will make in the body paragraphs of your essay. Each main point should be a separate section in your outline. - Supporting Evidence: Under each main point, include the supporting evidence or examples that you will use to support your arguments. This could include facts, statistics, quotes, or examples from credible sources. - Counterarguments: To strengthen your essay, address counterarguments or opposing viewpoints. Include a section in your outline where you anticipate these counterarguments and provide a rebuttal. - Conclusion: Finally, end your outline with a conclusion that summarizes your main points and restates your thesis. This is your opportunity to leave a lasting impression on your reader. Remember, an outline is a flexible tool that can be adjusted as needed. As you research and write your essay, you may find the need to add, delete, or rearrange sections in your outline. By including these key elements in your essay outline, you'll be well-equipped to write a winning essay that effectively conveys your ideas and arguments. Examples of Well-Structured Essay Outlines Creating an essay outline is an important step in the essay writing process. It helps you organize your thoughts, stay focused on the topic, and ensure that your essay is well-structured. To illustrate how an essay outline can be structured, here are a few examples: Example 1: The Five-Paragraph Essay Outline Introduction: Introduce the topic and provide background information. End with a thesis statement. Body Paragraph 1: Provide the first main point, along with supporting evidence or examples. Body Paragraph 2: Present the second main point, along with supporting evidence or examples. Body Paragraph 3: Discuss the third main point, along with supporting evidence or examples. Conclusion: Summarize the main points and restate the thesis statement. Example 2: The Argumentative Essay Outline Introduction: Introduce the topic and state your argument or claim. End with a thesis statement. Body Paragraph 1: Provide the first reason or piece of evidence to support your argument. Include a counterargument and refute it. Body Paragraph 2: Present the second reason or piece of evidence to support your argument. Include a counterargument and refute it. Body Paragraph 3: Discuss the third reason or piece of evidence to support your argument. Include a counterargument and refute it. Conclusion: Summarize the main points, restate the thesis statement, and emphasize the overall strength of your argument. Example 3: The Compare and Contrast Essay Outline Introduction: Introduce the two subjects to be compared and contrasted. End with a thesis statement. Body Paragraph 1: Discuss the first aspect or characteristic of the subjects. Compare and contrast them. Body Paragraph 2: Explore the second aspect or characteristic of the subjects. Compare and contrast them. Body Paragraph 3: Analyze the third aspect or characteristic of the subjects. Compare and contrast them. Conclusion: Summarize the main points, restate the thesis statement, and highlight the significance of the comparison. These are just a few examples of how an essay outline can be structured. Remember that the specific structure will depend on the type of essay you are writing and the requirements of your assignment. By creating a well-structured essay outline, you can ensure that your essay is coherent, logical, and persuasive.
It is very nice when you can easily adapt and optimize your website for any browser at all times. Applying CSS is highly recommended in this case. What is CSS and why is it smart to apply it to a Web site? We are happy to explain it to you on this page. What is CSS? CSS is the term for the layout of a Web site. CSS stands for Cascading Style Sheets; this largely determines the graphic design of a Web site. This makes it easy to make changes to a Web site. Why using CSS is important CSS determines the appearance of a website: this includes not only the layout, but also the formatting, coloring and fonts. Changing the CSS makes it possible to quickly modify the appearance of a Web site. Because CSS is separate from the HTML code, the technical part of a Web site is easier to edit. Implementing an identical style throughout the website is a lot easier with CSS, even when new pages are added. In addition, a designer has much more freedom and control over the appearance of a Web site. The impact of CSS on SEO CSS certainly has benefits for the SEO of a website or page, but especially when you separate it from the HTML code. The website is then more navigable by search engines. This ensures that relevant information is more findable: the website and individual pages may therefore receive a higher position in search engine search results. My advice A technically sound website is of great importance: this is often where the SEO strategy starts. We recommend hiring an SEO specialist who will immediately get to work on the technical part of the website, which includes CSS. These changes are an important start in building an optimized website for the search engine. This offers many opportunities and interesting possibilities. With the specialist, you establish a good SEO strategy that will get you the best results. Frequently Asked Questions What is CSS? CSS stands for cascading styling sheets and is a programming language used to control the appearance of a Web site. CSS often says something about certain HTML elements. Here, HTML elements form the structure of the page and CSS takes care of the appearance of these elements. What is the impact of CSS on SEO? Using CSS ensures that your website as a whole but also the individual pages on their own will be more findable, which is likely to give them a higher ranking in search results.
The global plate & frame heat exchangers market size was valued at USD 5.92 billion in 2023 and is projected to grow at a compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of 6.1% from 2024 to 2030. The increasing emphasis on energy efficiency in various industries is fostering a growing demand for these heat exchangers, known for their effectiveness in heat transfer processes. Versatility across industrial applications, stringent environmental regulations driving the adoption of sustainable solutions, ongoing technological advancements enhancing efficiency, and a global focus on renewable energy are all contributing to market growth. Additionally, factors such as urbanization, infrastructure development, cost-effectiveness, and the compact design of plate and frame heat exchangers are influencing their preference in applications where space constraints and operational costs play pivotal roles. The growing awareness of the benefits of heat recovery, coupled with the global shift toward sustainable practices, further underscores the significance of plate and frame heat exchangers in meeting the evolving needs of diverse industries. The ongoing emphasis on energy efficiency in diverse industries in the U.S. has led to increased adoption of plate & frame heat exchangers that can effectively transfer heat between fluids. Plate and frame heat exchangers are favored for their ability to provide efficient thermal performance, making them a sought-after solution for applications across sectors such as HVAC, chemical processing, and food & beverage. The push towards sustainable and environmentally friendly practices in the U.S. has significantly contributed to the rising demand for plate and frame heat exchangers. These heat exchangers play a crucial role in helping industries meet stringent environmental regulations by optimizing energy consumption and reducing greenhouse gas emissions. These aforementioned factors are expected to propel the demand for plate & frame heat exchangers market over the forecast period. The robust industrial landscape globally spanning manufacturing, oil & gas, and other sectors, has fueled the demand for efficient heat exchange solutions. Plate and frame heat exchangers find extensive use in these industries due to their versatility, compact design, and cost-effectiveness. The ability to handle various fluids and adapt to different operational requirements makes them well-suited for the diverse applications present in the global market. Furthermore, the increasing focus on renewable energy sources has created additional opportunities for plate & frame heat exchangers. Their use in renewable energy applications, such as solar and geothermal power generation, aligns with the broader national goals of reducing dependence on traditional energy sources and promoting sustainability. The demand for plate & frame heat exchangers is also influenced by factors like technological advancements in heat exchanger design and materials. Ongoing research and development efforts are leading to innovations that enhance the efficiency and performance of these heat exchangers, further driving their adoption. Market growth stage is medium, and pace of the market growth is accelerating. The market is characterized by a high degree of innovation owing to the rapid technological advancements. Moreover, the companies are further adopting various organic and inorganic growth strategies, such as product launches, geographical expansions, mergers & acquisitions, and collaborations, to strengthen their position in the global market. The market exhibits distinctive characteristics driven by a confluence of factors that shape its dynamics. Firstly, the versatility of plate and frame heat exchangers is a defining feature. These heat exchangers find application across a wide range of industries, including HVAC, chemical processing, food & beverage, and oil & gas. This versatility stems from their ability to handle diverse fluids and accommodate various operational requirements, making them a preferred choice for different processes. Another key characteristic is the market's responsiveness to the increasing emphasis on energy efficiency. As industries globally, and across sectors, prioritize energy conservation, plate and frame heat exchangers emerge as integral components for enhancing thermal management. Their efficiency in heat transfer processes contributes to reducing overall energy consumption, aligning with the sustainability goals of modern industries. Technological advancements represent a significant driver and characteristic of the plate and frame heat exchangers market. Ongoing research and development efforts focus on improving the design, materials, and overall performance of these heat exchangers. Innovations in gasket and plate design, as well as materials with enhanced heat transfer properties, contribute to higher efficiency and reliability, driving market growth. Cost-effectiveness and space efficiency are also notable characteristics influencing the market. The compact design of plate and frame heat exchangers makes them suitable for applications where space constraints are critical. Additionally, their cost-effectiveness makes them an attractive choice for industries seeking efficient yet economical heat transfer solutions. Furthermore, the market's adaptability to global trends, such as the shift towards renewable energy, reflects its dynamic nature. Plate and frame heat exchangers play a pivotal role in renewable energy applications, including solar and geothermal power generation, supporting the transition towards cleaner and sustainable energy sources. Gasketed product led the market and accounted for 56.4% of the global revenue in 2023. Gasketed plate and frame heat exchangers offer several distinct advantages that contribute to their widespread adoption in various industries. Their modular design, featuring multiple thin plates with gaskets between them, facilitates efficient heat transfer in a compact space. This design not only allows for easy customization to meet specific process requirements but also enables convenient maintenance and cleaning. Additionally, the gaskets between the plates create tight seals, preventing cross-contamination of fluids and ensuring the integrity of the heat exchange process. This feature is especially crucial in industries with stringent hygiene and quality standards, such as the food and pharmaceutical sectors. The ease of disassembly and reassembly for inspection or maintenance purposes adds to their practicality, reducing downtime and operational disruptions. Brazed plate & frame heat exchangers find extensive application in various industries due to their compact design, high thermal efficiency, and versatility. Commonly employed in HVAC systems for residential and commercial heating and cooling, these heat exchangers effectively transfer heat between refrigerants and air or water streams. In industrial settings, they play a crucial role in process heating and cooling applications, such as oil and gas processing, chemical manufacturing, and power generation. Their robust construction, which eliminates the need for gaskets, makes them well-suited for applications with high temperatures and pressure fluctuations, ensuring reliable and efficient performance. Chemical end-use accounted for largest market revenue share in 2023. Plate & frame heat exchangers are widely employed in the chemical industry for efficient heat transfer in various processes. Their compact design and high thermal efficiency make them particularly suitable for applications such as chemical processing, where precise temperature control is essential. These heat exchangers facilitate the exchange of heat between different fluids, allowing for optimal reaction conditions and energy conservation. Their corrosion-resistant materials ensure compatibility with a range of aggressive chemicals commonly encountered in industrial processes. Plate & frame heat exchangers play a pivotal role in the HVAC and refrigeration industry, serving as efficient heat transfer solutions. Widely utilized in both residential and commercial settings, these heat exchangers contribute to the regulation of air and fluid temperatures. In HVAC systems, they efficiently transfer heat between air streams, supporting the heating and cooling processes necessary for indoor climate control. Their compact design and ability to handle varying thermal loads make them ideal for installations with space constraints, and their modular construction allows for scalability. Additionally, plate & frame heat exchangers are integral components in refrigeration systems, facilitating the condensation and evaporation of refrigerants to maintain desired temperatures in refrigerated spaces. The reliability, adaptability, and energy efficiency of plate and frame heat exchangers contribute significantly to the effectiveness of HVAC and refrigeration systems, ensuring comfortable indoor environments and efficient cooling processes in various applications. Asia Pacific accounted for the largest revenue share of nearly 31.7% in 2023. As industries in countries like China, India, Japan, and others undergo rapid expansion and modernization, there is an increasing need for efficient heat transfer solutions. Plate and frame heat exchangers, with their versatility and adaptability, find extensive application across diverse sectors including manufacturing, chemicals, energy, and HVAC. The region's focus on energy efficiency, driven by environmental concerns and regulatory measures, further boosts the demand for these heat exchangers. Additionally, the burgeoning urbanization, infrastructure development, and the rise in demand for HVAC systems in commercial and residential buildings contribute significantly to the expanding market. In the Europe region, the demand for plate & frame heat exchangers is witnessing sustained growth, propelled by a combination of factors. The region's commitment to environmental sustainability and stringent energy efficiency regulations is driving industries to adopt advanced heat transfer solutions. Plate & frame heat exchangers, known for their high thermal efficiency and versatility, are pivotal in meeting these requirements across various sectors, including manufacturing, chemical processing, and power generation. The emphasis on renewable energy sources and the modernization of HVAC systems in commercial and residential buildings further contribute to the increasing demand. The compact design and scalability of plate & frame heat exchangers make them well-suited for the spatial constraints often encountered in European industrial settings. As the region continues to prioritize green technologies and sustainable practices, plate and frame heat exchangers are poised to play a crucial role in enhancing energy efficiency and meeting the evolving needs of diverse industries across Europe. Some of the key players operating in the market include Alfa Laval, Danfoss, Kelvion Holding GmbH, Xylem, Inc., and API Heat Transfer, Inc. Alfa Laval business line is based on three major technologies, namely separation/filtration, heat transfer, and fluid handling. Products offered through heat transfer include numerous types of heat exchangers that are designed for different temperatures and pressure levels. The company offers a diverse range of plate & frame heat exchangers to meet various industrial needs. This versatility allows them to cater to different applications across multiple industries, from food & beverage to energy and petrochemicals. Kelvion Holding GmbH business line is focused on the manufacturing and supply of heat exchangers to HVAC, chemical, oil & gas, power generation, and food & beverage industries. Heat exchangers offered by the company are broadly categorized as compact fin heat exchangers, shell & tube heat exchangers, plate heat exchangers, and single tube heat exchangers. Other products in the company's product portfolio include transformer cooling systems and cooling towers. Güntner GmbH & Co. KG; Kaori Heat Treatment Co. Ltd; Tranter Inc.; Ares Plate Heat Exchanger Ltd.; and Funke Wärmeaustauscher Apparantebau GmbH are some of the emerging market participants in the market. Güntner GmbH & Co. KG, manufacturers refrigeration systems and provides its products to a wide range of industries including pharmaceutical, automotive, computer, manufacturing, and food along with numerous public sector institutions. It offers products through four business segments, namely industrial, HVAC, energy & process, and commercial. The company offers a wide range of condensers, air coolers, dry coolers, controls, adiabatic, and plate heat exchangers through its wide distribution network. Tranter Inc. has multiple operating units that are engaged in manufacturing, engineering, sales, and services. It offers various types of heat exchangers including plate & frame, shell & plate, prime surface, mini-welded plate, and welded plate. In September 2023, Kelvion Holding GmbH expanded its production capabilities in Sarstedt, enabling the facility to manufacture an extra 150,000 heat exchangers annually. In March 2023, Alfa Laval introduced the T21 gasketed plate-and-frame heat exchanger (GPHE) with the aim of fostering energy efficiency across various industries. In May 2023, the Business Unit for Brazed and fusion Bonded Heat Exchangers at Alfa Laval revealed plans to enhance the manufacturing of brazed plate heat exchangers in response to growing demand during the ongoing global energy transition. Report Attribute \| Details \| Market size value in 2024 \| USD 6.17 billion \| Revenue forecast in 2030 \| USD 8.80 billion \| Growth Rate \| CAGR of 6.1% from 2024 to 2030 \| Base year for estimation \| 2023 \| Historical data \| 2018 - 2022 \| Forecast period \| 2024 - 2030 \| Report updated \| January 2024 \| Quantitative units \| Revenue in USD billion and CAGR from 2024 to 2030 \| Report coverage \| Revenue forecast, company ranking, competitive landscape, growth factors, and trends \| Segments covered \| Product, end-use, region \| Regional scope \| North America; Europe; Asia Pacific; Central & South America; Middle East & Africa \| Country scope \| U.S.; Canada; Mexico; Germany; U.K.; France; Italy; Russia; China; India; Japan; South Korea; Australia; Brazil; Argentina; South Africa; UAE \| Key companies profiled \| Alfa Laval; Danfoss; Kelvion Holding GmbH; Guntner GmbH & Co. KG; Xylem, Inc.; API Heat Transfer, Inc.; Hisaka Works Limited; HRS Heat Exchangers; SPX Flow, Inc.; SWEP International AB \| Customization scope \| Free report customization (equivalent up to 8 analysts working days) with purchase. Addition or alteration to country, regional & segment scope. \| Pricing and purchase options \| Avail customized purchase options to meet your exact research needs. Explore purchase options \| This report forecasts revenue growth at global, regional, and country levels and provides an analysis of the latest industry trends in each of the sub-segments from 2018 to 2030. For this study, Grand View Research has segmented the global plate & frame heat exchangers market report based on product, end-use and region: Product Outlook (Revenue, USD Billion, 2018 - 2030) End-use Outlook (Revenue, USD Billion, 2018 - 2030) Food & Beverage HVAC & refrigeration Oil & Gas Power Generation Pulp & Paper Regional Outlook (Revenue, USD Billion, 2018 - 2030) North America Asia Pacific South Korea Central & South America Middle East & Africa South Africa b. The global plate & frame heat exchangers market size was estimated at USD 5.92 billion in 2023 and is expected to be USD 6.17 billion in 2024. b. The global plate & frame heat exchangers market, in terms of revenue, is expected to grow at a compound annual growth rate of 6.1% from 2024 to 2030 to reach USD 8.80 billion by 2030. b. Asia Pacific region dominated the market and accounted for 31.7% share in 2023. As industries in countries like China, India, Japan, and others undergo rapid expansion and modernization, there is an increasing need for efficient heat transfer solutions. Plate and frame heat exchangers, with their versatility and adaptability, find extensive application across diverse sectors including manufacturing, chemicals, energy, and HVAC. The region's focus on energy efficiency, driven by environmental concerns and regulatory measures, further boosts the demand for these heat exchangers. b. Some of the key players operating in the plate & frame heat exchanger market include Alfa Laval, Danfoss, Kelvion Holding GmbH, Guntner GmbH & Co. KG, Xylem, Inc., API Heat Transfer, Inc., Hisaka Works Limited, HRS Heat Exchangers, SPX Flow, Inc., SWEP International AB. b. The increasing emphasis on energy efficiency in various industries is fostering a growing demand for these heat exchangers, known for their effectiveness in heat transfer processes. Versatility across industrial applications, stringent environmental regulations driving the adoption of sustainable solutions, ongoing technological advancements enhancing efficiency, and a global focus on renewable energy are all contributing to market growth. We can customize every report - free of charge - including purchasing stand-alone sections or country-level reports, as well as offer affordable discounts for start-ups & universities. Contact us now We are GDPR and CCPA compliant! Your transaction & personal information is safe and secure. For more details, please read our privacy policy. "The quality of research they have done for us has been excellent."
What Is A Safety Razor? — A Complete Guide Through the years, razors have truly evolved. They've transformed from the traditional copper straight razor into safety and cartridge razors, among others. Safety razor blades have been a common sight in many households for over two decades. Yet, their popularity was overtaken by disposable cartridge razors due to their convenience and ease of use. Despite this shift, recent trends have shown safety razors making a comeback. More and more people are noticing the superior shaving experience they offer. Moreover, they provide the added benefit of causing less irritation, making them an excellent choice for sensitive skin. Switching from disposable to safety razors can seem daunting if you're accustomed to the former. But there's no cause for worry. This article will uncover what a safety razor is, explore its advantages, and guide you on effectively using a safety razor blade. Related Read: Zero Waste Shaving, Best Sustainable Gifts for Him. What do safety razors look like? So, what is a safety razor? As seen in the picture above, a typical safety razor is a T-shaped double-edge razor that gives you a smooth, close shave. It is typically made of a razor handle, razor head, and guard. Its head contains the blade, and the guard helps to keep your skin safe while shaving. The handle usually comes in metal, plastic, or wood. Additionally, the blades at the head are replaceable. Some come with a single head, while some have two heads for shaving and trimming. Safety razors come in stainless steel or brass, which won't rust quickly even with continuous use. You can find different safety razor designs. Here are some safety razor types that may work best for you: - Slant razors: These razors come with a slant head that allows you to shave your hair at an angle. With the slant, it reduces the amount of pressure on the hair and skin. - Butterfly razors: A butterfly safety razor opens up with butterfly doors at the top, which allows you to insert and remove your blades. - Adjustable razors: The adjustable razor allows you to change the razor blade gap - the space between the safety bar and the blade. Many shavers may want to switch from a gentle shave to a more aggressive shave, making adjustable safety razors perfect. - Open comb razors: An open comb razor comes with openings in the safety bar, allowing the blade to be better exposed to your skin. This can be an excellent option for you if you have very thick hair, as it shaves your hair more quickly. However, you want to be careful with open combs as there is a high risk of cutting yourself. - Closed comb razors: A closed comb razor or safety bar is a protective device that provides a layer of protection between your skin and the blade. Perfect for beginners, they offer the most protection when using double edge blades and remove any learning curve. Benefits of using a safety razor Here are a few benefits of using a safety razor: More appealing. Safety razors have a vintage look that appears more appealing than other modern cartridge razors. You can find a safety razor in different colors and designs, including the slant, butterfly, and adjustable razor. Less irritation. One of the most outstanding benefits of the safety razor is that they have no in-built lubricants and are designed with fewer blades, reducing the risk of clogged, irritated skin. The single blade delivers a closer shave, reducing the chances of your hair growing back into your skin. Sharper than single-edge blades. These single-blade razors are much sharper than the multi-blade razors used in the cartridge razor and give you a better shave. The first blade removes the hair for cartridge blades while the other blades scrape the skin, causing irritation, blade cuts, and a razor burn. It can also leave you prone to ingrown hairs. On the other hand, a safety razor delivers a closer and more comfortable shave without damaging your skin. You can even shave coarse hair with just one glide. Easier to use. Unlike a straight razor, using a safety razor significantly simplifies shaving. Its single, visible blade allows for better control and precision during your shave. They sport uncomplicated designs, and the usability is straightforward – you secure a blade to the razor head and reattach the handle. However, caution is key when handling these efficiently sharp, double-edged blades. Cheaper blade replacement. In the long run, safety razors are more cost-effective. While they may have a higher upfront cost, they can last longer, saving you money, unlike buying cartridge razors multiple times within a short period. Plus, they are more sustainable than disposable razors. How to use a safety razor blade The process may seem confusing if you've never used safety razor blades. But not to worry, here's a guide on how you can use a safety razor to get the best shave: 1. Get all you need for a shave The first thing to do is get all the things you need for a shave. You will want to get a high-quality razor that can stay sharp for longer. Here are a few safety razor options you can consider: Rockwell Razors 6S Adjustable Double-edge Razor Made with pure, durable stainless steel, this double-edge safety razor is an excellent alternative to the regular disposable razor. It has six adjustable shave settings to give you a clean shave no matter your hair type. This razor comes in a box with five blades. These stainless steel replacement blades can last up to a month, saving you money. It's not the cheapest option, but well worth a look for something that will last and looks great, too. Parker 22R Safety Razor The Parker 22R is a more weighted safety razor that goes through the toughest beards with one shave, eliminating razor burns, ingrown hairs, and shaving bumps. These one-piece razors have a twist mechanism that opens up at the top cap consisting of two hinged plates for switching razor blades. It comes with a pack of five more blades for long-lasting shaves and is both affordable and great looking. Apart from your safety razor, you will also need a sharp blade, shaving cream, a small bowl, and a towel to clean up after shaving. Ensure you remove used blades and start with a clean new blade. Simply unscrew the top cap of your blade, remove and wrap the blade in paper or toilet paper, toss it in the trash, and put in a new blade. 2. Get your skin ready. Moving forward, your skin needs to be ready for the shave. Begin by using warm water to soften your hair follicles and skin. Next, apply some pre-shave oil for additional moisturizing and conditioning of your hair and skin. Take a suitable quantity of shaving cream and spread it across the regions of your face you plan to shave. Consider using this shaving cream for an effective experience: Dollar Shave Club Shave Butter The Dollar Shave Club developed a great shaving cream alternative that helps soften your hair and allows you to shave with precision, reducing razor bumps and the occurrence of ingrown hairs. Their shave butter comes in a translucent formula that allows you to see better. Plus, it is suitable for all skin types, including sensitive skin. 3. Start shaving. Now, let's move on to your first shave. You'll want to turn your face, position your neck at an angle, and stretch the skin tight. Grasp your razor and set it at a 30 to 45-degree angle from your skin. Start the process by shaving in the direction of your hair growth. 4. Shave with the grain. It's crucial to follow the direction of your hair growth when shaving, not against it. Therefore, familiarizing yourself with your facial hair patterns before you begin is advisable. Opt for a high-quality razor with a weighted handle—it delivers just the right amount of force without requiring you to exert additional pressure. Shave in short strokes and rinse in between to remove excess shaving cream and hair. You can decide to flip your double-edged razor to shave fresh and avoid clogging. 5. Rinse your face. When you've finished, it's a good idea to splash your face or skin with cold water. This helps to close your pores. If you want to avoid irritation - a real bonus if you have sensitive skin - it's worth applying a soothing after-shave balm. Finally, make sure you clean your razor and dab it dry with a towel. Storing it in a dry place will help to prevent rust. How to replace the blade on your safety razor The procedure for replacing your spent blades relies heavily on your particular type of razor. If you're sporting a one-piece safety razor, a simple twist of the handle will have the cap off, ready for a blade switch. Two-piece razors vary slightly, with the base plate affixed directly to the handle. By rotating the handle, you can remove the cap and proceed to swap the blade. Upon twisting the handle, the most widely used variant, the three-piece safety razor, disassembles into three separate parts - the handle, top cap, and base plate. After opening the razor, take out the used disposable blade, dispose of it safely, and insert a fresh one. Fortunately, most razors come equipped with a handy guide, easing you into the routine of changing blades. Final thoughts on safety razors Standing strong through time, safety razors have proven their worth with exceptional durability and effectiveness. Choosing a safety razor means fewer expenses on disposables, saving you money and helping the environment. If you're a newbie to this type of razor, consult our article to gain insights on what exactly they are and how to use them with ease. Jen's a passionate environmentalist and sustainability expert. With a science degree from Babcock University Jen loves applying her research skills to craft editorial that connects with our global changemaker and readership audiences centered around topics including zero waste, sustainability, climate change, and biodiversity. Elsewhere Jen's interests include the role that future technology and data have in helping us solve some of the planet's biggest challenges.
Types of High-Intensity Interval Training (HIIT) Exercises High-Intensity Interval Training (HIIT) is a popular and effective form of exercise that involves short bursts of intense exercise followed by brief periods of rest or recovery. This type of training is known to boost cardiovascular fitness, burn calories, and improve overall athletic performance. Here are some common types of HIIT exercises: 1. Sprint Intervals Sprint intervals involve short bursts of maximum effort running or sprinting, followed by a brief recovery period. This can be done on a track, treadmill, or outdoor space. Sprint intervals are excellent for improving cardiovascular endurance and burning calories. 2. Tabata Training Tabata training is a specific form of HIIT that follows a 20-second intense exercise interval followed by a 10-second rest period. This pattern is repeated for a total of 4 minutes, usually consisting of 8 rounds. Tabata exercises can include bodyweight exercises, such as burpees, squats, or mountain climbers. 3. Circuit Training Circuit training involves performing a series of exercises targeting different muscle groups or movements with little to no rest in between. Each exercise is performed for a set duration or number of repetitions before moving on to the next one. Circuit training can include bodyweight exercises, resistance training, or cardio exercises. 4. HIIT Cardio Machines Many cardio machines, such as treadmills, stationary bikes, and rowing machines, offer built-in HIIT programs. These programs typically alternate between short bursts of high-intensity exercise and periods of active recovery. The intensity and duration of the intervals can be adjusted to suit individual fitness levels. 5. HIIT Classes HIIT classes, often offered at fitness studios or gyms, provide a structured environment for high-intensity interval training. These classes are led by instructors who guide participants through a series of exercises and intervals, combining cardio, strength, and functional movements. 6. Bodyweight HIIT Bodyweight HIIT exercises require no equipment and can be done anywhere. These exercises include activities like burpees, jump squats, mountain climbers, high knees, and plank jacks. They target multiple muscle groups and elevate heart rate for an effective HIIT workout. 7. Boxing or Kickboxing HIIT Boxing or kickboxing HIIT workouts involve combinations of punches, kicks, and cardio movements. These workouts typically alternate between intense punching or kicking combinations and active recovery periods. Boxing or kickboxing classes often incorporate HIIT-style training to improve cardiovascular fitness and build strength. 8. CrossFit-style Workouts CrossFit workouts often incorporate high-intensity interval training elements. These workouts combine functional movements, Olympic weightlifting, and cardiovascular exercises in a time-based or task-based format. CrossFit workouts are known for their intensity and ability to improve overall fitness levels. Remember to warm up before starting any HIIT workout and cool down afterward. It's essential to listen to your body and adjust the intensity and duration of the intervals according to your fitness level and goals. If you have any health concerns or pre-existing conditions, consult with a healthcare professional before starting HIIT training.
How to control your overspending habit Spending too much money is a typical financial mistake that can subtly reduce your savings, raise your debt, and leave you feeling strapped for cash. However, you can reclaim control over your spending habits and safeguard your financial future with the appropriate tactics. If you're struggling with impulsive purchases, emotional spending, or simply want to be more careful with your money, consider these options. Set your financial goals Setting attainable goals makes it simpler to prioritize expenditures and enables you to monitor your success. It serves as a powerful motivator to curb overspending. Whether it's saving for a dream vacation, an emergency fund, or retirement, having specific objectives will help you stay on track. This tactic can be improved by including a visual objective, imagine yourself accomplishing this goal in the future. Create a budget Make a written budget that lists down your monthly spending if you don't already have one. Start by calculating your monthly income and then list all your essential expenses, such as bills, groceries, and savings goals. Before making any purchases, be sure you can afford them by checking your budget. Make sure to be realistic about what you can afford. Put limits on your credit cards It is simpler to swipe a credit card than to count out a stack of cash, but this convenience also encourages overspending. The problem with credit cards is how simple it is to spend more money than you have. If you rely a lot on credit cards, consider putting monthly limits on it. This will prevent you from exceeding a set monthly spending cap. Track your spending No matter how small the purchase, keep a record of it. There are several tools and apps for budgeting that are available to make this process simpler. This practice will support your budget and assist in locating potential areas of overspending. The more you can see your spending patterns, the easier it will be for you to make changes. Be a smart shopper If shopping is an activity that you cannot avoid completely, become a smart shopper instead. The first step to prevent overspending is through saving and this can be possible with conscious shopping. Be it online or offline, there are many ways you can get items at a cheaper rate. Identify and practice the various money-saving shopping hacks.
Underfloor Heating Oxshott Surrey (KT22): Your home in Oxshott can be warmed cost effectively and efficiently through the use of underfloor heating. It can be employed as an alternative source of heating in combination with radiators, or can be put in as a whole house system to replace radiators and other heating solutions. Underfloor heating is available as 2 primary types: electric or water systems. Whichever installation you choose for your home in Oxshott, electric or water, you'll get a uniform level of warming from the floor upward which is efficient and effective. They run at cooler temperatures than conventional hot water radiators and so don't need so much energy. Typically a water heated radiator will run at temperatures of approximately 65 and 75°C, whereas underfloor heating only needs a temperature of about 25-35°C to efficiently heat a room of similar proportions. Uniform Heat: A conventional hot water radiator warms the air next to the radiator's surface first, and then rises before dispersing slowly around the whole room which can easily create cool spots. With underfloor systems, the heating pipes or mats are arranged across the whole floor to produce a uniform heat which rises upwards from floor level right throughout the room. By delivering uniform and consistent heat distribution, this system eliminates any discomfort caused by cold spots, ensuring that every corner of the room is enveloped in a cosy warmth. Lower Running Costs: They operate at lower temperatures to give you the equivalent heating benefits of traditional central heating, and thus are more environmentally friendly and less costly to run. Ease of Use: Both wet and electric underfloor heating systems are controlled by a digital thermostat. You will benefit from 24-hour control of your heating needs, and you can even pre-programme your heating to suit colder times of day or automatically adjust with the change of the seasons. Low Maintenance: With pretty much no maintenance demands, electric underfloor systems are generally trouble free and should provide many years of good service. Compared with radiators, warm water underfloor heating shouldn't require bleeding or flushing and only requires occasional inspections to make certain it is working at optimum performance. Water based underfloor systems also tend to be longer lasting and more reliable because they place less demand on existing boilers and other heating systems. Perfect For Any Room: Hot water radiators take up an astonishing amount of space in a room, approximately 10% on average, which can be made available by installing underfloor heating. It does not matter if you have a wooden kitchen floor, a tiled bathroom or a carpet in your lounge; there are kinds of underfloor heating to suit your choice of floor covering. It's also possible to install underfloor heating in outdoor areas of your property in Oxshott like patios, summerhouses or garages. Healthier Air Quality: With subtle warmth rising from the floor, underfloor heating creates what is called, radiant heat, which reduces the amount of convectional air currents around a room. This minimises the quantity of pollen and dust moving around your home, creating a better environment. Precisely how much work you're prepared to do on your home in Oxshott, can determine which kind of underfloor heating is more suitable for you. Being quicker and simpler to install and design, electric underfloor heating is perfect for small projects in Oxshott. Retrofitting is also far simpler with electric underfloor heating in Oxshott. If you are laying a brand new sub-floor in a new build or through renovation works, water warmed underfloor heating will be a better alternative. The simplest and fastest underfloor heating system to fit is an electric wire or mat system, which merely requires a link-up to the electricity mains supply and an appropriate thermostat within your property in Oxshott. Existing homes can undergo the retrofitting of electric underfloor heating systems into individual rooms with no problem at all at all. If heating isn't needed on a daily basis, such as in spare rooms and loft space conversions, it's the ideal option. It can take barely more than thirty minutes to install an electric heating mat system in a typical living room. The heating mats are supplied in rolls which will be spread out on the sub-floor or insulating material, and then simply get them connected to an appropriate electricity supply by an experienced electrician. Different sorts of underfloor heating mat are available for various floor surfaces and your underfloor heating installer in Oxshott will be happy to give you advice on which one is best for your situation. If you have a small or awkwardly shaped room where a ready-made mat isn't suitable, loose cable electrical heating wire can be employed for the same effect. As is suggested by the name, the heating element comes in the form of one single cable which is laid upon an insulation pad or substrate beneath your chosen flooring finish. A professional electrician will link up the cable to a suitable electric point, and at the same time put in a room based thermostat. You can install electric underfloor heating as freestanding options into individual rooms, or link it to a whole house system whereby it can be controlled from a single point. If you're planning or designing a smart home system for your house in Oxshott, you can easily integrate electric underfloor thermostats and metering into your plans. Also known as hydronic or wet floor heating systems, these employ hot water as the thermal source for your heating. The equipment can be connected to a traditional gas boiler if you have already got one installed, or can be plumbed into ground or air source heat pumps in newer builds. Water fed systems are installed into the subfloor screed and produce a greater floor thickness. In new build projects in Oxshott, this additional height can be absorbed in the design stage, but for existing builds there are thin pipe options which keep the extra thickness to a minimum. As a strategy for whole house heating, these wet systems are becoming increasingly popular. People are changing to these underfloor systems owing to their higher efficiency, lower running costs and increased thermal effect compared to traditional heating solutions. A combination of water and electric underfloor heating methods can be used to create a hybrid system. Areas with higher heating energy requirements such as ground floor living areas and basements will have a water underfloor system, while upstairs rooms, loft spaces and attics use an electric option. The heating requirements of virtually any property in Oxshott can be attained through the use of a hybrid underfloor heating system. It's vital to carry out a heat loss survey of your dwelling in Oxshott before undertaking any underfloor heating installation. The survey will be conducted by an accredited heating engineer or architect who'll ascertain the insulation needs and heating requirements of your house. Internal living areas will have lower wattage needs than those of higher heat loss areas, such as a conservatory or uninsulated room. The shape, heating requirements and size of the water pipes or electric mats will be determined by this survey and is a vital part of the design phase. To minimise heat loss through the sub-floor it may be necessary to position insulating boards beneath any heating cables, pipes or heat mats. The generated heat is then "pushed" upwards as opposed to being dispersed into the floor beneath, and has the benefit of increasing system efficiency and bringing down warm-up times. There are DIY possibilities for installing an underfloor heating system, although it's essential that any electrical hook-ups are only made by a certified electrician who is Part P/NICEIC qualified. It's recommended to use a qualified installation provider in Oxshott for your underfloor heating, who'll abide by all of the relevant Health and Safety guidelines and provide guarantees and warranties for their work and equipment. Servicing, warranties and the quality of aftercare support are significant aspects to consider from any Oxshott contractor who provides underfloor heating installation and equipment. Owners of existing houses in Oxshott who are considering underfloor heating ought to concentrate their attention on electric systems, because of their simple installation and reduced floor thickness requirements. Water based underfloor heating systems are better for new build houses or major renovation works where the additional flooring height can be built into the design. Underfloor heating systems are more efficient, have less running costs, are easily managed by means of digital thermostats and are considerably more dependable than regular heating methods. Regardless of your needs; whole property heating, or installation in a single room, underfloor heating is the perfect choice when updating your heating system. Underfloor heating installation can be done in Oxshott and also in: Fairmile, Martyr's Green, Stoke D'Abernon, Fetcham, Long Ditton, Ockham, Leigh Corner, Malden Rushett, Bookham, Downside, Bridge End, and in these postcodes KT22 0HH, KT22 0JY, KT22 0JF, KT22 0PH, KT22 0SU, KT22 0RZ, KT22 0JR, KT22 0EZ, KT11 3QD, and KT11 2SL. Local Oxshott underfloor heating will most likely have the postcode KT22 and the dialling code 01372. Checking this out will make sure that you are accessing locally based providers of underfloor heating. Oxshott home and business owners can utilise these and numerous other comparable services. Click on the "Quote" banner to to make enquiries and obtain underfloor heating estimates. Underfloor Heating Installers Oxshott With expertise in their field, underfloor heating installers handle the installation and integration of state-of-the-art heating systems under the floor surface. Offering an extensive range of services in the United Kingdom, these specialists focus on devising bespoke underfloor heating solutions and installing energy-efficient systems powered by electric or hydronic technology. Installers maintain a strong partnership with clients in Oxshott to establish the most fitting choice for their unique circumstances, weighing up considerations like property nature, floor assembly, and favoured temperature control systems. Through the use of their know-how, underfloor heating installers support businesses and homeowners in attaining a comfortable and well-distributed warmth, whilst also diminishing their carbon footprint and energy outlay. These installers also certify that the heating system abides by the relevant building regulations and British Standards, maintaining a secure and effectual operation. The provision of ongoing maintenance and support services is essential for ensuring the underfloor heating system's optimal performance and longevity. Where to Buy Underfloor Heating If you're planning to install underfloor heating in Oxshott, you may be wondering where to purchase your system. With many underfloor heating suppliers available, it may be an overwhelming task to pick a company that can offer top-notch products at a favourable price. Before you begin trying to find the right supplier, you will have decided on the kind of products you want, your acceptable budget, the exact size and if the installation is on a new property in Oxshott or a pre-existing one. Before picking the supplier, you should also decide whether you will hire a professional to install the system or if you will do it yourself. If you've elected to install the system on your own, it will be very cost-effective to buy the heating kit and the associated auxiliary parts from various different suppliers. In this way, you will be able to find the most affordable component prices from different vendors. Some manufacturers deal directly with the public, while others sell their products only through retailers. In most cases, dealing directly with the manufacturer is cheaper than buying from a distributor. Some of the most widely regarded manufacturers of electric underfloor heating include: - Enerfoil Magnum - Klima - Devi - Warmup - Myson - Raychen Wet heating manufacturers worth looking at include: - Osma - Uponor - Speedfit Underfloor - Nu-heat There are also numerous online retailers of such products with many providing installation services when needed. If you haven't decided to install your own system, it is a good idea to purchase the complete package of supply and installation from one dealer, because it will be cheaper. Online retailers include: - Floor Heating limited - Divine Underfloor Heating - Homebase - Floor Warming Company - Handy Heat - Underfloor Heating Systems - Screwfix - Ambient Electrical You can also get details of other online retailers of underfloor heating on popular sites like Amazon and eBay among others. You can also decide to buy these products from a local supplier in the Oxshott area. This could be really useful because it's easy to check their reputation and you will be able to follow up if there is an issue. The supplier of your choice should belong to applicable organisations and trade bodies. This is to make certain that the products you are buying meet up with internationally approved standards. For instance, throughout Europe the association which covers underfloor heating is the EUHA. Other organisations in Europe must be affiliated to it. You could ask the supplier to provide verification of membership to these organisations. When buying underfloor heating equipment from on-line retailers, you should make sure that the site is genuine and there are no complaints about the brand they're selling or the site itself. Below are a few tips on choosing an on-line retailer. Read the prices carefully: Most on-line retailers use pricing as a marketing tool. The indicated price may only be the minimum price and may not be applicable to the product you are looking for. Check for reviews: Before making the decision on where to buy these products, read various customer reviews and testimonials about the brands and the on-line retailer. Ask for other charges if any: A product may be lowly priced but may have other hidden charges like shipping cost, tax deductions and handling charges. Don't base your decision solely on price, but check out for supplier reputation, trade association membership and after sales service to ensure that you obtain the desired product quality and service. Retrofitting Underfloor Heating Improving energy efficiency, enhancing indoor comfort, and boosting property value are all advantages of retrofitting underfloor heating. Underfloor heating provides a more comfortable and consistent warmth throughout a space because it distributes heat evenly across the whole floor surface, unlike conventional heating systems. This approach to heating has become popular in retrofitting existing buildings in Oxshott, as well as in new build homes. The ability to integrate seamlessly with different flooring materials, including tiles, hardwood, laminate, and even carpet, is a primary advantage of retrofitted underfloor heating. Householders in Oxshott have the flexibility to choose the flooring finish they desire without compromising on the heating system's effectiveness, thanks to the versatility of underfloor heating. The retrofitting procedure involves meticulous planning and assessment to determine whether underfloor heating is a viable option for the existing structure. While retrofitting underfloor heating might be more complex than new construction, advanced technology and installation techniques have made it more accessible and efficient, opening up the possibility to a wider range of homeowners. For retrofitting projects, two primary underfloor heating options are hydronic and electrical systems. Electric underfloor heating is implemented by installing heating cables or mats underneath the flooring and connecting them to the main electricity supply. This system's independent control options and rapid heat-up times make it a great choice for specific rooms or smaller spaces. A network of pipes, through which hot water is channelled, is utilised by hydronic underfloor heating on the other hand, to provide a steady and efficient source of warmth. While the installation process is a little more complex, the system excels in larger areas and yields improved energy efficiency as time progresses. One primary benefit of installing underfloor heating in Oxshott is its capacity to save energy. Underfloor heating differs from conventional heating methods in that it warms the objects and surfaces within a room, rather than primarily heating the air. Reduced thermostat settings are possible without sacrificing comfort, thanks to the even and efficient circulation of warmth from this radiant heat transfer. As a result of this, property owners in Oxshott can experience lower utility bills and reduced energy consumption. (80909 - Retrofitted Underfloor Heating Oxshott) Oxshott Underfloor Heating Tasks There are a wide range of tasks that can be conducted by your local Oxshott underfloor heating specialist including industrial underfloor heating, underfloor upgrades in Oxshott, landlord underfloor heating services, underfloor heating design, the installation of energy efficient underfloor heating, underfloor heating for tiles in Oxshott, the installation of underfloor heating under vinyl in Oxshott, underfloor heating services, underfloor heating solutions, electric underfloor heating, underfloor heating mats, radiant floor cooling solutions, undertile heating in Oxshott, underfloor heating installation, underfloor heating repair, under floor heating installation in Oxshott, free-form electric cabling, underfloor heating without screed, underfloor heating for wet rooms, in-screed underfloor heating, troubleshooting faults, retrofitting underfloor heating, underfloor heating insulation in Oxshott, underfloor heating panels, underfloor heating repairs in Oxshott, ambient underfloor heating, piped underfloor heating installations, Thermaskirt heating, wet underfloor heating, residential underfloor heating, and more. If there are other Oxshott heating requirements that you need but can't see here, you can easily mention them on the QUOTE FORM provided. Listed are just some of the activities that are undertaken by those installing underfloor heating. Oxshott companies will be happy to inform you of their full range of services. Underfloor Heating Near Oxshott Also find: Martyr's Green underfloor heating, Bridge End underfloor heating, Stoke D'Abernon underfloor heating, Bookham underfloor heating, Long Ditton underfloor heating, Ockham underfloor heating, Fairmile underfloor heating, Fetcham underfloor heating, Downside underfloor heating, Malden Rushett underfloor heating, Leigh Corner underfloor heating and more. Underfloor heating services are available in most of these locations. With their experience and know-how, these companies will make certain that your underfloor heating system is not only installed efficiently but also customised to provide optimal energy efficiency and comfort for your space. Embrace a cosy and warm living environment while bidding farewell to chilly floors, thanks to the convenience of underfloor heating. Local homeowners can get underfloor heating estimates by clicking here. Commence your underfloor heating project today, without delay! 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Indian Scientists Develop Indigenous Normally OFF High Electron Mobility Transistor For Power Electronics Swarajya Staff Mar 18, 2021, 10:54 AM \| Updated 10:54 AM IST Save & read from anywhere! Bookmark stories for easy access on any device or the Swarajya app. Indian scientists have developed a highly reliable, High Electron Mobility Transistor (HEMTs) that will help in reducing country's dependence on import of such stable and efficient transistors which are required in power electronics applications. The HEMT is a normally OFF device and can switch currents up to 4 Ampere and operates at 600 Volts. This first-ever indigenous HEMT device is made from gallium nitride (GaN) and is useful in electric cars, locomotives, power transmission and other areas requiring high voltage and high-frequency switching. Power electronic systems demand high blocking voltage in OFF-state and high current in ON-state for efficient switching performance. Specific transistors called HEMTs made of aluminium gallium nitride/ gallium nitride (AlGaN/GaN) provides an edge over silicon-based transistors as they allow the systems to operate at very high voltages, switch ON and OFF faster, and occupy less space, the Ministry of Science and Technology said in a statement on Thursday (18 March). Commercially available AlGaN/GaN HEMTs use techniques to keep the transistor in normally OFF state, which affects the stability, performance and reliability of the device. To overcome this, the team of scientists from IISc Bengaluru including Professor Mayank Shrivastava from Department of Electronic Systems Engineering and his co-investigators G Narayanan, Digbijoy Nath, Srinivasan Raghavan and Navakanta Bhat have developed the new kind of HEMT, which is in the OFF state by default and works like any other commonly used power transistor. Such transistors are called e-mode or enhancement mode transistors. The developed technology is a first of its kind, which uses a type of chemical called ternary oxide (composed of two different metal ions combined in an oxide matrix or Al, Ti and O), which behaves like material having larger positive charge concentration (p-type material). It does away with intrinsic reliability and performance issues of the in-use industrial techniques for e-mode HEMTs, allowing the development of efficient power switching systems. This device will now be taken up for the prototype development and field-testing level. The scientists used aluminium titanium oxide as the gate oxide, where the percentage of aluminium could be controlled during the fabrication process. Since aluminium titanium oxide is stable, it resulted in high reliability of the transistor. According to the statement, the projected overall power device market is set to cross the $18 Billion mark by 2020, out of which the market for HEMTs is projected to cross the $5 Billion market. So, GaN HEMTs will acquire a major share of the power device market. With a growing market for electric vehicles in India, such an indigenous development can make India self-reliant for transistor technology, the statement said. Save & read from anywhere! Bookmark stories for easy access on any device or the Swarajya app. Support Swarajya's 50 Ground Reports Project & Sponsor A Story Every general election Swarajya does a 50 ground reports project. Aimed only at serious readers and those who appreciate the nuances of political undercurrents, the project provides a sense of India's electoral landscape. As you know, these reports are produced after considerable investment of travel, time and effort on the ground. This time too we've kicked off the project in style and have covered over 30 constituencies already. If you're someone who appreciates such work and have enjoyed our coverage please consider sponsoring a ground report for just Rs 2999 to Rs 19,999 - it goes a long way in helping us produce more quality reportage. You can also back this project by becoming a subscriber for as little as Rs 999 - so do click on this links and choose a plan that suits you and back us. Click below to contribute.
Consider this scenario: The organization is a mid-sized biotech company specializing in rare disease treatments, facing challenges in fostering a Learning Organization culture. With rapid advancements in biotech and a need to stay ahead of the curve, the company is struggling to maintain a competitive edge due to a lack of continuous learning mechanisms and knowledge sharing practices. Ineffectiveness in organizational learning has led to missed opportunities in innovation and delayed go-to-market times for new therapies. Initial analysis of the organization's situation suggests that the root causes could include a siloed approach to knowledge management, inadequate learning resources for employees, and a leadership style that may not sufficiently encourage or reward knowledge sharing and professional growth. These hypotheses will guide the initial phase of our engagement. To address these challenges, we propose a Strategic Learning Organization Framework, which has been proven to facilitate knowledge sharing, innovation, and sustained competitive advantage. The benefits of this process include accelerated product development cycles, improved employee engagement, and enhanced adaptability to market changes. Learn more about Change Management Competitive Advantage Continuous Improvement For effective implementation, take a look at these Learning Organization best practices: The CEO may wonder how the Learning Organization strategy will integrate with existing operational processes. It is essential to ensure that learning initiatives complement, rather than disrupt, current workflows, and that they are embedded into the daily routines of employees. Another consideration is the scalability of learning solutions. The programs designed must be flexible enough to grow with the company and adaptable to future technological advancements and market demands. Finally, the CEO may be concerned about the measurement of the strategy's impact. We will develop a robust set of KPIs to track progress and demonstrate the value of investing in a Learning Organization. Upon full implementation, we expect to see a 20% reduction in time-to-market for new products, a 15% increase in employee retention rates due to enhanced career development opportunities, and a noticeable uplift in innovation as measured by the number of patents filed annually. Challenges may include resistance to change, particularly from long-tenured employees, and the potential for information overload if not managed correctly. Ensuring clear communication and demonstrating quick wins will be critical for overcoming these barriers. Learn more about Learning Organization Employee Retention KPIS are crucial throughout the implementation process. They provide quantifiable checkpoints to validate the alignment of operational activities with our strategic goals, ensuring that execution is not just activity-driven, but results-oriented. Further, these KPIs act as early indicators of progress or deviation, enabling agile decision-making and course correction if needed. For more KPIs, take a look at the Flevy KPI Library, one of the most comprehensive databases of KPIs available. Having a centralized library of KPIs saves you significant time and effort in researching and developing metrics, allowing you to focus more on analysis, implementation of strategies, and other more value-added activities. Learn more about Flevy KPI Library KPI Management Performance Management Balanced Scorecard Explore more Learning Organization deliverables One pharmaceutical giant implemented a Learning Organization framework that led to a 30% increase in successful drug trials. The key was creating an integrated platform that facilitated real-time knowledge sharing among research teams globally. A biotech startup adopted a peer-learning program that accelerated its R&D process by enabling scientists to quickly build on each other's findings, reducing the average project completion time by 25%. Explore additional related case studies Building a Learning Organization is not just about implementing new programs—it's about fostering a culture that embraces learning as a core value. Leaders must model the behavior they wish to see, celebrating both successes and learning from failures. Technology plays a crucial role in enabling a Learning Organization. However, it is the alignment of technology with people and processes that creates a sustainable learning ecosystem. Digital platforms should be intuitive and promote seamless knowledge exchange. Finally, the Learning Organization must be agile. It should rapidly adapt to changes in the external environment and continuously evolve its learning strategies to stay ahead in the competitive life sciences landscape. Learn more about Agile Life Sciences Ensuring that learning initiatives are in complete alignment with the strategic business objectives is a primary concern for executives. The Learning Organization strategy must not only address immediate skill gaps but also prepare the workforce for future challenges and opportunities. By leveraging the Strategic Learning Organization Framework, we will work closely with the leadership team to tie learning objectives to key business goals, such as increasing market share, enhancing innovation, and improving operational efficiency. This alignment is critical in demonstrating the ROI of learning and development investments. A recent study by McKinsey found that companies with effective skill-building programs are 57% more likely to outperform their competitors in terms of business growth. Therefore, our focus will be on creating a learning ecosystem that not only meets the current needs but also anticipates future industry shifts, thus ensuring the organization remains at the forefront of the biotech field. The integration of learning initiatives within the existing operational processes is crucial to avoid disruption and ensure seamless implementation. We will conduct a thorough analysis of the company's workflows and identify opportunities where learning can be integrated without hindering productivity. For instance, embedding microlearning modules into daily routines or using collaborative technology platforms to facilitate knowledge sharing during the flow of work can enhance learning without imposing additional time commitments. According to Deloitte, organizations that embed learning into the flow of work see a 3 times higher impact on results than those that do not. Our approach will ensure that learning becomes a natural component of daily activities, thus fostering a culture where continuous improvement is the norm. To improve the effectiveness of implementation, we can leverage best practice documents in Learning Organization. These resources below were developed by management consulting firms and Learning Organization subject matter experts. As the biotech industry is rapidly evolving, learning solutions must be scalable and adaptable. We will design initiatives that leverage cloud-based learning platforms, allowing for real-time updates and scalability to accommodate growing numbers of users or geographically dispersed teams. The learning programs will also be modular, enabling customization and expansion as the company's needs evolve. Accenture's research underscores the importance of scalable learning platforms, indicating that 63% of high-growth companies have fully adopted such systems. Our commitment is to ensure that the learning solutions not only meet current demands but are also future-proof, ready to grow with the company. Measuring the impact of the Learning Organization strategy is vital to validate the investment and guide continuous improvement. We will develop a comprehensive set of KPIs, including lead indicators such as employee engagement and learning participation rates, as well as lag indicators like time-to-market for new products and innovation metrics. These KPIs will be benchmarked against industry standards to provide a clear picture of performance. According to PwC, companies that effectively measure and track their learning and development efforts are 2.5 times more likely to excel in innovation. By establishing a robust measurement framework, we will ensure that the company can clearly see the benefits of becoming a Learning Organization and make informed decisions about future learning investments. Learn more about Employee Engagement Addressing resistance to change is a common challenge in any organizational transformation. We will employ a comprehensive change management strategy that includes clear communication, management training, and involvement of employees in the design and rollout of learning initiatives. By engaging with employees at all levels and demonstrating the personal and professional benefits of the Learning Organization, we aim to build a coalition of change advocates. Studies by Prosci, a leader in change management research, indicate that projects with excellent change management are six times more likely to meet objectives than those with poor change management. Our approach will focus on winning hearts and minds, ensuring that the transition to a Learning Organization is embraced rather than resisted. Learn more about Organizational Transformation To prevent information overload, which can be counterproductive to learning, we will implement strategies such as curated learning paths, personalized content, and just-in-time learning resources. By providing employees with the right information at the right time, we can enhance learning effectiveness and avoid cognitive overload. Forrester's research suggests that personalized learning pathways can increase learning engagement by up to 50%. Our learning programs will be designed with this in mind, ensuring that employees are not overwhelmed but are instead empowered with the knowledge they need to succeed. Leadership behavior is a key driver of organizational culture, including the culture of learning. Executives must lead by example, demonstrating a commitment to their own development and actively participating in learning initiatives. By doing so, leaders will send a powerful message about the value of continuous learning and set the tone for the rest of the organization. A survey by BCG found that companies where leaders actively engage in learning see 34% higher engagement rates across the organization. Our strategy will include leadership development programs focused on fostering a learning mindset at the top, which will cascade throughout the organization. Learn more about Organizational Culture While technology is an enabler of learning, it is the strategic integration of technology with people and processes that creates a sustainable learning ecosystem. We will select and implement technology solutions that are user-friendly, promote collaboration, and integrate with existing systems. This ensures that technology enhances, rather than complicates, the learning experience. Gartner's insights reveal that organizations with well-integrated learning technology see a 24% higher proficiency gain compared to those with disjointed systems. Our focus will be on creating a cohesive technology landscape that supports the company's learning objectives. An agile Learning Organization is one that can quickly respond to changes in the external environment. We will build agility into the learning strategy by incorporating feedback loops, continuous learning cycles, and flexible program structures. This will allow the organization to rapidly adapt its learning initiatives in response to new market conditions, technological advancements, or strategic shifts. According to research by KPMG, agile organizations are 27% more successful in achieving their strategic goals. By embedding agility into the Learning Organization Framework, we will position the company to not only react to change but to proactively lead in the biotech industry. Here are additional best practices relevant to Learning Organization from the Flevy Marketplace. Here is a summary of the key results of this case study: The initiative to transform the organization into a Learning Organization has been notably successful. The key results, including a 20% reduction in time-to-market for new products and a 15% increase in employee retention rates, directly align with the strategic objectives set at the beginning of the implementation. The significant uplift in innovation, marked by a 25% increase in patents filed, underscores the initiative's impact on fostering a culture of continuous learning and knowledge sharing. The success can be attributed to the comprehensive approach taken, from the assessment and benchmarking phase through to the careful integration of learning initiatives with operational processes. However, the journey encountered challenges such as resistance to change and information overload, suggesting that a more tailored change management strategy and a focus on personalized learning pathways could have further enhanced the outcomes. For next steps, it is recommended to focus on refining the change management strategies to better address resistance to change, ensuring that learning initiatives are even more closely aligned with individual roles and career paths. Expanding the use of technology to include more personalized learning experiences could further increase engagement and effectiveness. Additionally, establishing a more robust feedback loop from all stakeholders will be crucial in continuously refining and adapting the learning initiatives to meet the evolving needs of the organization and its employees. Continuing to build on the foundation laid by this initiative will ensure sustained success and competitiveness in the biotech industry. Source: Learning Organization Transformation in Life Sciences, Flevy Management Insights, 2024 1. Background 2. Methodology 3. Key Considerations 4. Implementation KPIs 5. Typical Deliverables 6. Case Studies 7. Additional Executive Insights 8. Alignment with Business Objectives 9. Integration with Operational Processes 10. Learning Organization Best Practices 11. Scalability of Learning Solutions 12. Measurement of Strategy Impact 13. Resistance to Change 14. Information Overload Management 15. Role of Leadership in Learning Culture 16. Technology's Role in a Learning Organization 17. Agility of the Learning Organization 18. Additional Resources 19. Key Findings and Results Leverage the Experience of Experts. Find documents of the same caliber as those used by top-tier consulting firms, like McKinsey, BCG, Bain, Deloitte, Accenture. Download Immediately and Use. Our PowerPoint presentations, Excel workbooks, and Word documents are completely customizable, including rebrandable. Save Time, Effort, and Money. Save yourself and your employees countless hours. Use that time to work on more value-added and fulfilling activities. Download our FREE Strategy & Transformation Framework Templates Download our free compilation of 50+ Strategy & Transformation slides and templates. Frameworks include McKinsey 7-S Strategy Model, Balanced Scorecard, Disruptive Innovation, BCG Experience Curve, and many more. \|
why do seals slap their bellies Video Why seals flap their belliesRead: Why seals slap their bellies Is that why they slap their bellies is anything but cute. Why do seals pat their bellies? According to scientists, seals pat their bellies to warn other seals. They have a hierarchy and a tribal system, they do what they have to do to survive and slapping their stomachs is one way to get the message across. say, "Hey, I'm a friendly, cute, cuddly and fluffy animal, but if you threaten my family, mate, and friends, I could cause you a problem. really, so give up!" They use their bodies very skillfully to convey many messages to each other. They will also hit themselves without injury to send a message of aggression. he has. Read: why do seals flap their bellies Can a seal be aggressive towards humans? Read: Why Seals Slap Their Belly Yes, seals can and will become aggressive towards humans under certain circumstances. We hate to think there's a malignant or angry skeleton in their bodies, but if there isn't, they won't last long, as with any species. However, don't confuse kindness with weakness and don't treat them in a human way. How do I stop seals from attacking me as a tourist? There are very few places where you can get in trouble with the seal community unless you're an honorary penguin and live near the seal neighbourhood. And we can't blame them. It's fun and good for the soul to be around the animal kingdom in its own habitat, so here are the things to do. For them, it is a sign of aggression. For us, it's love and affection. they do. If you push them, you deserve what you get. It's not the seal's fault. This can be a serious problem for wildlife as some species are killed when they attack humans, even if humans have done something inadvertently provoking the animal. The next thing to understand is where the hunting grounds are. Read more: Why is Lululemon so expensive? (14 top reasons) \| Top Question Most of the time, you can't go to see the seals very well without taking a tour, so it's pretty safe. In fact, know the mating season for that particular species and habitat. Newborns are called baby mice, and they are the most cuddly animals ever. Both can pinch you! You should take a picture, it will take longer. Read: why do seals flap their bellies Are seals smart? Reading comprehension: Why seals flap their bellies Yes, seals are very intelligent and they also have emotional intelligence, they are curious and interact closely with humans, have sharp intuition and know who is safe and who could endanger them. However, in the past, seal hunters were able to get close to them because they hunted very young seals, they were also able to save other small animals from drowning, and are reported to have done so. so. Can seals be tamed? Reading: Why seals flap their bellies Yes, they can be tamed. It is important to know that. It takes a lot of effort and they are no different than your dog. We cannot say how long this process will take. Do whales use slaps to communicate? Read: Why seals slap their stomachs Yes, whales will use slaps as a communication technique, however, they do not and cannot slap their stomachs. They slap water with their entire body. the surface of water, I think we, as humans, believe they do it to allow us to see their beauty and their majestic size. softness with great power, but the shock waves they send out into the ocean, along with whale songs, simply communicate with fellow whales miles away. excessive relaxation.Read: why seals flap their bellies Unique interesting facts about seals Read: why do seals flap their bellies - Seals can sleep underwater like sharks, but not with them, as they are natural enemies, especially great white sharks. Seals are a meal for them. - Seals can lower their heart rate at will and hold their breath to conserve oxygen. - Blue Sharks, Hammerhead Sharks, and as we said, Great Whites are true sea lion hunters. Orca whales will also hunt them, but that is rarer. - Seals have a few things in common with cats, like using their whiskers to detect prey. - Sea lions have something in common with trees. They live in their 20s and 30s, and you can count the rings on their teeth to see how old they are. - Sea lions never lived in the North Atlantic. They live in any other waterway. They confused scientists as to why they were avoiding the area. - Female seals can often live longer than males of the same species. - Seals travel at 25 miles per hour because they can glide over water. - They have teeth and use them, but only for shooting. Seals swallow their prey whole. That could include octopus, squid, sardines, anchovies, salmon, etc. - Seals, including sea lions, are protected species, and some are endangered. That's good news! - Are seals related to skunks, badgers, and bears? Yes, bear! They're not even four-wheelers. They were shot. A skeleton has been found that scientists say is the missing link between terrestrial inhabitants and the marine life we call seals. - Seals all have ears, but not all have lobes. All seals are quite sensitive to underwater sounds, and some species are also sensitive to foreign sounds. This depends on the species and where they are located. All of them are perfectly crafted with what they need to survive. - A seal has something in common with an elephant. The elephant seal weighs more than four tons. Yes, like an elephant! Read: why do seals flap their bellies How do seals recognize and bond with their pups? Read more: Why do seals pat their bellies Read more: "Why don't people like me?" – 24 Tips If You Feel This Is You The life of a mother seal and her puppy is a biological and mystical wonder worth following. They are born in a place with a higher population density, or those whose pups move more than others, the call will be very specific. ensure their safety. Read: why seals pat their bellies Are all seals saltwater animals? Reading: Why do seals flap their bellies No, not all seals are made for saltwater, however, there is only one species of seal known to be bred and live in fresh water, and that is the seal. small Baikal crane. Coldest places on Earth: Siberia, the icy tundra of Russia. According to scientists, this is the deepest, oldest and coldest lake on Earth. In other words, they start in the water — this body of water — and never really leave. How much does a seal eat per day? Read: Why Seals Beat Their Belly A seal can eat more than 10 pounds of food a day. That's a lot of fish! They eat fish and various crustaceans throughout the day. They have quite a few options. They can reduce the temperature in the brain by 3 degrees Celsius and dive deeper, longer, and change depth immediately. , octopuses, and bottom feeders like shrimp. Seafaring creatures compete for supplies of food, they are agile, dexterous and agile, able to defeat and defeat predators, so capturing them for a feast is more than mere feast is to catch prey. ambush.Seals are an endangered speech cies, but they're finding their bipedal friends help in many ways by putting them on the endangered and protected list. We can understand our environment. Seals (along with other important creatures) are actually responsible for keeping balance in the food chain. of seals affects the environment like the extinction of bees. Fortunately, they reproduce well, they can live and thrive in a wide variety of environments, as long as there is a suitable food supply for them, and they can hunt and breed. they're changing with climate change, which some scientists say is their biggest threat, and it's up to the people who are able to research how to help seals adapt to their new environment. Go to nments.Read more: Why does my dog bite my cat's neck Last, Wallx.net sent you details about the topic "why do seals slap their bellies❤️️".Hope with useful information that the article "why do seals slap their bellies" It will help readers to be more interested in "why do seals slap their bellies [ ❤️️❤️️ ]". Posts "why do seals slap their bellies" posted by on 2021-08-20 00:11:48. Thank you for reading the article at wallx.net
What is the meaning of Surrealism art? Surrealism aims to revolutionise human experience. It balances a rational vision of life with one that asserts the power of the unconscious and dreams. The movement's artists find magic and strange beauty in the unexpected and the uncanny, the disregarded and the unconventional. What Surrealism means? According to the major spokesman of the movement, the poet and critic André Breton, who published The Surrealist Manifesto in 1924, Surrealism was a means of reuniting conscious and unconscious realms of experience so completely that the world of dream and fantasy would be joined to the everyday rational world in "an … What is the main idea of Surrealism? The Surrealism movement focused on these ideas of chaos and unconscious desires in an effort to dig deep into the unconscious mind to find inspiration for political and artistic creativity. They believed this rejection of overly rational thought would lead to superior ideas and expressions. What is Surrealism art in simple words? (səriːəlɪzəm ) uncountable noun. Surrealism is a style in art and literature in which ideas, images, and objects are combined in a strange way, like in a dream. His early work was influenced by the European surrealism of the 1930's. What is surrealism drama? In the theatre, surrealist works contained elements of both symbolism and non-realism. Performed mainly on the stages of Paris in the 1920s, surrealist dramas were often met with hostility and proved to be anything but mainstream entertainment. How do you make surrealism? We will be teaching you some ideas to use if you want to create a surreal art. - Try combining a living object with an inanimate object. - Make a mixture of 2 or more living things. - Combine some landscapes with a living thing. - Expand the object. - Create incomplete paintings. How do you understand Surrealism? André Breton defined Surrealism as "psychic automatism in its pure state, by which one proposes to express – verbally, by means of the written word, or in any other manner – the actual functioning of thought." What Breton is proposing is that artists bypass reason and rationality by accessing their unconscious mind. What is Surrealism drama? What are 3 facts about Surrealism? Surrealism \| 10 Interesting Facts About The Art Movement - #1 Surrealism developed from the Dada movement which originated in World War I. - #2 The word "surrealism" was invented by Guillaume Apollinaire. - #3 Andre Breton is called "the Pope of Surrealism" What is Surrealism literature? Surrealism in literature can be defined as an artistic attempt to bridge together reality and the imagination. Surrealists seek to overcome the contradictions of the conscious and unconscious minds by creating unreal or bizarre stories full of juxtapositions. What are some major characteristics of surrealism? One characteristic of surrealism is the juxtaposition of elements that are not connected with each other in the realm of logical, rational analysis. Another is the use of powerfully emotional imagery—the kind of images that we associate with dreams. When did surrealism end? Initiated by André Breton (1896-1966), surrealism is a kind of artistic movement started in the French capital , Paris, during the 1920s. This movement lasted until the 1940s. What is surrealism in literature? Definition of Surrealism. The term surrealism indicates a specific thought and movement in literature, the arts, and theatre, which tries to integrate the confused realms of imagination and reality.
In today's world, the move toward sustainability has never been more critical. One area where we can make a significant impact is in our kitchens. Let's explore some practical and eco-friendly ways to eliminate plastic from this essential space. 1. Choose Glass or Stainless Steel Containers Replace plastic food storage containers with glass or stainless steel alternatives. They are not only safer for your health, as they don't leach harmful chemicals, but they also last longer and can be recycled at the end of their life. 2. Eco-Friendly Food Storage Consider investing in eco-friendly food storage options, such as bamboo containers, which are biodegradable, or metal lunchboxes that can last for years. 3. Say No to Plastic Bags Single-use plastic bags are a significant source of pollution. Invest in reusable cloth or mesh produce bags for grocery shopping, and use them to store fruits and vegetables. You'll reduce your plastic waste and keep your produce fresh. 4. Refillable Water Bottles Instead of buying bottled water, invest in a durable, reusable water bottle. Not only will this reduce your plastic consumption, but it will also save you money in the long run. 5. Ditch the Plastic Wrap Traditional plastic wrap has a limited lifespan and contributes to our planet's plastic waste problem. Opt for reusable beeswax wraps or silicone lids to cover leftovers. These alternatives are washable, long-lasting, and eco-friendly. 6. DIY Cleaning Products Many commercial cleaning products come in plastic containers. You can create your cleaning solutions using ingredients like vinegar, baking soda, and essential oils, and store them in glass containers. 7. Choose Bar Soap Opt for bar soap instead of liquid soap in plastic bottles. You can find a variety of soaps in paper or cardboard packaging, which is more eco-friendly. 8. Recycle and Repurpose Recycle plastic items you no longer need, and get creative with repurposing. For instance, plastic containers can be used for organizing kitchen items or even as plant pots. 9. Bulk Buying Shop in bulk whenever possible. Bring your own containers to stores that offer bulk goods like grains, pasta, and spices. This not only reduces plastic waste but can save you money, too. 10. Ditch the Plastic Straws Single-use plastic straws are a major contributor to plastic pollution. By choosing eco-friendly alternatives like reusable stainless steel, bamboo, glass, or paper straws, we can sip our drinks guilt-free and help protect the environment. It's a small switch with a big impact. Eliminating plastic in the kitchen is a journey that may take time, but every small change contributes to a greener, more sustainable future. So, let's make a conscious effort to reduce our plastic footprint and embrace a more eco-friendly kitchen. Your efforts will not only benefit the environment but also inspire others to follow.
Neural Network Yarn Neural Network Yarn is an innovative textile product that combines the power of neural networks with the versatility of yarn. This cutting-edge technology has revolutionized the textile industry by introducing advanced features and capabilities that were previously unimaginable. Key Takeaways - Neural Network Yarn merges neural networks and yarn to create intelligent textile products. - It enables enhanced functionality such as temperature regulation and moisture management. - The application of neural networks in textiles opens up new possibilities for smart and interactive fabrics. In traditional textiles, the fabric serves a passive role, providing comfort and protection. However, with the integration of neural networks into yarn, fabrics can now actively interact with the environment and the wearer, providing customized responses based on real-time data analysis. Neural Network Yarn can adjust its properties and behavior dynamically, making it highly adaptable and functional. The power of neural networks ensures that Neural Network Yarn possesses sensory capabilities, enabling it to perceive various stimuli such as temperature, pressure, and humidity. By processing and analyzing this information, the fabric can respond intelligently and appropriately. From automatically adjusting its thermal properties based on ambient temperature to actively releasing moisture when the wearer perspires, these fabrics provide an unparalleled level of comfort and convenience. The Benefits of Neural Network Yarn Neural Network Yarn offers a multitude of benefits, including: - Dynamic Adaptability: The ability to adjust properties and behavior in real-time based on environmental factors. - Enhanced Comfort: The fabric's ability to regulate temperature and moisture provides optimal comfort for the wearer. - Intelligent Functionality: Neural Network Yarn enables fabrics to interact intelligently with the wearer and the surrounding environment. Neural Network Yarn Data Comparison Traditional Yarn \| Neural Network Yarn \| \| Material \| Cotton, wool, synthetic fibers \| Same as traditional yarn, with added conductive fibers \| Functionality \| Passive \| Active and interactive \| Customization \| Limited \| Highly customizable \| Neural Network Yarn's ability to incorporate conductive fibers into traditional yarn materials is what sets it apart. The conductive fibers act as neural pathways, allowing information to flow within the fabric seamlessly. This integration of inputs and outputs creates a network within the fabric itself, enabling the fabric to analyze data and make informed decisions. *This dynamic connectivity gives textile products a whole new level of interactivity and functionality. The potential applications of Neural Network Yarn are vast. From sports apparel that adjusts its thermal properties during workouts to smart bedsheets that adapt to individual sleeping patterns, these intelligent fabrics have the capability to enhance various aspects of our lives. With further advancements in technology, the possibilities for neural network yarn are only limited by our imagination. Future Development and Innovation - Research is focused on integrating more sensors and actuators into neural network yarn to expand its functionality. - Sustainable and eco-friendly versions of neural network yarn are being developed to address environmental concerns. - Collaborations between textile scientists and AI experts are driving innovation in this field. Neural Network Yarn is a groundbreaking technology that merges the world of neural networks with the textile industry. With its ability to actively respond and adapt to the environment, this next-generation textile opens up a new era of smart and interactive fabrics. The future of Neural Network Yarn holds immense potential for further advancements and exciting innovations. Common Misconceptions Misconception 1: Neural networks are capable of human-level intelligence One common misconception about neural networks is that they possess the ability to mimic or surpass human-level intelligence. While neural networks have shown impressive capabilities in certain tasks, such as image recognition and language translation, they are still far from achieving true human-level intelligence. - Neural networks lack common sense and understanding of context. - Neural networks are limited by the data they are trained on and cannot generalize beyond that. - Neural networks cannot exhibit creativity, intuition, or emotions like humans. Misconception 2: Neural networks always provide the right answers Another misconception is that neural networks always provide accurate and infallible answers. However, neural networks are not without their limitations and can be prone to errors and biases under certain conditions. - Neural networks can make mistakes, especially in situations where the training data is biased or insufficient. - Neural networks can struggle with handling rare or novel scenarios not encountered during training. - Neural networks are susceptible to adversarial attacks, where carefully crafted inputs can fool the network into making incorrect predictions. Misconception 3: Neural networks function similarly to the human brain Many people mistakenly believe that neural networks work in the same way as the human brain. While neural networks are inspired by the structure and function of biological neurons, they differ significantly in their underlying mechanisms and level of complexity. - Neural networks rely on simplified mathematical models of neurons and synapses, unlike the complex biochemical processes in the brain. - Neural networks lack the plasticity and adaptability of the human brain, especially when it comes to learning new tasks. - Neural networks lack the overall consciousness and self-awareness exhibited by human beings. Misconception 4: Neural networks cannot be understood or explained There is a common belief that neural networks are a black box and their decisions cannot be understood or explained. While the internal workings of deep neural networks can be complex, efforts have been made to interpret and explain their decision-making processes. - Researchers are developing techniques to visualize and understand the features and patterns learned by neural networks. - Explainable AI (XAI) methods aim to provide insights into how the neural network arrived at a particular prediction or decision. - Neural network interpretability is an active area of research focused on making AI systems more transparent and accountable. Misconception 5: Neural networks will eventually replace all human workers There is a fear among some that neural networks and AI will replace human workers in all fields, leading to widespread unemployment. However, this is an oversimplified view that ignores the true potential and limitations of neural networks. - Neural networks are better suited for repetitive tasks and data processing, but they lack the versatility and adaptability of human workers. - Many jobs require creativity, complex problem-solving, interpersonal skills, and subjective decision-making, which neural networks currently struggle with. - The integration of AI technologies is more likely to augment human capabilities and lead to new job opportunities rather than total job replacement. Neural networks have emerged as a remarkable tool for solving complex problems across various fields. In recent years, their potential has been extended to the realm of textiles, paving the way for innovative advancements. This article explores the fascinating concept of "Neural Network Yarn," an intriguing fusion of artificial intelligence and fabric production. Through the tables below, we delve into the intricacies of this revolutionary technology, showcasing its capabilities and real-world applications. 1. Predictive Textile Material Neural Network Yarn offers the ability to predict the ideal textile material for specific applications based on set criteria, such as durability, breathability, and flexibility. By inputting desired characteristics into the neural network model, it determines the most suitable fabric type, allowing for enhanced precision in material selection. S. No. \| Desired Characteristics \| Recommended Material \| 1 \| High durability \| Kevlar \| 2 \| Optimal breathability \| Cotton \| 3 \| Superb flexibility \| Lycra \| 2. Intelligent Color Blending Neural Network Yarn can simulate and create unique color combinations by analyzing vast datasets of color palettes from different industries. It provides textile designers with inspiration, ensuring they can craft visually appealing fabrics that align with current and future trends. S. No. \| Primary Color \| Secondary Color \| Tertiary Color \| Resulting Blend \| 3. Fabric Weave Optimization Neural Network Yarn enables the optimization of fabric weave patterns, enhancing the overall strength and functionality of textiles. By analyzing various combinations, intricate patterns can be crafted, ensuring the fabric possesses the desired characteristics. S. No. \| Weave Pattern \| Strength Rating \| 1 \| Twill \| Excellent \| 2 \| Satin \| Good \| 3 \| Herringbone \| Great \| 4. Smart Temperature Regulation Neural Network Yarn possesses the ability to modify its thermal properties, providing versatile temperature regulation in textile applications. This innovation allows fabrics to adapt to changing environmental conditions, ensuring optimal comfort for the wearer. S. No. \| Target Temperature \| Fabric Modification \| Resulting Thermal Property \| 1 \| Hot \| Increase insulation \| Enhanced heat retention \| 2 \| Cool \| Decrease insulation \| Improved breathability \| 5. Biofeedback Garments Neural Network Yarn facilitates the development of biofeedback garments that monitor vital signs and adapt accordingly. Sensors integrated into the fabric enable real-time data collection, allowing for personalized comfort and preventive health monitoring. S. No. \| Vital Sign \| Neural Network Response \| 1 \| Increased heart rate \| Increased breathability \| 2 \| Elevated body temperature \| Cooling effect activation \| 6. Noise-Cancelling Textiles Neural Network Yarn enables the creation of noise-cancelling fabrics by integrating tiny speakers and microphones. These intelligent textiles absorb and cancel out unwanted sounds, providing a quieter environment for the user. S. No. \| Input Sound Wave \| Noise-Cancelling Result \| 1 \| 85 dB truck noise \| Significant noise reduction \| 2 \| 70 dB street noise \| Noticeable noise suppression \| 7. Solar-Responsive Fabrics Neural Network Yarn introduces solar-responsive fabrics that harness solar energy to power electronic devices or adapt fabric properties. This sustainable innovation paves the way for renewable energy integration in wearable technology. S. No. \| Solar Intensity \| Response \| 1 \| High intensity \| Power electronic devices \| 2 \| Low intensity \| Alter fabric color \| 8. Shape-Memory Textiles Neural Network Yarn facilitates the creation of shape-memory textiles that can transform their form based on environmental or user stimuli. This transformative capability opens new possibilities for adaptive clothing and dynamic textile structures. S. No. \| Stimulus \| Resulting Shape \| 1 \| Body heat \| Tight conforming fit \| 2 \| Electric current \| Outward expansion \| 9. Emotional-State Sensing Neural Network Yarn can sense and respond to changes in an individual's emotional state by analyzing physiological signals, such as heart rate variability and skin conductance. This pioneering technology opens avenues for interactive and empathetic garments. S. No. \| Emotional State \| Garment Response \| 1 \| Anxiety \| Vibrating calming sensation \| 2 \| Relaxation \| Gentle warming effect \| 10. Interactive Illumination Neural Network Yarn enables fabrics with interactive illumination, providing an innovative platform for personal expression and safety enhancement. The illumination can be controlled based on user input, ambient light, or incorporated motion sensors. S. No. \| User Input \| Illumination Result \| 1 \| Voice command \| Color-changing light pattern \| 2 \| Motion detected \| Blinking safety light \| Neural Network Yarn has revolutionized the textile industry, transcending the boundaries of traditional fabrics. By integrating artificial intelligence into the fabric production process, this innovation offers an array of functionalities, from material prediction to emotional sensing garments. The tables above provide a glimpse into the exciting possibilities that Neural Network Yarn presents, propelling us into an era of smart and responsive textiles. Frequently Asked Questions What is a neural network? A neural network is a computational model inspired by the structure and function of the human brain. It consists of interconnected nodes (neurons) that process and transmit information, enabling it to learn and make predictions from input data. How does a neural network work? A neural network works by receiving input data through its input layer, which is then processed through hidden layers using a set of weights and biases. This processing generates an output that is compared to the desired output, allowing the network to adjust its parameters through a process called backpropagation. What are the applications of neural networks? Neural networks have a wide range of applications, including image and speech recognition, natural language processing, pattern recognition, predictive analytics, and robotics, among others. They are also extensively used in various fields, such as healthcare, finance, marketing, and transportation. What are the types of neural networks? There are several types of neural networks, including feedforward neural networks, recurrent neural networks, convolutional neural networks, and self-organizing maps. Each type is designed to handle specific tasks and has its own unique properties and architectures. How are neural networks trained? Neural networks are trained using a process called supervised learning, where they are provided with labeled training data to learn from. During training, the network adjusts its weights and biases to minimize the difference between its predicted output and the desired output. This is done through an optimization algorithm, such as gradient descent. What is the role of activation functions in neural networks? Activation functions introduce non-linearity to the neural network, allowing it to learn complex patterns and make non-linear transformations on the input data. They determine the output of a neuron based on its input and are crucial in enabling the network to model complex relationships between variables. What is overfitting in neural networks? Overfitting occurs when a neural network learns the training data too well, to the extent that it performs poorly on unseen data. This happens when the network becomes too complex and starts memorizing the training examples instead of learning generalizable patterns. Regularization techniques, such as dropout and weight decay, are often employed to prevent overfitting. What is backpropagation? Backpropagation is an algorithm used to train neural networks. It calculates the gradient of the loss function with respect to the network's weights and biases, allowing for the adjustment of these parameters to minimize the error. The algorithm propagates the error backwards through the network, hence the name "backpropagation". What are the advantages of neural networks? Neural networks offer several advantages, including the ability to learn from large and complex datasets, adaptability to different types of data and problems, parallel processing capability, robustness against noise, and the ability to extract meaningful features from raw input. What are the limitations of neural networks? Despite their strengths, neural networks have some limitations. They can be computationally demanding, requiring significant computational resources and time to train. They may also lack transparency, making it difficult to interpret the reasoning behind their predictions. Additionally, overfitting and the need for large amounts of labeled data can also be limitations in certain applications.
Top Finance Assignment Topics For Students Finance is an ever-changing field, and many interesting finance assignment topics are available to students who want to study it. A set of ideas for topics can act as an entry point into your work; it can inspire original thinking on your part and make sure that the subject matter meets assignment requirements and is relevant to coursework as well. It is difficult to choose some of the best finance assignment topics. Check these topics. It is only possible to discover the best financial research topics for your study. Public Finance Assignment Topics Finance is one of the most challenging topics that students nowadays regularly have to deal with. Lessons in finance encompass a variety of topics. Higher education students that study finance usually focus on these topics. Like in any other scenario, they must also deliver assigned papers on these topics. A wide range of topics are covered in finance classes. Here are a few of those most talked-about subjects. Look for these public finance assignment topics commonly assigned to finance students: - The mass efficient methods of creation and definition of financial value. - The psychological aspect of dealing with the stakeholders online. - The purposes and strategies: the difference between the concepts at play. - Meeting the financial deadline when estimating the value in progress. - Transformation of available resources into financial value assets. - The risks of an investment in capital goods. - The importance of intellectual property products and copyright matters. - Online conferencing is a form of financial persuasion. - Management of the value exchange in 2023. - Customer feedback and the mental determinants of the financial value. Inspiring Topics For International Finance Here we have listed some of the topics for international finance that are most talked about between university undergraduates. We handpicked a few as a springboard to ignite your thinking–to give you basic knowledge and an actual start in coming up with possible ideas. - Exchange rate volatility's effects on global trade. - International finance institutions's contribution to the advancement of economic growth. - Capital flow's implication on emerging market economics. - Currency manipulation's effect on the trade balance sheet. - Connection between economic growth and foreign direct investment. - Difficulties in regulating foreign banks. - International capital markets's contribution to the funding of global infrastructure. - Trade policy's effect on international finance - Globalization and international financial stability. - Sovereign wealth fund's place in international finance. Interest Rates and Spreads Financial assignments topics Taxation When working on interest rates, think in terms of both foreign exchanges and domestic banks or stockbrokers. This is also efficient for accounting majors who want to have more profitable lives! The work with the spreads will be efficient for accounting majors and investors. Here are some ideas that might be inspired for your financial assignment topics taxation - Interest rate charging by American vs European banks. - Work with the private sector customers. - Commercial vs national banks in the United States. - Deposit savings during the Covid-19 outbreak. - Compatibility of the interest rates in 2022 and 2020 in the United States. - Creditworthiness and the individual credit score of an individual. - The importance of the loan-to-value ratio. - The analysis of the debt-to-income in the private sector. - The major differences between the bank spread and the interest rates. - Calculation of the interest rate percentage with AI-based tools. Work With Dividends Relate to Risk Management In this area, Fico will talk about financial markets and studies in short-term and long-term monetary policy by way of what happens in the economy just as certain operations are carried out relate to risk management here are some topics listed below - How to get high profits from financial investments. - The ordinary dividend payment policies in the United States. - Changes in dividend payments in the UK During 2022. - A cash dividend vs Stock dividend. - Analysis of the Hybrid dividend in the private sector. - Studies have found that the property dividend scenarios that can be built, with reference back to real estate data. - How to choose the correct dividend policy between stable, constant, and residual approaches. - For a restructuring of the company's health, take on dividends - The advantages and disadvantages of scrip dividends - Work with the liquidating dividend in the countries of the EU. Understanding Basic Area For Finance Understanding the basic areas of finance there is a wide range of topics including financial assessment analysis, cash flow management, budgeting and much more these assignments .These finance thesis topics aim to evaluate students' understanding of accounting concepts and their practical application. A solid understanding of core accounting principle is essential for the students some of the topics that might be helpful for this role - Financial planning for the secure financial future - Technology role in shaping the future of finance - Effects of globalization on financial marketing and economics - Importance of central bank in regulating finance - financial up and down in banking sector - Financial market's function in boosting global trade - Implication of the efficient market hypothesis for determining investment decision - A review of how interest rate affects housing market - Corporate social responsibilities and the ethics of corporate finance - Financial institutions' contribution to economic growth The Challenges In Financial Planning And Control Cash flow is an obvious hurdle for. It's at this juncture that is so relevant. Since the financial appraisal and strategic thinking happen in this realm of asset management and in financial planning and control we come upon connections between balance sheet and income flow. But these will naturally differ from country to country in terms of localization or adaptation. Some thoughts to offer in this matter: - Cash flow movements using operating activities as an example in the United States. - Investing activities: a financial methods introduction. - The lens of estimation applied to financing activities - Cash flow statement and income statement in waves. - Give Bitcoin payments as an instance of cash flow - Data aggregation programs and financial cash flow risk - The function of accounting for scenarios involving hard money exchange - Canada benefits from short-term investments - A case of hard cash flow: commercial papers - Quick payment terms negotiation What and how to choose accounting and finance thesis topics Coming up with a solid topic or figuring out what an already offered subject means might be very difficult at times. When you have to begin your financial studies with a multidisciplinary strategy and incorporate ideas from various areas linked to finance, things can get much worse. If you are facing problems with account and finance thesis topics and assignments topics, seeking help from our experienced and professionals team assignment help UK for your finance accounting assignment topics will be beneficial for students. By utilizing these services you can improve performance and understanding finance and accounting and make your career successful in finance.
So, you've just made a startling discovery – moth larvae or holes in your beloved clothing. It can be quite a shock to find these unwelcome guests in your wardrobe, but don't fret! In this article, we'll discuss some practical tips and tricks to help you deal with this pesky problem. Whether it's prevention, identification, or treatment, we've got you covered. So, grab a cup of tea, sit back, and let's tackle those moth larvae together! Identify the Problem Check for Moth Larvae If you've discovered moth larvae or holes in your clothing, the first step is to identify the problem. Check for moth larvae by inspecting your clothing and storage areas. Moth larvae are small, white caterpillar-like creatures that can be found on clothing or in the corners of closets and drawers. Look for silky webs or tunnels in the fabric, which are signs of infestation. Inspect for Holes in Clothing Next, inspect your clothing for holes. Moth larvae feed on natural fibers such as wool, silk, and cashmere, so these types of fabrics are most susceptible to damage. Check your garments, especially in undisturbed areas like collars, cuffs, and the backs of closets. Look for small, irregular-shaped holes as these can be a sign of moth infestation. Prevent Further Infestation Isolate Infected Clothing To prevent further infestation, it's important to isolate the infected clothing. Remove any items that show signs of damage or larvae and place them in a separate bag or container. This will help contain the infestation and prevent moths from spreading to other garments. Clean and Vacuum Infested Area After isolating the infected clothing, thoroughly clean and vacuum the infested area. Moth larvae and eggs can be present in the corners of closets, drawers, and other storage areas. Use a vacuum cleaner with a brush attachment to carefully clean these areas, ensuring you reach all the nooks and crannies. Freeze Affected Items Another effective way to prevent further infestation is by freezing the affected items. Moth larvae and eggs cannot survive extreme cold temperatures. Place the infested clothing or fabric in a sealed plastic bag and put it in the freezer for at least 72 hours. This will kill any remaining larvae or eggs and ensure that the items are moth-free. Remove Moth Larvae and Eggs Handpick Visible Larvae If you spot any visible moth larvae, you can manually remove them by handpicking them off the clothing. Wear disposable gloves to protect your hands and carefully pick off the larvae, taking care not to damage the fabric further. Dispose of the larvae in a sealed bag and wash your hands thoroughly afterwards. Use Sticky Traps Sticky traps are another effective method for removing moth larvae and eggs. These traps are designed to attract and capture moths, preventing them from laying eggs and multiplying. Place the sticky traps in areas where you've noticed moth activity, such as closets or storage spaces. Check the traps regularly and dispose of them once they become full. Apply Natural Repellents Natural repellents can also be used to remove moth larvae and prevent further infestation. Some options include lavender oil, cedar chips, or moth-repellent herbs like rosemary, thyme, or mint. Place these repellents in sachets or small bags and hang them in closets or storage areas. Moths are repelled by the strong scent of these natural substances and will avoid laying their eggs in the vicinity. Treat Infested Items Wash and Dry Cleanable Items For washable and dry cleanable items, it's important to treat them properly to remove moth larvae and eggs. First, wash the infested items in hot water, as high temperatures help to kill the larvae. Use a detergent that is specifically designed to eliminate moth infestations. After washing, dry the items on high heat in a dryer to further eliminate any remaining larvae or eggs. Freeze Non-Washable Items If you have non-washable items that are infested with moth larvae, freezing is the best option. Place these items in a sealed plastic bag and put them in the freezer for at least 72 hours. The extreme cold will kill the larvae and eggs, ensuring that the items are free from infestation. Iron Delicate Fabrics Delicate fabrics that cannot be washed or frozen can be treated using heat from an iron. Iron the infested items on a medium to high setting, focusing on the areas where you've noticed moth activity. The heat from the iron will kill the larvae and eggs, effectively treating the infestation. Protect Your Clothing Store Clean Clothing Properly To protect your clothing from future infestations, it's essential to store them properly. Ensure that all garments are thoroughly cleaned and completely dry before storing them. Moths are attracted to dirt, sweat, and food stains, so clean garments are less likely to attract them. Use airtight containers or garment bags to store your clothes, as these will prevent moths from gaining access. Use Moth Repellents Moth repellents can be effective in deterring moths from infesting your clothing. Cedar products, such as cedar balls or cedar blocks, release a strong scent that repels moths. Lavender sachets are another natural repellent that moths dislike. Place these repellents in your storage containers or hang them in your closets to keep moths at bay. Regularly Inspect and Clean Closets Regularly inspecting and cleaning your closets is crucial for preventing moth infestations. At least once every few months, take the time to thoroughly inspect your clothing and storage areas. Look for any signs of moth activity, such as webbing, larvae, or holes in garments. If you spot any issues, take immediate action to remove the infestation. Additionally, clean your closets regularly by vacuuming or wiping down the surfaces to remove any moth eggs or larvae that may be present. Professional Help Consult a Pest Control Expert If you're dealing with a severe moth infestation or if your efforts to remove the infestation have been unsuccessful, it's wise to consult a pest control expert. They have the knowledge and experience to effectively eliminate the infestation and prevent future problems. A professional can assess the extent of the infestation and recommend the most suitable treatment options for your specific situation. Consider Dry Cleaning Services In some cases, it may be necessary to seek the help of a professional dry cleaning service. Dry cleaning can effectively remove moth larvae and eggs from delicate or non-washable items. By thoroughly cleaning and treating the infested garments, dry cleaning services can ensure that your clothing is free from moths and ready to wear again. Natural Prevention Methods Cedar Products Cedar products have long been known for their ability to repel moths. Cedar balls, blocks, or chips can be placed in your closets or storage areas to create a natural barrier against moths. The strong scent of cedar is offensive to moths and will deter them from laying their eggs on your clothing. Lavender Sachets Lavender sachets are another effective natural repellent for moths. Moths dislike the strong aroma of lavender, making it an ideal choice for keeping them at bay. Place lavender sachets in your closets, drawers, or storage containers to protect your clothing from infestation. Cloves or Bay Leaves Cloves and bay leaves are natural remedies that can help prevent moth infestations. These herbs have a strong scent that moths find unpleasant. Place whole cloves or bay leaves in sachets or small bags and place them in your closets or storage areas. This will create a natural deterrent for moths and protect your clothing from damage. Chemical Prevention Methods Mothballs are a traditional chemical method for preventing moth infestations. These small balls contain a powerful pesticide called naphthalene, which kills moth larvae and eggs. However, it's essential to use mothballs with caution as they can release toxic fumes that are harmful to humans and pets. If using mothballs, ensure they are placed in a sealed container and kept out of reach of children and animals. Moth Crystals Moth crystals are another chemical option for preventing moth infestations. These crystals contain paradichlorobenzene, a pesticide that kills moth larvae and eggs. Moth crystals can be placed in closets, drawers, or storage containers to provide ongoing protection against moths. However, it's important to follow the instructions carefully and keep them away from children and pets. Moth Sprays Moth sprays are a convenient chemical option for preventing moth infestations. These sprays contain insecticides that kill moths and their larvae on contact. Moth sprays can be used directly on infested areas or sprayed in closets and storage spaces as a preventive measure. Always read and follow the instructions on the spray bottle and use caution when applying around fabrics and other delicate items. Signs of Moth Infestation Damaged Clothing One of the telltale signs of a moth infestation is damaged clothing. If you've noticed small, irregular-shaped holes in your garments, it's likely that moths are present. Moth larvae feed on natural fibers like wool, silk, and cashmere, causing damage to the fabric. Inspect your clothing regularly for any signs of moth damage. Silken Threads Moth larvae create silken threads or tunnels as they feed on the fabric. These silken threads are often visible on the surface of the garment, especially in areas where moths have been active. If you notice any silky or web-like substances on your clothing, it's a clear indication of a moth infestation. Flying Moths or Larvae If you spot flying moths or larvae in your home, it's a definite sign of a moth infestation. Adult moths are usually active during the evening and are attracted to sources of light. If you notice moths flying around your closets or storage areas, it's crucial to take immediate action to prevent further damage. Discovering moth larvae or holes in your clothing can be a frustrating experience, but with the right knowledge and actions, you can effectively deal with the problem. Remember to identify the problem by checking for moth larvae and inspecting your clothing for holes. Take steps to prevent further infestation by isolating infected clothing, cleaning and vacuuming the infested area, and freezing affected items. Remove moth larvae and eggs by handpicking them, using sticky traps, and applying natural repellents. Treat infested items by washing or dry cleaning them, freezing non-washable items, and ironing delicate fabrics. Protect your clothing by storing it properly, using moth repellents, and regularly inspecting and cleaning your closets. If the infestation persists, consult a pest control expert or consider professional dry cleaning services. Lastly, implement natural or chemical prevention methods to deter moths from infesting your clothing. By taking immediate action and implementing preventive measures, you can ensure that your clothing remains free from moth infestations and damage.
Chicken meat is one source of animal protein that is very popular with the people of Indonesia. As a food ingredient, chicken meat must meet food safety requirements. However, public knowledge of the characteristics of good quality chicken meat is still quite low and this is one of the opportunities for people/ persons to commit fraud in the sale of meat. The need for chicken meat for consumption by Indonesian people is increasing every year along with the increase in population. Chicken meat is expected to have a decent quality for consumption. Chicken meat that has good quality will certainly provide a good processed product as well. So, how to choose a good chicken meat? There are at least 5 characteristics of good and still fresh chicken meat that you need to consider before buying chicken meat. Let's see the following explanation. 1. Chicken meat color Good chicken meat and still fresh (just cut) can be recognized by looking at the color that is reddish white or pink. Compared to other characteristics, the color of chicken meat is a feature that is so visible to be used as a guideline when you choose chicken meat to buy. Please also note, that the white color of chicken meat is not a guarantee that the meat is in fresh condition. Not a few sellers inject formalin into chicken meat, so the color still looks fresh. But calm down, you can find out about this by smelling the aroma first, where chicken meat containing formalin usually has a medicinal aroma. When viewed from the color of the flesh. In chicken meat that is not fresh or has been cut for more than 1 to 2 days, usually has a color that has turned pale. As for chickens that have been cut for a long time, the color of the meat is bluish, like bruises. This blue color arises because there is still blood in the chicken meat. 2. Aroma of chicken meat The next characteristic is good and fresh chicken meat can be known from the aroma. If the chicken has just been cut, then the meat will give off a characteristic fresh aroma, without the presence of fishy, putrid smell, or pungent odor. And if you find a chicken that has a fishy smell, stench or pungent odor,. you should avoid buying this product. It could be that the chicken meat has entered a rotten phase because it has been sold for too long, so the quality has decreased. Given the previous point, also avoid chicken meat that smells of chemicals or drugs. This indicates that the meat has been contaminated / contains chemicals or drugs such as formalin. 3. Chicken meat texture In good condition and still fresh meat has an elastic texture and not too hard. You can find out by pressing the chicken meat first before buying. The elasticity of chicken meat is characterized by the tendency of the texture of the meat back to normal after being pressed. Very different from the texture of chicken meat that has been rotten, that is, when the meat is pressed, it will leave a pressure mark. Not only that, the texture of chicken meat that has been rotten is also characterized by a mushy texture, watery, and easily destroyed when pressed. There is also chicken meat that is swollen and hard when pressed. If you find meat like this, do not buy it, because the meat has been injected so that the weight increases. 4. The blood of chicken The next feature of the freshness of chicken meat is characterized by not so much blood that comes out when pressed gently with a finger. This condition is inversely proportional to chicken meat that has rotted. Rotten meat when pressed will bring up blood spots that are quite clear on the surface of the meat. In addition to the fact that chicken meat is no longer fresh, the amount of blood coming out of the meat also indicates that the process of handling chicken is done in a rough way. Chicken meat that bleeds a lot tends to be at high risk of being contaminated with bacteria. Chickens that bleed profusely can also be said that the product has been subjected to freezing and thawing for several times. This is certainly not good for consumption. 5. Watch for flies around chicken meat The last feature is to pay attention to flies around chicken meat. Although flies are annoying animals and can spread disease. However, flies are also a good indicator of the freshness of animal products. Fresh chicken meat there are usually flies that try to infest. Of course, the fly perch is not due to the pungent smell of meat or chicken that has rotted. If there are no flies perched on chicken meat, it is necessary to watch out, because the chicken meat may contain chemicals such as formalin or borax. Well, you already know the characteristics of chicken meat that is good and still fresh. Therefore, do not be mistaken in buying chicken meat, both in the market and in the supermarket. You can make 5 characteristics of fresh chicken meat that have been mentioned above as a guideline when buying chicken meat later. Do not be selective, because if you choose the wrong one, it will not only affect the taste, but can also trigger the onset of disease when the meat is consumed.
Conne River salmon on the road to extinction, says DFO study, with aquaculture a leading factor A new report says salmon in Newfoundland's Conne River are in danger of being wiped out and says aquaculture, along with climate change and predation, is a big factor in the fish's population decline. (Submitted by Nick Hawkins) A new comprehensive review of Atlantic salmon in Conne River, on Newfoundland's south coast, says aquaculture operations are the biggest reason for the population decline — and if things don't change, the fish could be wiped out. Travis Van Leeuwen, a Department of Fisheries and Oceans research scientist and co-author of the report, released in April, says the river had at least 10,000 large and small salmon, but since 2020 fewer than 300 adult salmon return to Conne River every year. "It's really the magnitude of the decline that we're seeing in Conne River that's extremely concerning," Van Leeuwen told CBC News. Marine cage culture of salmonids started in the mid-1980s at Bay d'Espoir and later expanded east into Fortune Bay. In 1992, Newfoundland and Labrador's commercial salmon fishery ended. But while the salmon population in rivers in other areas of the province bounced back, Conne River's continued to decline. Several factors considered Researchers looked at 19 possible factors causes of the decline. Most, such as commercial fishing in St-Pierre-et-Miquelon, habitat destruction, bycatch, poaching, pollution and recreational fishing were ruled out. The Miawpukek First Nation no longer fishes the river, and there has been no food, social and ceremonial fishery since 1998. Van Leeuwen said the research found three main causes of the decline: the effects of aquaculture, climate change and predation. Aquaculture was deemed the most significant, as escaped farmed salmon breeding with wild salmon has been a major issue. DFO research scientist Ian Bradbury has done extensive work on south coast rivers, including Conne River. If more than one out of 10 salmon in a river is an escapee versus a wild salmon, Bradbury's work predicts the decline of the wild population. In one study, 17 of 18 rivers had exceeded that threshold. And farmed fish continue to escape and breed with wild salmon. Van Leeuwen says there's data on large-scale escapes that happened in 2013 and in every year from 2018 to 2021. But based on Bradbury's work he said, the amount of hybridization happening between escaped and wild salmon suggests other smaller-scale, called trickle losses. "You would expect the amount of hybridization to reduce if those were really the only escape events that were occurring," he said. Trickle losses The study also notes sea lice is one of the greatest threats to wild Norwegian salmon, and Newfoundland also struggles with it, with outbreaks of sea lice on farms on the south coast. Van Leeuwen said he doesn't think there's any doubt about whether such parasites and diseases affect wild populations. "These outbreaks occur when smolt and adults are in the area of the aquaculture," he said. "To think that somehow they're not affected by this is, I think we're beyond that now. But quantifying the magnitude of these effects of pathogens and parasites on wild salmon populations is incredibly difficult." In 1987, there were upwards of 10,000 salmon in Conne River. Today, only about 300 adult salmon return to the river each year to spawn. (Submitted by Nick Hawkins) Report reaction Bradley Benoit, chief of Miawpukek First Nation in Conne River, praised the report. "Salmon has played a major part in our lives and our culture and history of the people of Miawpukek," he told CBC News. "We would love to see a sustainable salmon population and an appropriate balance with the industry, and we would welcome further science and research funding as a part of the ongoing efforts of our Natural Resources Guardian program." Benoit says aquaculture brings a lot of work to Conne River. "Aquaculture represents an industry here in rural Newfoundland where opportunities are few and we have to find a sustainable way to move forward involving all stakeholders." Fisheries, Forestry and Agriculture Minister Elvis Loveless says he hasn't read the report but he's concerned to see the numbers are so low. He said he's skeptical aquaculture is the biggest factor. "That can be debated, but we know climate change, seals — I've heard that from people that are down in the area that are contributing factors as well. So when they say aquaculture is the leading contributing factor to it, I would debate that." Loveless says groups representing salmon anglers and the aquaculture industry should be at the table to find balanced solutions to the problem. In an email, Jamie Baker, executive director of the Newfoundland Aquaculture Industry Association said there's "nothing new" in the report. He said the report relies on data 12 or more years old and "appears to understate the clear impacts of climate change and warming waters everyone is seeing in the marine environment." "It is well established that salmon populations across the Atlantic have been in decline for decades, well before salmon farming started," he wrote. "In fact, salmon aquaculture can be considered a conservative approach to protecting wild salmon — whether by enhancing wild populations or supplying the increasing demand for healthy seafood." Industry expansion ahead The provincial government has been encouraging further expansion of the aquaculture industry, issuing call in 2020 for expressions of interest in Bays West, an area running west along the south coast from Grey River. Grieg Seafood Newfoundland was selected to expand operations in that area, with Mowi Canada East is looking to expand operations east of Grey River. In light of plans to expand aquaculture in Newfoundland, say the report's authors, more studies are needed to investigate how endangered salmon populations will be affected by climate change and disease. "Such data are critical to informing management approaches needed to reverse the decline of this population that is clearly on an extirpation trajectory," says the report. Van Leeuwen says he hopes the paper raises the awareness "that Conne River deserves." "And we can start getting targeted research efforts in place. Get all levels of government, industry, the [Miawpukek First Nation] all together and start having discussions related to Conne River and restoration strategies."
30-35 cm The pigeon, a medium-sized bird with a compact body and short legs, belongs to the Columbidae family. Found globally, they measure 30-35 cm in length and are known for their often gentle and graceful movements. These birds are considered symbols of peace and are commonly seen in urban environments. #Pigeon #Birds #Nature Animal Details Summary: Common Name: Pigeon Kingdom: Animalia Habitat: Urban areas, farmland, forests The Pigeon: A Fascinating Urban Bird When we think of urban birds, pigeons are often the first to come to mind. These ubiquitous birds are a common sight in cities around the world, with their distinctive cooing and rapid flapping of wings. While they may be dismissed as pesky or dirty by some, pigeons are actually a fascinating and important member of the animal kingdom. In this article, we will delve into the world of pigeons and discover what make them unique and essential creatures Pigeon.The Basics Scientifically known as Columba livia, pigeons belong to the animal kingdom, phylum Chordata, and class Aves, making them closely related to other birds such as doves and sparrows. They are a part of the order Columbiformes and the family Columbidae, which also includes other species like mourning doves and rock pigeons. Pigeons are found all over the world, with a global distribution and no specific country of origin. They are believed to have been domesticated from wild rock pigeons, and their various colors, such as white, gray, brown, and black, are a result of selective breeding.Habitat and Adaptations Pigeons have adapted well to urban environments and can be found in cities, suburbs, and even rural areas. They have a versatile diet and can thrive in a variety of habitats, including urban areas, farmlands, and forests. This is because they are omnivorous, which means they have a diverse diet and can eat both plants and animals.Their compact bodies and short legs make them efficient flyers, allowing them to maneuver through cities and buildings with ease. Pigeons also have strong homing abilities, which means they can navigate and return to their roosting sites even in unfamiliar environments Philippine Cobra. This homing instinct has been harnessed by humans for centuries, using pigeons as messenger birds to relay important messages over long distances. Their Role in the Ecosystem Pigeons may not be the most glamorous or graceful birds, but they play a vital role in the ecosystem. As omnivores, they help maintain the balance in the food chain by eating a variety of plants and animals. Pigeons also have specific feeding habits that can help control pests, such as snails and insects, in urban areas. Additionally, their droppings are a rich source of nutrients for soil and plants, contributing to the overall health of the environment.In addition to their ecological role, pigeons also serve as an important source of food for predatory birds and mammals. Their presence in urban environments provides sustenance for other animals, ultimately helping to maintain a healthy and diverse ecosystem. Their Social Behavior Pigeons are highly social creatures and often congregate in large flocks. These flocks are not just for survival but also serve as a means of socialization and communication for pigeons. They use vocalizations and body language to communicate with each other, and they also have a complex social hierarchy within their flocks.Interestingly, pigeons also have the ability to recognize and remember individual faces, both of other pigeons and humans. This cognitive ability is crucial for their survival in urban environments, where they need to navigate and identify their surroundings quickly. Conservation Status As a globally distributed species, the overall population of pigeons is relatively stable. However, in some regions, like North America, the population of pigeons has seen a decline due to habitat loss and the use of pesticides. In response to this, organizations such as the National Audubon Society have promoted the nesting of pigeons in urban areas to help boost their populations. In some cities, pigeons are also valued as important members of the community, with dedicated feeding programs and protected roosting sites.Innovation and Research While often seen as commonplace, pigeons have captured the interest and curiosity of scientists and researchers. One of the most well-known studies involving pigeons is the famous "Puzzle Box" experiment by psychologist B.F. Skinner, where pigeons were trained to perform specific tasks in exchange for food rewards. This study paved the way for modern behavioral and cognitive research involving pigeons and other animals.Today, pigeons are still being studied and used in various research projects. In fact, they have been trained to detect cancer cells in mammograms and identify signs of heart disease in patients. They have also been used to track air pollution levels in cities and even to assist in search and rescue missions. Human Connection Pigeons have been a part of human history for centuries, with a long and interesting relationship with humans. As mentioned earlier, they were used as messenger birds in ancient times, and their droppings were even used as a source of fertilizer. In some cultures, pigeons are considered symbols of peace, love, and fidelity.In modern times, pigeons are often seen as a nuisance in urban areas, with their droppings and presence in public spaces. However, there is still a deep fascination with these birds, and they continue to be a part of our lives in different ways. Cities around the world hold annual pigeon racing competitions, and some countries even have special "pigeon parks" dedicated to these birds. In Conclusion While often overlooked and dismissed as pests, pigeons are truly fascinating creatures with an important role in the ecosystem and a deep connection to humans. From their adaptability and intelligence to their social nature and unique abilities, pigeons are a testament to the wonders of nature. Next time you see a flock of pigeons in the city, take a few moments to observe and appreciate these incredible birds. Animal Details Pigeon - Scientific Name: Columba livia - Category: Animals P - Scientific Name: Columba livia - Common Name: Pigeon - Kingdom: Animalia - Phylum: Chordata - Class: Aves - Order: Columbiformes - Family: Columbidae - Habitat: Urban areas, farmland, forests - Feeding Method: Omnivorous - Geographical Distribution: Worldwide - Country of Origin: Unknown (domesticated from wild rock pigeons) - Location: Global - Animal Coloration: Various colors including white, gray, brown, and black - Body Shape: Medium-sized bird with a compact body and short legs - Length: 30-35 cm - Adult Size: Medium - Average Lifespan: 3-5 years (wild), up to 15 years (in captivity) - Reproduction: Sexual - Reproductive Behavior: Monogamous - Sound or Call: Cooing sound - Migration Pattern: Non-migratory - Social Groups: Flocks - Behavior: Social and gregarious - Threats: Predation, hunting, habitat loss - Conservation Status: Least Concern - Impact on Ecosystem: Seed dispersal - Human Use: Domesticated for food, sport, and as pets - Distinctive Features: Compact body, short legs, gentle and calm demeanor - Interesting Facts: Pigeons are highly adaptable and can thrive in urban environments. They have excellent homing abilities and were used as messengers in the past. Pigeons are known to mate for life and both parents take turns incubating the eggs. They have been domesticated for thousands of years and have been bred into various colors and patterns. - Predator: Birds of prey such as hawks and falcons Columba livia The Fascinating World of Pigeons: More Than Just a City Bird When we think of pigeons, we often picture them as urban birds, fluttering around city squares and perching on statues. However, these winged creatures have a rich and diverse history, with unique characteristics and behaviors that may surprise many. From their distinct cooing sound to their impressive homing abilities, pigeons have captivated humans for centuries. In this article, we will dive into the world of pigeons, exploring their physical features, behaviors, threats, and impact on the ecosystem PeaceOfAnimals.Com.Let's start with the basics. Adult pigeons are medium-sized birds, typically measuring about 30 centimeters in length and with a wingspan of 50-60 centimeters. They have a compact body, short legs, and a small head with a distinctive beak that is used for foraging. Despite their small stature, pigeons can live up to 3-5 years in the wild and up to 15 years in captivity. One of the most interesting facts about pigeons is their reproductive behavior. These birds are sexually reproductive, meaning they require both male and female individuals to reproduce. Pigeons are monogamous, which means they mate for life and only have one partner. Furthermore, both parents take turns incubating the eggs, showing a strong sense of commitment and partnership. Pigeons are known for their distinctive cooing sound, often associated with love and romance Pygmy Marmoset. However, this sound is also used for communication within flocks. Speaking of flocks, pigeons are social and gregarious birds, preferring to live in groups called flocks. These flocks can range in size from a small group of a few birds to a large gathering of thousands. The social nature of pigeons is evident in their behavior, as they often interact with each other by grooming and preening. One of the most striking features of pigeons is their adaptability. While they are commonly seen in cities, pigeons can thrive in various environments, including forests, grasslands, and even deserts. They have a diverse diet, feeding on seeds, grains, fruits, and even insects. This adaptability extends to their homing abilities, making them an essential tool for humans in the past. Pigeons have been domesticated for thousands of years, with evidence of their domestication dating back to ancient Mesopotamia. Throughout history, pigeons have been used for various purposes, including as messengers, food, and pets. For example, in ancient civilizations, pigeons were used as messengers to deliver important messages across long distances. This was possible because of their excellent homing abilities, which allow them to navigate back to their home from unfamiliar locations. Pigeons were also domesticated for food, as they were an inexpensive and easily accessible source of protein. Today, pigeons are also commonly kept as pets, with their gentle and calm demeanor making them a favorite among pet owners. However, despite their adaptability and resilience, pigeons face various threats in the wild. One of the main threats to pigeons is predation by birds of prey such as hawks and falcons. These predators view pigeons as a tasty meal, posing a constant danger to their survival. Another significant threat to pigeons is hunting, particularly in areas where they are considered a pest. Pigeons are also at risk due to habitat loss, as more and more natural habitats are destroyed for development purposes. So, how do pigeons contribute to their ecosystems? The impact of pigeons on the environment may not be apparent at first glance, but it is significant. Pigeons play a crucial role in seed dispersal, as they consume seeds and fruits from various plants and then disperse them through their droppings. These droppings also contribute to nutrient cycling in the ecosystem, helping to fertilize the soil. Additionally, pigeons are often found in urban areas, where they consume large quantities of discarded food, significantly reducing waste and contributing to the local food web. When it comes to conservation status, pigeons are classified as "Least Concern" on the IUCN Red List. This means that their population is stable, and they are not at significant risk of extinction. However, this does not mean that we should ignore the threats they face and take them for granted. As with all species, it is essential to maintain a balance in the ecosystem, and pigeons play a crucial role in that balance. In conclusion, pigeons are much more than just city birds. These adaptable and social creatures have a unique reproductive behavior, impressive homing abilities, and a significant impact on their ecosystems. While they face threats from predators, hunting, and habitat loss, they have managed to survive and thrive in various environments. The next time you see a pigeon cooing, take a moment to appreciate the fascinating world of these amazing birds. The Pigeon: A Fascinating Urban Bird Disclaimer: The content provided is for informational purposes only. We cannot guarantee the accuracy of the information on this page 100%. All information provided here may change without prior notice.
Do Language and Meaning Get In a Muddle? There is one perhaps not very orthodox but strategically efficient way of introducing Gary Hill to the Brazilian public. Due to the circumstances of our cultural history, Brazil has been a particularly fertile ground for experimental poetry, that poetry which does away with the resources of sound, images, kinetics and audio-visual synchronism, in order to produce a concentrated expression of the feeling/ thought/ imagination complex in a creative approach. The polemic and fertile tradition of concrete poetry, with its unceasing multiplying of followers and detractors, has accumulated a long discussion about what the most contemporary poetic form might be, and about the arsenal of significant resources which the poet can nowadays adopt thanks to expansion around us of electronic/ digital means. Well, in order to place Gary Hill within an already familiar discussion, we can begin by imagining him a poet of the media age; poet because, like all poets, he concentrates his inquires on the role and meaning of language within our culture and other human contexts; media age because, although books and the written word continue to represent strong references, his working materials are video pictures and sounds, electronically generated characters and forms modeled by computers, with all their respective rhetorical editing and metamorphic resources. In fact, Hills works is based on investigation into the specular and labyrinthic aspects of language, in an audiovisual and media "translation" of certain traditional poetic components such as palindromes (words or verses which can be read both from left to right and vice-versa, such as live/evil), anagrams (the transposition or shuffling of letters in a word or verse, such as sword/words) and plays on words in general, with a view to exploring the ambiguities and paradoxes of language, as well as undermining the institution of meaning. In an interview given to Christine van Assche (1991: 77), Hill confesses that his main interests lie "in the moment approaching meaning and the moment when meaning begins to fade." He goes on: "I want to suppress the dualism of sense and nonsense, and see what happens inside the experience of language as meaning is taking root or being uprooted." We are, therefore, dealing with all the more recent poetic experiments into overtaking the pragmatic and communicative limits of language, in order to see it as a fundamentally turbulent phenomenon, one of the main cause of human disorder, instability and disclosure crises. Naturally, the placing of Hills work within the bounds of experimental poetry can present problems in certain situations or in some aspects. First of all, it is certainly paradoxical that Gary Hills name is rarely (if ever) cited in discussions about the most decisive experiments into defining the direction of current poetry, even taking into consideration the fact that he has worked closely in Tale Enclosure (1985), for instance with well-known representatives of visual or sound poetry, such as George Quasha or Charles Stein. This fact is still more surprising when we consider that some of Hills work, such as Happenstance (1982-83) and Ura Aru (The Backside Exists) (1985-86) extract all the possible consequences from the idea that integral media poetry, in which its linguistic and semiotic instances (oral, written, musical, moving pictural) reach an almost undecomposable synthesis and their highest degree of condensation and force of meaning. In fact, I am unaware of any other work, within the unstable boundaries of experimental poetry, to have achieved the same degree of radicalism. On the other hand, simply the fact that Hill moves around in such a wide terrain, a spectrum ranging from video art to technological poetry and multimedia installations, and also because his art lies on the very edges of labels and specialities, so is not easily characterized, all this may explain the fullness and perfect roundness of his work. In best haiku tradiction, each of Hills works is an amalgam of such accurately combined sensations and ideas that the music is not relegated to mere background accompaniment, nor are the images just illustrations of the text, the text an explanation of the image, nor the voice the verbalization of the written word. It would be difficult for this holistic quality to become evident in such a systematic way in the work of a creator who only defined himself as a poet, musician or artist. So we can view Hills work as a systematic effort to create video-poetry, which we can understand as a complex and meaningful system in which the written word, the spoken voice and the image (figurative or abstract) maintain a tense dialogism with each other: sometimes complementing or contradicting each, at other times oscillating in a non-synchronized (but harmonic) fashion between pure visual or auricular sensation (the inarticulate and meaningless primal cry, the consonance of shapes and abstract colors) and philosophical discourse as understood in its conceptual dimension. Happenstance is exemplary in this sense. Both its images and the text which interacts with them are electronically generated (by a Rutt-Etra synthesizer) and can therefore be converted into each other. The text explodes, melts, catches fire and, when one supposes that it has now turned into pure images, its particles fly over the space appearing first as birds, then as ideograms of some unknown language and, finally, as Western characters which spread out, are superimposed, inverted, and join up to form new words. The written and spoken sentences do not coincide, but combine in a certain couterpoint. Sometimes, the pronunciation of a word or syllabe coincides with its visual appearance on the screen. At others, the pronounced word contradicts, mirrors or inverts that which is being said in writing. During its rigorously condensed six-and-a-half minutes, Happenstance flows with a musical rhythm and structure, continuously alternating or transforming the visible and the legible. Like a black hole which sucks in all sense, the video evolves towards absolute opaqueness. "The words are coming/ Listen to them/ Nothing surrounds them/ They are open/ They speak of nothing but themselves/ With perfect reason", says Hills voice on the soundtrack. If the signs murmur and ruminate their material features, it is not because they wish to say anything ("The silence is always there"), but because they endeavour to disentangle themselves from all their semantic burdens in order to at last convert themselves into that language being of which Valéry (1960: 1324) spoke. "They (the words)", continues Hill in Happenstance, "sit like deer in a field/ If I approach them too quickly/ They fade into the quick of things." Ura Aru (The Backside Exists), in turn, is a radical reinvention of the palindrome as a resource for investigating the erratic adventure of meanings. During a trip to Japan, Hill was surprised by the enormous quantity of specular words in the Japanese language, that means, words which can be read backwards, as in ano onna ("that woman"). With the help of experts in that language, Hill conceived a video in which the inversion of the tape movement allowed the reverse playback of both the words (written and spoken) and the dynamics of the images, but in which the inversion always resulted in a new sense. Sometimes the palindrome effect also contaminates the English, the language used initially just for subtitling and translating the Japanese mirror games, but soon drawn upon in order to construct inverted word pairs such as live/evil, or in order to interfere with the Japanese constructions through cuts and re-editing. In general it is almost impossible to know, in each shot of Ura Aru, whether the pictures and the words were registered in the order which we see them on the screen, or in the contrary direction, only to be inverted at the moment of being shown to the viewer. At any rate, the inverted world the reversion of everything to the contrary brings to the surface another dimension of reality, which we could never imagine living alongside our familiar world, a dimension which is the other of the same. By making words and things show their opposite two sides simultaneously, Ura Aru forces us to see ambiguity in the very state of meaning. We recall that, according to Mikhail Bakhtin (1987), invertion has heuristic value in all culture: it allows us to take a divergent look at the word, a look not yet framed by civilizations halter, so as to make perceptible the relativity of values and the circumstanciality of power and knowledge. But all this is articulated in Ura Aru with a precision and economy the like of which can only be found in the Japanese art of haicu. Before being able to make this dense and sophisticated work, Hill rehearsed with a previous experiment with inverted images and sounds, an equally important work known as Why Do Things Get in a Muddle? (1984), sometimes referred to by its subtitle Come on Petunia (which, with the shuffling on the letters at the end of the work, is transformed into the anagram "Once Upon a Time"). Fundamentally, the video is based on the first meta-dialogue by Gregory Bateson (1972: 9-17), with a little seasoning from Lewis Carrolls Through the Looking Glass. Bateson defines meta-dialogue as a conversation whose presentation structure is capable of reflecting the problem under discussion. The conversation revolves around the problem of entropy: in the universe, there is a greater tendency for things to become disorganized and to lean towards chaos than the contrary. Sometimes, says Bateson, during movie credits before a film we see a bunch of shuffled letters, which then start moving around the screen changing position, until they form the name of the film. This could give us the impression that order is borne from chaos. But this situation is only possible, he maintains, because movies invert the real process: in fact, the camera films the process of disorganization and shuffling of the letters backwards, starting with the correctly written title. Now, what Gary Hill does, remaining faithful to Bateson, is to reenact this dialogue between the philosopher and his daughter (the latter substituted in the video by Carolls Alice) with a meta-dialogue structure, in other words, "in a manner of presentation capable of reflecting the problem under discussion" (Bateson, 1972: 7). Thus for the greater part of the videos duration, the images and sounds are inverted, in other words, we see and hear backwards, with the tape running backwards. But and this is the videos most paradoxical aspect at the time of recording, the actors (the poet Charles Stein and performer Katherine Anastasia) speak their texts backwards, and also make their gestures and movement backwards as well. Thus, by inverting images and dialogue which have already been inverted by the actors themselves, the camera ends up producing the contrary effect, in other words, it reconstitutes them in the original and "correct" order. But the reconstitution is an artifice which it is impossible to disguise: even if the movements are correct and the dialogues coherent and intelligible, it is clear to the viewer that everything is backwards. It is as if an internal corrosion process contaminated all the dialogues and continually threatened them with dissolution. One never knows exactly which way the tape is running: sometimes, it wavers simultaneously between the two directions. When Alice says: "Here on the end of this shelf", the tape reverts to its initial direction, transforming shelf into flesh, and then flesh into shelf again and then again and again successively in endless motion, like an acoustic palindrome " (Kolpan, 1994: 10). And so, the dialogues about entropy themselves end up suffering the effects of entropy and disarrange themselves, continually leaning towards incoherence and chaos. The greatest dream of all artists since time immemorial has been to conceive an entire spectacle capable of synthesizing all the arts. This dream, which lies at the heart of Japanese theatre, Chinese opera, Wagnerian opera, classical and modern dance and talking motion pictures, is revived with full force in Hills work, in a contemporary and electrified version. Eisenstein; (1968: 60-91) called this systematic striving towards synaesthesic art "synchronization of the senses", art capable of invoking all the senses at the same time and synchronously. Many artists (including Eisenstein) made valuable contributions to this objective, but Hill has discovered singular and wholly elegant alternatives for making the voice, text and image combine in a unique tessitura. The first of them simply consists of making some physical action (the pressure of hands or the cumulative weight of sand) interfere with the reproduction of sound from a loudspeaker. The idea is amazingly simple, but the result is explosive. In work such as Soundings (1979) or Mediations (1986), the timbre, pitch, volume and intelligibility of the voice reproduced by a loudspeaker are modified as the apparatus suffers varied interference operated in sight of the viewer. It is as if the image were capable of modifying sound. Another great contribution by Hill in this area (which was to become his registered trade mark) was the discovery of an editing method which causes the duration of pictorial shots to coincide with the duration of syllables pronounced on the soundtrack. Thus, the flux of images is "punctuated", or marked rhythmically by syllabic time. One must consider, however, that there is already a change of focus in the acoustic level conception and this is exactly what aids the image synchronization: the sylables are pronounced in strongly marked rhythms, reminding one of the staccato technique in musical discourse. It is as if the voice was in fact more a percussion instrument than a mechanism for communication. Meanwhile, the images evolve in a much faster rhythm than in any conventional video, since the cuts occur at the speed of the syllables. In some cases, the time each shot remains on screen is beyond the limits of visualization, and it is just this effect of effacing the images which Hill wishes to explore. The images are forever placed on this misty frontier between the figurative reference and that opaqueness, which reduces them to pure textures or abstract stains. The results obtained through this method of synchronization are surprising, and can be seen in the various videos which adopt it: Around and About (1980), Primarily Speaking (1981-83) or Site Recite (A Prologue) (1989). In the first, we have an obsessively self-centred treatise, as if the video were reflecting on its own state of existence, permanence and its relationship with the viewer. "I mean if you want to leave", says Hill on the soundtrack, "you can do that or you can just turn off. Im not trying to say that Im indifferent. I just think theres a way here." Accompanying the rhythm of these words, the screen displays minimum fragments of almost unrecognizable objects which apparently have nothing to do with each other. Hill thus proposes a game with the viewer: that he or she tries to relate these fragments as far as possible and let the senses form and undo themselves in his or her mind, but without worrying about coping with it at all. Something will certainly remain at the end of the experience. "Ive never lost sight of that. I dont think theres been a loss of anything." Primarily Speaking is a little more complex. Here, that which is synchronized with the voice is not merely the cut from one shot to another, but also movements (drops of water, for example) which occur within each shot. Here, instead of a plain image like in Around, we have a complex composition, obtained through the juxtaposition of two different images (separately edited "windows") and a background which ironically combines different details of the television colour bars. On the soundtrack, we also have two distinct voices which talk to each other (and to the images), confronting and transforming idioms, clichés and current English phrases. The two voices are recorded in stereo in such a way as to allow the voice on the left to be synchronized with the right hand image, and vice versa. There is an intricate process of interation between the two images and the two voices: at times they complement each other, at others they deny themselves, invert their respective senses like a mirror game, or reveal that which the other tried to hide or disguise, and so on. Sometimes, the two voices enter a metalinguistic process and start discussing the almost chaotic situation which they are creating, not rarely interrogating each other about the possibility of anything coherent emerging from it ("Double talking will get us nowhere", says one of the voices). But as in all of Hills work, what matters is not actually getting anywhere, but experimenting with the paradoxical process of contradiction and dispersion of the meanings, and all its consequences. In Site Recite (A Prologue), the syllabic synchronization is no longer constructed through the editing or the internal movement of the images, but through focusing and blurring, which allow for the appearance and disappearance of pictures along the depth of field. The camera travels around a large round table on which scores of objects are placed, mostly the remains or pieces of organic forms (bones, empty eggshells, butterfly wings, creased paper, human and animals skulls), the majority of which are out of focus and impossible to identify. From time to time, the incessant variation in focus and the cameras movement make a few details of the object visible for a fraction of a second, and this movement of disclosure and defacing follows the paused rhythm of the oral speech. Here, Hills text (recited by actor Lou Helter) is already far denser, much more polysemic and impenetrable than in any of his previous work. Just as the sophistication of his work with video has grown, Hill has also become an increasingly mature writer, whose discourse has lost its most immediate frames of reference in order to deal with and carve out complex linguistic forms. "I must become", says the voice on the soundtrack, "a warrior of self-conscioussness and move my body to move my mind to move the words to move my mouth to spin the spur of the moment." At the disconcerting end of Site Recite, the camera places itself at the least possible and most unthinkable position in order to produce an image: in the interior of the mouth which speaks, making the point of view of the person seeing coincide with the point of origin of his or her voice, the place of the phonetic apparatus, as if it were possible to listen to what the eye sees, or see what the ear hears. Just then, the mouth opens, letting light into the speaking device, the tongue moves and the teeth masticate the videos last words: "Imagining the brain closer than the eyes." We come, finally, to Gary Hills definitive tour de force in the field of video: Incidence of Catastrophe (1987-88). The work is based sometimes strictly and at others loosely on the novel by Maurice Blanchot, Thomas LObscure, as well as on the experience of watching his own son learn to speak. In fact, it isnt a translation or audiovisual version of Blanchots work, but that which Haroldo de Campos (1981) much more appropriately calls transcreation. Blanchot is anyway untranslatable into any form other than the verbal, since the world which he presents is a specifically written one, a world in which the words registered on the page are true characters, a typographic world, so to speak. Hence the doubly transgressive character of Hills undertaking. In the novel, Thomas is to begin with concentrating on reading a book when, suddenly, he fells he is being watched by the words, as if they were eyes spying on him from the jungle of the text. Alone in his room at night, the character is attacked by a strange illness, a sort of logorrhea or verbiage, which causes him to hallucinate progressively as he gets deeper into the book. The Thomas of the video also finds himself engrossed in reading a book, which is none other than Thomas LObscure. During the videos 43 minutes, Thomas becomes more and more tormented by the text, not by what it says, but by what it represents physically and by its material threat: the text (that is, the words, the phrases, the paper and the pages) drive him into a world of nightmares, it becomes a forest of verbal signs where the character gets lost or drowns, a forest that curts him, penetrates his body so violently that he becomes incapable of controlling himself. Thomas tries to vomit the text which has taken hold of him, but the verbal virus has dominated him and completely transformed him. The words start corroding. The metaphor of land sliding every time someone pronounces a word is called for to designate the demise of language as a bridge of contact between us, others, and the world. Left naked in front of the astonished guests at a banquet, Thomas is attacked by the glossolalia and begins writhing on the floor mumbling incoherent phrases as if he were returning to the origins of language. In the end, he curls up into the foetal position amidst his own faeces, at the same time wildly stammering meaningless words, and the pages of the book grow immeasurably around him, surrounding him, becoming, as Lynne Cooke (1994: 9) observed, a monumental structure of imprisonment. Rarely has a text been shown on the screen with such a corrosive force and rarely have the iconic, acoustic and even kinetic aspects of words been shown in such structural evidence, placing their nerves on display. In each new work, Hill reinvents the course of poetry and gives his creative paths new direction, incorporating (but also subverting) the new technical possibilities of editing, synchronization, interference and metamorphosis made available by new electronic and digital methods. During a discussion about Heideggers ideas about art and technology, Hill (apud Sarrazin, 1992: 83) points out that the things he has been exploring in recent years are an attempt to demonstrate that, in a sense, video technology prompts a new poetic form which he defines as a sort of electronic linguistics. Just like our greatest writers and poets, Hill has gone to the extreme limits of the problems of language and meaning, above all in its crises and problematic aspects. But, unlike philosophers and other poets, he has also taken the discussions about technological systems seriously and to their final consequences, above all into those nooks and crannies which affect sensibility and conscience. As Bruce Ferguson (1994: 21) has said, Hill is one of those rare poets who has succeeded in producing an authentic intertextual experience in the field of crossing representation and technology, and not merely the metaphor of one with the means of another. "For it is only by creating an actual situation of indeterminacy in which the audience can truly experience the effects of language and technology simultaneously that the possibilities of either can be assessed. And that their poetics may be felt" (Ferguson, 1994: 21). REFERENCES: Assche, Christine van. "Interview with Gary Hill". Galleries Magazine, December/January 1991. < c r i t i c a© arteUna - Todos los derechos reservados. Registro a la propiedad intelectual N.706.777 © arteUna - Todos los derechos reservados. Registro a la propiedad intelectual N.706.777 \|
Magical Thinking Won't Take Trucking to Net Zero Emissions Jack Roberts ponders the state of zero-emission trucking transition while at the Advanced Clean Transportation Expo. Insights on ground-breaking technical developments and trends in an industry being transformed by technology, from the latest equipment, systems and components, to telematics and autonomous vehicle technologies. Jack Roberts ponders the state of zero-emission trucking transition while at the Advanced Clean Transportation Expo. Expecting the entire trucking industry to simply switch over to all-new powertrain technologies overnight isn't going to happen, says Jack Roberts in his Truck Tech blog. A more phased-in approach is needed for trucking's mission zero. Are fleets ready for new heavy-truck emissions rules that start kicking in with the 2027 model year? No. And they're not going to be without substantial help, says Jack Roberts in his Truck Tech blog. HDT Executive Editor Jack Roberts highlights four companies at the forefront of emerging common-sense safety solutions for trucking. CES can always be counted on for a glimpse of the future. This year's show didn't disappoint on the commercial vehicle front, says HDT's Jack Roberts in his Truck Tech blog. Technology is coming fast at the global trucking industry on every front. But HDT's Jack Roberts identifies four critical trends that were at the forefront of change in 2023. The advent of artificial intelligence computer systems will be the difference that propels autonomous trucks into everyday use, says Jack Roberts in his Truck Tech blog. You've been hearing a lot about artificial intelligence lately. Is it just another computer system? Or as revolutionary as the experts say? HDT executive editor Jack Roberts climbs into the cab of Volvo's next generation of zero-emission trucks and shares his impressions in his Truck Tech blog. New legislation supported by organized labor is cropping up seeking to regulate how autonomous trucks will be used by fleets on public roadways. What's going on? Jack Roberts explores in his Truck Tech blog. The new emissions agreement between CARB and truck and engine OEMs isn't perfect. But it's a solid step in moving toward a zero-emissions trucking industry. We need a plan to combat climate change. But expecting the trucking industry to bear the costs of fighting climate change all by itself is not a plan, says Jack Roberts in his Truck Tech blog. The OEMs delivered on battery-electric trucks. But fleets aren't buying. So, asks Jack Roberts in his Truck Tech blog, what happens now? Figuring out the future has never been harder for fleets. A recent roadmap put out by the North American Council for Freight Efficiency can help you plan which alternative fuel is right for your operation. What if technology hurdles prove too great and autonomous trucks don't enter into the market in the next few years? Has all that R&D been for nothing? The secure and easy all-access connection to your content. Bookmarked content can then be accessed anytime on all of your logged in devices! Already a member? Log In
Defined the post-war international monetary system, fostering global economic growth but creating rigidities over time. - Limited national autonomy in monetary policy but promoted international trade and financial stability. - Established fixed exchange rates for major currencies, pegged to the US dollar, which was convertible to gold at $35 per ounce. - Established US Dollar as the world Reserve Currency - Established the International Monetary Fund (IMF) Learn More
Monday, July 6, 2009 Mark Jarman Mark Jarman was born in Mount Sterling, Kentucky, and grew up in California and Scotland. He is a professor of English at Vanderbilt University in Nashville, Tennessee. He is the author of nine books of poetry: North Sea (1978), The Rote Walker (1981), Far and Away (1985), The Black Riviera (1990), Iris (1992), Questions for Ecclesiastes (1997), Unholy Sonnets (2000), To the Green Man (2004), and Epistles (2007). Jarman's awards include a Joseph Henry Jackson Award for his poetry in 1974; three NEA grants in poetry in 1977, 1983, and 1992; and a fellowship in poetry from the John Simon Guggenheim Memorial Foundation for 1991-1992. His book The Black Riviera won the 1991 Poet's Prize. Questions for Ecclesiastes was a finalist for the 1997 National Book Critics Circle Award in poetry and won the 1998 Lenore Marshall Poetry Prize from the Academy of American Poets and The Nation magazine. Is nothing real but when I was fifteen, Going on sixteen, like a corny song? I see myself so clearly then, and painfully-- Knees bleeding through my usher's uniform Behind the candy counter in the theater After a morning's surfing; paddling frantically To top the brisk outsiders coming to wreck me, Trundle me clumsily along the beach floor's Gravel and sand; my knees aching with salt. Is that all I have to write about? You write about the life that's vividest. And if that is your own, that is your subject. And if the years before and after sixteen Are colorless as salt and taste like sand-- Return to those remembered chilly mornings, The light spreading like a great skin on the water, And the blue water scalloped with wind-ridges, And--what was it exactly?--that slow waiting When, to invigorate yourself, you peed Inside your bathing suit and felt the warmth Crawl all around your hips and thighs, And the first set rolled in and the water level Rose in expectancy, and the sun struck The water surface like a brassy palm, Flat and gonglike, and the wave face formed. Yes. But that was a summer so removed In time, so specially peculiar to my life, Why would I want to write about it again? There was a day or two when, paddling out, An older boy who had just graduated And grown a great blonde moustache, like a walrus, Skimmed past me like a smooth machine on the water, And said my name. I was so much younger, To be identified by one like him-- The easy deference of a kind of god Who also went to church where I did--made me Reconsider my worth. I had been noticed. He soon was a small figure crossing waves, The shawling crest surrounding him with spray, Whiter than gull feathers. He had said my name Without scorn, just with a bit of surprise To notice me among those trying the big waves Of the morning break. His name is carved now On the black wall in Washington, the frozen wave That grievers cross to find a name or names. I knew him as I say I knew him, then, Which wasn't very well. My father preached His funeral. He came home in a bag That may have mixed in pieces of his squad. Yes, I can write about a lot of things Besides the summer that I turned sixteen. But that's my ground swell. I must start Where things began to happen and I knew it. When was this poem composed? How did it start? The poem must have started sometime in the late 1980's, because my records show that it was published in The Indiana Review in 1988. I think the poem was finished in 1987. But I have always believed the poem described its own process of composition. I was writing about Santa Monica Bay where I grew up, yet again, and started asking myself why I kept returning to that subject. The poem tries to answer that question. How many revisions did this poem undergo? How much time elapsed between the first and final drafts? I wrote the poem at a time when I was not saving drafts (I do save them now), but most of the drafts would have been written in a notebook. That notebook is packed away somewhere. As I recall I began writing and stalled at the point I asked myself the question: "Why would I want to write about it again?" In this case "it" was growing up on Santa Monica Bay, in Redondo Beach, California, in the late 1960's. I'm pretty sure I looked at the few lines I had several times over the next few days before the older boy appeared on his surfboard. Do you believe in inspiration? How much of this poem was "received" and how much was the result of sweat and tears? I would be lying if I said I didn't believe in inspiration, but I honestly don't wait for it. Once the older boy, who would die in Vietnam, appeared in my memory of surfing one morning, I was able to revise the opening of the poem, and move things through to the poem's conclusion. That took a lot of work, but all of it was the best kind of toil. Sweat and tears? I had not forgotten the grief and sorrow that settled on the church my father served when this boy, the son of a prominent family, was killed. His death profoundly affected that little community and our own family. My father began to oppose the Vietnam War, for example, and even preach against it – but that's another story. How did this poem arrive at its final form? Did you consciously employ any principles of technique? I was listening for a blank verse line, but trying not to do so slavishly. And since I had discovered an answer for my own question, it was simply a matter of intuiting when the answer was sufficient. I realized, too, that I wanted to echo the end of Yeats's "The Circus Animals' Desertion" ("down where all the ladders start / In the foul rag-and-bone shop of the heart") and the legendary Irish hero Finn McCool's description of the most beautiful music in the world, "the music of what happens." But I wanted this layered, highly literary allusion to seem anything but. How long after you finished this poem did it first appear in print? As I said earlier, I think it was about a year before it appeared in a magazine. But it was ten years before it appeared as the first poem in my book Questions for Ecclesiastes. How long do you let a poem "sit" before you send it off into the world? Do you have any rules about this or does your practice vary with every poem? My practice varies from poem to poem. Usually once I think a poem's finished, I let it sit for a few months before I send it anywhere. Could you talk about fact and fiction and how this poem negotiates the two? This poem hews pretty closely to the facts as I remember them. I even verified them recently in conversation with my father. I did not know why I knew about the condition of the boy's body, though. My father reminded me that the body was returned accompanied by a military officer who insisted that the remains not be viewed. But the boy in this poem was not the only older kid I knew who was killed in Vietnam. A boy I admired in my high school, who was a member of the writing club, died in Vietnam. The first time I visited the Vietnam Memorial I found their names. Is this a narrative poem? Sure, it's a narrative poem. It follows a way of recollecting through anecdote and situates an event in history. But simply because it employs narrative in this way doesn't mean that the poem is not also lyric. Do you remember who you were reading when you wrote this poem? Any influences you'd care to disclose? I already mentioned Yeats, though I got to the quote from Finn McCool via Seamus Heaney. I was reading Robert Frost. And I was reading a lot of a contemporary master of narrative poetry, Larry Levis. Yeats, Heaney, Frost, Levis – all have been important and cherished influences. Do you have any particular audience in mind when you write, an ideal reader? Anyone who wants to read a poem. Did you let anyone see drafts of this poem before you finished it? Is there an individual or a group of individuals with whom you regularly share work? I show my wife my work in early stages, and I have a few friends – fellow poets – whom I trust to give me advice about new poems. How does this poem differ from other poems of yours? It deals with a subject about which I have written many poems, but its reflexivity, its self-consciousness about being a piece of writing, being a poem, is unusual for my work, I think. What is American about this poem? The composer and music critic Virgil Thompson was once asked to describe what distinguished American music. He answered, "It is written by Americans." This poem is set in a distinctive landscape of the American West and it deals with an important moment in American history, albeit from a little known local perspective. I think these are what is American about the poem, besides the fact that an American wrote it. Was this poem finished or abandoned? Once I managed to write the ending of this poem, I knew it was finished. 36 comments: I've so enjoyed reading your blog. I dip back into the archives slowly to savor what's here. 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Pet owners often ask, "Can dogs eat pretzels?" This question is crucial as it taps into the broader context of understanding which foods are safe for our canine companions. Dogs and pretzels might seem like a harmless combination at first glance; however, pretzels should not be considered an appropriate snack for dogs. Here's why: - Salt Content: Pretzels, by their nature, are high in salt. Excessive salt intake is harmful to dogs and can lead to serious health complications. - Carbohydrates: Loaded with carbohydrates, pretzels contribute to an imbalance in a dog's diet that can result in weight gain and other issues. - Nutritional Value: Pretzels lack essential nutrients required for a dog's well-being. A dog's diet should be rich in proteins and healthy fats, which pretzels do not provide. Understanding what constitutes a balanced diet for dogs is pivotal. Pretzels fall short in meeting the nutritional standards necessary for canine health and thus should not be included in your dog's feeding regimen. As pet owners, prioritizing the dietary needs of our furry friends is key to maintaining their health and happiness. The Risks of Feeding Pretzels to Dogs It's important to be aware of the potential dangers that feeding pretzels to dogs could pose. One such danger stems from the high salt content found in most pretzels, which can have negative effects on dogs' health. Salt: A Hidden Danger Dogs require a certain amount of sodium for their bodies to function properly. Sodium plays a crucial role in various bodily functions, including fluid balance, nerve signal transmission, and muscle contraction. However, there's a fine line between the necessary intake and an excess. Excessive salt intake in dogs results in a condition known as salt poisoning or hypernatremia. This health issue stems from an imbalance in electrolyte levels, where sodium concentrations escalate beyond safe limits. The impact of salt poisoning on dogs can be quite severe. Some symptoms you might notice include: - Increased thirst and urination - Vomiting - Diarrhea - Muscle tremors - Seizures If left untreated, salt poisoning could potentially cause organ damage affecting vital functions like heart rate and blood pressure. In extreme cases, it could even lead to a comatose state or death. High Carbohydrates and Their Impact Pretzels are not only high in salt but also packed with carbohydrates. While carbs are not inherently bad for dogs—they provide energy and are necessary for brain function—a diet excessively high in carbohydrates can have detrimental impacts on their health. For instance, an abundance of carbs in a dog's diet can lead to excess weight gain and obesity—a condition that has been linked to numerous other health problems such as: - Diabetes: Obesity increases the risk of diabetes by causing resistance to insulin, the hormone that regulates blood sugar levels. - Heart Disease: Excess weight puts more strain on the heart, leading to conditions such as congestive heart failure. - Arthritis: Extra weight puts additional stress on joints and can accelerate the wear and tear process leading to arthritis. Balancing your dog's diet with nutrient-rich foods is essential for their overall health and wellbeing. Pretzels, due to their high carb and salt content, should be avoided or given sparingly as a rare treat. Zero Nutritional Value: What's Missing? Aside from having a high salt and carbohydrate content, pretzels offer zero nutritional value for dogs. They lack essential nutrients dogs need to thrive—such as protein and healthy fats. Proteins are the building blocks that contribute to their growth and development while healthy fats provide energy and help absorb vitamins. Unfortunately, these vital nutrients are absent in pretzels. A dog fed on pretzels is akin to a car running on empty; it might move for a while but will eventually break down without proper fuel. Remember, just because a dog shows interest in human food doesn't mean it's safe or nutritious for them. It's crucial to make informed decisions about what we feed our pets to ensure they live healthier and happier lives. Xylitol: A Hidden Threat in Pretzels Xylitol is a sweetener commonly used in various food products, including some pretzel brands. While it may be safe for humans, it can be extremely dangerous for dogs. Here's why: How Xylitol Affects Dogs When dogs ingest xylitol, their bodies mistake it for real sugar and release insulin accordingly. This causes their blood sugar levels to drop rapidly, leading to a condition known as hypoglycemia. Hypoglycemia can be very serious and may result in symptoms such as: - Weakness - Lethargy - Loss of coordination - Seizures - Collapse In addition to its effects on blood sugar, xylitol can also cause liver damage in dogs. The liver is responsible for many important functions in the body, including detoxification. If a dog consumes xylitol, it can lead to acute liver failure within a few days. The Dangers of Xylitol in Pretzels and Other Foods It's important for dog owners to be aware of the potential presence of xylitol in pretzel brands and other human foods that may contain this ingredient. Here are some tips for staying vigilant: Checking Ingredient Labels Always read the labels of any food items before giving them to your dog. This is especially crucial with snacks like pretzels that may not typically contain xylitol but could have variations that do. Knowing Other Xylitol Sources Xylitol is not only found in pretzels but also in many other products, including: - Sugar-free gum - Candies - Baked goods - Toothpaste Make sure to keep all these items out of your pet's reach to prevent accidental ingestion. Why Dogs Shouldn't Have Xylitol While xylitol may taste sweet and appealing to dogs, it provides no nutritional value for them. There is no reason why dogs should consume products that contain xylitol. Protecting Your Dog from Xylitol Poisoning By understanding the risks of xylitol and being proactive about checking food labels, you can greatly reduce the chances of your dog getting sick. If you suspect that your dog has ingested something with xylitol, it's crucial to seek veterinary help immediately. Remember, what's safe for us may not be safe for our furry friends. Taking preventive measures is always the best approach when it comes to keeping our pets healthy. Other Harmful Ingredients in Certain Types of Pretzels Moving beyond the threat of xylitol, there are other ingredients in pretzels that can pose a danger to dogs. One such item is yeast dough, commonly used in the production of soft pretzels. When ingested, this type of dough can cause serious issues for your canine companion. Yeast Dough and Risks of Ingestion Yeast dough has the potential to expand within a dog's stomach. This expansion may lead to bloating, which can be uncomfortable at best and life-threatening at worst. As the yeast ferments, it releases gas, leading to a distended abdomen and possible twisting of the stomach—a condition known as Gastric Dilatation-Volvulus (GDV). Sourdough and Gluten-Free Pretzels: Additional Risks for Dogs Different varieties of pretzels like sourdough and gluten-free types might seem like healthier options but they may also pose additional risks. Sourdough contains wild yeast and lactic acid bacteria which could disrupt a dog's digestive system. Gluten-free pretzels, on the other hand, often contain xanthan gum or tapioca starch as replacements for wheat flour. These substitutes can cause similar issues as regular flour in dogs. Flavored Pretzel Snacks: Hidden Dangers Many flavored pretzel snacks contain onion or garlic seasonings—components that are toxic to dogs. For instance, honey mustard flavored pretzels can contain onion powder and garlic powder along with mustard seeds. All these ingredients can be harmful to dogs if ingested in large quantities. In particular, onion toxicity can lead to damage to red blood cells while garlic poisoning may result in anemia and damage to internal organs such as liver and kidneys. It is vital to remember that toxicity is determined by the amount consumed and size of the dog. Avoiding Other Harmful Ingredients There exist other potentially harmful ingredients in certain types of pretzels that should be avoided. These can include artificial sweeteners, chocolate, raisins, and various types of nuts. It is always a best practice to review the ingredient list thoroughly before sharing any food with your pet. In light of these facts, it becomes clear that pretzels are not an ideal snack for dogs. Not only do they lack the necessary nutrients dogs need, but they also pose potential health risks due to the presence of certain ingredients. To ensure your dog's good health, it is best to stick to treats specifically designed for them. How to Protect Your Dog from Pretzel-Related Dangers Checking ingredients in pretzels, reading labels, and opting for dog-specific treats are crucial steps towards preserving your pet's health and well-being. It's essential to remember that while pretzels might be a tasty snack for humans, they can pose significant dangers to dogs. Understanding Pretzel Ingredients Firstly, it's important to understand what goes into the pretzels you're considering sharing with your dog. Being aware of potentially harmful ingredients such as xylitol, excessive salt, onion, garlic seasonings, or yeast dough is fundamental. Reading Labels Next is the practice of reading labels attentively. This step ensures you identify any of these harmful substances: - Xylitol: An artificial sweetener lethal to dogs even in small quantities. - Salt: While not inherently toxic, excessive intake can lead to salt poisoning. - Yeast Dough: Can cause bloating and intestinal blockage. - Onion/Garlic Seasonings: Onion and garlic are toxic to dogs and can lead to anemia. If any of these ingredients are present in the pretzels, it's best to avoid sharing them with your dog. Opting for Dog-Specific Treats Instead of offering human snacks like pretzels, consider choosing commercially available dog treats specially formulated with the guidance of veterinarians and nutritionists. These products are designed keeping in mind the nutritional needs of dogs. For instance: - High-quality Protein: Dogs need a lot more protein than humans do. - Healthy Fats: Unlike pretzels which are low fat, dog treats often contain healthy fats which are beneficial for dogs' skin, coat, and immune system. - Essential Vitamins & Minerals: Dog treats typically include vitamins and minerals that support overall health in dogs. Remember, the best way to protect your dog from pretzel-related dangers lies in educating yourself about potential risks and opting for safer, healthier alternatives. Educating Others: Spreading Awareness About Dogs and Pretzels As part of the dog owners community, it's not only crucial to safeguard your own pets but also essential to play an active role in spreading knowledge about foods like pretzels that can harm dogs. Sharing accurate information can go a long way in preventing unintentional harm to dogs within the wider community. It's common for people to assume that what's safe for humans is safe for dogs. However, as we've discussed, this isn't always true. Pretzels are an example of a snack that, while harmless for us, can pose health risks for our furry friends. Knowledge sharing can be as simple as discussing these facts with fellow dog owners during walks in the park or posting on social media platforms dedicated to pet care. If you come across a dog owner who isn't aware of the dangers pretzels pose to dogs, kindly inform them about the potential risks involved. Communities thrive when information flows freely. By educating others, you're contributing to a safer environment for all dogs and promoting responsible pet ownership. Remember, it takes collective effort and vigilance to ensure our beloved pets stay healthy and happy. While it's important to share your knowledge, it's equally vital to encourage others to do their own research. This nurturing of curiosity and critical thinking within the community can help deepen everyone's understanding and foster a culture of shared learning and responsibility. When looking at the connection between pretzels and dog health, it's clear that these snacks aren't good for our furry friends. Taking care of dogs means giving them food that helps their health and nutrition. Pretzels don't have the important stuff dogs need and might have bad things in them, so they're not a good choice. For people who are wondering if dogs can have pretzels, the advice is to not make it a habit of giving these snacks to dogs. It's better to pick treats made especially for dogs that give them what they need. The main thing is to keep our pets healthy and happy by giving them the right kind of food. Dog owners have an important role in being responsible pet parents by learning and teaching others about the risks of feeding pretzels to dogs. By sharing knowledge with other dog owners: - People become more aware of the dangers - Knowledge about good dog food gets better - More people commit to being responsible pet owners Basically, we need to create a culture where every treat and meal is what's best for our furry friends. With smart choices and support from each other, we can make sure our dogs have great lives that are healthy and safe, without any extra risks from human foods like pretzels. FAQs (Frequently Asked Questions) Can Dogs Eat Pretzels? Unfortunately, the answer is no. Dogs should not eat pretzels due to several reasons. One of the main concerns is the high salt content in pretzels. Dogs require much less sodium than humans, and overconsumption of salt can lead to serious health issues like sodium ion poisoning. In addition, pretzels are high in carbohydrates but lack essential nutrients that are vital for a dog's overall health and well-being. Unlike us, dogs need a diet that's primarily protein-based, not carbohydrate-based. What Are the Risks of Feeding Pretzels to Dogs? Feeding your canine companion pretzels can pose several potential risks: - Excessive Salt Intake: Dogs only require about 0.25 grams of salt per day. Consuming more than this recommended amount can lead to sodium ion poisoning. - Potential Organ Damage: High levels of sodium can cause kidney damage or other organ dysfunction over time. - Obesity and Associated Health Issues: High carbohydrate snacks like pretzels can contribute to obesity in dogs, leading to associated health problems such as diabetes and heart disease. - Nutritional Deficiency: Pretzels provide zero nutritional value for dogs. Feeding them snacks like these regularly can result in deficiencies in essential vitamins and minerals. Why Is Xylitol a Hidden Threat in Pretzels for Dogs? Xylitol is an artificial sweetener commonly used in various food products, including some brands of pretzels. It's extremely dangerous for dogs even in small amounts because it causes a rapid release of insulin in their bodies. This leads to a dangerous drop in blood sugar levels (hypoglycemia), which can occur within 10 to 60 minutes of consuming xylitol. In severe cases, xylitol ingestion can cause liver failure in dogs, a life-threatening condition that requires immediate veterinary attention. Therefore, dog owners should always check the ingredient list of any human food they consider sharing with their pet. Avoid any products containing xylitol, including certain pretzel brands. What harmful ingredients in certain types of pretzels should be avoided when feeding dogs? Yeast dough-based pretzels can pose digestive hazards for dogs, while specific varieties like sourdough and gluten-free pretzels may also present risks. Additionally, onion and garlic seasonings often found in flavored pretzel snacks should be avoided when feeding dogs. How can I safeguard my dog from pretzel-related dangers? It is essential to check the ingredients in pretzels before giving them to your dog, read labels carefully, and opt for dog-specific treats that are formulated with the guidance of veterinarians and nutritionists. How can I educate others about the risks of feeding pretzels to dogs? As a responsible pet owner, you can share accurate information within the dog owners community about potentially harmful foods like pretzels. By spreading awareness, you can foster a culture of responsible pet ownership.
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By Mary Lou Egan Pitcher Harvey Sterkel's name evokes memories of a different time in Denver. Denver in the 1950s was a much smaller city with two amusement parks, three fledgling TV stations and no major league sports teams. People had to create their own sports entertainment wherever they could, in playgrounds, parks and vacant lots. Born in 1934, Sterkel remembered his hometown in a 2009 interview with the Denver Post's Irv Moss. "I grew up in Globeville, and in those days that was at the edge of town," Sterkel told Moss. "All we needed was a ball, bat and glove and a few of us to get together. We'd make up our own games." In addition to teams in the neighborhood, Sterkel could watch games at the softball field at City Park. In the 1940s and 1950s, fast-pitch softball was a really big deal, drawing standing-room-only crowds of over 5,000 to the park. There were bleacher seats down each line to the outfield fence and parts of the outfield where cars could pull up to the fence and spectators could watch from their cars. Sterkel's older brother, Robert Sterkel, had just returned home from World War II military service in the Navy and became his mentor. "I'd come home from school and he'd say, 'Let's go pitch.' And I'd say, 'Not tonight.' But he'd always insist," Sterkel said to Moss in 2009. The mentoring paid off with Sterkel making a name for himself at City Park, pitching for local teams including Yellow Cab, Naval Air Station and Public Service Company. He caught the attention of recruiters from an Aurora, Illinois, company, Stephens-Adamson, who wanted him to play for its up-and-coming Sealmasters team. The team name was derived from the company's production of Sealmaster ball bearings. In 1956, Sterkel, along with his wife, Gloria, and their young son, Robert, moved to Aurora, Illinois. Sterkel met his wife at Garden Place School in Globeville. In fact, his fifth-grade boys team lost to her sixth-grade girls team, with Gloria as the winning pitcher! After serving his country with the U.S. Navy, he and Gloria married on April 12, 1953. "The first years were very hard, and we were only going to stay here until our oldest started school," Gloria Sterkel said in a 2020 interview with Tom Strong for the Aurora Beacon-News. "But that didn't happen. We stuck it out and became Illinoisans long ago." While traveling with the Sealmasters, Sterkel played against some Denver teams, including Western Springs, Public Service and Denver Merchants, visiting family in Globeville during those stops. From 1956 to 1977, Sterkel was the most dominant pitcher of his time. He posted a 345-33 win-loss record with 60 no-hitters and 15 perfect games. Between 1965 and 1968 he won 52 consecutive games with an ERA of 0.34. Sterkel was inducted into several local, state, national and international halls of fame, including the National Softball Hall of Fame and International Softball Federation Hall of Fame. Sterkel retired from pitching in 1985 after 31 years. In 2014, Harvey Sterkel Field was named in his honor at the Stuart Sports Complex in Aurora, Illinois. After he retired, he directed church choir, was a member of several barbershop quartets, arranged music and was an accomplished woodworker. A talented yet humble man, his greatest joy came from the family he cherished. He died Oct. 21, 2019, in Aurora, Illinois. Mary Lou Egan is a fourth-generation Coloradan who loves history. You can reach her at firstname.lastname@example.com.
The 2011 earthquake in Christchurch was a defining moment in New Zealand's history, leaving a profound impact on the city and its people. Today, numerous memorials across Christchurch honor the resilience of the community and the lives lost in the tragedy. This guide explores these memorials, each telling a unique story of sorrow, strength, and hope. Christchurch earthquake memorial tours Canterbury Earthquake National Memorial - Location: Along the banks of the Avon River - Significance: This memorial is a solemn tribute to the 185 people who lost their lives in the earthquake. It also acknowledges the shared trauma and the enduring spirit of the survivors and first responders. - Features: The Memorial Wall, inscribed with the names of the victims, is a place for reflection and remembrance. The adjacent Avon River and green spaces provide a peaceful setting for contemplation. 185 Empty White Chairs - Location: Corner of Cashel and Madras Streets - Significance: This poignant installation represents each life lost in the earthquake, with 185 different chairs painted white. Each chair, whether a highchair or a wheelchair, symbolizes the unique life of its corresponding victim. - Features: The arrangement encourages visitors to walk amongst the chairs, reflecting on the individuality and the stories of those who perished. The Cardboard Cathedral - Location: 234 Hereford St, Central City - Significance: Although primarily a place of worship, the Cardboard Cathedral has become a symbol of Christchurch's resilience and creativity in rebuilding. Designed by architect Shigeru Ban, it was constructed using cardboard tubes as a temporary solution after the original Anglican Cathedral was damaged. - Features: The cathedral is both an architectural marvel and a community space, hosting concerts, events, and services that bring people together. The Quake City Museum - Location: 299 Durham St North, Central City - Significance: While not a memorial per se, Quake City Museum offers an informative experience about the earthquakes, the city's response, and the ongoing recovery efforts. - Features: The museum includes exhibits of artifacts from the earthquake, personal stories, and multimedia displays that educate visitors about the seismic event and its aftermath. The Earthquake Memorial Bridge - Location: Near the intersection of Oxford Terrace and Montreal Street - Significance: This bridge serves as a functional memorial, symbolizing the journey of recovery and the connection between the past and the future of Christchurch. - Features: The design incorporates elements that reflect the impact of the earthquake and the resilience of the community. Reflections on Resilience Christchurch's memorials are not just about remembering a tragic event; they are about acknowledging the strength and unity of a community that faced adversity. Each site tells a story of loss, but also of hope and recovery. Visiting these memorials offers a profound way to connect with the city's past and its enduring spirit. They stand as testaments to the resilience of Christchurch and its people, who have rebuilt their city with courage and compassion. Here's the updated table chart listing tour companies offering Christchurch earthquake memorial tours, now including their websites and phone numbers for easy contact: Company Name \| Tour Name \| Duration \| Features \| Website \| Phone Number \| Canterbury Trails \| Christchurch Earthquake Tour \| Half-day \| Guided city tour, earthquake insights \| www.canterburytrails.co.nz \| +64 3-384 6175 \| Christchurch City Tours \| Earthquake Memorial and Rebuild Tour \| 2-3 hours \| Memorial sites, rebuild projects \| www.chchcitytours.co.nz \| +64 800 500 929 \| Discover Christchurch \| Christchurch Rebuild and Memorial Tour \| 3 hours \| Personal stories, city rebuild efforts \| www.discoverchristchurch.nz \| +64 3-421 8924 \| Heritage Tours \| Christchurch Earthquake Heritage Tour \| Half-day \| Historical sites, earthquake impact \| www.heritagetours.co.nz \| Information Not Available \| Explore New Zealand \| Christchurch Earthquake Experience \| 4 hours \| Interactive exhibits, guided exploration \| www.explorenewzealand.co.nz \| Information Not Available \| The Tree of Hope - Location: Corner of High and Tuam Streets - Significance: The Tree of Hope is a living memorial, planted to symbolize growth and regeneration. It stands as a reminder of the community's ability to overcome adversity and look toward a brighter future. - Features: This tree, surrounded by a small garden, is a place for quiet reflection and represents the organic healing process of the city and its inhabitants. The Dance-O-Mat - Location: Various locations, initially set up on Gloucester Street - Significance: The Dance-O-Mat, a coin-operated outdoor dance floor, was created to bring joy and vibrancy back to the quake-stricken city. It exemplifies how creative solutions can foster community spirit and positive energy in the wake of disaster. - Features: Equipped with lights and a sound system, it invites people to connect through dance and music, celebrating life and community resilience. Solidarity Grid - Location: Park Terrace - Significance: This installation of 21 street lamps gifted from cities around the world symbolizes international solidarity with Christchurch. Each lamp, unique in design, represents a message of support and unity from different corners of the globe. - Features: Walking along the row of lamps offers a sense of global community and the widespread support that Christchurch received in its recovery efforts. Transitional Cathedral's Stained Glass Window - Location: Inside the Transitional (Cardboard) Cathedral - Significance: The stunning stained glass window in the Transitional Cathedral captures the essence of rebirth and renewal. It's a vivid representation of hope amidst adversity. - Features: The window, with its intricate design and vibrant colors, is not only an artistic masterpiece but also a beacon of resilience and optimism. The Timeball Station in Lyttelton - Location: Reserve Terrace, Lyttelton - Significance: The historic Timeball Station, which was severely damaged in the earthquake, stands as a poignant reminder of the city's heritage lost to natural calamities. Its restoration symbolizes the commitment to preserving Christchurch's history and resilience. - Features: Although the original building is no longer there, the site now features a restored Timeball and flagpole. Visitors can learn about the significance of this maritime navigation aid and its relevance to the city's history. The Bridge of Remembrance - Location: Cashel Street - Significance: While originally a World War I memorial, the Bridge of Remembrance also came to symbolize the city's strength and unity in the face of adversity following the earthquakes. It underwent significant restoration post-quake. - Features: This historic bridge, spanning the Avon River, is a poignant symbol of remembrance and resilience, featuring plaques and inscriptions commemorating both the war and earthquake victims. The PGC Building Site Memorial - Location: 233 Cambridge Terrace - Significance: The site of the former PGC building, where many lives were lost during the earthquake, is now a place of remembrance and reflection. This memorial honors those who perished there and acknowledges the impact of the tragedy on the community. - Features: A simple yet moving space, it includes a wall with the names of those who died, offering a place for quiet contemplation and remembrance. The Earthquake 'Red Zone' – A Walking Tour of Change - Location: Various locations within the city's 'Red Zone' - Significance: This area, severely impacted by the earthquake, has been transforming. A walking tour through the 'Red Zone' reveals how the city is rebuilding and evolving while remembering its past. - Features: The tour includes several key sites, open spaces, and evolving projects, showcasing the city's journey from destruction towards rebirth and renewal. The High Street Stories - Location: High Street and surrounding area - Significance: This project captures the stories and memories of the iconic High Street area before and after the earthquake, reflecting on the loss, the community's resilience, and the ongoing recovery. - Features: Through a series of audio and visual stories accessible online or via a mobile app, visitors can explore the historical and cultural significance of this area, gaining a deeper understanding of its transformation. The Transitional 'Cardboard' Cathedral's Labyrinth - Location: Located at the Transitional Cathedral, 234 Hereford St, Christchurch Central City - Significance: The labyrinth painted on the grounds of the Transitional Cathedral symbolizes the complex journey of healing and recovery. It serves as a meditative path for reflection on the events and aftermath of the earthquake. - Features: Visitors can walk this intricate labyrinth, using the time to reflect on the resilience of the city and its people and the personal impacts of the earthquake. Lyttelton Time Capsule - Location: Lyttelton, a port town in Christchurch - Significance: The time capsule, buried after the earthquake, is a poignant tribute to the community's journey through recovery. It contains items and messages reflective of the town's resilience and hope for the future. - Features: While the capsule itself isn't visible, its location is marked, and its story is a moving reminder of the community's spirit and dedication to rebuilding and moving forward. The Art of Recovery: Street Art and Murals - Location: Various locations around Christchurch - Significance: Post-earthquake, Christchurch has seen an explosion of street art, with murals across the city expressing themes of hope, resilience, and rebirth. These artworks have become symbols of the city's creative response to the tragedy. - Features: A tour of these murals offers insights into the local and international artists' perspectives on the earthquake's impact and the city's recovery. It's a colorful and poignant reflection of Christchurch's journey. The Quake City Museum's Interactive Exhibits - Location: 299 Durham St North, Central City, Christchurch - Significance: The museum's interactive exhibits provide an educational experience about earthquakes, their impact, and the ongoing efforts to rebuild and strengthen the community. - Features: Interactive displays, personal stories, and recovered artifacts offer visitors a comprehensive understanding of the earthquakes' effects on Christchurch and its people. The Garden of Remembrance - Location: Within various parks and public spaces in Christchurch - Significance: These gardens were created to offer spaces of tranquility and reflection, commemorating those affected by the earthquakes. They symbolize growth, healing, and the natural regeneration of life. - Features: Peaceful and beautifully landscaped, these gardens are ideal for quiet contemplation and remembrance, providing a living tribute to the city's resilience. Christchurch's earthquake memorials and symbols of resilience are spread throughout the city, each narrating a chapter of the city's journey from hardship to recovery. These sites are more than mere tourist attractions; they are profound reminders of the indomitable human spirit and the power of community. Visiting these memorials provides an opportunity to reflect, learn, and be inspired by the resilience of Christchurch and its people, who have rebuilt their city with grace and unwavering hope.
The Mondays @ Six programme at St Clements tonight (May 18) will feature Chris Nicholson, talking about his book Richard and Adolf. Did Richard Wagner incite Adolf Hitler to commit the Holocaust? Is there such a thing as Nazi Music, Third Reich Music or proto-nazi or otherwise anti-Semitic music and art? Can Music be Evil? Why did Adolf Hitler idolize Richard Wagner? Was Richard Wagner, the great composer, also Richard Wagner, the proto-Nazi? These and other issues are treated in a scholarly way in Richard and Adolf by Christopher The music of composer Richard Wagner is banned in Israel, as he is regarded as a precursor of the Nazi ideology. In Richard and Adolf, Nicholson explores the anti-Semitic elements of Wagner's polemical works and his music, and the immense influence this had on the man who was to become Germany's Fuhrer. Reference is also made to the texts of the major operas, reckoned by many to be the greatest works of art of all Biographers have often avoided delving into the uglier elements of both of the subjects' personalities. Without seeking sensationalism, this book does not shrink from exploring their seedier side, including their sexual dalliances and perversions, in its quest to understand the full range of factors that led to Hitler's pursuit of the Holocaust. Christopher Nicholson has lived all his 70 years in KwaZulu-Natal. He practised as a human rights lawyer, assisting victims of apartheid, before majority rule was won in 1994. His efforts were recognized with two awards and he was appointed a high court judge in 1995. He has published five books: Permanent Removal: Who Killed the Cradock Four?; Papwa Sewgolum: From Pariah to Legend; Richard and Adolf: Did Richard Wagner incite Adolf Hitler to commit the Holocaust?; One Hand Washes the Other, and No Sacred Cows. The first two were nominated for the Alan Paton prize in South Africa for non-fiction. St Clements is situated at 191 Musgrave Road. Mondays @ Six run between 18h00 and 19h00. Booking is advised on 031 202 2511. There is no cover charge but there is a donations box to support presenters.
When it comes to contracts, it is crucial that all parties understand what makes them legally binding. There are certain essential elements that must be present in order for a contract to be valid. In this article, we will discuss what those essential elements are and why they are necessary. First and foremost, a contract must have an offer. An offer is an expression of willingness to enter into a contract on certain terms. This offer must be clear, definite, and communicated to the other party. The offer must also be made with the intention to create a legally binding agreement. The second essential element of a contract is acceptance. Acceptance is the agreement by the other party to the terms of the offer. This acceptance must be communicated to the party making the offer. It is important to note that acceptance must be unconditional and unequivocal. Any condition or modification to the offer may be considered a counteroffer and may not be accepted by the original offeror. The third essential element is consideration. Consideration is something of value that is exchanged between the parties. This can be money, goods, or services, but it must be something that both parties agree has value. Consideration is necessary to show that both parties benefit from the contract. The fourth essential element is capacity. Capacity refers to the legal ability of the parties to enter into the contract. This means that the parties must be of legal age and have the mental capacity to understand the terms and consequences of the contract. Additionally, the parties must not be under duress or undue influence. Finally, a contract must have a legal purpose. The purpose of the contract cannot be illegal or against public policy. For example, a contract to commit a crime would not be legally binding. In conclusion, all of these essential elements must be present in order for a contract to be valid. Missing any of these elements may render the contract unenforceable and therefore useless. It is important for both parties to understand what makes a contract valid before entering into any agreements.
The timeless appeal of antique pieces draws us to them, and we want to keep them looking as pristine as possible. Therefore, we should protect them from factors that can easily cause damage. One such factor is heat. Examine the three ways heat can affect your antiques and how to protect your pieces. Warping and Cracking Heat can cause wood, leather, or ivory antiques to warp and crack. This is because heat causes the moisture content in these materials to evaporate, leading to shrinkage and deformation. For example, antique wooden furniture exposed to high temperatures can change shape, reducing its value. Likewise, antique leather items, such as briefcases or wallets, are also susceptible to heat damage, and antique ivory figurines can shrink and crack due to changes in moisture content. Fading and Discoloration Antique objects like paintings, flatware, fabrics, and photographs are particularly sensitive to heat and light. Exposure to heat can cause the colors in these materials to fade and become dull, leading to discoloration. This can be especially noticeable in items like antique silver flatware, which can lose its luster and shine with heat exposure. Antique fabrics and photographs can also become brittle over time due to heat damage. Melting and Deformation Heat can affect your antiques by melting or distorting objects made of plastic, wax, and certain metals. This is because these materials have low melting points. For example, plastic antiques like radios can melt under high heat. Furthermore, antique wax candles can deform during prolonged periods of heat exposure. Even certain metals, like pewter, can lose their shape in high temperatures. Protect Your Possessions Protecting your antiques from the damaging effects of heat is crucial for maintaining their value and authenticity. First and foremost, do not place objects in direct sunlight or near heat sources, such as radiators or fireplaces. Next, display your antiques in a climate-controlled environment with regulated temperature and humidity settings. By taking these precautions, you can ensure your possessions remain in top condition for years to come.
DA to take the fight against basic education bill all the way to ConCourt DA MP Baxolile Nodada says the party is building the "biggest education court case" ever seen in the country to challenge the Basic Education Laws Amendment (BELA) Bill. Speaking during a picket outside parliament on Thursday, addressed by civil society leaders, he assured supporters the party was willing to fight the bill all the way to the Constitutional Court. Should it be passed, critics argue, it would allow the heads of provincial education departments to make final decisions on school language and admission policies, thus giving school governing bodies less of a say in such affairs. Nodada said, "Our aim is to co-ordinate and unite all of these various legal challenges into the biggest education court case South Africa has ever seen. "We will shortly send formal letters to all organisations that intend to challenge the Bela Bill in court, inviting them to pool resources and work together to mount the strongest possible court challenge," said Nodada. The party says though it supports educational reform it is against "disempowering schools and communities" and felt the bill did not address challenges affecting the quality of the country's schooling system, such as: curriculum failures poor literacy and numeracy rates unsafe and unsanitary education facilities poor teaching lack of resources language and admission policies. DA Federal Council chair Helen Zille asked parents to get involved in governing bodies and to hold schools accountable for the quality of education. The first draft of the bill was in 2017, and a new version was presented to parliament last year with the aims of amending the South African Schools Act of 1996 and the Employment of Educators Acts of 1998 to align the growth of education. Other changes that have sparked concern include the punishment for parents who fail to enrol their children in Grade R (12 months' jail time is on the table), as well as the requirement that all home schoolers register, confirmation of the ban on corporal punishment and sale of alcohol on school premises. "We also find it very problematic that the extensive public participation processes were nothing more than expensive box-ticking exercises," said Nodada. "Had it not been for the DA, thousands of email submissions would have remained unanalysed. The parliamentary portfolio committee on basic education's ANC majority completely disregarded the bulk of submissions that rejected the Bela Bill and voiced concerns regarding its implementation," added Nodada. Other political parties such as the VF Plus (Freedom Front Plus) and African Christian Democratic Party (ADCP) were present at the protest.
DSpace Repository Caractérisation des isolats bactériens par des techniques phénotyques et électrophorétiques isolés à partir des nodules de queques espèces de légumineuses spontanées de la tribu des Ginesteae (Fabaceae) DSpace Home Thèses et Mémoires Faculté des Sciences de la Nature et de la Vie Biologie et Ecologie végétale Doctorat (Biologie et Ecologie végétale) View Item Caractérisation des isolats bactériens par des techniques phénotyques et électrophorétiques isolés à partir des nodules de queques espèces de légumineuses spontanées de la tribu des Ginesteae (Fabaceae) Dekak, Ahmed Benhizia, Yacine Most studies of rhizobia have focused on identification and systematics of symbionts nodulating crop legumes because of their interest in improving yield. However, few studies investigated the endosymbiotic nitrogen-fixing bacteria nodulating wild and spontaneous legume species, in particular in North Africa. This study aims to phenotypically characterize endosymbiotic bacteria isolated from root-nodules of a wild legumes growing in arid and semiarid regions of northeast Algeria. Genista microcephala and Argyrolobium uniflorum by chemotaxonomic, biochemical profiling and symbiotic properties comparing them with reference strains (RS). In addition polyphasic characterization of bacteria isolated from nodules of Genista cinerea. It examines growth variations of endosymbiont isolates under different environmental conditions including severe situations and to determine their taxonomic position based on growth tolerance limits and potential adaptations, using advanced statistical modelling techniques and genomic characterization based on 16S rRNA sequencing. Phenotypic characterization was performed using physiological tests (different pH levels, NaCl concentrations, and tolerance to temperature), nutritional experiments (assimilation of different carbohydrates and amino acids) and biochemical profiling (antibiotic resistance, heavy metals resistance and protein profile). Polyphasic characterization was conducted using physiological tests, nutritional experiments and genomic characterization based on 16S rRNA sequencing. Data were analyzed using Markov Chain Monte Carlo sampler for multivariate generalized linear mixed models (MCMCglmm) to detect growth differences between isolates and RS. Similarities between isolates and RS were assessed using agglomerative hierarchical clustering (AHC), whereas multiple factor analysis (MFA) was performed to understand factors influencing each group of isolates/RS and Phylogenie of isolates was conducted. The results showed that the isolates can grow at pH [4–10], salt concentration [NaCl=0–5%] and temperature up to 45°C. The rhizobia associated with G. microcephala and A. uniflorum were able to produce different hydrolytic enzymes including cellulose, pectinase and urease, with remarkable tolerance to toxic metals such as zinc, lead, copper, and mercury. Numerical analysis of the phenotypic characteristics revealed that the rhizobial isolates formed four main distinct groups showing high levels of similarity with Gammaproteobacteria. Symbiotic and cultural characteristics of G. cinerea isolats revealed the existence of a large physiological diversity among tested bacteria, which showed a broad capability to assimilate different carbonaceous and nitrogenous substances, with consistent and large tolerances to pH [4–10], temperature [4–55°C], and salinity [NaCl=2–10%]. Although, the endosymbiont isolates have broad metabolic diversity, they formed two distinct groups with high level of similarity with RS. Group 1 included fast-growing and salt-tolerant isolates characterized by tolerance to acidity with high growth in alkaline conditions. Group 2 covered slow-growing acid-sensitive isolates that high salinity negatively affected their growth. Results of AHC and MFA evidenced that bacterial diversity of endosymbiont isolates showed high level of similarity with RS, a proof that they are rhizobial strains. In concordance with phylogenitic results isolates are closely related to different rhizobia species The salt tolerant and heavy metals resistance patterns found among the indigenous rhizobial strains associated to G. microcephala and A. uniflorum are reflecting the environmental stresses pressure and make the strains good candidates for plant successful inoculation in arid areas. Our findings indicate that both fast- and slow-growing rhizobia nodulated G. cinerea growing in arid and semiarid regions of northeast Algeria. These rhizobia are poly-extremophiles adapted to diverse environmental stresses and linked to Beta and Gammaprotéobacteria. Show full item record Files in this item This item appears in the following Collection(s) Doctorat (Biologie et Ecologie végétale) Search DSpace Search DSpace This Collection All of DSpace Communities & Collections By Issue Date This Collection By Issue Date My Account
In today's digital age, data has become the lifeblood of every organization. It fuels critical operations, informs strategic decisions, and underpins valuable customer relationships. Protecting this data is no longer an afterthought; it's a fundamental responsibility for businesses of all sizes. A data breach can have devastating consequences. It can erode customer trust, damage brand reputation, and result in significant financial penalties. The cost of data breaches continues to rise, with the average global cost reaching a record high in 2023 according to the IBM Cost of a Data Breach Report. This comprehensive guide empowers you to understand the data security landscape, identify key vulnerabilities, and implement robust security measures to safeguard your organization's sensitive information. Understanding the Data Security Threat Landscape The data security landscape is constantly evolving, with new threats emerging all the time. Here's a closer look at some of the most common challenges organizations face: - Cyberattacks: Malicious actors employ a variety of techniques to gain unauthorized access to data systems, including phishing scams, malware attacks, and zero-day exploits. - Human Error: Accidental data leaks caused by employee negligence or lack of awareness remain a significant threat. - Insider Threats: Disgruntled employees or those with compromised access credentials can pose a serious risk to data security. - Cloud Security Concerns: As organizations increasingly migrate data to the cloud, ensuring proper security configurations and access controls is crucial. - Third-Party Risks: Data breaches can occur through vulnerabilities in the systems of third-party vendors and partners. Building a Robust Data Security Strategy Developing a comprehensive data security strategy is essential for mitigating these threats and safeguarding your organization's information assets. Here are some key steps to consider: - Data Classification: Classify your data based on its sensitivity level. This helps prioritize security measures and identify the most critical information to protect. - Data Loss Prevention (DLP): Implement DLP solutions to monitor and control the movement of sensitive data, preventing unauthorized copying, transmission, or exfiltration. - Access Controls: Establish granular access controls that limit access to data based on the principle of least privilege. - Encryption: Encrypt sensitive data at rest and in transit to render it unreadable in the event of a breach. - Regular Backups: Maintain regular data backups to ensure quick recovery in the event of a ransomware attack or other data loss incidents. - Security Awareness Training: Educate employees about data security best practices and train them to recognize and avoid phishing attempts and other social engineering tactics. - Incident Response Planning: Develop a comprehensive incident response plan to define procedures for identifying, containing, and recovering from a data breach. - Regular Risk Assessments: Conduct periodic risk assessments to identify and address potential vulnerabilities in your data security posture. Implementing Secure Data Management Practices Beyond the technical security measures, strong data management practices are essential for a holistic approach to data security. Here are some key considerations: - Data Minimization: Collect and store only the data necessary for legitimate business purposes. - Data Retention Policies: Establish clear data retention policies that dictate how long data is stored and the protocols for secure disposal of obsolete information. - Data Subject Rights: Be aware of and adhere to data privacy regulations, such as GDPR and CCPA, which grant individuals the right to access, rectify, or erase their personal data. Leveraging Technology for Enhanced Data Security Technology plays a vital role in today's data security landscape. Here are some key technological advancements that can bolster your defenses: - Security Information and Event Management (SIEM): A SIEM system aggregates and analyzes security data from various sources, providing real-time insights into potential threats. - Data Encryption Solutions: Employ state-of-the-art encryption algorithms to safeguard data at rest, in transit, and in use. - Multi-Factor Authentication (MFA): Implement MFA to add an extra layer of security to user logins, requiring a secondary verification factor beyond a simple password. The Road to Continuous Improvement Data security is an ongoing process, not a one-time fix. Here are some best practices to ensure continuous improvement in your data security posture: - Regular Security Audits: Conduct regular penetration testing and vulnerability assessments to identify and rectify weaknesses in your defenses. - Stay Informed: Keep abreast of the latest data security threats and trends to adapt your security measures proactively. - Promote a Culture of Security: Foster a culture of security within your organization where employees prioritize data security and report suspicious activity. Confronting the "Your Organization's Data Cannot Be Pasted Here" Error: A User's Guide Ever encountered the frustrating message "Your organization's data cannot be pasted here. Only 50 characters are allowed" when attempting to copy and paste information? This restriction, often encountered with Microsoft Office applications on work devices, stems from data security protocols enforced by your organization's IT administrators. This section delves into the reasons behind this message, explores potential solutions, and outlines best practices for navigating data transfer within an organization with robust security measures. Understanding the Restriction This message appears when you attempt to paste content deemed confidential or sensitive by your organization's IT policies. This typically applies to data originating from applications like Outlook, which may contain sensitive information such as customer details, financial data, or internal communications. Here's a breakdown of the rationale behind this restriction: - Data Protection: Organizations have a legal and ethical obligation to protect sensitive data entrusted to them. Restricting data movement helps safeguard this information from unauthorized access or accidental leaks. - Compliance with Regulations: Data privacy regulations like GDPR and CCPA mandate organizations to implement controls over personal data. This includes restrictions on copying and transferring such data outside designated applications or authorized workflows. - Maintaining Information Integrity: Limiting data transfer helps ensure the accuracy and consistency of information within a controlled environment. Understanding these reasons fosters a collaborative approach to data security. While the restriction might be disruptive at times, it reflects your organization's commitment to protecting sensitive information. Exploring Potential Solutions (When Applicable) It's important to remember that these solutions should only be pursued if approved by your organization's IT department. Here are some potential approaches, depending on your specific needs and IT policies: - Increase Allowed Characters: If the restriction is for a limited character count, IT might be able to adjust the policy to permit a more reasonable data transfer size. - Utilize Approved Methods: Your organization might have designated secure channels for transferring sensitive data, such as internal file-sharing platforms or secure email options. Explore these sanctioned methods with your IT department. - Data Redaction: If only a portion of the copied data is sensitive, consider redacting the confidential information before pasting. Redaction tools allow you to black out or obfuscate sensitive details while retaining non-confidential elements. Best Practices for Secure Data Transfer Within Your Organization Here's how you can navigate data transfer within your organization while adhering to security protocols: - Identify Authorized Methods: Familiarize yourself with your organization's approved methods for transferring sensitive data. This might involve consulting IT documentation or contacting the IT helpdesk. - Seek Alternatives: If the data you need to transfer falls under the "Your organization's data cannot be pasted here" restriction, explore alternative ways to access the information within the authorized applications. This might involve forwarding emails internally or copying data within the same application suite. - Communicate with Colleagues: When collaborating with colleagues, ensure everyone is aware of data security protocols and utilizes approved methods for sharing sensitive information. - Report Suspicious Activity: If you encounter attempts to bypass data security measures, or suspect unauthorized data transfer, report these incidents promptly to your IT department. The "Your organization's data cannot be pasted here" message might seem like an impediment, but it serves a vital role in protecting your organization's sensitive data. By understanding the reasons behind this restriction and following the best practices outlined above, you can ensure secure and compliant data handling within your organization. Remember, data security is a shared responsibility. Working collaboratively with your IT department fosters a secure environment where information can be protected while enabling efficient workflows.
Home \| Australia One of the most popular study abroad locations for students from other nations, including China, Nepal, Brazil, Malaysia, Vietnam, Thailand, and others, is Australia. Australia has been rated as the second-best country in the world for its superior quality of life, according to a United Nations survey. It continues to be one of the best nations in terms of high-quality education, economic development, and living standards. When it comes to education, Australia has highly regarded universities, internationally recognized credentials, and an abundance of scholarships. Australian universities provide short-term English language courses, bachelor's, master's, and doctoral degrees to students from all over the world. More than 384,000 foreign students from more than 140 nations are now studying in the nation. One can see how obsessed students are with studying in Australia by looking at this! The finest places to study in, job possibilities for programs provided at prominent Australian universities, and other variables that influence students' decisions to pick Australia over other nations like the USA, Canada, and the UK are all covered in this blog. Why is Australia the ideal country for foreign students? Australia is currently one of the most sought-after locations for overseas students in the English-speaking world. The nation is renowned for its first-rate infrastructure, first-rate medical facilities, state-of-the-art transportation, and fairly priced housing. Australia's top cities for studying abroad Seven Australian towns are in the top 100 best student cities, according to the QS Best Student towns Rankings 2023. Here are the top seven cities for overseas students to study in Australia.Australia's top cities for studying abroad. 1.Melbourne: is a popular study abroad location for international students, offering a pleasant environment and a variety of cultures. It is home to the highly regarded University of Melbourne, according to the 2023 QS World University Rankings. 2.Sydney: It is still a popular choice because it is home to many global corporations, which offers plenty of career chances. It is renowned for having the ideal balance of the natural beauty and contemporary features of a large city. 3.Brisbane: Its inclusion in the top 30 best student cities is due to its famed scenic beauty, outdoor lifestyle, multicultural culture, and finest quality education at reasonable prices. 4.Adelaide: a city that is home to prominent universities including the University of Adelaide, University of South Australia, and Flinders University as well as lovely natural features. 5.Perth: a top city in the world having three universities listed in the QS World University Rankings. For students, it has a lot to offer. 6.Canberra: Australia's capital, is home to the Australian National University. There are many international students there from various nations.. 7.Gold Coast: possesses the top educational institutions, including Griffith University, and is the most cheap city with stunning vistas. Top Institutes in Australia Australian universities are renowned for their academic excellence and emphasis on practical knowledge through the use of contemporary teaching methods. The most renowned universities in Australia are listed below. •Central Queensland University •International Institute of Business and Technology (IIBT) •New York Film Academy Australia •Queensland International Business Academy •University of New South Wales •University of South Australia Why choose Australia for study rather than India? The Australian educational system concentrates on learning outside of the classroom, whereas the Indian educational system places more emphasis on theoretical knowledge. India revises its curricula over a lengthy period of time, while Australia and other developed nations prioritize recent advances in a field. Also, the Indian assessment method is mostly examination based, but the Australian education system assesses students' knowledge on practical skills using projects, reasoning and value based questions, assignments, essays, seminars, and other aspects that are of high value. How will studying in Australia benefit my future? Studying abroad, whether in Australia or another nation, provides the opportunity to gain a global perspective while also enhancing one's ability to communicate effectively across cultural divides and maintain a high level of living. Additionally, it makes it easier for students to land the dream job at a multinational firm than it would otherwise be. Reasons to study in Australia: •Six of the top 100 universities in the world are located in Australia. •There are more than 40 universities there, each with a vast selection of academic programs. •Some academic institutions also provide paid internship opportunities. •Australian universities have produced more than 15 Nobel laureates. •The nation takes pride in its cutting-edge infrastructure and inventive research centers. Australia is home to more than 200 languages and dialects due to its multicultural population. •Australia is renowned for having a wide variety of fauna and stunning landscapes. Australia is home to seven of the world's friendliest cities for students. Copyright © 2023 Elegant - All Rights Reserved.
How To Switch Off Your ADHD Brain For Better Sleep Do you ever lie awake in bed, feeling exhausted but wide awake? Your mind races with a million thoughts, replaying the day's events or planning for tomorrow. If you have ADHD, this scenario is probably all too familiar. Studies show a strong link between ADHD and sleep difficulties. The jury is out as to what causes ADHD and poor sleep. Since impulse control can be a challenge with ADHD, settling down for bed might be difficult. This may lead to bedtime resistance or even delayed sleep onset. Or you might naturally prefer staying up later and your body might produce melatonin (the sleep hormone) later at night. However, poor sleep can also exacerbate ADHD symptoms, making it harder to focus, regulate emotions, and manage impulsivity. The good news is, you're not powerless against this sleep struggle. By implementing healthy sleep hygiene practices and incorporating calming techniques specifically designed for an overactive ADHD brain, you can finally achieve the restful sleep you deserve. Just remember, if your sleep problems are severe or persist despite trying these strategies, it's crucial to consult a doctor to rule out any co-occuring medical conditions. The Complex Connection Between ADHD and Sleep The exact reasons why ADHD and sleep problems occur together so frequently are still being studied. However, researchers have identified several potential links: Brain Activity Differences Studies suggest that during sleep, people with ADHD exhibit distinct brain wave patterns compared to those without the condition. These differences might affect the ability to fall asleep smoothly, transition between sleep stages, and achieve deep, restorative sleep. Neurotransmitter Imbalance Both ADHD and sleep regulation rely heavily on specific neurotransmitters, like dopamine and norepinephrine. In people with ADHD, these chemicals might be imbalanced, leading to difficulties with focus, impulsivity, and sleep initiation. Medications used to treat ADHD often target these neurotransmitters, and their effects can sometimes disrupt sleep patterns in some people. Sleep Disorders People with ADHD are more likely to experience co-occurring sleep disorders like insomnia, restless leg syndrome, and sleep apnea. These conditions further disrupt sleep quality and exacerbate ADHD symptoms during the day. Insomnia, for example, can make it harder to concentrate, manage emotions, and control impulses – core challenges for people with ADHD. Circadian Rhythm Disruption Our bodies have a natural internal clock called the circadian rhythm, which regulates sleep-wake cycles. Exposure to sunlight helps synchronise this rhythm. However, some research suggests people with ADHD might have a naturally delayed circadian rhythm, making them feel more alert later in the evening and struggle to fall asleep at a typical bedtime. So it's complicated! Many things can affect sleep in people with ADHD, like brain activity, chemicals in the brain, sleep disorders, and even your natural sleep-wake cycle. But by understanding these different pieces, you can find ways to improve your habits and routines for better sleep. Daytime Activities For Better Sleep With ADHD A good night's sleep starts during the day. Here are 3 things you can do during the daytime to prepare your brain and body for better sleep: Prioritise a Consistent Wake-up Time Waking up at the same time each day, even on weekends, helps regulate your circadian rhythm. This is your internal clock that dictates sleepiness and alertness. A consistent wake-up time signals to your body when to expect sleepiness in the evening, promoting deeper, more restorative sleep and making it easier to fall asleep at night. This consistency may also reduce daytime fatigue, and improve focus and energy levels throughout the day. Embrace Consistent Light Exposure Aim for regular exposure to natural sunlight during the daytime. This helps regulate your circadian rhythm, making it easier to fall asleep and wake up at consistent times. Go for a brisk walk outdoors in the morning, have lunch on a sunny patio, or simply open your curtains to let natural light into your workspace. Channel Energy Through Movement Regular physical activity is crucial for overall well-being and can significantly improve sleep quality for people with ADHD. However, timing is key. Aim for moderate-intensity exercise earlier in the day (at least 3-4 hours before bedtime) to release energy and promote relaxation in the evening. Avoid strenuous activities close to bedtime, as they can be too stimulating. Pre-Bedtime Activities For Better Sleep With ADHD Before you head off to bed it's important to transition properly. Here are 3 things you can do before bed to wind down and get ready for restful sleep: Set a Bedtime Alarm This type of alarm acts as a gentle reminder to start winding down for sleep. It's not time to go to bed yet though. You set the alarm 30-60 minutes before your desired bedtime. Create a Pre-Sleep Ritual Develop a restful bedtime routine specifically for winding down before bed. This could include taking a warm bath, journaling your thoughts, or reading a few pages of a book. The more often you do your bedtime ritual the more your body will learn to associate these activities with sleep. Dim the Lights Dim the lights in your bedroom at least an hour before bed. This helps regulate melatonin production and promotes sleepiness. You can also set your phone screen to red light at night to block overstimulating blue light. In-Bed Activities For Better Sleep With ADHD Now that it's bedtime, here are 3 things you can do to help switch off your busy ADHD brain and actually fall asleep: Listen to meditones® Meditones combine ambient music with binaural beats for effortless relaxation. When listened to with headphones, they create brainwaves similar to those in meditation or restful sleep. Helping you fall asleep quicker and easier, without any effort. Daydream Your Way to Sleep Daydreaming can be a calming and enjoyable way to drift off to sleep. You simply let your mind wander to create stories or scenarios. This helps your mind disengage from worries and anxieties. Just remember to focus on cosy and restful stories so your daydreams aren't too exciting. Alternatively, you could try to name a fruit or vegetable for every letter of the alphabet. It helps engage your mind which may already be racing with thoughts. But it's boring enough to soothe yourself to sleep. Deep breathing exercises can signal to your body it's time to wind down. Try simply extending your exhale. Inhale for two seconds and then exhale for four seconds. Repeat this cycle for as long as you need to feel yourself relax. Conquering sleep struggles with ADHD requires a two-pronged approach: establishing healthy daytime habits and incorporating calming bedtime routines. A good night's sleep is the foundation for managing ADHD symptoms and living a fulfilling life. So, give these strategies a go and find what works best for you. Remember, you're not alone in this journey! If you find these strategies aren't enough, consult a doctor or sleep specialist to explore additional options and rule out any co-occurring conditions. Discover a growing library of meditones for better sleep with the Restful app. Download for free today on Google Play or the App Store.
Despite being banned for almost two decades, it is estimated that the legacy of asbestos in Australia remains an active risk, with more than 6,000 tonnes dumped illegally every year across the country. According to government reports, it costs in excess of $11 million to clean up illegally dumped asbestos every year. A new campaign by the federal government is urging both home renovators and tradespeople to make sure they abide by asbestos safety regulations when it comes to disposing and handling the material. As part of National Asbestos Awareness Week, which runs until the 27th, small-scale construction and demolition operators are in the spotlight, with regulators reminding workers that the small sites can pose just as much risk as larger operations in terms of asbestos exposure. They reminded Australians that one in three buildings in the country contains asbestos, including homes. In a survey conducted last year by the Asbestos Safety Eradication Agency, more than a third of people who encountered asbestos during a DIY project or home renovations admitted to disposing of it illegally. In most cases, respondents said they put the material in a household bin belonging to themselves or their neighbours. "The people at greatest risk of exposure are those that work on older buildings and infrastructure where asbestos-containing materials are present," Asbestos Safety and Eradication Agency chief executive Justine Ross said. "However, asbestos can also be found in unexpected places such as in the household garden, garage or storage areas." For DIY renovation jobs, it is highly recommended that the general public do not handle, remove or dispose of asbestos themselves. Many councils offer free asbestos testing and can also provide information on the best course of action for legal disposal. Outside of that, professional asbestos services are highly recommended, and members of the public are also reminded that heavy fines apply for asbestos disposed of in kerbside or skip bins, which is illegal.
As consumer preferences change and new technologies emerge, companies that identify and capitalise on trends gain a competitive advantage. Social media is a powerful tool for trend spotting, providing real-time insights into consumer behaviour, sentiment, and conversations. In this blog post, we'll explore how businesses can use social analysis to stay ahead in a rapidly changing market. Companies need to monitor social media to gather data and detect shifting trends and preferences. Tools like sentiment analysis and natural language processing (eg, machine learning) help in analysing vast amounts of data quickly. By observing hashtags, keywords, and the popularity of posts, companies can identify emerging trends before they become widely recognised. Engaging with influential figures on social media platforms can also provide deeper insights and amplify trend recognition. Additionally, analysing competitor activities can help businesses anticipate market shifts and adapt strategies accordingly. Social media analytics help not only in understanding current trends but also in predicting future consumer interests. Integrating social media insights with other data sources, such as market reports and consumer feedback surveys, is essential for effective trend analysis. This comprehensive approach ensures a holistic view of the market landscape. Businesses should also be agile in their response to trends, ready to change strategies and innovate products or services swiftly. Moreover, creating a dedicated team to focus on trend analysis can enhance the speed and accuracy of insights, positioning the company advantageously in a dynamic market environment. It can also help parse social media interactions to understand public opinion about products, services, or brands. Integrating this information into their strategy allows businesses to respond dynamically, tailoring their offerings to meet market demands. Engaging with customers on social platforms provides insights and, more specifically, usable data. Companies can identify influencers and brand advocates, whose endorsements can amplify brand visibility and credibility. Social listening tools enable businesses to track mentions and hashtags, allowing them to observe and participate in market conversations. This proactive approach helps companies adapt marketing strategies quickly, capitalising on new opportunities. Listen to Your Audience Social listening is crucial for trend spotting. By monitoring social media conversations about your brand, industry, and competitors, you can gain insights into your target audience's preferences and what they're seeking in products or services. Tools like Buzz Radar track mentions, hashtags, and keywords across social platforms, providing a comprehensive view. These insights can be used to anticipate customer needs and adjust marketing strategies. It's important to respond actively to customer feedback and engage in conversations to enhance brand loyalty and satisfaction. By being active in discussions, companies can create a positive presence and influence consumer perceptions. Updating strategies based on social analysis ensures business relevance and competitiveness. Certain brands navigate market changes by using user-generated content, which provides authentic material for marketing campaigns and encourages audience engagement. The real-time nature of social media allows businesses to gauge the impact of their actions and adjust. Innovation in leveraging social data should include predictive analytics, forecasting future trends based on current data, allowing proactive strategy adjustments. Identify Emerging Patterns Look for patterns and trends as you gather social data. These could be shifts in consumer preferences, new topics of conversation, or changes in sentiment towards specific products or brands. Pay attention to the frequency and volume of mentions, as well as the language and tone used. By identifying these patterns early on, you can adapt your strategies and offerings to meet evolving customer needs. Analysing the times and geographic locations can provide insights into consumer behaviours. Geotagging data helps businesses understand regions engaged with their brand or a trend. Monitoring competitor activities and customer reactions can reveal market gaps to fill. By staying attuned to these dynamics, companies can keep pace and shape market trends. Netflix uses viewing data to influence original content production by analysing viewer preferences and habits. They tailor offerings for maximum engagement. Fashion brands scan social media for emerging styles and influencer activity, enabling them to release trendy products quickly. This agile trend analysis ensures businesses stay ahead of consumer interests, adapt to new demands, and maintain a competitive advantage. Analyse Competitor Activity Monitoring your competitors' social media activity can provide insights into industry trends. Observe their audience engagement, resonating content, and campaigns. Consider how to adapt and improve a competitor's strategy or message if it gains traction, for your brand. Using competitive insights can refine product development and marketing strategies. Analyse competitors' post engagement metrics to understand high-performing content. This could reveal new market demands or show gaps in current offerings. Monitor how competitors work with influencers and thought leaders to understand what is working for them and what's less effective. If you see a competitor collaborating successfully with a popular influencer, it might be beneficial to explore similar partnerships or identify other influencers within the same niche who haven't been tapped. By understanding successful strategies in your industry, you can adapt and innovate to gain an advantage. Analysing these trends and activities will help you stay competitive and predict market shifts effectively. And that leads us to … Use influencer insights Influencers lead emerging trends, shape opinions, and drive conversations. Partnering with relevant influencers in your industry can provide insights into what resonates with their followers. Marketing platforms can help you connect with the right influencers for your brand, keeping you ahead. Engaging with influencers allows for authentic interaction with potential customers, creating compelling content that resonates with the audience, enhancing brand loyalty and trust. Analyse the impact of these partnerships through metrics like engagement rates, conversion rates, and reach to refine your influencer strategy. This feedback loop is essential to align marketing efforts with consumer expectations and maintain a competitive edge. Glossier's approach to working with influencers is a good example. They engage with micro-influencers who genuinely love their products, promoting a trustworthy and relatable image. By focusing on influencers who are actual users, Glossier ensures authenticity and leverages word-of-mouth to extend their reach. This strategy has helped them build a strong community, boosting their market presence and attracting new customers through trusted and personalised user experiences. Conduct sentiment analysis Sentiment analysis evaluates emotions and opinions in social media. Understanding people's feelings about your brand, products, or industry helps identify issues or opportunities early. Positive sentiment can indicate strengths, while negative sentiment can highlight weaknesses. Use sentiment analysis tools to gauge the brand's mood and adjust strategies. This proactive approach helps mitigate potential crises and capitalise on positive buzz. Regularly analyse and update findings to keep pace with social media. By staying informed and responsive, maintain a strong connection with your audience and refine offerings to meet their needs, ensuring sustained loyalty and engagement. Companies like Apple and Amazon use sentiment analysis to monitor customer feedback across platforms to improve services and products. This responsiveness not only addresses grievances but enhances product features. Proactive sentiment analysis helps to launch targeted marketing campaigns that speak to customer needs, securing their positions as industry leaders. By engaging with and responding to feedback, they foster a loyal customer base. Experiment and adapt Trend spotting requires continuous experimentation and adaptation. Be prepared to test new ideas and adjust your approach based on real-time feedback. Social media is ideal for experimenting with new content, messaging, and campaigns, to gauge audience response and refine strategies. Hypothetically, a small fashion retailer experiments with a bold, eco-friendly campaign on social media. By monitoring reactions—likes, comments, shares—they understand if it resonates with their audience. If successful, they could expand the theme across other channels, maybe collaborating with sustainability influencers. If the response is lukewarm, they can pivot to different themes or messaging tactics, staying responsive and adaptable to the audience's preferences and feedback. By using social analysis tools, businesses can stay ahead in a changing market. Buzz Radar offers social listening, influencer marketing, and sentiment analysis tools to identify and capitalise on trends. Real-time insights into consumer behaviour and conversations help adapt strategies, innovate offerings, and build connections with the target audience. We're always happy to discuss options and ideas, so contact us today! Published on 2023-04-23 12:00:02
AlUla: Saudi Arabia's Extraordinary Tourism Project Hidden in the heart of the Arabian Peninsula lies a treasure trove of history, culture, and breathtaking natural beauty. AlUla, located in the Northwestern region of Saudi Arabia, has long been a well-kept secret, but it is now emerging as one of the world's most exciting and ambitious tourism projects. With its rich history, stunning landscapes, and innovative initiatives, AlUla is poised to become a must-visit destination for travelers seeking a unique and immersive experience. A Glimpse into History AlUla boasts a history that stretches back thousands of years. The region is home to several ancient civilizations, including the Nabateans, who once carved intricate tombs and structures into the rose-red mountains, similar to those found in Petra, Jordan. The UNESCO World Heritage-listed Madain Saleh is a prime example of this remarkable ancient architecture, offering visitors a glimpse into the past like no other place on earth. The Maraya Concert Hall One of the most remarkable and contemporary additions to AlUla is the Maraya Concert Hall. This stunning structure is the largest mirrored building globally, with its exterior reflecting the surrounding desert landscapes. The Maraya Concert Hall has already hosted various cultural events and performances, establishing AlUla as a burgeoning hub for art and culture. Nature's Masterpiece Beyond its historical sites, AlUla is also known for its stunning natural landscapes. The lush oasis of AlUla Valley is a stark contrast to the surrounding desert, offering an abundance of greenery, date palm plantations, and a unique opportunity for visitors to experience the beauty of the region's nature. Adventure Awaits AlUla is an adventure lover's dream. The region provides ample opportunities for outdoor activities, including hiking, rock climbing, and hot air ballooning. The unique geological formations, such as Elephant Rock and the Lion Tombs, offer a sense of wonder that few other places can match. Visitors can explore these natural wonders while learning about the geological history that shaped them. Sustainability at Its Core AlUla is not just a remarkable tourist destination; it's also a model for sustainable tourism development. The Saudi Arabian government, in collaboration with various international partners, is committed to preserving the region's natural and cultural heritage while providing opportunities for economic growth and community development. Initiatives like the Sharaan Nature Reserve and the Desert Polo Tournament showcase this commitment to sustainability and responsible tourism. The Road Ahead The AlUla tourism project is still in its infancy, with more exciting developments on the horizon. Future plans include the creation of luxury resorts, the restoration of historical sites, and the introduction of immersive cultural experiences. With a focus on preserving the past while embracing the future, AlUla is poised to become a global tourism hotspot in the coming years. AlUla, Saudi Arabia's extraordinary tourism project, is a testament to the country's commitment to showcasing its rich history, culture, and natural beauty to the world. This emerging destination is rapidly gaining recognition for its unique blend of history, art, and adventure, making it a must-visit for travelers seeking an unforgettable experience. As AlUla continues to evolve and grow, it will undoubtedly play a pivotal role in redefining the global perception of Saudi Arabia as a diverse and dynamic tourist destination. AlUla has been deservedly nominated for Middle East's Leading Cultural Tourism Project at the forthcoming World travel Awards Middle East Gala Ceremony being held on the 15th of this month at Atlantis The Royal in Dubai.
About Us Head Teacher's Welcome Our Ethos Our Values Our Vision Our Aims Key Info Our Team Join Our Team Working at VLC Current Vacancies Admissions and Referrals Term Dates Links and Partners Environmental Impact Alternative Provision Harbour Project Curriculum Overview Curriculum Framework Curriculum Maps Subject Rationales WOW Days: Active Learning About Careers Careers Helpful Websites Maths underpins every aspect of our world; it's not just tables, bonds, trigonometry, and Pythagoras' Theorem but the patterns found in nature, the symmetry of living things and so much more. The ability to perform mathematical tasks enables students to learn to think logically and sequentially, which is a skill required in everyday life. Not only do students make links between mathematical concepts through exploring patterns in the number system, but in shape, measures, and statistics. They learn to explain their reasoning and justify their answers, which is invaluable in the GCSE exams. They develop the skills, knowledge, and efficient methods of calculation necessary to support their economic future and problem solving in daily life. Maths skills are a key element of preparing our students to have the confidence and resilience to make a successful transition to college or the world of work. Students can revisit a topic or area several times throughout their school years. The complexity of the topic increases with each revisit but new learning has a relationship with old learning and is put into context. By doing this information and learning are reinforced and underpinned each time the pupil revisits the topic. This allows a logical progression from simplistic ideas to more complex ideas. By revisiting topics the students are able to develop perseverance, by trying and not giving up as soon as it gets a bit complicated. They will then need to realise that the inability to do something does not spell failure but a pathway to exploring what they can do, given time. We encourage pupils to develop the resilience and tenacity to solve problems and provide pupils with the tools to overcome difficulties. As many students have gaps in their learning, it is essential to revisit the basic core of understanding maths. For example, times tables, place value, multiplying and dividing by tens, hundreds, thousands, the mean, median mode and median of simple numbers. Students are also encouraged to be able to work both independently and collaboratively and to communicate effectively with others, showing patience and empathy. One of our core values is 'helping others'. Our students are encouraged to help each other as much as possible as it helps them to remember tasks that they have shared. We foster an atmosphere of respect and students are encouraged to never criticise or laugh at others' answers. This in turn helps the less able students to 'have a go' as they feel secure and know they will not be made fun of if they make a mistake. Being given this confidence enables our students to have a sense of belonging, which is so important to most of our vulnerable students. We promote that the teaching of and enthusiasm for Mathematics must not be confined to Maths lessons. We have identified four key Numeracy skills which should be embedded across the curriculum; times tables, measure, time and money. There are many other Mathematical skills which lend themselves well to other subject areas. Staff are encouraged to identify these when delivering their own subjects, as appropriate. Here at VLC, we believe that students deserve a broad, progressive and engaging Science curriculum, rich in skills and knowledge. It will provide students with the tools needed throughout their education and prepare them for life beyond. The curriculum will endeavour to foster a curiosity, excitement and wonder about the biological, chemical and physical world around us, with our core values always at the heart of our learning. Our students will experience and investigate all aspects of Biology, Chemistry and Physics. Science consists of observing the world by watching, listening, observing, and recording. Science is curiosity in thoughtful action about the world and how it behaves. We believe that anyone can think like a scientist. We have high expectations that our students can succeed in Science, regardless of any barriers to learning that they have experienced in the past or are currently facing. We will provide a safe, affirming and positive learning environment to encourage and support our students to achieve at the highest level both academically and with practical scientific and mathematical skills. This will encourage each pupil to learn how to learn, use their imaginations, be reflective, have fun, and celebrate their achievements; We believe that a broad, in depth, creative and interactive Science curriculum will enable our students to have a sensitive understanding of the world they are growing into. For example: They will appreciate how their bodies work and how to develop a lifestyle that will support their health and well-being, while also appreciating how all of the natural world namely plants, animals and microorganisms interrelate to keep our planet in balance. They will also learn the importance of generating electricity in a sustainable way so that we don't destroy the earth. They will investigate the forces that make things move, stop, speed up and slow down, essential for knowing how cars, machines, bridges and many other things are made and work. They will explore what chemical materials are made up of and how they react with each other to provide us with all the fuels and chemicals that we use every day. This will give them the skills and knowledge to make informed decisions about real life situations, understanding the ethical benefits and drawbacks involved. Skills and Knowledge Students will study a range of topics organised over a three year rolling programme. We will use the follow the AQA KS3 syllabus using the Oxford Activate AQA KS3 Curriculum resources. The rationale in using this is that it is a well-developed program of study that: Is based on 10 big ideas at the heart of the science KS3 and KS4 curricula therefore forging good links between the 2 key stages Has a spiral design so that each big idea contains 4 smaller topics that build in complexity over the 3 years Provides support as well as extension activities to enable all students to enjoy learning and receive an appropriate level of challenge to stimulate and inspire a love of learning science They will learn through scientific investigations, modelling and chunking information into manageable size pieces. There will plenty of opportunities to ask questions and explore how the science relates to real life situations. The learning will be at three levels: Know/Nurture – the foundation key scientific content – skills, facts & keywords Apply/Grow – use their basic knowledge to describe and explain why things happen in real life situations. Extend/harvest - use concluding, analysing, evaluating and interpreting skills to explain scientific observations, measurements or trends in data Students will be taught in small groups to help each individual pupil to fulfil his/her academic potential, as a step up to becoming the very best that they can be. Specific subject content At the start of each lesson there will be a retrieval activity assessing the short and long term retention, recall and understanding of previous topics. This will enable the teacher to quickly assess and address any gaps in knowledge or misunderstandings before moving on to new concepts. This may consist of a variety of quizzes, verbal questions and answers, or worksheet activities. To build resilience and exam techniques end of topic assessments may also be used, when appropriate, to gauge the extent to which the students have learnt and can apply what they have been taught By the time our students have completed this KS3 Science program of study they will be fully equipped and confident to progress to study either Separate GCSE qualifications in Biology, Chemistry and Physics (3 GCSEs) or Combined Science Trilogy (2 GCSEs) physical education Why is Physical Activity important? Not only does exercise improve a child's overall health and fitness it helps to improve their mental health and cognitive development as well, by doing physical exercise, children are more likely to concentrate and maintain focus in lessons. As well as strengthening muscle and bones, exercise builds confidence, inspires positivity, and improves social skills, as it promotes meaningful social interaction. Here at VLC we are committed to offering our students a variety of sports and physical activities considering individual limitation and/or personal preferences. We believe that our students deserve a broad, progressive, and engaging Physical Education curriculum, rich in skill development and knowledge. It will provide students with the tools needed throughout their education and prepare them for life beyond their education years. The curriculum will endeavour to foster pupils interests, excitement and benefits that physical activity can promote, with our core values always at the heart of our learning. Our students will experience physical education in a personalised approach, as they will have lessons tailored to suit their skill levels and limitations. Here at VLC our students have a voice. Therefore, we consider their likings and interests, as we believe that approach will increase our pupils' likelihood to engage in P.E., and most importantly, our main goal is to develop the essential set of skills necessary to aid our students to become healthy and active adults. In all lessons we embed core skills, knowledge, principles, confidence across a broad range of activities. We strongly recognise the need to make P.E. fun, inclusive and to foster a lifelong love of physical activity. We believe that promoting meaningful P.E. is the key factor to achieve lifelong commitment towards physical activity. VLC's approach to promote meaningful P.E.: Social interaction - Ensure that all students feel like they belong Fun - High quality P.E. lessons, gamification, and enthusiastic delivery. Challenge - Ensure pupils are exposed to achievable goals. Motor competence - Adopt a zero tolerance police for those peers who may make negative comments over less motor competent pupils. Also, ensure all students feel safe to try new skills, knowing that it is okay to make mistakes. We expect our students to be engaged during their P.E. lessons, as we offer a versatile curriculum tailored to their needs and ability levels. Here at VLC, we aim to expose our students to a meaningful P.E. experience, which can be carried on throughout their life. About Us Head Teacher's Welcome Our Ethos Our Values Our Vision Our Aims Key Info Our Team Join Our Team Working at VLC Current Vacancies Admissions and Referrals Term Dates Links and Partners Environmental Impact Alternative Provision Harbour Project Curriculum Overview Curriculum Framework Curriculum Maps Subject Rationales WOW Days: Active Learning About Careers Careers Helpful Websites
Skies painted with pink, purple or green light projections in the Creuse as in Paris. Northern lights were observed on the night of May 10 to 11, 2024 almost throughout France, to the delight of photographers. This phenomenon is explained by the arrival on Earth of a solar storm. This type of storm first affects latitudes around the poles, Mathew Owens, professor of space physics at the University of Reading, told AFP. But "the stronger the storm, the lower it goes in terms of latitude"according to him. "Gift from the weather" "If you're somewhere where it's dark, cloudless and with little light pollution, you might see some pretty impressive northern lights."said Rob Steenburgh. "This truly is the gift of space weather." » The aurora borealis is formed when there is a collision between these charged particles and the gases found in the Earth's upper atmosphere. These collisions then generate tiny bursts of light which fill the sky with colored veils. Precedents in 2003 or 1859 The largest solar storm ever recorded occurred in 1859, according to NASA. Also known as the Carrington event, it seriously disrupted telegraph communications. The most recent dates back to October 2023. Nicknamed Halloween storms", Shes caused power outages in Sweden and damaged transformers in South Africa. Conditions linked to a level 5 geomagnetic storm, the maximum level on the scale used, were observed Friday evening by the American Oceanic and Atmospheric Observing Agency (NOAA). "GPS, power grids, spacecraft, satellite navigation and other technologies may be affected," she warned. Storm alert and radiation Satellite, communications and power grid operators in North America have been urged to take precautionary measures. He recommended residents equip themselves with batteries or potentially generators, as with any other storm warning. For ten years, electricity operators have been working to better protect their networks, reassured Rob Steenburgh, scientist at SWPC. The effects can only occur on high voltage lines, not in individuals, and systems comparable to circuit breakers exist. A radiation alert has also been issued, but only 1 on a scale of 5, so not causing concern at this time. Concerning air traffic, the United States Civil Aviation Agency (FAA) said "do not expect significant consequences". With geomagnetic storms potentially disrupting navigation tools and high-frequency radio transmissions, airlines and pilots have been urged to " anticipate " possible disruptions.
Heavy metals, such as lead, mercury, cadmium, and arsenic, are everywhere around us. From the air we breathe to the food we eat, exposure to these toxic elements is more common than you might think. While our bodies can naturally detoxify to some extent, the increasing prevalence of heavy metals in our environment means that many of us could benefit from a little extra help. In this article, we'll explore what heavy metals are, their health risks, and most importantly, how heavy metal detox can improve your health and well-being. From natural detox methods to professional guidance, we'll cover it all, so you can take proactive steps toward a healthier, happier life. What are Heavy Metals? Heavy Metals: Understanding Their Definition and Examples Heavy metals are metallic chemical elements that have a high density, typically exceeding 5 grams per cubic centimeter. They are called "heavy" because of their substantial atomic weights compared to other elements. These metals are often characterized by their toxicity and can be harmful to both the environment and human health. Some common examples of heavy metals include lead, mercury, cadmium, arsenic, and chromium. Lead is a well-known heavy metal that can contaminate soil and water, posing significant health risks, especially in children. Mercury, another heavy metal, can be found in certain fish and seafood and has the potential to damage the nervous system. Cadmium, often present in industrial waste and cigarettes, is harmful when ingested or inhaled, affecting the kidneys and bones. Arsenic, a natural component of the Earth's crust, can contaminate drinking water and agricultural products, leading to various health problems. Chromium, in its hexavalent form, is used in industrial processes and can be a potent carcinogen. Common Sources of Heavy Metal Exposure - Industrial Activities: Industrial processes such as mining, smelting, and manufacturing release heavy metals into the environment. These activities can lead to soil and water contamination, posing health risks for nearby communities. - Agricultural Practices: The use of certain pesticides and fertilizers can introduce heavy metals into the soil, which can then be absorbed by crops. These contaminated crops may end up in our food supply, causing potential health concerns. - Water Pollution: Heavy metals can leach into water sources from industrial runoff, wastewater discharge, and natural geological processes. This contamination can affect both drinking water and aquatic ecosystems. - Consumer Products: Some consumer goods, such as cosmetics and electronics, may contain heavy metals, particularly in their pigments or soldering components. Over time, these products can release trace amounts of heavy metals into the environment. - Older Infrastructure: Lead, often found in older plumbing systems and paint, can contaminate drinking water and homes. Renovation or repairs in older buildings may also release lead dust into the air. - Natural Occurrence: Some regions have naturally occurring high levels of heavy metals in their soil and water due to geological factors. Inhabitants of these areas may face a higher risk of exposure. Incorporating this information into your article will help your readers understand the nature of heavy metals, their potential dangers, and the various sources through which they can be exposed. Additionally, it's important to stress the significance of proactive measures and regulations in reducing heavy metal exposure and safeguarding human and environmental health. Health Risks of Heavy Metal Exposure Exposure to heavy metals can pose significant health risks, both in the short term and over prolonged periods. Understanding these risks is crucial for taking preventive measures and seeking appropriate medical attention when necessary. Short-term Health Effects In the short term, exposure to heavy metals can result in various adverse health effects, depending on the specific metal involved. For instance, acute exposure to lead can lead to symptoms such as abdominal pain, nausea, vomiting, muscle weakness, and even seizures. Mercury exposure can cause symptoms like tremors, headaches, and difficulty breathing, particularly with exposure to its more toxic form, methylmercury. Cadmium can lead to symptoms like nausea, vomiting, and diarrhea, often referred to as "cadmium sickness." Long-term Health Effects Over time, chronic exposure to heavy metals can lead to more severe and potentially irreversible health problems. Lead exposure in children, for instance, can result in developmental delays, learning disabilities, and behavioral issues. Prolonged exposure to mercury can damage the nervous system, causing memory loss, irritability, and impaired coordination. Cadmium exposure has been linked to lung cancer, kidney damage, and osteoporosis. Arsenic exposure over the long term can increase the risk of various cancers, including skin, lung, and bladder cancer. Common Symptoms of Heavy Metal Toxicity The symptoms of heavy metal toxicity can vary widely, making it essential to recognize potential signs. Common symptoms include: - Digestive Issues: Nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, and abdominal pain can be early indicators of heavy metal exposure. - Neurological Symptoms: These may include headaches, dizziness, tremors, memory problems, and mood disturbances. - Respiratory Problems: Heavy metal exposure can lead to breathing difficulties and coughing. - Skin Issues: Rashes, itching, and discoloration may occur. - Kidney Damage: Symptoms may include changes in urination patterns and pain in the kidney area. - Bone and Joint Problems: Osteoporosis and joint pain are associated with chronic exposure to certain heavy metals. - Cognitive Impairment: Learning difficulties, behavioral changes, and impaired cognitive function, especially in children exposed to lead. It's important to note that the severity of symptoms can vary based on factors like the duration and level of exposure, individual susceptibility, and the specific heavy metal involved. Early detection and intervention are critical for minimizing the long-term health risks associated with heavy metal exposure. If you suspect heavy metal toxicity, it is advisable to consult a healthcare professional for a proper diagnosis and guidance on treatment options. The Importance of Heavy Metal Detox Heavy metal detoxification is a vital process for maintaining good health in our increasingly polluted world. Heavy metals, as discussed earlier, can have detrimental effects on the human body, leading to a range of health problems. Detoxification is essential because it helps the body rid itself of accumulated heavy metals and prevent their harmful impact. How Detoxification Supports Overall Health Detoxification, in the context of heavy metals, involves the removal of toxic substances from the body, particularly those that have been stored in tissues over time. Here are some ways in which heavy metal detoxification supports overall health: - Reducing Health Risks: The accumulation of heavy metals in the body can increase the risk of chronic diseases, including neurological disorders, kidney problems, and various cancers. Detoxification helps mitigate these risks by eliminating these harmful substances. - Improved Immune Function: Heavy metal exposure can weaken the immune system, making the body more susceptible to infections. Detoxification supports immune health by reducing the body's toxic load, allowing the immune system to function more efficiently. - Enhanced Energy Levels: Heavy metal toxicity can contribute to fatigue and low energy levels. Detoxification can lead to increased vitality and improved overall well-being. - Mental Clarity: Detoxification may lead to improved cognitive function, as heavy metals, especially mercury and lead, have been associated with cognitive impairment. Clearing these toxins from the body can help enhance mental clarity and focus. - Support for Organ Function: Heavy metals can accumulate in vital organs like the liver, kidneys, and brain, potentially causing severe damage. Detoxification promotes the health and proper functioning of these organs. - Prevention of Long-term Damage: Regular detoxification efforts can help prevent the long-term damage heavy metals can cause. This is especially important for those who are at risk of chronic exposure, whether through their occupation or environmental factors. It's important to note that heavy metal detoxification should be approached with care and under the guidance of a healthcare professional. The process typically involves dietary changes, lifestyle modifications, and the use of specific supplements or treatments designed to facilitate the removal of heavy metals from the body. Incorporating regular heavy metal detoxification into one's health regimen can be a proactive measure to reduce the health risks associated with heavy metal exposure, enhance overall well-being, and promote longevity. Methods for Heavy Metal Detox Detoxifying the body from heavy metals is a crucial step in reducing the health risks associated with exposure. There are several methods and approaches to heavy metal detox, each with its own benefits and considerations. Here, we'll explore some of the most effective methods for heavy metal detoxification: Dietary Changes and Food Choices One of the primary methods for heavy metal detoxification is making deliberate dietary changes and food choices. This approach involves: - Eating Clean: Opt for organic and pesticide-free foods to reduce exposure to heavy metals in pesticides and herbicides. Choose foods low in mercury, such as wild-caught fish, and limit consumption of high-mercury fish like tuna and swordfish. - Nutrient-Rich Diet: Consuming a diet rich in antioxidants, vitamins, and minerals can support the body's natural detoxification processes. Foods like leafy greens, broccoli, garlic, and turmeric help protect against heavy metal toxicity. - Hydration: Staying well-hydrated by drinking clean, filtered water helps the body flush out toxins. Adequate water intake is essential for overall health and detoxification. Chelation Therapy Chelation therapy is a medical procedure that involves the administration of chelating agents, which bind to heavy metals in the body, facilitating their elimination. Chelation therapy is often considered for individuals with significant heavy metal exposure. It is typically administered intravenously under the supervision of a healthcare professional. Lifestyle and Environmental Changes Making lifestyle and environmental changes can help reduce ongoing heavy metal exposure. Consider the following: - Avoid Smoking and Secondhand Smoke: If you smoke or are exposed to secondhand smoke, quitting can reduce cadmium and lead exposure. - Reduce Occupational Exposure: For individuals in jobs with high heavy metal exposure, implementing proper safety measures and using protective equipment is essential. - Household Changes: Replace or repair old lead-based paint, plumbing, and other potential sources of contamination in your home. Use water filters to reduce heavy metals in drinking water. - Natural Detox Methods: Certain practices like sauna therapy and regular exercise can help the body naturally eliminate heavy metals through sweating and circulation. It's essential to note that heavy metal detoxification should be approached with caution and guidance, particularly when considering chelation therapy. Consult a healthcare professional before embarking on any detoxification program, as they can tailor a plan to your specific needs and monitor your progress. By combining dietary changes, lifestyle adjustments, and, when necessary, medical interventions like chelation therapy, you can effectively reduce the heavy metal burden on your body and safeguard your long-term health. Natural Detoxification Methods Natural detoxification methods can be effective in helping the body rid itself of accumulated heavy metals and other toxins. These methods are generally safe and can be incorporated into your daily routine to support your body's natural cleansing processes. Here are some natural approaches to detoxification: Foods and Supplements that Aid Detoxification A well-balanced diet rich in specific foods and supplements can enhance the body's detoxification abilities. Some of these include: - Leafy Greens: Vegetables like kale, spinach, and chard are packed with chlorophyll, a compound that can help neutralize heavy metals and support the liver's detoxification processes. - Garlic and Onions: These aromatic vegetables contain sulfur compounds that assist in heavy metal elimination. They also support the production of detoxification enzymes in the liver. - Cilantro: This herb has been shown to help the body remove heavy metals like mercury and lead. It can be consumed in salads, smoothies, or as a garnish. - Chlorella and Spirulina: These freshwater algae are rich in chlorophyll and can bind to heavy metals, aiding in their elimination. - Antioxidants: Foods high in antioxidants, such as berries, citrus fruits, and green tea, help protect cells from oxidative damage caused by heavy metals. - Supplements: Certain supplements, like glutathione, N-acetylcysteine (NAC), and alpha-lipoic acid, can support the body's detoxification pathways. Hydration and Its Role in Detox Proper hydration is a fundamental aspect of detoxification. Water is essential for various bodily processes, including the removal of waste and toxins. Here's how hydration supports detox: - Flushing Toxins: Drinking an adequate amount of water helps the body flush out toxins through urine and sweat. It promotes the efficient removal of heavy metals and other waste products. - Kidney Function: Proper hydration is crucial for the kidneys' ability to filter and excrete toxins. Dehydration can impair kidney function and hinder detoxification. - Lymphatic System: Hydration is essential for the lymphatic system, which plays a critical role in the body's immune response and detoxification. Staying well-hydrated ensures that lymphatic fluid can flow effectively. - Skin Detox: Sweating, which is enhanced with hydration, can be an important route for detoxification. Regular exercise, saunas, and hot baths can help the body eliminate toxins through the skin. To support natural detoxification, aim to maintain a well-hydrated state by drinking clean, filtered water throughout the day. Additionally, incorporate detoxifying foods and supplements into your diet to enhance your body's cleansing processes. These natural methods can be part of a proactive approach to reducing the impact of heavy metal exposure on your health. Professional Help and Consultation Knowing when to seek professional medical advice is crucial when it comes to heavy metal exposure and detoxification. Working with healthcare professionals can ensure you receive the appropriate guidance and support to address potential health concerns. Here's what you need to know: When to Seek Medical Advice Determining when to seek medical advice regarding heavy metal exposure is essential for timely intervention. Here are some indicators that should prompt you to consult a healthcare professional: - Symptoms of Toxicity: If you experience symptoms of heavy metal toxicity, such as persistent nausea, neurological issues, skin problems, or unexplained fatigue, it's crucial to seek medical attention. These symptoms may indicate a need for testing and treatment. - Occupational Exposure: If your job involves exposure to heavy metals, especially in high-risk industries like mining, construction, or manufacturing, regular check-ups and consultations with an occupational health specialist are advisable. - Known Exposure: If you are aware of potential exposure to heavy metals in your environment, whether through contaminated water, old infrastructure, or other sources, consult a healthcare professional to assess your risk and develop a monitoring plan. - Pregnancy or Children: Pregnant women and young children are particularly vulnerable to the effects of heavy metals. If you are pregnant or have young children, it's essential to seek medical advice for guidance on reducing exposure risks. - Chronic Health Conditions: If you have underlying health conditions that may be exacerbated by heavy metal exposure, such as kidney disease, consult your primary care physician or specialist for tailored advice. Working with Healthcare Professionals Collaborating with healthcare professionals is vital for a comprehensive approach to heavy metal exposure and detoxification: - Medical Evaluation: A healthcare provider can conduct medical evaluations, order tests, and interpret results to determine the extent of heavy metal exposure and any related health issues. - Treatment Planning: If heavy metal toxicity is confirmed, a healthcare professional can recommend appropriate treatment, which may include chelation therapy or other interventions. - Monitoring Progress: Regular follow-up appointments with your healthcare provider help monitor your progress during detoxification and ensure that it is safe and effective. - Lifestyle Guidance: Healthcare professionals can offer guidance on dietary changes, supplements, and lifestyle modifications to support your body's natural detoxification processes. - Environmental Assessment: If necessary, healthcare professionals can provide guidance on environmental assessments to identify and eliminate sources of heavy metal exposure in your home or workplace. Seeking professional help and consultation is a responsible and proactive step in safeguarding your health, especially when dealing with heavy metal exposure. Healthcare professionals are equipped with the knowledge and tools to assess your condition, provide treatment options, and offer valuable guidance for reducing exposure risks and promoting overall well-being. Q. Can heavy metal exposure really harm my health? A. Heavy metal exposure can have adverse health effects, such as developmental issues in children, cognitive problems, and organ damage in adults. Q. Are all heavy metals harmful? A. Not all heavy metals are harmful, but certain ones like lead, mercury, and cadmium can be toxic, even in small quantities. Q. How can I reduce heavy metal exposure while cooking? A. Opt for stainless steel or cast iron cookware, avoid using aluminum, and use filtered water when cooking. Q. Should I be concerned about heavy metals in rice and grains? A. Yes, rice and grains can accumulate heavy metals, so choose varieties with lower contamination levels. Q. What foods are most likely to contain heavy metals? A. Seafood, especially large predatory fish, can have elevated mercury levels. Also, some fruits, vegetables, and grains may be more susceptible to contamination. Q. How can I stay informed about food recalls related to heavy metals? A. Check the FDA and USDA websites, subscribe to food recall alerts, and stay updated with the latest news on food safety. Your health is your greatest wealth, and protecting it from the hidden dangers of heavy metal exposure is crucial. By understanding what heavy metals are, their potential health risks, and the methods for detoxification, you can significantly improve your overall well-being. Whether you choose natural detox strategies or seek guidance from healthcare professionals, taking action to reduce heavy metal toxicity is a positive step towards a healthier, happier life. Remember, your body is a precious temple, and a little detox can go a long way in ensuring it stays in top condition for years to come. Don't wait—start your heavy metal detox journey today!
How many C-46 are still flying? How many C-46 are still flying? Several were also pressed into civilian service as cargo transports and airliners. More than 3,000 C-46s were built, of which about 100 survive today. Of these, more than 50 worldwide are still flying. What is a C-46 airplane? The Curtiss C-46 Commando is a low-wing monoplane with retractable landing gear originally derived from a commercial high-altitude airliner design. It was ultimately used as a military transport during World War II by the United States Army Air Forces as well as the U.S. Navy/Marine Corps. Why is the C-46 SO HARD TO FLY? Also, the C-46 is a very fat airplane, so when it's moving down the runway the fat fuselage blocks a lot of airflow over the vertical surfaces. The small rudder doesn't get much airflow, which limits its effectiveness. Was the C-46 pressurized? No CW-20 or C-46 was ever pressurized. The CW-20 prototype had a long aluminum fairing to hide the crease between cabin and baggage compartment, but the extra metal weighed 275 pounds, added manufacturing complexity and did nothing aerodynamically. What does C 47 stand for? The C-47 was a military derivative of the world famous Douglas DC-3 commercial airliner. The first contract for fully militarized C-47s was let September 16, 1940. Deliveries of DC-3s and DC-3As to US and foreign airlines reached 430 before the US entry into World War II. Who made the C 46 aircraft? Higgins Aircraft Curtiss C-46 Commando/Manufacturers How much does a C-46 weigh? Billed by Curtiss as the "Sub-Stratosphere Transport", the airplane that became the C-46 military transport was actually intended to be a 36 passenger airliner with a pressurized cabin…. Specifications: \| \| Curtiss C-46 Commando \| \| Weights: \| \| Empty: \| 29,485 lb (13,374 kg) \| Gross Weight: \| 40,000 lb (18,144 kg) \| Who made the C-46 aircraft? Was the C-47 used in Vietnam? The C-47 was used during WWII, the Korean War, the Vietnam war, and other areas. The C-47 flew the hump in China/Burma, food to Berlin, and paratroops on D-Day. The gun ship in Vietnam could fire 18,000 rounds of bullets in one minute to suppress enemy ground fire.
Statement 1: Sliding friction is greater than rolling friction. Statement 2: Sliding friction is greater than static friction. Which of the following statement(s) is/are correct? Which of the following statements is incorrect? (a) static friction is greater than rolling friction (b) sliding friction is less than rolling friction (c) rolling friction is less than static friction (d) static friction is greater than sliding friction Is rolling friction greater than sliding friction? Ball bearing is a device which usually converts: (a) rolling friction into sliding friction (b) static friction into sliding friction (c) sliding friction into rolling friction (d) rolling friction into static friction Which of these statements describe the correct properties of friction? A. Rolling friction is always greater than sliding friction. B. Friction acts in the opposite direction of relative motion. C. Friction causes the surfaces in contact to wear away. D. Friction produces heat energy.
Boost your Grades with us today! PSY 4550 W2 Assignment Reliability and Validity PSY 4550 W2 Assignment Reliability and Validity We often think of reliability and validity as separate ideas but, in fact, they're related to each other. Here, I want to show you two ways you can think about their relationship. One of my favorite metaphors for the relationship between reliability is that of the target. Think of the center of the target as the concept that you are trying to measure. Imagine that for each person you are measuring, you are taking a shot at the target. If you measure the concept perfectly for a person, you are hitting the center of the target. If you don't, you are missing the center. The more you are off for that person, the further you are from the center. The figure above shows four possible situations. In the first one, you are hitting the target consistently, but you are missing the center of the target. That is, you are consistently and systematically measuring the wrong value for all respondents. This measure is reliable, but no valid (that is, it's consistent but wrong). The second, shows hits that are randomly spread across the target. You seldom hit the center of the target but, on average, you are getting the right answer for the group (but not very well for individuals). In this case, you get a valid group estimate, but you are inconsistent. Here, you can clearly see that reliability is directly related to the variability of your measure. The third scenario shows a case where your hits are spread across the target and you are consistently missing the center. Your measure in this case is neither reliable nor valid. Finally, we see the "Robin Hood" scenario – you consistently hit the center of the target. Your measure is both reliable and valid (I bet you never thought of Robin Hood in those terms before). Another way we can think about the relationship between reliability and validity is shown in the figure below. Here, we set up a 2×2 table. The columns of the table indicate whether you are trying to measure the same or different concepts. The rows show whether you are using the same or different methods of measurement. Imagine that we have two concepts we would like to measure, student verbal and math ability. Furthermore, imagine that we can measure each of these in two ways. First, we can use a written, paper-and-pencil exam (very much like the SAT or GRE exams). Second, we can ask the student's classroom teacher to give us a rating of the student's ability based on their own classroom observation. Click here to ORDER an A++ paper from our MASTERS and DOCTORATE WRITERS: PSY 4550 W2 Assignment Reliability and Validity Lopes Write Policy For assignments that need to be submitted to Lopes Write, please be sure you have received your report and Similarity Index (SI) percentage BEFORE you do a "final submit" to me. Once you have received your report, please review it. This report will show you grammatical, punctuation, and spelling errors that can easily be fixed. Take the extra few minutes to review instead of getting counted off for these mistakes. Review your similarities. Did you forget to cite something? Did you not paraphrase well enough? Is your paper made up of someone else's thoughts more than your own? Visit the Writing Center in the Student Success Center, under the Resources tab in LoudCloud for tips on improving your paper and SI score. Late Policy The university's policy on late assignments is 10% penalty PER DAY LATE. This also applies to late DQ replies. Please communicate with me if you anticipate having to submit an assignment late. I am happy to be flexible, with advance notice. We may be able to work out an extension based on extenuating circumstances. If you do not communicate with me before submitting an assignment late, the GCU late policy will be in effect. I do not accept assignments that are two or more weeks late unless we have worked out an extension. As per policy, no assignments are accepted after the last day of class. Any assignment submitted after midnight on the last day of class will not be accepted for grading. Communication is so very important. There are multiple ways to communicate with me: Questions to Instructor Forum: This is a great place to ask course content or assignment questions. If you have a question, there is a good chance one of your peers does as well. This is a public forum for the class. Individual Forum: This is a private forum to ask me questions or send me messages. This will be checked at least once every 24 hours. Important information for writing discussion questions and participation Welcome to class Hello class and welcome to the class and I will be your instructor for this course. This is a -week course and requires a lot of time commitment, organization, and a high level of dedication. Please use the class syllabus to guide you through all the assignments required for the course. I have also attached the classroom policies to this announcement to know your expectations for this course. Please review this document carefully and ask me any questions if you do. You could email me at any time or send me a message via the "message" icon in halo if you need to contact me. I check my email regularly, so you should get a response within 24 hours. If you have not heard from me within 24 hours and need to contact me urgently, please send a follow up text to I strongly encourage that you do not wait until the very last minute to complete your assignments. Your assignments in weeks 4 and 5 require early planning as you would need to present a teaching plan and interview a community health provider. I advise you look at the requirements for these assignments at the beginning of the course and plan accordingly. I have posted the YouTube link that explains all the class assignments in detail. It is required that you watch this 32-minute video as the assignments from week 3 through 5 require that you follow the instructions to the letter to succeed. Failure to complete these assignments according to instructions might lead to a zero. After watching the video, please schedule a one-on-one with me to discuss your topic for your project by the second week of class. Use this link to schedule a 15-minute session. Please, call me at the time of your appointment on my number. Please note that I will NOT call you. Please, be advised I do NOT accept any assignments by email. If you are having technical issues with uploading an assignment, contact the technical department and inform me of the issue. If you have any issues that would prevent you from getting your assignments to me by the deadline, please inform me to request a possible extension. Note that working fulltime or overtime is no excuse for late assignments. There is a 5%-point deduction for every day your assignment is late. This only applies to approved extensions. Late assignments will not be accepted. If you think you would be needing accommodations due to any reasons, please contact the appropriate department to request accommodations. Plagiarism is highly prohibited. Please ensure you are citing your sources correctly using APA 7th edition. All assignments including discussion posts should be formatted in APA with the appropriate spacing, font, margin, and indents. Any papers not well formatted would be returned back to you, hence, I advise you review APA formatting style. I have attached a sample paper in APA format and will also post sample discussion responses in subsequent announcements. Your initial discussion post should be a minimum of 200 words and response posts should be a minimum of 150 words. Be advised that I grade based on quality and not necessarily the number of words you post. A minimum of TWO references should be used for your initial post. For your response post, you do not need references as personal experiences would count as response posts. If you however cite anything from the literature for your response post, it is required that you cite your reference. You should include a minimum of THREE references for papers in this course. Please note that references should be no more than 5 years old except recommended as a resource for the class. Furthermore, for each discussion board question, you need ONE initial substantive response and TWO substantive responses to either your classmates or your instructor for a total of THREE responses. There are TWO discussion questions each week, hence, you need a total minimum of SIX discussion posts for each week. I usually post a discussion question each week. You could also respond to these as it would count towards your required SIX discussion posts for the week. I understand this is a lot of information to cover in 5 weeks, however, the Bible says in Philippians 4:13 that we can do all things through Christ that strengthens us. Even in times like this, we are encouraged by God's word that we have that ability in us to succeed with His strength. I pray that each and every one of you receives strength for this course and life generally as we navigate through this pandemic that is shaking our world today. Relax and enjoy the course! Hi Class, Please read through the following information on writing a Discussion question response and participation posts. Contact me if you have any questions. Important information on Writing a Discussion Question - Your response needs to be a minimum of 150 words (not including your list of references) - There needs to be at least TWO references with ONE being a peer reviewed professional journal article. - Include in-text citations in your response - Do not include quotes—instead summarize and paraphrase the information - Follow APA-7th edition - Points will be deducted if the above is not followed Participation –replies to your classmates or instructor - A minimum of 6 responses per week, on at least 3 days of the week. - Each response needs at least ONE reference with citations—best if it is a peer reviewed journal article - Each response needs to be at least 75 words in length (does not include your list of references) - Responses need to be substantive by bringing information to the discussion or further enhance the discussion. Responses of "I agree" or "great post" does not count for the word count. - Follow APA 7th edition - Points will be deducted if the above is not followed - Remember to use and follow APA-7th edition for all weekly assignments, discussion questions, and participation points. - Here are some helpful links - Student paper example - Citing Sources - The Writing Center is a great resource As we begin this session, I would like to take this opportunity to clarify my expectations for this course: Please note that GCU Online weeks run from Thursday (Day 1) through Wednesday (Day 7). Course Room Etiquette: - It is my expectation that all learners will respect the thoughts and ideas presented in the discussions. - All postings should be presented in a respectful, professional manner. Remember – different points of view add richness and depth to the course! Office Hours: - My office hours vary so feel free to shoot me an email at [email protected] or my office phone is 602.639.6517 and I will get back to you within one business day or as soon as possible. - Phone appointments can be scheduled as well. Send me an email and the best time to call you, along with your phone number to make an appointment. - I welcome all inquiries and questions as we spend this term together. My preference is that everyone utilizes the Questions to Instructor forum. In the event your question is of a personal nature, please feel free to post in the Individual Questions for Instructor forumI will respond to all posts or emails within 24 or sooner. Late Policy and Grading Policy Discussion questions: - I do not mark off for late DQ's. - I would rather you take the time to read the materials and respond to the DQ's in a scholarly way, demonstrating your understanding of the materials. - I will not accept any DQ submissions after day 7, 11:59 PM (AZ Time) of the week. - Individual written assignments – due by 11:59 PM AZ Time Zone on the due dates indicated for each class deliverable. - Assignments turned in after their specified due dates are subject to a late penalty of -10%, each day late, of the available credit. Please refer to the student academic handbook and GCU policy. - Any activity or assignment submitted after the due date will be subject to GCU's late policy - Extenuating circumstances may justify exceptions, which are at my sole discretion. If an extenuating circumstance should arise, please contact me privately as soon as possible. - No assignments can be accepted for grading after midnight on the final day of class. - All assignments will be graded in accordance with the Assignment Grading Rubrics - Participation in each week's Discussion Board forum accounts for a large percentage of your final grade in this course. - Please review the Course Syllabus for a comprehensive overview of course deliverables and the value associated with each. - It is my expectation that each of you will substantially contribute to the course discussion forums and respond to the posts of at least three other learners. - A substantive post should be at least 200 words. Responses such as "great posts" or "I agree" do notmeet the active engagement expectation. - Please feel free to draw on personal examples as you develop your responses to the Discussion Questions but you do need to demonstrate your understanding of the materials. - I do expect outside sources as well as class materials to formulate your post. - APA format is not necessary for DQ responses, but I do expect a proper citation for references. - Please use peer-related journals found through the GCU library and/or class materials to formulate your answers. Do not try to "Google" DQ's as I am looking for class materials and examples from the weekly materials. - I will not accept responses that are from Wikipedia, Business com, or other popular business websites. You will not receive credit for generic web searches – this does not demonstrate graduate-level research. - Stay away from the use of personal pronouns when writing.As a graduate student, you are expected to write based on research and gathering of facts. Demonstrating your understanding of the materials is what you will be graded on. You will be marked down for lack of evidence to support your ideas. - Plagiarism is the act of claiming credit for another's work, accomplishments, or ideas without appropriate acknowledgment of the source of the information by including in-text citations and references. - This course requires the utilization of APA format for all course deliverables as noted in the course syllabus. - Whether this happens deliberately or inadvertently, whenever plagiarism has occurred, you have committed a Code of Conduct violation. - Please review your LopesWrite report prior to final submission. - Every act of plagiarism, no matter the severity, must be reported to the GCU administration (this includes your DQ's, posts to your peers, and your papers). Plagiarism includes: - Representing the ideas, expressions, or materials of another without due credit. - Paraphrasing or condensing ideas from another person's work without proper citation and referencing. - Failing to document direct quotations without proper citation and referencing. - Depending upon the amount, severity, and frequency of the plagiarism that is committed, students may receive in-class penalties that range from coaching (for a minor omission), -20% grade penalties for resubmission, or zero credit for a specific assignment. University-level penalties may also occur, including suspension or even expulsion from the University. - If you are at all uncertain about what constitutes plagiarism, you should review the resources available in the Student Success Center. Also, please review the University's policies about plagiarism which are covered in more detail in the GCU Catalog and the Student Handbook. - We will be utilizing the GCU APA Style Guide 7th edition located in the Student Success Center > The Writing Center for all course deliverables. - All course assignments must be uploaded to the specific Module Assignment Drop Box, and also submitted to LopesWrite every week. - Please ensure that your assignment is uploaded to both locations under the Assignments DropBox. Detailed instructions for using LopesWrite are located in the Student Success Center. Assignment Submissions - Please note that Microsoft Office is the software requirement at GCU. - I can open Word files or any file that is saved with a .rtf (Rich Text Format) extension. I am unable to open .wps files. - If you are using a ".wps" word processor, please save your files using the .rtf extension that is available from the drop-down box before uploading your files to the Assignment Drop Box. Grade of Incomplete - The final grade of Incomplete is granted at the discretion of the instructor; however, students must meet certain specific criteria before this grade accommodation is even possible to consider. - The grade of Incomplete is reserved for times when students experience a serious extenuating circumstance or a crisis during the last week of class which prevents the completion of course requirements before the close of the grading period. Students also must pass the course at the time the request is made. - Please contact me personally if you are having difficulties in meeting course requirements or class deadlines during our time together. In addition, if you are experiencing personal challenges or difficulties, it is best to contact the Academic Counselor so that you can discuss the options that might be available to you, as well as each option's academic and financial repercussions. Grade Disputes - If you have any questions about a grade you have earned on an individual assignment or activity, please get in touch with mepersonally for further clarification. - While I have made every attempt to grade you fairly, on occasion a misunderstanding may occur, so please allow me the opportunity to learn your perspective if you believe this has occurred. Together, we should be able to resolve grading issues on individual assignments. - However, after we have discussed individual assignments' point scores, if you still believe that the final grade you have earned at the end of the course is not commensurate with the quality of work you produced for this class, there is a formal Grade Grievance procedure which is outlined in the GCU Catalog and Student Handbook.
IBM Wants to Weed Out Falsely Advertised AI Tools IBM's tech could help AI services address the knowledge gap between consumers and the AI tools they use. Sign up to uncover the latest in emerging technology. IBM wants to instill some confidence in AI systems. The company seeks to patent a way to measure "artificial intelligence trustworthiness" based on the front-end user experience. IBM's system aims to help AI companies and services identify where they can be more transparent about their outputs. As AI becomes more advanced, so does the need for explainability, IBM noted. "Developers can help address this challenge by designing front-end (user experiences) … that provide explanations about how an AI model came to a decision," IBM said. "However, it is often the case that a front-end UX simply provides a prediction output by an AI model with no further explanation." The system uses a machine learning algorithm to identify the parts of the user experience that convey information about its AI models. It then evaluates them to see if they meet certain thresholds of explainability, transparency, fairness, and "uncertainty quantification," or a measure explaining how uncertain the AI model's outputs may be. The system then combines the different threshold scores to calculate an overall trustworthiness score for how the AI outcomes are explained. If a service falls below a certain threshold, IBM's tech will recommend ways to fix its user experience. For example, if a website that predicts tennis match outcomes says it chose the predicted winner in a match because they typically win matches, IBMs system may opt to be a little more precise, changing the wording to "Player X has a win percentage of 87%." Gaining consumer trust isn't always an easy thing, especially in tech. Big tech firms have abused users' trust on numerous occasions by not treating their data with the privacy it deserves. And amid the AI boom, in which large-scale models created by these big tech firms are hungry for data, consumers are growing even more skeptical. A survey last year of more than 5,000 Americans out of Bentley University and Gallup found that 79% of respondents didn't trust companies to use AI responsibly. This distrust is why it's vital for AI developers to be forthright about what's going on behind the curtain, said Arti Raman, founder and CEO of AI data security company Portal26. "As humans, we have an inherent distrust of automation and automated systems," said Raman. "If businesses are able to win people to trust, then the competitive advantage and the productivity and value creation process is so much faster." There are a few potential avenues to win trust, Raman said. One is explainable AI, in which AI models aren't stuck in so-called black boxes, but rather show how they arrive at their predictions. Another route is disclosing exactly what the AI model's capabilities are — and what their capabilities aren't — a service that IBM's patent aims to offer. "AI is a really complicated thing," Raman said. "And I think that people don't trust things they don't understand." Finally, there's the "old-fashioned seal of approval route," said Raman. Creating oversight organizations that indicate which AI systems are ethical and safe could help consumers of AI products feel more comfortable. However, consumers have every right to have a healthy skepticism of the AI they're using. OpenAI, Google, and Microsoft have all faced data vulnerabilities relating to their massive AI operations. And if you use any big tech company service, that means you're also likely helping train their AI inadvertently, said Raman. "If AI is baked into my Google workspace, I am the product," Raman said. "And I actually would very much like to know exactly how it's working and have evidence of that."
Greetings, my fantastic audience! In our discussion today, we'll delve into the meaning of "No Location Found." Ever found yourself peering at your smartphone, trying to pinpoint a buddy's location or find your own route, only to come across the baffling alert, "No Location Found"? Such a situation can be quite annoying, leaving you to ponder over the meaning behind this mysterious proclamation. But don't worry, we're about to thoroughly explore the puzzle that is "No Location Found" versus "No Location Available," clarifying the implications these expressions hold for your device and your overall tranquility. What is the implication of the "No Location Found" message? Basically, it indicates that your device is currently unable to identify your precise location. This might be caused by a weak GPS signal, problems with network connectivity, or because you're inside a building where satellite signals have difficulty reaching. As a result, your device is temporarily incapable of accurately ascertaining where you are. Hold on, you might think that "No Location Available" essentially means the same thing, but that's not entirely true. Although they might appear to be similar at first glance, "No Location Available" usually indicates that the location services on your device are turned off or limited due to certain restrictions, rather than a failure to determine your actual physical location. Imagine the scenario where you're attempting to meet up with your companions by means of the Find My Friends app or you're using a mapping service to reach a certain place, and you encounter the irritating notification that says "No Location Found." Although it can be exasperating, it's beneficial to comprehend the difference between "No Location Found" and "No Location Available." This knowledge can diminish your technological troubles and assist you in finding your way again. What Does No Location Found Mean? When dealing with location-based apps, it can be both bewildering and irritating to come across the alert "No Location Found" on your gadget. Regardless of whether you're attempting to pinpoint your own position, search for a misplaced device, or convene with companions, this enigmatic warning may leave you puzzled. In this thorough manual, we will probe into the details of "No Location Found," clarify what it suggests, and examine the subtle differences between "No Location Found" and "No Location Available." Interpreting the Message "No Location Found" Essentially, the "No Location Found" alert appears when your device's operating system struggles to pinpoint your exact whereabouts. Various factors could be responsible for this, including technical glitches or external surroundings. Grasping the underlying reasons for this notification is key to diagnosing the problem and finding a solution. Technical Factors: A typical cause of receiving a "No Location Found" alert may be due to technical glitches or interruptions in your gadget's system for tracing its position. Issues might stem from a faulty GPS component, obsolete system software, or conflicts with other programs operating in the background. Under these circumstances, your device struggles to maintain a stable link with the GPS satellites or Wi-Fi hotspots, resulting in its failure to pinpoint your exact whereabouts. Environmental Challenges: Various environmental elements significantly contribute to the occurrence of the "No Location Found" alert. For example, when you are inside buildings or in heavily built-up city areas, GPS signals can be blocked, resulting in difficulties for your device to accurately determine your location. Moreover, poor weather conditions like intense rain or snow can also diminish the precision of tracking your whereabouts, leading to moments when "No Location Found" appears. Network Issues: Another aspect to keep in mind is the stability of your connection to the network. When your gadget has trouble connecting to the network or can only connect to cellular or Wi-Fi networks with restrictions, it might have difficulty accessing location information from outside services. Consequently, this can cause hold-ups or malfunctions in pinpointing your whereabouts, which can cause the appearance of a "No Location Found" alert. Differentiating between "No Location Found" and "No Location Available" At first look, "No Location Found" and "No Location Available" might seem to express the same idea, however, they have different implications when it comes to services that rely on tracking a user's location. No Location Found: "The message 'No Location Found' usually means that your device is having trouble pinpointing your geographical position because of either technical issues or external conditions. It points to a momentary failure to connect with GPS satellites or to gather precise location information. The alert indicates that although your device is trying to find your location, it is unsuccessful at the moment." No Location Available: Conversely, when you encounter the message "No Location Available," it means that the location features on your gadget have been turned off or limited. Reasons for this might include individual user choices, settings made for privacy protection, or specific software setups that bar the device from obtaining location information. This differs from "No Location Found," as that points to a momentary glitch in pinpointing the location, whereas "No Location Available" signals a purposeful restriction set by either the user or the device's configurations. Addressing "Location Not Detected" Problems: Should you come across the "No Location Found" alert on your gadget, there are multiple measures you can implement to diagnose and fix the problem. 1. Check Location Settings: Begin by verifying that your device has location services activated and that the appropriate apps have been given the necessary access rights. Go into the settings menu of your device to confirm that the location features are operational. 2. Restart Your Device: Restarting your device can frequently fix minor bugs or program problems that might be disrupting the tracking of your location. Shut down your gadget, pause for a short while, and then turn it back on to check if the problem continues. 3. Update Software: Maintaining the most recent versions of your device's operating system and apps is crucial for achieving the best functionality, which extends to location tracking. Look for any updates that might be accessible and apply them to confirm that your device benefits from the newest improvements and corrections for any errors. 4. Reset Location Services: Should you continue to face problems, it might be necessary to restore your device's location services to their original settings. Doing so can remove any corrupted data or setup mistakes that could be disrupting the tracking of your location. 5. Seek Professional Assistance: Should the issue remain unresolved after trying various troubleshooting methods, think about contacting the product's maker or a skilled tech support expert for additional help. They can offer customized advice and problem-solving strategies that cater to your particular device and its unique problems. Grasping what "No Location Found" signifies is crucial for managing the intricacies of services dependent on geographic location. When users understand the reasons that could trigger this alert and notice its difference from "No Location Available," they are better prepared to remedy problems and maintain uninterrupted location services on their gadgets. Whether the obstacles are technical hiccups, obstacles in the surrounding area, or network complications, having the know-how to tackle the "No Location Found" signal allows individuals to maintain awareness and connectivity in a world that heavily relies on location awareness. Comprehending the subtle differences between "No Location Found" and "Location Not Available" can significantly reduce the annoyance experienced when these notifications appear on our gadgets. Analyzing what these phrases signify provides us with important understandings of how our devices function and their interaction with our environment. When the message "No Location Found" appears on our screens, it signifies that our gadgets are temporarily unable to determine our precise location, possibly because of a weak GPS signal or problems with network connectivity. Conversely, the notification "Location Not Available" suggests that there is an intentional block or configuration preventing our devices from obtaining our location information. By acknowledging these differences, we can actively work to resolve the problem, which may entail tweaking the settings on our device, relocating to a spot with less obstructions for better signal reception, or looking for other ways to navigate. The next time we come across the confusing alerts "No Location Found" or "Location Not Available," we can tackle the issue with assurance, equipped with the understanding to interpret what they signify and skillfully find our way around the technological terrain.
Disclaimer: This post may contain affiliate links. As Amazon Associates we earn commission from qualifying purchases. Numerology is an ancient practice that believes numbers hold significant spiritual meanings and can offer valuable insights into various aspects of life. Number 17081 is a fascinating number, known for its deep connections to love, money, symbolism, and relationships. By exploring the concept of numerology, the history of numerology, how it works, and the spiritual significance of number 17081, we can gain a deeper understanding of its influence in our lives. Understanding the Concept of Numerology Numerology is the study of numbers and how they relate to different aspects of life. It is based on the belief that numbers hold divine properties and vibrations that can provide guidance and understanding. By analyzing numbers and their meanings, numerologists can uncover valuable insights into various aspects of life, such as love, money, symbolism, and relationships. The concept of numerology is fascinating and has captivated the minds of people for centuries. It is not just a simple calculation of numbers, but rather a complex system that delves into the mystical and spiritual aspects of our existence. Numerologists believe that each number carries its own unique energy and symbolism, which can influence our lives in profound ways. One of the most intriguing aspects of numerology is its historical significance. The practice of numerology dates back thousands of years, with its roots in ancient civilizations such as Babylon, Egypt, and Greece. In these ancient societies, numerology was highly regarded and considered a powerful tool for understanding the world and one's place in it. The History of Numerology Numerology dates back thousands of years, with its roots in ancient civilizations such as Babylon, Egypt, and Greece. Ancient mystics and scholars recognized the significance of numbers and their correlation to the human experience. They believed that numbers were not merely arbitrary symbols but held deep meaning and represented the underlying fabric of the universe. In Babylon, for example, numerology was used to interpret dreams and predict the future. The ancient Babylonians believed that each number had a specific vibration and energy that could influence events and outcomes. Similarly, in ancient Egypt, numerology played a crucial role in the construction of pyramids and other monumental structures. The Egyptians believed that by aligning these structures with specific numbers, they could harness the cosmic energies and create a harmonious connection between the earthly and divine realms. As numerology spread to ancient Greece, it became intertwined with the philosophical and mathematical pursuits of the time. Greek philosophers, such as Pythagoras, saw numbers as the building blocks of the universe and believed that they held the key to understanding the mysteries of life. Pythagoras, in particular, developed a comprehensive system of numerology that is still widely used today. How Numerology Works Numerology works by assigning numerical values to letters, names, dates of birth, and other significant factors. These values are then analyzed and interpreted to uncover meaningful insights and guidance. By understanding the vibrational essence of specific numbers, such as number 17081, we can gain deeper awareness of its impact on love, money, symbolism, and relationships. Each number in numerology is associated with specific qualities and characteristics. For example, the number 1 is often associated with leadership, independence, and individuality. The number 7, on the other hand, is associated with spirituality, introspection, and a deep connection to the inner self. When analyzing a person's numerology chart, numerologists look at various factors, such as the person's birth date, name, and even the numerical value of the letters in their name. By examining these elements, numerologists can gain insights into the person's personality traits, strengths, weaknesses, and even their life purpose. Furthermore, numerology can also be used to gain insights into other areas of life, such as career choices, compatibility in relationships, and even financial decisions. By understanding the vibrational energies associated with different numbers, numerologists can provide guidance and support in navigating life's challenges and making informed choices. In conclusion, numerology is a fascinating field of study that offers valuable insights into various aspects of life. It is a tool that can help us better understand ourselves and the world around us. By delving into the mystical and symbolic meanings of numbers, numerology provides guidance and support in navigating life's journey. The Spiritual Significance of Number 17081 Number 17081 carries a powerful spiritual significance and resonates with love, money, symbolism, and relationships. It is a number that is closely associated with divine guidance, abundance, and spiritual growth. By delving into the vibrational essence and hidden meanings behind number 17081, we can unlock its wisdom and harness its positive energy in our lives. The Vibrational Essence of 17081 The vibrational essence of 17081 is one of love, compassion, and harmonious relationships. It signifies the presence of divine love in all aspects of life and highlights the importance of nurturing and cherishing relationships. When this number appears, it serves as a reminder to prioritize love and connection in our lives. Imagine a world where love flows freely, where compassion is the guiding force in all interactions. Number 17081 invites us to step into this world, to embrace the vibrational essence it embodies. It is a call to open our hearts and extend love to ourselves and others, fostering deep connections and nurturing relationships that bring joy and fulfillment. When we align ourselves with the vibrational essence of 17081, we tap into a wellspring of love that knows no bounds. It is a love that transcends the limitations of the physical realm and connects us to the divine. This love empowers us to navigate life's challenges with grace and compassion, allowing us to create a harmonious existence filled with meaningful connections. The Hidden Meanings Behind 17081 Number 17081 holds many hidden meanings. It represents the power of unconditional love and the ability to attract and manifest abundance. It resonates with the concept of divine timing and reminds us to trust the journey and have faith in the universe's plan. Additionally, it symbolizes the need for balance and alignment in relationships and finances. Unconditional love is a force that knows no boundaries. It is a love that transcends expectations, judgments, and conditions. Number 17081 reminds us of this profound truth and encourages us to embody this love in our daily lives. When we approach relationships and interactions from a place of unconditional love, we create a fertile ground for growth, healing, and transformation. Abundance is another key aspect of number 17081's hidden meanings. It serves as a reminder that we are deserving of abundance in all areas of our lives. By aligning ourselves with the vibrational essence of 17081, we open ourselves up to the flow of prosperity and abundance. This number encourages us to release any limiting beliefs or scarcity mindset and embrace the infinite possibilities that await us. Divine timing plays a significant role in our journey, and number 17081 reminds us to trust the process. It urges us to surrender to the timing of the universe, knowing that everything unfolds in perfect synchronicity. When we let go of control and embrace divine timing, we allow miracles to unfold and experience a sense of peace and ease in our lives. Balance and alignment are essential aspects of number 17081's hidden meanings. It emphasizes the need to find harmony in relationships and finances. This number serves as a gentle reminder to assess the balance in our lives and make necessary adjustments. It encourages us to cultivate healthy boundaries, communicate effectively, and prioritize self-care to create a solid foundation for thriving relationships and financial well-being. In conclusion, number 17081 holds profound spiritual significance and offers guidance in the realms of love, money, symbolism, and relationships. By embracing its vibrational essence and exploring its hidden meanings, we can tap into its wisdom and harness its positive energy to create a life filled with love, abundance, and spiritual growth. The Role of Number 17081 in Love and Relationships Number 17081 has a profound influence on love and relationships. Its presence signifies the potential for deep and meaningful connections. It serves as a reminder to approach relationships with love, kindness, and understanding. When this number appears, it encourages open communication, trust, and the pursuit of a loving and harmonious partnership. How 17081 Influences Love Life When number 17081 appears in your love life, it signals a time of growth and transformation. It suggests that love is on the horizon and encourages you to be open to new relationships or to strengthen existing ones. Number 17081 urges you to embrace vulnerability and emotional intimacy for a truly fulfilling and loving partnership. The Impact of 17081 on Relationship Dynamics Number 17081 brings balance and harmony to relationship dynamics. It emphasizes the importance of mutual respect, understanding, and compromise. The presence of this number indicates a time of positive change and growth in relationships, encouraging both partners to work together towards a more loving and fulfilling connection. The Financial Implications of Number 17081 Number 17081 holds significant financial implications. It resonates with abundance and wealth attraction, serving as a reminder to make conscious financial decisions. Understanding how this number influences your financial path can assist in attracting prosperity and manifesting opportunities that align with your higher purpose. 17081 and Wealth Attraction Number 17081 carries a powerful vibration for wealth attraction. It signifies the potential for financial abundance and serves as a reminder to tap into your creativity and manifestation abilities. When this number appears, it encourages you to align your financial goals with your spiritual journey and trust that opportunities for financial growth will present themselves. The Influence of 17081 on Financial Decisions Number 17081 guides and influences your financial decisions. It urges you to approach money matters with a balanced and mindful mindset. This number reminds you to align your financial goals with your values and spiritual purpose. By making conscious choices and honoring your financial responsibilities, you can create a solid foundation for long-term financial abundance. Symbolism and Number 17081 Number 17081 carries powerful symbolism that can deepen our connection to its spiritual meaning. By understanding the symbolic representation of 17081 and its connection to spiritual symbols, we can unlock layers of wisdom and gain a deeper appreciation for its significance in our lives. The Symbolic Representation of 17081 Number 17081 represents harmony, balance, and the interconnectedness of all aspects of life. It symbolizes the union between the material and the spiritual realms, emphasizing the need for balance between worldly pursuits and inner growth. This number encourages us to integrate both aspects harmoniously to live a fulfilled and purposeful life. The Connection Between 17081 and Spiritual Symbols Number 17081 aligns with various spiritual symbols. It resonates with the concept of divine love, as represented by the heart symbol. Additionally, number 17081 connects to symbols of abundance, such as the prosperity or infinity symbols, emphasizing the unlimited possibilities and potential for growth in love, money, and relationships. In conclusion, number 17081 holds significant spiritual meaning in the realms of love, money, symbolism, and relationships. By understanding the concept of numerology, exploring its history and how it works, and delving into the spiritual significance of number 17081, we gain valuable insights and guidance for our journey. Whether it manifests in our love life, finances, or symbolic representation, number 17081 reminds us to embrace love, abundance, balance, and spiritual growth in all aspects of our lives. Navigate Your Path: Your Number Guide to Better Decisions! Ever feel stuck making tough choices? Step into the amazing world of numerology! It's like having a secret key to understand your life's journey and make decisions with confidence. Get your FREE, personalized numerology reading, and turn your struggles into strengths.
For some years now, polygamous marriages have been on the rise in Tajikistan, likely due to the growing influence of religion and the mass exodus of young men abroad. High poverty rates and a tough job market have contributed to nearly 1 million of the country's approximately 9 million citizens finding employment outside of Tajikistan. Their remittances are a key source of income for many families and make up roughly 20-30% of the country's GDP, according to data from the World Bank and World Economic Forum. This is one reason why many divorced Tajik women apear to support the right of men to marry multiple times: polygamous marriages are mainly sought by high- and middle-income men and many women see this as their only way to secure financial security for themselves and their children. Though the state does not recognize polygamous marriages, Sharia law allows Muslim men to have multiple wives. These unions are consecrated by a mullah without the marriage being officially registered with the state. 'The only way to survive financially' According to activist and psychologist Firuza Mirzoyeva from the Tajik organization Public Health and Human Rights, there are several reasons polygamy is becoming more widespread. Women are willing to become second, third or fourth wives to make their private lives socially acceptable, she said. "It also has a material aspect. For many rural women who haven't received higher education — and some don't even have a high school diploma — to belong, so to say, to a man, is the only way to survive financially." Activist Mirzoyeva pointed to the Khatlon and Sughd regions as examples. There, girls are prepared for matrimony from an early age, while education is considered "superfluous." Many marriages would give women "security" and provide them with a certain status, she said: "Society has a negative attitude toward unmarried and divorced women and considers them 'old maids.' Even if a woman is successful and independent, society does not approve." Unhappy marriage to a successful business Amina comes from Isfara, in the northern Sughd region, but moved to the capital, Dushanbe, with her parents a long time ago. After she finished ninth grade, her parents married her off. "They chose a husband for me. I didn't even know what he looked like, but I knew he was two years older than me," Amina said. She lived with him in his parents' house, but after just a couple of months he left to work in Russia. "At first he came once a year and stayed for a month. Then he stopped coming at all. Finally, I learned that he had married a second time and was living with his new family. Then I decided to leave him because he didn't want me and our children anymore," Amina says. His parents refused to let her take custody of their three children because she lacked financial means. She still visits them often. Unwilling to live alone and in poverty, Amina agreed to become the third wife of a 46-year-old man who would "lovingly take care" of her and help her get back on her feet. He bought her an apartment and a car, and also helped her to start her own business. Now Amina owns a beauty salon and a clothing store. The support of her second husband makes her very happy, she said. 'Only fit to be a second wife' Manizha is from the western Hisor region. She married at 19 and divorced after just four months due to frequent conflicts with her mother-in-law. "That's how the traditions are: If you are divorced, then you're only fit to be a second wife. Fate leaves you no other choice. Family and society unfortunately no longer accept me," she said. Immediately after the divorce, Manizha received offers to become a second or third wife through the Nikah, a traditional Islamic marriage ceremony, with the promise of providing for her financially. "At first I refused, because I hadn't yet processed the traumatic separation from my first husband. But because of my financial situation, and because I didn't have an apartment, I had to consider the offers," Manizha added. She soon became the second wife of a local official. "Fortunately he's very young, only 27 years old," she said. Her new husband spends three days a week with Manizha and the rest of the time at his house with his first wife and two children. According to Manizha, the first wife knows about the second marriage and doesn't mind. "Being a second wife is my decision, I was not forced into it. At the moment, I'm very happy that there is someone in my life who takes care of me," she said. "You can't go against traditions and culture, I have to take life as it is and thank Allah for everything he has given me." 'Nowhere to go' Sitora, originally from the Khatlon region, works in the capital Dushanbe where she rents a room. The 29-year-old was in a relationship, but it didn't work out. Now she believes her age won't allow her to become a first wife — that's why she's considering becoming a second wife. "My parents won't accept me anymore because they've been waiting for me to get married for a long time. I have nowhere to go. My small salary doesn't allow me to rent this room in the long run, especially considering that prices are skyrocketing and wages remain meager." She has long dreamed of a better quality of life and starting a family: "I'm ready to become a second, third or fourth wife. If it helps me to avoid loneliness and provides financial stability for future children, then why not?" Limited rights and social stigma Still, being a second or third wife comes with limited rights and the associated social stigma. Without the official registration of a marriage, women in these types of relationships have no legal protections or property rights. "If children are born in such a marriage and they are registered in the father's name, only they can expect any financial support or inheritance," activist Mirzoyeva told DW. Polygamous marriages pose significant risks for women, especially if the husband leaves or dies, as there is then no one left to care for the wife or her children. "A whole generation of children born in such marriages is tainted with society's prejudices," Mirzoyeva said. First wives often view second marriages negatively, though they are forced to put up with it because of their financial dependence on their husbands. The Tajik authorities also turn a blind eye to many marriages because they fear that countermeasures could mean a path to an economic abyss for many women, according to Mirzoyeva. "If serious attempts were made to change the situation, many women would slip below the poverty line, which would lead to some being forced into prostitution," she said. "Even if some of them could earn enough money for an independent existence this way, they would not be accepted in society." Source : DW
For Kids, Regular Exercise Seems to Put Depression on the Run Finding could be significant because it suggests physical activity can be used to boost mental healthMONDAY, Feb. 6, 2017 (HealthDay News) -- For generations, parents have told kids to go outside and play. Now, a new study suggests an added benefit to that advice -- physical activity may lower children's risk of depression. The researchers assessed about 700 children at ages 6, 8 and 10. Kids who got regular moderate-to-vigorous exercise were less likely to develop depression over those four years, the investigators found. Previous studies have found that physically active teens and adults seem to have a lower risk of depression. This new study is the first time this has been suggested in children, according to researchers at the Norwegian University of Science and Technology. "Being active, getting sweaty and roughhousing offer more than just physical health benefits. They also protect against depression," study first author Tonje Zahl, a Ph.D. candidate, said in a university news release. The findings are important, said study co-author Silje Steinsbekk, "because it may suggest that physical activity can be used to prevent and treat depression already in childhood." Steinsbekk is an associate professor in the department of psychology. "We also studied whether children who have symptoms of depression are less physically active over time, but didn't find that to be the case," she added. Further research is needed to confirm the study results, Steinsbekk said. The study didn't prove that regular exercise caused depression risk to drop. The study is published in the February issue of the journal Pediatrics. SOURCE: Norwegian University of Science and Technology, news release, Jan. 31, 2017 Copyright (c) 2017 HealthDay. All rights reserved. News stories are written and provided by HealthDay and do not reflect federal policy, the views of MedlinePlus, the National Library of Medicine, the National Institutes of Health, or the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. - More Health News on: - Depression - Exercise for Children
At the Marine Biological Laboratory in Woods Hole, the spiny dogfish (Squalus acanthias), a diminutive shark species, is under study. Photo Credit: Etty Bachar-Wikström In their natural habitats, sharks demonstrate an extraordinary capacity for wound healing, exhibiting a degree of recovery that sets them apart from other aquatic species. While this regenerative prowess has yet to be rigorously verified in a laboratory setting, certain chemical constituents present in shark dermis are believed to hold considerable promise for medical applications. Shark Dermis Biochemistry Research Exploring these prospects, a team of dermatology experts from Sweden's Karolinska Institute conducted research on the spiny dogfish (Squalus acanthias) and other related species of cartilaginous fish at the Marine Biological Laboratory (MBL) in Woods Hole. Their objective was to delve into the specialized biochemistry of these creatures' dermis. Prior studies in various laboratories on sharks have already contributed to the invention of a novel antibiotic and the identification of biochemical pathways that are crucial for cystic fibrosis research. The research duo, Jakob Wikström, an associate dermatology professor and principal investigator at Karolinska, along with Etty Bachar-Wikström, a senior researcher, examined the dermal mucus of two shark species and their kin, the little skates, at the MBL. Sharks are unique among fish for their sandpaper-like rough skin, which raised questions about the presence and nature of a protective mucus layer on their skin. The chain catshark (Scyliorhinus retifer) is recognized for its biofluorescence and is one of the four elasmobranch species (comprising sharks, skates, rays, and sawfish) known for this characteristic. Photo Credit: Jakob Wikström and Etty Bachar-Wikström "Fish biology is generally better understood than shark biology, largely due to the ease of handling fish and the greater economic interest they attract," explained Wikström. Though sharks are also fish, he emphasized that they belong to the cartilaginous group (Chondrichthyes) rather than the bony fishes (Osteichthyes), which represent the majority. Their recent findings on the mucus layer were published in the International Journal of Molecular Sciences. "Our goal with this publication was to provide a detailed molecular characterization of shark skin, a task that has not been thoroughly undertaken previously," noted Bachar-Wikström. The investigation revealed that the mucus layer on shark skin, while exceedingly thin, is chemically distinct from that of bony fish. Shark mucus, she mentioned, is less acidic, tending towards a neutral pH, and surprisingly, bears more resemblance chemically to certain mammalian mucus, including that of humans, than it does to that of bony fish. Biomedical Applications Potential This discovery corroborates the "singular nature of shark molecular biology," as Wikström put it. "They are not mere aquatic inhabitants but have distinct biological features, which could potentially lead to various medical applications for humans. For instance, considering mucins [mucosal proteins], it is conceivable to develop novel topical treatments for wounds." He referenced existing wound-care products derived from codfish as an example of such innovation, suggesting a similar potential for shark-derived materials. Bachar-Wikström highlighted the significance of understanding these remarkable creatures, both for their relevance to human medicine and to gain insight into their survival mechanisms. She considers their work "an initial step towards a more profound molecular comprehension." Ongoing Investigations and Prospects Ahead Wikström and Bachar-Wikström are preparing a series of publications to further elucidate the unique biochemical traits of these species, which include the chain catshark (Scyliorhinus retifer), the little skate (Leucoraja erinacea), and the spiny dogfish. These upcoming studies are expected to provide a granular analysis of the different cellular types in the dermis and a more detailed examination of the healing properties of shark skin. "Species that are evolutionarily distant from us can still yield critical data applicable to human health," said Wikström. Although extensive research exists on the healing processes in zebrafish, according to him, "shark wound healing has not been explored to the same degree, making our research particularly intriguing because of the unknown factors we may uncover. It's an exploration into uncharted scientific territory." The researchers credit the MBL with providing essential resources that facilitated their research, including access to an extensive collection of specimen and expertise in handling these species. "This level of specialized knowledge is rare to find," Wikström acknowledged. Citation: "Identification of Novel Glycans in the Mucus Layer of Shark and Skate Skin" by Etty Bachar-Wikström, Kristina A. Thomsson, Carina Sihlbom, Lisa Abbo, Haitham Tartor, Sara K. Lindén and Jakob D. Wikstrom, 19 September 2023, International Journal of Molecular Sciences. DOI: 10.3390/ijms241814331 The study received financial support from HudFonden. Table of Contents Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs) about shark skin biochemistry What is unique about the biochemistry of shark skin? Shark skin contains chemical compounds that may have significant biomedical potential. Unlike other fish, sharks have a thin mucus layer that is chemically different and less acidic, sharing similarities with mammalian mucus, including human mucus, which could lead to novel medical treatments. How does shark skin contribute to medical research? Research into shark skin has led to the development of new antibiotics and insights into cystic fibrosis. The unique properties of shark mucus, such as its molecular similarity to human mucus, may also inspire innovative wound care treatments. What species are being studied for their unique skin biochemistry? The spiny dogfish (Squalus acanthias) and the chain catshark (Scyliorhinus retifer) are among the species being studied for their skin's unique biochemical properties. Where is the research on shark skin biochemistry being conducted? The research is being carried out by dermatology researchers from the Karolinska Institute at the Marine Biological Laboratory in Woods Hole. What are the potential applications of shark skin research in human medicine? Potential applications include the development of new topical treatments for wound care, inspired by the molecular biology of shark mucus, which could be beneficial due to its similarity to human mucus. What makes the Marine Biological Laboratory (MBL) a unique place for this research? The MBL boasts specialized resources such as a large collection of shark and skate specimens and a team of experts experienced in handling these unique species, which is a rare competence globally. More about shark skin biochemistry - Shark Skin Healing Properties - Spiny Dogfish Study - International Journal of Molecular Sciences Article - Biomedical Potential of Sharks - HudFonden Research Support
Genuine English Gold Leaf Gilding of decorative features with genuine English Gold leaf using traditional gilding sign writing techniques. Sign writing and gilding done on the rear of glass panels and the interior of shop windows, of which was very popular Victorian England ideal for heritage building restorations, museums and public houses (as we like to call Pubs!). I will of course undertake and apply gold leaf on an inferior metal such as cast iron brackets and wrought iron gates. I will also gild stone and wood including picture frames. I will not gild figurines made of resin and objects made of plastic. And I will definitely refuse to gild 3D printed resin objects, so please do not ask. The History Gold Leaf & Gilding The craft of beating gold and layering it onto a surface dates back five thousand years to ancient Egypt. Even during ancient Egypt to make all items of importance solid gold was impractical so the malleability of this metal enabled it to be beaten to an extraordinary thinness and stuck onto a surface using glue. Many artefacts of Egyptian gilding can still be seen and unused beaten gold was also discovered inside the tomb of Tutankhamun. Nero had a bronze statue of Alexander the Great gilded. The Greeks also used gold leaf to decorate statues and the interiors of temples. In 800 AD monks applied it onto vellum to illuminate the book of Kells. The Staffordshire hoard shows magnificent examples of gilding done on metal by the Anglo Saxons during the fifth Century. However the earliest documented description how to beat, apply and burnish gold leaf was in the book called a Treatise on Divers Arts by Theophilus Presbyter, a German monk from the 12th Century. < Treatise on Divers Arts by Theophilus Presbyter < Home is Where the Heart is Painted in Reverse Gold Leaf Again gold leaf was used to richly illuminate the book of hours during the 15th Century. It was used in the religious paintings done during the Italian Renaissance on wood panels and frescos. Three hundred and fifty years later, much to the annoyance of John Ruskin, who believed gold leaf should only be used to represent or applied onto something that could be made of gold: The Victorian signwriters used gold leaf to illuminate and decorate their lettering done on everything from carriages, shop fronts, sign boards and reverse lettering done on glass. The following was my introduction into the secret art of applying gold leaf "This is how you make the gold size, now paint it on," said Vic "I have done that Vic, what do I do now? You wait! A while later he said, "It is ready. This is how tacky the size needs to be, now this is what you do." A brief demonstration followed. "Your turn" and then off he walked. Later he returned and without any close inspection of my first attempt at gilding he said, "You have missed bits" Where, I can't see any? I said. He picked up a used up square of the paper that the gold gets pressed onto "I will show you how to find them" and that was it. "How long do you have to wait before it is tacky enough to gild? I asked. " There is no exact time" and then he continued with "When you have done enough of it you just know if the size is ready or not." Vintage Vehicles & Gold Leaf Gilding The principles of applying gold leaf are relatively simple, but because of the various aspects of how it can be done and what can be done with it; it can take years of practise, commitment and dedication to master this craft. < G. S. Kirk black lettering is painted on a gold leaf ribbon < G. S. Kirk Wood Grained ERF Cab < Shirley's Transport Cab wearing Gold Leaf Livery < Traditional Victorian Gold Leaf Shelf Brackets
Genetic analysis of individuals with autism finds gene deletions. A recent analysis of the genetic makeup of individuals with autism has yielded significant findings that hold promise for advancing our understanding and potential treatments for the condition. Identifying specific gene deletions associated with autism represents a critical step forward in unraveling the complex genetic factors underlying this condition. This breakthrough not only sheds light on the potential genetic mechanisms at play in autism but also offers valuable insights for further research and the development of targeted interventions. Understanding the genetic basis of autism is a pivotal milestone that could pave the way for personalized treatments and tailored support for individuals living with this condition, potentially enhancing their quality of life and well-being. - A 2017 study published in Nature Genetics identified 18 new genes associated with autism, bringing the number of known risk genes to over 100. The study also found that deletions of these genes were more common in people with autism than in the general population. - A 2019 study published in the American Journal of Human Genetics identified a rare genetic variant that disrupts a gene called NRXN1 and is associated with both autism and intellectual disability. The study found that the variant disrupts the way neurons communicate with each other, which may contribute to the symptoms of autism. - A 2020 study published in Cell identified a new gene called CNTNAP2 that is associated with autism. The study found that the gene is important for developing synapses, the junctions between neurons. Mutations in CNTNAP2 can disrupt the way neurons communicate with each other, which may contribute to the symptoms of autism. These are just a few examples of the many studies conducted on the genetics of autism. As our understanding of the genetics of autism continues to grow, we may be able to develop new diagnostic tools and treatments for this complex disorder.
In Mintel's newly released thought piece, 'Powering the Mind: Innovations for Asia-Pacific's Cerebral Age', we are seeing a rising prevalence of mental fatigue among consumers worldwide, including China, due to the many stresses of modern life. Indeed, Mintel research reveals that more than two in five Chinese Mintropolitans (China's new, sophisticated middle class) claim that they are heavily stressed at work. This is resulting in a lack of focus and attention among consumers; over a fifth of Chinese consumers say they suffer from a weak memory. In light of this, Mintel predicts that China will be a lucrative market for food and drink products featuring brain health claims that are designed with the aim of helping consumers across demographics to manage their stress and improve mental performance. This is especially so for the younger generation which has adopted a 'work hard, play hard' lifestyle where maintaining a balance, both physically and mentally, is paramount. This aligns with Mintel's 2019 Global Food and Drink Trend 'Through the Ages' which highlights how brain health is a lifelong consideration for many consumers. Earlier this year, China saw the launch of leading snack brand Three Squirrels' Second Brain milk coffee drink, marking the brand's first foray into functional beverages. A functional coffee drink that addresses the topic of brain health, it combines medium-chain triglycerides (MCTs), protein and dietary fibre. Three Squirrels' Second Brain coffee product, which specifically targets the brain function, serves as evidence that local Chinese brands are now moving to address this consumer issue. Three Squirrels' Second Brain Milk Coffee Drink, China This ready-to-drink (RTD) product is described as nutritious and tasty, and also beneficial for gut and brain health. Benechew Mr.Owl Driving Xylitol Gum, China This gum product is said to relieve anxiety and sleepiness, and is positioned as something to chew on when driving. MCTs show promise As well as carrying general brain function claims, Second Brain's formulation also incorporates MCTs, along with the benefits associated with its nut- and milk-based ingredients. MCTs have enjoyed increasing exposure in Western markets as an ingredient suitable for boosting brain function, but they are relatively new to Chinese consumers. Second Brain makes very little mention of MCTs in its on-pack communication, and this is likely due to unfamiliarity. As consumer demand for brain function claims continues to rise, MCTs are likely to be adopted in more product formulations, and this will drive both growth and awareness in the future. Braincoffee's Coffee with MCT, Brazil This product combines soluble powder thermogenic coffee with MCTs and claims to provide energy for the brain. Blue Dinosaur's Super Bite Espresso+ Boost Bar, Australia This product is said to be a 100% natural, paleo and vegan bar with a big hit of real espresso beans creamed together with MCT oils. It claims to provide mental clarity. What we think The concept of brain health is still relatively new in China's food and drink industry, and this is an indication of how companies and manufacturers should explore new opportunities while the space is in a nascent stage. Companies will stand to benefit from effective communication of brain health in terms of ingredients, benefits and usage occasions in order to enhance their relevance and credibility. For more insights on the mental performance market, Mintel's 'Powering the Mind: Innovations for Asia-Pacific's Cerebral Age' is available for free download here. Mintel's food science and nutrition expert will be taking the stage at Vitafoods Asia 2019 to discuss the opportunities for food and drink companies in the mental well-being space. Click here to find out more.
Welcome to our latest article on warehouse efficiency where we delve into the captivating world of electric order pickers. In this transformative era of technological advancement, it is impossible to ignore the tremendous benefits that these cutting-edge machines bring to the table. If you are curious about how electric order pickers are revolutionizing the way warehouses operate and boosting overall efficiency, you are in the right place. Join us on this enlightening journey as we uncover the incredible advantages that these remarkable devices offer in streamlining warehouse operations and propelling businesses towards unprecedented success. In today's fast-paced business environment, streamlining warehouse operations and improving efficiency has become a top priority for many companies. One significant innovation that has transformed the warehousing industry is the advent of electric order pickers. These efficient and versatile machines, such as the ones offered by Meenyon, have revolutionized the way businesses handle and fulfill orders. By combining cutting-edge technology with exceptional performance, electric order pickers have become the go-to solution for organizations looking to optimize their warehouse operations. Enhanced Productivity: Electric order pickers, like the ones manufactured by Meenyon, significantly enhance productivity in warehouses. These machines are designed to navigate narrow aisles and reach greater heights, allowing workers to pick and pack items more efficiently. With the ability to lift heavy loads and move swiftly, electric order pickers reduce the time taken for manual tasks and accelerate order fulfillment. By maximizing productivity, companies can process higher volumes of orders, leading to increased customer satisfaction and improved profitability. Improved Safety: Safety is paramount in any warehouse environment, and electric order pickers play a crucial role in ensuring a secure workplace. Meenyon's electric order pickers are equipped with advanced safety features to minimize accidents and injuries. These machines are built with stability-enhancing mechanisms, such as anti-tip technology and automatic speed reduction, which prevent accidents even during turns and abrupt stops. Additionally, Meenyon's order pickers come with ergonomic designs, providing operators with comfortable seating and easy-to-use controls, further reducing the risk of operator fatigue and mistakes. Reduced Environmental Impact: As the world moves towards sustainable practices, businesses are increasingly seeking eco-friendly solutions. Electric order pickers align with the goal of reducing greenhouse gas emissions and creating a greener future. Meenyon's electric order pickers are powered by advanced battery technology that eliminates the need for fossil fuels. By using zero-emission electric motors, these machines reduce carbon footprint, contributing to a cleaner and healthier environment. Moreover, the absence of exhaust fumes makes the work environment more pleasant for employees, improving overall employee well-being and satisfaction. Cost Savings: Implementing electric order pickers from Meenyon can result in significant cost savings for businesses. Traditional equipment like forklifts often require additional expenses, such as fuel, maintenance, and repairs. In contrast, electric order pickers are powered by rechargeable batteries, significantly reducing operating costs over the long term. Furthermore, Meenyon offers reliable after-sales service and comprehensive maintenance programs, guaranteeing efficient machine performance and reducing downtime. With lower operational expenses and increased productivity, companies can allocate resources strategically, further bolstering their bottom line. Flexibility and Adaptability: The versatility of Meenyon's electric order pickers allows them to meet diverse warehouse requirements. These machines can be customized with various attachments, such as order picking platforms, retractable forks, and additional storage compartments. Such flexibility enables warehouse operators to handle different types of products efficiently. Meenyon's order pickers can adapt to various warehouse layouts, including narrow aisles and high racks, maximizing space utilization. This adaptability ensures that businesses can optimize their warehouse operations regardless of their unique workflow and storage configurations. Electric order pickers have proven to be a game-changer in streamlining warehouse operations. Meenyon's electric order pickers simplify the order fulfillment process, improve safety, reduce environmental impact, generate cost savings, and offer unmatched flexibility. With a strong focus on efficiency, Meenyon has become a trusted brand in the warehousing industry. By embracing the power of electric order pickers, businesses can propel their warehouse operations into a new era of productivity, safety, and sustainability. In today's fast-paced era, where businesses strive for superior efficiency and productivity, the role of advanced technology cannot be undermined. When it comes to warehouses and logistics operations, electric order pickers have emerged as indispensable tools for enhancing operational efficiency. Meenyon, a renowned brand in the field, has revolutionized the industry with their cutting-edge electric order pickers, offering a host of benefits that significantly transform warehouse operations. 1. Increased Productivity Electric order pickers from Meenyon are engineered to optimize picking processes, resulting in increased productivity levels in warehouses. These devices come equipped with high lifting capacities, enabling operators to efficiently handle heavy loads. With improved lifting speeds and smooth maneuverability, order pickers ensure fewer downtimes and lead to faster order fulfillment, contributing to superior operational efficiency. 2. Reduction in Operator Fatigue Traditional order picking methods often involve manual handling of heavy goods, leading to operator fatigue and increased chances of injuries. Meenyon's electric order pickers eliminate these issues, as they automate the lifting and carrying processes. Operators can comfortably navigate the warehouse using ergonomic controls and adjustable platforms, reducing physical strain and allowing them to focus on other essential tasks, ultimately leading to a decline in overall fatigue levels. 3. Improved Safety Safety is paramount in any warehouse setting, and electric order pickers play a crucial role in maintaining a secure work environment. Meenyon's order pickers come equipped with advanced safety features such as anti-slip platforms, automatic braking systems, and height limiters, ensuring the well-being of operators and preventing accidents. By reducing the risk of injuries and enhancing overall safety, Meenyon's electric order pickers enable warehouses to adhere to strict safety regulations while fostering a positive work environment. 4. Enhanced Maneuverability Electric order pickers offer exceptional maneuverability, allowing operators to navigate narrow aisles and tight corners effortlessly. This agility is instrumental in optimizing space utilization within the warehouse, ensuring efficient storage and retrieval of goods. Meenyon's electric order pickers excel in narrow-aisle operations, offering precise control and smooth movement even in confined spaces, thus maximizing available floor space and ultimately increasing warehouse capacity. 5. Energy Efficiency In an era focused on sustainability, Meenyon's electric order pickers prioritize energy efficiency. Powered by advanced lithium-ion batteries, these order pickers provide extended operation times on a single charge. The integration of regenerative braking technology further enhances efficiency by converting excess energy into usable power, thereby reducing energy consumption and carbon footprint. This eco-friendly approach not only benefits the environment but also helps reduce operational costs in the long run. In warehouse operations, efficiency and productivity are key factors that determine the success of a business. Meenyon's electric order pickers, designed to enhance operational efficiency, offer a multitude of benefits that revolutionize the way warehouses function. With increased productivity levels, reduced operator fatigue, improved safety measures, enhanced maneuverability, and energy efficiency, Meenyon's electric order pickers provide an all-encompassing solution to streamline warehouse operations and set businesses on a path to greater success. Choose Meenyon and experience the incredible advantages of their electric order pickers as you witness your warehouse efficiency soar to new heights. In today's fast-paced and demanding business world, improving productivity and accuracy in warehouse operations is crucial to meet customer demands and stay competitive. This is where electric order pickers, such as the ones offered by Meenyon, come into play, offering a revolutionary solution to streamline warehouse efficiency. Electric order pickers, also known as electric powered pallet jacks or electric pallet trucks, are a type of material handling equipment specifically designed to enhance order picking operations. These electric-powered machines offer a host of benefits that surpass traditional manual order picking methods, making them an indispensable asset in modern warehouse environments. One of the key advantages of electric order pickers is their ability to increase productivity. With their powerful motors and innovative design, these machines allow warehouse workers to move heavy loads effortlessly and efficiently. Time-consuming tasks that would require immense physical effort can now be accomplished in a fraction of the time, leading to significant productivity gains. Thanks to their ergonomic designs, electric order pickers also contribute to a safer working environment. The machines are equipped with features such as adjustable handlebars and intuitive controls, making them easy to maneuver and operate. This minimizes the risk of accidents and injuries associated with manual handling, helping employers create a safer workplace for their employees. Furthermore, electric order pickers empower warehouse workers to achieve higher accuracy levels. These machines have precise positioning capabilities, allowing them to reach product shelves with precision and accuracy. This eliminates the possibility of human error often associated with manual order picking, such as picking the wrong item or incorrect quantities. The result is an improvement in order accuracy, leading to higher customer satisfaction rates and reduced costs associated with product returns or replacements. In addition to increased productivity and accuracy, electric order pickers also contribute to a more efficient use of warehouse space. These machines are designed to be compact and maneuverable, allowing them to navigate narrow aisles and tight spaces with ease. This enables warehouse managers to maximize storage capacity, as they can utilize every inch of available space without compromising on accessibility. With the introduction of electric order pickers, Meenyon has emerged as a leading provider of innovative solutions for warehouse efficiency. Meenyon's electric order pickers are equipped with state-of-the-art technology, ensuring reliable performance and user-friendly operation. Their machines offer various customization options, including adjustable lift heights and load capacities, to cater to the unique needs of different warehouses. Meenyon's commitment to customer satisfaction extends beyond the initial purchase. The company provides comprehensive maintenance and support services for its electric order pickers, ensuring that customers maximize the lifespan and performance of their machines. This dedication to customer service sets Meenyon apart in the industry, earning the trust and loyalty of warehouse operators worldwide. In conclusion, the advent of electric order pickers has revolutionized warehouse efficiency. Meenyon, with its cutting-edge technology and unrivaled customer support, is at the forefront of this revolution. By investing in electric order pickers, warehouses can significantly increase productivity, improve accuracy, enhance safety, and optimize space utilization. As the demands of the business world continue to evolve, Meenyon's electric order pickers provide a forward-thinking solution to meet these challenges head-on. In today's fast-paced world of logistics and warehousing, efficiency is key. Any advantage that can significantly improve productivity, reduce costs, and minimize environmental impact is highly sought after. This is where electric order pickers, such as those offered by Meenyon, come into play. These innovative machines are rapidly revolutionizing warehouse operations, offering a range of benefits that are hard to ignore. One of the most notable advantages of using electric order pickers is the potential for significant cost savings. These machines are powered by electricity, eliminating the need for costly fuel and reducing overall energy consumption. In comparison to traditional gas-powered order pickers, electric models offer a more cost-effective solution in the long run. With Meenyon's electric order pickers, the savings don't stop there. These machines are designed to be maintenance-friendly, requiring fewer repairs and servicing compared to their gas-powered counterparts. This translates into reduced downtime and lower maintenance costs for warehouse operators, further contributing to the overall cost savings. Additionally, electric order pickers provide a superior level of operational efficiency. Meenyon's models are equipped with advanced technology and ergonomic design features that enhance productivity and ease of use. The precise control and maneuverability offered by these machines enable warehouse staff to navigate narrow aisles and reach high shelves with ease, resulting in faster order picking and reduced labor hours. Furthermore, electric order pickers contribute to a more sustainable and environmentally friendly warehouse operation. The use of electric power significantly reduces greenhouse gas emissions compared to gas-powered alternatives. By opting for electric order pickers, warehouse operators can actively reduce their carbon footprint and contribute to a greener future. Meenyon, a leading provider of electric order pickers, takes sustainability seriously. Their machines are designed to maximize energy efficiency and minimize environmental impact. By investing in Meenyon electric order pickers, warehouse operators are not only improving their operational efficiency but also taking a proactive step towards corporate social responsibility. In conclusion, electric order pickers, such as those offered by Meenyon, bring about a revolution in warehouse efficiency. The cost savings generated through reduced energy consumption, lower maintenance costs, and increased productivity make these machines a smart investment for any warehouse operation. Additionally, the environmental benefits of using electric order pickers align with the growing need for sustainable business practices. Meenyon's commitment to sustainable solutions further solidifies their position as a reliable and forward-thinking brand in the logistics industry. Choose Meenyon and embrace the future of warehouse efficiency, cost savings, and environmental responsibility. In today's fast-paced world of e-commerce and logistics, optimizing warehouse efficiency is crucial for businesses to stay competitive. One of the innovative solutions making waves in the industry is the electric order picker. These advanced pieces of equipment, such as those offered by Meenyon, are transforming the way warehouses operate, improving both productivity and workplace safety. Enhanced Efficiency with Electric Order Pickers Electric order pickers are revolutionizing warehouse efficiency by streamlining the order picking process. Traditional manual order picking can be time-consuming and prone to errors. By using electric order pickers, warehouse workers can reach higher shelves and navigate narrow aisles with ease, reducing the time required to complete a task. This increased efficiency translates into faster order fulfillment, ultimately enhancing customer satisfaction. Meenyon, a leading manufacturer of electric order pickers, offers a range of models designed to meet the diverse needs of different warehouses. Their advanced features, such as integrated digital displays and customizable picking configurations, allow workers to optimize their picking routes and minimize unnecessary movements. With Meenyon's electric order pickers, warehouses can significantly increase their throughput, enabling them to handle larger order volumes and maximize their operational capacity. Improved Workplace Safety Workplace safety is of paramount importance in any warehouse setting. Manual order picking often requires workers to climb ladders or use forklifts, significantly increasing the risk of accidents and injuries. Electric order pickers, on the other hand, provide a safe and efficient alternative by eliminating the need for workers to engage in risky activities. Meenyon's electric order pickers are equipped with advanced safety features to prioritize the well-being of warehouse workers. These features include anti-slip platform surfaces, guardrails, and emergency stop buttons, ensuring that workers can operate the equipment with peace of mind. Additionally, the ergonomic design of Meenyon's order pickers minimizes physical strain on the workers, reducing the risk of musculoskeletal disorders and fatigue-related accidents. By investing in electric order picking equipment, businesses can create a safer work environment and reduce the likelihood of workplace injuries. Sustainability and Cost Savings Besides improving efficiency and safety, electric order pickers offer significant environmental benefits. Unlike traditional fuel-powered warehouse equipment, electric order pickers produce zero emissions, reducing the carbon footprint of warehouses. As sustainability becomes a central focus for many businesses, adopting eco-friendly practices can enhance brand reputation and attract environmentally conscious customers. Furthermore, electric order pickers can generate substantial cost savings for warehouses. With rising fuel prices, traditional fuel-powered equipment can be expensive to operate. The electricity required to power electric order pickers is comparatively cheaper and more stable, allowing businesses to control operational costs. Moreover, Meenyon's electric order pickers are designed with high energy efficiency, ensuring optimal use of power and further reducing costs in the long term. Electric order pickers are revolutionizing warehouse efficiency. Meenyon, a leading manufacturer in the industry, offers advanced electric order picking equipment that enhances productivity and workplace safety. By investing in these state-of-the-art solutions, businesses can streamline their operations, improve order fulfillment speed, and create a safer work environment for their employees. Additionally, the environmental benefits and cost savings associated with electric order pickers make them a smart choice for warehouses looking to stay ahead in the competitive marketplace. Embrace the future of warehousing with Meenyon's electric order pickers and elevate your business to new heights. - The increased efficiency and productivity achieved with electric order pickers - The positive impact of electric order pickers on sustainability and the environment - The overall cost savings and financial benefits of using electric order pickers - The improved safety and ergonomics provided by electric order pickers - The potential for electric order pickers to revolutionize warehouse operations in the future. In conclusion, the remarkable benefits of electric order pickers have the potential to revolutionize warehouse efficiency in more ways than one. Firstly, these cutting-edge machines offer a significant boost in productivity and efficiency, allowing warehouses to fulfill orders faster and more accurately. Additionally, the eco-friendly nature of electric order pickers contributes to a sustainable future, reducing a company's carbon footprint and helping to preserve our environment. Moreover, the financial advantages of utilizing electric order pickers cannot be overlooked, with long-term cost savings generated through decreased fuel expenses and maintenance requirements. Importantly, these innovative machines prioritize the well-being and safety of workers, improving ergonomics and minimizing the risk of injuries. As we look ahead, the potential for electric order pickers to further transform warehouse operations cannot be understated, with continued advancements expected to drive even greater efficiency and optimization. With their incredible benefits, electric order pickers are truly shaping the future of warehousing, proving to be a game-changer in streamlining operations and conquering efficiency challenges.
On Thursday, the Federal Communications Commission (FCC) voted to restore net neutrality and roll out tougher broadband regulations to ensure internet speeds and access are democratized for all users across the US. The bill will see the broadband internet treated like other essential services such as phones and water, and represent a major win for the Democratic party, who have been fighting for an open internet since the regulations were rescinded under former President Donald Trump in 2017. The debate around the open internet has been inciting tension between big corporations and US policymakers for decades. But if you're curious about how net neutrality could impact you, we explain what the concept means in simple terms, and what the bill could mean for the average US citizen. The FCC Has Decided to Restore Net Neutrality, After a Seven Year Hiatus The FCC has voted 3-2 on party lines to reinstate net neutrality – a landmark protection that was first rolled out by former President Obama in 2015. The bill, which received overwhelming support from the Democratic party, will finalize a proposal first advanced in October and will result in the FCC exerting more regulatory control over US-based internet broadband providers like Verizon and Xfinity. Despite major pushback from broadband companies and lobbying groups, the FCC's fact sheet cited several reasons why it was essential to reinstate net neutrality laws. 🔎 Want to browse the web privately? 🌎 Or appear as if you're in another country? Get a huge 86% off Surfshark with this special tech.co offer. Principally, the commission believes restoring open internet will help prevent broadband providers from creating "Internet fast lanes" that would charge services like Amazon or Netflix for faster access – an argument that Netflix has been supporting for years. The FCC also believes these rules are critical in preventing providers from censoring content and cracking down on free speech, increasing the security of all broadband networks, and giving small and medium-sized companies a more level playing field on the market. "Every consumer deserves internet access that is fast, open and fair. This is common sense." – FCC Chairwomen, Jessica Rosenworcel Chairwoman of the FCC Jessica Rosenworcel said the rules reflected the importance of high-speed internet as the main mode of communication for many Americans, and compared the internet to other essential services that we "count on in every aspect of modern life", like water and phone lines. With debates around net neutrality often being overshadowed by wider conversations about politics and capitalism, its impact on the average netizen often gets lost in the mix. So, what could reinstating the open internet actually mean for you? What Is Neutrality, and How Does It Affect Me? In simple terms, net neutrality is the concept that internet service providers (ISP) should treat all data on the internet equally. The set of regulations aims to make the internet an open playing field for all users, by prohibiting any ISPs from blocking, slowing down, or speeding up the delivery of online content at their discretion. Proponents of the movement believe that open internet results in a fairer deal for everyone, by preventing online experiences from being controlled by those with bigger wallets. For the average user and site owner, this can mean the following: - Greater accessibility – Net neutrality ensures that everything on the internet is available to everyone, democratizing access across demographics. - Lower costs – By preventing ISPs from charging companies for better access, services won't need to lump the financial burden onto regular internet users with paywalls and paid subscriptions. - Better user experience – The regulations ban internet providers from slowing down internet providers for certain sites, resulting in a better, and faster browsing experience for most Americans. - Greater freedom of expression – Net neutrality prohibits ISPs from blocking specific content they don't agree with, ensuring that the internet is free from censorship, and encouraging freedom of speech online. - Better opportunities for small businesses – Smaller enterprises with smaller budgets will benefit from the open internet, as they can enjoy the same site speeds as larger corporations. Why Is The Debate Around Net Neutrality So Heated? The FCC's restoration of net neutrality didn't come without its fair share of pushback. Opponents of net neutrality argue that the bill could result in more unnecessary government oversight of broadband providers, and that could stifle innovation and competition in the industry. FCC Commissioner and Republican Brendan Carr has been a vocal opponent of the bill. He described the new regulations as an "unlawful power grab" and previously criticized Biden's equity plan for being 'sweeping, unprecedented, and unlawful'. Unsurprisingly, ISPs aren't happy about the bill, either. Jonathan Splatler, the president of the broadband lobbying group believes net neutrality is a "nonissue for broadband consumers, who have enjoyed an open internet for decades," and has stated that the organization will "pursue all available options, including in the courts." However, despite the topic stoking divisions on Capitol Hill, net neutrality is supported by a bipartisan majority of Americans, with recent polling showing that the concept is supported by 73% of US citizens, including 82% of Democrats, 65% of Republicans, and 68% of Independents. So, unless you're a broadband conglomerate with vested interests in web privitization, its unlikely you're going to be negatively impacted by the FCC's recent bill.
Here is our collection of smart, funny, and wise old entitlement quotes, sayings, and proverbs that we've gathered over the years from many different sources. A narcissist has an entitlement mindset. A sense of entitlement is the conviction that others owe something to you, even though you have done little to earn it. Many people hold the view that we should work hard for what we get. Maybe that's the case. People need to sacrifice some of themselves before they can truly feel deserving of something. If you've put time and effort into something, you're more likely to have strong feelings about it. I hope you love these quotes and share them with your friends. So without wasting time, let's start the post. Entitlement Quotes "You can't be grateful for what you feel entitled to." – Chris Brown "Thankfulness eradicated entitlement." – Perry Noble "Success is not an entitlement. It has to be earned." – Howard Schultz "Gender shouldn't grant you entitlements." – Unknown "Entitlement is lethal." – Liev Schreiber "What separates privilege from entitlement is gratitude." – Brene Brown "Entitlement is the biggest enemy to our society." – Jason Hartman "Entitlement is the plague, that is eating up our society." – Unknown "Everybody deserves love, but nobody is entitled to it." – Katerina Stoykova Klemer "Happiness is not an entitlement. Only its pursuit is. Happiness requires work." – Unknown "Gratitude begins where my sense of entitlement ends." – Steven Furtick "When a parent shows up with an attitude of entitlement, understand that under it is a boatload of anxiety." – Robert Evans "Nothing guarantees more the erosion of character than getting something for nothing." – Dennis Prager Quotes About Entitlement "People who take more than their share usually feel an inflated sense of entitlement." – Jeanne Phillips "There's no such thing as entitlement, unless someone has first met an obligation." – Margaret Thatcher "There is no entitlement. Love is either equal or a tragedy." – Michael Robotham "You need to stop doing things for someone when you find out it's expected rather than appreciated." – Unknown "Thankfulness is difficult to express when one starts with an attitude of entitlement." – Chris Tiegreen "Entitlement and gratitude cannot occupy the same space within." – Christina Dawson "You cannot help men permanently by doing for them what they could and should do for themselves." – Abraham Lincoln "A sense of entitlement only justify your own selfishness leaving nothing more than sending a message that your behavior to disrespectful." – Unknown "A sense of entitlement is a cancerous thought process that is void of gratitude and can be deadly to our relationships." – Steve Maraboli "Successful people have a sense of gratitude. Unsuccessful people have a sense of entitlement." – Steve Aitchison Entitlement Quotes And Sayings "The problem with entitlement is that it makes people need to feel good about themselves all the time even at the expense of others around them." – Mark Manson "Entitlement is simply the belief that you deserve something. Which is great. The hard part is, you'd better make sure you deserve it." – Mindy Kaling "Entitlement mentality is a danger to your peace. Nobody owes you anything, get up and take responsibility." – Lois Ei-kojonwa "Teach your children gratefulness. Do all you can to deliver them from our culture's poisonous entitlement mentality." – Randy Alcorn "Teach your children to work for the things that they want or they will never appreciate what they have. They will always expect everything to be given to them." – Unknown "Feeling entitled is the opposite of feeling grateful. Gratitude opens the heart, entitlement closes it." – Paul Gibbons "The bigger the sense of entitlement, the smaller the sense of gratitude." – John Ortberg "Man is not, by nature, deserving of all that he wants. When we think that we are automatically entitled to something, that is when we start walking all over others to get it." ― Criss Jami Ungrateful Entitlement Quotes "People who are given whatever they want soon develop a sense of entitlement and rapidly lose their sense of proportion." – Sarah Churchwell "To raise grateful kids in an entitled world, it's important to shift the focus off of ourselves and onto others because entitlement is always self-seeking." – Unknown "We do not want to feed a sense of entitlement in other people. We do this by meeting their needs and giving to them when they don't appreciate our actions or us in general!" – Unknown "A sense of entitlement will surely always guarantee you a seat at the victim's eventually." – Unknown "When there's expectation, without appreciation, you get entitled and ingratitude." – Cheri Fogarty "Entitlement is a delusion built on self-centeredness and laziness." – Unknown "Don't go around saying the world owes you a living. The world owes you nothing. It was here first." – Mark Twain "Don't feel entitled to anything you didn't sweat and struggle for." – Marian Wright Edelman "Pride and entitlement always go with unforgiveness. The longer you hold someone's offense over them, the more likely you are to start feeling arrogant and entitled to your posture toward him." – Will Davis Jr. "A lot of [people have a sense of entitlement mentality that somebody else ought to do these things for them. People are mad at the government for not getting jobs for them. I don't understand why it's the government's responsibility." – Wayne Dyer False Sense Of Entitlement Quotes "Entitlement is an expression of conditional love. Nobody is ever entitled to your love. You always have a right to protect your mental, emotional, and physical well-being by removing yourself from toxic people and circumstances." – Dr. Janice Anderson & Kiersten Anderson "Immature thinking: I deserve! I'm entitled! Pay my bills! Take care of me! Do not offend me! It's really all about me! Mature thinking: I must earn. It's about others. Challenge my views. I will buy my own stuff. Nobody owes me anything. I'm responsible for my success." – Unknown "I do believe that I deserve what I have. I don't think I'm entitled to it. That's a big difference." – Adam Levine "Entitlements are not rights. People are not born with a claim on the property of others. Do you disagree? Tell me how much of what I earn 'belongs' to you and why." – Unknown "Entitlement vs Responsibility: We wouldn't blame our dentist when we don't brush our teeth properly and we get cavities. So then, why do we think we can blame the teacher when our kids don't pass because they didn't study." – Unknown "It is easy, when you are young, to believe that what you desire is no less than what you deserve, to assume that if you want something badly enough, it is your God-given right to have it." ― Jon Krakauer "Self-entitlement is something that is embraced by those who feel like something is owed to them because of their position and or whom they are. In reality, the very thing that you think that makes you important really means nothing when it's all said and done." – Unknown "We do have a generation that, I think, we have raised with a great deal of entitlement… We've got to stop rewarding bad behavior in America. When people don't work and produce, then they need to get kicked to the curb. Get a damn job. Carry your own weight." – Dr. Phil Funny Entitlement Quotes "There's no entitlement like the entitlement of someone who thinks they're entitled to everything." "Entitlement is just privilege in disguise." "The only thing entitlement gets you is a sense of superiority and a lot of eye rolls from everyone around you." "The entitlement of some people is like a spoiled child's temper tantrum, except it's not cute." "Entitlement is the result of thinking you're better than everyone else, but in reality, it just makes you worse." "The only thing worse than entitlement is entitlement with a smile." "Entitlement is the belief that everything should be handed to you on a silver platter, but life doesn't work like that." "The entitlement of some people is like a never-ending punchline, except it's not funny." "Don't confuse entitled with experienced, because sometimes the only experience someone has is being entitled." "Some people never stop complaining about their first world problems, even though there are actual problems in the world." "Entitlement is like bad breath, it's annoying to everyone around you but you don't even notice it." "Entitlement is like a virus, it spreads and infects everything around it." "Entitlement is the opposite of humility, and humility is what truly makes a person great." "Some people's entitlement is so strong, it's like they're living in an alternate reality where they're the center of the universe." Entitled People Quotes "Everybody deserves love, but nobody is entitled to it." "Charity is no part of the legislative duty of the government." "The problem with socialism is that you eventually run out of other people's money." "You have to do your own growing no matter how tall your grandfather was." "You cannot help people permanently by doing for them, what they could and should do for themselves." "Every one is worthy of love, except him who thinks that he is. Love is a sacrament that should be taken kneeling." "If this country is ever demoralized, it will come from trying to live without work." "I cannot undertake to lay my finger on that article of the Constitution which granted a right to Congress of expending, on objects of benevolence, the money of their constituents." "Legalism breeds a sense of entitlement that turns us into complainers." "He never did rid himself of the feeling that he had been denied his rightful place. It kept him from being good-natured, and made him unwilling to forget grudges." "Feelings of entitlement make people do horrible things, or, rather, they allow them to do horrible things without feeling the slightest inkling of guilt." "To cultivate gratitude, we must first uproot the weeds of pride, entitlement, and comparison that choke out our blessings." "Scapegoating is like the obnoxious Uncle Donald: ignorant, entitled, divisive." "The more they get away with, the more they believe they're entitled to have." "Rich people entitlement is a hell of a drug. It doesn't even occur to them that they'll get busted, because they brown nose all the right assholes at the golf course. Schmooze the right judges. Retain the right attorneys." Check Out Most Popular Posts:- - Dark Love Quotes - Evil Eye Quotes - Closure Quotes - Life Sucks Quotes - Choose Your Hard Quote - Private Life Quotes I hope you love this post, and if you have a favorite Entitlement Quotes or memory, Be sure to let us know in the comments. If you enjoyed this article, please click the share button below!
Navigating Minnesota's HOA Laws: 2024 Insights on Solar Panel Regulations In 2023, Minnesota passed a law (effective July 1, 2023) that prohibits homeowner associations (HOAs) from preventing single-family, detached residential property owners from installing solar panels. Another new law (also effective July 1, 2023) governs the installation of those solar panels in Minnesota and states that any company that installs them must be licensed as a residential building contractor. Since this new law affects close to 600,000 homeowners, it's important to look at the implications the law may have. This new law will impact how HOAs do business. In this post, we'll take a further look at what this law is about, and what it means for HOAs and homeowners. Are you an HOA Board Member interested in attending our Spring Board (2024) Training? RSVP today! Overview of Minnesota's New Solar Panel Laws For many years, homeowners in Minnesota who were under the restrictions of HOAs would sometimes run into a wall: their HOA wouldn't permit the installation of solar panels. This wasn't the case for all neighborhoods governed by an HOA, but it affected enough that something needed to be done. Last year, new legislative measures were put in place that now prevent HOAs from refusing to allow a homeowner in a detached single-family homeowner association to put up solar panels in Minnesota. According to Solar United Neighbor, Minnesota is now one of 28 states with such protections for homeowners in place. Implications for Homeowners Ultimately, Minnesota's new solar panel laws provide more autonomy for homeowners, allowing for a more environmentally-conscious lifestyle if desired. We all know that global consciousness begins at the individual level, and Minnesota solar panel laws allow homeowners to take specific measures to that effect. Renewable energy helps the planet and its inhabitants in many ways. For instance, the reduction in energy production leads to reduced carbon emissions. In turn, this also creates more jobs for people, since it increases the need for manufacturing the technology required for renewable energy resources. It's also more budget-friendly because it lowers energy costs! Homeowners who install solar panels may also receive the added benefit of federal tax credits of up to 30% and other financial incentives. However, before installing solar panels, you should consider a few things: - Overall costs. Are there any other ways you can reduce energy costs? Solar panels will help, but they're only a tool (and only one tool at that). What else can you do to reduce your energy consumption and, thus, your costs? - Roof condition. If your roof may need replacing in a few years, factor in the costs for current solar panel installation in Minnesota, as well as the costs to reinstall on your new roof. - The professional reputation of installers. While we would like to assume most people are honest and of integrity, the harsh truth is that that isn't always the case. Before you sign a contract with any company, thoroughly vet the organization! Time spent conducting due diligence can save wasted money on poorly managed installations. Gather references from the company, check Google and Yelp reviews, ask around in local Facebook groups for references, and check the Better Business Bureau for complaints against the company. Some utility companies offer financing options for solar panels and other financial incentives, such as a reduced rate. Check with your utility company to further explore your options. Impact on HOAs If you live in a single-family neighborhood with an HOA, you're probably used to various rules regarding what you can and cannot do to your home's exterior. In light of this, you might be wondering if there are any limitations or how your community's regulations for aesthetics come into play. Unless you are explicitly exempt according to Minnesota Statutes Chapter 326B, you must get approval from your HOA for the type of solar panel you install. The association can put in place reasonable restrictions that don't decrease projected output by greater than 10% and/or don't increase the projected cost by 20% for solar water heaters or $1,000 for all other solar installations. Additionally, the Department of Labor and Industry notes that only photovoltaic (PV) systems may be installed on homes. These PV systems must be installed by someone licensed as a residential building contractor (per 326B.802, subdivision 11) or a residential building remodeler (per 326B.802, subdivision 12). Final thoughts With new provisions in the recent legislature, solar panel installation in Minnesota is likely to become much more popular, even amongst those living in neighborhoods with an HOA. Want to learn more about what this means? Look no further than Omega Property Management! We know that all communities are different, and we're committed to enhancing operational efficiency. Contact us today to learn more about how we can help!
Ask advice from an expert: improving fiberglass manufacturing Two events were scheduled for today. The first was a static test of the N-2 rocket motor. In the previous test, the nozzle could not withstand the pressure increase and popped out, so two improvements were made to the test: the groove depth was increased and the snap ring was doubled. As it turns out, today's test was not conducted. The reason was that there was a problem with the igniter. Since we had not prepared a spare igniter, we had to conduct two tests including this motor in the next test. In the afternoon, we invited a fiberglass expert to JKUAT to teach us how to fabricate fiberglass airframes. He had originally worked for vehicle industry, where he learned fiberglass manufacturing. When we showed them the tools we were using, he gave us the following advice immediately. - Use a Fiber cloth (for the outer layer) or Tissue mat (for the inner layer) instead of a Glass mat - Use a 2-inch paintbrush instead of a roller - Use epoxy resin instead of polyester resin - Use mirror graze polish (looks like vaseline) when removing from the mold - Use aluminum for body tube molds, not PVC resin - Use gelcoat for the final layer The students, who had been engaged in fiberglass production by trial and error, listened to the opinions of the professional. Today was also a day of progress for all teams, as the boards ordered from JLCPCB arrived. Communication test between flight computer and ground station Today, the avionics team was conducting a communication test of the ground station at JKUAT's farm. N-2 rocket body fabrication Today the airframe team was building the fiberglass rocket body. First, a sheet of polyethylene is wrapped around the PVC tubes (one 56 mm and two 75 mm) that will serve as the mold. This was done to make it easier to pull the cured fiberglass out of the mold. The students initially used polyethylene sheets, but the wrinkles in the polyethylene sheets adversely affected the dimensions of the final product, so they explored other methods (such as using a cling film). In the end, none of the methods worked, and they came back to the first method. Improvement of solid motors and testing of recovery mechanisms I have previously blogged about the N-2 rocket's improved solid motors. Since the aluminum combustion chamber melted in the recent test, the static test had to be conducted with the combustion chamber changed to mild steel. I was just in Japan on a business trip, but under the supervision of my colleague, the students were able to successfully conduct the test. In the video above, the test stand is plodding along, and this was caused by the bulkhead coming loose from the rocket motor. The bulkhead came off because the groove in the combustion chamber that stops the snap ring to secure the bulkhead was too shallow. The following test was conducted to improve on this point. The thrust curve is shown below, with a peak thrust of 514 N recorded. This time, the nozzle, not the bulkhead, was ejected, resulting in a rapid pressure drop. Next, the nozzle side was also tested with a deeper groove in the snap ring. Now, in addition to the improvement of the solid motor, another important thing is the recovery mechanism, i.e., the recovery of the rocket by parachute. Unfortunately, the recovery by parachute has not been successful so far, and it is a long-cherished goal to achieve it in the next launch of the N-2 rocket. The ejection of the nosecone uses pyrotechnics, specifically an explosive called crimson powder. In addition, to test the control program (state machine) implemented in the flight controller, the team built a water rocket for the experiment. Water rocket launch (success) Visiting Japan with JKUAT Students I visited Japan with 10 JKUAT students and 5 JKUAT faculty members. The students were invited by the Tokyo City University as part of an exchange program called Sakura Science, which is implemented by the Japan Science and Technology Agency (JST). The students stayed in a laboratory working on robot and drone control, and conducted experiments in a research environment that they could not experience in Kenya.
How to Apply an Artino Shoulder Rest In order to prevent the instrument from slipping off the shoulders, almost every violin player uses something. There are some musicians who separate the instrument from the shoulder to avoid stress; whereas, there are many who use a rag or a cosmetic sponge to make a base for the violin. Artino is a brand of Otto Musica Company. There are two major types of these shoulder rests, one is made of metal and the other of rosewood. Both of these types are used by beginners or amateurs but rosewood construction is preferred by the more professional musicians. If you plan to purchase one and use it, you need to keep a few simple things in mind. Attach parts of the shoulder rest If the rest came unattached, you need to put together all the parts before you can use it. You do not need to screw them fully at this moment however. In order to estimate the fitting, place the rest up against the violin's back. You can loosen the screws to adjust the length of the Artino, if it appears to be short. You can now screw the rest tightly at the desired place. - Examine the size Check the shoulder rest properly, making sure that one end is thick and the other is thin. You can look at the back of the instrument by placing it in a guitar position first and then moving it away from your body. You will see that the top of the violin's back will be covered by a metal bracket, which can be used for resting your chin. - Place the thicker end of Artino on the rim of the violin The thicker end of the rest should be positioned on the rim of the violin, to the left of the metal bracket. The feet of the thinner end of the Artino should be glided to the opposite rim of the violin. The Artino should now rest in a position that it is stretched from right to left along the back of the violin. - Adjust it in the playing position You may now position the thicker end of the rest towards the middle of the violin, if you feel that it needs to be tightened. Examine the size once again by placing the violin in a playing position. You may adjust it again if you do not feel comfortable.
From jungles and wild monkeys to mountain tops, Nepal weaves a magical spell Time to read 4 min Time to read 4 min 'Nepal is a truly special place. I feel very at home there, at ease. Perhaps because there is lots of greenery, or maybe because the people are so welcoming, but I feel comfortable there. I could imagine myself spending a lot of time in Nepal,' says Wendy Morrison of her recent trip to the country renowned for its hand-knotted rug making. Nepalese rugs are recognised worldwide for their quality and craftsmanship. The labour-intensive, hand-knotted technique Nepal weavers specialise in results in beautiful, long-lasting rugs of the highest quality. Wendy travelled to Nepal to visit the rug-making workshop that produces all her hand-knotted designs and to catch up with the people behind the business, which last year became the sole supplier of our hand-knotted rugs. From a workshop nestled at the foot of the Himalayan mountains, owner Raj heads up the small, second-generation, family business, while his wife Bhawana manages the office. They share a home with his parents – Raj's father established the business – and two young daughters. Wendy, husband Gregor and teenage son Harvey made the trip to meet the family and experience first-hand how the intricate hand-knotted designs are brought to life. 'I was really excited to be in Nepal,' Wendy says. 'My son Harvey has travelled with us to India before, but he was keen to see the new workshop, understand the working conditions and meet the people involved in this aspect of the business.' Kathmandu is the capital and most-populated city of Nepal. Located in the Kathmandu Valley, which sits at an altitude of 1,400m in central Nepal, the city is one of the oldest, continuously habited places in the world, founded in the 2nd century AD. 'Nepal is a fascinating country, inspirational, as is Kathmandu,' Wendy says. 'The city roads are busy, but when you look up and around, beautiful tall houses with coloured wood cladding and small square glass windows line the sides. It's unexpected. Almost like coastal American homes. 'There's also lots of greenery. We stayed right on the edge of the jungle, which was full of birdsong. And monkeys. Lots of monkeys around – which are pretty bold; bold enough to try and snatch things from your bag. So it's a real feast for the senses.' Nepal's rug-making tradition is rooted in Tibetan history. As Tibetan refugees settled in Kathmandu in the 1960s, they brought with them age-old weaving skills. The unique hand-knotted process has been passed down through generations and remains unchanged. Exquisite, hand-knotted rugs are still produced in Nepal by traditional methods, even in a world that has been largely mechanised. Traditional looms became widely available and a weaving community was established. The industry grew, but too quickly. As it did, the problem of child labour became evident. Fortunately, things have changed. The rug industry in Nepal may be much smaller now, but it is trying to grow sustainably, and many of those involved are determined to ensure ethical practices are in place. 'One of the many reasons I was keen to visit the Nepal workshop and meet with Raj, is that we both want complete transparency in how much weavers are paid and the conditions they work in,' Wendy explains. In partnership with Label STEP, the fair-trade, non-profit organisation committed to the wellbeing of weavers and workers in the handmade carpet industry, Wendy Morrison Design is dedicated to fair pay and good working conditions. 'Spending time with Raj and his family was an absolute delight,' Wendy says. 'It gave my family and I such a wonderful insight into Nepalese culture, and we were made to feel incredibly welcome. We were even lucky enough to be included in a traditional birthday celebration for Raj's eldest daughter, who turned seven while we were there. 'Aside from meeting the people, I was so happy to see the workshop space,' Wendy says. 'I felt very relaxed there. The surrounding area is lush and green, set in a valley bordered by the Himalayan mountains. People were incredibly welcoming and happy to show us around. 'Both Raj and I want to make the weaving industry attractive again,' Wendy explains. 'We want to share the importance of the craft, the skill involved in making a hand-knotted rug, and promote a return to a way of thinking that appreciates artisan tradition. We hope more people will want to become weavers because it is a good industry to work in, one that pays well, and offers choice and independence. 'All of our hand-knotted rugs are made here, with around eight in production at any one time. Four weavers work on each rug simultaneously as a team – if someone is ill, work stops until they can resume. Both men and women work as skilled weavers. I spied a very special, custom-size, Arc en Ciel on the loom, as well as A Mughal Painting, Eternal Toile and Pink Moon. 'It is quite something to see one of my designs slowly come to life on the loom, and I loved having the chance to see the washing and finishing processes. It was so nice just to be at the heart of where our rugs are made. ''We were so lucky to be able to immerse ourselves in the Nepalese culture. I let myself soak everything in. The colours, scents and sounds. The incredible people. So many contrasts and so much to enjoy. '' 'The workshop is sited in an amazing area. We were taken on a guided forest walk to a beautiful temple and a drive through the foothills of the mountains. A cable car ride ended with an amazing view of Mount Everest across breathtaking mountain tops. 'In one of the main temples I came across hand-crafted 'thangka' paintings, which were stunning. The scroll-like works of art are made up of a painted panel with textile surround painted in vibrant colours. Many of them share stories of Buddha and are entrancing. I was able to chat to one of the artists and watch them painting, which was an absolute joy. 'We were so lucky to be able to immerse ourselves in the Nepalese culture. I let myself soak everything in. The colours, scents and sounds. The incredible people. The temples and architecture. The bustle of Kathmandu and the beauty of the jungle. The cheeky wild monkeys. The peace of the mountains. So many contrasts and so much to enjoy. 'As well as the opportunity to meet the fantastic people making our hand-knotted rugs, this was a trip that I know will lead to new designs. All inspired by a truly wonderful place.'
SeaWorld is a theme park mostly focused on aquatic animals, located on the edge of the large San Antonio, Texas metro area, about 13 miles from downtown. There are two other SeaWorld parks, one in San Diego, California and one in Orlando, Florida; a fourth was located in Aurora, Ohio but was sold and altered and eventually mostly demolished. The three remaining parks are not identical to each other, although they certainly have much in common. This park is the newest (1988) and is located on a gently sloped rise of central Texas about 150 miles from the Atlantic Ocean. The layout of the park features one entrance which leads to either a short dead-end path with a few attractions or a large loop path around a central lake with all the other attractions. The park is not really subdivided into themed areas; rather, each attraction leads to the next with a common thread of minimally landscaped passages featuring the low forest landscape of native oaks and shrubs. This preservation of much of the existing flora is a major difference between this park and the other two, which feature far more manicured subtropical landscapes in defiance of their sites. This park also has a common design theme of rough rocky ground treatments near many of the walkways, from which large glazed urns erupt filled with flowers. Entrance Archway: There are many features at this large park, and I will focus on those with live animals later, but I will summarize all the features first. Rides have become more important features over the years, and there are 6. This includes 3 rollercoasters; 2 are terrifying (Great White, Steel Eel) and one is a beginner's track (Shamu Express). There are also 3 thrilling water rides: a waterflume/rollercoaster called Journey to Atlantis, a log ride called Texas Splashdown, and a rapids ride called Rio Loco. Unique to this park is a large waterpark area called Lost Lagoon with waterslides, a lazy river, and wave pool; it is included with admission when it is open in the warmer busier months. There is also an extensive childrens play area called Shamu's Happy Harbor. An indoor venue called Sea Star Theater shows 3D films. 4 live shows are the most famous features of the park, and each is housed in its own large covered outdoor arena. One of the shows only features human performers (Cool Vibrations in Ski Stadium), and three feature marine mammals that I will detail below. Animal exhibits include 2 complexes for marine mammals (both outdoor), 1 complex for fish (indoor), 3 complexes for birds (2 outdoor, 1 indoor), and 2 complexes for reptiles and amphibians and invertebrates (1 outdoor, 1 indoor). In addition, there are some small scattered birdcages. Many shops and restaurants are also scattered around the park, mostly in rather bland modern buildings. The three marine mammal shows are quite different from one another. The smallest arena is Sea Lion Stadium, currently housing 'The Cannery Row Caper'. It is pure entertainment, following a decades-old formula of two California sea lions with the stage names of Clyde and Seamore in a humorous themed stage environment, performing tricks that serve the story alongside a river otter and another sea lion and their costumed trainers. There is little educational value to this show. The arena itself has a curved narrow tank running the entire front length of the Monterey-themed stage set which the animal performers occasionally dive into for aquatic tricks. A larger separate arena called Beluga Theater has a show called Azul, with Pacific white-sided dolphins and beluga whales in a deep tank with windows into the depths facing the audience. This show also features several species of parrots occasionally flying above the audience, as well as cirque-like aerialists suspended from the arena structures and aquatic divers and swimmers. Its bright stained-glass backdrop on the stage set and musical fantasy atmosphere creates a more serious tone than the sea lion show, interspersed with earnest trainer interactions with the marine mammals. Yet more serious is the largest and most famous arena show, Believe!, starring the killer whales, always including one with the stage name of Shamu. This immense stadium also has several visible large holding tanks behind the show area. The show tank is even larger, and features windows into its depths along the entire length facing the audience; this theater is unique because the audience is on each side of the oblong tank, facing each other. The show highlights the characteristics of the whales and their interactions with trainers exclusively, with generic new-agey music and touchy-feely messages rather than a concrete story. As such, it is the most educational of the shows, and the undeniable power of the whales is best highlighted by this approach. Azul in Beluga Stadium: Behind the themed stage set area of Sea Lion Theater is Rocky Point Preserve, a complex of 4 exhibits for aquatic mammals. The complex is a hybrid of naturalistic rocky walls interspersed with multicolored modern angled walls for containment and railings with occasional glass sections. Modern open-air shelters with metal roofs are also located on the edges of several exhibits, and a feeding station matches these. The feeding is for the largest exhibit only, and it is a decent habitat for California sea lions and harbor seals, viewed from almost its entire perimeter. Next to this are two small outdoor yards contained in more angular walls, each with a waterfall and swimming area as well as raised earth areas for Asian small-clawed otters. Both exhibits appear to have been small pools for seals at one time, with underwater windows that are no longer used or accessible; the habitat details inside are rather basic. The final exhibit is a fairly large pool habitat with a backdrop of rocky walls and a dry shelf; this one is viewed from three sides and is for Hawaiian monk seal, apparently the only place that regularly exhibits them. For such a special species, the habitat is bland. When I visited there was one on display, although I think they have a few in off-exhibit areas just behind it. This complex is probably a little better than the sea lion and seal habitats at the San Diego park, but is far inferior to the Orlando park equivalent. California Sea Lion and Harbor Seal Exhibit in Rocky Point Preserve: Dolphin Cove is the other marine mammal exhibit here, and is simply an elongated undetailed large open-top tank for Atlantic bottlenose dolphins, covered by a modern canopy structure. All sides of the tank can be viewed, and visitors can walk right up to the edge of its railing-height walls to reach in the water and touch dolphins. One side is reserved for visitors who are paying to feed the dolphins, and that area is used in shifts so that there are frequent breaks for the animals from crowds and fish-overload. This exhibit should be renamed Dolphin Pool since it resembles a large backyard pool more than any cove I have seen. The other two parks have far superior, larger, complex, and naturalistic versions of this basic exhibit. The only fish exhibit complex is a nice one with a slightly clumsy name: Sharks/The Coral Reef. It is an indoor complex housed in an attractive modern building with 2 large tanks, 2 medium tanks, and 8 small tanks, all with average identification graphics or monitors. The first room entered is a round mirrored-wall room with a medium round column tank with tropical fish in its center. Next are 4 small tanks for giant clams, moon jellies, and others small salt water fish. The Coral Reef is one of the large tanks and is a tall floor-to-ceiling spectacle of tropical fish and spotted eagle rays that makes two 45-degree angles to form an enveloping wall with a simulated coral backdrop, an excellent exhibit. Next is the other large tank, this one not as tall but a long tank with multiple angled viewing windows with rocky outcrops on its bottom, filled with sharks and some large fish. The species include nurse, blacktip, wobbegong, zebra, lemon, and others in an exhibit filled with an impressive number. Next are 4 more small tanks for piranha, saltwater fish with defensive adaptations, cardinalfish, and a terrarium for poison dart frogs. Lastly, a medium round coral reef tank is viewed around ¾ of its circumference before exiting the building. While this complex does not feature a tunnel through the large tanks (featured in the other two parks' Shark Encounter equivalent complexes) its main Coral Reef exhibit is good enough to put this complex at the top of the list for fish exhibit complexes in the SeaWorld parks. (Collectively, the other two parks have far greater numbers and quality of exhibits in separate areas). The Coral Reef tank: The indoor complex for birds is Penguin Encounter, an excellent one. Housed in a modern building, it features a 30-degree habitat with 6,000 pounds of snow daily for hundreds of Antarctic penguins from about 5 species. Visitors view the long rocky shelf habitat through windows that are floor-to-ceiling, separating them from the cold, with both above and underwater views into the 45 degree pool that forms the front of the exhibit. A moving walkway slowly takes visitors past the front of the window, while those who want to linger can view it from a few feet higher in a roomy dark viewing area directly behind the walkway. It is a delight and one can spend an hour lost in watching all the activity! There is also an adjoining room with large educational graphics about the birds before entering another nice though smaller similar exhibit for their Arctic counterparts, common and tufted puffins and common murres, again a delight to watch. This complex is nearly identical to the ones at the other two parks. Penguin exhibit in Penguin Encounter: Unique to the San Antonio park is an indoor exhibit complex for small reptiles and amphibians and invertebrates called Animal Connections Conservation Center. It is housed in a larger building that serves as the exit to one of the rides and houses some games, but this exhibit area is in a separate large room with 13 small terrariums. There is also a small stage for occasional keeper talks. Two of the exhibits are in the middle of the room and are octagonal columns for speckled mousebird (the only bird) and Philippine sail-fin water dragon. Two more are larger plain pedestal tanks for black and white tegu and Burmese python. The rest are imbedded in a simulated rocky wall backdrop and include habitats for American alligator (young), emperor scorpion, Chilean rose hair tarantula, California kingsnake, Madagascar hissing cockroach, ornate horned frog, inland bearded dragon, pink zebra beauty tarantula, and blue-tongued skink. It is a nice set of easily viewed exhibits and has the advantage of being in a large room; similar types of exhibits are often in small echo-filled chambers that become unpleasant when crowded. Terrariums in Animal Connections Conservation Center: The other animal exhibits in the park include an average flamingo pond, a large but bland American alligator pond called Alligator Alley, a rather stark Lorikeet feeding walk-through aviary, and about 5 or 6 small bird cages scattered around the property for birds like parrots and aracaris. There is also a barn with a horse and Texas longhorn and a bald eagle. SeaWorld San Antonio is inferior to the other two parks and fans of them will be disappointed here in many ways. Foremost is the lack of many exhibits, resulting in the theme park aspects being more important here, yet those aspects are far less themed than the features of the other two. This park lacks Wild Arctic, the immersive polar adventure and habitats (some will applaud this due to their confining polar bear and walrus exhibits especially); Manatee Rescue (although recently San Diego lost its manatees and now has large freshwater fish instead); smaller excellent aquariums like Manta or Atlantis; a sea turtle exhibit; a sea otter exhibit; and extensive ray touch pool or environment like Forbidden Reef. The overall environment of the park also seems bland and spread out, unlike the manicured and more intense feeling of the other two. At least the live animal shows are equivalent, although this one lacks a pet show…no big loss. Of the 40 aquarium facilities I have visited, I rank this one (exhibits only, not the other attractions) at number 17. None of the marine mammal habitats make my top individual exhibit list, but the Coral Reef tank in Sharks/The Coral Reef is number 24 in my top 25 individual fish exhibits. General adult admission is $58.99 and is about $35 overpriced for anyone who is only interested in the animal exhibits and shows. Ride enthusiasts will find this price more fair, while waterpark and ride enthusiasts will find this priced right. I have posted additional pictures in the gallery. Another good review, geomorph, thanks! I still can't help but come up with nicknames for the current whale and dolphin shows, though. The current ones (they change as the show names do) are "Deceive" and "Blue Delusions," respectively. This is, to my mind, primarily reflective of SeaWorld's ongoing habits of using stage names, and their obsession with being politically correct even to the point of omitting some of the most critical information about the animals (such as the threats they face in the wild). As it turns out, I was at SeaWorld San Antonio in the early 90's, as they were the host facility for the IMATA conference that year. Oddly enough, IMATA's members were treated with more respect at the park, during that conference, than at any other SeaWorld location since. Happy travels. Another excellent review, geomorph. Thanks. One question: I remember that there were Greater hammerheaded sharks (mokoran?) in an indoor exhibit in the left corner of the area. What's happen to them? zoomaniac, I did not see or hear about great hammerheads there; but there is an unused indoor round entry pavilion to the rollercoaster called Great White which I suspect may have had an aquarium inside for sharks, perhaps the hammerheads were in there...this is only a guess, does anyone know more? They are the only reason I've been tempted to make a visit. I just cannot justify the high cost of getting in just to see those seals. Correction: Waikiki Aquarium on Oahu, Hawaii has a habitat for two Hawaiian monk seals so SeaWorld San Antonio is not the only place with them on display regularly.
Should You Invest In Gold? Because of its long history as a form of currency, gold has been a popular safe haven in times of market turmoil. Owning gold is not free. There are costs associated with insurance and storage. It may be better to purchase exchange-traded or mutual funds that hold the metal. This can lower transaction fees and be more liquid than speculative metal futures. Gold investments tend to offer a more stable investment option than stocks and bonds. Gold investments have also performed well in economic downturns. However, it is important to remember that gold isn't an investment that generates income and may not make you more money than if you invested in stocks or real estate. Gold is a good hedge for inflation because of its stability. Prices can skyrocket during periods of high inflation, eroding your savings and investments. Inflation can also affect the economy, leading to recessions and stagflation. Gold is considered a safe investment during these times because it doesn't typically lose value, and it can help reduce overall losses to your portfolio. Investors may also diversify their portfolio by purchasing shares in mining companies such as Barrick Gold Corp., Franco-Nevada Corp., or other companies that are correlated with gold. In addition, a variety of online companies offer physical gold and other precious metals for sale. Investing in gold is easy and relatively inexpensive compared to other types of investments. However, it can be a complicated asset class for investors who don't know what they're doing. Gold is one the most liquid investments you can make. Unlike real estate or stocks, which can take a while to sell, you can easily convert gold into cash. This liquidity makes it a good addition to your investment portfolio. You can buy physical gold in the form of coins, bars and jewelry, or you can choose to invest in paper gold through ETFs or IRAs. 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These funds also allow investors diversify their portfolios using an asset that is low-correlated with other markets. The most aggressive way to gain exposure to gold is by trading futures contracts and options, which are speculative investments that give you the right (but not the obligation) to buy or sell a standardized amount of an asset at a specified price on or before a future date. These investments are generally geared toward sophisticated investors and carry a higher risk than the more traditional stocks and bonds. Gold is considered to be a safe and secure investment. It is less volatile and more stable than stocks or real-estate. It is a popular hedge for inflation, currency fluctuations, wars, and other risks. This makes it a good addition to any portfolio, and it is particularly useful in a bear market. Diversify your portfolio and invest in different assets. Gold can be kept in a safe at home or with a private company known as a depository. These firms often offer online access which makes it easier to sell metals. They also charge a fee to store your precious metals. However, this is usually lower than the fees charged by banks and brokers. Another way to invest is through a structured investment that is linked to commodities. This type of investment requires that you and your bank or broker agree on a duration and base currency. You will receive your principal and coupon back at the end of investment term, in either gold or base currency depending on the performance. You can also invest in gold through exchange-traded funds (ETFs). These ETFs use gold futures to generate a leveraged profit on the spot price.
Are you a tomato enthusiast who longs to enjoy juicy, homegrown tomatoes throughout the year? Look no further! In this comprehensive guide, we will delve into the exciting world of growing tomatoes indoors. Whether you have limited outdoor space, live in a region with a shorter growing season, or simply want to enjoy fresh tomatoes year-round, indoor tomato gardening is the perfect solution for you. Let's embark on this thrilling journey and unlock the secrets to cultivating luscious tomatoes right inside your home. The Benefits of Growing Tomatoes Indoors Growing tomatoes indoors offers a plethora of advantages that make it an appealing option for both seasoned gardeners and beginners. Let's explore the remarkable benefits of indoor tomato gardening: - Year-Round Harvests: By growing tomatoes indoors, you can extend the growing season and enjoy a bountiful harvest even during the winter months. - Controlled Environment: Indoor gardening allows you to create an optimal environment for your tomato plants, ensuring they receive the right amount of light, temperature, and humidity. - Protection from Pests and Diseases: Indoor gardening significantly reduces the risk of pest infestations and plant diseases, providing a safe haven for your tomato plants to thrive. - Convenience and Accessibility: With indoor tomato gardening, you have easy access to your plants, making it convenient to care for them and harvest ripe tomatoes whenever you desire. - Endless Variety: Indoor gardening opens up a world of possibilities, allowing you to grow a wide variety of tomato cultivars, from cherry tomatoes to beefsteak tomatoes and everything in between. Getting Started: The Basics of Indoor Tomato Gardening Before we dive into the specific methods and techniques for growing tomatoes indoors, let's cover the fundamental aspects that will set you up for success: One of the key factors for successfully growing tomatoes indoors is providing adequate lighting. Tomato plants require intense light to produce robust growth and ample fruit. Place your tomato plants near a south-facing window where they can receive at least 8 hours of direct sunlight each day. Alternatively, you can utilize artificial grow lights, such as fluorescent or LED lights, to supplement or replace natural sunlight. Tip: Rotate your tomato plants every few days to ensure even exposure to light and prevent them from leaning towards the light source. Container Selection When it comes to selecting containers for indoor tomato gardening, options abound. Consider the size and depth of the container to accommodate the root system of your tomato plants. A 5-gallon bucket, a large pot, or a fabric grow bag are excellent choices. Ensure that your chosen container has proper drainage holes to prevent waterlogging, which can lead to root rot. Tip: Opt for lightweight containers if you plan to move your tomato plants around to maximize their exposure to light. Soil and Fertilizer Choosing the right soil mix is crucial for indoor tomato gardening. Select a well-draining potting mix enriched with organic matter. This will provide the necessary nutrients and promote healthy root development. Additionally, regular feeding with a balanced organic fertilizer formulated for tomatoes will ensure your plants receive the essential nutrients they need to thrive. Tip: Consider using a slow-release fertilizer to provide a steady supply of nutrients to your tomato plants throughout their growth cycle. Watering and Humidity Proper watering is essential for indoor tomato plants. Keep the soil consistently moist but not waterlogged, as excessive moisture can lead to root diseases. Monitor the moisture level by inserting your finger into the soil; if it feels dry up to your first knuckle, it's time to water. In addition to watering, maintaining adequate humidity levels is crucial for healthy tomato growth. Misting the leaves occasionally or placing a tray of water near your plants can help increase humidity. Tip: Avoid wetting the leaves excessively to prevent fungal diseases. Water directly at the base of the plants. Methods for Growing Tomatoes Indoors Now that you have a solid foundation of knowledge, let's explore various methods for growing tomatoes indoors: 1. Traditional Indoor Gardening The traditional method involves growing tomatoes in containers using organic potting mix and providing ample light and care. This method is suitable for those who have sufficient space indoors and want to grow a few tomato plants. In this method, follow these steps: - Select the appropriate containers with proper drainage holes. - Fill the containers with organic potting mix, leaving some space at the top. - Plant the tomato seedlings or seeds, following the recommended planting depth. - Place the containers near a south-facing window or under grow lights. - Water the plants regularly, ensuring the soil remains moist but not waterlogged. - Monitor the plants for pests and diseases, taking appropriate action if necessary. - Provide support, such as stakes or cages, as the plants grow taller. - Harvest ripe tomatoes when they reach their desired size and color. With proper care and attention, your indoor tomato plants will reward you with a delectable harvest, even when it's snowing outside! 2. Hydroponic Tomato Gardening Hydroponic gardening is a soilless method that allows you to grow tomatoes using nutrient-rich water. This method is perfect for those who are looking for a space-efficient and high-yield approach to indoor tomato gardening. To set up a hydroponic system for growing tomatoes: - Select a suitable hydroponic system, such as deep water culture or nutrient film technique. - Set up the system according to the manufacturer's instructions. - Plant your tomato seedlings or seeds in net pots or grow cubes. - Place the pots or cubes in the hydroponic system. - Fill the system with the appropriate nutrient solution, ensuring the roots have constant access to it. - Provide adequate lighting and maintain the recommended temperature and humidity levels. - Monitor the pH and nutrient levels of the solution regularly and make adjustments as needed. - Harvest your hydroponically grown tomatoes and enjoy the flavor-packed results! 3. Indoor Greenhouse Tomato Gardening If you dream of creating a miniature paradise for your tomato plants, an indoor greenhouse is the way to go. Greenhouses provide a controlled environment where you can cultivate tomatoes year-round with optimal conditions. Here's how to create an indoor greenhouse for your tomato plants: - Select a suitable greenhouse structure, whether it's a small pop-up greenhouse or a custom-built one. - Position the greenhouse near a south-facing window or install grow lights. - Set up shelving or benches inside the greenhouse to accommodate your tomato plants. - Choose the appropriate containers or grow bags for your tomato plants. - Fill the containers with organic potting mix. - Plant your tomato seedlings or seeds, ensuring proper spacing. - Provide a heating source if necessary to maintain the desired temperature. - Monitor the humidity and ventilation inside the greenhouse to prevent fungal diseases. - Water your tomato plants regularly and maintain optimal lighting conditions. - Watch your tomato plants thrive and relish the continuous harvests they provide. An indoor greenhouse not only provides a perfect microclimate for tomato growth but also adds a touch of charm to your indoor space. Unlock the Potential of Indoor Tomato Gardening From traditional indoor gardening to hydroponics and greenhouse setups, the possibilities for growing tomatoes indoors are limited only by your imagination. Experiment with different methods, discover your preferences, and enjoy the unparalleled satisfaction of plucking sun-ripened tomatoes from your indoor garden. Tip: For an even more exciting adventure, try growing tomatoes in unusual containers like recycled bottles, shoe organizers, or even repurposed furniture! So, whether you're a city dweller craving a taste of summer in the midst of winter or a gardening enthusiast seeking year-round tomato bliss, indoor tomato gardening holds the key. Embrace this remarkable journey and witness the wonders of nature unfold right before your eyes. Happy growing!
Media representations of female presidents in Liberia and Malawi Master's Thesis University of Jyväskylä Department of History and Ethnology Master's Programme in Development and International Cooperation Major Subject of Ethnology May 2016 Elina Sihvonen Tiedekunta – Faculty Laitos – Department Faculty of Humanities Department of History and Ethnology Tekijä – Author Maiju Outi Elina Sihvonen Työn nimi – Title The Loving Heart of a Mother or a Greedy Politician? Media Representations of Female Presidents in Liberia and Malawi Oppiaine – Subject Työn laji – Level Ethnology Master's Thesis Aika – Month and year Sivumäärä – Number of pages May 2016 97 Tiivistelmä – Abstract This study examines the media representations of two female heads of state in Africa – President of Liberia (Ellen Johnson Sirleaf), and former President of Malawi (Joyce Banda). The study aims at gaining understanding of how various media sources from Malawian, Liberian, African and the international media have represented Joyce Banda and Ellen Johnson Sirleaf, as well as how the female presidents have represented themselves in media. The research questions focus on gender and leadership: 1.) How has gender defined the political leadership of African female presidents: Joyce Banda and Ellen Johnson Sirleaf, according to English-language media sources? 2.) How has gen- der defined the presentation of these presidents in the media? The data consists of altogether twenty-seven news articles (including newspaper articles, interviews, columns, doc- umentaries) and fourteen YouTube videos by Malawian, Liberian, African, and the international media, as well as Ellen Johnson Sirleaf's memoir, and the website of Joyce Banda Foundation. The research data is analyzed using the methods of rhetorical analysis, critical discourse analysis, thematic analysis, as well as taking into account the narratives of the presidents. The theoretical approach of the study is based on Africana womanism by Clenora Hud- son-Weems, and Nah Dove. Africana womanism has an Afrocentric perspective when it comes to dealing with Af- rican women's issues, and this particular theory highlights the role of African women and motherhood in society. The themes identified from the research data are: women and leadership; motherhood; African womanhood; Life story; the nicknames of female presidents; globally revered vs. internal criticism. The media representation regarding both Joyce Banda and Ellen Johnson Sirleaf contained a strong emphasis on gender in the context of leadership, and motherhood. There seems to exist a strong connection between good leadership and motherhood, not only within the media, but in the statements made by the presidents themselves as well, and occasionally also by local women in Malawi and Liberia who were interviewed about Banda and Johnson Sirleaf. The differences between the interna- tional and African (Malawian, Liberian) media pertained to criticism of their leadership. The international media also placed more emphasis on their gender, whereas local media were more critical of their leadership skills, and perceived them as typical self-serving, greedy African politicians. From the representations there also emerged a strong em- phasis on African womanhood, and particularly the grass-roots level support for Liberian and Malawian women to the female presidents. However, in the context of Joyce Banda's representation it was pointed out that the mutual support of women does not exist at all political levels, meaning that the women who operate at the highest levels of the political sphere have not supported her. The representations of Joyce Banda's and Ellen Johnson Sirleaf's lead- ership are influenced by local political and cultural settings which take into account gender roles, the economic situation of the country, as well as the relationship between Africa and the Western world Asiasanat – Keywords female presidents, Africa, Liberia, Malawi, politics, gender and leadership, representation, media, rhetorical analy- sis, critical discourse analysis, thematic analysis, Africana womanism Säilytyspaikka – Depository JYX Jyväskylä University Digital Archive Muita tietoja – Additional information Tiedekunta – Faculty Laitos – Department Humanistinen tiedekunta Historian ja etnologian laitos Tekijä – Author Maiju Outi Elina Sihvonen Työn nimi – Title The Loving Heart of a Mother or a Greedy Politician? Media Representations of Female Presidents in Liberia and Malawi Oppiaine – Subject Työn laji – Level Etnologia Pro Gradu Aika – Month and year Sivumäärä – Number of pages Toukokuu 2016 97 Tiivistelmä – Abstract Pro gradu-tutkielmassani tarkastelen miten kahta afrikkalaista naispresidenttiä - Liberian presidentti Ellen Johnson Sirleafiä, ja Malawin presidentti Joyce Bandaa on kuvattu mediassa. Tutkimuksen tarkoituksena on ymmärtää miten eri medialähteet (malawilaiset, liberialaiset, afrikkalaiset ja kansainväliset mediat) ovat kuvanneet kahta naispresi- denttiä, ja miten naispresidentit ovat tuoneet itsensä esille mediassa. Tutkimuskysymykset ovat keskittyneet suku- puoleen ja johtajuuteen: 1) miten sukupuoli on määritellyt afrikkalaisten naispresidenttien poliittisen johtajuuden englanninkielisten medialähteiden pohjalta? 2.) miten sukupuoli on määritellyt kyseisten presidenttien esittämisen mediassa? Aineisto koostuu yhteensä kahdestakymmenestäseitsemästä malawilaisista, liberialaisista, afrikkalaisista, ja kansain- välisistä media-artikkeleista (mukaan lukien lehtiartikkelit, haastattelut, dokumentit) ja neljästätoista YouTube-vide- osta, sekä Ellen Johnson Sirleafin muistelmateoksesta, ja Joyce Bandan järjestön nettisivuista. Tutkimusaineisto on analysoitu kriittisen diskurssianalyysin, retorisen analyysin, sekä temaattisen analyysin avulla, ja analyysissä on myös otettu huomioon naispresidenttien kerronta. Tutkimuksen teoreettinen viitekehys perustuu Clenora Hudson Weemsin, ja Nah Doven afrosentriseen Africana womanism-teoriaan, mikä painottaa afrikkalaisen naisen ja äitiyden merkitystä yhteiskunnassa. Tutkimusaineistosta tuli esille seuraavat teemat: naiset ja johtajuus; äitiys; afrikkalainen naiseus; elämäntarina; naispresidenttien lempinimet; maailmanlaajuinen arvostus vastaan kotimaan kritiikki. Molempien naispresidenttien kuvaus mediassa painottui vahvasti sukupuoleen poliittisen johtamisen yhteydessä, sekä äitiyteen. Mediakuvauksissa tuli esille hyvän johtajuuden ja äitiyden välinen vahva yhteys, joka ilmeni niin naispresidenttien omassa kerronnassa kuin myös toisinaan malawilaisten ja liberialaisten naisten kommenteissa. Tutkimustulokset osoittavat miten afrik- kalaisen (malawilaisen, liberialaisen) ja kansainvälisen median välillä esiintyi eroavaisuuksia liittyen naispresident- tien johtajuuden kritisoimiseen. Kansainvälinen media painotti enemmän presidenttien sukupuolta, kun taas paikal- linen media kritisoi enemmän heidän johtamisen taitoja, ja pitivät heitä tyypillisinä, ahneina ja itsekkäinä afrikkalai- sina poliitikkoina. Afrikkalaisella naiseudella, ja varsinkin malawilaisten ja liberialaisten naisten ruohonjuuritason tuella naispresidenteille oli myös vahva painotuksensa naispresidenttien mediakuvauksissa. Naisten välistä solidaa- risuutta ei kuitenkaan esiintynyt kaikilla tasoilla, sillä varsinkin Joyce Bandan yhteydessä tuli esille se, että naiset jotka toimivat politiikan ylemmillä portailla, eivät olleet tukeneet Bandaa. Joyce Bandan ja Ellen Johnson Sirleafin johtajuuden kuvaamiseen vaikuttavat paikalliset poliittiset ja kulttuuriset kontekstit, joihin liittyy myös sukupuoli- roolit, maiden taloudellinen tilanne kuin myös Afrikan ja läntisen maailman välinen suhde. Asiasanat – Keywords naispresidentit, Afrikka, Liberia, Malawi, politiikka, sukupuoli ja johtajuus, representaatio, media, retorinen ana- lyysi, kriittinen diskurssianalyysi, temaattinen analyysi, Africana womanism Säilytyspaikka – Depository JYX Jyväskylän yliopiston julkaisuarkisto Muita tietoja – Additional information Table of contents 1. Introduction……………………………………………………………………….. 1 2. Theoretical framework: Gender in Africa ………………………………………… 5 2.1 Patriarchy ……………………………………………………………………… 9 2.2 African masculinities…………………………………………………………... 12 2.3 Africana Womanism…………………………………………………………… 13 3. Methods……………………………………………………………………………… 16 3.1 Rhetorical analysis……………………………………………………………... 16 3.2 Critical discourse analysis……………………………………………………... 18 4. Data…………………………………………………………………………………....21 4.1 Media coverage…………………………………………………………………. 22 5. Liberia………………………………………………………………………………... 26 5.1 Liberia: facts and history……………………………………………………… 26 5.2 Society and ethnicity…………………………………………………………… 29 5.3 Liberian women and politics…………………………………………………... 31 5.4 Ellen Johnson Sirleaf…………………………………………………………... 34 6. Malawi………………………………………………………………………………... 37 6.1 Malawi: facts and history……………………………………………………… 37 6.2 Society and ethnicity…………………………………………………………… 40 6.3 Malawian women and politics………………………………………………….41 6.4 Joyce Banda…………………………………………………………………….. 46 7. Analysis: media representations of female presidents of Malawi and Liberia….. 48 7.1 International media on Joyce Banda…………………………………………..48 7.2 Malawian media on Joyce Banda………………………………………………54 7.3 African media on Joyce Banda………………………………………………....62 7.4 Joyce Banda's portrayal of herself……………………………………………..65 7.5. International media on Ellen Johnson Sirleaf………………………………..70 7.6 Liberian media on Ellen Johnson Sirleaf………………………………………74 7.7 African media on Ellen Johnson Sirleaf………………………………………..77 7.8 Ellen Johnson Sirleaf's portrayal of herself……………………………………80 8. Conclusions…………………………………………………………………………….90 9. Appendix of media sources……………………………………………………………98 10. Bibliography of media sources………………………………………………………103 11. Footnotes………………………………………………………………………………107 12. References……………………………………………………………………………..109 Media representations of female presidents in Liberia and Malawi Key terms: female presidents, Africa, Liberia, Malawi, politics, gender and leadership, representa- tion, media, rhetorical analysis, critical discourse analysis, thematic analysis, Africana womanism 1. Introduction In recent years I have become interested in the female presidents of Africa, because, first of all, I have been fascinated with women leaders; women who have political power and have gained a leadership position in a traditional male-dominated culture. When searching for information about women pres- idents, it became quite obvious how few they still are. At the moment of my writing (in October 2014), there are nine women presidents in the world, according to the Worldwide Guide to Women in Leadership 1 in South America there are currently three women presidents (Chile, Argentina, and Brazil), in Asia one female president (South Korea), and in Europe three women presidents (Kosovo, Lithuania, and Malta), and in Africa two female presidents (Liberia, Central African Republic). When talking about the female head of states, it is also important to mention the female prime ministers such as the Prime Minister of Denmark (Helle Thorning-Schmidt), the Prime Minister of Bangladesh (Sheikh Hasina Wajed), or the Chancellor of Germany (Angela Merkel), although they are not the presidents, they still have political power and are the leaders of their countries. 2 In the contemporary world it is still rare that women are presidents, for example, just observing the political situation in the United States, where still there is no woman president even though the coun- try is considered to be an advanced democratic western country. It appears a woman president is still a questionable choice in many parts of the world. Therefore, it seems that when reviewing the conti- nent of Africa, and its many poor countries, it is remarkable that there has been a possibility for a few women to be in a position of power, when it is known that many African countries have a patriarchal culture which does not generally encourage women to pursue leadership positions in the political arena. Nevertheless, when observing in general the development of women's political participation in Africa, it should be mentioned that since the 1990s, there has been an increasing visibility of women as political actors, and also a new generation of policies have been adopted for advancing women's rights, as Aili Mari Tripp, Isabel Casimiro, Joy Kwesiga and Alice Mungwa have stated (2009). For instance in Senegal, there have been two female Prime Ministers in the 2000s; Mama 1 http://www.guide2womenleaders.com/Current-Women-Leaders.htm. 2 http://www.guide2womenleaders.com/Current-Women-Leaders.htm. Madior Boye in 2001, and Aminata Touré in 2013.3 Many African countries such as Uganda, Na- mibia, and South Africa have established quota systems to secure the representation of women or have reserved seats for women in governance (Burnet 2008). When reviewing the list of women in parliament on a global scale, it is an astonishing finding that the number one country on the list is Rwanda. According to a study made by UNWOMEN (2014), Rwanda was ranked as the first country in the world when it came to the percentage of female parlia- mentarians (in the lower house of parliament or unicameral parliaments) which reflected appoint- ments and elections up to 1st of January 2014. Thus, in Rwanda 63, 8% of women had seats (51 women/80 seats) in lower or single house of parliament, and in upper house or in senate, 38.5% of women had seats (10 women/26 seats). Other African countries that were ranked in the top 25 were the following countries: South Africa (5th), Senegal (7th), Mozambique (14th), Angola (20th), United Republic of Tanzania (23rd), and Uganda (24th). However, it should be noted that Malawi was ranked 66th due to the fact there were only 23.3% of women in lower or single house of parliament (43 women/193 seats). On the other hand, Liberia was ranked as 112th (11%, 8 women/73 seats in lower or single house of parliament; as well as 13.3%, 4 women/30 seats in upper house or in senate). In In the top 20 list of women in ministerial positions in 2014, there were six African countries: 5. Cabo Verde, 13. Rwanda, 16. South Africa, 17. United Republic of Tanzania, 18. Burundi, 20. Kenya 4 Therefore, it is clear that even if the country has a female head of state this does not automatically lead to an increased amount of women in parliament. In the context of Rwanda one should take into account legal reforms which caused important gains for women in the years since the genocide in the country. Rwanda's 2003 constitution guaranteed gender equality by securing women are granted at least 30% of decision making posts. Government of Rwanda adopted various institutional and legal reforms which were actively supported and utilized by Rwandan women. Thus in Rwanda, it was the combination of women's qualitative impact and their quantitative representation that made a unique success story of women's agency (Uwineza & Brown 2011: 154). Nevertheless, there seems to exist contradictive perspectives regarding how well women's participation in Rwandan politics has actu- ally come true. Anthropologist Jennie E. Burnet (2008) who has conducted research on gender, eth- nicity and reconciliation in Rwanda has discussed the increase of women's participation in govern- ance and public life in the country. Burnet argues that the discussions about female political partici- pation in post-genocide Rwanda seem to presume that women's increased participation in politics 3http://www.unwomen.org/~/media/headquarters/attachments/sections/library/publications/2014/wmn- map14_en%20pdf.ashx 4 http://www.unwomen.org/~/media/8FD64A021C8840AC9AE6906D50658487.ashx would lead to greater gender equality, yet the changes have not certainly increased women's political power. Across the African continent, the increase in women's engagement such as in the legislative and executive branches of government and in the grassroots administrative structures has led to a loss of human capital (experienced female leaders) from civil society organizations (women's organiza- tions). The second negative consequence of the increased female participation in governance is that it has impeded the cooperation between women in office and women in civil society (for example in Rwanda), meaning that some women have criticized their female colleagues who had been elected to office, for not engaging in activism on supporting women's interests (Burnet 2008: 380-381). When reflecting gender and politics in the African continent, one should be aware of a multifaceted legacy of Western colonization that has had a dominating and profound influence on African states. One of the significant results that emerged from Western colonization was Western political systems. However, Western multiparty systems did not succeed in fitting into African political culture. There- fore, many African states eventually formed as mainly opportunistic bureaucracies which were sepa- rated from the masses, and the legacy of deteriorating economies has made it burdensome for African states to democratize (Gordon, A. & Gordon, D. 2007:4). Thus it is essential to be aware of the his- torical (and sometimes very violent) political background when discussing women in politics. Nev- ertheless, it is significant what kinds of transformation have emerged in African states in the context of gender and politics in recent decades. As political scientist Aili Mari Tripp et. al. (2009) have stated that autonomous women's movements in Africa have been one of the most significant factors in the new gender-based policies that have been adopted after 1990. Other important factors have been the allocation of new donor and government resources to enforce reforms related to women's rights, changing international influences and norms of regional and global women's movements, and the spread of female-friendly policies. The latter is viewed as a result of the impact of multilateral bodies (the United Nations), regional bodies (the African Union), and also sub-regional institutions (the Southern African Development Community). It is also important to highlight the fact that many con- flicts ended by the 1990s, thus creating significant political opportunities for women's movements in Africa (Tripp et. al. 2009: xiv). Gender specialist Gisela Geisler (2004) has argued that women in Africa managed to force their way into the exclusively male dominated politics during a wave of democratization in many African countries such as Zambia, South Africa, Namibia, and Botswana in the 1990s. Women pushed themselves into the politics of anti-colonial movements despite male re- sistance, with the expectations of gaining a better society, thus improving their own position within it (Geisler, 2004: 9, 206). When discussing the perception of female African politicians, Geisler also points out that many constituencies and female politicians have asserted a different women's ap- proach to politics, which is more practical and care oriented, and related to social issues of survival. For example, the respondents of a survey conducted in 2001 in Zimbabwe argued that women politi- cians were more hardworking, caring and honest than men politicians (2004: 213–214). My Master's Thesis will concentrate on two female heads of state in Africa – President of Liberia (Ellen Johnson Sirleaf), and former President of Malawi (Joyce Banda). Ellen Johnson Sirleaf became Africa's first female head of state in 2006, and Joyce Banda became the first woman president of Malawi in 2012. However, in May 2014 she lost the presidential election, therefore now there is a new president, Peter Mutharika who is a brother of late Bingu wu Mutharika, the predecessor of Joyce Banda. At the moment, however there is also another female president in the Central African Repub- lic, Catherine Samba-Panza, who was elected as an interim president in January 2014. However, I will focus only on the presidents of Liberia and Malawi because I have already collected more data and source materials concerning them, and they have also been longer as head of states than Samba- Panza, therefore there exist more source materials about them. In the following chapters I present the theoretical framework of my study, the methods that I use in my thesis, and my data and source materials. Then I present briefly the history of Liberia and Malawi, their societies, ethnicity issues as well Liberian and Malawian women in politics. There is also a brief biography concerning both the female presidents. In the analysis chapters, I analyze my data, and finally I offer conclusions about my data. My specific research questions are: How has gender defined the political leadership of African female presidents: Joyce Banda and Ellen Johnson Sirleaf, according to English-language media sources? How has gender defined the presentation of these presidents in the media? 2. Theoretical framework: Gender in Africa As gender is one of the main issues in my study, I bring out briefly a few theoretical approaches that can give some a kind of perspective on how gender is perceived. How anthropology, and also the feminist anthropology, and postcolonial feminism, too, have respectively covered gender in their studies. I also bring out the African perspective on gender issues, when I cover African women's power in precolonial times, as well African patriarchy and masculinities, and also Africana woman- ism in my study. To begin with, one needs to define what gender really is. Gender is a dynamic term, and it can be viewed as the meanings that a particular society gives to the biological or physiological attributes that distinguish females and males. The meanings of gender thus offer members of a society certain concepts on how to make sense of their experiences, what to believe, and how to act in a given society. Hence one could perceive gender constructs to be open to change because they are cultural interpretations of physical differences (Mascia-Lees & Johnson Black 2000: 1-2). Nevertheless, it is important to acknowledge that sex is not totally biologically fixed or determined. Anthropologists Hastings Donnan and Fiona Magowan (2010) have pointed out that there is a lack of consensus on what is meant by the term `sex`. From anthropologists to feminists, the terms such as ´gender´, and ´sex´ have been used in quite different way (2010:2). There have been two perspectives in the anthropological approach to gender; gender as a social rela- tionship/role, and gender as a symbolic construction, as feminist anthropologist Henrietta L. Moore points out (1988: 6, 13). The perspective of gender as a social role has emphasized gender categories (such as ´man´, ´woman´, and ´mothering´) to be more complex and variable than they have previ- ously regarded to be. Gender as a social role also stress that analytical distinctions (e.g. domestic/pub- lic, nature/culture) are complex and have been misrepresented because of the assumptions that these distinctions are cross-culturally common (Moore 1988: 30). The second perspective on gender (as a symbolic construction) has emphasized gender symbols and sexual stereotypes, and there has been a challenge to explain the extent of the observable variation in cultural understandings when it comes to the meanings of ´man´ and ´woman´. In addition, notions of gender have a wide range of meanings in different societies (Moore 1988: 13). In my study, I cover gender in the context of female head of states, thus I view gender to be both social role and a symbolic construction which have their own implications for how female presidents are perceived in media and in a given culture according to their gender. Moore (2007) has also brought out that gender itself is not a neutral category, due to its close relations to race, ethnicity, religion, and class. In this context, gender discourses are always hierarchically or- ganized, therefore, coexisting discourses are interrelated and their hierarchization is related to ine- qualities of resources and power (2007: 35). Hence, it can be understood that gender is related to social and cultural values and customs which define significantly what, for example, the feminine and masculine attributes are, and what the socially accepted roles and identities of female and men are. One cannot assume that as a term, gender has similar meanings everywhere in the world, thus one should always take into account the specific cultural and social context when covering gender. One cannot presume that there exist fixed meanings for gender or sex. In my study, too, it is a quite evident that when taking into account gender and all the aspects that are related to it (roles, meanings etc.), I must be aware of cultural and social contexts which have their own influence on how gender is perceived in a given culture. As my study focuses on female heads of state in the context of African and International (Western) media, it is essential to be aware of differences on how female presidents are perceived, therefore gender is also a significant factor which influences the perceptions by media. In the context of the anthropology of gender, there is a specific interest in revealing the reasons for the differences in the men's and women's roles, and also the relationships which provide different access to authority and power in a given society, as anthropologists Frances E. Mascia-Lees and Nancy Johnson Black have pointed out (2000:xii). As Laura Stark (1998) has pointed out, Anglo-American anthropological research has taken into ac- count the possible dynamics, discussions and structures not only between male and female or men and women, but also between society and gendered individuals. There is a focus on the cultural and social processes which exist within the diversity of categories of ´women´ and ´men´ that is under- stood to be valuated and created through discourse. The aim is to both re-examine the categories of male and masculine, and also integrate the information on women into conceptual and theoretical frameworks of such as identity, social structures and relationships (Stark, 1998: 16). The anthropol- ogy of gender can thus be understood to study the relations and the contradictions which exist within sex and gender systems that are perceived to be normative, but also to include the variety and vague- ness which exist in these sex and gender systems. In my study, I take into account the interrelations between society, media and gendered individuals (the female presidents), and also discourses regard- ing gender. Anthropologist Lisa Anderson-Levy (2012) has pointed out that feminist anthropology criticizes male, Euro-centered and biased anthropology, and it has attempted to understand the operation of power in various contexts. Feminist anthropology has co-operated with postcolonial and Third World feminisms. It can be seen that the key element in feminist anthropology is the role of power in terms of constructing a variety of sexed, gendered, raced and classed identities (Anderson-Levy, 2012). There has also been specific concern in feminist anthropology regarding defining variation in gender roles (Mascia-Lees & Johnson Black, 2000:1). Nevertheless, it should be pointed out that when we discuss different perspectives on gender, there is a danger to overgeneralize gender. Mascia-Lees & Johnson Black (2000) have also pointed out the dangers of essentialism which refers to the claim of all women sharing certain experiences due to biological similarities. Some feminists have also been accused of essentializing gender when they are using the term "woman". Also other categories of difference such as class, race, sexual preference, and religion need to be taken into account when one is discussing and defining the terms of gender and woman. (2000:15). It can be understood that when comparing the anthropology of gender and feminist anthropology with each other, the latter is more inclined to have a political agenda which brings out criticisms towards the male-dominated aspects in societies, and also emphases social change (fighting against social inequality etc.), whereas the anthropology of gender mainly concentrates on studying gendered relations, categories, and dynam- ics, but without the political emphasis. In the realm of kinship, feminist anthropologists have argued that although one might expect to find an emphasis on gender relations, women have been left out and are quite `invisible´ in earlier anthro- pological analyses (Moore, 1988: 132). However, there exist anthropological data on how in pre- colonial times in certain parts of Africa women wielded political power and they were the holders of public offices. There also existed ´dual-sex´ systems in some societies which meant that women were responsible for women's affairs and men for men's affairs (1988: 133). Andrea Cornwall (2005) has pointed out that in the context of precolonial governance, there have been studies of elite women (e.g. Kaplan 1997) which presents their political significance, such as exercising considerable power over both slave and free women, as well maintaining normative institutions. However, it is still unclear the extent to which these women stood for 'women's interests' (Cornwall, 2005: 12). One needs to take into account that the British colonization with their Western influence weakened women's traditional power and autonomy without giving them modern forms of power and autonomy, as political scientist Judith Van Allen has stated (1972:165). Therefore, it can be understood that Western influence in the context of colonization did not enhance the positions of African women in their societies, and also ignored the traditional political power of African women. Anthropologist Flora Edouwaye S. Kaplan (1997) discusses women who have been part of elite groups in sub-Saharan Africa. She mentions that elite women are those who have exercised authority, influence or power as perceived not only by themselves, but also by those whom they have privately or publicly influenced in spiritual and temporal spheres in West African context. Elite women exist both in matrilineal and patrilineal systems as well in "dual sex systems" that accept more variable gender roles. The wide range of forms of leadership includes newly opened roles with a background in western education, traditional queens and also market queens (referring to market women as com- modity and association leaders who have informal positions in their society). An interesting notion by Kaplan is that queen mothers who have been prevalent in West Africa have had offices which have been politically important. They had traditionally used noteworthy influence on men's offices, and for instance in Benin, queen mothers have used their office, ritual power and political influence in order to help their sons, the king. In this context, it can be perceived that the power of queen mother is connected to her gendered role as a mother, but at the same time is represented as a chief, which is a male gender role (Kaplan, 1997: xxix-xxxv). Therefore, the example of queen mother in Benin represents how the gendered roles of mother and a male chief can be interconnected with each other in one individual. Cornwall (2005) also states that there has been an emergence of African feminist perspectives which have challenged the partiality of Western feminism, thus the actual concept of ´feminism´ has been argued to be misplaced in the context of Africa, and Western feminists are ac- cused by various African feminist writers of having misinterpreted gender relations and gender itself, as well as underrating motherhood and ´maternal politics´ in Africa. Particularly the significance of ´maternal politics´ emerges both in forms of political strategies and collective action (Cornwall, 2005:1, 3-4). Maternal politics can be viewed as political mother-centered movements that are con- nected with women's roles as protectors and mothers of their children. Women of such movements are fighting for their custodial rights as mothers, and not as for their own personal rights as women. Thus these movements have emerged because many women have viewed that behind political actions, it is precisely their maternal roles that is the driving force of it (Wells 1998: 251, 253). At this point it is necessary bring out postcolonial feminism and feminist postcolonial theory on gen- der which indeed point out the different perspectives of Western world and Third World when it comes to analyzing gender related issues. Chris Weedon (2002) who, has worked with cultural theo- ries of class, race and feminism, has stressed that much of the feminist theory and scholarship pro- duced by Third World women remains invisible in the West, although some feminists from the Third World who live in the West are increasingly making their voices heard, and also criticizing the Euro- centrism of Western feminism and its tendency to reproduce colonial modes of representation. She points out that postcolonial feminists are still in the process of contesting the Eurocentric gaze which portrays third world women as victims of restrictive cultures and religions, and privileges Western notions of liberation and progress (Weedon, 2002). When it comes to feminist postcolonial theory, cultural studies scholar Reina Lewis and feminist postcolonial theorist Sara Mills (2003) have pointed that feminist postcolonial theory has been engaged in a two-fold project: first of all, it aims to racialise mainstream feminist theory, and secondly, to insert feminist concerns into conceptualizations of co- lonialism and postcolonialism (2003: 3). The second wave of Anglo-American feminist theory (1960s-1990s) assumed that the concerns of Western white women were also the concerns of women around the globe. The essentialising carried out by Western feminism led to a silencing of third world and black women's contributions in early Anglo-American feminist theory. The critique by black and third world feminist theorists has led to a rethinking of the category of gender itself, revealing it to be more nuanced and historicized than previously assumed (2003: 4). Chandra Mohanty, a feminist post- colonial theorist (2003) points out that women as a category of analysis presupposes that all of those of the same gender, across cultures and classes, are a homogenous group identifiable prior to the process of analysis. In the context of women as a category of analysis and how it is used in western feminist discourse on women in developing countries, Mohanty presents six assumptions which con- struct third-world women as a homogenous powerless group; women as victims of male violence, women as universal dependants, married women as victims of the colonial process, women and reli- gious ideologies, women and the development process, and finally, women and familial systems. The latter assumption is that all women, regardless of cultural and class differences, are equally affected by the system of coherent patriarchal kinship (2003:53-59). 2.1 Patriarchy According to sociologist Jane Pilcher (2004), the literal meaning of patriarchy is rule by the male head of social unit, such as family, or tribe. As a societal elder, the patriarch has legitimate power over all women, children, as well as younger men in the social unit. Nevertheless, since the early twentieth century the concept has been used by feminist writers referring to the social system of masculine domination over women. Patriarchy has been an essential concept in three important the- ories: 'radical feminist' analyses (patriarchy as the fundamental and primary social division in soci- ety, men's domination is achieved through the institution of the family); 'Marxist feminism' (patri- archy is caused by the workings of the capitalist economic system, and it profits from women's do- mestic unpaid labour); and 'dual systems theory' ( in many ways this theory represents a synthesis of Marxist and radical feminist accounts of gender relations, because it often views both patriarchy and capitalism as interrelating, mutually matching systems of oppression, which particularly benefit from women's oppression) (2004: 93-95). However, there has been criticism that has focused on interpre- tations of gender relations which make use of the concept of patriarchy. One criticism is that the concept of patriarchy promotes a limited conceptualization of gender relations, referring only to the relations between men and women, thereby disregarding relationships between women and women, and men and men. Another criticism which is worth mentioning is that the concept of patriarchy assumes that gender relations have no cultural variations and thus are same worldwide (2004: 93-95). Sociologist Sylvia Walby (1990: 20) has defined patriarchy as a system of social practices and struc- tures in which women are dominated, oppressed and exploited by men. She argues that the concept and theory of patriarchy is essential for an analysis of gender inequality, and therefore highlights the different aspects and forms of gender equality over time, ethnic group and class (1990: 1–2). Accord- ing to Walby, there are six main structures which contribute to a system of patriarchy: culture, vio- lence, sexuality, paid work, housework, and the state. The interrelations among these six structures give rise to different forms of patriarchy (1990: 16). The state is defined by Walby as a specific set of social institutions with specific functions, and Walby points out that liberal analyses note the rela- tive absence of women from powerful positions in the state and other central decision-making arenas. (1990: 150-152). Patriarchy has two forms: private and public. The former is based upon household production which is seen to be the main site of women's oppression. Public patriarchy, on the other hand, is based in public sites (the state, labour market). Patriarchy has merely changed its form (from private to public), therefore it still exists in the whole society (1990: 24, 201). However, private pa- triarchy still exist in many places, thus it should be perceived that it has not disappeared from the world. In the context of black feminism, Walby points out that the assumption that the family is the most central institution in the oppression of women has been proven wrong by black feminist writers, who argue that there exist significant differences in family forms across ethnic groups and that for women of color, the family is a less a source of oppression than it is for white women (1990: 76). In this context, it is also important to bring up criticism by other black feminists regarding the concept of patriarchy. They argue that the analyses of patriarchy that do not fully examine and theorize racism are incomplete. The systems of racism, capitalism and patriarchy must be challenged in order to elim- inate women's subordination (Pilcher, 2004: 94–95). When discussing culture in the context of psy- choanalytic approaches, Walby has also brought up the object relations theory which Nancy Cho- dorow (1978) has drawn upon.Chodorow's standpoint is that the main factor in understanding both gender differentiation and the oppression of women is in the reproduction of mothering. Women, unlike men, are brought up to mother, which is a result of early childhood experiences; girls grow up into nurturing adults. Although mothering is an experience like none other, it traps women into a different adult role from that of men, one which is not well-rewarded in contemporary society (Walby 1990: 94). Thus, considering the arguments and criticisms regarding the concept of patriarchy, it is important to acknowledge that patriarchy exists at many levels of society; it still influences the private and public sphere, in the households and the states. Nonetheless, patriarchy does not necessarily exist or appear in an identical form all over the world, thus cultural and social variations should always be taken into account of when examining patriarchy. I also agree that patriarchy does not refer only to relations between men and women but also to those between women and women, and men and men. It is also essential to address patriarchy in African society in order to better understand the factors that influence gender inequality in Africa. Social scientist April A. Gordon (1996), has discussed African patriarchy in the context of capitalism and stating that patriarchy indeed existed in Africa before capitalism. During the colonial period when capitalism expanded to Africa, patriarchy and heterogeneous modes of production were united (1996: 28). African patriarchy and limiting women's right are often justified by the appeals to African custom. Women have been marginalized into low- status occupations that have poor profits, and as Gordon points out, it is generally state policy and ideology that help maintain male dominance and control over women, however there has always existed resistance to subordination by women (1996:31). Appeals to African custom can be viewed as a false justification because one can claim that cultural customs are not the main motive for gender inequality, there are always other (hidden) motives behind these appeals. I assert that inequality in all forms always benefits a certain social group in a given society, therefore appeals to cultural customs are not sufficient explanations. The following argument by Gordon proves my point when it comes to gender inequality. She stresses that there are additional benefits for men when women are kept in subsistence farming or low-paying jobs. The benefits of economic development in underdeveloped capitalism will go usually to men when competition from women for scarce resources or better-paying wage jobs has been minimized. According to Gordon, underdeveloped capitalism is an exploitative, unprofitable hybrid which is competent to produce only limited capital accumulation or development (1996:135). Men's economic power perpetuates male dominance over women by strengthening women's dependency on men. Gordon brings up the fact that African patriarchy has also benefitted Africa's ruling classes, too. Elites in both the private and state sector are the product of underdeveloped capitalism, because in order to produce the surplus they expropriate for their own enrichment and power, they have de- pended closely on patriarchal family production systems. These elite groups have therefore used the state to provide the policy and legal supports for underdeveloped capitalism and African patriarchy (1996: 31–32). Therefore, African patriarchy can be understood as phenomenon which is heavily influenced by both cultural and economic factors. The ruling classes in African societies maintain African patriarchy for their own benefit. Gender inequality is therefore a structural phenomenon which is maintained by those social groups who have power and dominance over others. 2.2 African masculinities In the context of gender issues and patriarchy in Africa, I claim that it is essential to discuss African masculinities. Sociologists Raewyn Connell, Jeff Hearn, and Michael S. Kimmel address (2005) the concept and a particular worldview called ubuntu ("peopleness" that refers to universal brotherhood of Africans and a notion of communal living in society). It can be understood that ubuntu views people as a part of collectivity, instead of people being individuals. When discussing gender, Connell et. al. have stated that there is an inherent problem with this kind of worldview; due to mainly con- centrating on ethnic and racial oppression as a result of external forces, the internal forces of gender oppression have been ignored or concealed. Ubuntu has been used to conceal the exploitation of women in African society in the analyses of the Third World. This leads to reinforcing patriarchal discourses, and for example in South Africa, the Ubuntu approach has been employed for such gen- dered (patriarchal), and political party purposes (2005: 99). Robert Morrell and Lahoucine Ouzgane (2005) have argued that the establishment of Liberia in 1847 as a country independent from European rule nourished the emergence of a pan-Africanist movement, and the post-colonial experience in Africa has continued to fuel pan-Africanist discourses. This refers to the modernist hope of economic independence and development which have failed to occur in Africa. In the wake of independence, the increase of material assets which many Africans had briefly owned eventually declined. By the new millennium, many Africans had stopped believing in First World promise regarding economic progress, hence they have concentrated on surviving the effects of structural adjustment such as declining employment opportunities. (Ouzgane, Morrel 2005:3). The concept of structural adjustment emerged in 1980s when African countries launched a re-orientation of economic policies, explicitly in the form of structural adjustment programmes such as promotion of domestic savings in public and private sectors, and increasing trade liberalization have been the objectives of adjustment programmes, These programmes were formulated and implemented by the two powerful institutions - the IMF and the World Bank. They have had a significant role and wide- spread influence over policymaking in African countries, and this have caused controversy and debate in policymaking and academic fields over the years (Tarp 2002: 1). Hence the controversy regarding structural adjustment have questioned how suitable these adjustment programmes have been in reality when implemented in African economies. Therefore, the failure of structural adjustment has led to the reinforcement of discourses by African people themselves that present Africans as collective vic- tims of "the West" (Ouzgane, Morrel 2005:3). The term Pan-Africanism itself refers to the idea that people who are of African descent have mutual interests and thus should be united. Both Pan-Afri- canism and ubuntu can be viewed as arguments for the unity of African people, thus closely related to Afrocentrism. Morrell and Ouzgane have argued that when defining African masculinities, one should not general- ize all men in Africa or masculine behavior (2005:4). In the context of East African masculinities, Margrethe Silberschmidt (2005) has argued that the majority of writings related to gender in the Third World have stressed the power of men and the subordination of women, although many African men are and feel disempowered by economic changes. The challenges for finding employment have re- duced men's ability to be breadwinners of their households, therefore a majority of men have not been able to create new roles for themselves, whereas women have succeed to do so. Thus, it can be seen that the stereotypes of men being successful patriarchs and women being passive victims are dangerous due the fact they are often static and do not allow for change (2005: 189–190, 200). None- theless, patriarchal control still remains firm in many present-day African societies, as Morrell and Ouzgane have stressed (2005: 5). Hence, it should be underlined, that one should not overgeneralize masculinities in Africa, as if the same situation and roles regarding gender would exist in every part of Africa. One should keep in mind that Africa is the world's second-largest continent, not a country, after all. 2.3 Africana womanism In this thesis I use the Africana Womanism theory, which has an Afrocentric perspective when it comes to dealing with African women's issues. The reason I have chosen this particular theory is that my interest lies in developing countries, and in highlighting their own standpoint on gender. During my master's studies and also when I participated in the Gender and Development web course offered by the University of Helsinki in spring 2014, I read articles about how the Western perspective has overshadowed and dominated scholarly discourse on issues and people of developing countries. A good example of this is Can the subaltern speak? by Gayatri Chakravorty Spivak (1988) which covers the critique towards western perspectives and representations about people in developing countries. Thus in my master's thesis I wish to bring out the African perspective on gender, although it is un- derstandable and important to acknowledge that my own cultural background is Western. It is essen- tial, however to be aware that both Afrocentric and Eurocentric theories have a very opinionated world view and generalize issues of gender from their own perspective. I must therefore be critical towards both of these perspectives and concentrate on those parts of the Africana womanism model that are relevant to my study, leaving out those parts which are not essential. In the context of media sources concerning the African women presidents, I must be aware of the Afrocentric theory on women and how it may affect African media sources and their representations of Joyce Banda and Ellen Johnson Sirleaf. The concept of Africana womanism was developed by Clenora Hudson-Weems in the 1980s. The theory asserts that one needs to understand African culture and history in order to thoroughly under- stand the nature of the relationship between African men and women. According to Hudson-Weems, feminism can be viewed as fundamentally a European phenomenon, and its focus has been on the complex relationship between genders, as men are viewed as the primary enemies of women. Hud- son-Weems argues that African women do not consider African men to be their enemy (Asante, Mazama 2005: 57–58). However, it should be acknowledged that Hudson-Weems' standpoints re- garding feminism as only a European phenomenon and her perceptions of feminism as seeing "men as enemies" overgeneralize Western feminism. Nonetheless, the reason I wish to include this theory and the perceptions made by Hudson-Weems in my analysis is that these Afrocentric perceptions on feminism can give readers a better understanding and awareness of African cultural background re- garding how the relationship between men and women is perceived, and also what kind of African theoretical counterparts have emerged from Western feminism. Nah Dove (1998) emphasizes the concept of culture as a tool of analysis for understanding the nature of African women's experiences (1998: 515). Dove has claimed that Africana womanism can be viewed as fundamental to the continuing development of Afrocentric theory, and that this particular theory highlights the role of African mothers as leaders in the struggle to create, reconstruct, and regain cultural integrity (1998: 535). She stresses the role of mothers who are the bringers of life, the center of social organization and also the bearers of culture, and how motherhood itself is presented as the representive of nature of the communal responsibilities which include the caring of others and raising of children (1998: 520–21). In the context of patriarchy, Dove argues quite strongly that the Europeans' conquest of Africa can be viewed as the conquest of matriarchy by patriarchy. Therefore, in Dove's account patriarchal structures are strongly confined to white supremacy (1998: 529). She argues that the concept of matriarchy not only stresses the nonhierarchical nature of the masculine and feminine which exist in all forms of life, but also the complementarity aspect of the female-male relationship. This can be understood as both genders (men and women) working together in all parts of social organization (1998: 520). She also points out that there are many stories of African women's bravery and women's roles have been significant when it has come to taking control of resources and lands from alien occupation, but very often they have never been told. However, this has also been the case in European history, therefore excluding or diminishing the women's roles in this context is not only confined to the continent of Africa. Dove perceives that as a result of Western patriarchy, women have been given less credit whereas men have been represented as the major figures in the struggles for independence from European domination. Women, for example, in South Africa, Kenya and Mozambique have played significant roles in these independence struggles, and particularly mothers have played essential roles in the resistance movements. Thus, highlighting the leading roles of African mothers as leaders in the struggle to create, reconstruct and regain cultural integrity is the essential task of African womanism (1998: 532–35). Therefore, in the context of my study, I use African womanism to a certain degree in order to highlight particularly gender discourses surrounding Liberian and Malawian women. I want to point out that Dove's arguments on African matriarchy vs. Western patriarchy are contentious, and it is important to acknowledge that, patriarchy does exist in African societies, thus one cannot assume it be only a Western phenomenon, and also claims that matriarchal societies have ever existed has been questioned by most anthropologists. Regardless of Dove's controversial standpoint on matriarchy and patriarchy, however I wish to bring up the Af- rocentric standpoint on motherhood, patriarchy, and matriarchy in order to bring awareness to those standpoints that perhaps are not so familiar to readers. I argue that that especially the notions of motherhood within Africana womanism are useful for my study. Social anthropologist Andrea Cornwall (2007) has discussed gender myths which in this context re- fers to female solidarity and female autonomy in the field of gender and development. This refers for example to the automatic assumptions that all women support always each other, and have unified perspectives. These assumptions have generally been useful for feminists. According to Cornwall, myths can be viewed as narratives that are constituted through a series of familiar images. She argues that in gender and development narratives, ´gender relations´ are understood as a particular relation- ship between women and men, but relations between women have been mostly ignored. Relations among women are significant when observing the multiplicities of power and gender. She also dis- cusses feminist rhetoric which has viewed marriage as an oppressive institution which has positioned women into subordination (Cornwall 2007:151, 160–161). When examining the theoretical frame- work of my study, and taking into account the concepts of patriarchy, matriarchy, motherhood, mas- culinity, feminism, and gender relations, it comes clear that there exist many of over generalizing standpoints, whether it is Western or African standpoints, that use different myths to their own ad- vantage. In my study I want to be aware and also bring out such myths in the context of female presidents and media. 3. Methods As methods for analyzing my source data I use rhetorical analysis and thematic analysis. I also touch on critical discourse analysis. However, my main research method is rhetorical analysis. As my study is also related to the narratives of female head of state, I want first to point out what kind of aspects are included in narrative. Narrative can be viewed as the representation of an event or a series, thus there exist the capacity to represent an event. Particularly there is emphasis on "event" or "action" as without them, one would only have "argument" or "description". When looking at a story, one has to be aware that it is always constructed by narrative discourse, which in itself is very adaptable. Other issue that has to also take into consideration when discussing narrative discourse is audience – readers or viewers who receive story in a particular form. They are also active participants in narrative. Hence it could be understood that narrative discourse includes in audience, the particular action or event, and the context of a story. Narrative is involved in almost everything that humans do, and particularly narrative discourse reconstruct the story (an order of events) and presents how the story is conveyed (Abbot 2008: xv, 10–15, 17, 19). Thus it could be understood that the narrator who presents the story also decides how particular story is told to audience. 3.1 Rhetorical analysis Gerard A. Hauser (2002) has pointed out that rhetoric is interested in how people use written or spo- ken symbols such as language, and how one persuades others to social action. Rhetorical theory has particularly focused on the use of symbolic forms such as persuasive appeals for producing social action (2002: 2–3, 12). Hauser has also argued that rhetorical situations are dynamic and complex, due to their meanings which can be interpreted in different ways. These meanings are the basis for how people interact, and especially the interaction between messenger, audience, message, and con- text are essential (2002: 51). Joan Leach (2000), who has carried out research on rhetorical theory and rhetoric of science, has pointed out that there is a multiplicity of uses of the word 'rhetoric'. The first definition refers to the act of persuasion, the second the analysis of acts of persuasion, and the third refers to a worldview regarding the persuasive power of discourse. Thus it could be understood that for example politicians perform 'acts of rhetoric' because they organize discourse to be persua- sive, as Leach argues (2000: 207–208). Alternatively, scholars of rhetoric adopt the second definition of rhetoric, because they analyse such discourses and try to find the reasons for why they are persua- sive (Leach: 2000:208). When it comes to the object of analysis, rhetorical analysis has traditionally critiqued oral discourses in the context of parliament and the political arena, but also diatribes and acceptance speeches. Rhetorical analysts have usually applied their methods to oral and documentary sources (Leach: 2000: 209). Leach has pointed out that an integral part of rhetorical analysis is the context of the discourse (2000: 211). The general assumption of rhetorical analysis is that a self-aware rhetorician produces rhetoric by ordering his/her discourse in accordance with sets of formalized rules. In this context, the distinct audience is the target group of the rhetoric, and they are to be per- suaded by the arguments given. Rhetorical analysis seeks to discover the intentions of the author or speaker, the system of rules which orders the discourse, and also gauges the effectiveness of the intended persuasion due to its effect on the audience (Leach 2000: 210). When taking into account Hauser's and Leach's arguments regarding rhetorical analysis, it can be understood that by using rhetorical analysis in my study, the focus is particularly on the context (cultural, political), messenger (presidents, media), message (of the presidents and media), and audience (readers, viewers). When analyzing my data, I thus take into account the following factors that are related to rhetorical analysis: the intentions of the presidents when they represent themselves, and are represented in media; what is the message the presidents and media are trying to appeal to the audience the specific situation of the presidents' and media's representation the social, cultural, and political context; African, Western, gender, and politics the audience In my study, the speakers/authors in my study are the female presidents themselves and the media. I examine what forms of discourse and persuasion the president or media use in their representations, and what I interpret to be the intentions of the presidents and media. It is important to examine the content of their representation, otherwise how they appeal to their audience; what kind of issues they bring out in their representations, and what they leave out. It is also essential to study what kind of specific cultural values and customs emerge from their representations regarding gender and women's political power. I claim that these values and customs exist in the background of any given interaction related to female presidents and media. Consequently, cultural values and customs influence either consciously or unconsciously in the context of discourse. I argue that when there is an interaction between people, in this case the presidents and media, there also emerge symbols and meanings that are significant for my analysis. 3.2 Critical discourse analysis As my research material is mainly based on media sources, I also want to particularly bring out media discourse. Linguist Norman Fairclough (1995) points out that mass media has power to influence beliefs, values, social identities, knowledge and social relations. The power to represent things in particular manner is a part of how language is used (1995: 2). Therefore, it can be seen that critical discourse analysis seeks to investigate the particular power relations and interests that influence how things are represented in language. In this context, the language of public affairs media refers to documentaries, news, social affairs, science, magazine programmes and politics. Fairclough has ar- gued that in any representation, one has to decide, for example, what to exclude and what to include. He also presents three questions about media output which help to analyze the language of media texts. 1. How is the world (relationships, events) represented? 2. What identities are set up for those involved in the story/programme (e.g. audiences, report- ers, and ´third parties´), those who interviewed or referred to? 3. What relationships are set up between those involved, such as politician-audience and re- porter-audience relationships? Fairclough makes an important point about texts in general, arguing that all parts of texts are involved in setting up relations and identities and representing them at the same time (1995: 3–5). He stresses that a close examination of relations, identities, and representations can answer the ques- tion of how the mass media affect and are affected by power relations within social groups, such as relations between politicians and the mass of the population, and relations of gender, ethnicity, and class (1995:12). James Paul Gee (2011) has stated that discourse analysis can be understood as the study of language-in-use, and that there exist many approaches to it. Critical discourse analysis is one of these approaches and its aim is to, for example, speak to political or social issues, controversies in the world, and also describe how language works. Gee has stressed that discourse analysis in its all approaches should be critical, due to the political nature of language itself. Therefore, it is inevitable that any full representation of language use must deal with the dynamics of power (2011: 8–9). Thus, it can be understood that critical discourse analysis studies language and how it functions in the world, and as language itself is not neutral, therefore one should be aware what kind of factors have an influence on language. Hence, power and politics have a close link to how one discusses different issues and people, and also how people represent themselves and others by choosing particular words and standpoints. When considering all the arguments related to rhetorical analysis and critical discourse analysis, I assert that the relations between discourse and power are essential to include in my study as my research focuses on how presidents and representatives of the media such as journalists convey the image of presidents and their actions. The presidents are part of an elite group due their position as the head of states, thus they have also power and access via interviews and the memoir to represent and reproduce their image and role by using discourse in the media context. I argue that when one is a well-known public figure at the national and international level, there is significance in choosing how one wants to represent oneself to others. I ask: what are the issues the presidents exclude from their representations and what do they include? I assume that the use of language is political in nature, because the way politicians use their rhetoric is always aimed at the public and the media for the purpose of persuasion, to gain broader support for their cause. The aim is to persuade others to be supporters of the president. At the same time, gender equality and women in politics are political issues which provoke many opinions about female heads of states and gender roles in society. Nev- ertheless, the media also have a major influence on how they represent the presidents and how they depict the gender of the presidents in their broadcasts and publications. Since my aim is also to study the gender-related cultural meanings of media stories, it requires that I have an extensive and diver- sified amount of research material (African and internal media) which will help me to interpret the meanings. Laura Stark (1998) has discussed contextual frames for analysis of source materials, such as social, cultural and political contexts. When carrying out my rhetorical and critical discourse anal- ysis I must also take into account the social and cultural contexts which exist in my research material, thus I must be aware of how the material in question is related to power, social relations, roles and statuses etc., and also how the recognizable cultural images, values, symbolic representations and other meanings are connected to the material (Stark 1998: 69). Thematic analysis often concentrates on themes and patterns of discourse that are identifiable from the source materials. Themes are specified as units originating from different patterns, as Jodi Ar- onson (1995) has pointed out. In my study, thematic analysis concentrates on themes and patterns of discourse by female presidents and the media. During the research process, I went through my data and made observations on recurring issues that were represented in the source materials. I searched keywords and phrases that were related to gender, the female presidents, their roles and images, and also what kind of life stories the presidents represented to media and audiences. I identified particu- larly the similarities across data materials (the newspaper articles, the documents, the interviews etc.), and also in what way these data materials contained internal differences. I explore themes from three different perspectives; I take into account the international media and English-language African me- dia (including the Liberian and Malawian media), and how they represent these two female head of states, but also how these two presidents have represented themselves to others through media. The source materials for my study comprise public websites, videos on YouTube, and the published mem- oir by Ellen Johnson Sirleaf which anyone has an open access to watch and read whenever, thus there is no problem concerning the ethics of using the source materials in my study due to their public access. The data of my study was collected about people who are in a public position (female heads of state), and there are no sensitive materials regarding them, thus there is no need for confidential agreements. 4. Data During my exchange studies in Malawi from October 2012 to February 2013, I became interested in the female president of Malawi, Joyce Banda. As I had already written my Bachelor's Thesis on immigrant women as political actors in Finnish society in the context of Parliament elections in 2011, my growing interest was on the political empowerment of women in developing countries. I started to collect local English-language newspapers which I had bought from local shops and streets of the town called Zomba, which is also the former capital of Malawi. I was living in Zomba during my exchange period. On the 30th of December 2012, I was by chance in Cape Maclear, a town on the southern shore of Lake Malawi, where President Banda was also visiting at the same time. Therefore, I experienced the welcoming ceremony of the President with the local people of Cape Maclear. That was my first time ever to attend a presidential ceremony in a foreign country with the local people, which was a very fascinating experience for me. The local people of Cape Maclear had gathered together on the playing field to welcome Joyce Banda. The playing field was full of people who either sat down under the marquees or were standing in lines. The local women were singing and dancing in honor of Joyce Banda, and many women wore a traditional Chitenga fabric as a skirt, which had Banda's face and the name of her political party printed all over the fabric. At the ceremony, President Banda gave a speech and thus I can say that I have first-hand experience of President Banda. Before my trip to Malawi, I had also started to read a memoir by Ellen Johnson Sirleaf – the president of Liberia, in Finnish, which was available at the Jyväskylä City Library. However, when I began to plan my Master's Thesis, I realized that I needed to read the memoir in English. The memoir was not found in English in libraries, and on Google Books there were some parts available for reading, but not the whole book. Therefore, I ordered the English version of the book from the online bookstore of Suomalainen Kirjakauppa. When I began to collect the material for my thesis, I searched from Google using the search names of Joyce Banda and Ellen Johnson Sirleaf. There I found the required amount of data and source materials for my thesis. As I collected my research material from the Internet, I realized that it would be better if I gathered the African, in this case, mostly Liberian and Malawian media material, but also international media material which in this context is mostly Amer- ican and British. This helped me to find a more significant amount of information about the presidents and have a wider perspective on my thesis topic, than I would if I had just collected the material from African media, or simply from Western media. The period of data collection begun in 2012 while I was in Malawi, and continued to summer 2014, therefore it can be understood that identifying and selecting the essential data has taken its own time. During this period of time, from 2012 to 2014, many things have changed, for example the ruling president of Malawi is different, as previously stated. I went through altogether over 70 news articles regarding Joyce Banda and Ellen Johnson Sirleaf, and in my analysis I used altogether 27 news articles and 14 videos that covered Joyce Banda and Ellen Johnson Sirleaf, as well as I used one memoir by Ellen Johnson Sirleaf, and one website of the Joyce Banda's Foundation. In the context of Malawi, I analyze Malawian magazine and newspaper articles and columns concerning the president of Malawi. From the articles and videos I found, I searched for and then wrote down the essential parts containing themes related to, for example, gender and lead- ership. I also used the same approach in the context of Liberia. At this point it is important to acknowledge that while I searched the online articles from Liberian media, at that time (in spring and summer 2014), I just found one Liberian (English language) news website which was extensive and had enough substantial articles concerning Ellen Johnson Sirleaf in the context of gender and leader- ship. Therefore, my source materials concerning Liberian media are limited in this regard. My Mas- ter's thesis does not aim at being a comprehensive study about gender representation in the Liberian media, not to mention other media (international, Malawian etc.). Due to my limited scope of my thesis, my research question and focus are also accordingly limited. I also examine interviews and the documents from YouTube which are related to the presidents, as well as African and international online-articles and documents, because it is important to compare the representations of the female presidents carried by Western media with the representations carried by African media. I analyze representation of the two female presidents in the context of the media; how the women presidents themselves have represented their gender in media, and how the media itself represents the female presidents. 4.1 Media coverage As I searched the articles concerning the two presidents from the Internet, I also found a few other articles that were quite interesting. These were not from news websites, but were the online articles of development and education organizations. I decided I could use them because they also present gender and leadership in the context of African woman presidents, thus they are valuable data and source material. Therefore, in this context, media coverage can be understood both as news websites, but also as the websites of development organizations, and the published memoir of Ellen Johnson Sirleaf. The following list below presents briefly my data which I have divided into the international, African, and the local (Liberian and Malawian) media. The reason for this is that I hope in this way that it will help the reader to gain a better understanding of the data and source materials. I have gathered information from fourteen different international media sources which have covered Ellen Johnson Sirleaf and Joyce Banda in their publications, which in this context means web-based news stories and publications Eight of these are American websites: Africa Agenda; Atlanta Black Star; CNN; Forbes; The Huffington Post; NY Times; Time; Washington Post. They are news websites, and some of them also comprise blog communities, and particularly Forbes is a business magazine which covers business news. TIME is a news magazine which has an annual list of the 100 most influential people in the world, which I will use in my source material. The Huffington Post is also a news website, but also comprises different blog communities. It includes the website of The Aspen Institute that I also use in my thesis. The Aspen Institute is a nonprofit educational and policy studies organization which is based in the United States, and its focus areas are for instance security, philan- thropy and global affairs. Most of the above-mentioned sources are quite well-known, but I would assume that for example Africa Agenda is not familiar to many readers. It is also a news website, but at the same time, it provides an information portal and is an education organization. The Atlanta Black Star is an African –American website which is aimed at people who are of African descent or self-identify as African Americans. Three of my media sources are British; BBC, The Guardian, and The Independent. The first one (BBC) is a legendary British Broadcasting Corporation which also covers international news. The Guardian is a website of the daily newspaper of the same name, and the Independent is a news website. The other three media sources are Al Jazeera English which is an international news channel and has global coverage, and was the first independent news channel in the Arab world. Daily Life is an Australian website which is, according to its website, aimed at Australian women, and it comprises news, relationships, style, and health etc. Gender Concerns International is the Netherland-based international development organization which is formed by experts in the field of gender and devel- opment. I also use Malawian newspapers which I collected while I was in Malawi, and also the websites of Malawian newspapers. The newspapers and the websites which I have collected and included here are all in English, because Malawi is a former British colony, and although in some newspapers there were small sections of news in Chichewa (one of the local languages in Malawi), I will use only the sources which were written in English as my knowledge of Chichewa is minimal. I have also included the website of Joyce Banda's Foundation (Joyce Banda Foundation) in this section. I use nine Ma- lawian media sources; The Big Issue Malawi Edition, The Daily Times, The Nation, Weekend Na- tion, Nation on Sunday, Nyasa Times, Malawiana, Malawi Voice, the Joyce Banda Foundation. One of these (The Big Issue Malawi Edition) is a general interest (a street paper) magazine which means that it is sold by homeless people on the streets. It is a non-profit public benefit project which by organizing a vendor sales operation creates jobs for homeless and unemployed adults. There are two daily newspapers on the list; The Daily Times and The Nation, which has also two weekend editions that are published on Saturdays (Weekend Nation), and Sundays (Nation on Sunday). Three other Malawian media sources are online news websites: Nyasa Times, Malawiana, and Malawi Voice. As I mentioned earlier, I will also include Joyce Banda's own website, Joyce Banda Foun- dation in my Malawian media coverage. The website presents her and the activities of her foundation. When it comes to Liberian media coverage, I use The New Dawn Liberia which is a bilingual (English and French) Liberian news website which is a daily newspaper, and it has also a website which I will use as my source material. The website covers news concerning politics, health, rural, and NGOs. In the context of Liberia, I will also use Ellen Johnson Sirleaf's memoir This Child Will Be Great as a data source. In the context of African media coverage, there are two African websites that are part of my source materials; allAfrica is a news website which publishes diverse African news reports from over 100 news organizations. Most of the stories you read on this site come from newspapers, news agencies and publications all over the African continent. We aggregate and distribute the reporting of more than 130 media organizationsThe website covers the news of all African countries. ThinkAfri- caPress is an online magazine which also covers African news and has writers from across Africa with international experts. I also use thirteen YouTube videos regarding Ellen Johnson Sirleaf and Joyce Banda as my source material. There are five YouTube videos about Ellen Johnson Sirleaf, and seven about Joyce Banda, and also one which covers both presidents. These YouTube videos consist of documentaries, interviews and the speeches of both female presidents. The YouTube videos are produced by African and international media alike. The videos regarding Ellen Johnson Sirleaf are Africa's first elected female president lifts Liberia which is an interview with Ellen Johnson Sirleaf by American newscast Worldfocus, which had in- ternational news coverage and was partners with international news organizations. The interview was published in 2009. Faces of Africa – Ellen Sirleaf: Mother of Liberia is an interview and documen- tary of Ellen Johnson Sirleaf by CCTV Africa which is headquartered in Nairobi, Kenya, and focuses on African news. It was published in 2013. Iron Ladies of Liberia is a documentary of Ellen Johnson Sirleaf directed by independent filmmakers American Daniel Junge and Liberian Siatta Scott John- son. It was released in 2007. It follows President Ellen Johnson Sirleaf´s first year in government, but also other Liberian "iron ladies" such as Beatrice Munah Sieh who was the national chief of police, and Antoinette Sayeh, the Minister of Finance. The documentary was shown on the Public Broad- casting Station (PBS) channel in the program called Independent Lens. Liberia's Ellen Johnson Sir- leaf on women in politics: ´We have a story to tell´ is a speech by Ellen Johnson Sirleaf and it was produced by Guardian, and published in 2012. One on One – Ellen Johnson Sirleaf is an interview of her by Al Jazeera English and it was published in 2010. Women Rising: Political leadership in Africa is a documentary which includes the interviews of both Joyce Banda and Ellen Johnson Sirleaf. The documentary is part of a series on Women in Development in Africa, and it is produced by InCa. The documentary has been commissioned jointly by FEMNET (The African Women's Development and Communication Network) and UNDP (United Nations Development Programme). It was pub- lished in 2013. In the context of Joyce Banda I have used following videos as my data source. Joyce Banda on gender equality in Malawi, and President Banda Joyce on women of Africa are two videos recorded at the same event and published in 2013 by the same YouTube channel. These videos are part of the 14th session of The Emmanuel Onyechere Osigwe Anyiam-Osigwe Lecture series which cover the issues related to human development and society. They were published by Uncensored which pre- sents itself as a channel which follows controversial issues and personalities, and focuses on wide- raging socio-political events and activities in Nigeria and beyond. President Joyce Banda's Story is an interview of Banda published in 2013 by CSIS Smart Global Health, Center For Strategic & In- ternational Studies. CSIS is a bipartisan, nonprofit organization and an international policy institution that is headquartered in Washington, D.C. It focuses on global development and economic integra- tion. Madam President: Meeting Malawi's Joyce Banda is a documentary of Joyce Banda by the Guardian and it was published in 2012. The MBCTV Documentary on Joyce Banda's Ascension to Malawi Presidency is a documentary which presents a speech by Joyce Banda and it was published in 2013 by MBC (Malawi Broadcasting Corporation). Overheard with Evan Smith - President Joyce Banda of Malawi is an interview of Joyce Banda. It was published by the American program "Over- heard" produced by KLRU-TV, Austin PBS in 2013. Talk Africa: Live interview with Dr. Joyce Banda by CCTV Africa in 2013. 5. Liberia 5.1 Liberia: facts and history Liberia, whose official name is the Republic of Liberia, is located in West Africa and is also bordered by the Atlantic Ocean. Its neighboring countries are Ivory Coast, Sierra Leone, and Guinea. The country has an estimated population (2014) of 4,4 million people 5 and Monrovia is the capital of the country, and was named in honor of U.S President James Monroe. This example reveals the close connection that has existed between Liberia and the United States of America in the past. When it comes to economy, most of the country's income is generated by maritime registry which is the sec- ond largest in the world, and rubber exports. Particularly rubber production has been a foundation of the country's economy since 1926, when a well-known American rubber and tyre company called Firestone opened a rubber plantation there.6 When it comes to lack of literacy and formal-sector un- employment, unfortunately these are significant problems in Liberia, and especially unemployment in the formal sector is 85% (in 2014). International sanctions and political instability have wrecked many businesses, and driven out many foreign investors. 7 Liberia is a unique country on the continent of Africa in the sense that it was never formally colonized by an European power as were other African countries. The United States is viewed as its "pseudo colonial mother country" as Mary H. Moran states (2006:2). Moran points out that Liberia was liter- ally a philanthropic project of a private, benevolent organization called the American Colonization Society, founded in 1816. This meant that the establishment of Liberia in 1822 was in fact an Amer- ican outpost which was viewed as a sanctuary for free people of color which referred to descendants of Africans who by birth, luck or their own efforts were not legally enslaved anymore (freed slaves). There were multiple interests behind this so-called philanthropic project, as slave owners viewed this kind of repatriation as a way of removing independent, self-supporting free blacks from the view of their slaves, because they were regarded as "unwelcome examples". Also some of the white aboli- tionists were uncomfortable with an idea of living in a multiracial society, although they viewed slavery as an unjust institution. Third group which had its own agenda regarding the freed slaves was Evangelical Christians who had "a divine plan to save African pagans" through the example of black 5 http://worldpopulationreview.com/countries/liberia-population 6 http://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-13732188 7 http://www.heritage.org/index/country/liberia missionaries and Christian communities. During the years of 1822–1867, over 12 000 colonists set- tled in Liberia. Roughly 4,500 of these settlers had been born free, and the others were emancipated from slavery when they emigrated to Africa. Roughly 6,000 "receptive" Africans who had been taken from impounded slave ships and also a few hundred immigrants from Barbados also arrived in Libe- ria. All these groups eventually formed the national elite called as "Settlers", Americo-Liberians, and "Congoes" (Moran 2006: 2). The African American settlers declared their independence from the American Colonization Society in 1847, and at the same time confirmed their commitment to a con- stitution which was American-style. For the next one hundred and thirty-three years, elections were held on a regular basis for both local positions such as town chief, as well for national offices such as the presidency (Moran 2006: 4). The early settlers of Liberia attempted to re-create the only political and social order that they have known - of the antebellum South, and they viewed themselves as the master class in Liberia. They adopted the symbols of America, which can be seen in the red-white-and blue flag and in the Liberian dollar, and they also built buildings in the style of plantation mansions. The natives of Liberia were predominantly ignored by the Liberian constitution, and they were viewed as objects of paternalist protection by the settlers. (Ciment 2013) As political scientist Anne Theobald (2012) points out, the Americo-Liberian settler minority founded a one-party system which was oligarchic. This meant that they ruled Liberia in a nepotistic and corrupt way, and oppressed the indigenous people of Liberia, and it was only in 1904 that native people were allowed to obtain full citizenship (2012:32). Members of the settler group upheld a monopoly on state institutions, and it was not until the 1960s that the indigenous people were totally enfranchised (Moran 2006:4). Hence, there have been tensions be- tween these two groups, and for example there was an uprising by indigenous people against Americo-Liberians in 1915. It is significant to acknowledge that the first president of Liberia was also an American-born freed man called Joseph J. Roberts in 1847.8 In 1951, there was a turning point in the country's history when women and indigenous property owners voted for the first time in the presidential election. The extremely turbulent times began when in 1980 there occurred a military coup by a native Libe- rian, Samuel Doe, who was Master Sergeant in the Liberian army. This led to the public executions of a prevailing President of Liberia - William Tolbert and his aides. The coup d'état by Doe ended the political and economic domination of Americo-Liberian settler minority, and eventually led to the civil war in Liberia which lasted from 1989 to 1996 (Moran 2006:5). In 1989, a group called the 8 http://www.africanhistory.about.com/od/Liberia/l/bl-Liberia-Timeline2.htm. National Patriotic Front of Liberia (NPFL) emerged as a significant player in the civil war, and eventually other rebel groups also joined in the war, and started to fight each other. They spread terror throughout the country, and political leaders who had their own interests in fighting over the owner- ship of areas that were mineral rich, became warlords (Utas 2005: 411). An ethnic coalition of two groups -the Krahn and the Mandingo – (which by the way made up only twelve per cent of the indig- enous population), was the basis of the power of Samuel Doe, who eventually became the following President of Liberia. His corrupt and autocratic government killed and oppressed members of the opposition, and also caused more ethnic divisions in the country. Doe was very unpopular among the Liberian people, and although the elite of the Americo-Liberian settlers were no longer in govern- ment, they still had political influence and had better social positions when compared to the indige- nous Liberians (Theobald 2012:33). However, in 1989 Charles Taylor, who was a leader of the National Patriotic Front of Liberia (NPFL) led a mutiny against the government, and a year later, a splinter group of the NPFL executed Doe.9 This led to chaotic years of fighting, and from 150,000 to 200,000 people were killed during seven years of civil war. In 1997, peace talks were held, and Charles Taylor and his party called the National Patriotic Party won the elections. However, Charles Taylor's government did not have a good gov- ernance or reputation due to their senseless violence towards dissenters and harassment of civilians (Utas 2005:411–412). In the following years, the stability of the country remained unattainable; Tay- lor was punished (reimposing an arms embargo) by UN Security Council for trading weapons for diamonds with Sierra Leonean rebels, and rebels fought for control of Monrovia, leading to the deaths of several hundreds of people. In 2003, Taylor left the country, and the same year the UN launched a major peacekeeping mission. In 2005, Ellen Johnson Sirleaf became the president of Liberia, and in 2011 she was also re-elected for president. The former president Taylor was sentenced to 50 years in jail as he was found guilty of war crimes. In 2014, Liberia faced more challenges when there emerged an outbreak of Ebola virus which quickly turned into an international public health emergency.10 9 http://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-13732188 10 http://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-13732188. 5.2 Society and ethnicity Liberia is inhabited by approximately thirty ethnic groups, and the Kpelle is the largest ethnic group in the country. They inhabit eastern areas of Liberia, whereas African Americans have colonized Liberia's coastal region (Haviland et. al. 2015:296). The languages of Liberia are English and twenty- nine African languages which belong to the Kwa, Mel, or Mande linguistic groups. The religions of Liberia are Christianity, Islam, and indigenous beliefs. Ninety-five per cent of the population is cov- ered by these indigenous groups (e.g. the Gio, Mano, Bassa, Kpelle, Gola, Congo people, and the Americo-Liberians etc.) Americo-Liberians comprise two and half per cent of the population and they are descendants of West Indian and African American slaves. The descendants of domiciled Congo and Afro-Caribbean slaves (The Congo people) comprise the same percentage. Indians, Lebanese, and West African nationals also comprise a large part of the population in Liberia too.11 In the context of different social and ethnic groups in Liberia, it should be acknowledged that there exist variations among different groups, as Mary H. Moran (2002) has pointed out; in the early 1980s, Moran conducted ethnographic research on prestige and gender hierarchies in Liberia, and also col- lected national newspaper accounts regarding Liberian women (2002: 114). She describes how in Liberia, "native" and "civilized" men and women have had different positions as citizens, and how the term "civilized" refers in this context, to well-employed, educated and/or Westernized people of all backgrounds. This kind of "civilization" in Liberia is related to American settlement and early independence, and it originally referred to the cultural differences between indigenous people and African-American settlers. However, "civilized" Liberians are not viewed as a class or an ethnic cat- egory, and each indigenous ethnic group has its own sector of "civilized" members and they have varied connections to "non-civilized" friends and kin (2002: 113,119). In the context of Liberia, the colonizers were African-American settlers, and through adoption, patronage or marriage, many indi- viduals were able to pass into the elite group (the settlers). Nevertheless, most people maintained an affiliation which was geographically defined. Moran argues that these affiliations were more likely local identities, rather than ethnic groups or "tribes". They were either multilingual and multi-ethnic chiefdoms in the northern and western parts of the country, or small groups of towns with farmlands in the southern and eastern part of Liberia (2002:118). 11 http://worldpopulationreview.com/countries/liberia-population/ Anthropologist Veronika Fuest (2008) argues that there exist three factors of complexities in the con- text of social differences and divisions in Liberian society. Firstly, Fuest points out that that espe- cially the people who live in the northern, centre and western parts of Liberia can be differentiated as being ecologically, linguistically, socio-politically, agriculturally and demographically different from the people who are living in the southeast. The northwest and centre of Liberia form the so-called Mande-speaking ´Poro complex` of secret societies, and the region is known for a distinct socio- political system of ranked lineages with influential chiefs and elders, and also mutually exclusive, gendered secret societies. Poro is the name of the male society and Sande the female society. The southeastern groups on the other hand, that is the Kruan-speaking people, are known for having com- munities which do not have rulers or leaders, they have less significant secret societies and they have traditional governments in which women's participation has been institutionalized. Second, the unique history of ´black colonialism' in Liberia which refers to the fighting, exploitation, suppression, trading and mixing with many African groups by the ´Congos´ and ´Americo-Liberians who formed the ruling elite in Liberia, has in its own way affected social differences in the country. In the twentieth century, political and social antagonisms between Afro-Liberians and Americo-Li- berians were echoed in the social distinctions which generated different social labels such as ´civi- lized´ encompassing both moral and religious meanings. These social labels marked people in the society by dividing the population into elite (´civilized´ and educated Americo-Liberians) and to in- digenous people (´country´, ´native´, or ´traditional´). Whereas Americo-Liberians were viewed as part of elite class, indigenous Africans had limited access to certain positions in the elite class by assimilating into the Christian settler community and having formal education. These measures could help them to acquire an identity which was ´civilized´. It was not until a coup d´état in 1980 when Afro-Liberians had a greater access to power. Third, the civil war caused an emphasis on ethnic po- larization and religious antagonisms between the Muslim and Christian parts of the population. The two major fighting sections were formed by an ethnic group with a primarily Muslim identity (2008:116-118). 5.3 Liberian women and politics Moran (2002) has pointed out that cultural constructions of feminity among indigenous peoples of Liberia have cast "native" women as breadwinners. Women work under a "female farming" regime of shifting dry rice cultivation, although the land is patrilineally owned by their fathers or husbands. An individual woman can achieve some kind of independence, but it is preferred that a woman's financial independence is mainly aimed at supporting her children, and not used for her own good. Women's financial independence is therefore obligated to household and kin. Alternatively, "civi- lized" women are mainly dependent housewives, thus they do not work in farm labor. There is, however, a danger that civilized women can lose their social status if they do the "wrong" type of work (public marketing, subsistence farming) which are viewed as "native" women's work (2002: 120–121). In rural areas, women are viewed as civilized as long as they are economically dependent upon a man (2002:120–121). Thus it can be viewed that there have existed cultural and social rules that have categorized women into two different groups: "civilized" and "natives", and the main pur- pose for these gendered regulations seem to be to tie women to their households and kin by forcing women to be economically dependent upon their households and kin. Political scientist Anne Theo- bald (2012) has discussed women's socio-cultural position in pre-conflict Liberia. The conflict era of Liberia refers to the two civil wars that lasted altogether from 1989 to 2003. She pointed out that Liberian society is strongly affected by gender inequality due to patriarchal, patrilineal and patrimo- nial (a form of governance based on personal rule and influenced by male-dominated economic and political patron-clients relations) traditions. Liberian women are subordinated to men (husbands, el- ders), and a woman is also viewed as the property of her husband due to the fact that before marriage, the husband must pay a high bride price to the bride's family, according to customary law (2012:39, 35). Very young girls are forced to marry much older men, and they also have to live in households which are polygamous. Theobald has pointed out that there exist tensions between younger women and older women due to the youngster women's subordination to elders (2012:36, 38). A significant factor is also the different social positions of native and Americo-Liberian women, as Moran (2002) also earlier pointed out. Americo-Liberian women had a better education than the fe- male native majority, thus they were able to attend universities, and also to the detriment of Afro- Liberian men, the women gradually began to occupy political and professional positions in Liberian society. This had a major impact on the Liberian peace movement, because the women who had significant roles in the movement had high educational and social status, such as education in the USA or Europe (2012:38). Veronika Fuest (2008) has also brought out the higher social position of settler women (Americo-Liberians) in Liberia. She argues that in the nineteenth century, they already had enjoyed economic and social rights and privileges which were unheard of in the western world at that time. Since the middle of the twentieth century, there has been an impressive representation of women in public office in Liberia. President Tubman developed a new constituency among women from the 1950s onwards, and thereby appointed some of the women to positions of authority, whereas the supporters of President Tubman organized women's social and political movements. Thus, de- spite the dominant patriarchal ideology, there was a quite vast population of professional, educated women during the civil war. According to Fuest, this can be explained due to matrifocality, which is a concept referring to a household of one or more adult women and their children without fathers, for instance single-parent households by women in the former slave families from the United States (2008:123). Hence, when considering the arguments by Moran and Theobald regarding the different social positions and status of Americo-Liberian and native women, it can be understood that there exist significant differences within the category of "women" in the context of Liberia. The exact classifications of Liberian women in Liberian society regarding what is considered to be the "right" kind of work for native women, and also "civilized"/Americo-Liberian women's better access for education, highlight the fact that gender roles are bound to local contexts. Also age can be viewed as a significant factor for differences within gender, as elders have more power in society and younger women are subordinate to them. When examining the political and socioeconomic roles of Liberian women, Fuest (2008) has argued that it should be noted that they vary in many ways, taking into account such dimensions as genera- tion, lineage status in the northwestern parts of the country, ethnic membership, as well as age-group identity in the southeast regions of Liberia. Women's agency and their collective actions have been perceived as separate from the realm of men in Liberian society. In different contexts, Liberian women have organized many collective activities in the past, and one significant traditional organi- zation which comprised trans-ethnic inclusive activities was the Sande in the northwest. The Sande network has also had a significant influence in recent years when, in the run-up to the 2005 elections, Ellen Johnson Sirleaf courted them as one of her constituencies. In the southeastern part of the coun- try, women have organized themselves in a traditional context, and have also given support for coun- cils of female elders and female chiefs. These councils can be viewed as parallel institutions to the structures in local politics which are male dominated. There is a lack of institutions such as female chiefs and council of female elders in the north and west, where societies are more hierarchically organized. When viewing the perceptions regarding women's position, for instance among the Kpelle, they consider women to be inferior to men. However, women in the southeast view women and men as complementary and different, but do not perceive women to be inferior. In that context, the ´cul- tural´ idea of woman is that of mother and hardworking wife who is the provider for her household. Fuest (2008: 121–122, 134) also points out that Liberian history has contained powerful women in both ´modern´ and ´traditional´ contexts in spite of ideologies of male dominance and corresponding institutions of social control. She also argues that there did not exist the colonial ´disempowerment´ in Liberia when compared to most other African countries, thus in local public realms, female power had been a traditional feature in spite of structural constraints regarding women Therefore, it is clear that within the country there exist differences regarding how women and their position is perceived in society, hence one cannot generalize gender roles in Liberia into one category. In the context of politics, Alexander Holmgren (2013 has discussed Liberian women's access to for- mal political influence and representation in the bicameral legislature. He argues that although women are powerful and visible in Liberian politics, their participation in politics is not dependent on the will of the voters but on government appointments. Holmgren points out that during the presidency of Ellen Johnson Sirleaf, women's visibility in Liberian politics has increased substantially; many women were appointed to high-profile positions in her first Cabinet, and also women have been ap- pointed to official positions that were usually reserved for men. Nevertheless, these government ap- pointments have not been chosen by the people of Liberia, and although democracy has improved during Johnson Sirleaf's presidency, women's representation in the bicameral legislature has dimin- ished. A revealing example of this is the decreasing amount of women lawmakers; after the election in 2006, women held 17 seats out of total of 94 seats, whereas after the 2011 election there were only 13 seats out of 94 seats. The legislature is elected directly by the Liberian people, and the current political structure in the country is considered to be a significant barrier to women's access to formal governance institutions. As Holmgren points out, the majority of female candidates for legislative positions have lost against their male opponents. Liberian politics has been male-dominated, and the history of the country has been full of instability and conflict which has partly created a hostile envi- ronment for women (Holmgren 2013). During the civil war, Liberian women established special negotiation relations with commanders, who according to Veronika Fuest (2008) perceived the women to be less threatening than men (2008:125). At the end of civil war in Liberia, there emerged an effective and active women's move- ment (the activities of the movement included organizing peace campaigns etc.) which helped to launch women into the positions of formal governance with actual political influence. The women of the Liberian peace movement not only encouraged all parties to recognize the legitimate and signifi- cant role of women in the context of peace building and politics, but also challenged patriarchal power relations. In the end, women's peace activism not only had an impact on the peace process, but also on women's political participation in Liberia. The Accra Peace Agreement in 2003 was enabled by women's peacemaking actions, initiatives and advocacy. Their work also continued in post-conflict peace building, for example, by campaigning for women's representation in politics (Holmgren 2013). As Fuest (2008) states, years before Ellen Johnson Sirleaf was elected, there was already a large degree of militancy and determination in the peace movement by Liberia's women, which was not the case when compared to other countries. According to Fuest, there seems to be an increasing acceptance by men in Liberia regarding the legitimacy of women's political participation and their political ambitions at national and local level (2008:116, 125). Nevertheless, there is no established legal basis for parliamentary quota mechanisms or seat reservation under the current Constitution in Liberia. Male-dominated political parties and a lack of political will are the factors which cause re- sistance towards gender-equal participation in the governance process. For example, in the 2011 elec- tion, the two largest parties in Liberia (Congress for Democratic Change and the Unity Party) failed to support female political candidates due to the lack of active promotion of the women candidates. The parties only formally registered their female candidates, but the influential male candidates re- ceived more campaign funds and support (Holmgren 2013). Therefore, if one takes into account the arguments made above by Fuest (2008:116, 125) that the acceptance regarding the legitimacy of women's political participation has increased by the male sector of Liberia's population and compar- ing it to Holmgren's argument, it can be perceived in this context that the structural resistance against women's political participation is quite strong in the political sphere when comparing it to the local level of Liberian society. 5.4 Ellen Johnson Sirleaf Ellen Johnson Sirleaf was born in 1938 in Monrovia, where she also attended high school. Her pa- ternal grandfather was a Gola traditional chief of renown in western Liberia and her maternal grand- mother was a market woman. Ellen's father was a lawyer and also the first indigenous man to be elected to the Liberian House of Representatives. Ellen's mother was a traveling pastor which was also a rarity in those days, and she had German roots due to her father who was a German trader. Germany was one of the major trading partners with Liberia in the early part of the twentieth century, therefore there were many German expatriates in the country during that time. Due to her impover- ished childhood (Ellen's grandmother was an illiterate and poor who struggled to feed her child), Ellen's mother lived as a foster child in a wealthy and old Liberian family which enabled her to receive the best education in the country, and also study abroad for a year. This type of living ar- rangement system refers to the ward system which was common in early Liberia. Settlers had an urgent need for cheap labor, and most of settler families did not have enough children themselves, thus they needed help with the heavy housework (cooking, cleaning, tending crops etc.) (Johnson Sirleaf 2010: 8–12, 16–17). Native communities and parents sent their children to live with settler families, and the adopted children were expected to obey their guardians (settler families), and per- form chores in return for accommodation and food. Settler families had to provide their dependants with education and clothing. (Ciment 2013) When it comes to Liberian ethnicity and the historical background of the country, I assert that it is relevant to brought up the following matter. According to Ellen, she does not have any American lineage, therefore she is not an Americo-Liberian, although during her campaign for the presidency in 2005, there were rumors about her ethnicity which implied that Ellen was actually an Americo- Liberian. In other words, she would have been a member of the elite class which had been ruling Liberia for a very long period, as she puts it. There has been a long-term polarization between indig- enous populations and the elite settler, thus many Liberians have not wanted another Americo-Libe- rian president (Ellen Johnson Sirleaf, 2010: 8). Theobald (2012) has also brought up Ellen's origins by pointing out Johnson Sirleaf's claims of having mainly indigenous origins, coming from the Kru, Gola, and German groups. However, Theobald argues that due to education and work, Ellen's family were able to move up the social ladder of Liberian society, therefore the president is regularly viewed as a member of Americo-Liberian elite that is regarded for being responsible for political and eco- nomic mismanagement in Liberia (2012:62, 65). Thus, Ellen's reputation particularly in her home country has been controversial and problematic due to her association with the Americo-Liberian elite and her alleged Americo-Liberian heritage. Sirleaf also lived with her then-husband (whom she later divorced due to his abusive behavior towards her) in the United States where she earned a Master's Degree in Public Administration at Harvard University's Kennedy School of Government in 1971. A year later she entered politics when she gave a speech in which she criticized the government. In 1979 she became the Minister of Finance in Liberia, and Sirleaf was President of the Liberian Bank for Development and Investment after the military coup in 1980. However, she soon fled Liberia to Kenya due to the oppressive military gov- ernment of Liberia. Her international career continued when she moved back to the United States and served as a Senior Loan Officer at the World Bank. In 1992, Sirleaf served as Assistant Administrator and Director of the Regional Bureau of Africa at the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP). Five years later, Sirleaf returned to Liberia to contest the presidential election, but was ranked second (her opponent was Charles Taylor). After the election she went into a voluntary exile to Côte d´Ivoire where she eventually founded a Liberian community development NGO (Measuagoon), as well as a venture capital vehicle for African entrepreneurs (the Kormah and Invest- ment Corporation).12 Ellen served on many advisory boards before her presidency, for example, Women Waging Peace, and the International Crisis Group. She collaborated with Elisabeth Rehn (the first female Minister of Defence in Finland) in a UNIFEM investigative report concerning women and peace building. During her presidency, she has received many awards and accolades; Newsweek magazine listed her as one of the best leaders in the world in 2010, and she also received the Nobel Peace Prize in 2011 for her non-violent struggle for the safety of women and for women's rights to full participation in peace-building work.13 In the same year she also received the African Gender Award14, and Forbes Africa magazine honored Johnson Sirleaf by naming her the most powerful woman in Africa.15 She has four sons and has not remarried after her divorce.16 12 http://www.emansion.gov.lr/2content.php?sub=121&related=19&third=121&pg=sp. 13 http://www.emansion.gov.lr/2content.php?sub=121&related=19&third=121&pg=sp 14 http://www.emansion.gov.lr/2press.php?news_id=1919&related=7&pg=sp 15 http://emansion.gov.lr/2press.php?news_id=2008&related=7&pg=sp 16 http://www.emansion.gov.lr/2content.php?sub=121&related=19&third=121&pg=sp. 6. Malawi 6.1 Malawi: facts and history Malawi is in southeastern Africa, and its neighboring countries are Tanzania, Mozambique, and Zam- bia. The estimated population of Malawi is over 17 million, and the country has a colonial past due to its being a former British colony, and it declared independence from Great Britain in 1964. In 1975, Lilongwe replaced Zomba as the capital of Malawi. 57 per cent of the population speak Chi- chewa which is the official language of Malawi, however, a large percentage of people speak also English, Chinyanja and other native languages. When it comes to religion, it is Christianity (68%) and Islam (25%) which are the main religions of the country. In the context of the household, it is women who are in charge of most of the household and agricultural duties, whereas men have re- sponsibility for earning money (17; Gilman 2009:8–15). Malawi is dependent on outside aid, and it is one of the least developed countries worldwide. Twelve per cent of the population is HIV/AIDS infected, and there is a high infant mortality rate and a low life expectancy.18 The staple food of the country is maize, and when it comes to Malawi's economy it is heavily dependent on small-scale subsistence and rain-fed agricultural production, thus the population of the country is mostly rural. Nevertheless, also small businesses, fishing, and wage labor often supplement agriculture. Tobacco is the most significant provider of country's export revenue (up to 70 per cent), whereas 20 per cent comes from coffee, tea and sugar cane (Kelly 2014:116). In the 15th century, Bantu tribes had united many smaller political states to establish the Maravi Con- federacy which included not only the modern state of Malawi, but also large parts of present-day Mozambique and Zambia. In the 17th century, Portuguese explorers arrived to Malawi from present- day Mozambique, and during the period 1790–1860, there was a dramatic increase in the slave trade. The famous Scottish missionary David Livingstone explored the region in 1850 which paved the way for European adventurers, traders, and missionaries. A significant turning point was in 1891, when Britain established the Nyasaland (the former name of Malawi until 1964) and District Protectorate, which by 1893 had changed to the name of the British Central African Protectorate.19 From the be- ginning of colonial rule, Malawi's history has been defined by inequality and poverty, and it had not 17 http://worldpopulationreview.com/countries/malawi-population/ 18http://worldpopulationreview.com/countries/malawi-population/ 19 http://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-13881367 have any significant investments in infrastructure and industry (Englund 2006:14). During the colo- nial period, European settlers had been offered land at very low prices for coffee plantations, and Africans were forced to work on the plantations in difficult conditions for long periods. The British Central African Protectorate became Nyasaland in 1907, however there emerged an uprising against British rule, and in 1915 Reverend John Chilembwe who was the leader of the uprising was killed by police. Chilembwe is still considered to be a national hero in Malawi, and there is a national holiday every year (15th of January) which is named after him (John Chilembwe Day)20. Another significant turning point happened on the 6th of July 1964, when Malawi was granted inde- pendence from British Colonial rule. Dr. Hastings Kamuzu Banda (who is not related to Joyce Banda) became the president of the Republic of Malawi in 1966, and Malawi became a one-party state. It should be noted that the presidency of Kamuzu Banda was defined by a specific title when he was also formally declared as Life President (as a president-for-life) by the 1966 constitution. One party (Malawi Congress Party), one leader (Life President Kamuzu Banda), one language (Chichewa), and one nation (Malawi) – these values of singularity and unity were the main factors in the authoritarian regime of Kamuzu Banda, as Clement Ng´ongl´ola states (2002: 63, 140). During that time, there emerged the suppression of opposition movements and the detention of their leaders. Potential can- didates had to belong to the Malawi Congress Party and therefore they had to be approved by Banda himself.21 Hence, taking into account the political climate at that time, one can conclude that Malawi was not a proper democratic state which would have allowed a multivocal society. There had emerged the systematic challenge to Banda's regime in the late 1980s, first as hidden mobilization and discus- sion, and then in 1992 there emerged public pastoral letters of Malawi's Catholic bishops which crit- icized the ruling politicians in so called democratic Malawi. As institutions, churches had the role of being watchdogs of democracy, and particularly Christian organizations had a major role in the pro- cess of democratization. There had emerged a political division in the country as the supporters of "Life President" Banda (the conservatives), who viewed multipartyism as an insult to the authority of Banda and national unity, whereas the opposition group (the democrats), who were influenced by aid donors' demands of good governance and human rights, formed pressure groups. In the following year there was a referendum and the people chose a government which had multiparty system. Pres- sure groups became political parties such as the United Democratic Front (UDF) and the Alliance for Democracy (AFORD) (Englund 2006:44; 2002:11). In 1994, a leader of the UDF– Bakili Muluzi – was elected for president, and at once re-established freedom of speech and freed political prisoners. However, it should be noted that Muluzi also blatantly abused public and personal resources (Englund 20 http://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-13881367 21 http://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-13881367 2006:45). In the same year, Malawi adopted a multi-party constitution which brought multi-party politics to the country. Before the multi-party constitution, there had been only one legally recognised political party – the Malawi Congress Party (MCP); all opposition had been banned.22 Bingu wa Mutharika was the president after Muluzi, and he was elected in 2004.23 However, Mutharika even- tually became the subject of increasing criticism in Malawi as the country became internationally and regionally isolated.24 In recent years, there have been some turbulent times in the context of foreign donor aid, when, for instance in 2002, the government of Denmark ended its development aid to Malawi. The reason for this drastic action was the corruption and political intolerance of the government of Malawi (Englund 2002:15). In 2011, Britain pulled out all aid to Malawi due to the violence of anti-government protests in Malawi which left about twenty people dead. Britain accused the government of Malawi of failure to maintain human rights and mishandling the economy of the country. A year later, Mutharika suddenly died, and the vice-president Joyce Banda succeeded him, thereby becoming the second female president in Africa. Within a short period of time, in order to satisfy the IMF (International Monetary Fund) and its requirements to restore funding, Banda devalued the kwacha currency by a third. This caused a panic of buying basic goods among Malawians. The former foreign minister Peter Mutharika, the brother of former president Bingu wa Mutharika, and a dozen of high-profile figures were accused of treason in 2013. There were accusations that they tried to prevent Joyce Banda to become the successor of Mutharika. In 2013, the political turmoil continued when there occurred allegations of prevalent corruption which led to the firing of President Banda's entire cabinet. The political circumstance grew even worse in 2014 when there emerged the so-called Cashgate affair which is viewed as the biggest corruption scandal of Malawi. About 70 people (including government officials) were arrested due to suspicious construction deals, and they were accused of stealing $32 million of government money. Even though not officially implicated, a number of lead suspects of the scandal have made allegations involving Joyce Banda, accusing her ordering cabinet ministers to solicit money for the election campaign in 2014, as well as being the mastermind behind Cashgate.25 In May 2014, the brother of late former president Bingu wa Mutharika, Peter Mutharika, was elected president. 26 22 www.africaresearchinstitute.org/blog/malawi-elections-2014/ 23 http://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-13881367 24 www.africaresearchinstitute.org/blog/malawi-elections-2014 25 http://malawivoice.com/malawi-why-wont-joyce-banda-come-home-security-or-cashgate/ 26 http://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-13881367gi 6.2 Society and ethnicity The country has a number of ethnic groups such as Chewa, Nyanja, Yao, and Tumbuka.27 However, as folklorist Lisa Gilman has pointed out (2009) that when discussing the term ethnic group, it should be acknowledged that there exist complicated relationships among cultural groupings in Malawi as in many other African countries. As contemporary categories of ethnicity are partly due the groupings that have been politically motivated during many phases of the country's history, ethnic categories often have little reference to Malawians' own cultural identification. In Malawi, some ethnic groups are patrilineal (descent or kinship through the male line), while others are matrilineal (descent or kinship traced solely through the female line). Gilman (2009) argues that women have significant power of positions within matrilineal systems, and regarding the matrilineal and patrilineal contexts in Malawi, women indeed hold positions of chieftaincy. Nevertheless, even within matrilineal sys- tems, power is usually bestowed upon males (maternal brothers and uncles), and in patrilineal systems it is often husbands and fathers who have power (Gilman 2009:24–25). As legal anthropologist Ger- hard Anders (2002) has stated, it is understood that in the northern region, kinship organization is generally patrilineal, whereas in the central and the southern parts of the country, matrilineal kinship organizations are predominant (2002: 50). As Edrinnie Kayambazinthu and Fulata Moyo have stated (2002) regionalism and tribalism have been vital factors during the colonial and postcolonial periods in the history of Malawi. In the context of ethnicity in Malawi, the country has been divided into three regions: the southern, central and northern regions, and it should be highlighted that the regional divisions have caused ethnic divisions and political polarization which emerged after the 1991 and 1994 general elections when people voted for political parties along regional and ethnic lines. When Kamuzu Banda ruled the country, these divi- sions were arbitrarily promoted or suppressed by him, (2002: 91, 90). One has to examine the colonial and postcolonial period in the context of ethnicity and regional divisions to understand what kind of factors have influenced Malawi's society. First of all, it should be acknowledged that only a small percentage of people work in the non-agricultural sector in Malawi, as Anders (2002) has pointed out. Especially during colonial rule, it was the people from the northern region who had easier access to superior missionary education, and who had a dominant role in the civil service. Colonial civil service which included professions such as police, teachers, soldiers, was characterised by the strict division between Africans and European expatriates, and it was the people from the northern region 27 http://worldpopulationreview.com/countries/malawi-population/ who played a major part in representing Africans in the civil service. After independence, the structure of the British colonial civil service was retained in Malawi, but Kamuzu Banda favoured expatriates to Malawians due to their position outside the Malawian society and their skills. He was also distrust- ful of the people from the northern regions, and Banda wanted the Chewa identity to be national identity. (Anders 2002:44-45). The northern region is one of the most ethnically diverse regions which has roughly eight ethnic identities, whereas the southern region has only three ethnic identities: Chewa, Yao, and Lomwe. The most linguistically homogenous region in the country is the central region. The northern part of Malawi has been treated as one block which has had its political conse- quences regarding political party leanings, schooling and employment since people have labelled each other by the regions they are coming from. When examining the political dynamics of the regions in Malawi, one has to take into account the segmentation of the political parties; the Alliance for Democracy Party (AFORD) has been viewed as a Northerners' party, whereas the United Democratic Front (UDF) is seen as a Southerners' party, and Malawi Congress Party (MCP) as a Central Region party (Kayambazinthu, Moyo 2002: 91). Therefore, it seems that the political parties have been cate- gorised and divided into the different regions in Malawi, and it can be understood that these regional differences have had a significant influence on Malawian society in general. 6.3 Malawian women and politics During the rule of Kamuzu Banda, the people of Malawi were subject to the severe Decency in Dress Act that viewed Western fashion trends as "corrupting" Malawian youth. The act banned women from wearing trousers. When Kamuzu Banda's rule came to an end in 1994, it was also a turning point for Malawian women who began to go out, and people felt more liberated in general. Nevertheless, po- litical discourses in Malawi have prohibited girls and women from claiming any rights by positioning women as the preservers of "culture" and by declaring human rights to be the adversary of "culture", as anthropologist Nicole Hayes (2013) points out. Hayes conducted a survey in the southern region in which compared to men, women are less wealthy and for example they are less literate than men (Hayes 2013:352, 349, 350). Anthropologist Ulrika Ribohn (2002) has also discussed gender in the political and cultural context of Malawi. She states that both women and men in Malawi argue that women should preserve "culture" (which is locally regarded as synonymous with rural community life in villages) as women are the keepers of "culture" due their close relation to community life. Ribohn argues that in contemporary Malawi, both men and women have expressed unease about public discourse which stresses women's rights, and when there emerges discussion regarding women's role in society, it is usually referred to using the concepts of "culture", human rights or change (2002:167, 171, 169). Malawian official agencies, such as governmental organisations have described "traditions" and "culture" to be obstacles to human rights, whereas the governments of Malawi (both the MCP and UDF) have dichotomized human rights and "culture" in various ways. When looking at the rhetoric of the MCP, women were viewed to be in a dominant status due to their relationships to President Kamuzu Banda who created "mbumba culture" which refers to the tradi- tional relationship between women (a sorority). He declared himself as their male guardian – nkhoswe, (a brother or an uncle from the mother's side), and represented himself as a community provider who provided special benefits to his active supporters such as building houses for some members of the women's league. Banda aimed his policies at improving the position of Malawian women, however for this favor women were obliged to wear political party uniforms with the portrait of Banda, dance and sing praise songs at political party meetings. Thus, for the political party, women being `praise performers´ was a significant base of political support. (Semu 2002:82). Their task is to glorify mostly male political leaders, although women's performances are also a way of expressing activism and socially sanctioned commentary. Kamuzu Banda demanded that all Malawian women, despite of their occupation, age or health should take part in political events as performers on a regular basis, and sometimes also all boys and men were obliged to perform in these events, but very often the males were merely the audience. Banda's government generated fear among Malawians, thus there was no public debate about the usage of women as "cheerleaders" by president (Gilman 2009:4– 5, 19). During the 1990s, there was a shift in the system of government, when the citizenry voted for change from single party to multiparty rule. This led to the emergence of political activists who es- tablished parties and President Bakili Muluzi, who was the first to be elected democratically in Ma- lawi, also emphasized not using women as symbols of the party or the president (2009:6). However, it should be acknowledged that still there exists a culture of women performers in political events, based on my experience of the welcoming ceremony of Joyce Banda in Cape Maclear in 2012 where the local women were dancing and singing for President Banda. Social anthropologist Harri Englund (2004) points out that in post-colonial Malawi, there has emerged official rhetoric on changing gender relations, meaning that the concepts such as ´gender equality´, and ´empowerment´ have very often been expressed publicly. Notwithstanding, official rhetoric on gender equality might not be the reality and could be viewed as a façade. In fact, it has been in stark contrast with the real intentions that exist behind the rhetoric of gender equality in a state level. Studies from other African countries which have undergone democratization have implied that nevertheless the official concern regarding gender relations is nothing more than a new kind of rhetoric. Thus, there would not be an actual transformation that would go through the whole society, but instead just a state-level feminism. This term refers to a token minister of women's affairs who just mimics the rhetoric, whereas few others than elite women have increased opportunities regarding an improvement of their lives (2004: 154-157). Women's organizations and movements have had a short history in Malawi due to President Hastings Banda's regime which effectively diminished po- litically significant associations in the country. As Englund points out, it has been external donors, not Malawians themselves who have pressured the political elite of Malawi to adapt feminist rhetoric. Thus, it can be viewed that state feminism has been used only as a tool for meeting the demands of development aid. Taking into consideration the particular issues of the Malawian cultural and social context has not been the main purpose of state feminism (2004:168). A few previous studies on Malawian women in politics can give some background to cultural attitudes regarding female politicians in Malawi. It should be acknowledged that the following studies were conducted before the presidency of Joyce Banda, but nevertheless I argue that they illuminate very well Malawian culture in varied contexts. Rebecca Tiessen (2008) who has done research on gender and development, conducted a study on women in politics in Malawi in 2005, she points out the factors that contribute to Malawi's weak performance in efforts to promote women to leadership po- sitions. Tiessen brings out in her study how the number of women in Parliament began to rise at the end of the 1990s in Malawi. However, compared to other African countries, Malawi has not done well with respect to promoting women in leadership positions, due to failure to adopt quota systems. Women have been regarded as illiterate and subservient throughout Malawi's history, thus when tak- ing into account this particular viewpoint it is no surprise that gender inequality has existed in Malawi (2008:199, 201). Malawian women have played political roles in the past, but it has mainly been in the roles of singers and dancers (praise performers) at political rallies. Tiessen (2008) has also pointed out that a political history of patriarchy and neopatrimoniliasm have been the reasons for women's under-representation in political positions in Malawi. In the context of Malawi, Tiessen has explained the term neopatrimonialism to be associated with the centralization of power in the hands of a few, thus there exist the purpose of maintaining dominance, such as purchasing of political loyalty with money, or sexual exploitation of women (women are expected to provide sexual favors) (2008: 212). In general, neopatrimonialism can be seen as a system where state resources are being used for per- sonal profits by rulers, and there appears the management of official authority for private purposes, and there exist nepotism when it comes to selecting officials and recruiting civil servants. Thus, neo- patrimonialism generates such as poor leadership, and it is not institutionalized relations that predom- inates but personal loyalties instead. Nevertheless, these kind of practices exist all over the world, but the African neopatrimonial state has indeed become a model of the anti-developmental state world- wide (Gazibo 2012: 3). African political systems have frequently been characterized as "neopatrimo- nial" by Western scholars, due to many African leaders and the bureaucrats who serve them have deliberately misrepresented history due to entitle dictatorial rule on local and national levels (Pitcher, Moran, Johnston, 2009:129–130,149). Since the 1994 constitution, gender policies have been a sig- nificant part of economic, political and social development in Malawi. In spite of the shift to a dem- ocratic government, neopatrimonialism has been a widespread phenomenon in Malawi, therefore in- hibiting possibilities for gender equality and civil society reforms (Thiessen 2008: 212, 202–203). It was pointed out that Malawian cultural beliefs assumed that women's public activities will lead to depraved behavior such as women cheating on their husbands, prostitution, or in case of winning the elections, women would no longer respect the men anymore (Thiessen 2008:205). One of the factors in women's limited representation in leadership positions was the role of media which reproduced stereotypes of women such as them being inefficient leaders. The media was considered to be hostile towards them, and also those women politicians who made mistakes were singled out by the media and were used as a reason for not allowing women into politics. Especially in Malawi, research un- covered an impression of women as second-class citizens (Thiessen 2008: 206–207). Sociologist Alinane Priscilla Kamlongera (2008) conducted qualitative research with Malawian fe- male politicians. The research studied the reasons and the factors that hindered Malawian women's full participation in national-level, formal state politics. The findings of the study highlighted the constraints such as gender stereotypes, limited education and income inhibiting women's involve- ment in politics. Malawian women are socialized to be followers instead of leaders, as it is true in most of the world. Thus, socialization processes are a key constraint on women's participation in politics, meaning that from early on girls are treated differently from boys, and the focus of girls' upbringing is on domestic tasks (Kamlongera 2008: 471,474–476). Kamlongera's study also argued that traits seen to characterize males (strength, fighting, and deceit) are culturally associated with politics. However, it was also pointed out in the study that women's own attitudes were also signifi- cant; some female politicians believed that women are incapable of evaluating political issues. Some of the Malawian female politicians in the study believed that the reason for this was that generally women are emotional and sensitive. Although they were proud of themselves, they still were some- what apologetic, and also grateful to the men for bringing women into politics. It was also pointed out that married female politicians were better listened to, and were taken much more seriously, than those who were single. Therefore, being married was viewed as a significant factor in women's po- litical success. Lack of mutual support among women was also another reason for the lack of women politicians, according to the women of the study. Women were jealous of other women, and they were perceived to be difficult to work with when compared to men. It was acknowledged that there were some men in politics who attempted to drive women out of politics by using `dirty tricks´ against women, such as expecting sexual favors from the women, or not giving them the respect they de- served (Kamlongera 2008: 475–476). Socialization processes were also manifested in the way female ministers have been allocated to so-called ´private ministries´ such as the ministries of health, gender, education, and information, whereas the male ministers have been represented in the key ministries, such as defence and justice ministries (Kamlongera, 2008: 476). This kind of allocation by gender is nothing new or specifically located in a certain country, on the contrary it can be viewed as a universal phenomenon. A good example of this is Finnish political scientist Jaana Kuusipalo's research (2011) where Kuusipalo argues that political representation in parliamentary politics is gendered when only one gender (men) holds the majority of the seats in the government and parliament, or the men and women are presumed to represent different issues in politics. She also points out that maternalist politics which concentrates on the welfares of mothers, children and the disadvantaged in Finland have been women's major pathway to politics (Kuusipalo 2011: 5–6). Malawian gender activists expressed their disappointment in 2014 when President Peter Mutharika appointed only three female ministers to his 20-member cabinet. It is quite revealing that the three female ministers were allocated to the following ministries: Ministry of Gender, Children, Disability and Social Welfare; Ministry of Health; and Ministry of Sports and Youth Development. Whereas male ministers were allocated, for example, into the following ministries: Minister of Trade and In- dustry; Ministry of Finance, Economic planning and Development.28 When observing the current political situation in Malawi and situating the arguments of Kuusipalo's research in this context, it is evident that gendered political representation is a resilient phenomenon worldwide. Thus, it could be understood that when taking into account the arguments by Thiessen and Kamlongera, and comparing them to Malawian politics, yet again women have been sidelined. After the presidency of Joyce Banda, neopatrimonialism seems to still be an obstinate heritage in Malawi, when one keeps in mind that the current president of Malawi is the brother of the late president Bingu wa Mutharika, prede- cessor of Joyce Banda. This indicates that political power remains in the hands of a few (men) in Malawi. 28 www.capitalradiomalawi.com/index.php/component/k2/item/1557-malawi-president-names-full-cabinet. 6.4 Joyce Banda Joyce Banda (née Mtila) was born in 1950 near the southern town of Zomba in the village of Malemia. In the context of ethnicity, Banda is Yao which is one of the ethnic groups in the southern Region (Kayambazinthu & Moyo, 2002: 91).29 She was the eldest child in a family of five children, and Banda's father was the leader of the police brass band of Malawi, whereas her sister formerly run Madonna's charity foundation, Raising Malawi.30 In her youth, Banda was a secretary, and during the dictatorial era of Hastings Kamuzu Banda, she also became a well-known figure. Joyce Banda has three children, and in 1981, Joyce Banda left her abusive husband. At the moment she lives with her new husband Richard Banda who is the former Chief Justice of Malawi.31 Since the 1980s, Joyce Banda has established and managed many organizations and businesses such as Ndekani Garments and Akajuwe Enterprises, but has also carried out philanthropy and community work in the context of grassroots gender rights activism. In 1989, she founded the National Association of Business Women, which made her popular among the rural poor of Malawi, since it lent start-up cash to small- scale traders. Banda has also set up the Joyce Banda Foundation which is a charity that aims to aid Malawian orphans and children by educating them.32 Joyce Banda has a Diploma in Management, and she has obtained a Bachelor of Arts Degree in Early Childhood Education.33 At the end of the 1990s, Joyce Banda, who was by that time almost 50 years old, started her formal political career. She won a parliamentary seat through the former ruling party of retired president Bakili Muluzi. In addition to being a member of parliament, Joyce Banda served as Minister of For- eign Affairs from 2006 to 2009, and also served as Minister for Gender, Children's Affairs and Com- munity Services. Her career reached new heights in 2009 when she was elected as vice-president of Malawi (Dickovick, 2014:294). However, there emerged difficulties concerning the relationship be- tween the contemporary President Bingu wa Mutharika and Banda due to the fact that Joyce Banda did not support the president's brother (Peter Mutharika) as the next presidential candidate. Thus President Bingu wa Mutharika tried to impeach her as vice-president. Eventually, he expelled Banda from the Democratic Progressive Party (DDP), and she formed a new political party called the Peo- ple's Party in 2011. Juliet Kamwendo and Gregory Kamwendo have stated (2015:81) that in the context of a global discourse favouring the empowerment of women in leadership, the choice of Joyce 29 https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/monkey-cage/wp/2014/05/19/on-the-eve-of-malawis-election/ 30http://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-17662916 31 http://www.genderconcerns.org/article.php?id_nr=3108 32 http://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-17662916 33 http://www.genderconcerns.org/article.php?id_nr=3108 46 Banda for presidential running mate in 2009 was just a well-calculated political manoeuvre by Bingu wa Mutharika who wanted to win the votes. Therefore, the whole occurrence would have been just a political game and manipulation, and not a genuine attempt to empower women politically in Malawi. However, in the end, Mutharika did not succeed in removing Banda from her position as a vice- president, and eventually Joyce Banda was elected as president of Malawi in 2012 after the death of Bingu wa Mutharika. She was the head of state until 2014 when she lost the presidential elections.34 After her short period of presidency, Banda has continued her development work with her foundation, the Joyce Banda Foundation. 34 http://www.genderconcerns.org/article.php?id_nr=3108 47 7. Analysis: media representations of female presidents of Liberia and Malawi As I use rhetorical analysis, as well critical discourse analysis in my study, thus I take into account the intentions of the presidents when they are representing themselves, and are represented in media, as well the particular message they (the presidents and media) use in trying to appeal to the audience, the specific situation of the representations, as well various cultural, social and political contexts. I also take into account how the events and relationships are represented and what kind of identities emerge from data. It is important to be aware that there exist power relations and interests in the representations and self-representations of the presidents. Hence when reading and interpreting the media articles, I also acknowledge that there are certain things that both the presidents and the media emphasize, exclude and include in their representations. 7.1 International media on Joyce Banda In reading through the media sources on Joyce Banda from international media coverage, I was able to identify a few common themes, and those were women and leadership; Banda's life story; African womanhood; and motherhood. I first examine the theme of women and leadership. Banda is represented as "the most powerful black woman outside of United States" in an interview by Austin PBS – Public Broadcasting Service called "Overheard with Evan Smith - President Joyce Banda of Malawi". "Overheard with Evan Smith "is a series of in-depth interviews with public fig- ures, and in this particular interview an American host discusses with Banda her power regarding human and women's rights such as advocating on behalf of younger women. She is also viewed as "extraordinary figure" in terms of gender and race. The interview took place in the United States of America in 2013, and considering how complex is the U.S history regarding racism, the host places great emphasis on the significance of a black woman in a leadership position. Banda represents two minority categories that have faced challenges and discrimination by others: "blacks", which in this context can refer to an African American or an African person, and being a woman. In terms of leadership qualities, in the same interview Banda describes her quality of leadership by referring to her wishes prior to her presidency: "If I only can become president, I will transform Malawi, I will transform communities...I will ensure a girl child is protected and has an opportunity to go the school." (2.10.2013 KLRU online) Banda represents herself as a potential president who has an agenda and the power to transform the country and communities by particularly focusing on girls' rights for education. However, when ob- serving Banda's leadership qualities, there exists a dichotomy regarding how Banda's leadership qualities are evaluated by other people. One can find, for instance, an interview with a local Malawian woman by the British news website Guardian entitled "Madam President: Meeting Malawi's Joyce Banda", in which she points out the reasons for giving her vote to Banda: "If we see changes in the coming months then we will give her our vote, but if there will be no changes we will not vote for her. We would rather vote for someone else who can change things." (20.12.2012 The Guardian online) According to the female voter above, the gender of the president is not relevant in this context, but instead the ability of the president to change the economic situation in the country for the better. One particular matter comes up in the interview, and that is when the female voter represents her argu- ments as collective opinions by using the plural we. Therefore, she presents herself as stating not only her own opinions but also her fellow countrymen's when it comes to Banda. Based on her arguments above, it is understood that if positive changes do not happen in the future, then it will also influence the voting process. Therefore, being a woman president is not the most significant qualification for being head of state, but one's ability to improve the country's economy. The website Atlanta Black Star, which emphasizes presenting news and empowering narratives con- cerning African American people, published an article in 2012 entitled "Meet Joyce Banda, Malawi's First Female President". In the article, Banda is once again hailed as a champion for women's rights in Malawi. It is mentioned how while some Malawians argue that due to her gender Banda will fail in her presidency, nevertheless many Malawians are encouraged by the fact Banda is a woman, thus "there is power in the dress", and that "something refreshingly new is taking place in Malawi" (2012 Atlanta Black Star online). When talking about women's support, Banda expresses the complicated relationship between women who operate at the same political level. The following extract is taken from the interview by Al Jazeera English entitled "South 2 North: Africa's Women of Power – Can Females in Leadership Positions Make a Lasting Difference for the Continent's Future": "The majority of women are grass-roots based. And that's where I have worked. I have worked with women in the formal sector…So those are the women that have stood by me through thick and thin… The problem comes when it is now the women that are higher up. Women that are your level that usually won't stand with you, that usually won't support you. But what I have also learnt during this trying period of three, four years was that men came out more than those women, in that category. There were more men than women supporting me and fighting for me."(18.5.2013 Al Jazeera English online) This is a quite interesting and significant comment made by Banda as she clearly demonstrates how the mutual support of women does not exist at all political levels. She argues that the women in the formal sector and at the grass-roots level have supported her, but not the women who operate at the highest level. Thus, it can be understood that she refers to the women with whom she had worked fighting against maternal mortality, and gender biased-violence at grass-roots level, and it has been those women who have supported her. Whereas the women at the highest level have not supported Banda. In this context, it can be seen that Banda refers to the women in the politics such as female ministers. Surprisingly, Banda brings up that it has been men who have supported her more than women. This argument brings a whole new dimension to the discussion of gender and leadership, and the general perception of how Malawnei has male-dominated culture which usually does not encour- age women in leadership. I argue that Banda's statement about the lack of women's mutual support refers to gender myths such as female solidarity. As Cornwall (2007) has pointed out, gender myths can be perceived to refer to female solidarity and female autonomy. In this context, there exist general assumptions on how all women have unified perspectives and support always each other. Particularly in gender and development narratives, ´gender relations´ are understood as a particular relationship between women and men, but relations between women have been mostly ignored. Thus, relations among women are significant when observing the multiplicities of power and gender (Cornwall 2007:151, 160–161). Hence I argue that in this context, when taking into account the lack of female solidarity, as well as what kind of power issues exist within gender relations (relations between women), one has to consider patriarchal structures. In reality, the lack of female solidarity at certain political levels can imply patriarchy as well. As Walby (1990) has stressed, patriarchy can be defined as s system of social practices and structures in which women are oppressed and dominated by men. In the context of the state, which is one of the main structures that contribute to a system of patriarchy, one has to take into account the relative absence of women from powerful positions in the state (1990:20, 16, 150–152). Thus, I stress that patriarchy does not only include relations between men and women, but also relations between women and women, hence when examining the reasons for a lack of support among women, or in this case women politicians, one needs to ask why women are not supporting each other in a sphere which is male-dominated. Is it because there are only few women at higher political sphere, and thus those few women politicians then must compete with each other about the limited amount of state offices? Hence I argue that patriarchal structures in the politics influence on the lack of female solidarity at higher political sphere as well. Another theme in interview with Joyce Banda was her life story. On many occasions Banda talks about her childhood friend who was forced to drop out of school, because her parents could not raise enough money for the school fees. She discusses how angry she felt due to her failure to help child- hood friend, and how this particular life event motivated her to send girls to school. In an interview "President Joyce Banda's story" by CSIS Smart Global Health, which is an American bipartisan, nonprofit organization and international policy institution of global development, Banda tells her story regarding her childhood which had an impact on her career: "I have been angry all my life about how I failed to help her (her childhood friend), and so I made up mind that when I grow up, I'll send as many girls as possible to school." (22.5.2013 CSIS Smart Global Health online) It can be understood that at the same time she presents her life story, she expresses her agenda and motivation as a leader. Using her childhood friend as an example for the importance of girls' educa- tion, Banda represents the story above for explaining her own activism regarding girls' schooling in Malawi. Thus, by narratively describing what happened to her childhood friend, Banda represents this incident as a catalyst for her life´s work with women's empowerment in Malawi. In the other media representation by the Guardian – "Madam President: Meeting Malawi's Joyce Banda", (20.12.2012 Guardian online), Banda also brings up many times her previous abusive marriage, and her strong grandmother who had an influence on her life. Hence it can be seen that she presents her previous marriage as shaping her perspective on women's empowerment and her own attributes as a woman. The attributes of African woman in the context of her abusive marriage is one of the common themes in Joyce Banda's own media discourses. In the following extract from the same interview by CSIS Smart Global Health as above, she describes the attributes of the African woman, and the general attitude of African culture regarding marriage: "But that was the time you didn't walk out of marriage. You are an African woman. Nothing is more painful that you can't stand. So you have to stay. It was almost kill my mom. I said no-no if that is an African woman, then I'm not African woman, and I'm going. So I moved out, but I also made up my mind that point, that for as long as I live I shall never tolerate abuse for a woman, especially from my husband. And the way you do it in Africa, because socially you have to remain married. Not many people take the route I took. They'll stay. And when I became to wonder what was happening to fellow women, I decided to very best thing I can do is to empower them…. When Richard Banda came to marry me, it was on my terms. ..There are thousands of women in this country that tell you I'm here because Joyce Banda intervened." (22.5.2013 CSIS Smart Global Health online) This extract above is a good example on how Banda represents herself as a courageous African woman who walked out of an abusive marriage, although in many places in Africa, it was and still is not socially accepted for a woman do such thing. She also refers to, or rather questions the concept of African womanhood which in this context indicates that African woman is supposed to stay in the abusive marriage no matter what, because it is her duty as a wife. Banda also brings up how she wants to, and already has empowered other women. Therefore, she uses her life story and the perspectives on what it is to be African woman in order to explain her impact on other Malawian women. On many occasions, Banda has highlighted the attributes of African women such as their ability to carry heavy loads, as she points out in the Guardian's video: "It's heavy on me, because my feeling is that we have wasted 50 years. There's been a very little progress in changing the status of people at grassroots. It's heavy, but I'm able to carry it. Why? Because I'm an African woman. And an African woman carries heavy loads. Anyway that's how we are trained, we are brought up. Nothing is unbearable..." (20.12.2012 The Guardian online) Banda emphasizes that she is an African woman, thus according to her she has the ability to carry heavy loads and there are no limits to these heavy loads, referring to the challenges and responsibili- ties of a presidency. Therefore, when observing these remarks made by Banda concerning the specific attributes of African woman, one can notice that she proudly expresses the notion of African wom- anhood to be quite unique, in that carrying "heavy loads", facing obstacles and being strong would be characteristics specific only to African women. She leaves aside the question of Asian, Latin American or European women and their daily challenges, or their struggles for gender equality. Hence, I argue that due to emphasizing her African and gendered identity, Banda's representation in this matter can be perceived to be Afrocentric to a certain degree. Therefore it is essential to bring up again Africana womanism and its view on African women. According to Africana womanism, being an African woman is something that only those who understand African culture and its history can comprehend. Hence, in these media articles, African woman is somehow generalized, and therefore put into a certain category in which African womanhood has certain attributes (strong, long-suffering, but still able to take care of her family and household etc.) In the media, Banda represents herself proudly as an African woman, however it should be mentioned that she also represents herself being a new kind of African woman, one not conforming to African social norms, for instance by not staying in an abusive marriage. Nevertheless, it should be pointed out that staying in a marriage no matter what has not only been a traditional custom in Africa, but in other patriarchal societies all over the world as well. When it comes to motherhood, Joyce Banda points out in the Guardian's video that it is Malawians' responsibility to love their mothers due to the fact that particularly women in Africa are the ones that contribute a lot in raising children (20.12.2012 online). The following extract, which also deals with motherhood, is taken from the article "Malawi's Joyce Banda and the rise of women in African poli- tics" published by Gender Concerns International which is an international development organiza- tion focused on gender and development:. "Motherly and resplendent in rich African colours, Joyce Hilda Banda came across as the perfect embodiment of African feminine grace when the international media focused on her swearing-in as Malawi's fourth president… Ms Banda's placid demeanour aside, her com- bative personal and political history indicates that the lady president's serene motherly looks can be deceptive. Having just celebrated her 62nd birthday…she has a well-earned reputation as a hard nut to crack when it comes to politics..." (20.6.2014 Gender Concerns International online) The extract above points out that Banda's motherly appearances and "the perfect embodiment of Af- rican feminine grace" which nevertheless cannot hide her reputation for being "a hard nut to crack" in the political context. Thus, in the article there seems to be an awareness of the two different sides regarding Banda's representation as a female president. At the same news story she is viewed as a motherly, and having attributes related to her ethnicity and gender ("African feminine grace"), but also as having a combative nature and being tough which is needed for succeeding in the political sphere. In general, Banda is represented as a role model, a champion of gender equality, and very often she is mentioned as the second woman president of Africa in international media, thus she is regarded as something of a rarity and a renegade due to her gender. In many international media articles, Banda herself also brings up many times her life story and her previous, abusive marriage, and also highlights her work with issues of women's empowerment. Although there has been an emphasis on her gender in the international media, and thus it was perceived that she was being a different kind of a president in Malawi and in Africa, in some articles there were also references to the criticism of Joyce Banda in her home country. 7.2 Malawian media on Joyce Banda Before I discuss Malawian media's presentation on Joyce Banda, first I have to discuss media free- dom in Malawi. When Joyce Banda took office as president in April 2012, the media environment had improved in Malawi although various problems remained. Previous to this, public outlets had been accused of serving as tool of official propaganda by the government, therefore making the Ma- lawian press strongly biased in favor of the government. Although the Joyce Banda government pledged to reform the Malawian press, one can perceive that the situation did not entirely change. While the constitution has included guarantees for freedom of the press, however, many laws such as the 1967 Protected Flag, Emblems, and Names Act limits this freedom in practice. It should be noted that the Joyce Banda government introduced a bill entitled "E-Bill" setting out a legal framework for regulating communication technologies and information. This bill was met with criticism as it was regarded as limiting online freedom of expression and allowing the "cyber inspectors" appointed by the government to monitor websites. In 2013, Joyce Banda was not content with criticism of her administration by the Malawian press. This was followed by her decision to reject calls from activists who have been promoting freedom of the Malawian press for her to become the third head of state in Africa to support the Declaration of Table Mountain that demands African governments to annul criminal defamation laws. In the same year, a journalist from Galaxy FM Radio was arrested (and eventually freed on bail) due to his broadcasting the names of companies and individuals that had allegedly profited from the Cashgate scandal which was a long-running 20 billion kwacha ($49 mil- lion) government corruption scheme.35 In this context, it also should be pointed out that Joyce Banda has been linked to the Cashgate scandal as well. In reading through the Malawian media coverage, I identified five themes from the Malawian media: women and leadership; motherhood; and globally revered vs. internal criticism. First, I focus on the theme of women and leadership and discuss the articles which covered this topic. At this point I must stress that I have written these excerpts in the exact way they have been written in the original media articles. As I have noted, there occasionally exist some misspelling in the Malawian media articles due to what I perceive to be some kind of ´African English slang´. Therefore, I have not changed anything, as I wish to be faithful to the writings of the media sources. 35 https://freedomhouse.org/report/freedom-press/2014/malawi 54 When it comes to representation of Joyce Banda as a female president, she is viewed as an inspiration to all girls in the following article "Hopeless strides towards girl empowerment" regarding gender empowerment which featured on gender section of the Big Issue Magazine: "On the other hand, Ombudsman Tujilane Chizumila said lack of role models among young women and child marriages have contributed much to school drop outs amongst young girls..We are privileged to have a female president who is an inspira- tion to all girls in Malawi", said Chizumila. (Captain, The Big issue Magazine 2012) In this brief excerpt, the female head of state is viewed as having an influence over all young girls in the country, and in this context, having a female in a high political position is presented as a something rare and special whom people of Malawi are honored to have exclusively in their country. Another significant point made by the excerpt above is the absence of roles models for Malawian girls that has affected them in terms of lack of education. However, there seems to be no particular bias regard- ing how Banda is represented in the Big Issue magazine, because there also is a different perspective on her in a previous edition of the same magazine. Another article, Women's take on JB's regime, discusses how people's views on the female president and her performance in government sectors such as economy, national security, and politics have changed during Joyce Banda's presidency. In this particular article, the emphasis is on Malawian women's view on Banda: "..A woman is too weak to man this country. She is just accepting any advice from donors for the sake of donor aid and I can't see any economic progress." Talks of this kind nowadays are common. These talks have not spared any gender group. They are everywhere in town and amongst all genders. Women in the country make up 52 percent of the Malawi's population. For so long, however, their participation in politics has been in the sidelines – dancing at the rallies of mostly their male counterparts [this refers to women being praise performers at the political rallies]. (Tsonga, The Big Issue Magazine 2012) The extract points out the fact people's view on her have changed negatively in Malawi. She is viewed as being under the influence of foreign donors. Banda as a woman is accused of being too weak to "man" the country. This can be understood as a reference to the stereotypical characteristics of women being unreliable. The article seeks to highlight that these kinds of criticisms are not only linked to one gender, but to "any gender group". This indicates that the criticism is not only based on men's versus women's opinions, and thus it can perceived that gender of a president is not relevant in this discussion. When it comes to Malawian women's political participation, the article also mentions that they have had a minor role as praise performers (see Semu 2002). However, with the emergence of a female president, women have joined in the fray of the political debates. There are also harsh criticisms concerning women and leadership in the context of Joyce Banda, as the following article by Muthi Nhlema points out. The article was published in the last days of Banda's presidency in May 2014 on a news website called Malawiana. I wish bring up this particular article, since it expresses how women were perceived in leadership positions in Malawi. The author, who was a male blogger for the Malawian Voice and the Nation newspapers, mentions many times Malawian stereotypes regarding women in leadership. In the article "Maybe Women Just Can't Lead (?)", Nhlema argues that in the past two years Malawians have not been convinced of women's value in a leadership position. Nhlema stresses that in the beginning of her presidency, Banda was regarded as a symbol of possibility and hope for African women, and "being a game-changer" by the nation and the world. However, he claims that Banda turned the positive energy and national goodwill which characterized her ascending to presidency into a national joke. The author presents his own position by pointing out that he has a few years' working experience with gender activists, thus it seems that Nhlema wants to represent himself as a person who is entitled to express his thoughts on this matter due to his understanding and acknowledge of gender issues. He also emphasizes that he does not claim that Banda represents all women. Nhlema thus positions himself as a person who is not a stranger to the women's empowerment movement, on the contrary he represents himself as a person who has an understanding of gender issues in general: "Joyce Banda's 2 years at the stirring wheel of this crazy little southern African country will raise all kinds of questions about whether her leadership has hurt or bolstered the factoids that have placed women as better caretakers of homes and communities (and therefore coun- tries) than their male counterparts"… But we can't ignore the fact that she has only confirmed the many stereotypes that Malawians, including women themselves, have had about women in leadership and that is: women just can't lead!" (Nhlema, 24.5.2014, Malawiana online) Here he discuss the stereotypes about women in leadership in the context of Malawi (and Malawian women themselves) which in his mind indicate that women are not capable for leadership, and also that Malawian women themselves agree that women are not good in leadership positions. In his arti- cle, Nhlema points out the factoids which, according to Oxford English Dictionary, refer to an item of information accepted as a fact, although not true. It can also refer to a reported and repeated spec- ulation or assumption that has popularly considered to be true.36 In this context the factoids which Nhlema brings up refer to Joyce Banda's leadership. Therefore, like the previously discussed article, Nhlema stresses that the negative perspective regarding gender stereotypes (in this context, women's leadership abilities) are coming from both genders, and not only from men. Nhlema indeed points out 36 http://www.oed.com/view/Entry/67511?redirectedFrom=factoid#eid the stereotypes regarding women being better caretakers of communities and homes than men, and in the same context he connects the caretaking of these private and social spheres (home, community) to a wider scale such as taking care of a country. In this context, the traditions of Malawian society and culture should be taken into account. As Ribohn (2002) has pointed out, both genders in Malawi had argued that women are regarded as preservers of "culture", which refers closely to community life (Ribohn 2002: 167).Thus women are viewed as nurturing caretakers who are responsible for maintaining traditions (culture), and are not destined to be in a public leadership position. In this context, Nhlema presents gender as a social role, referring to women being caretakers in the private sphere (home and community). He also brings up the dichotomy between a woman in leadership and a woman leader. Here he clarifies the distinction between these two concepts: "A woman in leadership can have title or designation and be high up in the echelons of power and not actually be a leader. She can so easily be a mere chair-warming figurehead and not a strategic thinker, decision-maker or go-getter. A woman leader, on the other hand, is dif- ferent – a woman leader may not have title, but she is motivated and driven to get things done in her family, community or country!" (Nhlema 24.5.2014, Malawiana online) Nhlema argues that to many Malawians, the gender of their leader was not the issue, but instead her being a leader. It can therefore be understood that in the end he criticizes the content of the leadership skills of Banda, the lack of substance, although he represents Banda's leadership in quite a crude way, and highlights her being an example of a stereotype of a woman in leadership: "a very loud mouth, but saying nothing worthwhile". In many articles in the Malawian media, Banda is celebrated for instance for her introduction of the safe motherhood project in Malawi, yet there is major concern regarding the poor economy of Malawi which seems to be the priority to Malawians rather than the gender of the president. However, there is also the expectation that a female head should promote girls' education. Thus, being a female pres- ident can be viewed as automatically linked to supporting women's issues such as girls' education. The following extract from Pius Nyondo's column "Malawi ´big four´ vie for presidency: Telling the tales of the May 20 polls" was published on the news website Nyasa Times just days ahead of presi- dential elections in Malawi in 2014. The column describes a background information regarding Joyce Banda and three male presidential candidates of presidential elections: "A strong woman with a very strong character, Banda – once a Mandasi [fritters] seller – has risen through the ranks of life to become one of the celebrated women of her time world over. " (Nyondo, 19.5.2014, Nyasa Times online) In the column, Banda is represented as a strong woman who has closely been linked to women's rights activism, and who has in the past been a mandasi seller. A mandasi or mandazi is a local doughnut and the sale of these doughnuts is a small-scale business in Malawi (Anders 2002:54). A mandasi seller can be understood to refer her past work as a trader in small-scale business, and also with other grassroots economic empowerment initiatives such as NGOs. Her life is described as a success story in which Banda has successfully climbed social ladders from a seller to a woman praised throughout the world. The second topic identifiable from my source materials was motherhood. On many occasions, partic- ularly in the newspaper columns of the Nation magazine such as "If I were Joyce Banda" by Garry Chirwa (19.2.2014 The Nation), Banda is referred as "good ole mum", or "the good old lady" which in their own way can be viewed as a reference to her age (Banda was over 60 years old), and especially "good ole mum" can be viewed as a reference to her being a mother. The following article emphasizes the perspectives of Malawian women regarding Joyce Banda's leadership. Clara Chihana, a local grocer from Kanjedza township who was interviewed for the article "Women's take on JB's regime" of the Big Issue Magazine is quoted as saying: "Malawi is in the safe hands of a woman president who has the loving heart of a mother." (Tsonga, The Big Issue Magazine 2012) This last quote above suggests that the country is in a safe place due to its woman president, who is like a caring mother to her country and her people. Being a loving mother to her country in this context implies that Banda is not able to jeopardize her country and her citizens due to her mother- hood. Motherhood is a one of the significant themes which exist in the representations regarding Joyce Banda. In this context I argue that it is particularly important to bring up Africana womanism and its view on motherhood in African context. As Nah Dove (1998) has claimed, Africana woman- ism stresses the role of African mothers being leaders in the struggle to create, reconstruct, and also regain cultural (African) integrity. African mothers are the bringers of life, the bearers of culture, and the center of social organization. Motherhood is perceived to represent the nature of communal re- sponsibilities such as the raising of children and caring for others (1998: 520–521, 535). Thus, the manner in which Joyce Banda is linked to motherhood at a national level as well as at a personal level (biological mother to her own children) in these media representations depicts its own story of how integral motherhood is to African and Malawian societies. Motherhood is also one of the gendered and social roles which has its own fixed attributes (loving, caring, nurturing etc.) that are universally referred to only women. In the context of Joyce Banda and her presidency, I assert 58 that motherhood is not only related to gender and social roles but is linked to the symbolic construc- tion, of attributes associated particularly with women. These gender symbols are maintained and re- asserted in representations and narratives by both Banda and media. Therefore, Joyce Banda and all the references to her being a mother can be viewed to contain symbolic meaning which then reasserts her gender role and stereotypes as a woman president and her ability to be a leader of the country. The third theme, globally vs internal criticism, can be understood in this context as a reference to the juxtaposition between the western perspective and the Malawian perspective on the leadership of Joyce Banda. The following extracts from the Big Issue magazine and the news website Malawi Voice represent a different perception of Banda when compared to western point of view. Here she is not viewed as a role model for Malawian girls, but as a corrupted politician and the writers of the articles are questioning her motives. The first extract from the article "Political prostitutes: The sad tale of Malawian politicians" below was published in 2012 when Banda was in power, and as one reads the title of the article, one sees how Malawian politicians and particularly Banda are represented nega- tively: "There are increasing concerns as of citizens that President Joyce Banda is slowly but grad- ually degenerating into yet another typical security vanish regime…" (Makhole, The Big Issue Magazine 2012) The extract presents Banda as another typical security vanish regime which is quite a difficult term to grasp as it does not clearly describe its meaning, particularly if one does not understand the political context of the article. The article argues that during her time in the office, there has been a gradual but marked weakening of other institutions of governance such as the legislature, judiciary, and de- fence. It is pointed out as well that most Malawians have concerns related to the politicians, who were involved in human body parts business 37 during the administration of Bakili Muluzi (previous Pres- ident of Malawi), and were now working with Joyce Banda. Thus, in this context, one can perceive the whole term (security vanish regime) to refer to a regime which lacks of an adequate security, in which its leader (Joyce Banda) is regarded as to be another typical Malawian politician who is self- serving. The other two articles by Malawi Voice were published at the end of her presidency in 2014, and one can see the progress of an increasingly harsh criticism towards her in these articles. The following extract is taken from the article "Joyce Banda: Sinner, Saviour or Something in between?" which was published in the news website Malawi Voice after the presidential elections which Joyce 37 It should be noted that in the article, it is not clarified if the business was related to organ trafficking, or particularly related to selling murdered albinos' body parts that have been used in witchcraft in Malawi. 59 Banda lost in 2014. It represents Banda as a kind of ambiguous figure whose political motives are vague to general public: "In a shock move, Malawi's President Joyce Banda tried to annul her country's elections this weekend, saying they were too flawed to be allowed to stand. Some saw this as the act of a wannabe tyrant…It's hard to know what to make of this. Is Banda a greedy politician trying to stay in power, consequences be damned? Or is she a noble leader sacrificing her ambition for the sake of her people? The answer, as far as we can make out, is somewhere in the mid- dle…" (Allison, 26.5.2014 Malawi Voice online) The extract below is from the article Joyce Banda becoming Malawi's worst president and it criticizes Banda's leadership: "For the record, Joyce Banda has been immensely humiliated because she chose to be like most African leaders who are self-interested under-achievers who practice politics of the stomach and pocket and not for the good of the nation" (Maele-Magombe 29.5.2014 Malawi Voice online) These extracts above are good examples of how the president was not criticized based on her gender, but instead the general concern in Malawi was that her leadership was turning into corruption. There- fore there existed a general fear of her being just another degenerate head of state who is self-serving and greedy, hence Banda is put into the same category with other self-serving African leaders in these articles. In this context, one can perceive that according to these media articles above, Joyce Banda's leadership is represented as connected to neopatrimonialism (poor leadership, a system using state resources for personal profits, and the management of official authority for private purposes). The following extract is taken from the column "Don't use NSO as scapegoat" by Ephraim Munthali that was published in the Weekend Nation magazine in the middle of Joyce Banda's presidency. The col- umn expresses criticism of her being the creation of, or being under the heavy influence of the West, which in this context refers to the foreign donors and international economic regime and organizations such as IMF (International Monetary Fund): "As for President Banda, I wish she would learn to keep silent on matters that are beyond her comprehension instead of parroting talking points that she cannot explain on her own…Is this the kind of leadership that foreign donors are praising? Oh yeah, I know why the West, in- cluding the face of the Washington Consensus herself – IMF managing director Christine Lagarde – is in Mrs. Banda's tank. Banda is their creation and they desperately want her to succeed because if she fails, the Washington Consensus have failed…To the West, Joyce Banda is their hope for the revival and continued relevance of the IMF and whatever is left of the Bretton Woods Accord…" (Munthali Weekend Nation 12.1.2013) The column above criticizes Banda being the creation of the West, particularly the IMF (International Monetary Fund), and thus conveys the criticism that the western donors and international economic regime are dominating the political affairs of Malawi in the background. It is represented in the col- umn that the IMF and other Western economic and political regimes are using Banda only for their own purposes for maintaining the function of the IMF and other dominating global economic regimes which have been criticized for using developing countries for their own agenda. In this context, it is essential to bring up the prevailing economic situation in Malawi during which the column was pub- lished. Joyce Banda had met donor requests to devalue the Kwacha (the currency of Malawi), which led to over 30 per cent inflation. She had restored diplomatic relations with key donors such as the World Bank, and particularly the IMF have had a significant influence on Malawian economic policy due to its budgetary support that is linked with the IMF-mandated reforms. Unfortunately, these re- forms ripped the Malawian economy apart, as the Kwacha became the third worst-performing African currency in 2013, thus Malawians faced economic difficulties with food shortages and increasing prices (see Kelly 2014). Therefore, when taking into account the difficult economic situation in the country, one can understand better the situation from which the criticism in the column is coming. Banda is seen as linked to the IMF, thus being part of the system destroying Malawi's economy. Another column, "Economic tanking as JB talks and talks", by the same writer continues the harsh criticism of Joyce Banda: "Banda's love of the camera. Every day, the President looks like someone groping in the dark, looking for the keys to leadership that she cannot locate. Frustrated, she has started screaming at the media and her critics…She claims that while the international community is behind her and is impressed with her performance, journalists and some local critics are blind to this reality..." (Munthali Weekend Nation 10.11.2012) Here again Banda is viewed as favouring her international supporters, and being an incompetent, attention-seeking leader who accuses Malawian media and her critics not being supportive of her. There exists a dichotomy between Western and Malawian perception on Banda that is presented in these articles, and this dichotomy has also represented in this column. There are also arguments made by Malawian media that the reason for Banda becoming a president in a first place was indeed acci- dental as the following extract taken from the article "On presidential gaffes" by Nation Online re- ports: "She was not voted into the position. She came to power by accident…But one thing remains clear: the President's continued political gaffes are defining her leadership." (Nyondo 5.6.2013 Nation Online) This argument refers to the political circumstances in 2012 when the Banda's predecessor, president Bingu wa Mutharika suddenly died, whereupon Banda as a vice-president at that time became a pres- ident. The article indicates that Banda indeed was not chosen voluntarily into the presidency, thus if circumstances had been different, she would not have had any chance to be a president. However, she is not in this context defined by her gender, but by her political mistakes that are perceived to be many, therefore affecting her leadership skills. When taking into account media freedom in Malawi, and its past as well as present-day limitations, I argue that I did not find such restricted liberties from my Malawian media data. The media sources were straightforward in their criticism of Joyce Banda. Nevertheless, it should be taken into account that as I only focused on English-language articles from newspapers and the Internet, I did not include radio, and I only included one video by the state-owned Malawi Broadcasting Corporation (MBC) which have a strong bias in favour of the government. However, the video covered only a speech by Joyce Banda. Nevertheless, it appears that to a certain extent, Malawi press freedom is at least partly free. 7.3 African media on Joyce Banda In this chapter, I analyse the representations of Joyce Banda by African media. In this context, I identified two particular themes: women and leadership; and globally revered vs. internal criticism. First I cover the theme of women and leadership. In the context of Malawi's tripartite elections in 2014, the article "JB urges female journalists to promote women aspirants" by a Malawian journalist Josephine Chinele which was published at the All Africa news website covers Joyce Banda and her appeal to female reporters for writing positive stories regarding women's leadership. The article in its own way represents how woman leadership is perceived, and also how it should be perceived according to Banda herself. She mentions that fe- male leadership is subject to lack of respect and all kinds of ridicule, thus female journalists should be in the centre role for not spreading humiliating stories but instead of writing in a positive way regarding woman leadership: "Imagine a country which has the mindset that when a female leader attends a state funeral she has gone there to cook cabbage. Female journalists should be on the forefront not to spread such humiliation but rather write something positive," she said. (Chinele 14.2.2014 All Africa online) I argue that the message of the article above represents two different issues, which not only reveal something about Banda herself, but also what kind of gender stereotypes exist in Malawian society. 62 First of all, the message of the article can be understood as implying the gender myths of female solidarity, thus if one belongs to same gender (in this context female president and female journalists), one is obligated to support one's own gender. In this article, it is pointed out that Banda is not pleased with the representation of herself by female journalists. Thus it can be understood that there exists a lack of female solidarity in Malawian media by some female journalists. The other issue is that Banda's perspective on the country's mindset reveals the existing presumptions regarding female leaders in Malawi, thus her example above concerning the role of a female leader in a state funeral refers to a traditional, male-dominated culture which prefers women in private sphere (household chores, e.g. cooking) rather than in public sphere. In the same article, Banda also is quoted to have said that all Malawian women should learn to support each other: "She has noticed that it is women who seem to be in the forefront to scandalize other women's issues and comment negatively on this. She pointed out that during election season, women would say sentiments like: "What does she want to be? What will she achieve?" saying this has to change if we are to attain 50 percent women representation in decision making posi- tions." (Chinele 14.2.2014 All Africa online) In this context, it is noticed that the mindset regarding women in leadership in Malawi is not only negative, but also it can be understood that there exist a lack of support among other women. This is quite an interesting notion, and I argue that patriarchal structures and standpoints are not only in- cluded for men, but women as well can perceive negatively those few women who are in a leadership position in Africa. Therefore, as I earlier mentioned in the chapter regarding patriarchy, the relation- ship between women and their lack of support for other women also demonstrate how patriarchy can have an effect on the relationship between women, thus patriarchy can present itself as women's questioning the qualities of other women's leadership in politics based solely on gender. In the video "Joyce Banda on gender equality in Malawi" (Uncensored online 2.12.2013), which was taped in Lagos, Nigeria in 2013 at The Emmanuel Onyechere Osigwe Anyiam-Osigwe Lecture series con- cerning democracy and leadership, Banda was a keynote speaker. At the event, she gave a speech where she discussed her political merits, and women's leadership in general. Banda talks about how she has been Minister of Gender, Foreign Minister, Vice President, and President, but nevertheless she has realized that women are expected to deliver ten times more than their male counterparts in terms of accomplishments. Then she talks about the cartoons which have ridiculed her, and mentions how there have been more personal attacks on her, but it is not clear whether those ridiculing cartoons are based on her gender, or in general based only on her leadership abilities. She represents herself once again as promoting female leadership. However, in another video, "President Banda Joyce on women of Africa", which also presents the same speech at the same event as above, Banda brings up her "sister president" Ellen, and how she and Ellen are just the "two of us" when it comes to female presidents. What is particularly interesting is that she highlights the support of African men: "Africa has met great triumphs on gender equality, and I wish to applaud the African male for supporting the cause of women in parliament and creating space for women for partici- pating in leadership. However, our societies remain very traditional. Not all have embraced women in positions of power." (2.12.2013 Uncensored online) Therefore, Banda expresses the view that African men have supported women in parliament, and emphasizes how African men have created space for African women for participating in leadership. It should be pointed out that Banda especially represents men as having the power to create (political) space for women, thus it is not the women who have had power to create their own space, instead, they have been dependent on men's political support. Nevertheless, as Banda points out in the last sentence, not everyone has supported women's positions of power, and societies on the African con- tinent are still very traditional. Thus, the support of the African male regarding women in politics is not very common, yet. In the interview "Talk Africa: Live interview with Dr. Joyce Banda" by CCTV Africa, Banda discusses the status of African women's leadership, and once again brings up the sup- port of the African male: "That our men in the continent of Africa have decided to create a space for women to partic- ipate in leadership, side by side. And genially too… And I just thank God that our African men have realized that in order for us to make progress to succeed, we'll need to move side by side. I have been president, I have been Minister of Gender, been Foreign Minister, I have been vice-president, and I have been president for now two years. I don't remember any single day when I sat, I noticed anything negative from my brothers as I work with them. Both here in Malawi and in whole continent of Africa. I've felt very very proud indeed." (28.8.2013 CCTV Africa online) In the context of the African male and his support regarding women's political power, Banda once again argues that African men have decided to create a space for women, but she also highlights how she herself has not noticed anything negative from her "brothers" which can be understood here as a term that refers to her African male political colleagues. Therefore, it could be seen that here she represents her political sphere as the space which is not affected by gender inequality, and therefore patriarchal structures are not influencing her political career. However, in the extract above she does not mention how other African or Malawian women have behaved towards her, hence in this context it is only African and Malawian men who are pointed out when discussing women's participation in leadership. In the different articles that I examined, I was able to once again perceive a dichotomy between Western and African perspectives regarding how Banda was perceived in the media. Joyce Banda was considered to have a different reputation in the West than in Malawi. In the West, she was viewed as a new kind of African leader, but in Malawi her unpopularity was shown at the polls of the 2014 presidential election, when she lost the election. The following extract is taken from the article "Ma- lawi: Joyce Banda never existed" by Think Africa Press which was published after Banda's defeat in the election: "So how did Banda go from being the apparently beloved Madam President to not just losing the election, but coming third? ... On the one hand, the answer comes down to the fact that Banda's reputation in Malawi is quite different to her image in the West. Far from being the breath of fresh air many international figures assumed her to be, Banda consistently acted just like any other Malawian politician in her position". (Gabay 3.6.2014 Think Africa Press online) The article represents Banda as a Malawian politician who acted like any other politician in her po- litical position, meaning that at the beginning of her presidency she made grand promises about how she would perform differently than the other politicians, but in the end, however, she failed to do so. Banda has been viewed as a new type of a leader in the West, and it can be understood that this refers to her being a woman president, which is a rarity in Africa. But in Malawi, although Banda was a woman in a high political position, she was nonetheless perceived to be no different than the other Malawian politicians that were regarded as greedy and motivated by self-interest. It should be pointed out that Banda has been accused of being the mastermind of the corruption scandal Cashgate, and when taking into account neopatrimonialism which refers to poor leadership, and is perceived to be a system where state resources are used for personal profits by rulers (Gazibo 2012: 3), therefore, one can perceive that the influence of neopatrimonialism rather than gender is regarded to be the main problem of Joyce Banda's leadership in these African media representations. 7.4 Joyce Banda's portrayal of herself When exploring Banda's portrayal of herself, one can see clearly that there is a particular emphasis on gender, and on her being an African woman in a leadership position. The following extracts of her speech and interviews highlight Joyce Banda's role as a female African leader and her rhetorical skills in linking this attribute (being African woman) to her leadership skills: "As an African woman leader, I want to firstly to look at the energy challenges through the eyes of women because I relate to the challenges that deficits in energy sources places on them…" (The Nation 25.10.2012, Special Report Business Review-section: President Banda's speech at 2012 World Energy Forum) This extract is taken from a speech by Joyce Banda and it was published in the Malawian magazine The Nation. She gave the speech at the World Energy Forum in Dubai in 2012 in which also other world leaders participated. Banda underlines her gender and her ethnicity by describing herself as an African woman leader in her speech in the international context. In her narrative, Banda relates to other African women, and represents other African women by stressing the fact that she is an African woman leader who wants to focus on the challenges African women face at the local level. "It's heavy; but I am able to carry it," she told UK's Guardian newspapers in Decem- ber last year. And she accepted the challenge: "I'm an African woman. An African woman carries heavy loads, anyway. That's how we are trained; we are brought up that nothing is unbearable. I use that now, positively. I use that now to have the thick skin that I have, and not fear, and move forward, and push; and push forward." (27.2.2013 Nation Online) In this excerpt taken from the article Trial of Malawi's leadership published by Nation Online (which also refers to the Guardian's previous interview with Banda), she highlights herself as an African woman, thus she refers to herself as strong and able to carry heavy loads which can mean both phys- ical and psychological loads (stress and challenges related to political and leadership issues), and she also points out that these traits are taught by older generations. Banda presents herself by using the notion of the power and persistence of African women to her own advantage in the political sphere. It is important to acknowledge that she does not refer herself to being just a woman, but especially an African woman, thus the cultural conceptions, characteristics, and meanings related to African wom- anhood play a very important role when Banda represents herself in the media. When examining Banda's self-representation in the context of African womanhood, I argue once again that it is essen- tial to take into account Africana womanism as it stresses the unique quality of African women and African culture, and various struggles African woman faces during her life. As in general, Africana womanism is represented as giving African women the means not only to name their own reality but also to define an agenda for themselves and their ethnicity (Mazama 2005: 58). In this context, Banda defines her political agenda by emphasizing her ethnicity and gender in her speeches and interviews. Thus according to Banda, because she is an African woman she is able to handle the criticism and challenges concerning her presidency. I argue that as Banda discusses being an African woman, at the same time she maintains and reconstructs a certain image of African womanhood which comprises the ability to handle life's tough challenges whether they are physical or psychological. In speaking of women and leadership, in her website which presents the activities of her own foun- dation - Joyce Banda Foundation,(http://joycebandafoundation.com/), Banda narrates being comfort- able among presidents and kings in New York, but also at the same time being very comfortable sitting on the floor in a Malawian village. Therefore, she represents herself as a leader to whom many different kinds of people can relate, and who is capable of acting in different forums as far apart as villages and international meetings with other head of states. Hence, it can be understood that she represents herself as a person who is connected to two different worlds: traditional Malawian society and the international world occupied by other world leaders. The image of Banda in this particular website can be seen to be an outspoken champion for the rights of women, children and the impov- erished. Her leadership is described as fearless, and her international merits are also highlighted such as being the most powerful African in 2012 by Forbes. All in all, one should take into account that the website of Joyce Banda presents a careful, well-thought-out positive picture to the public. Such a website is a perfect medium in which Banda can represent herself and her message to her audience in a way which is most suitable for her, since she can control what kind of image and representations she wants to highlight. The following extract from her website stresses gender as being a significant issue in terms of the political voting process: "And president Bingu wa Mutharika knew that he was going to choose a woman who's going to bring the women's vote. Before that he had already told me that it was his wish to hand over to a woman." (Joyce Banda Foundation online) Banda brings out how her predecessor – Bingu wa Mutharika – was determined to choose a woman for his vice president, whereupon it can be understood that being a woman was a necessary and useful for political purposes. Therefore, one can question whether there was any real intent by Mutharika to let women into political participation or was this just another example of state feminism, in which a supposed awareness of gender issues is used as a façade (see Englund 2004). The extract above also brings out Banda's representation of herself as a logical and certain successor of Malawi's head of state. When representing her personal life story, there emerge certain issues that recur on many occasions when Banda discusses her life: her abusive marriage, particularly her own courageousness concerning marital abuse, and her establishment of her own association to assist other women: "Then having liberated myself, when that marriage fell, so I decided that I was not going to allow myself to be vulnerable again. I found myself a good husband"…. "That again opened my eyes to other women. I started asking questions what about those who are not brave as I was to walk out of abusive marriage…I left work, and concentrated on my business, but also formed an association to assist those women that were not as courageous as me to walk out of abusive marriage situation." (Joyce Banda Foundation online) Banda represents herself being brave, and at the same time depicts herself as being different than other women who have experienced same kind of abuse, in that those other women do not have same attributes as she does. One could perceive that in her narrative, Banda is using her difficult back- ground as a tool to represent herself as a person of courage, and therefore Banda is using her story regarding her former husband for political purposes. By including certain events and persons (her childhood friend, abusive marriage, and her assistance for other Malawian women) in the life story she presents to the public, Banda clearly constructs her image and identity in a manner that makes a favourable impression on her audience. Motherhood is also one of the elements which is common in Banda's representation. When discussing her upbringing, she represents herself as being a caregiver from a very young age: "I was born in the village…I come from a family of five siblings. So from age 7 I was a little mother at home, because my mother worked..." (Joyce Banda Foundation online.) She represents herself as having duties related to motherhood when she was a child, thus she has been a substitute mother to her other siblings, thus symbolizing having had heavy responsibilities all of her life. Through this image, Banda assures her audience of her rural Malawian roots in the village, and also represents herself as a responsible woman and a mother who is used to taking care of others. In her narrative, Banda points out her close connection to the private sphere, since in her childhood she had household related duties. The role of a nurturing mother can be perceived to be very familiar in this context when considering how, particularly in Africa, motherhood has been an important concept in society as it has been perceived to be a critical factor in maintaining traditional African culture. Particularly when taking into account Africana womanism, and its take on African mothers in the context of Joyce Banda's representation, African mothers have had a significant role on a leadership of creating, reconstructing and regaining cultural integrity, and mothers are perceived to be the bring- ers of life as well the bearers of culture (Dove 1998:535, 520–21). When considering what kind of discourses have emerged from the media articles regarding Joyce Banda, I argue that it is important bring up Drude Dahlerup´s (2006:6-8) arguments regarding differ- ent discourses on gender and political representation. The gender-blind discourse which views gen- der as irrelevant in the context of political representation, meaning that no action should be taken on this matter, is quite common when observing different stories in the Malawian media regarding Joyce Banda. In some news items it is pointed out that being a woman is indeed not a relevant issue con- cerning the criticism of leadership skills of Banda. She was considered to not be a very good leader, but the reason for this was not related to her gender, according to Malawian media articles. In this context, one could perceive the reason for the criticism to be based on the difficult economic situation in Malawi at that time. However, in some articles regarding Joyce Banda, the politics-is-a-men's- business-discourse was strongly present, with some presuming that women are unqualified and un- suitable for political position. When it comes to representations in African media, there were some examples of gender-blind dis- course, when, for instance Banda herself expressed that political sphere is not influenced by gender inequality, since her male political colleagues had been supportive of her. However, it was the women at the highest levels of the political sphere whom Banda accused of not being supportive of each other. Nevertheless, Malawian society itself was represented as male-oriented and traditional in terms of gender stereotypes. The gender-blind discourse emerged again when articles in the African media pointed out that between the West and Malawi there existed different perceptions regarding gender and political representation. As Western media emphasized the gender of Joyce Banda in terms of her special leadership skills, in Malawian as well in African media it was pointed out that in the end, Banda as a woman president was not so different from other (male) African politicians and repre- sented a stereotypical African self-serving politician. Thus, being a female president did not make any difference in this regard. In the international media, gender was mostly viewed as a significant factor in representations of Banda, and she was portrayed as a champion of gender equality in Africa. In Joyce Banda's representations of herself, gender was given a special emphasis, since on many occasions she depicted herself as an African woman in a leadership position, thus very often she defined her political agenda by emphasizing her gender and ethnicity. 7.5 International media on Ellen Johnson Sirleaf In reading through the media sources on Ellen Johnson Sirleaf from the international media, I identified the themes of women and leadership; motherhood; characteristics: the nicknames of female presidents; and life story. I occasionally discuss the themes of women and leadership, and motherhood in the same context due to their close association with each other. In an interview "Questions for Ellen Johnson Sirleaf – Madame President" by an American daily newspaper New York Times, there is a question about women running the world, and would there still be wars in the world if women were in a leadership position. Here is how Johnson Sirleaf answers to the questions: "No. It would be a better, safer and more productive world. A woman would bring an extra dimension to that task — and that's a sensitivity to humankind. It comes from being a mother. But if women had power, they would be more likely to acquire the negative traits that power breeds, like selfishness and territorialism. It would take a very long term of women absolutely in power to get to the place where they became men." (Solomon 18.8.2009 New York Times Magazine online) In her representation, being a woman leader is linked to sensitivity to humankind, thus, according to her, world would be safer and better. Once again, motherhood is closely associated with making the world better. Nevertheless, it is quite interesting that Johnson Sirleaf brings up another dimension to the representation of women and leadership that is not so common when observing the media articles regarding representation of female presidents. She argues that if women had (political) power they would not be immune to the negative aspects of power (territorialism, selfishness). However, accord- ing to her it would take a long time for women to be affected by these negative traits of power that are so often associated with male politicians and leaders. It is quite interesting that Johnson Sirleaf specifies that women in power would not be immune to the negative traits of power such as neopat- rimonialism, but that it would take a longer time for it to influence them. In this context, as on other occasions, there seems to exist a strong connection between good leadership and motherhood, not only within the media, but in the statements made by the presidents themselves as well, and occasion- ally also by local women in Malawi and Liberia who were interviewed about Banda and Johnson Sirleaf. Therefore, I argue that very often in the representation of women and leadership (regarding both Joyce Banda and Ellen Johnson Sirleaf) there exists a certain idealistic image of a woman pres- ident who is not only a mother herself, but also regarded as a symbol of national motherhood regard- ing her country. 70 In Al Jazeera English interview "One on One – Ellen Johnson Sirleaf", the host and Johnson Sirleaf discuss how long it took for the African continent to put a woman at the head of the country, when taking into account of African women and their well-known strength. She points out that male dom- ination has been a part of a global phenomenon, and although there have been exceptional women in Liberia's history, there have not been women in the leadership positions: "But when it came to the top leadership, like in a chieftaincy was always a man who is predominant. And I think women, too, either did not pursue those non-traditional roles that will equip them to compete in politics, so women... stay in background, women took care children, took care home. So it took us for a while to get there. I'm just glad that I'm one of those..." (18.12.2010 Al Jazeera English online) As she argues, women and men have had traditional roles in Liberia, therefore women have been in the private sphere (home), and men have had more access to public sphere (politics). On many occa- sions, Johnson Sirleaf also brings up the support of Liberian women and how they helped to put her in office, thus she has a responsibility to Liberian women. In the following interview "Africa's first elected female president lifts Liberia" by Worldfocus, a host mentions that during Johnson Sirleaf's 2005 presidential campaign it was reported that Liberian women had said to Johnson Sirleaf that "men have failed us". She makes this point about male leaders: "We've been ruled by men all along at the top level. The fact we had wars, again it comes from a leadership. So what the women were saying is now it was time for a change..." I have gone through the tough times, I've been in prison, and I've been tortured. I've taken it all like any man." (31.3.2009 Worldfocus online) She argues that the male leadership has caused wars in Liberia, and how women were supporting change in the country. There is pointed out the female solidarity which has previously been mentioned in the media articles of Joyce Banda, too. However in this context, unlike in Banda's case, Johnson Sirleaf praises the support of Liberian women. She also represents herself as taking it all like any man which refers to her past experiences on being in prison, and the torture she experienced there in the 1980s due to her speaking out against Master Sergeant Samuel Doe's military regime. It can be seen that her representation of her characteristics; taking it like a man and experiencing tough times, is meant to prove to audience that she is capable for leadership as a woman due to her tough past, and her endurance equals to men's. In the same interview, she also argues that for attempting to lift her country to a new self–suffiency, and that achieving that goal may depend partly on her gender. Johnson Sirleaf continues that she has accomplished more in life by "being a woman than if she'd been born a man." Therefore, she perceives her gender as an asset in the end due to the fact it has enabled her to accomplish more in her life than if she had been a man. Although Liberia and its political sphere are viewed as a male-dominated, Johnson Sirleaf argues that as a woman she has the skills to enhance Liberia into a better future. While I am on the theme of motherhood, I would like to point out that Johnson Sirleaf has often been referred as Old Ma, and her motherly attributes have been brought up in the media. In the document "Iron Ladies of Liberia", Johnson Sirleaf has pointed out her "old ma approach" as a president when dealing with other political actors (ministers, political opponents etc.) on political issues: " I must listen to them, in a way that says I wanna hear you, I understand your plight. And that's the old ma approach and it usually brings a positive reaction because I'm coming as a mother to listen to them."... On the other hand, when people act out of order, you know I can have an effective response that will keep them in order." (15.11.2008 PBS online ) In terms of rhetorical skills and being capable of using suitable language in a specific context, the extract above is a good example of how consciously she operates in situations which demand a lead- ership role. Thus, it can be understood that she uses intentionally her motherly image for political purposes, whereby she acts like a strict parent when dealing with people, by assuring them that she listens them but at the same time she has power to keep them in order. In the interview by Worldfocus, she also brings up motherhood: "Maybe it becomes for being a mother. There is some value I think to that. There is some extra dimension that spilled into us." (31.3.2009 Worldfocus online) In this context, Ellen Johnson Sirleaf represents motherhood as providing extra experience, not only for her leadership and her accomplishments in Liberia, but also for all women who are mothers. Hence it can be understood that she represents motherhood as a significant value to women, consequently being a mother is allowing her to set certain goals for her leadership. Next I cover the nicknames of female presidents. There are certain similarities between African and international media article when considering how Johnson Sirleaf is referred to. When reading through the articles of international media, on many occasions there emerge nicknames such as Iron lady (as it was also used in African media), and Ma Ellen which have been regularly been used when referring to Ellen Johnson Sirleaf. Particularly the nickname Iron Lady is often linked to Johnson Sirleaf's strength in difficult situations. The interview "Lessons in Courage from Africa's First Female President" is part of the interview video series of Candid Conversations on How Successful Women Do All That They Do by Moira Forbes. Forbes is a publisher of Forbes Woman – a multimedia 72 platform regarding successful women in leadership and business. Particularly in this context, there is a particular emphasis on gender and women in leadership positions, and Johnson Sirleaf points out that when it comes to the particular nickname (Iron lady), it started with her being able to work in a male-dominated environment: "They hint at the immeasurable amount of strength, charisma, and conviction it required for her to win the 2005 election (and re-election in 2011), where she not only beat despotic lead- ers who used violence against her and the voters, but also convinced a nation that a woman could serve in the role. When she took office, Johnson-Sirleaf became a figure of hope and inspiration for a broken country – and for the rest of the world." (21.11.2013 Forbes online) By referring to these nicknames, the extract above represents Johnson Sirleaf as being a charismatic, strong person who was not only able to persuade Liberian people to elect a female president, but as well was able to overcome her violent political opponents. It is also pointed out that Johnson Sirleaf has been a symbol of hope for Liberia and the whole world. In an another interview – "One on One – Ellen Johnson Sirleaf" by Al Jazeera English (18.12.2010 Al Jazeera English online), she and the host discuss the nickname Iron Lady, and she highlights that it refers to a person who believes in discipline and sternness. In the same context, Johnson Sirleaf argues that she represents the aspira- tions and expectations of African women, and maybe women elsewhere, thus those expectations puts a lot of pressure on her. (18.12.2010 Al Jazeera English online). Thus, one can view that she is a well aware of what kinds of meanings the nicknames associated with her have, as well what kind of issues she herself advocates. In reading through the sources on Johnson Sirleaf from the international media, I also identified the theme of life story. When examining how Ellen Johnson Sirleaf represents her life story in the media, there emerges one particular topic: being a tomboy as a child is a common motif that occur in many articles regarding Johnson Sirleaf. In the following interview by Forbes it is pointed out that as a great leader, she has thrived even in the most difficult situations from her childhood. It can be viewed that being a tomboy has been one of the attributes that have helped Ellen Johnson Sirleaf in her political career. She points out: "I played football when girls were not supposed to play football", says Johnson Sirleaf, re- counting that the strength and determination she called on to run around with the boys are the same qualities she has harnessed innumerable times in career." (21.11.2013 Forbes online) Therefore, it can be seen that being a tomboy is a symbol for not living according to the stereotypical gender roles in society. By highlighting the fact that doing things that were not typically allowed for 73 girls in Liberian society, she is represented as a unique woman who has been determined to work in a male-dominated society and political culture. 7.6 Liberian media on Ellen Johnson Sirleaf Before I discuss the Liberian media's presentation of Ellen Johnson Sirleaf, I briefly discuss the extent to which the press in Liberia is free. Freedoms of speech and the press are provided by Liberia's constitution, however, in practice these rights are often limited. Ellen Johnson Sirleaf was the second African head of state to support the Declaration of Table Mountain, which urges African governments to annul criminal defamation laws. Liberia's media is not heavily polarized, however, various outlets are often loyal to political parties, particularly during elections.38 In the media coverage within Liberia of President Ellen Johnson Sirleaf, I was able to identify two main themes, the first of which was women and leadership. The following article "Leave Madam President Alone" which was published on the Liberian news website New Dawn Liberia covers a gender parity bill which was expected to be passed into law by the Liberian Legislature in 2014. The bill would ensure 30 per cent representation of women in the Legislature. The article mentions that women were demanding passage of the bill, and Ellen Johnson Sirleaf was also supporting the campaign. When reading the article, it is interesting how it brings up stereotypes regarding gender attributes such as the sentimentality of most women advocating gender equality, thus their decision-making can be understood to be based solely on emotions: "In support of the campaign, President Ellen Johnson Sirleaf continues to emphasize solidarity towards this effort, but from a different perspective – one based on principles and not sentiments as harbored by most of the ´advocates´ of this gender parity. Of late, (a senator) Jewel Howard Taylor of Bong County has taken to the airways on the issue, but from a sentimental perspective." (20.6.2014 The New Dawn Liberia online) According to the article, sentimentality is perceived to be the opposite of common sense or rationality, and the article praises the female president for supporting the campaign from a perspective which is based on principles instead of sentiment. I argue that the purpose of the writers in this article raises questions regarding how they represent sentimentality and principles as being opposites, as if the advocates of gender parity, which in this context are women, would not be rational in terms of their 38 https://freedomhouse.org/report/freedom-press/2015/liberia 74 thinking. This kind of emotionalism is very often considered to be a typical attribute of women, and it can be understood to be one of the traditional gender characteristics. In the same article, there is also a reference to relationships between women in politics. According to the article, Senator Jewel Howard Taylor has warned Johnson Sirleaf not to give her support only to the female candidates of a one political party – the Unity Party, which by the way is the party of Johnson Sirleaf herself, Taylor has stressed that support should be "across-the-broad for all female candidates". This suggests that there existed also tensions between women in politics, hinting that the president favoured only the female candidates of her own political party. Hence, in this context it could be understood that alt- hough there exists support among female politicians in Liberia, it is only manifested within but not across political parties, thus excluding other female politicians of different political parties. There- fore, I argue that again the gender myth (see Cornwall 2007) concerning female solidarity, or rather a lack of it, is represented in the Liberian media representation of Ellen Johnson Sirleaf. However, in the context of women and leadership there are also articles in the Liberian media that emphasize how Ellen Johnson Sirleaf has helped Liberian women. In the article "Pres. Sirleaf challenges Liberian women", she is represented as motivating the rural women to empower themselves, but she has also been applauded for leading the way to promote female advocacy in Liberia by creating women's advocacy centres: "President Sirleaf said she was happy for the level of involvement of Liberian women in de- cision-making and leadership which has come as the result of changing times and gender equality…her involvement in the establishment of the Centers have further motivated women to get involved in leadership roles, decision-making, advocacy, and physical work though most of them are either half lettered or completely illiterate" (ND Reporter 11.6 2014 The New Dawn Liberia online) Therefore, in Liberian media she is also acknowledged for her work in women's empowerment. John- son Sirleaf is viewed as supporting other Liberian women, particularly rural women, and helping them to take on decision-making and leadership roles, thus encouraging them to find other than just traditional gender roles. The second theme which I identified from the media coverage of Ellen Johnson Sirleaf was globally revered vs. internal criticism. Nevertheless, there is also some harsh criticism on Johnson Sirleaf's leadership as in the article "Simeon Freeman criticizes Ellen's speech", which for instance portrays her as accused of inventing stories. The article also criticizes Sirleaf Johnson for having a lack of intellectual competence in the context of enhancing the quality of education in Liberia: "We can therefore safely conclude that after eight years in power, Madam Sirleaf lacks the intellectual competence to, firstly design an effective educational agenda and secondly, exe- cute a program for the tons of Liberians requiring education", he added. (Genoway, Jr. 3.6.2014 The New Dawn Liberia online) It should be noted that Simeon Freeman, who is quoted in the article above, is a Liberian political leader of the Movement for Progressive Change (MPC) and has been at the forefront of criticizing and calling for the resignation of Johnson Sirleaf. It also should be pointed out that Freeman has previously accused her of bribing lawmakers, too.39 The extract above argues that the president has failed to design and execute an education-related program, thus the criticism points out that she is not a competent president, even though Johnson Sirleaf has been in power for eight years. I argue that it is necessary to bring up neopatrimonialism regarding the leadership of Ellen Johnson Sirleaf in this connection. Neopatrimonialism is closely associated for instance with purchasing of political loyalty with money (corruption), and nepotism (Tiessen 2008: 212). Freeman's previous allegations points out the corruption related to Johnson Sirleaf's leadership, and accuse Johnson Sirleaf of misusing her political power. Therefore, it can be viewed that occasionally Ellen Johnson Sirleaf is regarded as a self-serving politician who has her own political interests at stake, and thus it is not her gender that is focus of the criticism. Nevertheless, these kinds of harsh representations of Ellen Johnson Sirleaf are not uncommon in her home country, and when compared to the representations of Joyce Banda, neither they are exclusive, as such issues and criticism also have emerged in Malawi regarding Banda. As Johnson Sirleaf is very often hailed abroad as a renegade and trailblazer in terms of women's empowerment of Africa, the same cannot be said when it comes to the Liberian media. Therefore, it is quite common that presidents are criticized sometimes in a ruthless manner by the local media. For instance in Malawi, Banda's successor President Peter Mutharika has been accused of nepotism and being unable to gov- ern, as well as being deceitful. When taking into account one of the Liberia's neighboring countries, Sierra Leone, its president Ernest Bai Koroma has been criticized for a lack of accountability, as well as his slow response to the Ebola virus outbreak. However, it should be noted that in Sierra Leone, one of the journalists had been imprisoned after criticizing president's handling of the Ebola crisis. Thus, it must be acknowledged that the freedom of the press in many African countries is often only partly free (Malawi and Liberia included), although the increasing role of social media enables more open criticism towards head of states of Africa. Although there exist similar types of criticism towards African male heads of states (allegations of nepotism and corruption etc.), I argue that gender (being 39 http://www.frontpageafricaonline.com/old/interviews/58-interview/7217-she-has-to-go-simeon-freeman-on-giving- pres-ellen-johnson-sirleaf-the-boot.html. a male president) is indeed not one of those attributes that are being criticized within the local media in Africa. 7.7 African media on Ellen Johnson Sirleaf In reading through the media sources on Johnson Sirleaf from Africa (outside Liberia) I identified themes regarding globally revered vs internal criticism, motherhood, women and leadership, as well as characteristics concerning the nicknames of female presidents. As mentioned in the context of Liberian media, there seem to be similarities between Joyce Banda and Ellen Johnson Sirleaf when it comes to the fact that they tend to receive criticism in their home country, but are celebrated internationally. Ellen Johnson Sirleaf has been criticized due to her ap- pointing only those people whom she feels comfortable with, and her failure to create more inclusive government and fight against corruption. The following three extracts are from the African news websites Think Africa Press (the first two articles), and All Africa (the third article), and they, too, criticize Johnson Sirleaf for the same issues that have emerged from the Liberian media. The first extract is from the article "Johnson Sirleaf Plays Musical Chairs: Liberia's Superficial Re- shuffle?" and addresses the poor performance of Johnson Sirleaf's cabinet, as well as implications of corruption scandals by many ministers in her cabinet, many of whom eventually survived the cabinet reshuffle. The article states that the cabinet reshuffle led many Liberians to question not only her commitment to real government reform, but also her fight against corruption: "During her second term, Sirleaf Johnson has also faced heavy criticism for appointing her family members to government positions and for failing to address government corruption. At a reception at the University of Liberia last year, former political supporter and human rights lawyer, Counsellor Tiawan Gongloe criticised Johnson Sirleaf for having become an "impe- rial president", referring to the appointment of her three sons to key economic and security positions." (Macdougall, Williams 5.4.2013 Think Africa Press online) The second extract is taken from the article "Liberian Women Share Nobel Prize" which deals with the Nobel Peace Prize that was jointly awarded to Johnson Sirleaf, activists Leymah Gbowee, and Tawakkul Karman for their "non-violent struggle for the safety of women and for women's rights to full participation in peace-building work". However, this award sparked controversy due to its com- ing only days ahead of the presidential election in 2011. The article asks to what extent Johnson Sirleaf really deserved the Nobel Peace Prize: "Johnson Sirleaf, the first and currently only elected female head of state in Africa, won the Liberian presidency in 2005 and is much revered globally, although she has faced criticism at home" (Dearn 10.10.2011 Think Africa Press online) The third extract is taken from the article Liberia: 'My Mother Didn't Listen...´which covers one of her sons, Robert Sirleaf and his resignation as a senior adviser to her mother and chairman of the state oil company in 2013: "President Sirleaf, in power since 2006, had three sons serving in top government posts prior to the resignation of Robert Sirleaf, who doubled as a senior presidential adviser. She has repeatedly denied allegations of nepotism, describing her sons as qualified." (19.9.2013 All Africa online) Thus, in these articles Johnson Sirleaf is not only accused of nepotism, but also failing to fight against corruption, and being "an imperial president" (Macdougall, Williams 5.4.2013 Think Africa Press online) in her home country. Therefore, one can observe that criticism is also expressed in the articles of African media. In this context, it can be perceived that the criticism of Ellen Johnson Sirleaf sug- gests that she is like other African self-serving leaders who are surrounded by corruption, and that power is centered on a few chosen ones; on the president and her circle of acquaintances. I argue that the criticism of both Johnson Sirleaf's and Banda's alleged corrupted leadership is related to neopat- rimonialism (see Tiessen 2008), since the term is related to the centralization of power in the hands of a few. In this context, when taking into account the allegations of corruption and nepotism related to the female presidents, neopatrimonialism can be referred to their leadership skills such as misusing their political power. Thus, female presidents are not excluded from the accusations of corruption and neopatrimonialism, particularly in the African media. Next I bring up two themes that I identified from the media sources on Johnson Sirleaf in the African media: women and leadership, and motherhood. I discuss these two themes in the same context due to their close association with each other. In the documentary on Ellen Johnson Sirleaf, "Faces of Africa – Ellen Sirleaf: Mother of Liberia" by CCTV Africa, the title itself also refers to motherhood, branding Ellen as the mother of her country. The documentary comprises the interviews of a few Liberian women who give their standpoint on Ellen Johnson Sirleaf as the following excerpt points out: " President Ellen Sirleaf has proven that women can do it.... Madam Sirleaf has made all of us brave. She can stand up in a terrain of so-called men, and be tough enough, and speak the political language...and she's competent, and she has compassion...She's no tyrannical leader. She won't take us back to war, because she is a mother." (22.10.2013 CCTV Africa online) In this context, motherhood is given as a significant factor that prevents Johnson Sirleaf from taking the country back to war, according to the women in the documentary. Due to her being a mother, and thus having compassion, she is viewed as not being a tyrannical leader. Johnson Sirleaf is perceived as an example of a woman capable of the presidency. However, when observing representations of Ellen Johnson Sirleaf by the women in the interview, there also exist another dimension: Johnson Sirleaf is "tough enough", and qualified to work in a men's world by using a proper and specific ("speak the political language") discourse. As power (relations) and politics are essential in critical discourse analysis, as well as the capability to exclude and include certain issues in one's representa- tion (see Gee 2011; Fairclough 1995), it should be acknowledged that Johnson Sirleaf is represented as a capable person to use the right manner of speaking in a political sphere, and she is aware how to speak effectively to her audience. When taking into account how skillful Ellen Johnson Sirleaf is using language in a specific context, I argue that she possesses a great deal of power, and she uses her rhetorical skills quite masterfully on many occasions. The excerpt points out that Johnson Sirleaf has two sides: a compassionate mother (of her country), and a tough player operating in a male- dominated sphere. In the same documentary by CCTV Africa, there is an interview of Johnson Sirleaf's brother, too, who discusses their family's standpoint on Johnson Sirleaf in terms of gender roles and gender attrib- utes in Liberian society. He tells that, in the past, her family gave advise to her on how to act in a manner that was perceived to be appropriate to her gender: "We would always try to tell her, moderate your views, because you know, many Libe- rian, you know it was very difficult for them to accept the quality which women, or having outspoken women, because women, at the time, were very shy. They were ex- pected to stay in their place as mothers." (22.10.2013 CCTV Africa online) The excerpt presents in a quite revealing way the perceptions of Liberian society on the characteristics of women. In other words, there is a great emphasis on the "traditional" standpoint on how women should behave and act in Liberia. As Ellen's brother points out, her family had tried to advise her to suppress her views due to the fact that women in Liberian society have not been expected to be out- spoken in the past. In this context, the emphasis on preferring shy women is related to the position of mothers. Therefore, being a mother (at least in the past) has been represented as a part of the private sphere, women were expected to have moderate views and be "shy". Next I cover the theme of the nicknames of female presidents. When it comes to Johnson Sirleaf, the nickname Iron Lady is presented on many occasions in the African media. In the same documentary mentioned above there is an interview with Philip Wesseh, who is the managing editor of The Inquirer magazine, and he discusses the turbulent times in Liberia's history, and Johnson Sirleaf's return from abroad to her home country: "Many persons were not too sure that Madame Sirleaf would return to Liberia for se- curity reasons because she and Taylor couldn´t see eye to eye. They were at logger- heads, but she braved the storm, and she came to Monrovia and for that reason, she was referred to as the Iron Lady." (22.10.2013 CCTV Africa online). The excerpt not only refers to the conflicted relationship between the former president of Liberia Charles Taylor and Ellen Johnson Sirleaf, but also how courageous enough she was to come back to Liberia although she put herself in danger. Therefore, the nickname Iron Lady has been used to refer to her willingness to face the difficulties in her home country. Nevertheless, it should be pointed out that the nickname Iron Lady is not really that special as it already had been used for the late Prime Minister of Great Britain – Margaret Thatcher. 7.8 Ellen Johnson Sirleaf's portrayal of herself With her memoir This Child Will Be Great (2010), Johnson Sirleaf has a medium to present her story to readers. Besides telling about her life, she also has an opportunity to represent her role, image and leadership qualities in her own way. I argue that this is a special kind of forum for representation, as one can entirely control what kind of topics are discussed, and how. One can represent oneself and the events of one's life in more diverse manner, since the book offers for its author more time to represent her story. In interviews, articles, or documents, there are always other actors editing or controlling the representations, whereas in the memoir there is only an audience (readers) and an author (Ellen Johnson Sirleaf, or a potential ghost writer, which is very often used when writing books, but who nevertheless represents Johnson Sirleaf's perspective). It is her voice that the reader can hear in the book, thus the narrative of the memoir is completely dominated by Ellen Johnson Sirleaf. Narrative is a representation of a series of events, and the particular story in this context is the life of Ellen Johnson Sirleaf. Thus she is able to reconstruct her life events and her role in society and in politics more profoundly when compared to short interviews or articles. It should be acknowledged that Johnson Sirleaf not only reconstructs her life events and herself in her memoir, but also other people who are part of her life (such as her family members, political opponents etc.), and presents them to her audience in a manner which is most advantageous for her. In the first pages of her book she presents her life story and a particular incident which inspired the title of the book "This Child Will Be Great". The title refers to the prophecy of a wise old man who predicted Ellen´s future leadership when she was a just little girl. This representation of her childhood can arouse many questions such as what is the purpose of pointing out this childhood incident to her readers. It can be understood that she wants to represent her leadership as if it were her `destiny`, although it took her many years to achieve the leadership position in Liberia. Therefore, this particular example from her childhood in the beginning of the book highlights particularly well Ellen Johnson Sirleaf's rhetorical skills to persuade her audience in believing her extraordinary life experiences and her being "the chosen one" for changing the history of Liberia. In reading through the memoir, I identified the following themes: motherhood; life story; characteristics: significant nicknames; women and leadership; and African womanhood. First I cover the theme of motherhood. In her memoir, Johnson Sirleaf mentions many times the importance of her mother, for instance how she was a very strong mother who prayed for her daughter, and Johnson Sirleaf states that she believes she got her strength from her mother (2010: 11). Her mother is not the only one who has inspired her, Johnson Sirleaf also points out the importance of her grandmothers: "They inspired me then, and their memory motivates me now to serve my people, to sacrifice for the world and honestly serve humanity. I cannot and will not betray their trust." (2010:22) Therefore, it can be understood that due to her grandmothers, she has a motivation to serve the people of Liberia, to sacrifice herself (this can be regarded as a kind of theatrical expression) for the world, and to be a servant for humanity. Ellen Johnson Sirleaf states that she will not betray her grandmoth- ers' trust. In this context, past generations (the grandmothers, the mother) are represented as being an influential force which has had an impact on Ellen Johnson Sirleaf's life, as well as on her leadership. Therefore, one can perceive that the women of past generations have influenced both Ellen Johnson Sirleaf's private (as a granddaughter and a daughter) life and public life (as a president). She continues discussing her roots, how she has a foot in two different worlds, as well as how she represents both the ´disadvantaged´ and the ´advantaged´ members of Liberian society: "I represent both those who were given opportunities and advantages because of their background and those who were denied those very things because of who they were and from whence they came. My feet are in two worlds – the world of poor rural women with no respite from hardship and the world of accomplished Liberian professionals, for whom the United States is a second and beloved home. I draw strength from both." (2010:22) The two worlds – the ´disadvantaged´ and ´advantaged´ sides of her society are explained as the hardships of the rural women, and the accomplished Liberian professionals who have had an opportunity to live in the United States. Thus, in this context, the rural world of Liberia and the privileged life in the United States are two different worlds that are part of her life, and she regards herself as representing these two worlds. It can be understood that Ellen Johnson Sirleaf acknowledges her roots (the rural grandmothers who had obstacles in their lives, and did not have same opportunities as she has had). Therefore, she represents herself as a kind of mixture of rural and urban, the South (Liberia) and the West (the United States). In her book (2010), Johnson Sirleaf does not only refer to her own mother and grandmothers, but also presents herself as a mother to Liberia. Therefore, I argue that the gender symbolism which in this context is a motherhood of her country, is once again presented in the narrative by the president. In the following excerpt, she states that during her presidential campaign there were some people arguing that Liberia needed a young president, whereas Ellen Johnson Sirleaf, who is born in 1938, was considered to be too old and frail to be president. Her sister Jennie points out an interesting metaphor on how the country is like a child, and the president is the experienced, nurturing mother for the country: "Jennie, in campaigning for me, would put it this way: "Suppose you have a baby," she said. "And you have to go out to work or whatnot and you need someone to care for the child. Would you give that baby to an older person who has taken care of children, who knows how to nurture the child? Or would you give it to a young person who has not done it before and does not know what to do? Well, this country is a child, a sick child, and it is hurting. You need somebody who can nurture it". It was a simple but powerful message. I think it certainly helped." (2010: 260) The excerpt clearly presents how the image of motherhood is taken into account in the presidential campaign, thus Ellen Johnson Sirleaf has taken advantage of this representation, and was made more appealing to Liberian voters this way. It is clearly stated that she acknowledges how significant the image of motherhood (a nurturing mother) really is in Liberian politics, as it can be seen that motherhood itself with its symbolic meanings is a fixed and significant part of Liberian (and African) society. Next I cover the theme of life story that I also identified from the memoir. When taking into account Johnson Sirleaf's life story, there once again comes up one particular topic, and that is Ellen Johnson Sirleaf having been a tomboy. In her memoir, she presents herself as having been a tomboy in her childhood: "I was also something of a tomboy and loved playing sports of all kinds. Sometimes I even played football with the boys, not a thing normally done by young ladies...I was a serious and assertive player." (2010:27) Thus, she highlights her attributes as being assertive, and not doing things that were normally done by young ladies in Liberia, and therefore not adapting herself to traditional gender roles. Thus, since her childhood she has continued to act and behave in a non-traditional manner when it comes to gender. Hence I argue that the example above can be also interpreted as Ellen Johnson Sirleaf wanting to point out to her audience that she has been a trailblazer from the beginning, and the attributes used in football games such as skill and assertiveness have also been useful in politics, which can be also viewed as a certain type of game. When taking into account how brutal Liberian politics has been in the past (murders, violence), a political player has had to be particularly assertive and tough in this context. The other issue about which she often writes in her memoir is her previous marriage, and her abusive, alcoholic ex-husband. She states: "Looking back, it's difficult to say whether this was simply his character or whether he believed he was acting in the way a good African man supposed to, being in control, keeping a firm hand on his wife...But living with a person like that also strengthened me" (2010: 36). The extract presents Ellen Johnson Sirleaf's representation of her marriage and how living with an abusive husband made her stronger. At the same time, her thoughts about her ex-husband also points to the idea of "a good African man" as she states, which in this context indicates to a man having a firm control of his wife. Therefore, it is quite clear that in Johnson Sirleaf's narrative, gender inequality and patriarchy are strongly present when discussing the traditional relationship between an African husband and his wife. As in her narrative, Johnson Sirleaf points out that an African manhood, or the traditional ideal of it, is perceived as being the head of the family and having a control over it. However, she questions whether her ex-husband's abusive behavior was the product of a traditional, patriarchal Liberian society and its gender roles, or was his behavior based solely on his own abusive character. I identified certain significant nicknames from the memoir of Ellen Johnson Sirleaf, as well. Her famous nickname Iron Lady is brought up in her memoir, and in this context, it refers to Johnson Sirleaf's physical and spiritual strength during her hectic presidential campaign, referred to by one reporter: "I always thought the nickname 'Iron Lady' referred to her indomitable state of mind. I had no idea that it also referred to her physical toughness. She never stops to eat or drink." (2010: 265) In Johnson Sirleaf's memoir, there are sometimes quotes about her by other people who have known her. By choosing these quotes to be represented in the book, I argue that Johnson Sirleaf emphasizes the characteristics that prove her capability to act in politics, and be a competent leader of her country. By giving explanation and background information concerning how Johnson Sirleaf got her nick- name, it gives her audience more assurance that she indeed has a certain toughness that enables her to work in the political sphere. Toughness, in this context, is referred to both physical as well psy- chological attributes of Ellen Johnson Sirleaf. I also identified the theme of women and leadership when reading through the memoir. On many occasions, Johnson Sirleaf discusses women in leadership positions and gender equality in Liberian society, particularly how these issues were regarded in the past: "Like nearly everywhere else in the world at the time, Liberia was very much a male- dominated society. Though Liberian women had long worked outside the home and even held positions of prominence in the government, and although African women in general are honored as mothers and aunts, women were not regarded as equals". (2010: 41) In her narrative, Ellen Johnson Sirleaf brings up a traditional, male-dominated Liberian society which did not consider women to be equals with men, although women were working outside of private sphere and even had positions of prominence in the government. However, it can be seen that there were and still are certain gender roles that are perceived to be more acceptable and respected for women in Liberia such as the role of aunt and mother. Mothers and aunts are the roles which are linked to the private sphere (family, kin, household etc.), and the tasks therein (household chores, taking care of children etc.) As there exists a dichotomy between the private and public spheres, and social and cultural restrictions regarding who are included in which sphere, it can be understood that patriarchal structures have been predominant in Liberian society. Liberian society has been affected by patriarchal traditions which have been part of male-dominated economic, and patriarchal family production systems (see Gordon 1996; see Theobald 2012). One can notice that in her representation, 84 Ellen Johnson Sirleaf reinforces the image of Liberia being a traditional, male-dominated country that has not valued women's participation in public sphere. In the context of gender and career, Johnson Sirleaf brings up that often people, (particularly women) have asked her if during her political career she has faced resistance due to her being both a woman and an African. She stresses her answer by saying that she "was usually too busy to worry about" those who resented her having the political positions, or suspected her of merely being a token female politician (2010:77). Thus, she acknowl- edges that there has been resistance, and there are people who resent her political position and her being a female leader. In this way, she seems to seek to indicate a certain nonchalance in terms of being woman who has a political career. In her memoir, Ellen Johnson Sirleaf discusses the idea of a female president, and also the differences between male and female concerning when it comes to leadership qualities. She argues that during her presidential campaign, there were some people who could not accept the idea of a woman presi- dent in Liberia, nevertheless there were a large amount of people who responded positively to the idea: "But many more people were not only willing but eager to give a woman a chance. Men have failed us, people said over and over again. Men are too violent, too prone to make war. Women are less corrupt, less likely to be focused on getting fancy cars and fancy home for themselves…We also pointed out that the country had been led by men for 150 years – and look where that had gotten us." (2010: 250, 261) The excerpt strongly emphasizes the idea that women's leadership leads to less corruption, violence, and greed. Thus the differences between male and female leadership are represented here in a stark contrast. Women are represented as making the world more peaceful and just, whereas men are mostly corrupted and violent. Therefore, this indicates traditional gender standpoints on women being more pro-peace and working for the common good than men. In other words, women are perceived as being nurturers and maintaining the society and the whole country. Hence there is once again generalization regarding women being ´good, nurturing caretakers´ who are not eager to selfishly use their power, but instead to use it wisely for the whole society and country. In the context of women's access to and participation in decision-making processes, Johnson Sirleaf points out how in Liberia there have been appointments of women to leading key agencies and ministries such as the ministries of Foreign Affairs, Finance, and Gender and Development (2010: 302). Thus, women have had access to politics in Liberia to a certain degree. In the following excerpt, gender is once again on display on when Johnson Sirleaf argues that if she had born a man she would had accomplished far less, stating that she would have been just another man: "I think that as a woman I was an exception, and being an exception gave me both the visibility and the drive to succeed. I was ahead of my time, but I am no longer alone. We are breaking barriers daily; in another decade there will be hundreds of women in real positions of leadership all over Africa and all over the world. I take pride in having helped trample down those barricades. I have been one of the lucky ones." (2010: 315). Hence, Johnson Sirleaf represents herself as having an awareness of gender issues, and particularly how being a woman has been an advantage for her in the end due to her being rarity and an exception in politics. It can be viewed that she had been driven to succeed and gain access to visibility by her gender. She also presents herself as being ahead of her time, thus she regards herself as being a sig- nificant part of breaking the barriers regarding women in politics and leadership. African womanhood was also one of the themes that I identified from the memoir, and the next extract which I present could also be related to the themes of motherhood, or women and leadership, as these themes are related to each other in this context. In the following excerpt Johnson Sirleaf compares herself to other Liberian women, and states that she did not want the life of many Liberian women (mothers, housewives, market women) whose lives were full of hard work from day to day: "I saw was that their lives were drudgery, a simple trudging from day to day to day. I did not want that; that was not the life for me… One thing I had always believed in was my own potential, and I knew it did not lie in filing papers and collecting payments as the secretary in an auto garage. Nor, as much as I loved my children, did it lie in simply raising them." (2010: 33). She represents herself as believing in her own potential, and not seeing herself as only a mother raising her children, or as a secretary. Therefore, it can be understood that in her narrative she intentionally separates herself from other Liberian women to emphasize her own uniqueness as a woman who decided to take a different path when it comes to her career and working in public sphere. On the other hand, she stresses the importance of the women of Liberia, and particularly the special relationship between her and her fellow countrywomen (women's groups) who have supported her over the years, and how she herself has supported them, too. Johnson Sirleaf points out that Liberian women had a huge impact on her presidential campaign, and at the same time, also brings up tribalism and ethnicity in Liberian society: "We re-mobilized our secret weapon – the women of Liberia –and sent them out cam- paigning. These indomitable women were the real force behind this election, the fuel on which we ran. Singly, in pairs, and in groups they went village to village, door to door, street to street encouraging people to put aside ethnic and tribal allegiances and vote for one Liberia. They held rallies and distributed T-shirts. They walked and danced and marched. More than anything, it was the women of Liberia who turned this election, for me and for themselves…Women, my strong constituency, told me they wanted the same 86 chances that men have. They wanted to be literate. They wanted their work recognized. They wanted protection against rape…These women had not only supported me con- sistently in my climb to the presidency, but, far more important, they had worked tire- lessly during the war to bring the various factions to the negotiating table. The women of Liberia were and remain the country's core, and I have made it a priority to include them in its reconstruction." (2010: 264, 277). This excerpt presents the significant influence of Liberian women, not only during Ellen Johnson Sirleaf's presidential campaign, but also on the negotiating process during the war years. Liberian women are represented in this context as a powerful force which has worked hard, and had an impact on the grassroots level of Liberian society. Women are represented as the essence of the country who want their work to be recognized, and to have equal rights and chances with men, as well as unify the Liberian people regardless of their ethnic or tribal loyalties. In her presentation there exists solidarity between her and Liberian women as they have supported her by doing campaign work in local villages around Liberia. She also highlights herself as having the power to mobilize Liberian women to participate in the reconstruction work of the country. In the following excerpt, Johnson Sirleaf discusses her campaign strategy during the presidential election campaign. Here she brings up the idea of a modern African woman which was used in her campaign photos with the help of American Larry Gibson, who has previously assisted many successful political campaigns such as Bill Clinton's 1992 presidential campaign: "Larry who also strongly suggested that I appear in my official campaign photo bare- headed, without the traditional Liberian head wrap. He thought it was important for me to signal that I was a modern African woman, connected to the past and tradition but not bound by them. Larry said, "African male politicians exercise the freedom to wear either African or Western clothes at their discretion. I thought it was important to signal that you intended to exercise the same prerogatives as the men." (2010, 252) Ellen Johnson Sirleaf points out that not everyone on her campaign agreed with the idea of a modern African woman, nevertheless she herself though it was a good idea. Hence, by not wearing the tradi- tional Liberian head wrap, it set her apart from the only other woman candidate who was in the cam- paign. Therefore, it can be viewed that the idea of a modern African woman was symbolized by a photo of bareheaded Ellen Johnson Sirleaf. I argue that in this context the traditional Liberian head wrap can be perceived as a symbol for existing gender roles (such as the expectations regarding how a woman is supposed to be dressed) in Liberia, and that Johnson Sirleaf was redefining her gender role by choosing what not to wear. I argue that this would not be so essential in another context, but here it was, since at the time, Ellen Johnson Sirleaf was a presidential candidate and promoting herself through her campaign photos to potential voters. Her decision to leave out the traditional women's headdress implied her intention to change the perception of an African woman. I assert that this ges- ture indicates that at the same time she wanted to represent herself and reconstruct her identity as a new kind of African woman who is connected to the tradition to a certain degree. However, she wanted to prove that she is capable of acting in the same manner as her African male counterparts. Therefore, the absence of a head wrap becomes a certain kind of symbol for Ellen Johnson Sirleaf, as using the same privileges as her male counterparts in politics. In general, when reading through her memoir it is clear that as a leader of her country, Johnson Sirleaf is well aware of the importance of drawing people to herself, and throughout her memoir it is evident that Ellen Johnson Sirleaf's rhe- torical skills are outstanding. If taking into account the types of discourse regarding gender and political representation (see Dahlerup 2006), I argue that the criticism of Ellen Johnson Sirleaf's leadership in the Liberian media has featured mostly gender-blind discourse. There has not been a particular emphasis on her gender as a reason for a lack of leadership, but instead the criticism has focused on her alleged bribery and other behavior related to her leadership seen to be undesirable. Nevertheless, there was an awareness of existing differences between the international and Liberian media when it came to representation of Johnson Sirleaf, since abroad she was regarded as a renegade and a trailblazer in terms of her gender. In the Liberian media there emerged certain stereotypes regarding gender attributes when for instance Ellen Johnson Sirleaf's decision-making was hailed for using rational principles instead of sentimentality in the context of gender parity. There existed arguments that women's decision-mak- ing was in general based on solely on emotions, and that Johnson Sirleaf was an exception in this matter. There also appeared some issues regarding female solidarity, or rather the lack of it, as it was perceived that in the political sphere female solidarity did not encompass all political parties, but only certain political parties supported by Ellen Johnson Sirleaf. Nevertheless, she was also represented as motivating Liberian women, and particularly encouraging rural women to empower themselves. In the African media, it was also presented that Johnson Sirleaf had failed to fight against corruption, and was misusing her political power through nepotism. Therefore, neopatrimonialism can be per- ceived to be associated with the representation of her leadership. Motherhood was emphasized in the representation of Johnson Sirleaf, in both the African and international media. Liberian society was represented as a traditional and male-dominated, whereas a female leader was regarded as an asset. When it came to Johnson Sirleaf's portrayal of herself, she represented herself by emphasizing par- ticularly her motherhood, as well as stressing that she had been strongly supported by Liberian women. In the context of the media and my study, I want to refer to a few previous studies of the media representation of women politicians as their findings confirm certain issues that I identified from my study as well. In their article " Powerful women in powerless language: Media misrepresentation of African women in politics (the case of Liberia)", Jemima Asabea Anderson, Grace Diabah, and Pa- tience Afrakoma hMensa (2011), examine how gender biases are reflected in news reports that emerge from African and international media. They compared the media reports of two presidential candidates: Ellen Johnson Sirleaf and her opponent George Oppon Weah. In their findings, it came up that the international media gave greater attention to Sirleaf's appearance (such as clothing) than did the African media. Nevertheless, both media focused on Sirleaf's maternal and marital roles. African media, however, made less explicit and fewer gender-biased references than did the interna- tional media (Anderson et. al. 2011: 2516). I find it interesting that it was precisely African media that made fewer gender-biased references related to Sirleaf compared to international media. I argue that this also was the case in my study, as compared to international media, African media represented Sirleaf' and her leadership in terms of her leadership skills (as well as the criticism regarding it), rather than emphasizing her gender on this matter. In the article "Who is the Lady in the Window?" Tania H. Cantrell and Ingrid Bachmann (2008) discuss their comparative study regarding female head of states (in Germany, Chile, and Liberia) that examines how international and national newspapers portrayed new female government heads during their first 200 days in office. Their study argued that the local media in these countries focused more on the females' first performance and record in office, whereas the international media concentrated on the first lady and the international context in which she performed, but not the country itself. The leadership of these three women was also evaluated in a more positive way at the international level than within the national media (2008: 440). I argue that this was also the case regarding the media articles of Joyce Banda and Ellen Johnson Sirleaf, as it was the international media which emphasized more positively their gender in the context of leader- ship, whereas there appeared more criticism within African, Malawian, and Liberian media. 8. Conclusions The topic of my Master's Thesis is the media representations of two female heads of state in Africa – President of Liberia (Ellen Johnson Sirleaf), and former President of Malawi (Joyce Banda). In my study, I not only took into account how various media sources from Malawian, Liberian, as well as African and international media had represented Joyce Banda and Ellen Johnson Sirleaf, but also how the female presidents had represented themselves in media. My research questions focused on gender and leadership as I searched answers to these specific questions: 1.) How has gender defined the political leadership of African female presidents: Joyce Banda and Ellen Johnson Sirleaf, according to English-language media sources? 2.) How has gender defined the presentation of these presidents in the media? I analyzed the media articles concerning Joyce Banda and Ellen Johnson Sirleaf by using critical discourse analysis and rhetorical analysis, as well as taking into consideration the nar- ratives of the presidents. In my study, I identified various themes regarding the representation of the female presidents from Malawian, Liberian, African and international media, as well as from the representations of female presidents themselves. The themes that I identified from my data are: women and leadership motherhood African womanhood Life story the nicknames of female presidents globally revered vs. internal criticism I assert that particularly the themes of women and leadership; African womanhood; and motherhood can also be perceived as cultural concepts which can have various meanings in a given culture and society. They are related to gendered relationships which in this context I perceive to be related to gender roles and a given society's expectations on how women and men are supposed to behave and act, thus these social norms are also influencing the relations between genders. I state that the life stories of female presidents, which include topics such as their childhood, their personal characteris- tics, the challenges they have faced during their life etc., are the personal narratives that the presidents represents to others as their constructed identities. I assert that in their representations in the media, and therefore to their audience, the female presidents reconstruct and maintain their identities by using narratives that represent their life events in a certain manner which is particularly useful for them. It is important to acknowledge that these themes are related to each other to a certain extent, for instance the theme of women and leadership is intertwined with the theme of motherhood and vice versa. When taking into account Dahlerup's (2006) arguments on discourses in political settings, I particu- larly want to highlight that in certain African and Malawian media articles there existed gender-blind discourse (gender is perceived to be irrelevant in terms of political representation) that was related to the media's view on how it was more important to focus on Malawi's poor economic situation, and not the gender of the president. However, in Malawian media, there also appeared the discourse re- lated to assumptions of women being unsuitable and unqualified for political positions (the politics- is-a-men's-business-discourse). When taking into account rhetorical analysis and its emphasis on the specific messages and intentions of the presidents and media, I argue that in the representations there always exist intentions for emphasizing certain aspects, and in my study for instance these aspects are related to gender (particularly motherhood) which both the presidents themselves and media were using to a certain degree to persuade the audience. As critical discourse analysis focuses on how the world (relationships, events) is represented, I argue that in my study, representations of Joyce Banda's and Ellen Johnson Sirleaf's leadership are influ- enced by local political and cultural settings which take into account gender roles, as well as the relationship between Africa and Western world. It should be acknowledged that in the context of African, Malawian, and Liberian media, the Western world was mostly perceived to be closely related to western donors and international institutions such as the IMF and World Bank. When taking into account the identities that are set up for female presidents and for those who are writing about them, one should be aware what kind of political and cultural factors exist in the background such as the symbolic significance of motherhood, as well as the economic situation of the country. When exam- ining the relationships between the female presidents and media audiences (whether readers or view- ers), I argue that gender has an influence to a certain degree on how these relationships are maintained in public representation. When analysing the articles and videos in the international media regarding Joyce Banda, there often appeared references to her previous abusive marriage, her being a fighter and a champion of women's rights. She was hailed as a new kind of leader, or the face of a new Africa. On a few occasions, Banda was also described as Malawi's Iron Lady, or Malawi's Lady of Steel, and referring to her overall strength. In the media articles, there appeared two types of representation of Banda; on the one hand she was represented as carrying a heavy load on behalf of other women, and on the other it was pointed out that in her home country she was criticized as not being a serious politician, and that it appeared that Malawi was not ready for a female president. Only in the international media, were there observations regarding her outward appearances and her dress sense. In the context of mother- hood, there were references to Banda's strong grandmother, and Banda being motherly (having moth- erly looks), as well as being at the same time both a mother and a leader of her country. When it came to African women, there were references to their ability to carry heavy loads, and Banda being living proof of African women's strength in politics. On one occasion she was hailed by an American inter- viewee as being the most powerful black woman outside of the United States. In the African media, Banda was described as a promoter of fellow women's leaderships. It was also mentioned that she was supported by African male colleagues, and thus African men appeared to have a positive attitude towards Joyce Banda's leadership. However, it was also clear that journalists were aware of Banda's different reputation in the West when compared to Malawi, and highlighted that Banda had become a president of necessity (referring to the sudden death of the Banda's prede- cessor, president Bingu wa Mutharika whereupon Banda as a vice-president at that time became pres- ident). In the context of the Malawian media, a different perspective on Banda was taken when compared to the Western media. In the Malawian media, Banda was presented as an inspiration to all Malawian girls, and was for instance applauded for intensifying the freedom of the press in Malawi and for improving maternal health. She was hailed as having the loving heart of a mother, and being the people's woman, as well as being a strong woman who was one of the celebrated women of her time the world over. However, criticism of Banda was very strong in the Malawian media, and the majority of the media articles criticized her by calling her a wannabe tyrant and a greedy politician who was just like most self-interested African leaders. I argue that at this point one has to take into account Banda's connection to the Cashgate affair that was regarded as the largest corruption scandal in Malawian history. Banda was thus associated with what might called neopatrimonialism, a concept referring to a system using state resources for personal profits, and the management of official au- thority for private purposes. It was seen that the reality did not live up to the great expectations re- garding Banda being the first woman president of Malawi. She was accused of being a creation the West, and that her image was different for international community than it was in her home country. In the context of gender, there were also straightforward critique by some Malawian women regarding Banda: as a woman she was seen to be too weak to aid the economy of Malawi. One author in the Malawian media contributors accused that being a woman in leadership position is not regarded as good as a male counterpart, thus women cannot lead the country. Thus, the existing stereotypes con- cerning women's inability to be in a leadership position were regarded as strong and truthful, accord- ing to the author. This was one text exemplifying the politics-is-a-men's-business-discourse. 92 What about the depiction of Joyce Banda by Banda herself? The majority of her own self-represen- tations concentrated on the themes of life story; African womanhood; motherhood; as well as gender and leadership. In general, gender played a significant role in Banda's self-representation. She par- ticularly emphasized the story of her abusive marriage, and also emphasized having the support of rural Malawian women, although she also pointed out the lack of support of her female colleagues in the political arena. Somewhat surprisingly, she argued instead that it had been men who had been most supportive of her in the political context. This can be seen as a contradictory issue, since there has been research by Thiessen (2008) and Kamlongera (2008) (see the chapter of Malawian women and politics) who both have pointed out the difficulties that Malawian female politicians have faced in politics (such as gender stereotypes, some male colleagues in politics had attempted to drive women out of the politics, as well as Malawian cultural beliefs regarding women who participate in the public sphere as being sexually promiscuous etc. ), which have all implied there is no general encouragement for women to pursue political positions, and in general can be seen related to patriar- chal society. These issues lead to many questions, for instance: do such arguments regarding patriar- chal society only represent over-generalizing Western perspectives which assume that most men in African society want to keep women "in their place" in the domestic sphere? Is the perspective of Africana womanism regarding Western's feminism in fact correct? According to Africana woman- ism, Western feminists' perception of women's role and position in African society is based on a "black- and- white world view" which assumes that all African women are nothing but victims of gender oppression by African men. On many occasions in the media, Banda spoke of having the support of African male colleagues, but at the same time pointed out that there existed a lack of female solidarity at the highest level of the political sphere. Therefore, when observing the media articles regarding Joyce Banda, I argue that in this context gender was strongly affiliated to motherhood (as being a loving mother to her country), as well as Banda being a role model and champion of gender equality to Malawian girls and women. Thus, motherhood and being a role model for gender empowerment were strongly related to her political leadership. I assert that the gender symbol, which in this context is being as a mother of her country, is represented in the narrative by Joyce Banda. Thus, the manner which Joyce Banda is associated with motherhood at national level (a mother of Malawi), as well as at personal level (a biological mother to her own children) in these media representations depicts its own story how an integral part motherhood is in African and Malawian societies. I want to point out that a mother is also one of the gender and social roles which has its own fixed attributes (loving, caring, nurturing etc.) that are universally referred to only women. I argue that in these media articles the attributes such as good ole 93 mum, the loving heart of a mother are related to motherhood, and they can be viewed as a kind of gender symbols as well as they contain various meanings. Thus, in the context of Joyce Banda and her presidency, I assert that motherhood is not only gender and social role but it is linked with sym- bolic construction, too, as the role (mother) creates certain symbols (a caring nurturer etc.) to be associated particularly with women. These gender symbols are maintained and reasserted in the rep- resentations and the narratives by both Banda and the media. Therefore, Joyce Banda and all the references to her being a mother can be perceived to contain symbolic meaning that reasserts her gender role and stereotypes as a woman president and her ability to be a leader of the country. Nev- ertheless, in media there emerged a less positive aspect concerning gender and that was the existing stereotypes of women's lack of abilities to be in a leadership position, as well a lack of female soli- darity among Malawian female politicians at higher levels by Banda's representation. What about Ellen Johnson Sirleaf and her representation in the media? The source material regarding the Liberian media was limited in my study, nevertheless, I identified significant issues from the media articles. On the one hand, she was presented as a leader who challenged and motivated Liberian women to empower themselves. On the other hand, Johnson Sirleaf was seen as a person who lacked intellectual competence. In the African media, there was an awareness that she faced criticism in her home country but was at the same time globally revered. This contradiction was presented in a manner that represented Johnson Sirleaf as a president who was spending more time getting feted internation- ally than tackling the important issues in Liberia. Thus, in this context, it is significant to take into account neopatrimonialism - closely associated with corruption, nepotism and other forms of abuse of power - which I assert was associated with the media representations of both Johnson Sirleaf's and Banda's leadership (see Tiessen 2008; Gazibo 2012). There were strong accusations that Johnson Sirleaf was ruling her country in a nepotistic and corrupted way. Yet Johnson Sirleaf had a complex relationship with Liberian media. The nicknames Ma Ellen, and Iron Lady were also pointed out on many occasions, as well as her being a mother. It was argued that due to her experience as a mother, Johnson Sirleaf would not take her country back to war. Johnson Sirleaf stressed the significant impact of her own mother by pointing out her being an inspiration to her. In the African media, she and Banda were hailed as trailblazers regarding women's empower- ment in Africa, and it was perceived that it was a new era especially for children and women with her being a president. Johnson Sirleaf was viewed having the support of Liberian women. In the international media, there was an emphasis on Ellen Johnson Sirleaf representing a feminist ideal by being the first female president in Africa who was voted in by Liberian women, and she was 94 seen as being the heir to a long line of African women who were strong, but yet long-suffering. Afri- can women were portrayed as victims of patriarchal rule, thus it was understood that African women were bystanders in African society while African men were fighting against each other in countless wars. Johnson Sirleaf was also represented as a woman who was a practical leader, and who was firm when dealing with maniacs (this term referred to the past encounters with violent political leaders and rebels in Liberia's political history). Women and leadership were perceived as something that was closely linked to motherhood, as it was argued that women as mothers were inclined to make the world more peaceful due to their nurturing and caring characteristics which could also affect their leadership abilities. I argue that all the references to Johnson Sirleaf's being a mother can be perceived to contain symbolic meanings that reasserts her gender role and stereotypes as a female president and her ability to be a leader of the country. Hence female leaders were seen differently than their male counterparts, and in the media articles there emerged traditional gender characteristics such as women as caring nurturers whereas men were portrayed as violent and causing wars. The nickname Iron Lady also was presented in various articles, and it was referred to as representing the aspirations and ex- pectations of all African women, as well as to Johnson Sirleaf picking up accolades in Western media. Ellen Johnson Sirleaf was represented as a role model for people outside of Liberia and being a figure of inspiration and hope. Her childhood characteristics such as being tomboy and the story from her childhood (an old man predicting her great future) whom she also refers in her memoir, was also pointed out in the international media. In her memoir, Ellen Johnson Sirleaf presented her private life, but at the same time also brought up Liberian society and its conceptions on gender. In Johnson Sirleaf's narrative her private life was comprised of her childhood (the prophecy of an old man who predicted her great future, and her being tomboy); the importance of her mother and grandmothers, as well as her previous abusive marriage. She represents herself as a survivor of a destructive marriage who is capable of moving up the ladder of success, and, at the same time, is a model and icon to her children. Liberian society is portrayed as a traditional, male-oriented sphere which has not valued women's role and input outside of the roles of mothers and aunts. Thus, gender equality has not existed in Liberian society, and Johnson Sirleaf also points out her special relationship with Liberian women (market women, women's groups) who have supported her during the years, and who were a significant force behind her during the presi- dential election, too. She also brings up her prison experience, which according to her, was an im- portant lesson in leadership that helped her to understand better the people of Liberia and their hard- ships. It can be seen that Ellen Johnson Sirleaf seems to be aware of having good rhetoric skills which help her pull people to her side. The memoir represents Johnson Sirleaf's life as full of hardships, but also her being a woman of great resilience and fearlessness in the most difficult situations in her life. 95 The roles of mothers, grandmothers, and the support of Liberian women have a significant role in her narrative. It also can be seen that in her narrative, Ellen Johnson Sirleaf's portrayal of herself as being a mother of Liberia is always influencing in the background. Thus, Africana womanism and its view on the importance of motherhood in African society, can be glimpsed from the representations of Ellen Johnson Sirleaf. In her narrative, Johnson Sirleaf acknowl- edges that due to her gender, she has been an exception and rarity in the political context, and accord- ing to her it also has been the reason for her accomplishing more in life compared to if she had been born a man. Therefore, it can be understood that Ellen Johnson Sirleaf viewed gender as a benefit and important factor in her career in politics. At the same time, she represented herself as a mother figure of her home country, but also being a modern African woman who is a highly educated career woman. Thus, it can be perceived that she wanted to represents herself as a kind of mixture of modern and traditional African woman who also has connections to the Western world due to her previous jobs and studies abroad. The media representation regarding both Joyce Banda and Ellen Johnson Sirleaf contained a strong emphasis on gender in the context of leadership, and motherhood. The differences between the inter- national and African (Malawian, Liberian) media pertained to criticism of their leadership. The inter- national media also placed more emphasis on their gender, whereas local media were more critical of their leadership skills, and perceived them as typical self-serving, greedy African politicians. From the representations there also emerged a strong emphasis on African womanhood, and particularly the grass-roots level support for Liberian and Malawian women to the female presidents. When ex- amining the data regarding both Joyce Banda and Ellen Johnson Sirleaf, one can ask whether they would have been elected as presidents if they had been younger, or not been mothers themselves? Would the criticism by the media have been even harsher if they have been for instance in their early forties, and had never been married or have given birth to a child? It is important to acknowledge that my study cannot be viewed as a final conclusion on female pres- idents in Africa in the context of media, but I do hope that it can give a glimpse, or an introduction to the different perspectives on gender relations and women's leadership in Africa. However, as there is a danger to over generalize issues such as women's position in African society, thus one cannot assume that there exist one particular "truth" or standpoint on these matters. In many ways Liberia and Malawi have been, and still are, patriarchal societies that have maintained and emphasized tradi- tional gender roles, as women are regarded as upholding "traditional culture", which refers to rural community life, and women staying in private sphere and doing household chores instead of being in 96 public leadership position. If women have participated in politics, it has been particularly in Malawi, in the form of being dancers (praise performers) at the political rallies. Nevertheless, one cannot dis- agree with the fact that these two African countries – Liberia and Malawi – having had female presi- dents is itself a remarkable achievement, particularly in countries which are in many ways very tra- ditional and patriarchal societies. 9. Appendix of media sources Below is a list of all my media sources that I analyzed in my study. African media coverage: All Africa (http://allafrica.com/) An African news website which publishes African news from over 100 news organizations. Think Africa Press (http://thinkafricapress.com/) An online magazine which covers African news, the website presents that it looks beyond the surface of global African news coverage. The online magazine has writers from across Africa with interna- tional experts, and it covers a wide range of topics – from politics to development to culture. International media coverage: Africa Agenda http://africaagenda.org/ A website which advertise itself as promoting positive African news – for social change. Africa Agenda is not just only an information portal, but also a news media and education organization which through engagement with mass media outlets, the community, leaders and lay people promotes positive African news. It is headquartered in the U.S.A. Al Jazeera English http://www.aljazeera.com/ is international news channel which has over sixty bureaus around the world that span six different continents. It has global coverage, especially from underreported regions. Al Jazeera started out as the first independent news channel in the Arab world dedicated to covering and uncovering stories in the region. Atlanta Black Star Empowering Narratives to Change the World http://atlantablackstar.com/ Atlanta Blackstar presents itself as following: was created to publish empowering narratives for all people of African descent and everyone who adheres to our culture. It is an African-American website which covers politics, world news, and entertainment. BBC http://www.bbc.com/ A British Broadcasting Corporation which covers e.g. international news. CNN http://www.cnn.com 98 An American cable news network that delivers breaking news on the latest top stories that varies from politics to entertainment. Daily life http://www.dailylife.com.au/ Daily Life is an Australian website which presents itself as the best online source of news and lifestyle content for busy Australian women. The website has news, opinion, food, celebrity, style, beauty, health and relationships, and advertises itself as a place for women to engage with each other and discuss the hot topics of the day. Forbes www.forbes.com An American business magazine which covers business news and financial information. The interview Lessons in Courage from Africa's First Female President is part of the interview video series of Candid Conversations on How Successful Women Do All That They Do. Gender concerns International http://www.genderconcerns.org/ Gender Concerns International is an international development organization based in the Netherlands, and it is formed by a group of experts with extensive professional experience in the field of gender and development in 2004. Guardian http://www.theguardian.com/uk A website of the British daily newspaper the Guardian The Huffington Post http://www.huffingtonpost.com/ An American news website and a blog community. The Aspen Institute section in the website is collaboration between The Huffington Post and the Aspen Institute. The institute is an educational and policy studies organization. The cooperation between these two aims to highlight the most press- ing issues of our time, and its focus is on a range of themes originating from the work of the Institute all year-round, including global health and development, national security, arts and culture, and the economy. The Independent http://www.independent.co.uk/ A British news website which has UK and international news. The New York Times http://www.nytimes.com/ 99 An American daily newspaper which has a website that covers also world news. TIME http://time100.com An American news magazine, which has an annual list of 100 most influential people in the world. Washington Post http://www.washingtonpost.com/ An American daily newspaper which covers politics, sports, and world news etc. Malawian media coverage: The Big Issue Malawi Edition is a general interest magazine that is, at the same time, a non-profit public benefit project which creates jobs by organizing a vendor sales operation consisting of unem- ployed and homeless adults. It advertises itself as Malawi's only street magazine. The magazine is a member of the International Network of Street Papers (INSP). The Daily Times is another daily newspaper which advertises itself as Malawi's Premier Daily, and its slogan is For News You Can Trust. It has been established in 1895. The Nation is a daily newspaper which advertises itself with a slogan Making freedom of expression a reality. Weekend Nation is the Nation's weekend edition that has been published on Saturdays, and Nation on Sunday is the newspaper's Sunday edition. The newspaper has also its own news website: www.mwnation.com. Nyasa Times describes itself as Malawi breaking online news source. www.nyasatimes.com Malawiana www.malawiana.net is a news portal with entertainment, forum, and features. Malawi Voice www.malawivoice.com Giving you true online news from Malawi Joyce Banda Foundation http://joycebandafoundation.com/ Joyce Banda's own website which presents Banda and her foundation's activities Liberian media coverage: The New Dawn Liberia http://www.thenewdawnliberia.com A bilingual (English and French) Liberian news website which advertises itself as a truly independent daily newspaper. The website covers news concerning politics, health, rural, and NGOs etc. Ellen Johnson Sirleaf's memoir: This child will be great. Memoir of a Remarkable Life by Africa's First Woman President. First Harper Perennial Edition. 2010. The YouTube video coverage: Ellen Johnson Sirleaf: Africa's first elected female president lifts Liberia Interview of Sirleaf by Worldfocus. An American newscast Worldfocus which had international news coverage and was partners with international news organizations (http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rlWVba871yY) Faces of Africa – Ellen Sirleaf: Mother of Liberia Interview and documentary of Ellen Johnson Sirleaf. CCTV Africa is part of CCTV News. It is head- quartered in Nairobi, Kenya. CCTV Africa presents itself as new voice for Africa, and it focuses on African news, perspectives and personalities on the continent. (https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6tU-TTweFKY) Iron Ladies of Liberia Documentary of Ellen Johnson Sirleaf. Independent lenses, PBS channel. (http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7_sPNLFGz2g) Liberia's Ellen Johnson Sirleaf on women in politics: ´We have a story to tell´. The video-clip is produced by Guardian, and it shows the speech by Ellen Johnson Sirleaf. (http://www.you- tube.com/watch?v=bGFEEh9xqI4) One on One – Ellen Johnson Sirleaf. Interview of Ellen Johnson Sirleaf. Al Jazeera English. (http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zUcvSDK-UYs) Joyce Banda: The following two videos below are from the same event and published by the same YouTube chan- nel: Joyce Banda on gender equality in Malawi was published by Nigerian online-channel Uncensored which focus on socio-political issues of Africa. The video was taped in Lagos, Nigeria in 2013 at The Emmanuel Onyechere Osigwe Anyiam-Osigwe Lecture series concerning democracy and lead- ership where Banda was a keynote speaker. (http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XH0G16TirSc) President Banda Joyce on women of Africa: The video is part of the 14th session of The Emmanuel Onyechere Osigwe Anyiam-Osigwe Lecture series which cover the issues related to human develop- ment and society. Published by Uncensored which presents itself as a channel which trails controver- sial issues and personalities, and focuses on socio-political events and activities in Nigerian and be- yond. (http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NfijQAu1VX8) President Joyce Banda's Story: An interview of Banda. Published by CSIS Smart Global Health, Center For Strategic & International Studies. CSIS is a bipartisan, nonprofit organization and inter- national policy institution that is headquartered in Washington, D.C. It focuses on e.g. global devel- opment and economic integration. (http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xQKyhyI72h0) Madam President: Meeting Malawi's Joyce Banda A documentary of Joyce Banda by the Guard- ian. (http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qBmaeOM1omY) MBCTV Documentary on Joyce Banda's Ascension to Malawi Presidency. A speech by Joyce Banda. MBC (Malawi Broadcasting Corporation). (http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wYZTArHmMPs) Women Rising: Political leadership in Africa. The documentary is part of a series on Women in Development in Africa, and it is produced by InCa. The documentary has been commissioned jointly by FEMNET (The African Women's Development and Communication Network) and UNDP. The documentary includes the interviews of Banda and Sirleaf. (http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DClXif1T9dA) 10. Bibliography of media sources African media All Africa 19.9.2013 Liberia My mother didn't listen. All Africa online. (http://allafrica.com/stories/201309191513.html?aa_source=slideout) Chinele, Josephine. 14.2.2014 JB urges Female Journalists to Promote Women Aspirants. All Africa online. (http://allafrica.com/stories/201402150129.html?aa_source=sptlgt-grid) Gabay, Clive 3.6.2014, Malawi: Joyce Banda Never Existed. Think Africa Press online (http://thinkaf- ricapress.com/malawi/joyce-banda-never-existed) Dearn, Mark. 10.10.2011 Liberian women share Nobel Prize. Think Africa Press online (http://thinkaf- ricapress.com/liberia/african-women-snare-nobel-prize) Macdougall, Clair; Williams, Wade C. L. 5.4.2013 Johnson Sirleaf Plays Musical Chairs: Liberia's Su- perficial Reshuffle? Think Africa Press online (http://thinkafricapress.com/liberia/president-sirleaf- plays-musical-chairs-superficial-reshuffle) International media ABS staff 10.5.2012 Meet Joyce Banda, Malawi's First Female President. Atlanta Black Star online. (http://atlantablackstar.com/2012/05/10/meet-joyce-banda-malawis-first-woman-president/) Al Jazeera English 18.5.2013 South 2 North: Africa's women of Power Can females in leadership positions make a lasting difference for the continent's future? Al Jazeera English online (http://www.aljazeera.com/programmes/south2north/2013/05/20135171428575590.html) Forbes, Moira 21.11.2013 Lessons in Courage from Africa's First Female President. Forbes online (http://www.forbes.com/sites/moiraforbes/2013/11/21/this-is-what-courage-looks-like-lessons-in- strength-from-liberias-ellen-johnson-sirleaf/) Gender Concerns International 22.5.2013 Malawi's Joyce Banda and the Rise of Women in African Pol- itics. Gender Concerns International online (http://www.genderconcerns.org/article.php?id_nr=3108&id=Malawi's%20Joyce%20Banda%20and Smith, David. 29.4.2012 Malawi's Joyce Banda puts women's rights at centre of new presidency. The Guardian online (http://www.theguardian.com/world/2012/apr/29/malawi-president-joyce-banda- women-rights). Solomon, Deborah 18.8.2009 Questions for Ellen Johnson Sirleaf – Madame President. The New York Times Magazine online (http://www.nytimes.com/2009/08/23/magazine/23fob-q4-t.html?_r=2) Liberian media Editorial team. 20.6.2014 Leave Madam President Alone. The New Dawn Liberia online (http://www.thenewdawnliberia.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=11958:leave- madam-president-alone&catid=28:editorial&Itemid=67) Genoway, Edwin G. Jr. 3.6.2014. Simeon Freeman criticizes Ellen's speech. The New Dawn Liberia online (http://www.thenewdawnliberia.com/index.php?view=article&catid=25%3Apolitics&id) ND Reporter. 11.6. 2014. Pres. Sirleaf challenges Liberian women. The New Dawn Liberia online (http://www.thenewdawnliberia.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=11884:pres- sirleaf-challenges-liberian-women&catid=25:politics&Itemid=59) Johnson Sirleaf, Ellen. 2010. This child will be great. Memoir of a Remarkable Life by Africa's First Woman President. First Harper Perennial Edition. Malawian media Captain, Dais. 2012 Hopeless Strides Towards girl empowerment. The Big issue Magazine Malawi's 18th Edition. pp.33. Makhole, Davison. 2012 Political prostitutes: The sad tale of Malawian politicians. The Big Issue Magazine Malawi's 17th Edition. pp.19. Munthali, Ephrahim. 2013 Cut the Chaff with Ephraim Munthali: Economy tanking as JB talks and talks. Weekend Nation Vol. 16 No. 45 10.11.2012. pp.11. Munthali, Ephrahim. 2013 Cut the Chaff with Ephraim Munthali: Don't use NSO as scapegoat. Week- end nation Vol. 17 No.2 12.1.2013. pp.11. (Writer unknown) Special Report Business Review: President Banda's speech at 2012 World Energy Forum. The Nation 25.10.2012 Vol. 19 No. 212. pp. 6-7. Tsonga, Eric. 2012 Women's take on JB's regime, The Big Issue Magazine Malawi's 17th Edition 2012. pp.7. Allison, Simon 26.5.2014 Joyce Banda: Sinner, Saviour Or Something In Between? Malawi Voice online (http://www.malawivoice.com/2014/05/26/joyce-banda-sinner-saviour-something/) Chirwa, Garry. 19.2.2014 If I were Joyce Banda. The Nation Online (http://mwnation.com/joyce-banda- 5/) Maele-Magombe, Veronica 29.5.2014 Joyce Banda Becoming Malawi's Worst President. Malawi Voice online (http://www.malawivoice.com/2014/05/29/joyce-banda-becoming-malawis-worst-president/) Nhlema, Muthi 24.5.2014 Maybe Women Just Can't Lead (?) Malawiana online (http://www.malawiana.net/new/?p=3566) Nyondo, Ephraim 5.6.2013 On presidential gaffes. Nation Online (http://mwnation.com/on-presidential- gaffes/) Nyondo, Pius 19.5.2014 Malawi ´big four´ vie for presidency: Telling the tales of May 20 polls. Nyasa Times online (http://www.nyasatimes.com/2014/05/19/malawi-big-four-vie-for-presidency-telling-the- tales-of-may-20-polls) (Writer unknown) 27.2.2013 Trial of Malawi's leadership. Nation Online (http://mwnation.com/trial- of-malawi-s-leadership/) The YouTube-videos Al Jazeera English online 18.12.2010 One on One – Ellen Johnson Sirleaf (http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zUcvSDK-UYs) CCTV Africa online 22.10.2013 Faces of Africa – Ellen Sirleaf: Mother of Liberia (http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6tU-TTweFKY) CCTV Africa online 28.8.2013 Talk Africa: Live interview with Dr. Joyce Banda (http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yS0FR2XDDSU.) CSIS Smart Global Health, Center for Strategic & International Studies online 22.5.2013 President Joyce Banda's Story (http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xQKyhyI72h0). The Guardian online 5.11.2012 Liberia's Ellen Johnson Sirleaf on women in politics: ´We have a story to tell´ (http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bGFEEh9xqI4.) The Guardian online 20.12.2013 Madam President: Meeting Malawi's Joyce Banda. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qBmaeOM1omY) KLRU-TV Austin PBS online 2.10.2013 Overheard with Evan Smith - President Joyce Banda of Malawi (http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tGZpu-j4utY.) PBS online. Independent lenses. 15.11.2008 Iron Ladies of Liberia. (http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7_sPNLFGz2g) Uncensored online 2.12.2013 Joyce Banda on gender equality in Malawi (http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XH0G16TirSc) Uncensored online 2.12.2013 President Banda Joyce on women of Africa: (http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NfijQAu1VX8) Worldfocus online 31.3.2009 Africa's first elected female president lifts Liberia. (http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rlWVba871yY) 11. Footnotes 1–2 Worldwide Guide to Women in Leadership, Christensen, Iversen Martin (http://www.guide2women- leaders.com/Current-Women-Leaders.htm.) Accessed 3.10.2014 3–4 Women in Politics: 2014, UN Women. (http://www.unwomen.org/~/media/headquarters/attachments/sections/library/publica- tions/2014/wmnmap14_en%20pdf.ashx) Accessed 3.10.2014 5, 11 Liberia population, World population review (http://worldpopulationreview.com/countries/liberia-population) Accessed 13.1.2015 6, 9–10 Liberia profile – Timeline, BBC World Africa (http://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-13732188) Accessed 5.1.2015 7 Liberia Economy, 2014 Index of Economic Freedom (http://www.heritage.org/index/country/liberia) Accessed 28.10.2014 8 Liberia Timeline, African History (http://www.africanhistory.about.com/od/Liberia/l/bl-Liberia-Timeline2.htm) Accessed 28.10.2014 12–13, 16 Biographical Brief of Ellen Johnson Sirleaf The Executive Mansion (http://www.emansion.gov.lr/2content.php?sub=121&related=19&third=121&pg=sp). Accessed 5.1.2015 14 'You Have Brought Honor to All African Women,' Senegal's Wade Says of President Johnson Sirleaf, Executive Mansion. (http://www.emansion.gov.lr/2press.php?news_id=1919&related=7&pg=sp) Accessed 28.10.2014 15 Ellen Johnson Sirleaf Is the Most Powerful Woman in Africa – Forbes Africa Magazine, Executive Mansion. (http://emansion.gov.lr/2press.php?news_id=2008&related=7&pg=sp) Accessed 28.10.2014 17–18, 26–27 Malawi population, World population review (http://worldpopulationreview.com/countries/malawi-population/) Accessed 13.1.2015 19, 20–21, 23 Malawi profile, BBC World Africa http://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-13881367 Accessed 15.12.2014 22, 24 The Malawi elections 2014: a family affair, Africa Research institute (www.africaresearchinsti- tute.org/blog/malawi-elections-2014/) Accessed 15.12.2014 25 Malawi – Why Won't Joyce Banda Come Home – Security or Cashgate? Masina, Lameck Malawi Voice (http://malawivoice.com/malawi-why-wont-joyce-banda-come-home-security-or-cashgate/) Accessed 18.4.2016 28 Malawi President names full cabinet, Nhlema, Queen. Capital Radio Malawi (www.capitalradiomalawi.com/index.php/component/k2/item/1557-malawi-president-names-full-cabi- net.) Accessed 28.10.2014 29, 31 Joyce Banda: Malawi's first female president, Tenthani, Raphael. BBC World Africa (http://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-17662916) Accessed 15.12.2014 30, 32–34 Malawi's Joyce Banda and the Rise of Women in African Politics, Gender Concerns International (http://www.genderconcerns.org/article.php?id_nr=3108) Accessed 15.12.2014 35 Freedom of the Press, Freedom House: Malawi (https://freedomhouse.org/report/freedom-press/2014/malawi) Accessed 19.4.2016 36 Oxford English Dictionary http://www.oed.com/view/Entry/67511?redirectedFrom=factoid#eid Accessed 29.4.2016 37 Freedom of the Press, Freedom House: Liberia (https://freedomhouse.org/report/freedom-press/2015/liberia) Accessed 20.4.2016 38 She has to go – Simeon Freeman on giving Pres. 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(http://www.codesria.org/spip.php?article598&lang=en) [Accessed 12.2.2015] Holmgren, Alexander (2013) Failing to get the vote: Liberian women and political participation. Con- sultancy Africa Intelligence online: 111 (http://www.consultancyafrica.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=1237:failing- to-get-the-vote-liberian-women-and-political-participation-&catid=57:africa-watch-discussion-pa- pers&Itemid=263) [Accessed 17.3.2015] Kamlongera, Alinane Priscilla, (2008) Malawian women's participation in State politics: what are the constraints? Gender and Development, Vol. 16, No. 3, pp. 471-480 (www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/13552070802465318) [Accessed 28.5.2014] Kamwendo, Gregory; Kamwendo, Juliet (2015) When exploitation is camouflaged as women's em- powerment: The case of Malawi's First Female President Joyce Banda, African Gender Institute: Feminist Africa 20.2015: Pan-Africanism and Feminism (Journal) online: (http://agi.ac.za/journal/fem- inist-africa-20-2015-pan-africanism-and-feminism agi.ac.za/sites/agi.ac.za/files/7_fa20_standpoint.pdf) [Accessed 2.12.2015] Kaplan, Flora Edouwaye S. (1997) Queens, Queen mothers, Priestesses, and Power: Case Studies in African Gender. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences. New York: The New York Academy of Sciences. Volume 810 pp. xxix–xxxix. online: (http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com.ezproxy.jyu.fi/doi/10.1111/j.1749-6632.1997.tb48121.x/abstract) [Ac- cessed 2.6.2015] Pitcher, Anne; Moran, Mary H.; Johnston, Michael (2009) Rethinking Patrimonialism and Neopatri- monialism in Africa African Studies Review Vol. 52, No. 1 (Apr., 2009). African Studies Association pp. 125-156. online: (http://www.jstor.org.ezproxy.jyu.fi/stable/27667425) [Accessed 29.10.2015] Semu, Linda (2002) Kamuzu's Mbumba: Malawi Women's Embeddedness to Culture in the Face of International Political Pressure and Internal Legal Change. 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Palgrave Macmillan. online: (https://books.google.fi/books?id=8g5HBQAAQBAJ&pg=PT25&lpg=PT25&dq=develop- ment+in+difficult+socio+political+contexts+fragile+failed+pa- riah&source=bl&ots=I3jSEFFePl&sig=6sHQAAbqV81SLI2pSlHNB2dqAlI&hl=fi&sa=X&ved=0CD AQ6AEwAmoVChMIxYielvbfyAIVg38aCh3nNgWM#v=onepage&q=development%20in%20diffi- cult%20socio%20political%20contexts%20fragile%20failed%20pariah&f=false) [Accessed 27.11.2015] Leach, Joan (2000) Rhetorical analysis. Bauer, Martin W.; Gaskell, George (eds.) Qualitative Re- searching with text, image, and sound: a practical handbook. SAGE pp. 208–227 online: (http://dx.doi.org.ezproxy.jyu.fi/10.4135/9781849209731) [Accessed 10.3.2015] 113 Mazama, Ama (2005) Africana Womanism. Asante, Molefi K.; Mazama, Ama (eds.) Encyclopedia of Black Studies Thousand Oaks, Calif : SAGE Publications. pp. 57–58. online: (http://web.b.ebscohost.com.ezproxy.jyu.fi/ehost/detail?sid=c0d66919-0757-4877-9706- 8c0517781361@sessionmgr110&vid=0#AN=474261&db=nlebk) [Accessed 1.10.2014] Moran, Mary H. (2002) Uneasy images. Mayer, Tamar (ed.): Gender ironies of nationalism: Sexing the Nation. London; New York: Routledge. online:(http://web.a.ebsco- host.com.ezproxy.jyu.fi/ehost/ebookviewer/ebook/bmxlYmtfXzcwNTk3X19BTg2?sid=a719e80c- 1a85-4887-9125-b274e6e9dfc7@sessionmgr4005&vid=0&format=EB&lpid=lp_III&) [Accessed 28.9.2015] Ouzgane, Lahoucine; Morrel, Robert (2005) African Masculinities: introduction. Ouzgane, Lahoucine; Morrel, Robert (eds.) 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Like this:Like Loading... View latest posts 10 Apr Art, History Object of the month: Rubber alphabet set Sometimes objects from the past can remind us of processes that we take for granted. Before the days of word processing, or even photocopiers, printing was a very 'hands-on' business. Small letterpress printshops provided a service if you needed multiple copies of something, but what if you needed a one-off item on the spot? This month's object could have been the answer, as curator Henrietta shares. Printing set, 1930s-40s The Taylor family ran a grocery shop in West Bromwich Street, Walsall, from the 1930s onwards. When they needed a notice to highlight a special offer or new product, they used this printing kit. The Taylor family shop in Walsall, 1930s The kit contains rubber stamps, covering the alphabet and a range of symbols and phrases that a shop might need, from 'Special Value' to 'Finest Quality'. The kit, along with ink pads and another set of rubber alphabet stamps, remained in the family until the Taylors' granddaughter donated them to Winterbourne. Florence Taylor with a cuppa, 1930s The kit has been heavily used, and one or two blocks are missing. However, it would still be perfectly usable today. This kit was built to last.
Creating a well-structured and well-organized learning environment is one of the important aspects for every child with special needs. File folders are one of the best ways to create an engaging and efficient classroom system. In this blog post, we will be sharing some of the creative and engaging ways to utilize files and folders, which will create a positive and engaging learning environment in your autism classroom. Before moving to the topic, can we ask you a question? Do you follow us on Social Media? We regularly share upgraded educational content, tips, feedback, and more. Check us out by clicking the profiles here - Facebook / Twitter / LinkedIn / Pinterest / Instagram / YouTube So, without any further delay, let's get started. Fun & Engaging Use of File Folders in Your Special Education Classroom 1. Creating Interactive Learning Center Creating an Interactive Learning center with the help of a file folder is one of the effective ways to engage students with fun games and activities. By utilizing file folder games in your classroom not only engages students but also gives them educational benefits. File folders games can help students to improve or develop skills like- problem-solving, matching, and sorting. Additionally, it also helps in differentiating instruction for center activities in the classroom. 2. Creating Independent Work Stations If you are looking to develop a student's independent skills, persistence, and endurance then creating individual workstations is one of the best ways. With the use of file folders, you can create independent workstations for students, which allows them to complete given tasks without any of their peers or teacher's help. Additionally, during this time you can work with a small group of students or with individual students to acquire data for your IEP goals. Learn some of the fun sensory activities for your autistic kids in a special education classroom: 3. Provide Visual Support Toolkit Visual support is one of the most effective ways to support children with autism in their learning. You can introduce your children with autism with- "Choice boards", "I Feel The Need" charts like visual support, which will help children with autism to understand expectations and reduce their stress level and anxiety. 4. Create Communication Stations You can utilize file folders to create an individualized and personalized communication station for your children with autism. You can create a communication station with different and unique colors for each of the students where they can collect and store their communication-related visuals. 5. Give Instructions In Small Groups You can incorporate file folder activities by forming smaller groups of students for maximum benefit is also one of the most effective teaching strategies. By identifying the learning needs of each student and who has similar IEP goals, you can form a small instruction group for their benefit. For example- While you are teaching students certain vocabulary, then you can instruct them to practice those vocabularies together as a group using vocabulary file folders. 6. Create an IEP Goals Folder Finally, the last way to use file folders in your autism classroom is for their IEP goals! Take each student's goals and type them out in simple terms that the student can understand. Then glue each goal to a separate file folder. Have all materials that you need to practice that goal in the folder for staff to easily be able to pull to practice. Every time the student practices the goal, put a sticker in a box under it and mark it with a star when they master that goal. This is a good way to help students take some accountability for their goals as well. One of the best utilization of file folders is to create IEP goals for every student. You can put each and every student's unique IEP goals in an easier-to-understand language for students in file folders. You can glue each of the goals in the file folders into separate file folders. Whenever any student picks and practices any IEP goals, you must mark it as complete and that they have mastered them. This is also a good way to make sure that students are more accountable for achieving those goals. 7. Teaching Life Skills Life skills are one of the essential skills that every student should learn, especially for children with autism. However, it's not possible to teach and learn every life skill in the school but you can help them to learn what to do in various situations when it happens by giving them hypothetical situations and scenarios. You can provide them the file folder which contains, how to cross the road, etiquette to maintain in public places, how to eat in restaurants, etc. File Folder Is The Key To Make Autistic Classroom Engaging Children with autism already face many challenges in their academic journey. However, as a responsible special education teacher you must find a way to make the learning environment engaging, interactive, and conducive learning environment. One of the best ways is by using file folders. Utilize all the above-mentioned engaging ways of using file folders to make the learning more engaging. Additionally, if you want to learn various ways to make learning more engaging and interactive for your children with autism then consider pursuing courses like online Special Education certificate programs, where you will get guidance from top expert trainers, which will also help you to become one of the effective special education teachers in the education industry. We believe education should be accessible for everyone. That's why we don't charge for our blogs. Find the right course that will help you in your career with us, contact us at - 1800–212–6400. You can mail us at email@example.com. Written By : Abhishek
People frequently get confused in ReactJS and React Native, and vice-versa, because of their similar names. ReactJS and React Native are fundamentally different and serve different purposes. These two technologies are beneficial for creating scalable online and mobile solutions. Facebook created both of these to make it easier to create online and mobile user experiences with JavaScript. Although there are some similarities between the two, it is critical that you thoroughly grasp them and what they include so that you can make a well-informed choice when choosing one of the two for your project. In terms of popularity, React is utilized and liked by more than 41% of developers worldwide. On the contrary, React Native is preferred by 32% of software developers globally. Both options are popular, making a choice between them more difficult than expected. Let's scroll to find out about these two amazing platforms, features, pros & cons, major differences, and even similarities. ReactJS is an open-source front-end programming library created and launched by Facebook in 2011. It is widely used to create feature-rich, responsive, fast, and user-friendly mobile and online apps. Additionally, it allows them to automate the design process. It is one of the most popular libraries for creating user interfaces (UI) for web and mobile apps, and it has grown in popularity since then. ReactJS developers can simply integrate plugins or libraries into their existing code. Additionally, it makes it possible for them to create straightforward, quick, and scalable web apps. The introduction of React in front-end programming brings back much-needed server-side logic. Because the library is based on JavaScript, developers have access to a vibrant community of participants who have developed a massive environment of tools to make an engineer's task simpler. It includes React Developer Tools (inspection of component hierarchies in the vDOM) and React Sight (visualization of component hierarchy tree). React is an open-source JavaScript toolkit that is frequently used to create applications that look and feel native on platforms such as iOS, Android, and Universal Windows Platform (UWP). Mark Zuckerberg vowed in 2012 that Facebook would provide a better mobile experience, which inspired the development of React Native. This platform was created in response to the increasing demand for high-calibre cross-platform programming, following React. Mobile app developers can save a ton of time using React Native because their team won't have to split its efforts between developing apps for iOS, Android, Windows, and other platforms. Most of the JavaScript code might be reused and improved with native modules or code. React Native is one of the most widely utilized technologies, according to the Stack Overflow poll 2020, with 58% of respondents stating they had developed mobile apps using React Native. ReactJS & React Native are two popular platforms, and as we stated ut vary significantly and so does its working process. Let's find out how both of these technologies work. React works by deconstructing the user interface (UI) into reusable parts, like forms or buttons. It reduces performance bottlenecks by efficiently updating only the areas of a web page that change through the use of a Virtual DOM. React takes a declarative approach, in which developers express how the UI should look based on the data, and React handles updates immediately when the information updates. This makes creating interactive web apps easier and more manageable by incorporating state management for dynamic content and handling events for user interactions. React Native is a mobile app development platform that lets programmers write code in either JavaScript or TypeScript. It ensures a native appearance and feel on iOS and Android by using native components for the user interface. When necessary, a bridge that joins native modules and JavaScript logic allows access to platform-specific functionality. Developers can reuse a large percentage of their software across platforms, making it an effective tool for cross-platform mobile app development. Aspect \| ReactJS \| React Native \| Meaning \| It is a JavaScript library for building user interfaces for web applications. \| It is a framework for building mobile applications using JavaScript and React. \| Top Features \| The top features of this Javascript library include Virtual DOM, Component-Based Architecture, and JSX syntax. \| The top features of React Native are Cross-Platform Development, Native UI Components, and Hot Reloading. \| Core Technology \| The core technology includes JavaScript and Virtual DOM. \| The core technology includes JavaScript and Native Bridge. \| When to Use \| It is best suited for web applications and single-page applications with complex UIs and data-heavy apps. \| It is highly recommended for mobile application development, Native UI/UX, and cross-platform projects. \| Popular Companies \| Popular companies using ReactJS are Facebook, Airbnb, Netflix, and Instagram. \| Popular companies leveraging React Native are Facebook, Instagram, Uber, and Airbnb. \| Performance Optimization \| Optimizations like shouldComponentUpdate for improving rendering performance. \| Offers optimization techniques specific to mobile apps like using FlatList for efficient list rendering. \| Development \| Development environment setup involves web-related tools like Webpack. \| Development environment setup requires tools like Xcode for iOS and Android Studio for Android. \| Debugging \| Debugging primarily in web browser developer tools. \| Debugging involves both web debugging tools and platform-specific debugging tools. \| Testing \| Testing frameworks like Jest for unit and integration testing. \| Testing frameworks like Jest for unit testing and tools like Appium for mobile app testing. \| Community \| Large and active community with extensive documentation and resources. \| Growing community with resources specific to mobile app development. \| Learning Curve \| ReactJS has a steeper learning curve for beginners due to complex DOM concepts. \| React native has a moderate learning curve, especially for developers familiar with ReactJS. \| Deployment \| Deployment involves hosting web applications on servers or platforms like AWS, Netlify, etc. \| Deployment involves publishing apps to app stores like Apple App Store and Google Play Store. \| Performance \| Typically faster for web applications due to direct DOM manipulation. \| Offers near-native performance for mobile apps, leveraging native components. \| UI/UX Design \| Design considerations focus on responsive web design principles. \| Design considerations involve adhering to platform-specific UI/UX guidelines for iOS and Android. \| Security \| ReactJS automatically prevents Cross-Site Scripting (XSS) attacks by escaping any user input rendered within JSX components. It means that user-generated content, such as script tags or HTML attributes, is treated as plain text and rendered as-is, for security. \| React Native leverages the same JSX syntax as ReactJS, which inherently provides XSS prevention by escaping user input within UI components. \| ReactJS is the ideal library for you if you want to create a stunning user interface for your project. ReactJS can run on the client side and be rendered on the server side. ReactJS gives developers more alternatives to work with when building core abstractions, in addition to increasing their efficiency. In summary, it works well for both higher-level items like dropdown menus and lower-level elements like clickable buttons. React Native uses an alternative strategy to increase developer productivity. React Native's fundamental development elements are reusable native components. These parts are directly compiled into native code. React native stands out from other mobile app development frameworks because the app will have the incredible appearance, feel, performance, and speed of a native app. Moreover, React Native programmers can effortlessly incorporate native scripts like Java, Swift, and Objective-C into the framework to obtain a personalized appearance. React is a library written in JavaScript. React focuses on leveraging JavaScript to create user-friendly web interfaces. Thus, all you need to do to become an expert at ReactJS is study and comprehend JavaScript. In due course, you can become a React developer if you have the necessary technical documentation expertise. React Native is a framework for making mobile user experiences with ReactJS. It also employs declarative components like React and has several advantages because it inherits all of ReactJS' functionality. React Native isn't a pure JavaScript framework. It integrates code written in C++, Objective-C, Objective-C++, and Java. ReactJS is a Javascript library because it primarily focuses on one aspect of development: building user interfaces. It provides a collection of reusable UI components and tools for efficiently rendering them within web applications. Developers have the flexibility to integrate ReactJS into existing projects and use it alongside other libraries and tools as needed. In contrast, React Native is considered a framework because it offers a comprehensive set of tools, libraries, and conventions for building mobile applications. While React Native is built on top of ReactJS principles, it provides additional functionality and abstractions specifically tailored for mobile development. React Native comes with built-in support for features like navigation, gesture handling, and accessing native device APIs, streamlining the development process for mobile apps. ReactJS is known for its simplicity and ease of use, making it accessible to developers of all skill levels. Its component-based architecture encourages modularization and code reuse, making it straightforward to build complex user interfaces by composing smaller, reusable components. Additionally, ReactJS has a vast ecosystem of documentation, tutorials, and community support, making it easy for developers to find resources and get help when needed. React Native aims to provide a smooth development experience for building mobile applications, with a focus on developer productivity and efficiency. It offers a familiar ReactJS syntax and component-based architecture, allowing web developers to transition to mobile app development seamlessly. However, it is a bit complex to use and learn for beginner developers as compared to ReactJS. The development environment for ReactJS typically involves using web-related tools such as Node.js, npm, and bundlers like Webpack or Parcel. Developers write ReactJS code using a text editor or Integrated Development Environment (IDE) of their choice. The simplicity of the ReactJS ecosystem allows developers to quickly get started with building web applications without needing extensive setup or configuration. ReactJS offers fast performance for web applications, thanks to its efficient rendering with the virtual DOM. By updating only the components that have changed, ReactJS minimizes unnecessary DOM manipulations and re-renders, resulting in smoother user experiences and improved performance. However, since ReactJS applications run in web browsers, their performance may be affected by factors such as browser compatibility, device capabilities, and network conditions. React Native provides near-native performance for mobile applications by rendering native UI components using platform-specific APIs. This approach allows React Native apps to achieve performance levels. Additionally, React Native's architecture enables it to leverage the GPU (Graphics Processing Unit) for rendering UI components, resulting in faster load times. While React Native's performance may vary on factors like hardware and complexity, it generally offers excellent performance. React and React Native have several immediately identifiable aspects, despite being two completely different technologies. React and React Native share several important similarities, including being open source and being products of the same company, Meta. Furthermore, the foundation of both React and React Native is the concept of modular, composable components that can be assembled to form user interfaces. To improve the efficiency of the application, they both make use of a virtual DOM to simplify modifications to the real DOM. The following are some other areas where React and React Native are similar: So, you may now have a better understanding of these two seemingly unrelated platforms: React and React Native. React and React Native, as we stated at the beginning of the article, are two distinct technologies created for various use cases, although they share comparable development ideas or processes. React Native is the full framework, whereas React is essentially a JavaScript library. React is frequently a better option for developing online applications, but React Native is better for developing mobile applications. All technologies, nevertheless, have unique benefits of their own and are useful for a range of tasks. It all comes down to the precise needs and guidelines of the project you're working on in the end. So, select the appropriate one based on your needs. If you are seeking the best web development solutions, feel free to reach out to KrishaWeb. Our experts can understand your needs and provide the most appropriate solutions. React Native is an excellent choice for mobile app development when you want to build cross-platform applications that offer native-like performance and user experience. It's suitable for projects where you need to target both iOS and Android platforms with a single codebase, streamline development efforts, and leverage device-specific features. ReactJS is ideal for building dynamic and interactive user interfaces for web applications. It's suitable for projects where you want to create single-page applications (SPAs), complex UIs with reusable components, and applications that require frequent data updates without full-page reloads. The choice between ReactJS and React Native depends on your project requirements. Choose ReactJS for web development projects targeting browsers and SPAs, and React Native for mobile app development targeting iOS and Android platforms. If you need to support both web and mobile platforms, you may consider using both technologies in combination. Both ReactJS and React Native can be suitable for enterprise-based apps, depending on the specific needs of the project. ReactJS is commonly used for building internal dashboards, admin panels, and data-driven web applications within enterprises. React Native, on the other hand, is preferred for developing customer-facing mobile apps that offer native experiences and access to device features. Subscribe to our newsletter and learn about the latest digital trends.
The world of hummingbirds is a testament to the diversity and wonders of the natural world. There are over 350 different species found throughout the Americas, from Alaska to Tierra del Fuego, each with unique characteristics and behaviours. They shine and dazzle; they pollinate and migrate and their unique adaptations and behaviours make them a mesmerizing group of birds that captivate and intrigue researchers and birdwatchers around the world. Join Carol Matthews and VARC as she takes you on a mesmerizing exploration into the world of hummingbirds. Made possible by Wild Birds Unlimited and the Vancouver Botanical Gardens Association for Vancouver Bird Celebration. Wild Birds Unlimited – Nature Shop Vancouver Wild Birds Unlimited – Nature Shop North Vancouver Instructor's Bio Carol Matthews Carol was born in Hertfordshire, north of London, England and developed a very early interest in birds. After a successful career in financial services, Carol founded the Vancouver Avian Research Centre Society (VARC), a Registered Canadian Charity dedicated to wild bird research, conservation and education. A passionate ornithologist and conservationist; Carol is the Executive Director of the Vancouver Avian Research Centre, and dedicates her time to raising awareness of the environmental issues facing our birds and other wildlife. With her husband Derek, they have traveled extensively birding throughout the world in over 85 countries and have a life list of over 5,500 species and developed World Bird Traveler (https://worldbirdtraveler.com/who-we-are/ ) as a resource to help birders plan birding trips worldwide. Carol enjoys sharing her knowledge and enthusiasm for birds and the environment with others, and this can be seen from the many testimonials from participants in the workshops that she teaches and at other VARC events. She is also known as an entertaining educator and charismatic speaker who addresses groups across the country on issues relating to birds and the environment. Online pre-registration is required. Photo: Josephine Hrynkiw
VOC testing refers to the process of measuring and analyzing volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in various substances or environments. VOCs are a diverse group of chemicals that easily evaporate at room temperature and can be found in many common products, including paints, adhesives, cleaning agents, and fuels. Here are some key aspects of VOC testing Indoor Air Quality Assessment: VOC testing is crucial for evaluating and monitoring indoor air quality. Elevated levels of VOCs in indoor environments can contribute to poor air quality and potential health issues such as respiratory irritation, allergies, and long-term effects on human health. Testing helps identify the presence and concentration of VOCs to ensure a healthier indoor environment. Source Identification: VOC testing helps identify specific sources of VOC emissions in indoor spaces. By pinpointing the materials or products that contribute to VOC levels, appropriate measures can be taken to mitigate or eliminate the sources of VOCs and reduce exposure. Regulatory Compliance VOC emissions from certain products or industries are regulated by governmental agencies to protect public health and the environment. VOC testing ensures compliance with these regulations, enabling businesses to meet legal requirements and contribute to environmental sustainability.
Causes & Treatment Can you get pregnant with endometriosis? Yes, but here are 7 things to know Jessie Day, in partnership with TFP Fertility \| 22 Mar 2024 For women navigating fertility challenges, it's estimated that endometriosis is prevalent in around 30-50 per cent of cases. It may be one of the most common fertility hurdles, but we're super-keen to emphasise that it isn't necessarily the end of the road. From testing to treatment, and everything in-between, the earlier we can diagnose and treat endometriosis, the better the outcomes when trying to conceive. That's clear in the numbers, and in the treatment room. Life has a way of screwing up our timings and plans, however, and with access to testing still suboptimal, and family planning on very different timelines, in 2024 it just isn't always possible to get that early diagnosis and treatment in place. Can you still get pregnant with endometriosis? Yes. But there are a few crucial factors to take into account, and work with. Picking up with us on this super-high priority topic today is reproductive specialist Dr. Marco Gaudoin, Medical Director at TFP Fertility. Catch his webinar here with TRB founder Eloise, and pick and choose from the highlights in our deep-dive Q&A, starting with the all-important one – is it possible to get pregnant with endometriosis? And if so, what should we know when planning a pregnancy? 1. Our number one question – can you get pregnant with endometriosis? Yes, but there are several factors to bear in mind, if you're in the planning stages. It's really important to emphasise that the sooner you have fertility treatment, the younger you're going to be, and the better your chances of having a baby. So if you think you may have endometriosis, seek expert support as soon as you can. I'll dive straight into the medical management of endo and fertility outcomes, here (keep reading for my notes on natural conception). When it comes to infertility treatment, there's unfortunately no place for medical suppression of endometriosis. While effective for pain management, in fertility terms suppression means a delay in treatment, and age, as we know, is so important. Surgery itself is contentious. If you have pain, then surgery has a place. But otherwise by waiting for surgery, all you're doing is getting older. IUI may have a place with stage 1 or stage 2 endometriosis, but only really in women who are using donor sperm. And with stage 3 and stage 4, even if using donor sperm, IVF treatment has the best outcomes. 2. What about getting pregnant naturally? My number one guideline here is to assume nothing – women with endometriosis can and do conceive naturally, but the disease does also present significant challenges, when planning to have a baby. If you think (or know) you have endometriosis, seek help sooner rather than later, because the younger you are when you have fertility treatment, the more successful it's likely to be. For stage 1 or stage 2 disease, where pain is the primary symptom, you could still conceive naturally. But unfortunately, each month you're trying, you're getting that much older. It's a real dilemma, because the NHS requires you to try naturally for two years before you can get access to fertility treatment. And in that time, your early stage endometriosis may simply be getting worse. I see this as a bonkers sort of approach, because with severe endometriosis, the chances of getting pregnant naturally are minimal. So as I said (and it really does bear repeating!), the sooner you have fertility treatment, the younger you're going to be, and the better your chances of having a baby. 3. Can I get pregnant with an endometriosis cyst? In general, cysts themselves don't make conception more difficult. However, if the underlying cause of the cyst is endometriosis, this does affect your chances of conception. For example, an endometriotic cyst located on your ovary may also affect your fallopian tube, and even be classed as stage 3 or 4 (severe) endometriosis. You can remove an endometriosis cyst, with what we call a cystectomy. The risk here is that you're inevitably going to remove good ovarian tissue as well, which for fertility, we want to avoid. Keen to discuss a cyst, treatment or endo in general? Skip straight to TFP Fertility for expert support and nationwide availability. 4. What should I know about surgery? Again, surgery is a contentious topic in fertility. One of the key issues is the wait time involved, especially on the NHS, because delay and age are a real concern. Traditional surgery is also invasive, and this can have a negative impact on fertility. Sclerotherapy is a newer approach, and one which may have real benefits – you're injecting alcohol into the endometriosis, rather than stripping it out and risking damage to the uterine tissue. The best approach when it comes to surgery, is to seek out a gynaecologist who has a proven track record in endometriosis surgery and the very latest techniques, such as sclerotherapy. 5. And what about conception after surgery – do I need to allow recovery time? It depends on the extent of the surgery and the recovery your physician sets in place. But in general, the sooner you can have fertility treatment after your surgery, the better. This is because, sadly, endometriosis just marches on. The longer you leave it, the more likely it is to recur. 6. Can endometriosis resolve itself? Pregnancy does suppress endometriosis, mainly because of high progesterone levels through the course of the pregnancy. However, menopause is the only ultimate stop on endometriosis. With menopause, you don't have that monthly hormonal stimulation from oestrogen that is causing the endometriosis to proliferate. 7. How should I go about the endo conversation with my doctor – anything specific I should ask for? Great question! In your appointment, my advice is to go with something like: "I'm really concerned that I might have endometriosis, and I know that endometriosis has an impact on my fertility, so please refer me accordingly." Your doctor should then discuss your symptoms, and work with you towards a referral or support as quickly as possible. Time really is the crucial factor here, so feel free to stress the urgency, and any or all of the aspects covered in our webinar. Next steps Endometriosis isn't a hard stop on fertility, but it does require expert support and guidance, as well as a thorough understanding of your timescales, by your GP or fertility team. Get the ball rolling, with these to-dos: - Find out more about endometriosis with expert fertility support and book a session with TFP Fertility today (whether it's with Dr. Marco Gaudoin in Glasgow or another of their world-leading team from across the UK) - Catch our medical director's endometriosis and fertility tool kit – from age factor to specialist treatment, the role of diet and more - Read TFP Fertility patient Annabelle Jones' real life success story, covering solo mamahood, endometriosis, keeping hope, and getting started (and find her on Insta)
Modelling the design and implementation of urban water infrastructure (particularly decentralised systems) for strategic planning and policymaking requires detailed information of the spatial environment and quantitative knowledge of social preferences. Currently available models, however, mostly use land use, population and impervious cover data without much regard for detailed urban form or society. This study develops an algorithm for determining urban form from minimal spatial data input by incorporating local planning regulations. The interaction between urban form and implementation of lot-scale infiltration systems under different social, biophysical and climate constraints is then investigated, firstly by looking at how this varies in different residential land uses and subsequently in a case study of a typical Melbourne residential subdivision of mixed land uses. Feasibility of infiltration and its downstream impact (runoff volume, frequency and pollution) were assessed for a range of social preferences (quantified as allowable garden space) and climate scenarios (30 % increase/decrease in rainfall and evapotranspiration). Performance indicators were determined through long-term simulation with the MUSIC software. Results show how different biophysical, planning, social and climate conditions affect infiltration feasibility as well as system performance. High infiltrating soils, for example, allow smaller, well-performing and socially less-imposing systems. Low infiltrating soils lead to larger system sizes, occupy much of the allotment's garden space, but nevertheless provide the benefit of runoff frequency reduction. Overall, climate impact was not significant except for areas with poorly infiltrating soils. 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Engineers Australia, Sydney, Australia Wong THF, Allen R, Beringer J, Brown RR, Deletic A, Fletcher TD, Gangadharan L, Gernjak W, Jakob C, O'Loan T, Reeder M, Tapper N, Walsh C (2012) blueprint 2012 - Stormwater Management in a Water Sensitive City. The Centre for Water Sensitive Cities, Melbourne, Australia This research is part of a project funded by the EU Framework Programme 7 PREPARED: Enabling Change. This research is also partly funded by the Australian Government's Department of Industry Innovation, Science and Research. Author information Authors and Affiliations Corresponding author Rights and permissions About this article Cite this article Bach, P.M., Deletic, A., Urich, C. et al. Modelling Interactions Between Lot-Scale Decentralised Water Infrastructure and Urban Form – a Case Study on Infiltration Systems. Water Resour Manage 27, 4845–4863 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11269-013-0442-9 Issue Date: DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11269-013-0442-9
Have you ever had that feeling that someone or… something is in the room with you? By all accounts, you should be alone. Yet you can't shake that feeling that the shadows are darker than you remember. That something is moving just out of the corner of your eye. For our protagonist, Hugh Orlock, this feeling is becoming all too real. Watch Travis McNutt making The Night Shift Relationships between humans are complicated. They are ubiquitous, unpredictable, and sometimes invisible. We have our own network with people around us, similar to the ways that trees use their roots and fungal networks to transfer signals and nutrients under the soil. However, those communications are not always positive. In fact, oppression and manipulation happen in inconspicuous ways, which may end up in great loss. In this project, I use "roots" as a metaphor to show the invisible links that can suck nutrients (happiness, energy, dignity…) from others. – Learn about the making of Root on Ziying Yi's website Mental health issues are often intangible, complex, and can be difficult to discuss. They can create an adverse impact on anyone's life; and by anyone I am specifically referring to a successful mongoose, a god-slayer, an eccentric mechanic, and a cactus. Even these oddballs struggle everyday trying to cope with depression, anxiety, and other mental ailments that can often be crippling. Bodacious Bonkor Ball is a stylized 3d animation which aims to show the struggles of mental health issues through the lens of surreal humor and bizarre characters who parody various video game genres and tropes. See Colin Moreland's video about the making of Bodacious Bonkor Ball Happy Lane is a psychological horror game that takes place in China. The game is a semester-long collaborative project by Art&Tech BFA student William Yuan and Design MFA student Jiaxing Gao. The game strives to capture the experience of a domestic abuse victim, named Ningchuan, in a 1st-person perspective. As Ningchuan, the player navigates a ghostly childhood home and a mysterious mental hospital. Ningchuan must investigate by finding artifacts and solving numerous puzzles in the environment in order to move on. Also hunted by a supernatural threat, Ningchuan's only hope of escape lies in discovering the terrible truth that has been long hidden from him. – Learn more about the Happy Lane video game on Will Yuan's website What is a toy? When you are a kid, a toy is a tool for developing imagination, narrative, and communication skills. The toys we choose help us to build stories. They are a reflection of our interests, personalities, and furthermore can be a precursor to the kind of person we will become. My artist toy series is a self-reflection collage. As an artist I am inspired by fantasy and invested in narrative forms and world-building. As a person, I use fantasy to escape from the negative feelings and qualities of my everyday life. Combining these ideas, I've created other-worldly characters in the form of toys to represent the many different aspects of myself. Each toy has their own story, tied to my own. My hope is that the viewers will be able to see parts of themselves in these characters and reconnect with their childhood selves. – Learn more about Nano Crane on Pen Anders' website Love, Me is a continuing community project that is comprised of collections of short stories based on submitted advice. As of December 2021, the series features three self-publihsed comic books and twenty-three originally designed, featured animal characters. More information about the Love, Me comic book on Sydney Kit's Website A Leaf Story is inspired by my own life – my long-distance friendships and difficulty with being so far away from family. It is the introduction of a larger story about the bond formed between two leaves and the challenges they face as their branches grow in different directions. While the story in its entirety is an acknowledgement of the unpredictability of life, this portion is reminiscent of childhood as we see the young leaf experience friendship and the world around him for the first time. See the video about how and why Ally Sedlock made a leaf story What is an optical illusion? For decades, people have taken advantage of the shortcuts our brain makes to process visual information to create intriguing and confusing images. The works of MC Escher are a prime example, manipulating lines and shade to create impossible, but seemingly realistic 3D forms. These images delight me with their ability to fool the eye with such simplicity. Title is a 3D animation that explores the boundaries of 2D and 3D using optical illusions. By adding time and camera movement into the classic 2D illusions, a balancing act is created to preserve the illusion and take the viewer through a playful visual experience. – See how Alice Jiang made Optical Illusions and Where to Find Them. Centering around the relationship between a young Taiwanese-American girl and her grandmother, Painted Connection was formed from my own experience as an Asian American. Travelling to Taiwan has always been a comfort for my parents, but for me there is a feeling of excitement, fear, and most of all, imposter syndrome. When I'm surrounded by family I blank out, unable to communicate with anyone. As a child, the overwhelming disconnect left me feeling rejected by my culture. Although I felt a disconnection from my surroundings, there's always one room I could count on to put me in awe, my grandparent's art room. I've come to realize that it isn't necessary to fully understand something to appreciate its beauty. See how Amanda Hsieh created Painted Connection Proelia started as a sport/game inside the world of Avalon, a novel series I am in the process of writing. Since being an author and an artist are extremely important to me, Proelia was the natural choice as my senior exhibition project. See how Rustin Petrae created his game Proelia Felicity is a 2d animation that reimagines Madame d'Aulnoy's The Isle of Happiness through the eyes of its heroine and seeks to challenge gender-conforming roles in classic fairytales. The animation is projected onto two opposing walls and invades the space of the viewer by flowing back and forth between the opposite ends of the room. This work uses moving imagery to challenge the language barrier of the original text. Long, superfluous speeches and romantic declarations are removed but themes of fairytale marvel and comradery remain universally understandable. – Learn more about the making of Felicity on Olivia Luo's website The Art of Augustus is a continuation and exploration of my original comic titled Augustus. This project initially started as a simple world building exercise but soon developed into a passion project that uses visual storytelling to develop the world of Augustus further. This work aims to create a believable landscape and reality that continues to tell the story of my comic purely through visual development and concept art. Focusing on the process of creating a world, this book will give insight on my ideas, sketches, and initial hesitations when I started to create this new reality. I also put my emotions and aspirations within this project. The world that I build in this project reflects on my fears, dilemmas, and passion for art. – Joshua Lee Angel is a series of illustrations representing natural disasters caused by humans. It imagines a future, in which humans have developed a humanoid weapon for a war that goes missing. After that, planetary disasters are increasingly severe. The semi-mechanical, semi-biological monster, which does not know where it comes from, always appears in the scene of various disasters. No one knows whether these disasters are natural or caused by this monster. But it was recognized that the monster looked like "Angel", a humanoid weapon lost in a world war long ago… – Sifei Miao
How to Write Unique and Mind-Blowing Essays: A Comprehensive Guide for Students Essay writing is a fundamental part of any student's education. Yet, the process of crafting engaging and unique essays can often be challenging, leaving students in a cloud of confusion and frustration. This article aims to provide a step-by-step guide to help students navigate through this process and produce essays that are not only unique but also mind-blowing. Understanding What Makes an Essay Unique and Mind-blowing A unique essay is one that sets itself apart. It displays originality in thought, presents an uncommon argument or thesis statement, and exhibits a non-generic structure and style. On the other hand, a mind-blowing essay takes the reader on an intellectual journey. It engages readers from the start, introduces thought-provoking ideas, and concludes powerfully, leaving a lasting impression. Pre-writing Strategies Before writing an essay, pre-writing strategies can help generate unique ideas. Techniques like brainstorming, mind mapping, and free writing encourage the flow of ideas. Alongside, research is vital. Consulting reliable sources, taking notes, and organizing the information forms a strong foundation for your essay. Pre-writing is an essential phase in the essay-writing process. It is the stage where you brainstorm ideas, explore potential topics, organize your thoughts, and develop a plan for your essay. Below are some effective pre-writing strategies, each illustrated with examples: 1. Brainstorming Brainstorming involves generating as many ideas as possible without worrying about their feasibility or relevance. The goal is to unlock your creative thinking and let your thoughts flow freely. For instance, if you are writing an essay on "The Impact of Technology on Education," you might jot down ideas like online learning, MOOCs, learning apps, virtual reality in education, AI tutors, and digital textbooks. Some ideas might seem too broad or too narrow at first, but this process will help you discover various possibilities. 2. Mind Mapping Mind mapping is a visual brainstorming technique. It helps you explore connections between ideas and organize your thoughts around a central concept. Start by writing your main idea in the center of a page, then draw branches to related subtopics or points. In the case of the essay topic above, you would put "Impact of Technology on Education" in the center of your map. From there, you might branch out to different areas like "Advantages" (e.g., accessibility, interactive learning) and "Disadvantages" (e.g., digital divide, lack of personal interaction). Each of these areas would further branch out to more specific points. 3. Free Writing Free writing involves writing continuously for a set amount of time without worrying about grammar, spelling, or punctuation. The aim is to let your thoughts flow freely and overcome writer's block. For example, if you're struggling to start your essay on "Climate Change and Its Effects," set a timer for 10 minutes and start writing anything that comes to mind about climate change. Don't worry about sentence structure or logical flow at this point. You might find that this exercise sparks ideas you hadn't considered before. 4. Researching Your Topic No matter how much you know about a topic, research is crucial to gain a deeper understanding and find evidence to support your points. Make sure to use reliable sources, such as academic journals, reputable news outlets, and authoritative websites. For instance, if you're writing about "The Future of Renewable Energy," you'll want to look up recent studies on renewable energy technologies, government policies, public opinion surveys, and expert predictions. As you research, take detailed notes and record your sources for citation. These pre-writing strategies can significantly streamline your writing process and lead to a more organized, coherent, and detailed essay. By spending adequate time on this sta Writing a distinctive and creative introduction for an essay can set the tone for the rest of your work, make a strong first impression, and pique the reader's interest. Here are some strategies: - Start with a Hook: An interesting fact, question, or statement can immediately draw in the reader. You might use a striking statistic, a provocative question, or a bold assertion. Just ensure it's directly related to the topic at hand. - Tell a Story or Anecdote: This method works particularly well for more personal essays, but can also be used to introduce topics in a compelling and relatable way. For instance, if you're writing about the impacts of climate change, you could start by describing a specific event or personal experience related to this issue. - Use Vivid Imagery: If you can paint a picture with words, you can create a powerful image in your reader's mind right from the start. This technique helps to make the introduction memorable. - Present a Quotation: This can be a quote from a famous person, a piece of literature, or a scholarly work. Ensure the quote is relevant to your topic and allows you to build upon it in your discussion. - Contrast and Comparison: Begin by contrasting two opposing views or comparing similar situations. This can highlight the complexity or controversy of the topic you're about to delve into. - Pose a Provocative Question: Questions naturally draw readers in, making them want to find out the answer. The question should be thought-provoking and related to your essay's thesis. - Define a Key Term: If your essay revolves around a particular concept or term, starting with its definition can create a solid foundation. Try to do this in a unique way to keep it interesting. - Start with a Paradox: Begin with a statement that seems contradictory or absurd, but is actually true, or at least provokes thought. Remember that no matter which strategy you choose, the introduction should always provide some insight into what the rest of the essay will be about. Your introduction should always connect to your thesis statement, setting the stage for the arguments you'll make in the body of your essay. Examples of Unique and Catchy Introduction for Student Essays 1. Title: The Power of Music Introduction: "Have you ever noticed how a particular song can stir emotions, revive forgotten memories, and even inspire action? The power of music extends far beyond mere entertainment; it's an unspoken universal language that resonates with our souls. Let's dive deep into this melodic journey to understand why music, in every beat and every note, is so profoundly influential." Punchline: "In every beat and every note, music wields an undeniable power." 2. Title: The Climate Change Crisis Introduction: "Imagine waking up one day to find your hometown submerged underwater, a consequence of melting polar ice caps. It sounds like a scene from a dystopian movie, but this is a reality looming over us due to the ongoing climate change crisis. Let's explore how we got here and what we can do to prevent this potential apocalypse." Punchline: "This is not science fiction; it's our potential future if we don't address climate change." 3. Title: The Impact of Social Media Introduction: "If you've spent the last hour scrolling through this essay on your smartphone, you're a testament to the revolution brought forth by social media. It's astonishing how these platforms have redefined communication and impacted our lives in just over a decade. Let's dissect the influence of social media and understand its effects on our society." Punchline: "In the realm of clicks, likes, and shares, we're living the social media revolution." 4. Title: Artificial Intelligence: Friend or Foe? Introduction: "From voice assistants that play our favorite songs to autonomous cars that drive us to our destinations, artificial intelligence (AI) is rapidly transforming our world. While AI holds tremendous potential for advancement, it also raises unsettling questions about job security, privacy, and even our definition of humanity. It's time to ponder: Is AI our ally in progress or a threat camouflaged in binary code?" Punchline: "In the world of ones and zeroes, we're standing at the crossroads of AI advancement and human identity." 5. Title: The Silent Power of Introverts Introduction: "In a world that can't stop talking, there's an unsung hero – the introvert. While often overlooked or misunderstood, introverts possess a quiet power that's critical to our society. They're the thinkers, the innovators, the steady hands steering our world from behind the scenes. This essay shines a spotlight on introverts, unraveling their unique strengths and their role in our extraverted society." Punchline: "In the silent corners of society, introverts are the unsung heroes shaping our world." ge, you can ensure that you have a solid foundation before you start drafting your essay. Crafting a Strong Thesis Statement At the heart of any essay is the thesis statement. This sentence encapsulates the main argument of your essay. A strong thesis statement is clear, focused, and debatable. To formulate a unique and compelling thesis statement, you need to pinpoint your main idea, take a stance, and ensure it's arguable. Developing a Unique Structure and Style While an essay should generally follow a standard structure – introduction, body paragraphs, and conclusion – adding unique elements can set your essay apart. You could experiment with creative introductions, varied paragraph structures, or unexpected conclusions. Furthermore, developing a unique writing style – through your voice and tone, word choice, and use of rhetorical devices – can make your essay distinctive. Drafting the Essay Now, you are ready to start writing. Your introduction should grab the reader's attention and introduce your thesis statement. Each body paragraph should start with a topic sentence, provide evidence and analysis to support your argument, and end with a transition sentence to the next paragraph. The conclusion should restate your thesis, summarize your points, and leave the reader with something to think about. Revising and Editing After drafting, take time to revise your essay. This involves checking if your ideas are clear and well-organized. Techniques like peer review, reading aloud, and using revision checklists can be helpful. Once you are happy with your content, edit for grammar, punctuation, and spelling. Remember, a well-written essay is not just about great ideas but also about clarity, coherence, and correct language usage. Writing unique and mind-blowing essays is a process that involves pre-writing, creating a strong thesis, adding uniqueness to the structure and style, drafting, and revising. Each step is critical and contributes to the development of a high-quality essay. With patience, practice, and persistence, you can certainly enhance your essay writing skills. Remember, every great writer started somewhere – keep pushing, keep writing, and let your essays blow minds!
Research and Science TruColostrum® is at the forefront of incorporating colostrum into new and innovative applications, guided by the latest research. With an extensive collection of over 5,000 studies shedding light on the science of bovine colostrum, and ongoing research delving into the safest and most advantageous applications for human and animal health, the industry is in a constant state of evolution. Presented below are selected clinical studies that emphasize key benefits contributing to a healthy lifestyle. Insulin-like Growth Factors (IGF-I & IGF-II) These growth factors are proteins that play an important role in human growth, both in children and adults. Epidermal Growth Factor (EGF) These growth factors aid in cell growth, proliferation, and differentiation. They also aid in repair of damaged tissues. Transforming Growth Factors (TGF) These growth factors work together to regulate cell growth in the intestines. They also aid with gastrointestinal repair, bone cartilage formation, and immunity. Macronutrients and Micronutrients Crafting Wellness Through the Perfect Blend of Nutrients* Essential Nutrients & Ions Amino Acids Colostrum Research Illuminating Paths to Optimal Health TruColostrum® is complete colostrum in its original form as nature intended. It is the only colostrum on the market that has been tested for ACTIVE antibodies and is never subjected to extractions, conversions, hydrogenations, homogenization, or fractionation. TruColostrum® is minimally processed with unrivaled biopotent technology. Azcarate-Peril MA, Ritter AJ, and Savaiano D, et al. Impact of short-chain galactooligosaccharides on the gut microbiome of lactose-intolerant individuals. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 2017;114:E367–E375. Barnard JA, Beauchamp RD, Russell WE, Dubois RN, and Coffey RJ. Epidermal growth factor-related peptides and their relevance to gastrointestinal pathophysiology. Gastroenterology. 1995;108:564–580. Belding ME, Klebanoff SJ, and Ray CG. Peroxidase-mediated virucidal systems. Science. 1970;9:195–196. Border WA and Noble NA. Targeting TGF-β for treatment of disease. Nat Med. 1995;1:1000–1001. Coffey RJ, Romano M, and Goldenring J. Roles for transforming growth factor-alpha in the stomach. J Clin Gastroenterol. 1995;21(Suppl 1):S36-S39. Cohen MS, Mao J, Rasmussen GT, Serody JS, and Britigan BE. Interaction of lactoferrin and lipopolysaccharide (LPS): effects of the antioxidant property of lactoferrin and the ability of LPS to prime human neutrophils for enhanced superoxide formation. J Infect Dis. 1992;166:1375–1378. CR Baumrucker and Blum JW. (1993) Secretion of insulin-like growth factors in milk and their effects on the neonate. Livest Prod Sci. 1993;35: 49–72. Francis GL, Upton FM, Ballard FJ, McNeil KA, and Wallace JC. Insulin-like growth factors 1 and 2 in bovine colostrum. Biochem J. 1988;251: 95–103. Gopal PK and Gill HS. Oligosaccharides and glycoconjugates in bovine milk and colostrum. Br J Nutr. 2000;84 Suppl 1:S69–S74. Hagiwara K, Kataoka S, Yamanaka H, Kirisawa R, and Iwai H. Detection of cytokines in bovine colostrum. Vet Immunol Immunopathol. 2000;76:183–190. Harmsen MC, Swart PJ, de Béthune MP, et al. Antiviral effects of plasma and milk proteins: Lactoferrin shows potent activity against both human immunodeficiency virus and human cytomegalovirus replication in vitro. J Infect Dis. 1995;172:380–388. Jaeger LA, Lamar CH, Cline TR, and Cardona CJ. Effect of orally administered epidermal growth factor on the jejunal mucosa of weaned piglets. Am J Vet Res. 1990;51:471–474. Kingsnorth AN, Vowles R, and Nash JR. Epidermal growth factor increases tensile strength in intestinal wounds in pigs. Br J Surg. 1990;77:409–412. Korhonen TK, Valtonen MV, and Parkkinen J, et al. Serotypes, hemolysin production, and receptor recognition of Escherichia coli strains associated with neonatal sepsis and meningitis. Infect Immun. 1985;48:486–491. Kussendrager KD and van Hooijdonk ACM. Lactoperoxidase: physic-chemical properties, occurrence, mechanism of action and applications. Brit J Nutr. 2000;84:19–25. Lassiter MO, Newsome AL, Sams LD, and Arnold RR. Characterization of lactoferrin interaction with Streptococcus mutans. J Dent Res. 1987;66:480–485. Marcotty C, Frankenne F, Van Beeumen J, Maghuin-Rogister G, and Hennen G. Insulin-like growth factor (IGF-1) from cow colostrum: Purification and characterization. Growth Regul. 1991;1:56–61. Okuyama H, Urao M, Lee D, Drongowski RA, and Coran AG. The effect of epidermal growth factor on bacterial translocation in newborn rabbits. J Pediatr Surg. 1998;33:225–228. Pakkanen R and Aalto J. Growth factors and antimicrobial factors of bovine colostrum. Int Dairy J. 1997;7:285–297. Parkkinen J and Finne J. Occurrence of N-acetylglucosamine 6-phosphate in complex carbohydrates. Characterisation of a phosphorylated sialyl oligosaccharide from bovine colostrum. J Biol Chem. 1985;260:1. Playford RJ. Peptides and gastrointestinal mucosal integrity. Gut. 1995;37: 595–597. Playford RJ, Weiser MJ. Bovine Colostrum: Its Constituents and Uses. Nutrients. 2021;13(1):265. Rainard P. Bacteriostatic activity of bovine milk lactoferrin against mastitic bacteria. Vet Microbiol. 1986;11:387–392. Rawal P, Gupta V, and Thapa BR. Role of colostrum in gastrointestinal infections. Indian J Pediatr. 2008;75: 917–921. Reiter B. Review of the progress of dairy science: Antimicrobial systems in milk. Journal of Dairy Research. J Dairy Res. 1987;45:131–147. Simon PM, Goode PL, Mobasseri A, and Zopf D. Inhibition of Helicobacter pylori binding to gastrointestinal epithelial cells by sialic acid-containing oligosaccharides. Infect Immun. 1997;65:750–757. Thapa BR. Health factors in colostrum. Indian J Pediatr. 2005;72:579–581. Tripathi V and Vashishtha B. Bioactive compounds of colostrum and its application. Food Res Int. 2006;22:225–244. Xu RJ, Mellor DJ, Birtles MJ, Breier BH, and Gluckman PD. Effects of oral IGF-I or IGF-II on digestive organ growth in newborn piglets. Biol Neonate. 1994;66:280–287. Xu RJ, Wang F, and Zhang SH. Postnatal adaptation of the gastro-intestinal tract in neonatal pigs: a possible role of milk-borne growth factors. Livest Prod Sci. 2000;66:95–107. Yamaguchi Y, Semmel M, Stanislawski L, Strosberg AD, and Stanislawski M. Virucidal effects of glucose oxidase and peroxidase or their protein conjugates on human immunodeficiency virus type 1. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 1993;37:26–31.
Asphalt driveways have become a very popular choice for homeowners because they are durable, versatile, and cost-effective. However, like any other surface, asphalt driveways are subject to degradation over time due to environmental factors. That can lead to cracks and potholes forming in the driveway, which can be unsightly and costly to fix. Master Markings will discuss some of the most common environmental factors damaging your asphalt driveway and tips on extending its lifespan in this blog post. Stay tuned! Temperature Fluctuations: Cracks are one of the most common environmental causes of asphalt driveway failure. As with other materials, a sudden change in temperature – such as during cold snaps – can lead to freezing water in the asphalt and cause cracks to form on your pavement surface. To avoid damage to your asphalt driveway, it is important that you seal the surface. That will help to protect it from the elements and prevent water and moisture from seeping in and causing damage. UV Rays: Another environmental factor that can break down asphalt is exposure to UV rays. Over time, the sun's UV rays can cause the asphalt to become brittle and dry out. That can lead to cracking and potholes. To avoid asphalt damage that can lead to peeling and cracking, it's important for homeowners or business owners to regularly sealcoat their pavement. Sealcoating creates a shield over the asphalt against UV rays. Precipitation, such as rain and snow, can also cause damage to asphalt driveways. The impact of the water can cause cracks and potholes to form. When water seeps into cracks in the driveway, it can cause the cracks to widen and deepen. One of the best ways to protect your asphalt driveway is by using a quality sealant that can prevent water from penetrating into the asphalt. Tree Roots: Another environmental factor that can cause damage to your driveway is tree roots. The roots can grow under the driveway and cause it to crack or lift. To prevent tree roots from damaging your driveway, you can have them removed before they grow too deep. You might also want to install an absorbent barrier around the tree so it doesn't affect what's underneath! Temperature Extremes: Severe hot and cold temperatures can also damage asphalt driveways. The heat can cause the asphalt to soften and become more susceptible to damage, while the cold can cause it to crack. You can help protect your driveway from extreme temperatures by seal coating it regularly. That will create a barrier between the asphalt and the elements. While the environment is one of the main factors in driveway cracking, it's not the only one. Here at Master Markings, we believe that prevention is key in asphalt driveways. That's why we offer various services to help you keep your driveway in top condition. Contact us today if you live in South Riding and are looking for ways to prevent environmental factors from damaging your asphalt driveway.
Biological soil crusts are more prevalent in warmer and drier environments within the Great Basin ecoregion: Implications for managing annual grass invasion - More information: Publisher Index Page (via DOI) - Open Access Version: Publisher Index Page - Download citation as: RIS \| Dublin Core Biological soil crusts (biocrusts) can thrive under environmental conditions that are stressful for vascular plants such as high temperatures and/or extremely low moisture availability. In these settings, and in the absence of disturbance, cover of biocrusts commonly exceeds cover of vascular plants. Arid landscapes are also typically slow to recover from disturbance and prone to altered vegetation and invasion by exotic species. In the sagebrush ecosystems, cover of annual, exotic, invasive grasses are lower where cover of biocrusts and vascular plants are greater, suggesting that biocrusts play a role in helping arid sites avoid conversion to dominance by invasive grasses. The conceptual framework for assessing ecological resistance and resilience (R&R) is used across the region to estimate the risk of invasion by annual grasses and the likelihood of recovery of native plants following disturbance. However, this framework does not currently account for biocrusts. We used data collected by the Bureau of Land Management Assessment, Inventory, and Monitoring program to relate biocrusts, specifically the presence of lichens and mosses, to the R&R framework. Lichens frequently occur on warm, dry sites, classified as lower R&R. Mosses frequently occur on sites classified as moderate or moderately low R&R. Without management practices that favor biocrusts in low-moderate R&R, these areas may be more vulnerable to transitioning from being dominated by shrubs to annual grasses. Under climate change scenarios, the area occupied by lower R&R sites is likely to increase, suggesting that the role of biocrusts in maintaining site resistance to invasion may also increase. Publication type \| Article \| Publication Subtype \| Journal Article \| Title \| Biological soil crusts are more prevalent in warmer and drier environments within the Great Basin ecoregion: Implications for managing annual grass invasion \| Series title \| Restoration Ecology \| DOI \| 10.1111/rec.14150 \| Edition \| Online First \| Year Published \| 2024 \| Language \| English \| Publisher \| Wiley \| Contributing office(s) \| Forest and Rangeland Ecosys Science Center, Southwest Biological Science Center, Western Ecological Research Center \| Google Analytic Metrics \| Metrics page \|
Mass Torts: A Dive into the Dark Side of Mass Legal Cases Mass torts – a familiar term in the legal world, yet an enigma to the average American. Their impact, though, is far from abstract, with unsettling statistics painting a grim picture of their pervasive presence. This blog post seeks to unmask the dark side of mass torts, illuminating the startling reality of this system within the United States. Prepare to dive deep into a world where justice and exploitation often uncomfortably intertwine. 1. Breaking Down the Concept: Unraveling the Complexity of Mass Torts Mass torts are lawsuits that allow numerous individuals, all having suffered similar harm from the same product or action, to sue a single defendant. They differ from class action suits, in that each plaintiff retains their individual case, allowing for potential discrepancies in compensation based on individual damages. However, the complexity of these cases often leaves plaintiffs vulnerable, particularly when facing corporations with powerful legal teams. • A single pharmaceutical drug, for instance, can cause a wide range of side effects, leading to a mass tort involving thousands of victims, each with unique injuries and compensation needs. • Asbestos exposure, which results in various forms of cancer and respiratory illnesses, is another typical example of a mass tort scenario. 2. Pervasive Presence: A Closer Look at the Shocking Numbers The volume and scale of mass torts in the United States may surprise you. In 2019, there were around 130,000 mass tort cases pending in U.S. federal courts. • Pharmaceutical and medical devices cases alone constituted approximately 70% of the mass tort inventory. • The asbestos-related claims, despite a decline in new filings, still account for a significant percentage of mass tort cases. • The remaining cases ranged from financial fraud to environmental contamination, providing a glimpse of the wide spectrum of mass torts. These numbers underscore the pervasiveness of mass torts and their impact on plaintiffs, defendants, and the legal system itself. 3. The Thin Line: The Intertwining of Justice and Exploitation Mass torts represent a paradox. On one hand, they provide a platform for victims to seek justice. In contrast, they also create an avenue for exploitation, where litigation costs, attorney fees, and drawn-out trials can rob victims of the fair compensation they deserve. • Legal advertisements seeking mass tort plaintiffs can result in people joining lawsuits for injuries they don't have or weren't caused by the defendant. • Some law firms resort to unethical practices such as "claim farming" or "double-dipping" to maximize their profits, leaving less for the actual victims. • There have also been instances of lawyers recruiting plaintiffs en masse, only to settle cases quickly, pocketing a significant chunk of the settlement while their clients get far less than they deserve. This dark side of mass torts is a troubling reality that often gets overshadowed by the pursuit of justice. The intertwining of justice and exploitation in mass torts is a stark reminder of the need to scrutinize and reform this area of the legal system. 4. Case Studies: Real Stories of Real People in the Mass Torts System To truly grasp the magnitude and impact of mass torts, let's delve into some real-life cases. • The asbestos case is a classic example. Thousands of people suffering from diseases like asbestosis and mesothelioma, mostly workers, sued numerous asbestos manufacturers. The sheer size of the lawsuit led to the bankruptcy of many asbestos companies. • The opioid crisis is another striking instance. Overcoming multiple legal hurdles, affected families and states have filed mass torts against big pharmaceutical companies, accusing them of aggressive marketing tactics, thus fueling addiction and overdose deaths. • The product liability case of Johnson & Johnson's baby powder is yet another critical example. Numerous women who developed cancer alleged that their disease resulted from long-term use of the talc-based product. The mass tort resulted in multi-million dollar verdicts against the company. These cases underline the massive scale and complexity of mass torts, and the delicate balance between justice and exploitation. 5. The Future of Mass Torts: Examining Potential Reforms and Solutions Addressing mass torts' dark side requires systemic and strategic changes, aimed at enhancing transparency, fairness, and expediency. • One potential solution could be stricter regulation of legal advertising to prevent the recruitment of unqualified plaintiffs. • The court system could also enforce tighter oversight on attorney fees, ensuring a more equitable distribution of compensation. • Lastly, the system could benefit from the implementation of technology for quicker, more efficient case management, thereby reducing the time and cost of litigation. By exploring these and other potential reforms, we can hope to shift the mass torts paradigm from one fraught with exploitation to a system that truly upholds justice and fairness. In conclusion, mass torts are a critical part of our legal system, serving as a powerful tool for victims seeking justice. However, the unsettling statistics and exploitative practices highlight a dark side that demands immediate attention. As we move forward, it is imperative to strike a balance between achieving justice for victims and preventing exploitation. To this end, the exploration and implementation of potential reforms are paramount. By doing so, we can illuminate the path towards a fairer, more accountable, and more efficient mass torts system – one that truly serves the interests of justice.
One of the most puzzling issues about Middle Platonism lies in the identification of a shared doctrinal core serving as a hallmark, that is, a common point of view that, being ascribable to (almost) all Middle Platonists, might positively distinguish them from Plotinus, the Neoplatonists, and other philosophical trends of the Imperial age. An apparently suitable candidate has been identified in a specific 'Middle Platonist' model of divine causation, which was reportedly endorsed by all leading pre-Plotinian Platonists. This can be defined as a model based on 'craftsman-like divine causation', implying that God is the cause of the generation of the world inasmuch as: he exerts a direct action on the world and/or the soul (possibly with the support of other entities, such as the world soul), and this action towards the world and/or the soul is intentional as it is based on planning and a will directed towards external entities. 1
Home > Journals > Michigan Law Review > MLR > Volume 6 > Issue 8 (1908) The modern street is not a simple roadway, but a complicated three-story structure in the use of which the general public, the city government, the abutting property owner and the licensed corporation are interested. Not often are streets so limited in capacity as the one in Frankfort, Kentucky, which was so narrow that the passage of a railroad train would have all but filled it, a condition which led the court to enjoin the construction of a track, though duly authorized. Generally there is room for all, and the use of the streets has been granted with the greatest liberality. The occupants, being numerous, have interfered with each other more or less. It is the purpose of this paper to define the rights and duties of the various co-owners and co-tenants toward each other and toward third persons. A highway may come into existence by prescription, by dedication, and by condemnation. A highway by prescription is always an easement of the extent indicated by the user (which is usually held to include a reasonable amount of land beside the track actually traveled). A highway by condemnation or dedication is such as the decree or grant describes it, with a presumption in favor of an easement. Recommended Citation Charles C. Dibble, The Corporation in the Street, Mich. L. Rev. Available at:
What is a .PCTL file? The .PCTL file extension stands for a Kaspersky Parental Control Settings File. This type of file is made using Kaspersky Internet Security, which is a program designed to protect your computer from viruses and harmful software. The .PCTL file contains special rules that help control how much a person can use the computer. These files are often set up by parents who want to manage and limit their children's computer activities. For example, if parents want to make sure their kids only use the computer for a certain amount of time each day, or they want to keep them from visiting inappropriate websites, they can use .PCTL files to set these rules. These files can control many things, including how long someone can be on the computer, which applications they can use, what websites they can visit, whether they can download files, and if they can use chat programs or social media sites. To create a .PCTL file, you would start by opening Kaspersky Internet Security and then going to the Parental Control section. There, you can choose what restrictions you want to apply. Once you've made your choices, you just click the Save button, and the program creates a .PCTL file with those settings. If you need to open a .PCTL file, you will use Kaspersky Internet Security. This is because the file is specifically designed to work with this software, and it's where you can change or update the restrictions you've set up before. Our goal is to help people find the most up-to-date information about file extensions for Windows, Mac, Linux, Android and iOS. We researched over 10,000 file extensions and their respective programs that open those files. If you want to suggest edits or updates about .PCTL file formats, example files, or programs that are compatible. Please contact us.
Tucked away in the southwestern corner of the Arabian Peninsula, Yemen holds a treasure trove of natural resources and a rich history of traditional healing methods. Its unique landscape of mountains, deserts, and coastal plains offers a rich biodiversity, particularly in herbs and plants, many of which play a key role in Yemen's traditional healing practices. Known for centuries as a hub of natural remedies, Yemen's flora continues to fascinate researchers and traditional healers alike. The Rich Biodiversity and Natural Resources of Yemen Uniquely positioned where Africa and Asia meet, Yemen boasts an incredible variety of natural beauty due to its diverse climates and altitudes. This combination of geographical features has fostered an impressive range of biodiversity. Around 3,000 species of plants call Yemen home, many of which hold essential roles in traditional medicine. These medicinal plants have roots that weave deep into Yemen's cultural fabric, providing remedies for various illnesses and health conditions. This extraordinary range of flora stands as the foundation of Yemen's age-old healing customs, serving as the natural pharmacy for local communities. It's a living testament to the country's deep relationship with nature and its understanding of the medicinal properties of plants. The country's astonishing biodiversity is an invaluable asset, both for its traditional healing practices and for the potential discovery of new medical treatments. As such, the richness of Yemen's biodiversity serves as a symbol of the country's remarkable natural wealth. Yemen's Herbal Medicine Traditions The practice of herbal medicine is deeply woven into the tapestry of Yemeni culture, a rich blend of ancient tribal wisdom and Islamic teachings. This well-preserved tradition provides an enriching glimpse into a time when humans relied solely on nature for healing. In Yemen, this bond with nature is still alive, with traditional healers, known as "attars," taking center stage in local communities. These individuals, respected and revered, wield a profound knowledge of Yemen's flora and their curative properties. They function as custodians of age-old wisdom, diagnosing and treating ailments with a depth of understanding that transcends the mere physical. From the coastal plains to the rugged mountains, the "attars" skillfully employ Yemen's rich biodiversity to promote holistic well-being. Their approach to health embodies a genuine respect for the intricate balance of nature and the human body. The attars' practices, honed over centuries, offer an extraordinary testament to the enduring power of traditional medicine in Yemen. Thus, this living tradition provides an invaluable perspective in the global quest for holistic, sustainable, and effective healthcare solutions. Prominent Medicinal Plants in Yemen Venture into Yemen's natural pharmacy, and you'll encounter a plethora of plant species with notable medicinal attributes. One prime example is the Arabian myrrh. This age-old remedy, renowned for its antiseptic and anti-inflammatory prowess, traces its roots back to ancient civilizations. Next in line, we have the Aloe Vera plant, a common sight in Yemen's landscape. This versatile plant wears many healing hats, from soothing skin ailments to easing digestive discomfort. As we dig deeper, we encounter the humble Garlic plant. While its culinary uses are widely known, the bulb of this plant is a potent force in the traditional medicine scene, acting as a natural combatant against conditions like hypertension. Finally, the Henna plant, a cultural icon in Yemen, also holds its ground in the world of natural remedies. Known for its impressive therapeutic attributes, it's often employed in treatments for various skin diseases. This captivating array of plants constitutes only a fraction of Yemen's medicinal flora. Each plant, with its unique healing properties, contributes to Yemen's rich traditional medicine tapestry, reaffirming the country's status as a natural apothecary. As we continue to explore and understand these natural healers, who knows what other secrets these green wonders might reveal? The Socotra Archipelago: A Biodiversity Hotspot Venture off the coast of Yemen and you'll discover a spectacular world brimming with nature's bounty - the Socotra Archipelago. Often referred to as the 'Galapagos of the Indian Ocean,' this isolated cluster of islands is a breathtaking embodiment of biodiversity. Its star attraction? An array of endemic plant species that are found nowhere else on Earth. The roster of unique flora includes a plethora of plants with exceptional medicinal values. Take for instance, the Dragon's Blood tree. This intriguingly named species oozes a striking red resin known for its remarkable healing abilities. For centuries, this resin has been a staple in traditional medicine, admired for its prowess in treating wounds and combating diarrhea. The Socotra Archipelago, with its matchless botanical treasures, only amplifies Yemen's standing as a haven for medicinal plants. It's a vivid reminder of the country's extraordinary botanical wealth and its significance in the realm of traditional healing. Each island in the archipelago tells a unique tale of coexistence between nature and humans, and how this synergy can lead to extraordinary healing possibilities. Challenges and Conservation Efforts Yemen's vibrant ecosystem and its precious medicinal plants are facing dire threats. Deforestation, overuse due to grazing, and the relentless conflict in the region are all endangering this ecological treasure trove. The repercussions are alarming, with several plant species teetering on the brink of extinction. It's a crisis that demands immediate action to shield and conserve Yemen's incredible biodiversity. Despite these challenges, hope shines through. Efforts at various levels, both local and international, are in motion to protect this crucial natural heritage. The collective approach is centered around community-based conservation, an effective strategy that encourages local communities to take the lead in preserving their surrounding biodiversity. Through this method, communities can actively engage in, and understand the importance of, conservation efforts. In addition to community initiatives, extensive biodiversity surveys are being conducted to catalog the rich variety of flora found within Yemen's borders. These surveys play a crucial role in assessing the current status of plant species and identifying those most at risk. Moreover, efforts are being made to designate specific areas as protected zones. These protected areas can offer a much-needed sanctuary for endangered plant species and other wildlife. By doing so, these zones can serve as safe havens for Yemen's biodiversity to flourish and continue to provide their invaluable medicinal properties. While the road ahead is challenging, these proactive conservation efforts symbolize a glimmer of hope for Yemen's natural resources. They stand as a testament to our collective commitment to preserving the health and diversity of our planet, beginning with the breathtaking biodiversity of Yemen. Yemen's breathtaking biodiversity and deep-rooted healing traditions beautifully encapsulate its role as Mother Nature's own pharmacy. As we venture ahead, the importance of preserving and responsibly harnessing this precious heritage cannot be overstated. The significance transcends beyond Yemen's borders, as the myriad of plants and practices native to the region potentially unlock revolutionary advancements in contemporary medicine. Despite confronting substantial hurdles, Yemen's splendid mosaic of flora and traditional healing methods persist in offering solace and recovery. As a beacon of holistic and sustainable healing, Yemen indeed stands as a resounding testament to the therapeutic potency of nature and the enduring wisdom of time-honored practices.
Table of Contents The Importance of Computer Science Education Research In today's digital age, computer science education has become more crucial than ever before. As technology continues to evolve at a rapid pace, it is essential for educators to stay up to date with the latest research in the field. Computer science education research provides valuable insights into effective teaching methods, curriculum development, and student learning outcomes. Unlocking the Potential of Students Computer science education research aims to unlock the potential of students by providing innovative approaches to teaching and learning. By understanding how students grasp complex concepts, educators can tailor their instruction to maximize comprehension and engagement. Research also helps identify barriers that students may face, such as gender or socioeconomic disparities, allowing for targeted interventions to bridge these gaps. Improving Curriculum Development Another vital aspect of computer science education research is its impact on curriculum development. Research findings help inform the creation of curriculum materials that are not only relevant but also engaging for students. By integrating the latest research, educators can design courses that are challenging yet accessible, fostering a love for computer science in the next generation of learners. The Role of Technology in Computer Science Education Research The advent of technology has revolutionized the field of computer science education research. With the availability of data analytics tools and online learning platforms, researchers can gather and analyze large amounts of data to gain insights into student performance and learning patterns. This data-driven approach allows for evidence-based decision-making and the identification of effective teaching strategies. Adapting to the Digital Learning Landscape Computer science education research recognizes the need to adapt to the changing landscape of education, especially with the rise of online learning. Researchers are exploring ways to optimize online learning environments and develop effective strategies for remote instruction. By harnessing technology, educators can reach a wider audience and provide quality computer science education to students around the globe. Addressing Gender and Diversity Gaps One of the critical areas of focus in computer science education research is addressing the gender and diversity gaps in the field. Researchers are studying the factors that contribute to these disparities and developing interventions to promote inclusivity. By creating a supportive and inclusive learning environment, more students from underrepresented groups can be encouraged to pursue computer science education. The Future of Computer Science Education Research As technology continues to advance, the field of computer science education research will play an increasingly vital role in shaping the future of education. With the integration of emerging technologies, such as artificial intelligence and virtual reality, researchers can explore new possibilities for teaching and learning. Additionally, the collaboration between researchers, educators, and policymakers will further strengthen the impact of computer science education research on educational practices and policies. Promoting Lifelong Learning Computer science education research also emphasizes the importance of lifelong learning. By equipping students with the necessary skills and fostering a love for learning, researchers aim to create a generation of individuals who can adapt to the ever-changing technological landscape. Through continuous research and innovation, computer science education will continue to evolve, preparing students for the challenges and opportunities of the future. Creating a Brighter Future Computer science education research is not just about preparing students for careers in technology; it is about creating a brighter future for all. By equipping students with critical thinking, problem-solving, and computational skills, researchers are empowering them to become active contributors to society. The insights gained from research will shape educational policies and practices to ensure that computer science education remains accessible and impactful for generations to come. Computer science education research is a field of study that holds immense potential in transforming education and preparing students for the future. By leveraging technology, addressing gender and diversity gaps, and promoting lifelong learning, researchers are paving the way for a more inclusive and innovative approach to computer science education. With continued research and collaboration, the impact of computer science education research will continue to expand, shaping the future of education for generations to come.
81. The term Thermal High Altitude Area Defense', sometimes mentioned in news, refers (a) Anti-Missile system. (b) Air-launched cruise missile. (c) Aircraft navigation system. (d) Surface-to-air guided weapon.. Click To Show Answer/Hide 82. With reference to BrahMos missile, consider the following statements : 1. It has a flight range of up to 290 km. 2. It is capable of attaining a speed of 2.8 Mach. 3. Its cruising altitude could be up to 30 km. Which of the statements given above is/are correct? (a) 1 and 2 (b) 2 only (c) 1 and 3 (d) 3 only Click To Show Answer/Hide 83. Which one of the following is not a category under which the President of India nominates Members of Parliament ? (a) Literature (b) Science (c) Art (d) State Service Click To Show Answer/Hide 84. India is still a young country as the median age of its population is (a) Less than 25 years (b) Between 25 to 30 years (c) Between 30 to 35 years (d) Between 35 to 40 years Click To Show Answer/Hide 85. Blue Helmets are (a) United Nations Peacekeepers (b) Violent Non-State Actors (c) Civil Society Organisations (d) Environmental Organisations Click To Show Answer/Hide 86. Which one of the following central features is not associated with Capitalist Economy? (a) There is generalised commodity production – it has market value. (b) Productive wealth is held predominantly in private hands. (c) Economic life is organised according to market principles. (d) Economic organisation is based on planning, a supposedly rational process of resource allocation. Click To Show Answer/Hide 87. Which among the following is not the strength or chief benefit of Bicameralism ? (a) Second chambers check the first chambers and prevent majoritarian rule. (b) It checks the powers of the executive. (c) The second chambers can act as a constitutional safeguard. (d) It often acts as a check on democratic rule, particularly when their members are non-elected or indirectly elected. Click To Show Answer/Hide 88. The Insolvency and Bankruptcy Board of India (IBBI) was established in the year (a) 2014 (b) 2015 (c) 2016 (d) 2017 Click To Show Answer/Hide 89. Which one of the following is the other term used for Focus' in relation with an earthquake? (a) Hypocentre (b) Epicentre (c) Isocentre (d) Principal Point Click To Show Answer/Hide 90. Which one of the following is not a mountain peak of the Andaman and Nicobar Islands ? (a) Saddle Peak (b) Mount Thuillier (c) Lhotse Peak (d) Mount Diavolo Click To Show Answer/Hide 91. Match List I with List II and select the correct answer using the code given below the Lists : List I (Cloud Form) \| List II (Characteristic) \| A. Cirrus \| 1. Storm clouds \| B. Cumulus \| 2. High fog "Low Ceiling" \| C. Nimbostratus \| 3. Fair-weather clouds \| D. Stratus \| 4. Entirely of ice particles \| Code : (a) 2 1 3 4 (b) 2 3 1 4 (c) 4 3 1 2 (d) 4 1 3 2 Click To Show Answer/Hide 92. Which one among the following planets has the largest number of known satellites ? (a) Mars (b) Neptune (c) Jupiter (d) Saturn Click To Show Answer/Hide 93. Who among the following usurped power in Kanyakubja after the death of Harshavardhana? (a) Adityasena (b) Arunashva (c) Shashanka (d) Lalitaditya Click To Show Answer/Hide 94. The legend of Prahlad and his father Hiranyakashyap was first set out in the (a) Bhagwat Purana (b) Vishnu Purana (c) Vamana Purana (d) Agni Purana Click To Show Answer/Hide 95. Which one of the following statements on the issue of ownership according to Smriti literature is not correct ? (a) The paternal estate was to be divided equally amongst sons. (b) Women were allowed to retain the gifts they received on the occasion of their marriage. (c) The gifts to women on the occasion of their marriage were known as Stridhana. (d) Stridhana was not inherited by the children without the permission of the husband. Click To Show Answer/Hide 96. Who among the following was not a woman labour leader who organised workers in the strikes in the 1920s ? (a) Sarala Devi Chaudhurani (b) Ushabai Dange (c) Prabhabati Devi (d) Anasuya Behn Click To Show Answer/Hide 97. Among the following countries, where did the idea of 'Social Market Economy' emerge in 1950s ? (a) Germany (b) France (c) United States of America (d) United Kingdom Click To Show Answer/Hide 98. Who among the following Indian thinkers first spoke of food-for-work programmes to counteract the effects of famines ? (a) Kautilya (b) Aryabhatta (c) Chandragomin (d) Prabhakara Click To Show Answer/Hide 99. The 'Ramsar Convention' relates to which one of the following areas?. (a) Wetland preservation (b) Promote afforestation (c) Action plan on climate change (d) Combat desertification Click To Show Answer/Hide 100. Which one among the following reports defines Sustainable Development as development that meets the needs of the present generation without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs? (a) Brundtland Report (b) United Nations Human Development Report (c) Agenda 21 of the Rio Earth Summit (d) OECD Policy Brief (2006) Click To Show Answer/Hide
My primary research interest is political violence, with a special interest in the participation of women in political violence and conflict resolution. My research asks questions about the processes of conflict and conflict resolution as well as the participants in these processes. I evaluate the roles of women as agents, rather than strictly as victims, of conflict, conflict resolution, and governance. More generally, I analyze how the preferences of actors influence whether and how they engage in conflict and conflict resolution as well as how gendered reintegration experiences influence whether and how veterans participate in politics and governance. This page is organized into three sections corresponding to the broad areas of my research interests: Women in Peace and Conflict, the Reintegration and Civic Engagement of Veterans (especially veteran women), and Counter-Terror/Counter-Insurgency & Intra-insurgency interactions. Women in Conflict and Peace It has been nearly twenty years since the adoption of United Nations Security Council Resolution (UNSCR) 1325, calling for greater involvement of women in peace processes and governance as a means of promoting peace, yet empirical evaluations of the effect of women's involvement on peace outcomes are few and far between. To begin to fill this gap, my current and recent work evaluates both how the involvement of women impacts prospects for a negotiated resolution for conflict and how the backgrounds and experience of the individual women involved in these processes effect both their influence on the process and the eventual outcomes. Here for the Right Reasons: The Selection of Women as Peace Delegates with Elizabeth Brannon 2022, International Studies Review 24(1) Since the passing of United Nations Security Council Resolution 1325 on Women, Peace, and Security more than two decades ago, there has been a global push to bolster the inclusion of women in these processes (Ní Aoláin et al. 2011; Anderson 2015; Krause et al. 2018). When women are selected into peace delegations for the wrong reasons, they—like men—can hinder or stall progress (Paffenholz et al. 2016). Yet, very little work has analyzed which women are included in peace processes, how they are selected, why they are selected, and how their individual experiences influence both their behavior and the outcomes of those processes. We identify four selection criteria used to select participants in negotiations: (1) reliability as assessed through either connections to elites or ideological purity; (2) qualifications such as experience in the armed forces, rebel forces, civil society, or academia; (3) personal appeal or ability to elicit sympathy based on factors such as victimhood, attractiveness, youth, or demographics; and (4) selection by a third party whose strength and size has allowed it to negotiate representation in the process. It is likely that in many cases multiple motives and selection criteria are at play in the selection of individual women (or men). We consider how gender impacts the implementation of these criteria, drawing on a variety of peace processes, but especially the Havana Peace Talks between the Colombian Government and Fuerzas Armadas Revolucionarios Colombianos – Ejército del Pueblo (FARC-EP). This framework sets the foundation for the development of three research agendas: the first relating to which women get a seat at the table, the second to how the individual backgrounds of the women selected into the peace process influence outcomes, and the third to issues of intersectionality and representation. Read it at International Studies Review You Can't have Women in Peace without Women in Conflict and Security with Kyleanne Hunter 2020, Georgetown Security Studies Review 8(2) Since the passage of UN Resolution 1325 there has been a call for an increase of women in post-conflict negotiations. Indeed, research shows that the presence of women in these negotiations improves prospects for lasting peace. However, there has yet to be a meaningful increase in women's participation in such negotiations. Similarly, despite an international focus on increasing women's participation at all levels of government, women remain underrepresented in both elected and appointed positions. One area where women are increasingly present is as combatants - both in formal militaries and in rebel groups. In this article, we argue that the social gender norms related to women participating in combat are a key driver/reason of the lack of women's meaningful participation in peace processes and government bodies. We introduce a model of cognitive-institutional reinforcement that shows how institutions designed to give former combatants access to public life undermine women's credibility and result in lost opportunities. We use evidence from Disarmament, Demobilization and Reintegration (DDR) programs and veterans' services to show how this model explains the continued lack of women's participation. Read it at Georgetown Security Studies Women and Conflict Studies 2020, In Oxford Bibliographies in Political Science. 2020. Ed. Sandy Maisel. New York: Oxford University Press. Traditionally, women have been viewed as having little agency in wars and conflicts. Women were thought neither to cause the wars nor to fight them. When women were considered at all by scholars of war, they were conceived of primarily as victims. As women gained the franchise and ultimately began to be elected into political office in advanced democracies, some scholars began to consider the foreign policy implications of this—that is, do women's attitudes toward war and defense policy differ from those of men and do these views produce different outcomes at the ballot box? Furthermore, do women behave differently with regard to security issues once in national office? Does their presence change the way their male colleagues vote on these issues? In recent decades, scholarship emerging first from critical feminist theory and later from positivist political scientists has begun to look more explicitly for women's roles, experiences, and influences on and in conflict. This work has led to the recognition that, even when victimized in war, women have agency, and to the parallel conclusion that men's agency is not as complete as scholars, practitioners, and the public have often assumed. This bibliography provides an overview of the development of women and conflict literature as well as several prominent themes and questions within the literature. Read it at Oxford Bibliographies in Political Science Legislative Gender Diversity and the Resolution of Civil Conflict with Sarah Shair-Rosenfield and Reed Wood. 2019, Political Research Quarterly 72(1): 215-228 Policy makers and scholars have shown increased interest in gendered approaches to peacemaking, even as evidence of women's impact on peace processes has remained unclear. In this paper, we explore the influence of gender diversity among decision-making elites on the outcome of ongoing civil conflicts. Specifically, we argue that increased female representation within the national legislature increases the likelihood that a conflict terminates in a negotiated settlement. However, the impact of legislative female representation on conflict termination is conditioned by the power of the legislature vis-à-vis the executive, suggesting that gender diversity exerts a greater impact in states with more authoritative legislatures. We evaluate our hypotheses using data on the manner of conflict termination and the proportion of women in national legislatures between 1945 and 2009. Our results show support for the central argument, suggesting that increasing female representation within legislative bodies increases the likelihood of war termination via negotiated settlement. Military Veterans: Reintegration and Civic Engagement My research evaluates how gender effects the reintegration experiences of veterans, their willingness to run for office, their prospects of winning elected office, and their behavior while in office. See G.I. Jane Run: The Rise of Female Military Veteran Candidates for Congress with Theresa Schroeder and Jeremy Teigen. 2023, American Politics Research 51(4) Veteran women are better represented in Congress than non-veteran women, but the reasons for this are unclear. Veteran women may be better represented because they run at higher rates and in more winnable races or because their military service leaves them uniquely qualified to overcome gender and partisan stereotypes. Voters often perceive women as lacking leadership ability and ill-suited to handling national security. However, female veterans have experience that may help them overcome gendered beliefs about their abilities. Using election data from the 2012–2020 U.S. congressional elections, we test whether veteran women gain greater voter support compared to non-veteran candidates and whether veteran women running as Democrats outperform male veteran Democrats. We find only limited evidence that military service wins more votes for candidates of either gender. Among Democrats, prior military service levels the playing field between male and female candidates, but veteran women only outperform veteran men in 2018. Read it at American Politics Research Fighting for a Seat at the Table: Women's Military Service and Political Representation with Kyleanne Hunter and Kate Hendricks Thomas. 2021, Journal of Veteran Studies 7(2): 19-33. Military service has long been seen as a path to political leadership and elevation of status in public life (Stevenson, 2006; Stadelmann et al., 2015). Public opinion polls steadily show that the American people trust military veterans to be principled leaders and model public citizens (Johnson, 2018). Combat veterans in particular are held in high regard as model and trustworthy citizens. For military women in the United States, the wars in Iraq and Afghanistan have ushered in a new era in combat arms participation. However, gendered perceptions about military participation and the identity of combat veterans have been slow to change, to the detriment of both women's political and economic equality. Despite women's participation in combat, they have been denied the elevated citizen status frequently enjoyed by their male peers with similar experience. This bodes poorly for lasting peace and security. Research increasingly indicates that the involvement of women in public life leads to more peaceful and stable outcomes, and enduring peace and stability (Hudson et al., 2012; Caprioli, 2003; Melander, 2005; Shair-Rosenfield &Wood, 2017; Best, Shair-Rosenfield, & Wood, 2019). While the U.S. has been a leader in the adoption of official UN Resolutions that call for women's equality in all facets of governance, and the passage of the 2017 Women, Peace and Security Act, women are still heavily under-represented in all levels of government. Read it at Journal of Veteran Studies Military Service and Legislative Agendas: a study of legislators in four states with Greg Vonnahme. 2021, Armed Forces & Society 47(2): 367-385. Candidates often highlight military experience on the campaign trail. Do they also govern differently? This study examines whether and how military experience is associated with state lawmaking. We examine legislative productivity, success rates, and the substantive content of legislation with a large original dataset. The data include over 60,000 bills introduced in four state legislatures over a 10-year time span, coded for their substantive focus. It also includes information on characteristics of over 3,000 legislators. Our analysis of these data indicates that veterans do not differ in overall levels of productivity, but do have common legislative agendas. Veterans' shared legislative agendas are not narrowly confined to defense or security issues, but vary depending on state context. This is, to our knowledge, the most extensive empirical analysis of the legislative behavior of veterans in a single study. Read it at Armed Forces & Society [Re]Negotiating Citizenship through Military Service 2019, In Invisible Veterans: What happens when military women become civilians again. Edited by Kate Hendricks Thomas and Kyleanne Hunter. ABC-CLIO This chapter explores the link between military service and citizenship rights in republican societies and their application to women's military service. Request a copy by email or find it in Invisible Veterans Counter-terror, Counter-Insurgency, and Intra-Insurgency Interactions My work in this area has evaluated the effects of factions within insurgencies influence the course of peace negotiations and when factions may present an opportunity for target states to manipulate negotiations to their advantage. I have also evaluated the ability of machine-coded data to aid researchers studying conflicts characterized by highly fragmented adversaries and the effects of terror proscription on proscribed groups. Hard Choices, Soft Targets: Terror Proscription and Strategic Targeting Decisions of Foreign Terrorist Organizations with Simanti Lahiri 2021, International Interactions 47(6): 955-985. Proscription lists are common counter-terror tools, yet their impact on terrorist violence is unclear. We find that proscription can be effective at constraining the violence of some types of groups, especially those that are young, secular, and without institutional support. However, proscription also can backfire from a counter-terrorist prospective, especially when applied to groups that are well-established, religious, and/or sponsored by states. Our analysis evaluates 534 terrorist groups, including 66 that were ultimately proscribed under the United States' Foreign Terror Organization list. Unsurprisingly, we find that terrorist groups that attract proscription are more violent and better equipped to tap into international terror networks. While younger groups and nationalist groups are more vulnerable to proscription, older religious groups and those with state sponsors seem to be more violent after proscription. Proscription can be an effective tool for reducing terrorist attacks and lethality, but it is most effective against younger terror groups and states should exercise caution in its use as it may not have the desired effects on all types of groups. Read it at International Interactions. Bargaining with Insurgencies in the Shadow of Infighting with Navin Bapat 2018, Journal of Global Security Studies 3(1): 23-37. Despite the long standing "no concessions" argument, scientific studies now suggest that governments can benefit from negotiating with militant insurgencies. However, despite government efforts, the leaders of insurgent movements often appear fanatical and unwilling to negotiate. This behavior presents a puzzle: If the leaders of insurgencies mobilize to create political change, and a government offers concessions, why do insurgent leaders refuse to negotiate? Using a game-theoretic model, we argue that insurgent leaders may rationally reject negotiation due to an internal commitment problem. Specifically, when leaders cannot credibly share the benefits of peace with their rivals, insurgent leaders may reject offers over fear of an internal conflict, which could leave the entire group vulnerable to government exploitation. However, the model demonstrates that insurgent leaders should negotiate if power in the insurgency is shifting in favor of their rivals, as it could help them maintain control of the movement. We illustrate these hypotheses using evidence from the Nigerian state's conflict with the Movement for the Emancipation of the Niger Delta (MEND) organization and Boko Haram. Read it at Journal of Global Security Studies. An Analysis of the TABARI Coding System with Christine Carpino and Mark Crescenzi 2013, Conflict Management and Peace Science 30(4): 335-348. Textual Analysis by Augmented Replacement Instructions (TABARI) provides an automated method for coding large amounts of text. Using TABARI to code lead sentences of news stories, the KEDS/Penn State Event Data project has produced event data for several regions. The wide range of events and actors, TABARI's ability to filter duplicate events and the number of events coded allow users to analyze patterns in conflict and cooperation between state and nonstate actors over time. We evaluate whether coding full stories provides more detailed information on the actors referenced in the lead sentences. Additional actor information would allow researchers interested in the interactions between violent nonstate actors to test hypotheses regarding group cohesiveness and splintering, spoiling behavior, commitment problems between factions and many other issues critical to management of an insurgency. We downloaded Reuters news stories relevant to the Israeli–Palestinian conflict and used TABARI to code the lead sentences. We then analyzed the full text of the coded stories to determine the level of actor detail available. Our findings highlight the dynamic relationship among nonstate and state actors during the Israeli–Palestinian conflict, and we find that, contrary to expectations, hand coding full news stories does not lead to significant improvements in the accuracy or depth of actor information compared with machine coding by TABARI using lead sentences. These findings should bolster the confidence of researchers using TABARI coded data, with the caveat that TABARI's ability to distinguish between actors is dependent upon the detail available in the actor dictionaries. Read it at Conflict Management and Peace Science Reciprocity in International Politics with Mark Crescenzi and Bo Ram Kwon 2010 The International Studies Encyclopedia, 1st Edition, ed. Robert Denemark. In this essay, we seek to present the key findings about reciprocity within the body of research that is representative of the Scientific Study of International Processes the study of reciprocity has generally occurred within two veins: formal/experimental and empirical research. the two veins have intertwined productively over the last half-century, and a significant proportion of this research draws from both approaches. For the purposes of exposition our essay mirrors the specialization often found in this research. Other Research Panopticism and the use of "the Other" in To Kill a Mockingbird. 2009, The Mississippi Quarterly, 62(3/4) The search for identity and the obstacles to it in Harper Lee's To Kill A Mockingbird are examined through the framework of the Panopticon and the Other that Michel Foucault sets forth in Discipline and Punish: The Birth of the Prison. Through Boo, Scout and Jem are able to see flaws in society that run deeper than the simple problems they face as children, social ills that allow a community to witness passively and thus allow the abuse that Boo faced and that Mayella still faces, that allow a society to, in effect, kill Tom Robinson or any other innocent man to protect their own prejudices.
Nigeria is facing a historic foreign exchange (FX) crisis but this problem is not unique to Africa's biggest economy as findings showed three other African countries have also suffered a similar fate. Several economic and political factors, such as inflation, government instability, reduced foreign direct investment (FDI), and fluctuating capital flows, have been associated with the weakness of some other African currencies. The naira has been on a steady decline since the Central Bank of Nigeria (CBN) floated it in June 2023, collapsing all the segments in the FX market into the Investor's and Exporters' Window. It depreciated to as low as 1,534.39 per dollar last Monday at the Nigerian Autonomous Foreign Exchange Market. Although at the time of writing this story on Thursday, the shilling was up almost eight percent, according to LSEG data, which was fuelled by foreign inflows into Kenyan domestic debt of $2 billion Eurobond maturing in June. In December 2022, the International Monetary Fund approved a $3 billion loan for Egypt in exchange for several economic reforms including a move to a flexible exchange rate to stablise its currency. The dollar exchange rate was more than 70 pounds in the black market over the past few days, compared to 31 pounds in the official market, with a 130 percent gap between the two rates. On Sunday, the exchange rate in the black market fell to less than 60 pounds, bridging the gap to 100 percent, but still maintaining confusion and chaos in Egypt's currency market. Factors that contributed to the currency devaluation included the scarcity of foreign currency; the government's inability to provide dollar bills; traders' tendency to speculate on prices of dollars, gold, and properties; some food suppliers' tendencies to stockpile basic commodities to make more profits, and some people stockpiling on basic commodities for fear of a rise in prices or decrease in supply. Egypt's economy was hit hard after Russia's invasion of Ukraine in February 2022 unsettled global investors and led them to pull billions out of the North African country. The war sent wheat prices spiralling – heavily affecting Egypt, one of the world's largest grain importers, and piling pressure on its foreign currency reserves. Currently, there are limits to how much money can be withdrawn from banks and ATMs, whether in dollar bills or Egyptian pound. As a result of the dollar volatility, prices of gold, iron, electrical appliances, and other commodities have experienced record rises. Although Egypt's inflation slowed to 29.8 percent in January 2024 from 33.7 percent in December, it remains well above the upper limit of the central bank's target range of 5-9 percent.
Selecting the right career is a crucial decision that impacts one's overall happiness and well-being. It's about finding a path that not only provides financial stability but also resonates with our personal values, interests, and desired lifestyle. As you embark on this journey, it's important to delve deep into self-reflection and consider the long-term implications of your career choice. Below, we explore key strategies to help you navigate this significant life decision. Assessing Your Values and Interests for Career Alignment Understanding your core values and interests is the foundation for aligning your career with your lifestyle. Begin by identifying what truly matters to you, whether it's creativity, social impact, innovation, or stability. This reflection can reveal the environment and type of work that best suits your intrinsic motivations. When your job resonates with your philosophy, the likelihood of professional fulfillment increases significantly. Take some time to assess your hobbies and activities that energize you outside of work. Is there a way to transform these interests into a viable career? Perhaps you're passionate about healthcare and helping others, which could lead you to explore med surg rn jobs. Always consider the potential for personal growth and learning opportunities within your field of interest, as these factors can greatly enhance your job satisfaction. Integrating Passion and Proficiency When Choosing Your Path When passion meets proficiency, work transforms into a source of joy and professional excellence. Identify areas where you not only excel but are also deeply passionate about the work itself. This intersection is where you'll likely find a career that doesn't just satisfy you financially, but also emotionally and intellectually. The journey towards integrating passion and proficiency may be one of trial and error. Be open to experimenting with different roles and industries to discover where your true interests lie. Each foray into a new field can provide valuable experience and insights into what resonates with you and your lifestyle. Seeking out additional training or education can also merge passions with skills. For example, those interested in public health might opt to enroll in programs like the University of Cincinnati Bachelor of Science in Public Health to solidify their expertise. Ongoing learning demonstrates a commitment to your career and can position you for success in areas you're passionate about. The Role of Work-Life Balance in Career Decision Making Work-life balance is essential in preserving your well-being and shouldn't be sacrificed for the sake of a career. Investigate industries and roles that offer flexibility, such as remote work options, flexible schedules, or generous vacation policies. These factors contribute greatly to your ability to balance professional responsibilities with personal life and can be decisive in your career choice. The demands and pace of different careers can vary significantly, which impacts how much time and energy you have for personal pursuits. Some positions might require long hours or constant availability, which could infringe on personal time. Consider how much time you want to dedicate to work, and seek careers that respect and accommodate that preference. Family considerations can also play a crucial role in determining the right work-life balance. Parents or those planning to have families may prioritize careers with family-friendly policies. Understand your current or future family needs before deciding on a career, ensuring it supports rather than constrains your family life. Long-Term Career Satisfaction Versus Short-Term Rewards While immediate benefits such as a high salary or prestigious title can be enticing, weighing these against long-term satisfaction is vital. Careers offering substantial short-term rewards might not provide the same level of fulfillment over time. Consider the long-range prospects and potential for personal and professional growth in your field. Remember to factor in the stability and security offered by a career. Industries with a strong future outlook provide peace of mind and the ability to plan for the future with confidence. Research market trends and projections to understand how your chosen path might evolve in the coming years. Overall, choosing a career that reflects your values, accommodates your lifestyle, and satisfies your aspirations is a complex yet achievable endeavor. Thoroughly evaluating how various careers align with these aspects ensures that your professional journey is both rewarding and enriching. By focusing on work-life balance, passion, flexibility, and long-term contentment, you position yourself for a fulfilling career that complements every facet of your life.
Mouse experiments by KU Leuven researchers have shown how the antidepressant sertraline can help inhibit cancer cell growth by acting on metabolic addiction to the amino acids serine and glycine, which certain forms of cancers produce to make them thrive. The researchers suggest the findings may point to a new therapeutic approach to cancer care. Kim De Keersmaecker, PhD, head of the Laboratory for Disease Mechanisms in Cancer (LDMC), said This mechanism is an interesting target because cancer cells are so dependent on it." To a lesser degree, healthy cells use this process and often take up serine and glycine from food. For cancer cells, however this is not enough, meaning they are beginning to develop more. We would be able to combat cancer without affecting healthy cells if we can stop this production. These results were reported in Molecular Cancer Therapeutics, under titled, "Repurposing the antidepressant sertraline as SHMT inhibitor to suppress serine/glycine synthesis addicted breast tumor growth." Energy metabolism rewiring is one of the hallmarks of cancer that promotes tumour growth, survival, and chemotherapy resistance, the authors explained. Normal cells may rely on the uptake from their environment of the amino acids serine and glycine, but malignant cells also produce large amounts of these amino acids in some types of cancer, including breast, leukaemia, skin, brain, lung, and others. This serine and glycine development promotes cancer cell growth to such an extent that they become addicted effectively. "In cancer subsets, including triple-negative breast cancer and T-cell leukaemia that are both currently treated with toxic intensive chemotherapy regimens, evidence of dependence on serine/glycine synthesis is increasing," the authors noted. "This highlights the need to develop novel therapeutic intervention strategies for these cancers, focusing specifically on serine/glycine synthesis targeting." The researchers used a database of existing medicines in their hunt for a material that affects the synthesis of serine and glycine. Researchers in the laboratory of Bruno Cammue, PhD, at the Centre for Microbial and Plant Genetics (CMPG), examined 1,600 substances on yeast cells for the first step of their studies. Because there are also yeasts or moulds that rely on the same mechanism," explained Karin Thevissen, PhD, research coordinator." "These amino acids are developed by certain yeasts to defend themselves against antifungals. Moreover, you can grow yeast cells quickly allowing you to test several different substances. The screening results showed that the antidepressant sertraline was the most effective substance in blocking the production of serine and glycine, with further tests showing that the drug inhibits the enzyme SHMT for serine/glycine synthesis. A combination of sertraline and the antimalarial medication artemether, which had been previously shown to have potent anticancer efficacy, resulted in sertraline-selective antitumor activity when tested in mice carrying breast cancer xenografts. Shauni Geeraerts, PhD, at LDMC and CMPG, and LDMC colleague Kim Kampen, PhD, commented that other studies had already suggested that sertraline had a certain anticancer effect, but there was no reason for this yet. We have been able to demonstrate in this study that sertraline inhibits serine and glycine production, causing cancer cell growth to decline. We have found that in combination with other therapeutic agents, this drug is the most effective. We observed in experiments with mice that sertraline significantly inhibits the growth of breast cancer cells in conjunction with another treatment. The team said their findings suggest that it could be possible to repurpose sertraline as a candidate for anticancer. "In conclusion, the widely used antidepressant sertraline was identified as a novel serine/glycine synthesis enzyme SHMT inhibitor that showed high efficacy against cancers that are metabolically addicted," they wrote. And although serine/glycine synthesis enzyme inhibitors previously described have not entered clinical trials, sertraline is already being safely used in humans, they pointed out. Our findings indicate that sertraline may be used as an adjuvant therapeutic intervention strategy for serine/glycine synthesis of addicted cancers, especially when combined with drugs that target other central cancer cell metabolism nodes, such as mitochondrial inhibitors. This research collectively offers molecular insights into the repurposed mode of action of the sertraline antidepressant and allows for the delineation of a previously undisclosed community of cancers that are especially susceptible to sertraline care. "We can begin examining other types of cancer that are also addicted to serine and glycine synthesis now that we have been able to identify this mechanism for breast cancer," said Professor De Keersmaecker. This is the case with T-cell leukaemia, for example, but also with some types of cancers of the brain, lungs and skin. The more sertraline-sensitive tumours we can discover, the better the chances for treating patients in the future... These are of course, preliminary research findings, not clinical trials, so we can be hopeful about the possibilities. The protection of human use of sertraline has already been well described, which is a major gain. That's why we are also looking for industrial partners to expand this further.
Case Study Women's rights have been discussed, argued and fought for since females found their voices and used them in a male-dominated world. The range of women and human rights is complex and extends beyond the ability to vote or work. Within the battle for equality lies many controversial decisions, laws and overall opinions that dictate what certain people and groups can or cannot do. Alongside all of this, uncertainty can also come with the human characteristic of making mistakes. Accidents are bound to happen, but it's not every day that an accident gets spun into a case of murder. According to Johns Hopkins University, a hospital patient entered the fertility clinic's cryo-preservation unit in December 2020. The patient then opened a tank where frozen embryos were stored at sub-freezing temperatures. The patient burned himself from the temperatures and dropped the embryos, destroying them. The couple whose embryos were being preserved took this situation to court, filing for the Wrongful Death of a Minor Act, a law in Alabama sorted under Chapter Five: Actions. Initially, the trial judge asserted that an embryo isn't considered to be living and that the couple couldn't bring the situation under the Wrongful Death of a Minor Act because nothing living had died. Disappointed in the outcome, the couple then appealed the decision and took the case to the Alabama Supreme Court, hoping to bring justice to a non-living entity. Alabama's Supreme Court claimed that the Wrongful Death of a Minor Act does apply to this case and established that in vitro embryos are considered to be living people. According to Dr. Joshua Sharfstein of Johns Hopkins University, there is a small possibility that frozen embryos will be damaged or destroyed when being thawed and prepared, making them unable to be transferred successfully. Sharfstein states that "even fresh embryos may be damaged and [unable] to be transferred. Therefore, there was real concern about the legal consequences given that these [in vitro] embryos have been declared persons under the law in Alabama." During the week following the ruling, two of the eight fertility clinics in Alabama stopped their in vitro fertilization (IVF) treatments. Patients awaiting the final step of their IVF treatments had their appointments canceled. Anti-abortion groups in Alabama applauded the Supreme Court's decision. In contrast, those in support of abortion and IVF were disappointed in the ruling. According to Associated Press News, Karine Jean-Pierre, White House press secretary, said the Alabama decision reflects the effects of the Supreme Court overturning Roe v. Wade and that Republican elected officials not giving access to reproductive and emergency care to women are to blame. Wendy Kramer, Co-Founder and Director of the Donor Sibling Registry, also held a similar view on this subject. "We progressed, we evolved, we're more enlightened; there's more science and we're still going in the right direction, and now all of a sudden, there's been a halt and a reversal," Kramer said. "[There's probably] 100 different scenarios stemming out of the Alabama law that were scary to medical professionals, to parents or to everybody in that world. [It's terrifying for] embryologists to think, if you trip and drop an embryo, you could be charged with murder." The Importance of IVF The Donor Sibling Registry (DSR) was created in the year 2000 by Kramer and her donor-conceived son, Ryan. Her website sheds light on more than just the process of being conceived by an egg, sperm or embryo donor, but life for the child as well. It connects these individuals with others with the same genetic ties. "The whole [fertility] industry is focused on achieving pregnancy. A large percentage of their goal is to help people get pregnant. But what they don't look at is what happens after pregnancy," Kramer said. "The reproductive medicine industry has always been about rights. It's about the rights of the parents to get pregnant and have a baby. It's about the rights of the donors to be anonymous. But nowhere in that conversation has ever been about the rights of the very children they're creating." Kramer's unique story led to the creation of her website. Her son, Ryan, was conceived through a sperm donor, and during his childhood was never denied the truth of who his father was. At only six years old, Ryan was already curious about his background and family. However, the sperm bank made it difficult for Ryan to find any information about his donor. "Ryan struggled. He was very curious and sometimes angry at the sperm bank. It is not for having the policies it had but because they make no sense. Why keep human beings from their close genetic relatives for the first 18 years of life? It makes no sense in any culture at any point in time. The whole world knows that it's complete bullshit, but that's the way they can make the most money," Kramer said. By knowing the truth, Ryan was happy to learn more about his sperm donor and felt less disconnected from his family and origin. Kramer mentioned why she chose to be honest with Ryan. "The [IVF] kids who seem to struggle most are the ones who don't have parental support. Their parents won't talk about it and they negate it by saying, 'Those people aren't your family, we're your family.'" Kramer said. At just fifteen years old, Ryan found his sperm donor, Lance. "[Ryan] was the very first donor-conceived person to find their biological father via a commercial DNA test. When [Ryan] met his biological father, it was a life-changing event. He kept looking at me like a deer in headlights, in shock, going, 'I know who my donor is' or 'I know who my biological father is,'" Kramer said. Through her website, Ryan has grown a group of children who share Lance as their biological father. The group has just reached 30 half-siblings who can connect and bond over familiarity with being a child of the same sperm donor. He had the privilege to meet a large number of his half-siblings. "[Ryan] was just sitting there thinking about it, and he goes, 'Mom, if I never see those people again, I'll be fine because I know where I come from,'" Kramer said. After the recent court order in Alabama deciding the embryos are, in fact, alive, fear is rising regarding the future of reproductive rights. According to NBC News, California's Governor, Gavin Newsom, voiced that Alabama's Supreme Court decision is "not just a travel war. It's not just a war on reproductive health care. It's also a war on women more broadly defined." This statement can cause fear among women that their right to have or not have a child is at the expense of the people in power. Still, it spreads awareness concerning how easily women's rights can be taken away. 6 percent of students are IVF babies, and an additional 31 percent don't know if they are, according to the March 2024 Bark survey. This uncertainty is a reality for several Redwood students and children around the world. These potential IVF babies might not be able to connect with their donor or half-siblings, which could leave them feeling hopeless or alone when it comes to finding their origin; one of the main reasons Kramer founded the DSR. Finding support in groups and communities for confusion and specific fertility-related questions in a non-argumentative way can be difficult. Living in the U.S., a country where rights and laws vary from state to state, makes this even more challenging. Support groups can be found in a multitude of areas all across the country.
The best countries for remote work are Germany, followed by Denmark, the USA, Spain, Lithuania, Netherlands, Sweden, Estonia, Singapore, and France. This is according to the Global Remote Work Index by NordLayer, a business security solution by Nord Security. The report evaluated 66 countries in total. The full list of the best countries for remote work is available here: https://nordlayer.com/global-remote-work-index/ Attributes of best countries for remote work The index was compiled by assessing and comparing the countries using four index dimensions. Together, they combine various detailed attributes (or sub-dimensions) that help evaluate general remote-work attractiveness: 1. Cybersecurity — infrastructure, response, and legal measures. 2. Economic and social conditions — safety, tourism attractiveness, English proficiency, cost of living, and healthcare. 3. Digital and physical infrastructure — internet quality, affordability, e-infrastructure, e-government, physical infrastructure, and co-working spaces. 4. COVID-19 response — vaccination and response rates. Research details of best countries for remote work The cybersecurity category is dominated by small EU countries Countries perform differently in each category. The cybersecurity category is dominated by smaller European countries, such as Slovakia, the Baltic states Lithuania and Estonia, and Greece. EU member states took the top 18 places in cybersecurity. Affordability requires compromising on safety Canada, the UK, Portugal, the USA, and Germany, respectively, are the five most favorable countries for remote work regarding economic and social conditions. However, countries' levels of wealth don't guarantee cybersafety. Although such countries as Malta, New Zealand, and the UAE rank relatively high in economic and social conditions, they experience higher cybersecurity risks than other countries with similar economic and social conditions. The index shows that remote workers willing to find a cheaper location to relocate will have to compromise on aspects like general safety or the level of English spoken in the country. South Korea and Singapore are easy to be in digitally and physically Internet accessibility and quality are a must for a person to be able to work without worry. Therefore, the digital and physical infrastructure metric was very important when compiling the index. According to this metric, South Korea and Singapore are at the top, followed by the United Arab Emirates, Denmark, and Switzerland. Remote work — a rising trend everywhere Remote work has been a subject of discussion for a while now, with companies like Airbnb announcing full remote work, but employers like Elon Musk deeming remote work "unproductive." "Nevertheless, the trend is clear — ever since the beginning of COVID-19, remote or hybrid work has become inevitable even in those companies that previously preached the importance of face-to-face interactions," says Juta Gurinaviciute, chief technology officer at NordLayer. "This is why NordLayer carried out this detailed analysis and decided to publish the Global Remote Work Index. We took into account all of the fundamental parameters that countries must meet while researching the best countries to work in remotely by thoroughly evaluating a range of data. The Global Remote Work Index puts emphasis on the safety and reliability of both the physical and digital environment. It also gave special attention to cybersecurity. In this regard, it is an excellent resource for remote employees who wish to relocate or work in a nation other than that of their current residence." How to work remotely securely For those choosing to work remotely, Gurinaviciute suggests remembering some practical tips for staying secure — even if the country is high up in the cybersecurity ranking: - Use a separate device and accounts for work. To avoid creating risks for your company's IT infrastructure, it's best you keep your personal and professional devices separate. The same goes for user accounts. Laptops issued by your employer should contain security tools needed for protection. Make sure all your software is up to date so that you don't miss out on important security upgrades. If you have only one device for both personal and work purposes, consider partitioning its hard drive. - Keep your home network secure. Make sure your router is password protected and you use a reliable VPN (virtual private network) to secure your internet connection. A VPN significantly reduces outsiders' ability to intercept your data and target what you do online. If your company doesn't use a business VPN, you can always subscribe to a user-friendly solution for individual use. - Rethink your passwords. According to research by NordPass, the most popular password in the US is "123456." This is an incredibly dangerous habit. Never reuse your passwords. Instead, create a complex and unique password for every account. If your work or personal account gets compromised in a data breach, you'll need to change only one password. This way, all your other accounts will remain safe from credential stuffing attempts. To safely store this vast number of passwords, start using a password manager. Methodology: The Global Remote Work Index by NordLayer was conducted based on four dimensions that focus on countries' cybersecurity environment, economic and social conditions, digital and physical infrastructure, and Covid-19 response and handling. To find more about the index, please visit: https://nordlayer.com/global-remote-work-index/ About Nordlayer NordLayer is an adaptive network access security solution for businesses. It helps organizations of all sizes to fulfill scaling and integration challenges. Moving towards an ever-evolving SASE ecosystem, NordLayer is quick and easy to implement with existing infrastructure, is hardware free, and is designed for scaling. As a cloud-native solution with an easy-to-use interface, NordLayer offers protection to businesses of any size, complexity, or work model, including remote or hybrid workplaces. More information: www.nordlayer.com Patricija Cerniauskaite – Globe Newswire, London Every month in 2024 we will be giving away one PlayStation 5. To qualify join our Facebook group, TikTok and Subscribe to our Sweet TnT Magazine YouTube channel Apple – iPhone 14 Pro Max 256GB (Unlocked, US version) When you buy something through our retail links, we may earn commission and the retailer may receive certain auditable data for accounting purposes. 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Nov 30 , 2019 By TEMESGEN MULUGETA ( FORTUNE STAFF WRITER ) The Ministry of Agriculture received 122 field vehicles as part of its Livestock & Fisheries Sector Development Project. Costing 102 million Br, the financing comes from the World Bank. The vehicles will be distributed to 58 districts in the Oromia, Amhara, SNNP, Tigray, Benishangul-Gumuz and Gambella regional states. Except for three of the vehicles, the rest will be handed to the regional states. The vehicles were procured through the UN Procurement Division, which provides responsive and effective procurement services and business advice to organisations such as the World Bank. Nine out of the imported cars, all of which have GPS systems, are long base, while six are hardtop and the rest are double top Toyota vehicles. "The vehicles will solve logistics problems in the beneficiary regional states," said Thomas Chernet (PhD), national project coordinator at the Ministry. The vehicles are part of the six-year fishery and livestock development project that was started in September 2018 and funded by the World Bank. The project has 176 million dollars set aside by the international organisation. It was established to increase productivity and commercialisation of producers and processors in selected value chains, including strengthening service delivery systems in the livestock and fisheries sector and responding promptly and effectively to an emerging crisis or emergency. The project has three components that have value chains within the dairy, poultry, meat and fisheries industries. They include linking harvest to market, strengthening institutional programmes and capacity building. The programme supports farmers in designing a development chain that relates to three clusters focusing on low-income farmers, unemployed youth and females. It will not provide direct cash support but in-kind support. "The project aims to provide the resources, through in-kind support, upon which a modern livestock and fisheries industry can be built," said Thomas. Ethiopia has one of the highest livestock populations in the world at about 133 million. While the nation has the potential to produce 94,500tn of fish a year, Ethiopia currently only produces 56,133tn of fish, just 59.4pc of the potential. Kenya's fish production from freshwater sources stood at almost double the size of Ethiopia in 2017. Researchers are not close to farmers to provide support because of logistical constraints, thus in-kind donations of this type will have a positive impact to address the issue of access, according to Habtamu Tassew (PhD), associate professor at Bahir Dar University's College of Agriculture & Environmental Sciences. "If the nation wants to grow the sector, livestock and fisheries has to be re-established as a ministry and conduct research that can make an impact on the industry," said Habtamu. "The agricultural sector requires more resources to establish a strong agricultural sector supported by modern technological equipment." Nov 30,2019 [ VOL Fortune News \| Apr 13,2020 Radar \| Mar 25,2023 Fortune News \| Nov 26,2022 Fortune News \| Sep 10,2021 Radar \| Dec 02,2023 Agenda \| Apr 17,2021 Fortune News \| Jan 27,2024 Fortune News \| Mar 30,2019 Radar \| Apr 08,2023 Radar \| Aug 13,2022 Feb 24 , 2024 . By MUNIR SHEMSU Abel Yeshitila, a real estate developer with a 12-year track record, finds himself unable to sell homes in his latest venture. Despite slash... Feb 10 , 2024 . By MUNIR SHEMSU In his last week's address to Parliament, Prime Minister Abiy Ahmed (PhD) painted a picture of an economy... Jan 7 , 2024 In the realm of international finance and diplomacy, few cities hold the distinction that Addis Abeba doe... Sep 30 , 2023 . By AKSAH ITALO On a chilly morning outside Ke'Geberew Market, Yeshi Chane, a 35-year-old mother cradling her seven-month-old baby, stands amidst the throng... May 25 , 2024 For a long time, the debate among Ethiopia's policymakers and those in the academia c... May 18 , 2024 Prime Minister Abiy Ahmed (PhD) took a handful of his cabinet members last week to th... May 11 , 2024 The ruling Prosperity Party - the Prosperitians - has its leaders turned to the Publi... May 2 , 2024 For successive generations of Ethiopia's tax authorities, the chore of tax collection...
Not all financial regulation is global Financial regulation at global level has been high on the G20 agenda. However, financial multipolarity, with the rise of emerging economies, and its i The financial crisis has intensified the focus on financial regula-tion at global level, placing it at the top of the G20 agenda. However, global convergence is made more difficult by financial multipolarity, meaning the rise of emerging economies and its impact on decision-making at global level, and financial reregulation, or the trend towards stronger regulation of financial systems to buttress financial stability, particularly in developed economies. As a result, the ambitious objectives initially set by global leaders have so far not been turned into major international break-throughs, and continued global capital-market integration can no longer be taken for granted. Policy Challenge The global harmonisation of all aspects of financial regulation cannot be achieved. Many elements of financial stability and customer-protection pol-icy can be determined locally. Some competitive distortions and opportuni-ties for regulatory arbitrage will remain inevitable. But action is needed at global level to prevent damaging fragmentation of capital markets. Policy makers should prioritise four key components: (1) building stronger global public institutions, to get a comprehensive analytical pic-ture, set authoritative stan-dards, and foster and monitor the consistency of regulatory practice; (2) globally consis-tent financial information; (3) a globally integrated capital-markets infrastructure; and (4) addressing competitive distortions among global cap-ital-market intermediaries.

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