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Precision aluminum tube is widely used in industry, we often ignore the surface treatment in the process of use, in fact, the surface treatment process of precision aluminum tube has been completed by the manufacturer before leaving the factory, this article will introduce the surface treatment process of precision aluminum tube: 1. Precision aluminum tube oil and degreasing Precision aluminum tube surfaces must be degreased before passivation and pickling, and further components must be welded in the degreasing line to avoid carbon from the pickers at high temperatures. 2. Precision aluminum pipe passivation Passivation process can only deal with precision aluminum tube and stainless iron with precise surface. The primary purpose of passivation of fine bright tube is to avoid surface oxidation and corrosion of precision aluminum tube. 3. Precision aluminum tube pickling The purpose of pickling precision aluminum tubes is to remove the oxide skin on the surface of precision aluminum tubes after high temperature welding, heat treatment or hot working. It can also achieve the purpose of eliminating red rust corrosion of steel or iron or steel particles. However, attention should be paid to cleaning the acid on the surface of the precision aluminum tube in time after pickling, otherwise the surface of the aluminum tube will soon begin to rust and corrosion. The corrosion resistance of the surface layer of the aluminum tube below is decreased. The above is a summary of the precision aluminum tube surface treatment process for you. If you have more relevant knowledge, you can contact us.
The lottery is a game of chance where numbers are drawn for a prize. The prizes can range from cash to goods or services. It is a form of gambling and, as such, it can be regulated by law. Lotteries date back centuries and are recorded in many documents, including the Bible. In the 17th century, they became very popular in Europe and were often hailed as a painless form of taxation. They were used to raise money for a wide variety of purposes, from towns and wars to colleges and public-works projects. In the United States, state governments operate a lottery to raise funds for programs that benefit the population. These lotteries are monopolies, and they do not allow competition from private companies. They are the source of billions of dollars in annual revenue. While there are a number of reasons to play the lottery, the likelihood of winning is slim. People play for the thrill of the game and for the dream of becoming wealthy. The lottery can be a fun way to spend time, but it is important to understand how it works before you buy tickets. There are several strategies that can improve your chances of winning the lottery. One is to select a group of numbers that are not close together. Another is to choose numbers that have not been selected recently. Finally, avoid picking numbers that have sentimental value or are associated with your birthdates. Also, make sure that you purchase enough tickets to cover all the possible combinations.
Unlock the Power of Solar Energy: Benefits of Solar Power Systems Welcome to a bright future where energy is clean, renewable, and most importantly, affordable. Solar power systems are at the forefront of this green revolution, offering a plethora of advantages for both the planet and its inhabitants. From slashing electricity bills to contributing to a healthier environment, the benefits are as abundant as the sunlight itself. Ready to illuminate the myriad of reasons why solar power systems are the way forward? Let's dive in. Click here to check the latest prices on Solar Power Systems The Sunlit Path to Lower Energy Bills - Drastic Reduction in Electricity Costs: One of the most immediate benefits of installing a solar power system is the significant decrease in monthly energy bills. This system converts sunlight into electricity, meaning you can power your home or business using the sun's energy, which is absolutely free. - High Return on Investment: Although the initial investment might seem substantial, solar power systems offer impressive returns over time. Thanks to savings on energy bills, most systems pay for themselves within a few years. - Increased Property Value: Homes equipped with solar power systems often see a spike in property value. Prospective buyers are willing to pay more for a property that promises reduced utility costs. A Greener Planet with Every Installation - Reduction in Carbon Footprint: By opting for a solar power system, you're directly contributing to the reduction of harmful greenhouse gas emissions. This clean energy source is a significant step towards fighting climate change and preserving our planet for future generations. - Sustainable and Renewable: Solar power is a truly sustainable and renewable energy source. It relies on the sun, which is expected to shine for another 5 billion years, making it a long-term solution to our energy needs. - Low Maintenance Costs: Solar power systems require minimal maintenance, making them a hassle-free option for both residential and commercial users. Once installed, you can enjoy the benefits for years to come with little additional cost. Click here to check the latest prices on Solar Power Systems Empowering Communities - Energy Independence: Solar power systems provide the unique benefit of energy independence. By generating your own electricity, you're less dependent on national grids and fluctuating energy prices. - Support for Local Economies: Investing in solar power supports the growth of local jobs and businesses within the renewable energy sector. This not only helps to build a more sustainable economy but also fosters community development. Future-Proofing with Solar As the world gradually shifts away from fossil fuels, the importance of adopting renewable energy sources becomes more evident. Solar power systems are not just a trend; they're a long-term solution to our global energy needs. By choosing solar, you're not only securing your financial future but also contributing to a more sustainable and eco-friendly world. Click here to check the latest prices on Solar Power Systems
New analysis from QIMR Berghofer has discovered that the hormone testosterone could play an necessary position within the improvement of endometrial most cancers. The invention raises thrilling new potentialities for screening, stopping and combating this more and more prevalent illness. Endometrial most cancers is the fourth commonest most cancers in Australian ladies and its incidence is rising. But treatment options are restricted, with a hysterectomy usually the primary line of protection. The brand new examine by Affiliate Professors Tracy O'Mara and Dylan Glubb offers hope that present hormone therapies could supply another choice. "Everybody has testosterone, however our analysis suggests that ladies with greater ranges of the hormone are at larger threat of growing endometrial cancer," mentioned A/Prof O'Mara, the senior creator on the examine. "In establishing an impartial relationship between testosterone and endometrial most cancers, the examine opens up potential new avenues for remedy. "We're actually excited by these findings and hope that with additional analysis, we would be capable of deal with endometrial most cancers by concentrating on or inhibiting testosterone with present medicine." Within the examine printed within the journal iSciencethe researchers carried out superior genetic evaluation to establish 5 impartial threat elements for endometrial most cancers. These threat elements embody body weightage at onset of menstruation and menopause, and testosterone levels. The testosterone connection was associated to a particular area of the human genome which the examine found has hyperlinks to a better threat of endometrial most cancers. "It is vitally promising to see testosterone ranges emerge so strongly as a possible threat issue, as a result of an individual's testosterone might be modified," O'Mara mentioned. "There are already accepted medicine designed to dam and counteract the hormone's results. Additional analysis could justify making an attempt to repurpose these medicine to assist ladies with endometrial most cancers. "It's actually necessary that we do discover extra therapeutic choices, as the present first line remedy for endometrial most cancers is a hysterectomy. That is clearly extremely invasive, and impacts fertility in youthful sufferers." Glubb mentioned they might use laboratory-grown organoids resembling endometrial most cancers tumors, to research genes concerned within the improvement of the illness. "Now we have recognized a major variety of genetic areas linked to endometrial most cancers, however we do not but know which specific genes are concerned. This examine permits us to check which genes are necessary for the expansion of the organoids and the endometrial most cancers tumors they symbolize. "Our final objective is discovering new genes which might be focused to deal with endometrial most cancers, as we all know medicine with a genetic basis usually tend to be efficient." Extra info: Xuemin Wang et al, Multi-trait genome-wide affiliation examine identifies a novel endometrial most cancers threat locus that associates with testosterone ranges, iScience (2023). DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2023.106590 Offered by Medical Research Council Widespread hormone may maintain key to treating endometrial most cancers (2023, August 25) retrieved 26 August 2023 from https://medicalxpress.com/information/2023-08-common-hormone-key-endometrial-cancer.html This doc is topic to copyright. Aside from any honest dealing for the aim of personal examine or analysis, no half could also be reproduced with out the written permission. The content material is offered for info functions solely. Source link
5 catastrophic megathrust earthquakes led to the demise of the pre-Aztec city of Teotihuacan, new study suggests Analyses of Teotihuacan's three major pyramids show that the city was shaken by multiple catastrophic earthquakes — and this may have led to its demise. A chain of massive earthquakes may have led to the decline and eventual desertion of the pre-Aztec Mesoamerican city of Teotihuacan, a new study suggests. Teotihuacan, which is located northeast of modern-day Mexico City and flourished between 150 B.C. and A.D. 650, had a population of more than 100,000 inhabitants at its heyday, but several centuries later that number plummeted substantially, according to a study published in the May issue of the Journal of Archaeological Science: Reports. Researchers have long wondered what caused this dramatic population drop, with hypotheses including war and famine. However, a new analysis of some of the city's iconic pyramids reveals that Teotihuacan was hit by five treacherous megathrust earthquakes that shook the city roughly between A.D. 100 and 600. "Megathrust earthquakes stand out as the most formidable seismic events ever documented," lead study author Raúl Pérez-López, an earthquake geologist at the Geological and Mining Institute in Spain, told Live Science in an email. "These earthquakes originate in subduction zones, such as the Middle American Trench (MAT) [an oceanic trench in the Pacific Ocean that's one of the world's largest subduction zones and the boundary between several tectonic plates, including the Nazca and North American]. What sets them apart is their extraordinary magnitude and relatively infrequent occurrence compared to other seismic events." For example, one megathrust earthquake is so powerful that the seismic energy it emits "is equivalent to the energy unleashed by around 32,000 Hiroshima nuclear bombs," Pérez-López said. A more recent megathrust earthquake occurred in Japan in 2011. Related: 'Lost' 1,500-year-old Teotihuacan village discovered in the heart of Mexico City "The release of such staggering energy during a megathrust earthquake can have catastrophic consequences for the surrounding regions, illustrating the immense destructive potential of these seismic events," he added. Sign up for the Live Science daily newsletter now Get the world's most fascinating discoveries delivered straight to your inbox. For the study, the researchers analyzed three of Teotihuacan's pyramids, including the Temple of the Feathered Serpent, the Pyramid of the Sun and the Pyramid of the Moon, for earthquake archaeological effects, or damage patterns that are related to strong ground shaking. They found that the seismic shocks rattled the city from the southwest to the northeast, leaving tell-tale evidence in their facades, according to the study. Perhaps the most vulnerable of the three pyramids was the Temple of the Feathered Serpent, which showed "displacement and fracturing of [its] massive andesite [rock] masonry blocks." The researchers also noticed examples of "chipped corners" of the outer stair blocks and "dislodged bricks," he said. While the researchers were aware of the megathrust earthquakes and researched them in a 2010 study, it wasn't until this new study that they discovered the full extent of the damage caused by them. "Remarkably, in the past century, earthquakes with magnitudes exceeding 8.6 in Mexico have not significantly impacted the infrastructure of Teotihuacan," he said. "This highlights the necessity of exceptionally powerful earthquakes to induce the specific destructive patterns observed in this ancient city." In response to the earthquakes, the city's occupants reinforced their pyramids as a precautionary measure. "The initial response by the Teotihuacanos was to reinforce the Sun Pyramid, the largest structure in their city, along its north-south axis in an attempt to fortify it against future earthquakes," he said. "Additionally, they repurposed and removed other elements damaged by seismic activity. Interestingly, they opted to conceal one of the most conspicuous signs of earthquake damage: the rotation and displacement of the west staircase of the Temple of the Feathered Serpent." He added, "Today, these archaeological effects of earthquakes remain visible, offering valuable insights into the ancient civilization's resilience and adaptive strategies." However, even architectural changes weren't enough to save the city from its eventual abandonment at the end of the seventh century, when there was "a sharp decrease of the population and an abrupt loss of geopolitical power," the authors wrote in the study. "The disruption caused by a devastating earthquake not only shakes the physical foundations of a society but also destabilizes its social and political structures," Pérez-López said. "Mismanagement of societal discontent in the aftermath of such a disaster can foment internal revolts, especially in the absence of effective military and urban infrastructure. This creates fertile ground for unrest, potentially sparking rebellions fueled by neighboring cities and exacerbating existing tensions." Jennifer Nalewicki is a Salt Lake City-based journalist whose work has been featured in The New York Times, Smithsonian Magazine, Scientific American, Popular Mechanics and more. She covers several science topics from planet Earth to paleontology and archaeology to health and culture. Prior to freelancing, Jennifer held an Editor role at Time Inc. Jennifer has a bachelor's degree in Journalism from The University of Texas at Austin.
Synthflow AI is the ultimate tool for all those enterpreneurs who want to give a boost to their business. With its great functionality, it represents the best AI solution also available to users with no need to master technical knowledge or coding skills. The AI text assistant of Synthflow AI is built to help users create sophisticated and human-like AI voices. The features are many, such that every user will have their work cut out for them during the development of synthetic media for their everyday uses of AI. if you would like to know more about Artificial Intelligence and become a professionist to work in this field, go check our AI courses and find the best one for you. Table of Contents What is Synthflow AI Synthflow AI is an advanced assistant using the breakthrough Synthflow technology of human-like intelligence to automate all industry processes. The main purpose of this tool is to develop productivity by searching for means that would improve autonomously. The tool is therefore very helpful for any business enterprise that would wish to rationalize its sales process and raise working efficiency in various departments. Overview of Synthflow AI Let's now dive into the tool to find its best features. It has a simple and straightforward user interface, allowing access and use of the software even for beginners who do not necessarily have some background in coding. AI in the form of Synthflow is extracting the necessary information from the flow of real-time conversations in an attempt to let users find and analyze key points from the discussed and opened questions in the shortest terms. Collect vital data points and insights in a business meeting, customer service call, or personal conversation effortlessly, all thanks to the platform. Applications in AI technology Among such common applications in AI technology, one is represented by the use of AI assistants answering inbound calls and scheduling appointments without knowledge of the requirements for technical skills or coding to achieve such an implementation. Such chatbots can also make outbound calls and be called by the term V-call chatbots. By implementing AI text assistants in the workflow, the company can establish sophisticated, human-like AI voices, ensuring that they get all the important information from the conversation. These technologies are what put Synthflow AI among the most advanced AI tools and solutions for modernization without code. Learn everything about Artificial Intelligence and discover our training offers! How does Synthflow AI compare to traditional chatbots? What are, therefore, the main differences between this new tool and ordinary chatbots? The tool uses much more advanced algorithms, due to which its responses are way better. Other chatbots are static. Unlike them, Synthflow AI has a model that keeps evolving with every interaction to be better placed in understanding and answering questions from users. This gives the tool an ability to learn and adapt with time, making it different from other chatbots that are often poorly programmed with limited abilities. Differences in functionality Other than being able to understand context, tone, and many other subtleties of a user's input, which makes the AI text assistant more versatile and capable of providing more personalized responses to users, there are other functionality we have to consider. The other big difference is the capability of multi-turn conversations. Average chatbots usually present problems of context maintenance and conversational flow, which are the two primary issues responsible for frustrating user experiences. Whereas, this new AI text assistant will be able to engage users in meaningful talk, recall the past chat, and give correct answers from the context of the chat. Advantages of Synthflow AI over traditional chatbots How about the customer care service? Synthflow AI holds several advantages in customer care and is one of the better ones— most of time even better than the regular chatbots. With state-of-the-art ability in machine learning, it has a tendency to answer queries like human beings and, for that matter, understand the same. This leads to a better user experience as customers feel more understood and supported. Overall, the tool demonstrated to be one of the best solution for companies that are looking for an improvement in their customer care capabilities. In addition, using advanced machine learning algorithms to build on the experience of the customer will actually translate to improved metrics for the company. In this digitalizing world, this solution in order to be ahead of the rest, could give companies a competitive edge in the marketplace. Creating AI voice assistants with Synthflow AI One of the highlight of the tool is the opportunity to create AI-driven voice assistants that can understand and respond to human speech. Now, with AI technology, businesses can build their own voice assistants in a process not only of building the cutting-edge technology but receiving help in how to enhance customer interaction and making all this efficient. Whether it's in customer service, healthcare, or whatever other industries, this new tool is pointing at the frontlines of sectors that will have been changed based on AI technology. It points to the world of possibilities as this continues to redefine how much one can achieve with AI voice assistants. Say goodbye to clunky, limited voice assistants because Synthflow AI will be a game changer in your business. Building AI voice agents without coding Now businesses can create sophisticated AI agents without coding using voice technology. This user-friendly platform, allows users to create and customize AI agents ready to start performing tasks like qualifying leads without necessarily possessing programming skills. All these are advanced AI agents, enabled by data to perform tasks ranging from cold calls, ensuring every lead is properly nurtured through both inbound and outbound communications that are personalized. This new AI technologies have made it possible for these virtual agents to be fully context-aware, delivering experiences of communication that are much more personalized and effective both to the business and its customers. Enhancing user experience with human-like conversational AI Synthflow AI is a valuable tool for enhancing user experience with its human-like conversational AI capabilities. Users can have more sophisticated AI voices that are context-aware and genuinely human in conversation within business. Generally, it enhances and makes it possible for the user experience to have more natural and appealing conversation. Convey from setting up a meeting to answering the questions of the customers, all these are the tasks that conversational AI agents can be used to help businesses and the customers with that personal human touch. With these funtionality, technology will enable businesses to enhance customer service and make their service operations much smoother. Ready to transform your marketing strategy? Discover how AI can revolutionize your approach with our free ebook How to leverage Synthflow AI for automating workflows If you run a business with many people within, have you ever thought about automatizing your workflows? One of the best feature of Synthflow AI is the ability to offer values in process optimization and time-saving in most of the repetitive tasks in a workflow free from mistakes that often result from manual work. The tool enables businesses to create their own workflows just the way they want to. This allows companies to increasingly become strategic activities-focused, while their AI solutions for the company take care of daily operations. This, in turn, results in better productivity, accuracy, and most importantly, consistency in the workflow process. From data entry automation and report generation to communication management, Synthflow AI is all set for such tasks that make your workflow super streamlined and effective. In this way, any business can comfortably and confidently realize more effectiveness and competitiveness among a business world environment that greatly fluctuates. Integrating Synthflow AI with existing systems It's obvious that we are talking about an AI tool that can be very disruptive to the way businesses are run currently, but many times, integrating the same with the existing system could be problematic. But tools like Zapier have made it very easy. The integration process is streamlined in such a way that Zapier helps businesses save time and resources that otherwise have to be spent during the transition. Whether Synthflow AI connects to CRM platforms, email marketing systems, or project management tools, Zapier glues systems together. It allows business use to power up without breaking the existing workflow, which is quite important. With the right integration strategy, businesses can be able to achieve their much-needed potential and getting much better results. Handling inbound calls efficiently Synthflow AI uses state-of-the-art AI algorithms with the purpose of optimizing the procedure for effective and efficient answering of inbound calls. How does it work? It applies the voice of innovative AI technology, ensuring that it shortens calls and links them quickly to the right department or representative, hence saving the time of both the caller and the agent. Real-time call analysis enables, in real time, the potential to respond with tailor-made answers and remedies that enhance the experience of the customer. The high level of artificial intelligence in Synthflow AI ensures the solution sets up without any difficulties while integrating with the current CRM system for continuous communication and management of information. Generally, the efficiency of the inbound call management would increase significantly, through a very great enhancement by the tool with it. Optimizing outbound communications through AI voice assistants This can be a turning point in how business operates if AI voice assistants are implemented and the company's internal processes are fully automated to boost efficiency. With better technologies emerging, a business can truly automate their outbound communication strategy and better reach out to more customers without having to spend so much manual efforts and time. This makes the advanced AI voice assistants customize interactions and gather data for the present strategies. In this way, the businesses would have been instant in realizing their impact on their bottom line, as they reach their customers more efficiently and make more sales. It also will free employees, helping them focus on more valuable chain tasks, thus increasing overall productivity and competitiveness in the market. Streamlining sales processes with AI text assistants SynthFlow AI provides powerful software for businesses to make more profit with minimum time spent on sales operations. The assistant enables companies to work highly productive with an AI text. These assistants then handle the repetitive tasks, such as answering customers' queries or sending follow-up emails, so that the sales team is free to engage itself in activities that are more strategic. Processes of sales with SynthFlow AI are, therefore, streamlined and effective, resulting in more sales and satisfied customers. Generally, if fully integrated into the sales processes, AI text assistants would revolutionize the way of doing business. The integration of automation into normal duties and added services to support the sales team would ensure more efficiency and productivity in businesses. SynthFlow AI helps companies never let their competition stay ahead while driving growth within the rapidly advancing marketplace today. To sum it up, Synthflow AI is a new-generation AI-based tool for companies to optimize their workflows with the use of artificial intelligence. Its AI-powered voice assistant makes it easier to streamline inbound and outbound communication processes by employing the latest technological tools in order to make them work. Synthflow AI enhances various aspects of the workflow of a company, finally resulting in high productivity performance improvement. With its help, the company can boost its business to success and innovation at maximum. If by the end of this article, you are curious to learn more about Artificial Intelligence and how does it work, choosing the right course, like our AI courses, it's the best way to start your journey in this world. Become an AI professionist with us! Appassionata di digital marketing e di tutto ciò che riguarda la comunicazione, amo creare contenuti accattivanti e coinvolgenti per il web e i social che siano in grado di rimanere impressi nella mente delle persone.
Date of Award: Document Type: Degree Name: Doctor of Philosophy (PhD) Plants, Soils, and Climate Committee Chair(s) Youping Sun Youping Sun Amita Kaundal Grant Cardon Shital Poudyal Shaun Bushman Soil salinity is a significant global issue that adversely impacts the growth and development of landscape plants. One of the effective strategies to prevent salinity damage to landscape plants is to cultivate species that are tolerant to the prevailing salinity levels. Salinity tolerance varies among plant species and cultivars. Therefore, this research aimed to investigate the salinity tolerance of nine landscape plants [Albizia julibrissin (mimosa tree), Arctostaphylos uva-ursi (kinnikinnick), Cercocarpus ledifolius (curl-leaf mountain mahogany), Cercocarpus montanus 'Coy' (alder-leaf mountain mahogany), Penstemon barbatus 'Novapenblu' (rock candy blue® penstemon), Penstemon strictus 'Rocky Mountain' (rocky mountain beardtongue), Punica granatum 'Wonderful' (pomegranate), Shepherdia ×utahensis 'Torrey' (hybrid buffaloberry), and Sophora japonica (Japanese pagoda tree)] and determine their responses to salinity stress. These landscape plants were tested for salinity tolerance in four separate greenhouse experiments. The effects of salinity levels ranging from electrical conductivity (EC) of 1.0 to 10.0 dS·m-1 were investigated. During the 8-week experiments, minimal to no foliar salt damage, such as leaf tip burn, leaf burn, or necrosis, was observed on A. julibrissin, P. granatum 'Wonderful', S. japonica, and S. ×utahensis 'Torrey'. Whereas A. uva-ursi and C. montanus 'Coy' were dead when irrigated with saline solution at an EC of 10.0 dS·m-1. Two penstemon species had severe foliar salt damage or were dead when irrigated with saline solution at an EC of 10.0 dS·m-1. Elevated salinity reduced the shoot dry weight and photosynthesis of all plants. Furthermore, sodium (Na+) and chloride (Cl-) contents in plant tissues were affected by the elevated salinity levels. Chloride accumulation was greater in leaves than in stems or roots. However, Na+ accumulation was greater in roots compared to that in stems and leaves. Albizia julibrissin, P. granatum 'Wonderful', and S. japonica were able to maintain less Na+ content in their leaf tissue across all treatments. In conclusion, landscape plants exhibited different responses to salinity stress, A. julibrissin, S. japonica, S. ×utahensis 'Torrey', and P. granatum 'Wonderful' were relatively tolerant, while A. uva-ursi, C. montanus 'Coy', and two penstemons were relatively sensitive. Recommended Citation Paudel, Asmita, "Morphological and Physio-Biochemical Responses and Gene Expression Analyses of Landscape Plants Under Salinity Stress" (2024). All Graduate Theses and Dissertations, Fall 2023 to Present. 150. Included in Copyright for this work is retained by the student. If you have any questions regarding the inclusion of this work in the Digital Commons, please email us at .
When Christians celebrate or participate in Halloween, we say everything associated with it is ok. I hate this so called holiday. Just as I hate evil. If you. What is the biblical response to the pagan Halloween practices? Is Halloween and Christianity at odds with each other? Is trick-or-treating a sin? Christian. What is Halloween? Halloween is a controversial festival, with some Christians embracing it and others throwing alternative light parties. Hallowe'en is not a. In the fourth century, Christians attempted to co-opt the holiday by celebrating the lives of faithful Christian saints the day before Halloween. This was a. Halloween and its customs have no roots in Scripture or in the Christian church. They are firmly rooted in the occult and in pagan practices. These connections. Halloween is the celebration of the possible. For one day we get to live in a world where orcs and hobbits exist, where The Force is real and evil will one day. Halloween can be a holiday that can honor God or honor the world. As Christians, we are called to be in this world but not of it. We are clearly not to react to. The jack-o-lantern is a traditional symbol of Halloween, but it can be a great object lesson about God's transforming love! The Pumpkin Patch Parable by Liz. Some Christians celebrate Halloween simply by dressing up in a costume and having fun, seeing it as innocent and harmless. Other Christians are equally. The Christian All Saints day on 1st November, coupled with All Souls Day on the day after, goes back to the 8th Century when it was celebrated on these dates in. One theory holds that many Halloween traditions were influenced by Celtic harvest festivals, particularly the Gaelic festival Samhain, which are believed to. Mar 18, - Explore Deb Fanning's board "Christian Halloween", followed by people on Pinterest. See more ideas about christian halloween, halloween. One theory holds that many Halloween traditions were influenced by Celtic harvest festivals, particularly the Gaelic festival Samhain, which are believed to. Whereas Easter tells us of the historical and physical events around Jesus' death and resurrection, Halloween gives us the opportunity to re-. The Christian All Saints day on 1st November, coupled with All Souls Day on the day after, goes back to the 8th Century when it was celebrated on these dates in. Halloween provides the Christian with the opportunity to accomplish both of those things in the gospel of Jesus Christ. It's a message that is holy, set apart. CHRISTIAN HALLOWEEN!!! · AGD Halloween Decor - Faith Bigger Than Fear Christian Decor · This is PERFECT if u dont decorate for Halloween! · A Pumpkin Prayer-. Halloween is literally a Christian festival. It's the eve of All Saints Day, a feast commemorating those who martyred themselves in the name of. The real question you must ask yourself as a Christian. Let's agree to stop asking if Christians can celebrate Halloween. Or to stop trying to take back. Because we become like the things we behold, the apostle Paul in Philippians counsels Christians to think deeply about-and to continually fill our minds. Although our modern celebration of Halloween has religious influences, there is nothing biblical about the holiday. It is affiliated with "All Saints' Day," but. It's pretty tough to see Christian elements in the ways that Halloween is celebrated today. However, it's not at all hard to see elements lifted directly from. But where does the Christian aspect of the holiday come into play? In , Pope Gregory IV moved the celebration for all the martyrs (later all saints) from May. Superficially, Halloween is all fun and candy, but no one can hide the fact that it has pagan roots, and even when the Catholic Church tried to take over the. Yes, it's fine to participate in Halloween. It's a Catholic holiday in origin, and and if you're not celebrating, Halloween, don't act like a. Most people would probably be surprised to find out that Halloween is as much a Catholic holiday as it is anything else. The Catholic church, in the Eighth. In short, we are not called to celebrate Halloween as Christians. God's scriptures give further clarification on this, as in Philippians where we are taught. Can Halloween be observed as merely those things or does it necessarily imply more? However you answer those questions, you should follow your conviction. If.
The Archaeological Survey of India has undertaken the major work of removing the sand filled in the Konark Sun Temple in Odisha as it causing unwanted stress to its walls. The British between 1900 and 1903 had sealed the four entrances to this magnificent 13th Century temple with the aim to avert its collapse when they undertook its preservation. It was done based on the assumption that the sand will bear the complete load of the top. Now that same sand has led to several cracks in the structure from the inside. The Centre in February 2020 decided to remove the sand. Talking to HT, an ASI official said: "But the sand has settled down and the whole purpose of it has been defeated. The sand was causing a lot of unwanted stress to the walls. Unless the sand is taken away, it will keep pushing the walls." Arun Mallick, the ASI Superintendent of the Bhubaneswar Circle told the media that detailed study had been conducted in the last two years and several experts had been consulted including faculty of Indian Institute of Technology Madras and Central Building Research Institute, Roorkee. The sand will be removed through the four gates. While technical advice will be rendered by BDR Nirman P. Ltd, the sand will be removed by the ASI staff only. The Konark Sun Temple was constructed by the King Langula Narasingha Dev of the Ganga dynasty 800 years ago. It took 16 years for 1,200 artisans and craftsmen to make this monument. Interestingly, ASI has done similar restoration work of the 12th Century Angkor Wat Temple from 1986 and 1993. They also restored the Ta Prohm Temple in the same complex.
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Techflow Pack has been a professional automatic packaging machine manufacturer since 2006. Welcome to our article on "The Ease and Efficiency of Form Fill Packaging Machines: Revolutionizing the Packaging Process." In today's fast-paced world, where companies strive to meet growing consumer demands, the packaging industry plays a crucial role in ensuring smooth operations. With the advent of innovative form fill packaging machines, businesses now have the opportunity to streamline their packaging processes, saving time, reducing waste, and enhancing overall efficiency. Join us as we delve into the world of these revolutionary machines, exploring the benefits they bring to the industry and offering valuable insights into how they have transformed the packaging landscape. Whether you're a packaging professional or simply intrigued by technological advancements, this article is a must-read for anyone looking to stay ahead in this dynamic industry. 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Techflow Pack's machines are designed for durability and low maintenance, ensuring a long-term return on investment. Overall, form fill packaging machines are a necessity for businesses aiming to streamline their packaging operations and stay competitive in the market. In today's fast-paced business environment, companies are constantly seeking ways to enhance their operations and improve efficiency. This is particularly true in the packaging industry, where streamlining the packaging process is crucial for meeting consumer demands and staying ahead of the competition. Form fill packaging machines have emerged as a game-changer in this domain, empowering companies to revolutionize their packaging operations. In this article, we will explore the efficiency and benefits of form fill packaging machines, with a focus on how Techflow Pack has become a leading brand in this industry. 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With their versatile, user-friendly, and cost-efficient machines, Techflow Pack continues to empower businesses to streamline their packaging operations and meet the ever-growing consumer demands. Invest in Techflow Pack's form fill packaging machines and experience the ease and efficiency that comes with automated packaging processes. In a world driven by convenience and efficiency, businesses across various industries are constantly on the lookout for innovative packaging solutions. One such solution that has been gaining immense popularity is the use of form fill packaging machines. With their ability to enhance packaging ease, these machines are revolutionizing the packaging process. In this article, we will explore the key advantages of form fill packaging machines and how they are transforming the packaging industry. 1. Increased Efficiency: One of the major advantages of form fill packaging machines is their ability to significantly increase packaging efficiency. These machines are designed to automate the entire packaging process, from forming the packaging material to filling it with the product. With high-speed capabilities, they can efficiently handle large volumes of products, reducing manual labor and increasing production output. This not only saves time but also minimizes errors and ensures consistent packaging quality. 2. Versatility in Packaging Options: Form fill packaging machines offer a wide range of packaging options, making them suitable for various industries and products. Whether it's liquids, powders, granules, or even solid products, these machines can handle different types of materials without compromising on packaging quality. Furthermore, they can accommodate different packaging formats such as sachets, pouches, bags, or bottles, providing businesses with the flexibility to choose the most suitable option for their product. 3. 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Additionally, these machines can incorporate features like gas flushing or vacuum sealing for products that require modified atmosphere packaging, further enhancing product freshness and longevity. 5. Cost-effectiveness: Investing in form fill packaging machines can lead to long-term cost savings for businesses. By automating the packaging process, these machines reduce the reliance on manual labor, leading to cost reductions in labor expenses. Additionally, their high-speed capabilities and decreased error rates minimize wastage of packaging materials, which can result in substantial savings over time. The versatility of these machines also allows businesses to streamline their packaging operations, optimizing efficiency and reducing overall operational costs. Form fill packaging machines, such as those offered by Techflow Pack, are revolutionizing the packaging process. With their ability to increase efficiency, offer versatile packaging options, provide customization capabilities, improve product protection, and offer cost-effectiveness, these machines have become an indispensable tool for businesses across industries. As the demand for convenience and efficiency in packaging continues to grow, form fill packaging machines will play a pivotal role in meeting these expectations and driving the future of packaging. In today's fast-paced world, the packaging industry plays a crucial role in ensuring the safe and efficient delivery of products to consumers. With the advancements in technology, the rise of automation has significantly transformed the packaging process. One such innovation that has revolutionized the industry is the form fill packaging machine. At Techflow Pack, we understand the importance of staying ahead of the game by providing cutting-edge solutions to our clients. Our form fill packaging machines are designed to streamline the packaging process, offering ease and efficiency like never before. Let's take a closer look at the impact these machines have had on the industry. 1. Increased Speed and Productivity: One of the primary benefits of form fill packaging machines is their ability to significantly speed up the packaging process. These machines are equipped with state-of-the-art technology that enables them to fill and seal numerous packages per minute. The automated process eliminates the need for manual labor, and as a result, increases overall productivity. With Techflow Pack's form fill packaging machines, businesses can meet their production targets more efficiently, allowing them to focus on other essential aspects of their operations. 2. Enhanced Precision and Accuracy: Form fill packaging machines are designed to ensure precise and accurate packaging. By utilizing advanced sensors and controls, these machines can measure and dispense the exact quantity of product required for each package. This eliminates the risk of overpacking or underpacking, ensuring consistency and quality in the final product. With Techflow Pack's form fill packaging machines, businesses can have confidence in the uniformity of their packaging, building trust with consumers and reducing waste. 3. Versatility and Adaptability: The form fill packaging machines offered by Techflow Pack are highly versatile and adaptable to various packaging requirements. These machines can handle a wide range of packaging materials, including pouches, bags, sachets, and more. Furthermore, they can be easily integrated into existing production lines, offering businesses flexibility and scalability. Whether it's food, pharmaceuticals, or consumer goods, Techflow Pack's form fill packaging machines can cater to the unique needs of different industries. 4. Improved Cost-effectiveness: Investing in form fill packaging machines can lead to significant cost savings for businesses. By automating the packaging process, companies can reduce labor costs and minimize the risk of human errors. Moreover, the precise measurement and dispensing capabilities of these machines ensure minimal product wastage, further contributing to cost efficiency. Techflow Pack's form fill packaging machines are designed with a focus on delivering long-term value, making them a cost-effective choice for businesses looking to enhance their packaging process. In conclusion, form fill packaging machines have revolutionized the packaging industry, offering unparalleled ease and efficiency. Techflow Pack's commitment to providing innovative solutions has enabled businesses to streamline their packaging process and meet the ever-increasing demands of consumers. With increased speed, enhanced precision, versatility, and improved cost-effectiveness, these machines have become an essential tool for the modern packaging industry. Embrace the future of packaging with Techflow Pack's form fill packaging machines. In the fast-paced and ever-evolving world of packaging, staying ahead of the curve is vital for businesses to thrive. The emergence of form fill packaging machines has revolutionized the packaging process, offering ease and efficiency like never before. As we conclude our exploration into this groundbreaking technology, it becomes evident that embracing the future of packaging with form fill packaging machines is a necessary step for businesses to enhance their competitive edge in the market. Techflow Pack, a leading provider in the packaging industry, has been at the forefront of introducing and developing innovative packaging solutions. The form fill packaging machine, introduced by Techflow Pack, has reshaped the way products are packaged, ensuring optimal functionality, and unparalleled convenience. One of the key advantages of form fill packaging machines is their ability to streamline the packaging process. These machines are designed to automate multiple tasks, from forming the packaging material to filling it with the product and sealing it, all in one continuous process. This eliminates the need for manual labor and significantly reduces packaging time, allowing businesses to increase productivity and meet the demands of a fast-paced market. Additionally, form fill packaging machines are incredibly versatile, easily accommodating a wide range of product sizes and shapes. The flexibility of these machines allows businesses to package their products in various formats, from bags and pouches to boxes and containers, catering to the specific requirements of their customers. This adaptability provides a significant advantage in a market where customization and personalization are increasingly valued by consumers. Furthermore, form fill packaging machines offer advanced technology that ensures impeccable precision and accuracy in the packaging process. These machines are equipped with sensors and control systems that monitor and maintain optimal product weight, accurately dispensing the desired amount into each package. This technology minimizes product waste and eliminates costly errors, leading to improved efficiency and cost-effectiveness for businesses. With sustainability becoming a growing concern worldwide, form fill packaging machines also play a crucial role in reducing environmental impact. These machines enable businesses to utilize eco-friendly packaging materials, such as biodegradable films and recyclable materials, without compromising on product quality or functionality. By embracing form fill packaging machines, businesses can actively contribute to the preservation of the environment, aligning with the global shift towards sustainable practices. In conclusion, the advent of form fill packaging machines has revolutionized the packaging process, offering businesses unparalleled ease and efficiency. Techflow Pack, a trailblazer in the packaging industry, has introduced these ground-breaking machines, enabling businesses to enhance productivity, achieve precision, and cater to the growing demands of the market. With their ability to streamline the packaging process, accommodate diverse product formats, ensure precision, and promote sustainability, form fill packaging machines have become an indispensable tool for businesses striving to stay competitive in the ever-evolving packaging industry. As businesses navigate the future of packaging, embracing form fill packaging machines will undoubtedly be a key to success. Techflow Pack continues to lead the way in providing innovative packaging solutions, allowing businesses to embrace the future and unlock their full potential in the packaging industry. In conclusion, it is evident that form fill packaging machines have revolutionized the packaging process, bringing ease and efficiency to companies across various industries. As a company with 8 years of experience in this industry, we have witnessed firsthand the transformative power of these machines. From increased productivity and reduced labor costs to improved product quality and minimized waste, the benefits are undeniable. The technology behind form fill packaging machines continues to advance, offering even greater convenience and customization options. As we look to the future, we remain committed to staying on the cutting edge of packaging innovation and providing our clients with the best solutions available. In a world where efficiency and sustainability are paramount, form fill packaging machines are truly paving the way for a more streamlined and sustainable future in the packaging industry. No.36# Tianedang Road, Wuzhong District, Suzhou
How Long Can a Union Work without a Contract As a copy editor, I understand the importance of creating content that not only informs but also optimizes for search engines. In the case of unions working without a contract, it`s important to address the question at hand while also including relevant keywords and phrases for SEO purposes. As the title suggests, one common question among union workers is how long they can work without a contract. The simple answer is that there is no set time limit as it depends on the circumstances surrounding each union and employer. When a union and employer are negotiating a new contract, the old contract will typically remain in effect until a new one is agreed upon and ratified by both parties. This means that union workers can continue to work under the old contract until a new one is in place. However, if negotiations break down and both parties are unable to come to an agreement, the union may decide to go on strike. This is a tactic used by unions to apply pressure on the employer to come back to the bargaining table and negotiate a new contract. In some cases, unions may work without a contract for an extended period of time. This can happen when negotiations are particularly contentious or when both parties are unable to reach an agreement on certain issues. In such cases, the union will continue to work under the old contract until a new one can be negotiated. It`s worth noting that working without a contract can be risky for both the union and the employer. Workers may not have the same protections or benefits that they would under a new contract, and the employer may be vulnerable to legal action if they violate the terms of the old contract. In conclusion, there is no set time limit for how long a union can work without a contract. It depends on the circumstances surrounding each union and employer, as well as the progress of negotiations. Ultimately, the goal is to negotiate a new contract that benefits both the union and the employer.
Welcome to an exploration of Native American dream interpretation – an ancient art that has captured the attention and imagination of people for centuries. Dreams are an important aspect of Native American culture, believed to be a gateway to the spirit world, a source of messages from ancestors and spirits, and a powerful tool for personal growth and self-discovery. In this article, we will dive deep into the world of Native American dream interpretation, discovering the meanings behind various types of dreams and symbols, and how to use this knowledge for your personal growth and spiritual connection. So, fasten your seat belts as we embark on this enlightening journey of exploration and discovery. Introduction to Native American Dream Interpretation Dreams have always been an integral part of Native American culture, and many tribes consider them to be a source of divine guidance and insight. Native American elders and shamans have been interpreting dreams for centuries, using them to gain insights into their lives, relationships, and the world around them. In this section, we will take a brief look at Native American dream interpretation, its history, and the role of dreams in Native American culture. One of the most important aspects of Native American dream interpretation is the belief that dreams are a way for the spirit world to communicate with the physical world. Many tribes believe that dreams are a way for ancestors and spirits to offer guidance and advice to the living. This belief is reflected in the way that dreams are interpreted, with a focus on understanding the symbolism and messages that are conveyed through the dream. Another important aspect of Native American dream interpretation is the use of dreamcatchers. Dreamcatchers are a traditional Native American craft that are believed to filter out bad dreams and allow good dreams to pass through. They are often hung above a person's bed to protect them while they sleep. The use of dreamcatchers is just one example of the many ways that Native American culture has incorporated dreams into daily life. The Significance of Dreams in Native American Culture Dreams hold a very significant place in Native American culture. Dreams are considered as powerful tools for learning and healing, and they have been utilized for centuries by Native American people for various purposes. Dreams are believed to be a way of connecting with ancestors, spirits, and nature. They help individuals understand their purpose and the role they play in their community. In this section, we will examine the importance of dreams in Native American culture and how they contribute to the development of individuals and communities. One of the most important aspects of dreams in Native American culture is the interpretation of them. Dream interpretation is a skill that is passed down from generation to generation, and it involves understanding the symbols and messages that are present in the dream. The interpretation of dreams is used to gain insight into one's life, to make important decisions, and to understand the world around them. It is believed that dreams can provide guidance and direction, and that they can help individuals to overcome challenges and obstacles in their lives. Understanding the Importance of Dream Interpretation Interpretation of dreams is crucial for understanding their potential meaning and messages. Native Americans believe that it is essential to understand what the dream is trying to communicate. What message is being conveyed, and how it can be used to benefit the individual or the community. This section will cover everything you need to know about interpreting Native American dreams, including the different types of dreams and their meanings. We will explore the symbolic language of dreams, how to identify patterns and themes, and how to interpret the messages conveyed through dreams. Furthermore, dream interpretation can also provide insight into an individual's subconscious thoughts and emotions. Dreams can reveal hidden fears, desires, and conflicts that may be affecting a person's waking life. By interpreting these dreams, individuals can gain a better understanding of themselves and their inner workings. This can lead to personal growth, improved relationships, and a greater sense of self-awareness. Therefore, understanding the importance of dream interpretation can have a significant impact on an individual's overall well-being. Different Types of Dreams and their Meanings in Native American Culture Not all dreams are the same, and each has its unique meaning and message. Native American cultures recognize different categories of dreams, each with its significance and meaning. In this section, we will explore the different types of dreams recognized in Native American culture, such as vision dreams, message dreams, healing dreams, and more. We will also discuss how to interpret these dreams and their meanings. One of the most significant types of dreams in Native American culture is the prophetic dream. These dreams are believed to provide insight into the future and are often seen as messages from the spirit world. Prophetic dreams can be challenging to interpret, but they are highly valued for their potential to provide guidance and warnings. In some cases, prophetic dreams have even been credited with saving lives or preventing disasters. How to Decipher Symbols and Images in your Dreams The symbolic language of dreams can be challenging to understand, but it is essential to interpret their meanings correctly. Symbols in dreams can appear in various forms, such as animals, plants, water, and others. In this section, we will examine the most common dream symbols in Native American culture and their meanings. We will also discuss how to identify symbols in your dreams and interpret their meanings to gain insights into your life. It is important to note that the interpretation of symbols in dreams can vary depending on the individual's personal experiences and cultural background. For example, while a snake may represent danger in Western culture, it is often seen as a symbol of healing and transformation in Native American culture. Therefore, it is crucial to consider your own cultural background and personal associations when interpreting symbols in your dreams. The Role of Spirit Animals in Native American Dream Interpretation Animals are amongst the most common and powerful symbols in Native American dream interpretation. When an animal spirit appears in your dream, it often carries significant meaning and message. Spirit animals appear in our dreams to guide us and provide us with support and wisdom. In this section, we will explore different spirit animals and their meanings and how to connect with them to gain insights and wisdom. It is believed that spirit animals can also appear in waking life, not just in dreams. Native Americans believe that animals have their own spirits and that they can communicate with humans through their behavior and actions. For example, if you keep seeing a certain animal repeatedly, it may be a sign that this animal is your spirit guide and is trying to communicate with you. By paying attention to these signs and connecting with your spirit animal, you can gain a deeper understanding of yourself and your life path. The Spiritual and Mystical Aspects of Dreaming Dreams can be enlightening and profound, providing us with glimpses of the spiritual and mystical world beyond this physical reality. The spiritual dimensions of dreams are integral to Native American culture, and understanding them is essential for interpreting Native American dreams. This section will explore the spiritual and mystical aspects of dreaming, including how dreams are connected to the spirit world, the astral plane, and the supernatural. One of the most fascinating aspects of the spiritual and mystical dimensions of dreaming is the concept of lucid dreaming. Lucid dreaming is the ability to become aware that you are dreaming while you are still in the dream state. This can allow you to control and manipulate your dreams, and even explore the spiritual and mystical realms in a more conscious and intentional way. Another important aspect of the spiritual and mystical dimensions of dreaming is the role of dream interpretation. Many cultures, including Native American, believe that dreams are messages from the divine or the spirit world, and that they can provide guidance and insight into our lives. Understanding the symbolism and meaning behind our dreams can help us to better understand ourselves and our place in the world. Common Dreams and their Interpretations: A Comprehensive Guide Dreams come in a wide variety, and different kinds of dreams carry different meanings and messages. In this section, we've put together a comprehensive guide to common dreams and their interpretations in Native American culture. We will cover a range of common dream themes, including dreams about flying, falling, being chased, and more. It's important to note that dream interpretation can vary depending on the individual and their personal experiences. However, in Native American culture, dreams are often seen as messages from the spirit world and can provide guidance and insight into one's life path. It's believed that dreams can reveal hidden truths and offer solutions to problems that may not be apparent in waking life. By understanding the symbolism and meanings behind common dream themes, we can gain a deeper understanding of ourselves and the world around us. How to Use Dream Interpretation for Personal Growth and Self-Discovery Dream interpretation has a profound effect on personal growth and self-discovery. Understanding the messages in our dreams can give us unique insights that can change the way we live our lives. This section will explore how you can use dream interpretation for personal growth and self-discovery. We will look at various exercises and techniques to extract maximum learning and growth from your dreams. One of the most effective techniques for using dream interpretation for personal growth is keeping a dream journal. By recording your dreams as soon as you wake up, you can capture the details and emotions of the dream before they fade away. This allows you to revisit the dream later and analyze it more deeply. Additionally, keeping a dream journal can help you identify recurring themes or symbols in your dreams, which can provide valuable insights into your subconscious mind and help you work through any unresolved issues or emotions. The Connection Between Native American Dream Interpretation and Modern Psychology The significance of dreams in Native American culture has been widely studied and acknowledged by modern Psychology. Many techniques used by psychologists today for dream interpretation have roots in Native American dream interpretation. In this section, we will explore the connection between Native American dream interpretation and modern psychology, examining how these two disciplines connect and what they can learn from each other. Tips for Remembering Your Dreams More Vividly Remembering your dreams is essential for interpreting them. Still, for many people, dreams can be challenging to recall clearly. In this section, we will explore tips and techniques that can help you recall your dreams more vividly. We will look at simple tricks such as setting intentions before sleep and keeping a dream journal, to more advanced techniques for dream recall. How to Connect with the Spirit World Through Your Dreams Native Americans believe that dreams are a way of connecting with spirits and ancestors. The spirit world exists beyond time and space and can provide us with guidance and wisdom. In this section, we will explore how you can connect with the spirit world through your dreams. We will examine techniques to establish communication with the spirit world and how to receive messages and guidance from spirits and ancestors. Exploring the Relationship Between Dreams and Reality in Native American Culture In Native American culture, dreams are believed to be connected to reality, with both being intimately linked. This section will examine the relationship between dreams and reality in Native American culture, how they interact and how you can use dream interpretation to transform your life and reality. Conclusion: Embracing the Wisdom of Native American Dream Interpretation Native American Dream Interpretation is an ancient and powerful practice that holds many benefits for individuals seeking guidance, personal growth, and spiritual connection. Understanding the messages and symbolism of your dreams can be a life-changing experience, providing you with insights and wisdom that can transform your life. We invite you to explore the wisdom of Native American dream interpretation and embark on a journey of spiritual growth and self-discovery. Aurora Seeress is a renowned clairvoyant and medium who specializes in angel numbers, symbolism, numerology, and crystals. With a deep understanding of the spiritual world, she helps people find meaning and purpose in their lives. Despite skepticism, Aurora remains dedicated to helping people connect with their higher selves and find peace and fulfillment in life.
Climate-related health effects are typically defined or limited to those resulting from extreme weather events, exacerbations of chronic disease and increases in vector borne diseases. Unfortunately, very little attention or even recognition is afforded the effects the climate crisis has on brain health largely via climate-fueled neurotoxin exposure. Mr. Aldern's valuable if not indispensable work attempts to explain how the climate crisis infuses our air and water with neurotoxins that increase the range of brain disease vectors and spur PTSD and other psychiatric conditions that can spread intergenerationally. Clayton Page Aldern is a senior data reporter at Grist. A neuroscientist turned environmental journalist, he holds a master's in neuroscience and a master's in public policy from the University of Oxford, where he studied as a Rhodes Scholar. He is also a research affiliate at the Center for Studies in Demography and Ecology at the University of Washington. Information on "The Weight of Nature," is at: https://www.penguinrandomhouse.com/books/717097/the-weight-of-nature-by-clayton-page-aldern/.
There are many reasons out there that people lose their hair. But if you're one of the bald or balding people out there, the cause probably isn't your biggest concern right now. You're undoubtedly looking for a permanent solution for hair loss. Here are a few hair loss-related tips that you can use. Avoid hair breakage, kinks, and snags by sleeping on pillowcases made from silk or satin. The weight of your head on the pillow creates a lot of friction, and your hair is caught in the middle. The smooth textures of silk and satin allow your hair to glide over the fabric as you move during your sleep, which means less tugging and breaking. To help prevent hair loss make sure to let your hair be loose and not confined as often as possible. Having your hair tied in elastics or tightly snug under a ball cap has been suggested as a cause for premature hair loss. As such avoid your hair being tightly confined. Change your diet; it is important to include certain types of nutrients to help prevent hair loss. Make sure to consume plenty of vitamin A, vitamin E and vitamin C. Foods like avocados, oranges and carrots are great additions to your meals. You should also try to include omega-3 fatty acids in your diet as well. You may want to increase your Biotin intake if you want to both treat and prevent hair loss. This vitamin helps to promote more Keratin, the natural vitamin found in your hair. This vitamin helps to keep hair healthy and prevent it from falling out. Biotin is found in rice, milk, liver, and barley. Jojoba oil is a natural ingredient you can use to prevent your hair from falling out. This natural oil works by keeping the scalp healthy and hair strong. It also controls dandruff as well. Jojoba oil can be found at many pharmacies and drug stores, usually in the hair product aisle. Are you losing more and more hair each day? Are you fearing this hair loss will evolve into bald spots in the near future? One thing you can do to cut back on hair loss is the be more gentle with your hair when it is wet. Refrain from brushing or combing your hair roughly while it is wet. When wet hair roots are very weak and are prone to breakage. If you want to prevent and stop hair loss, you could try to rub olive oil on your hair. The ingredients in olive oil help to make hair stronger and keep it from falling out. To use this method, you can simply apply a tablespoon of it into your scalp and massage it in. Wash it off after 30 minutes. Try to avoid excessive salt in your diet if you want to prevent hair loss. Large amounts effect the bloodstream and too much or too little blood going to the scalp can effect your hair loss. Also, products with sugar can have the same effect as salt. Avoid hair dryers and flat irons if you want to prevent hair loss. The heat from these products can dry out your hair and make it fall out. If you have to use them, be sure that you have them both on a low setting. A vitamin A deficiency causes a hardened scalp which causes oil and sweat below the skin. This is detrimental to the health of your scalp, and it causes flaky dandruff and dry hair. Make sure you have enough vitamin A in your diet. It is found in many leafy vegetables. There are many types of temporary hair loss including stress, illness, or hormone changes, which are curable. Temporary hair loss starts about 3 months after the end of an event, and generally lasts 3 months too. Remember this information and investigate it should you suffer unexpected hair loss. Give your hair every chance to thrive by supplying your body with adequate supplies of vitamins. A proper balance of vitamins gives your hair the strength needed to stay healthy longer. A simple daily multivitamin that contains all the typical vitamins, is more than enough to ensure you are supplying your hair with the ingredients it needs to stay healthy. Take vitamins daily. Since hair loss can be caused by a diet that lacks nutrients, you should be sure to get a multivitamin daily. Take one that easily absorbs into the adult body. This will help replenish necessary vitamins and nutrients in your diet that can be contributing to hair loss. A great way to ensure that your hair begins to grow faster is to use onions in your shampoo. Hair loss can be combated by faster growth, and something as simple as chopping a fresh onion up and putting it into your shampoo can accomplish this through the onion's unique enzymes. There are a variety of natural preparations that promote the growth of strong, health hair while preventing hair loss. Consult experienced members in the staff at a local health food store near you. Also speak to your pharmacist for his or her opinion on an over-the-counter remedy. If you experience hair loss in the months after giving birth, know that it is normal. When you are pregnant, your hair growth cycles change, and your body hangs onto hair that would normally be shed. As your hormones regulate in the postpartum period, this "extra" hair often falls out rapidly over a couple of months, but it does eventually even out. If your hair loss is becoming quite noticeable, this might be caused by a nutrient deficiency in the body. Be sure your diet is balanced, and consider taking a multivitamin and multi-mineral that is easily absorbed to help restore those nutrients you are missing, which could prevent more hair loss. Knowing the cause might be able to help shed some light on a possible treatment option, but only the best options out there for growing hair, are worth entertaining. You have just read a few of them in this article above. Now it's up to you to implement what you've learned here to get your hair back.
13 Ideas for Team-Building Retreats Team-building activities are crucial for establishing a positive and effective company culture. They facilitate better teamwork by fostering a sense of connection between colleagues.Retreats provide a perfect framework for your team-building activities.Spending time with colleagues outside of work can help employees understand how their work and the company's vision line up to project a meaningful future.Brainstorming company retreat ideas and booking a cozy venue are vital components of building camaraderie.The point of a team-building retreat is to help your employees grow, learn and develop. Planning team-building events and activities in advance is a winning strategy for supporting growth and development. Table of Contents Your Main Goal: Emphasize Togetherness and Collaboration1. Play an Icebreaker Game2. Brunch, Followed by a Company Strategy Meeting3. Do Something Outdoors4. Explore a New City or Location Together5. Share Meals and Drinks6. Get to Know How Employees Really Feel7. Trivia Night8. Play Team-Centered Sports9. Play Tabletop Games10. Hold a Management Listening Session11. Schedule Free Time for Rest and Relaxation12. Sign Everyone Up for Lessons to Learn Something New 13. Spend at Least One Evening Just Being Together Your Main Goal: Emphasize Togetherness and Collaboration Togetherness is the foundational building block of any corporate event.The goal of your corporate retreat is to bring people together, have fun, get out of the office and make sure that everyone connects on a personal level.A successful retreat should accomplish the following: - Strengthen communication - Develop interpersonal bonds - Resolve tension - Identify problems and brainstorm solutions - Innovate and optimize products or processes - Improve your work culture Planning activities that emphasize inclusion (especially among people who don't usually work together) is paramount. What About Retreats for Remote Teams? Nowadays, more and more companies employ remote workers to perform vital company functions.Do your employees primarily work remote? Do they communicate mostly through email or Slack?You still can — and definitely should — make it a point to schedule a team-building retreat and include your remote workforce in it.In fact, remote teams may benefit even more from such a retreat than those who work together in person.Why?Bringing your remote crew together gives you an ideal opportunity for bonding and mutual learning. Despite all the remote collaboration tools we have at our disposal now, there's just no substitute for real, in-person interactions!Statistics show us that feelings of employee isolation reduce productivity by up to 21%, and socializing between colleagues improves communication patterns by more than 50%.This is important for any company to keep in mind, but it's even more beneficial to companies with an off-site workforce. Remote workers are more prone to feeling isolated and unengaged from the rest of their teammates.Now we're ready to talk about our 13 favorite team-building retreat activities! 1. Play an Icebreaker Game During your retreat planning process, choose some icebreaker games to play on the first day of your retreat.If you're having a one-day retreat, this game could take place first thing in the morning.If you're planning a retreat for one or more large groups, you may need to brainstorm an activity that's fast-paced and easy to get through.Here's one of our favorite icebreaker games. - First, take a blown-up beach ball and write a bunch of questions on it. - Toss the beach ball around the room, making sure everyone gets several turns. - Whenever someone catches the ball, they state their name, department and job title. - Then they answer whatever question their right thumb was closest to. We recommend making the questions a mix of silly, ridiculous and thought-provoking.Of course, there are a ton of icebreaker game ideas online. A quick Google search yields dozens of excellent results.Just make sure to plan ahead and buy what's needed to facilitate the activity beforehand. 2. Brunch, Followed by a Company Strategy Meeting Yes, it's a retreat, so you don't want to overwork everyone. But early on, minds will be fresh and creative energy will be at its peak — and you can absolutely take advantage of this to generate some great strategic ideas for your company.Start with a yummy brunch to get the creative juices flowing. Then, leverage this energy to focus on one crucial company problem or innovation goal.Lead the group to brainstorm solutions, offer perspective and develop a vision or plan.The venue or hotel needs to have a meeting space or conference room for this part, which is something to consider when pricing your venue and planning out your itinerary.Use the filter tool on Hotel Engine to quickly and easily search by price, distance, amenities and more. 3. Do Something Outdoors Regardless of where you plan to go for your company getaway, it's ideal to be able to schedule some outdoor activities, like boating, hiking or even something adventurous like zip-lining.The fresh air and exercise will help energize your colleagues and make time for informal socializing.When scheduling these types of events, try to keep them themed with your destination and use local resources to your advantage.Is your retreat going to be in upstate New York? Rent a kayak or a canoe and journey down one of the region's many lakes, rivers or reservoirs.Most people find kayaking to be an activity that's both relaxing and full of adventure (which makes it perfect for team-building).Are you planning to go to San Francisco? The Bay Area offers many amazing parks and destinations to enjoy the outdoors. Or, travel north and spend some time in beautiful Marin county.Going to Colorado? Depending on the season, go snow tubing, ziplining or hiking (just watch out for bears).Going to Florida? Obviously, visit the beach.What really matters is that you get outside, have fun and stir up a little spirit of adventure in your team members. 4. Explore a New City or Location Together Exploring together facilitates bonding, discovery and creativity.As the facilitator, you can add a little structure and friendly competition by putting together a scavenger hunt.Doing so can offer a ton of opportunities for spending time together and finding new fun activities to enjoy.This type of free-form activity can provide your remote employees with a fantastic opportunity to bond with the rest of the team.Check out options in your destination city — many major cities have pre-planned scavenger hunts that can be conducted via smartphones, and can even help your employees learn some history and fun facts about where they are.Read more: 13 Corporate Retreat Locations in the U.S. Your Team is Sure to Love 5. Share Meals and Drinks Enjoy a happy hour or dinner together to take in the beauty of the city, retreat or resort that's serving as your event space.You all can meet for a happy hour at the venue's hotel bar/restaurant if one is available. Or, you could head out to sample some of the local cuisine.For best results, keep this occasion fun and light.You could discuss the company or the business, but try not to push conversations too much.Many case studies and reports support the fact that sharing meals serves a positive purpose within families and social groups. For example, students who regularly eat meals with their parents are more likely to have better school attendance.Sharing meals together matters and is sacred in many countries and customs. You can leverage this powerful social practice to bring all of your colleagues together and foster a better sense of community. 6. Get to Know How Employees Really Feel Having fun and bonding are the primary goals of any company retreat. Yet, another important goal is to identify problems and brainstorm potential solutions.Having everyone together in person is a great way to get a sense of employee perspectives on the business and whether there are problems that should be addressed.To generate valuable, candid feedback, structure your discussion around a few simple questions like: - Where was the company a year ago? - Where is our company now, in comparison to that? - What has improved? - What has changed? - Where is our company headed in the future? - Is this a good or bad direction? If it's bad, how do we change it now? Encourage everyone to really dive into this conversation. Allow them to get creatively energized in their own unique ways and give them space to be super honest. Make sure to set the expectation that honest feedback is welcome and no one will be penalized for speaking up.You might just end up with a major breakthrough about how to solve a certain pain point, or to keep the company heading in the right direction.Once more, hosting this in the hotel conference room may be best. You can even keep notes on a whiteboard and take a picture to bring back to the office with you. 7. Trivia Night After those frank conversations, it's good to divert that energy with a lighthearted activity, like trivia.Although your brains will still be active with company ideas, you might want to base your game around topics unrelated to work.Some basic geography trivia questions about the retreat location would be fun, especially if you did the scavenger hunt activity. You can also purchase board game-style trivia games or even find options online.You can, of course, make the trivia topics about your company itself, but keep them simple and fun. Here are some good questions to include: - In what year was our company founded? - How many branches do we currently have? - What is the top-right option in the warehouse vending machine? The goal here is to have fun, not think super critically. Prizes are also a great idea to encourage participation! 8. Play Team-Centered Sports Games like volleyball, bowling or kickball tend to be the most popular. They're fun, easy to play and are not too difficult to pick up if someone hasn't played them before.This activity encourages physical exercise and gives everyone the chance to work together on something fun.Potential alternatives to "team sports" could include ropes courses, mini-golf, an obstacle course or an escape room.Consider what sporty amenities are available at your hotel or resort and what's located nearby. 9. Play Tabletop Games Not everyone uses sports as their go-to way of having healthy competition. Another way is through tabletop games, a broad term for a board game or any game played on a table.Board games have come a long way from checkers and Trouble; there are plenty of challenging games out there that some of your colleagues might not be able to get enough of! Some games are even focused on collaboration rather than competition, which is great for a work retreat.If in doubt, you can really never go wrong with Jenga.Tabletop games don't need to replace sports as a team-building exercise, but you can use them as an alternative to keep everybody smiling no matter their preference. 10. Hold a Management Listening Session You could do this during a walk through a peaceful park or sitting quietly around a campfire.The key here is to allow everyone the opportunity to candidly share feedback that they might not otherwise feel comfortable bringing up.This is an opportunity for your team members to feel safe enough to share honestly. Managers/leaders should encourage open communication without repercussions or judgment.If people prefer, you may want to split up into smaller teams so members don't feel as put on the spot in front of everyone.This works better in a fixed, distraction-free location. Also, make sure to schedule plenty of time so that everyone gets their chance to speak. You won't want to cut this activity off without giving everyone the chance to share. 11. Schedule Free Time for Rest and Relaxation As important as it is to plan activities, bond and solve company problems, it's also crucial to provide your employees with some much-needed R&R.Rest and relaxation are essential.Remember — another vital goal of any team-building retreat is to resolve tension and allow the opportunity to de-stress. One of the best ways to do this is to give everyone some room for doing their own thing, on their own time, in whatever social circles or groups they're feeling.Never underestimate the creative, rejuvenating power of scheduled downtime. 12. Sign Everyone Up for Lessons to Learn Something New Learning things together can be a great team-building experience.This could be surfing, crafting, a cooking class, or really anything relevant to your retreat location. Keep in mind that you should have a backup activity for those who don't want to participate (you never want to force anyone out of their comfort zone).You can get creative with this one.The main goal is to encourage team bonding through education, discovery and learning. 13. Spend at Least One Evening Just Being Together Crack open some cold ones, put on some upbeat music, bust out the karaoke machine, enjoy the sunset and simply spend the evening being humans together. Don't set a time limit.Yes, you're all connected by your work, but this activity will emphasize the fact that you're more than just co-workers.You're a community with your own culture and blend of unique identities.By taking some time to be together and enjoy one another's company, you'll double down on what is perhaps the most important lesson of all: at the end of the day, the overarching goal is to connect with each other on a human level.If your company can bring a bit more of that attitude back into the business, it'll do wonders for morale and culture.We're confident that at least a few of these thirteen work retreat ideas will empower your team to take your planned trip to the next level.Just remember: the better you plan your company retreat's ideas out in advance, the better off you'll be.Prove how much you care about the company culture by putting effort into every aspect of the trip-planning process: - Choosing the location - Booking the hotel - Scheduling activities - Managing time during the retreat to keep everyone on track And, hey, if you do a fantastic job of organizing and planning this retreat? You'll also win over their loyalty and goodwill toward you as a planner, human resources manager or team leader.So get out there, plan the best retreat experience possible and watch your team thrive, grow and bond.Join Hotel Engine for free and save up to 60% on lodging for your next corporate event! See Hotel Engine in action
Time: 03:30 PM Location: Zoom What difference could instant feedback on draft writing make to your students? Over the last 5 years, the Connected Intelligence Centre has been developing and piloting an automated feedback tool for academic writing (AcaWriter), working closely with academics across several faculties. The research portal documents how educators and students engage with this kind of AI, and what we've learnt about integrating it into teaching and assessment. In May 2021, AcaWriter was launched to all students along with an information portal. Now we want to start upskilling academics, tutors and learning technologists, in a monthly session to give you the chance to learn about AcaWriter, and specifically, good practices for integrating it into your subject. CIC can support you, and we hope you may be interested in co-designing publishable research. AcaWriter handles several different 'genres' of writing, including reflective writing (e.g. a reflective essay; reflective blogs/journals on internships/work placements) and analytical writing (e.g. argumentative essays; research abstracts & introductions). This briefing will demo AcaWriter and show how it can be embedded in student activities. We hope this can spark ideas for your own teaching, which we can discuss in more detail.
The angular spectrum approach (ASA)—a frequency domain method to calculate the acoustic field—enables highly efficient passive source localization and modeling forward propagation in homogeneous media. If the medium is continuously stratified, a first-order analytical solution may be obtained for the field at arbitrary depth. Simulations show that the proposed stratified ASA solution enables accurate source localization as compared to the uncorrected ASA (error from 1.2 ± 0.3 to 0.49 ± 0.3 wavelengths) at scalings relevant to biomedical, underwater, and atmospheric acoustic applications, and requiring milliseconds on nonspecialized hardware. The results suggest the proposed correction enables efficient and accurate localization in stratified environments. 1. Introduction The angular spectrum approach (ASA) is a method of solving the wave equation in the spatial frequency domain.1 It may be considered a decomposition of the harmonic field into plane waves that travel with a continuous spectrum of directions, with appropriate phases and amplitudes such that their summation yields fields of arbitrary spatial distribution.2 Plane waves are mathematically convenient, as the propagation through space of each component may be modeled with a simple phase delay. Coupled with fast Fourier transform (FFT) algorithms, the method enables exceptionally efficient computations and is naturally suited to real-time applications with relatively narrow-band sources. Of particular interest for the ASA here is the recovery of the volumetric wave field from the measured pressure on a planar surface (i.e., boundary condition), a process known as acoustical holography.3 From the ASA reconstruction, a passive acoustic map (PAM) may be formed at specific frequencies, and thus sources at these frequencies to be localized as intensity peaks in the PAM. In practical applications, this surface measurement is made by a series of sensors (e.g., an ultrasonic imaging transducer or linear array of hydrophones) that discretely sample the pressure field due to sources in the region of interest. Such source localization from PAMs is a problem of significant interest in biomedical,4–6 underwater,7–9 and aeroacoustic10,11 applications. However, in such applications, the propagation environment typically varies as a function of the vertical direction. While recent work12 has shown that heterogeneity can be accounted for with the ASA, an analytical solution might ensure high computational efficiency for large imaging domains to reduce errors in the source localization. Herein, we derive a first order analytical correction for the ASA and the case of a stratified medium. Then, through simulated acoustic propagation, we demonstrate corrected sub-wavelength localization in stratified environments at scales relevant to biological, atmospheric, and underwater acoustics. Finally, we consider the point source localization errors, and the computational cost of the different algorithm permutations. 2. Methods 2.1 Angular spectrum approach for stratified media The angular spectrum of a monochromatic () field defined by Taking the two-dimensional (2D) Fourier transform to the homogeneous Helmholtz equation with a constant speed of sound c0 gives an ordinary differential equation for P, where . With knowledge of the boundary condition P0 at z = 0 and the assumption that there are no backward-travelling waves, then Eq. (2) has the solution The acoustic field in any plane may then be reconstructed by evaluation of the inverse transform of P given by Eq. (3). Suppose now that the sound speed has weak spatial dependence (i.e., that the sound speed changes over scales that are large compared with the wavelength), such that in the Helmholtz equation. Then, with the definitions and for a constant reference sound speed c0, it can be shown that the governing equation is Here, , and represents the 2D convolution over the wavenumber components kx and ky. If c varies only with the axial coordinate z, the convolution may be evaluated to give Assume a Wentzel-Kramers-Brillouin (WKB)-type solution13,14 of the form where A is a complex amplitude. Substitution of Eq. (6) into Eq. (5) and evaluation of the derivatives yields To first order, the first term in Eq. (7) can be neglected to obtain a first-degree ordinary differential equation for A, which may be integrated directly to give Neglecting the higher order terms requires that changes in sound speed occur on scales that are very large compared to the wavelength (), and that the relative magnitude of these changes is not too large (, see the supplementary material23). Application of the boundary condition (i.e., the Fourier transform of the measured field at z = 0) gives The angular spectrum at arbitrary z is then 2.2 Simulations and numerical implementation To determine the improvement in source localization, point sources were simulated in a half-space above a virtual receiving array in k-Wave;15 see Fig. 1(a). For computational efficiency, simulations were performed in 2D, and thus in the simulations and reconstructions, . The PAM reconstruction routines were written in matlab and computation times are reported for a standard desktop computer (Intel Core i7, four cores at 2.8 GHz and 16 GB memory); no parallel or graphical processing techniques were employed. Sources were simulated as Gaussian pulses with 5% bandwidth. The resulting pressure was measured by a virtual linear array; the acoustic data were then beamformed to compute with Eq. (3) or Eq. (10) for the uncorrected and corrected cases, respectively. Finally, the intensity field was then calculated from Maps were formed over a frequency range ω of three frequency bins centered at the source frequency. The reconstructed source location was taken to be the position of peak intensity of I, and the error was defined relative to the known source position as To prevent spatial aliasing, all initial spectra were zero padded such that their computational spatial extent was four times larger than their physical extent. As the medium is stratified, the material properties are known for all x, and thus the computational domain may be extended arbitrarily from the simulation domain. The measured spectra were windowed with a Tukey window with cosine fraction R = 0.25 to taper the high spatial frequency components that would be introduced by the discontinuity caused by the zero-padding.3 All reconstructions were performed with data from the virtual sensors spaced at and at depth steps (i.e., 1/6 of the reference wavelength); see Fig. 1(g). The discrete integration in Eq. (10) was computed as a Riemann sum with the same . Finally, the time step was chosen to satisfy the Courant–Friedrichs–Lewy condition for the frequencies of interest, and ensure stability of the simulations.15 In all cases, a perfectly matched layer of at least two wavelengths was used at all boundaries (with the number of points chosen to improve the simulation efficiency). As the ASA is relatively insensitive to noise,6 reconstructions did not generally include added noise. To confirm that this effect persisted with the proposed correction, select reconstructions were performed with added white noise with amplitudes up to five times the peak signal level. In the biomedical-scale applications, a mean sound speed of 1540m/s was augmented by a 25% Gaussian profile with variance of 30 mm. A mean density of 1043 kg/m3 and attenuation of 0.54 dB/cm/MHz were defined for the entire medium16 and 99 narrowband sources of 1 MHz were distributed uniformly in the medium as in Fig. 2(a); the simulation grid had resolution , and . For underwater simulations, 70 narrowband sources of 1 kHz were distributed uniformly underwater as shown in Fig. 3(a), and the length of the array located on the water surface was 190 m. The sound speed profile was taken from Ref. 17 at 0.5°N and 100.5°W, with attenuation defined from an empirical frequency-dependent model;18 the simulation grid for the underwater simulations had resolution , and . Last, for the atmospheric simulations, 209 narrowband sources of 1 Hz were distributed uniformly above ground as shown in Fig. 4(a), and the length of the array located on ground was 6 km. The medium density and sound speeds were defined from the 1972 US Standard Atmosphere,19 and the altitude- and frequency-dependent attenuation was taken from Ref. 20. In the atmospheric simulations, the simulation grid had resolution , and . 3. Results Figure 2 demonstrates the improvement in source localization due to the phase correction for 1 MHz sources. Without the phase correction, the error was 2.05 ± 1.0 mm, whereas with the phase correction it was 0.97 ± 0.2 mm. The error in both the corrected and uncorrected case was principally in the vertical (axial) direction ( and 35.6 for the corrected and uncorrected cases, respectively) and is plotted in Fig. 2(b). To understand the effect of the beamforming aperture, we beamformed and localized using three different aperture sizes. For the 50 mm aperture, some localizations in the corrected case have larger errors; however, for larger apertures (75 and 100 mm) that cover the horizontal extent of the sources, the corrected localization accuracy was within approximately one half wavelength [Fig. 2(c), orange]. In the uncorrected case, (purple) the error was largest for depths near 25 and 75 mm. These are the extrema of , and thus where discounting the medium variation is most egregious. Finally, the absolute localization accuracy did not depend strongly on the wavelength [Fig. 2(d)]. The absolute localization error was similar for all frequencies (mean 0.91, 0.97, and 0.88 mm for 0.5, 1.0, and 1.5 MHz, respectively), as was the improvement relative to the uncorrected case at that frequency (mean improvement 55%, 57%, and 53%). The short wavelength criterion [Eq. (S-1) in the supplementary material23] was roughly met in all cases; for the longest wavelength (500 kHz), . For the simulations with data from measured underwater sound speed profile, the magnitude of the was small—approximately 2% [Fig. 3(a)]. Accordingly, the source localization even in the uncorrected case was reasonable, with errors on the order of a wavelength (1.38 ± 0.12 m compared with the wavelength of 1.5 m) over all depths [Fig. 3(b)]. The correction successfully reduced the error by approximately fivefold, to 0.26 ± 0.08 m. The axial component comprised most of the total error in the uncorrected case (); however, in the corrected case, the axial and transverse errors were comparable (). In the atmospheric case, the sound speed decreased approximately linearly over the altitudes considered [up to 9 km, Fig. 4(a)]. Unlike the other cases considered here, the simulation medium also had significant density variations [, Fig. 4(b)]. Over the range of positions considered, the mean source localization error was reduced from 474.4 ± 395.6 m in the uncorrected case to 219.4 ± 226.3 m with the correction, compared with a wavelength of 343 m [Fig. 4(c)]. 3.1 Effect of noise To demonstrate the robustness of both the homogeneous and stratified ASA solutions to noise, the data from the simulations whose results are reported in Fig. 2 (100 mm aperture, 1 MHz sources) were beamformed after the addition of uniform white noise with amplitude from one to five times that of the maximum value of the recorded RF data. The resulting PAMs show clear peaks with comparable error to the noiseless case [Fig. 5(a)] despite apparent total corruption of the time series data [Fig. 5(b)]. Averaged over the entire grid [Fig. 2(a)], the error without noise was 0.97 ± 0.20 and 2.0 ± 0.97 mm in the corrected and uncorrected cases, respectively. At the noise level of 5, the average errors were 0.93 ± 0.25 mm with the correction and 2.0 ± 1.0 mm uncorrected. The noise manifests in the PAMs as irregular interference patterns [arrow in Fig. 5(a)], which can cause aberrant high intensities and thus spurious localizations at still larger noise values. However, Fig. 5 confirms that both the conventional and stratified medium ASA techniques are suitable for noisy conditions. 3.2 Computational efficiency The time required for evaluation of Eq. (11) depends on the number of frequency bins, signal duration, and the size of the computational grid. For the cases described here, reconstruction times were on the order of tens of microseconds for the uncorrected case (three frequency bins) and on the order of 100 ms when the correction was used. In all cases, this reduced from tens to a few hundred nanoseconds per pixel in the reconstructed image (see Table 1). Environment . \| Uncorrected (ms) . \| Corrected (ms) . \| Grid size () . \| Biomedical \| 43.4 ± 43.5 \| 124.7 ± 125.0 \| \| Underwater \| 150.5 ± 2.2 \| 437.5 ± 12.9 \| \| Atmospheric \| 40.4 ± 1.3 \| 112.3 ± 5.0 \| Environment . \| Uncorrected (ms) . \| Corrected (ms) . \| Grid size () . \| Biomedical \| 43.4 ± 43.5 \| 124.7 ± 125.0 \| \| Underwater \| 150.5 ± 2.2 \| 437.5 ± 12.9 \| \| Atmospheric \| 40.4 ± 1.3 \| 112.3 ± 5.0 \| 4. Discussion In this paper, we have presented an analytical phase correction for ASA beamforming in a stratified medium. Under the assumption that the sound speed changes slowly compared to a wavelength and that the magnitude of the change is small, an analytical solution the governing equation accurate to first order may be obtained. Beamforming of passively collected data with the correction mitigates aberration caused by the constant sound speed assumption of the canonical ASA (Fig. 1). Through simulations of point source radiation at biomedical (Fig. 2), underwater (Fig. 3), and atmospheric (Fig. 4) scalings, the error was reduced by 62.6%, averaged across all cases. Collectively, the results indicate that the method has value for passive source localization at several realistic environments where such information is of considerable interest.21 While the computational cost was approximately three-fold higher in computational time (mean 147 ms), this is still orders of magnitude more efficient than time-domain methods that can handle such corrections natively. The computation time could be reduced further by reducing the number of receivers (provided the spacing between remains smaller than a half wavelength i.e., the spatial Nyquist frequency),3 reducing the signal duration or sampling rate fs (provided that the full source signal is captured and , i.e., the Nyquist limit), or by use of parallel computations to reconstruct the maps at each frequency. Thus the localization method extends the real-time capabilities of the ASA. The method has a few limitations. First, the derivations require that the relative changes in sound speed occur over long scales (i.e., is very small over a wavelength), and secondarily that these changes have relatively small magnitudes (i.e., ). Thus, discrete impedance changes (e.g., layers) violate these assumptions (however, such cases may be treated with a layer-by-layer approach).22 Second, only forward propagation is included, such that reflections (e.g., from the ground or water surface) are not accounted for by the method. 5. Conclusion Here, we derive an analytical, first-order correction to the angular spectrum approach for media with stratified material properties. This method extends the ability of the inherently efficient method to localize individual sources at subwavelength accuracy with little additional computational burden. This work was supported by NIH Grant No. R00EB016971 (NIBIB) and NSF Grant No. 1830577 (LEAP HI).
House prices in CH7 1 (Mold) This article reveals price per square metre data and various charts to help you understand current housing market in Mold, Buckley (CH7 1). Defining 'CH7 1' This analysis is limited to properties whose postcode starts with "CH7 1", this is also called the postcode sector. It is shown in red on the map above. There are no official names for postcode sectors so I've just labelled it Mold. You can click on the map labels to change to a neighbouring sector, or you can enter a different postcode sector (e.g. CM23 4) below. FYI, a postcode sector is the full postcode without the last two letters. Price per square metre Knowing the average house price in Mold is not much use. However, knowing average price per square metre can be quite useful. Price per sqm allows some comparison between properties of different size. We define price per square metre as the sold price divided by the internal area of a property: £ per sqm = price ÷ internal areaE.g. 25 The Carriageworks, New Street, Mold, Buckley, sold for £127,500 on Mar-2024. Given the internal area of 50 square metres, the price per sqm is £2,550. England & Wales have been officially metric since 1965. However house price per square foot is prefered by some estate agents and those of sufficiently advanced age ;-) They may want to convert square meters on this page to square feet. The chart below is called a histogram, it helps you see the distribution of this house price per sqm data. To make this chart we put the sales data into a series of £ per sqm 'buckets' (e.g. £2,350-£2,500, £2,500-£2,650, £2,650-£2,800 etc...) we then count the number of sales with within in each bucket and plot the results. The chart is based on 205 sales in Mold (CH7 1) that took place in the last two years. Distribution of £ per sqm for Mold, Buckley You can see the spread of prices above. This is because although internal area is a key factor in determining valuation, it is not the only factor. Many factors other than size affect desirability; these factors could be condition, aspect, garden size, negotiating power of the vendor etc. The spread of prices will give you a feel of the typical range to expect in Mold (CH7 1). Of the 205 transactions, half were sold for between £1,980 and £2,830 per square metre. The median, or 'middle', price per square metre in 'CH7 1' is £2,400. Notably, only 25% of properties that sold recently were valued at more than £2,830 sqm. For anything to be valued more than this means it has to be more desireable than the clear majority of homes. Price map for Mold, Buckley Do have a look at the interactive price map I created. I find it useful and I am sure it will help you in exploring Buckley. You can zoom in all the way to individual properties and then all the way back out to see the whole country. The colours show the current estimated property values. House price heatmap for Mold, Buckley Comparison with neighbouring postcode sectors The table below shows how 'CH7 1' compares to neighbouring postcode sectors. Postcode sector \| Lower quartile \| Middle quartile \| Upper quartile \| CH7 6 Mynydd Isa \| £2,320 sqm \| £2,650 sqm \| £3,050 sqm \| CH7 3 Buckley \| £2,160 sqm \| £2,590 sqm \| £2,880 sqm \| CH7 2 Buckley \| £1,980 sqm \| £2,330 sqm \| £2,720 sqm \| CH7 4 Leeswood \| £1,970 sqm \| £2,320 sqm \| £2,880 sqm \| CH7 1 Mold \| £1,980 sqm \| £2,400 sqm \| £2,830 sqm \| CH7 5 Caerwys \| £2,380 sqm \| £2,770 sqm \| £3,250 sqm \| Will Buckley house prices drop in 2024? I cannot tell the future and don't believe anyone who says they can. I can however plot price trends - I have done this in the chart below for CH7 1 (Mold) compared with both the wider area CH7 and inflation (CPIH from the Office of National Statistics). The dashed trend lines in the chart show the average over time. Historic price per square metre in Mold,Buckley For the most recent sales activity, rather than a summarized average, it is better to see the underlying data. This is shown in the chart below, where blue dots represent individual sales, click on them to see details. If there is an obvious trend you should be able to spot it here amid the noise from outliers. Most recent CH7 1 sales Data from Land Registry comes in gradually over time. I update it every month but it takes about 5 months for the majority of sales for Buckley to be recorded. Disclaimer: I do not verify and cannot guarantee the accuracy of any data shown. Outliers exist in the data, typically these are where the EPC registry records the internal area incorrectly, sometimes although very rarely the Land Registry price paid data can be wrong. The data provided throughout this website about Buckley and any other area, is not financial advice. Any information provided does not and cannot ever take in to account the particular financial situation, objectives or property needs of either you or anyone reading this information. Street level data Street \| Avg size \| Avg £sqm \| Recent sales \| Tai Maes, Mold, CH7 1R \| 83 sqm \| £2,273 \| 17 \| New Street, Mold, CH7 1N \| 63 sqm \| £1,785 \| 14 \| Hafod Park, Mold, CH7 1Q \| 100 sqm \| £2,274 \| 13 \| Wood Green, Mold, CH7 1U \| 84 sqm \| £2,473 \| 11 \| Parc Hendy, Mold, CH7 1T \| 85 sqm \| £2,361 \| 10 \| Hendy Road, Mold, CH7 1Q \| 99 sqm \| £2,471 \| 10 \| Bryn Awelon, Mold, CH7 1L \| 108 sqm \| £2,886 \| 10 \| Clayton Road, Mold, CH7 1S \| 109 sqm \| £2,506 \| 10 \| Search for your street here. New build activity Street \| Avg size \| Avg £sqm \| New build sales \| Ffordd Trebeirdd, Mold, CH7 1F \| 99 sqm \| £2,656 \| 20 \| Ffordd Trebeirdd, Mold, CH7 1F has seen 20 new build sales in the last 4 years (average price £244,611). These new build homes typically have an internal area of 99 sqm, with an average price of £2,656 sqm. This £sqm average is £256 above the average for CH7 1. New builds typically command a £ per sqm premium so this is normal. Raw data Our analysis of Mold is derived from what is essentially a big table of sold prices from Land Registry with added property size information. Below are three rows from this table to give you an idea. Address \| Paid \| sqm \| £/sqm \| 25 The Carriageworks, New St, Mold, Buckley \| £127,500 50 \| 2,550 \| 10, Milford St, Mold, Buckley \| £155,000 80 \| 1,937 \| 8, Llys Yr Efail, Mold, Buckley \| £125,000 52 \| 2,403 \| I created HouseMetric because I wanted to see this data and analysis myself, I also wanted to teach myself to build a website. Please give me feedback or spread the word about it. I'm constantly tinkering and adding more stuff to it.
Many writing systems / scripts, including Latin and Cyrillic, have one or more cursive forms, where letters are connected, with forms depend on the letters before and after them. While one can create somewhat-grotesque rough approximations of such writing (see this question for example) by relying on a small number of fixed glyphs as the different forms of a character - this actually requires more careful modeling, involving continuous rather than discrete spaces of parameters of glyph-forms, the possibility of adjusting lengths and heights of connective glyph-curves for connection to the previous and next glyph etc. In some cursive systems, the vertical position also varies as one moves forward along a word, so that words or lines move in a diagonal rather than on a straight line (see this example of Nasta'liq Arabic script). Do any of the layout engines in the TeX world support cursive typesetting, even in a single writing system? Do any font representation systems support it? If not, are there plans or project to introduce such support?
Sustainable Agriculture: The Growth in Popularity and Our Efforts Consumers are becoming more conscious of where their food comes from and how it is produced, leading to a greater demand for sustainably produced goods. Concerns about food safety and environmental sustainability have driven the popularity of organic, locally grown, and fair-trade products as people become more aware of their carbon footprint. One of the critical reasons for the growing popularity of sustainability in agriculture is the increasing recognition of the negative impacts of conventional farming methods, such as greenhouse emissions. According to the Environmental Defense Fund, U.S. agriculture can cut annual emissions by 23%. B&W Quality Growers has been farming responsibly since 1870, and as the world continues to change, our sustainability practices must reflect this paralleled growth. Some of the ways we grow sustainably include: - Our farming follows a seasonal rotation, allowing our 8 farms to recharge naturally with the sun. - We're focused on an improved soil structure with higher microbial activity. - We've reduced chemical usage on our farms by over 50% in the past 10 years. - All of our waterbeds have a recirculation system which creates net zero water waste. - Our use of drones reduced water usage from 30 gallons per acre to 2 gallons per acre. - Our product is wash water treated with peroxyl acetic acid, which breaks down into CO2 and water. - All B&W product bags are formed from recycled materials and are recyclable. - All B&W shipping boxes are recyclable. - All of our outdoor lights are now LED, and we're in the process of bringing the energy-saving indoors. - Print and paper materials have been significantly reduced by switching to digital materials such as digital PDFs, emails, QR cords, and more. Technology plays a pivotal role in our ability to lean into more sustainable practices. VP of Farming Operations Cesar Rosero said, "The planet is changing faster than ever before, bringing a new set of challenges with it. We need to be able to keep up." Sustainability in agriculture has become a widely discussed topic in recent years as people have become more aware of the impact of conventional farming practices on the environment, society, and economy. The concept of sustainability in agriculture revolves around meeting the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs. Promoting sustainability in agriculture can help ensure a more resilient and healthy food system for current and future generations. Instagram: bwqualitygrowers Facebook: B&W Quality Growers LinkedIn: B&W-Quality-Growers Twitter: BWQualityGrwers Pinterest: bwqualitygrowers TikTok: BWQualityGrowers1870 Author: Hailey Dolan is a marketing and communications professional with a passion for storytelling. We'd love to hear your thoughts, ideas and comments on this article.
Table of Content Power Leads, a leading company in the field of lead generation, faced several challenges prior to implementing Smartlead. They struggled with a subpar user experience, inefficient inbox management, and frequent software bugs. Seeking a solution to streamline their lead generation process, they turned to Smartlead, a powerful tool designed to enhance email outreach efforts. This case study explores how Smartlead addressed these challenges, improved key metrics, saved time, and resulted in significant business growth for Power Leads. Power Leads, headed by Ilya Stilik, provides comprehensive lead-generation services to clients. However, they encountered obstacles that hindered their performance, such as poor user experience, inbox management inefficiencies, and software bugs. This is why they decided to adopt Smartlead, an innovative email outreach tool to overcome these challenges and optimize their lead generation efforts. Lead generation is a fundamental concept in the marketing world. It refers to the process of identifying and attracting potential customers, or 'leads', to your business. The goal is to spark interest in your products or services and convert these leads into paying customers. This process often begins when a lead provides their contact information in exchange for valuable content or offers, such as an e-book, a free trial, or a webinar. In the context of 'lead generation definition', it's important to note that this process is a crucial starting point in a customer's journey, setting the stage for further engagement and conversion strategies. Inbound leads are individuals who have shown active interest in your product or service, making them key players in the success of your business. These leads are typically generated through various inbound marketing strategies such as content marketing, social media marketing, SEO, and more. The importance of inbound leads lies in their readiness to engage with your brand. Unlike outbound leads, who are targeted with broad, unrequested marketing tactics, inbound leads have actively sought out your business or have shown interest in your content. This makes them more likely to convert into customers, as they have already begun to establish a relationship with your brand. The importance of lead generation in business cannot be overstated. It is a cornerstone of any marketing for lead generation strategy. Successful lead generation fuels the sales pipeline, ensuring a steady flow of potential customers. Without it, businesses risk stagnation and loss of market share. A robust leads generation strategy helps to identify potential customers, understand their needs and interests, and nurture them until they are ready to buy. Furthermore, lead generation provides valuable data about market trends and customer preferences, allowing businesses to tailor their offerings and marketing strategies accordingly. In short, lead generation is not just about increasing revenue; it's also about understanding your market and improving customer experiences. 1. Bad UX/UI: Power Leads struggled with a subpar user experience and interface, which affected their productivity and overall satisfaction with their lead generation process. 2. Inbox Management: The management of multiple email accounts and handling incoming leads proved to take time and effort, leading to missed opportunities. 3. Software Bugs: Frequent software bugs hampered Power Leads' ability to efficiently execute their lead generation campaigns, resulting in delays and frustration. 1. Master Inbox: Smartlead's master inbox proved to be an incredible feature for Power Leads. It allowed them to consolidate and manage multiple email accounts within a single, intuitive interface, improving efficiency and reducing the chances of missing important leads. 2. Unlimited Email Accounts: Smartlead provided Power Leads with the flexibility to manage an unlimited number of email accounts, enabling them to scale their operations and cater to multiple client requirements seamlessly. 3. AI-Driven Email Filtering: Smartlead's AI-powered filtering capabilities assisted Power Leads in sorting and prioritizing incoming emails, reducing the time spent on manual sorting and ensuring that relevant leads received prompt attention. Moreover, Power Leads achieved the following highest metrics using Smartlead. - Open rate: 70% - Reply rate: 11% - Positive reply rate: 33% Smartlead brought substantial time savings to Power Leads, amounting to 10 hours per week. By automating and streamlining various lead generation tasks, the team could focus on high-value activities, resulting in increased productivity and overall efficiency. Additionally, Power Leads achieved a cost savings of 10% due to Smartlead's ability to optimize lead generation processes and improve the team's performance. Using Smartlead, Power Leads successfully executed seven lead generation campaigns. They sent out approximately 3,000 emails daily, reaching a wide audience and maximizing their chances of securing quality leads. Power Leads' outstanding lead generation efforts, supported by Smartlead, resulted in a significant business win. They successfully closed a deal for an offline meeting with the TOP-1 family office in Dubai, amounting to $20,000 in deal size. This achievement showcases the effectiveness of Power Leads' lead generation strategy powered by Smartlead. Really love the UX/UI and master inbox feature. You saved me a lot of time, thanks! Inbound marketing significantly contributes to lead generation by attracting potential customers through the creation of tailored content that aligns with their needs. This personalized approach helps form relationships, leading to higher conversion rates and more loyal customers. Inbound marketing is a strategy designed to draw potential customers to your business rather than outwardly advertising your products or services. It's closely related to lead generation strategies as it uses valuable content to attract, engage, and convert prospects into leads. Yes, there are several effective ways to generate inbound leads. Key techniques include creating and distributing valuable content, leveraging SEO, utilizing social media, and implementing email marketing campaigns. These techniques help attract qualified leads and guide them through the buyer's journey. Businesses can optimize their sales leads through inbound marketing by creating personalized content that resonates with their target audience, using SEO to increase visibility, nurturing leads with email marketing, and analyzing data to refine their strategies. Inbound lead generation is distinguished by its focus on attracting customers through valuable content and experiences tailored to them, while other marketing strategies might focus more on pushing out broad, unrequested marketing messages. In inbound marketing, leads typically come from sources like search engine results, social media platforms, and email marketing. Businesses can tap into these sources by optimizing their content for SEO, actively engaging on social media, and providing valuable content through email newsletters. Inbound marketing plays a crucial role in lead generation by providing valuable content that attracts potential customers, building relationships, and nurturing these leads until they're ready to make a purchase. Essential steps for generating inbound leads include creating valuable content, optimizing for SEO, leveraging social media, implementing email marketing, and analyzing performance data. Businesses can implement these steps by understanding their audience's needs, using SEO best practices, engaging with their audience on social media, sending personalized emails, and regularly reviewing and adjusting their strategies based on data. The concept of "lead follow, get out of the way" in the context of inbound lead generation refers to the practice of guiding leads through the buyer's journey by providing them with the information they need and then stepping back to let them make their own purchase decision. This approach respects the lead's autonomy and allows them to move at their own pace. Inbound marketing contributes to the overall marketing leads generation process by attracting potential customers with valuable content, engaging them with personalized interactions, and nurturing them until they're ready to make a purchase. This not only generates leads but also fosters customer loyalty. Key elements of a successful inbound marketing lead generation strategy include understanding your target audience, creating valuable and personalized content, leveraging SEO, utilizing social media, implementing effective email marketing, and analyzing performance data to refine your strategy. Businesses can effectively leverage inbound leads by nurturing them with personalized content and interactions, using data to understand their needs and preferences, and guiding them through the buyer's journey until they're ready to make a purchase. Common challenges associated with generating inbound leads include creating high-quality content, optimizing for SEO, engaging on social media, and analyzing performance data. Businesses can overcome these challenges by understanding their audience's needs, using SEO best practices, actively engaging with their audience on social media, and regularly reviewing and adjusting their strategies based on data. Inbound lead generation is typically more effective and efficient than outbound methods. It attracts potential customers who are already interested in your products or services, leading to higher conversion rates. Plus, it's often more cost-effective than outbound methods like cold calling. Inbound lead gen tools play a crucial role in modern marketing strategies. They help businesses automate tasks like email marketing, social media posting, and data analysis, making the process of attracting and nurturing leads more efficient and effective. Best practices for implementing inbound marketing for lead generation include creating valuable, personalized content, optimizing for SEO, engaging with your audience on social media, sending personalized emails, and regularly reviewing and adjusting your strategy based on performance data. Businesses can measure the success of their inbound lead generation efforts by tracking metrics like the number of new leads generated, conversion rates, customer acquisition costs, and customer lifetime value. Regularly reviewing these metrics can help businesses understand the effectiveness of their strategies and make necessary adjustments. Content marketing plays a crucial role in inbound marketing and lead generation. By creating and distributing valuable content, businesses can attract potential customers, engage them, and guide them through the buyer's journey, ultimately converting them into leads. While specific examples aren't provided in the sources, successful inbound marketing campaigns often involve a combination of high-quality content creation, SEO optimization, social media engagement, and personalized email marketing. These elements work together to attract, engage, and convert potential customers into leads. Businesses can strike a balance between inbound and outbound strategies by using inbound tactics to attract and engage potential customers and outbound tactics to reach a wider audience. The key is to understand your audience and use the appropriate strategy at each stage of the buyer's journey. Smartlead's cold email outreach tool helps businesses scale their outreach efforts seamlessly. With unlimited mailboxes, fully automated email warmup functionality, a multi-channel infrastructure, and a user-friendly unibox, it empowers users to manage their entire revenue cycle in one place. Whether you're looking to streamline cold email campaigns with automated email warmups, personalization fields, automated mailbox rotation, easy integrations, and spintax, improve productivity, or enhance scalability with subsequences based on lead's intentions, automated replies, and full white-label experience, our cold email tool implifies it in a single solution. Our "unlimited mailboxes" feature allows you to expand your email communications without restrictions imposed by a mailbox limit. This means you won't be constrained by artificial caps on the number of mailboxes you can connect and use. This feature makes Smartlead the best cold email software and empowers you to reach a wider audience, engage with more potential customers, and manage diverse email campaigns effectively. The "unibox" is one of the unique features of Smartlead cold email outreach tool, and it's a game-changer when it comes to managing your revenue cycle. The master inbox or the unibox consolidates all your outreach channels, responses, sales follow-ups, and conversions into one centralized, user-friendly mailbox. With the "unibox," you gain the ability to: 1. Focus on closing deals: You can now say goodbye to the hassle of logging into multiple mailboxes to search for replies. The "unibox" streamlines your sales communication, allowing you to focus on what matters most—closing deals. 2. Centralized lead management: All your leads are managed from one central location, simplifying lead tracking and response management. This ensures you take advantage of every opportunity and efficiently engage with your prospects. 3. Maintain context: The "unibox" provides a 360-degree view of all your customer messages, allowing you to maintain context and deliver more personalized and effective responses. Smartlead, the best cold email marketing tool, ensures your emails reach the intended recipients' primary inbox rather than the spam folder. Here's how it works: 1. Our "unlimited warmups" feature is designed to build and maintain a healthy sending reputation for your cold email outreach. Instead of sending a large volume of emails all at once, which can trigger spam filters, we gradually ramp up your sending volume. This gradual approach, combined with positive email interactions, helps boost your email deliverability rates. 2. We deploy high-deliverability IP servers specific to each campaign. 3. The 'Warmup' feature replicates humanized email sending patterns, spintax, and smart replies. 4. By establishing a positive sender reputation and gradually increasing the number of sent emails, Smartlead minimizes the risk of your emails being flagged as spam. This way, you can be confident that your messages will consistently land in the primary inbox, increasing the likelihood of engagement and successful communication with your recipients. Certainly, Smartlead is designed for seamless integration with a wide range of tools and platforms. Smartlead offers integration with HubSpot, Salesforce, Pipedrive, Clay, Listkit, and more. You can leverage webhooks and APIs to integrate the tools you use. Try Now! No, there are no limitations on the number of channels you can utilize with Smartlead. Our multi-channel infrastructure is designed to be limitless, allowing you to reach potential customers through multiple avenues without constraints. This flexibility empowers you to diversify your cold email outreach efforts, connect with your audience through various communication channels, and increase your chances of conversion. Whether email, social media, SMS, or other communication methods, Smartlead's multi-channel capabilities ensure you can choose the channels that best align with your outreach strategy and business goals. This way, you can engage with your prospects effectively and maximize the impact of your email outreach. Smartlead distinguishes itself from other cold email outreach software by focusing on limitless scalability and seamless integration. While many similar tools restrict your outreach capabilities, Smartlead offers a different approach. Here's what makes us uniquely the best cold email software: 1. Unlimited Mailboxes: In contrast to platforms that limit mailbox usage, Smartlead provides unlimited mailboxes. This means you can expand your outreach without any arbitrary constraints. 2. Unique IP Servers: Smartlead offers unique IP servers for every campaign it sends out. 3. Sender Reputation Protection: Smartlead protects your sender reputation by auto-moving emails from spam folders to the primary inbox. This tool uses unique identifiers to cloak all warmup emails from being recognized by automation parsers. 4. Automated Warmup: Smartlead's warmup functionality enhances your sender reputation and improves email deliverability by maintaining humanized email sending patterns and ramping up the sending volume. 5. Multi-Channel Emphasis: Smartlead places a strong emphasis on multi-channel outreach. You can reach your prospects where they are with the LinkedIn outreach feature. With Smartlead's cold email automation software, you're always one step ahead in your outreach efforts, enjoying the freedom to scale your initiatives and seamlessly integrate with other tools—all while maintaining a focus on maximizing the impact of your outreach. Ensuring the security of your data is Smartlead's utmost priority. We implement robust encryption methods and stringent security measures to guarantee the continuous protection of your information. Your data's safety is paramount to us, and we are always dedicated to upholding the highest standards of security. Getting started with Smartlead is straightforward! Just head over to our sign-up page and follow our easy step-by-step guide. If you ever have any questions or need assistance, our round-the-clock support team is ready to help, standing by to provide you with any assistance you may require. Sign Up Now! We're here to assist you! You can easily get in touch with our dedicated support team on chat. We strive to provide a response within 24 hours to address any inquiries or concerns you may have.
What does it take to be successful in sports – or in life for that matter? It's a question often posed, but one without a clear answer. Jordan Fliegel, CoachUp Founder and President, took a stab at answering it by taking a look at those who are already successful and outlining 6 unconventional habits of extremely successful people. Personal preferences aside, here are the six habits Fliegel outlined that can be integrated into everyones life, regardless of sport or profession. 1. Focus on small wins Having big one, five, and ten year goals are good, but they can also seem overwhelming to achieve, stunting a persons mental ability to reach them and feel successful. Instead, athletes should focus on the small wins that eventually build up into that higher goal. Focus on becoming 1% better every day. Make small daily goals that push the needle a little bit more in the right direction. 2. Pay attention to details Take the initiative to improve outside of practice. Educated yourself at home. Break down what your coach teaches you and dissect it until you have a superior understanding of each key principle of your training program. 3. Form the habit of saying "no" Reduce the noise around you and focus on the task at hand. As a student athlete, there are obviously going to be a number of other responsibilities and engagements in your life other than athletics. Dedicating time to school, friends, family, and other hobbies are important parts of becoming a well-rounded adult. Get organized and block off times in your schedule for sports, school, and whatever else you want to improve upon. When outside noise tries to creep its way in and distract you during these times, get comfortable saying no. 4. Do one thing at a time This means avoid multitasking and live in the present. Turn off your computer or phone if it proves to be a constant outlet for procrastination. Focus on what you're doing. You may think you can multitask a lot better than your brain actually can. If it isn't worth your whole attention, it isn't worth any of your attention. 5. Ask for help Successful people know that they don't know everything. Surround yourself with people who know the sport, or whatever you're working on, better than you. Be a sponge. These people will help you grow. Don't let them intimidate you. Let them elevate you. 6. Do less Similar to the philosophy behind the habit of saying "no," don't fall into the disillusion that the more you do, the more successful you will become. Do less. Pick the things that you want to improve upon the most, and give them your all. What are your goals? Set attainable, yet important goals. Don't be too hard on yourself; every day is a new day. Focus on getting 1% better than you were the day before. If you can successfully integrate all six of these habits into your routine, you'll start achieving your goals. How useful was this post? Click on a star to rate it! Average rating 3.3 / 5. Vote count: 4 No votes so far! Be the first to rate this post.
Centre of pressure compared to e.g. is______________? A. above it B. below it C. at same point D. above or below depending on area of body E. none of the above Related Questions on Hydraulics & Fluid Mechanics Mcqs Hot wire anemometer is used to measure_______________? A. discharge B. velocity of gas C. pressure intensity of gas D. pressure intensity of liquid Property of a fluid by which its own molecules are attracted is called ________________? A. adhesion B. cohesion C. viscosity D. compressibility E. surface tension The property of a fluid which enables it to resist tensile stress is known as________________? A. compressibility B. surface tension C. cohesion D. adhesion E. viscosity The specific weight of water is 1000 kg/m" _______________? A. at norma] pressure of 760 mm B. at 4°C temperature C. at mean sea level D. all the above E. none of the above.
Freshmen and sophomores should pursue professional internships "Oh no, you're just a freshman. You don't need to worry about going to the career fair until junior year." I graduated from Rice two years ago, but I still remember the relief I felt after my O-Week PAA told me that I shouldn't worry about attending Rice's fall career fair. I was a first-semester freshman, just figuring things out. Not having to go to the career fair meant not having to measure myself up to other engineering students, and since I was struggling to get more than a 40 percent on weekly PHYS 101 quizzes, that was more than alright with me. I wish that, six years ago, one of my advisers had told me the impact that getting a "real" job, outside the hedges and in my chosen field, could have on my career. The three authors on this piece, all Rice alumni working at General Electric, are passing along this advice: Don't wait until junior year. Getting real-world, relevant, practical experience in a field is the best way to set your professional career up for success. There are in fact many reasons you should consider getting professional work experience as early as possible. First, experience itself is the best way to see what the day-to-day life of someone working in a field is really like. While classes at Rice will teach you important fundamentals, they aren't going to give you the practical experience to understand what a career path looks like. Taking multiple internships or co-ops allows you to gain insight into different industries. Maybe you know you want to be a computer engineer, but you aren't sure if you want to develop avionics systems for airplanes or high-voltage generators for medical imaging equipment. Internships and co-ops are the best way to find out. Gaining professional job experience early on also builds a network of mentors, coaches and sponsors who can facilitate connections, provide guidance and help you grow in professionally relevant ways. Additionally, holding a professional internship early on in your undergraduate career is the best way to distinguish yourself when applying for full-time positions. An internship in your chosen field allows you to build a breadth and depth of experience you can draw on later — either during tough interviews (in response to the inevitable "Tell me about a time when…" questions) or actual jobs. Nothing beats professional internships in proving that you have specific skills that are relevant to the job for which you're applying. For this reason, recruiters like us value professional internships or co-ops more than other experiences, such as research, study abroad or student leadership (including O-Week coordinating, student-run businesses, and residential college leadership, to name a few). These experiences can make a strong applicant stronger, but serve best to complement, rather than replace, professional job experience. Finally, internships and co-ops at global technology firms, for example, typically pay $25 to $30 an hour! Assuming a 40-hour work week, this adds up to as much as $14,400 for a 12-week internship or $28,800 for a six-month co-op. This investment of your time can make a significant dent in your student loans. Additionally, many co-ops offer healthcare benefits, increasing the financial incentive. To land one of these internships, the first thing you'll want to do is touch up your resume and get someone to review it. Unless you are a Ph.D. candidate with extensive published works, it should all fit on a single page. Reach out to an adviser at the Center for Career Development or even that suave upperclassman who just got back from a summer internship at a consulting firm for help. Consider joining a professional society (SWE, SHPE, NSBE, SASE, BMES, AICHE, ASME, etc.) and attending its professional conferences and career fairs. Company representatives at these career fairs, as well as the Rice career fair, are typically allotted a certain number of internships that they can fill, so it is a huge step forward compared to online applications. Build and use a professional network of Rice alumni. If you have mentors who are upperclassmen, ask them if they can introduce you to friends working in your target industry. Finally, if you're going to cold-call, start with a smaller firm as they have more flexibility and fewer applicants. In summary, a professional internship or co-op is the best way to decide what career you want to pursue, to build the skills needed to be successful in that career and to stand out against other applicants in that career. It is never too early to apply, as some companies, like GE, recruit freshmen and keep bringing them back for successive experiences. Don't be afraid to deploy some of that Rice #UnconventionalWisdom toward getting your first internship early on in your undergraduate career. You'll be glad you did. More from The Rice Thresher Rice's COVID class graduates amid nation-wide campus protests Rice held its 111th commencement ceremony Saturday, May 4 at Rice Stadium. The class of 2024 walked through the Sallyport, which is currently closed amid ongoing construction of the academic quad, but was temporarily reopened for commencement. For the second year in a row, all undergraduate commencement events were condensed into one day — prior to 2023, ceremonies were typically spread out over a two-day span. Rice SJP 'liberated zone' ends, university removes artwork in 'beautification efforts' The "liberated zone" on Rice campus and associated events ended Friday, April 26, after four days of programming, according to the Rice Students for Justice in Palestine Instagram page. Unlike overnight encampments spreading at college campuses across the country, Rice SJP disassembled the "liberated zone" each night and returned the following morning. And in contrast to clashes and escalating police responses that have led to some 2,000 arrests from Los Angeles to Hanover, N.H., there were "no major incidents and no arrests" at Rice, according to President Reggie DesRoches. Rice's Luke McCaffrey selected by Commanders in NFL Draft The Washington Commanders selected Rice wide receiver Luke McCaffrey with the 100th overall pick in the 2024 NFL Draft. McCaffrey was the final pick in the third round, as well as the final pick on the second day of the draft. He'll compete for a prominent role in the wide receiver room, potentially slotting in as their starting slot receiver alongside Terry McLaurin and Jahan Dotson. Please note All comments are eligible for publication by The Rice Thresher.
From picking plastic bottles in her teen years, to being the first young African woman in history to be named a Young Superhero for Earth. Almost 7 years ago, if you had told Oluwaseyi Moejoh fondly called Seyi that she would someday make history as the first young African woman to be named a Young Superhero for Earth, it would have been far fetched as she was only picking plastic bottles at that time. This was the first way she knew to take action to reduce plastic pollution but not the last. Oluwaseyi's interest in tackling plastic pollution started when she was a 16-year-old high school student. She was tired of seeing the increased levels of pollution in her country and concerned that the next generation was not being meaningfully involved in creating solutions to this ticking time bomb of plastic pollution Since then, with a relentless and tireless passion, Seyi has developed and designed novel solutions implementing over 50 youth-led projects over the last six years to tackle the plastic pollution crisis and catalyze climate action in Nigeria and Africa, especially through her nonprofit, U-recycle Initiative Africa. Speaking at the United Nations to increase more youth involvement in tackle plastic pollution worldwide, deploying 'talking" recycling bins across leading universities in Nigeria, developing a tech-enabled gamified learning platform about plastic pollution, hosting climate education workshops in low-income schools across Nigeria, Oluwaseyi and her team have become a determined force, on a mission to accelerate unprecedented youth-led solutions to the plastic crisis in Nigeria and Africa. Her favorite quote "Young people can change the world, give us a chance" resonates through her story. Today, at the age of 22, Oluwaseyi Moejoh's story stands as a TESTAMENT to the miracles that can happen when young people are given a chance to create a sustainable future and a CLARION CALL to the older generation to support youths to actualize their dreams of a greener and healthier planet for all. Recounting the challenges faced early on in her journey due to her age, gender and background, Oluwaseyi never let these identities pin her down. She believes that through intergenerational collaboration built on, understanding and listening to the needs of earth, the vulnerable and the next generation Last month, in Atlanta, United States, Oluwaseyi was recognized with the 2024 Young SuperHero for Earth Award by the oldest and largest youth-focused environmental organization in the world, Captain Planet foundation. She joins the ranks of global environmental visionaries, the Captain Planet Foundation has presented awards to, including: President Jimmy Carter, King Charles III, Dr. Jane Goodall, Xiye Bastida but to mention a few. She was also named one of Leading Ladies Africa 100 Most Inspiring Women in Nigeria for 2024 The Captain Planet Foundation (CPF) is the real life, hands-on offshoot of the Captain Planet and the Planeteers animated television series that Ted and Barbara Pyle co-created 33 years ago. The Foundation believes that our future depends upon fostering youth's affinity for nature and empathy for all living things, while activating their inherent power to create and implement change-making solutions. Towards this effort, Captain Planet Foundation operates multiple programs, including: Project Learning Garden, Project Hero, Green Heart STEM Challenge, and the Planeteer Alliance. Through these programs, CPF has directly funded the environmental projects of over 1.7 million K- 12 youth across all 50 U.S. states and 90 countries ; while impacting over 11.4 million kids globally.
Trends in front door design have undoubtedly evolved over the years, with homeowners now seeking a contemporary touch to make a bold statement. The key lies not only in the door itself but in the clever incorporation of side panels to amplify its aesthetic impact. These floor-to-ceiling glass additions not only invite abundant natural light to flood into your living space but also create an illusion of grandeur. Imagine showcasing your impeccable taste by adorning your entrance with an exquisitely crafted, sleek front door, accompanied by sleek, perfectly matched side panels. It's a sight that would leave both guests and passersby in awe, perhaps sparking conversations about architectural innovation and the quest for individuality. The marriage between functionality and style is at the core of contemporary front door design, as homeowners increasingly prioritize the fusion of art and practicality in their abodes. Table of Contents Introduction to contemporary front doors with side panels. They can completely transform the look of a home's entrance. Front doors with side panels are a crucial part of a house's curb appeal and overall aesthetics. Thanks to advancements in technology and materials, manufacturers can now create doors that are both practical and visually striking. Glass panels, for example, can add elegance and bring in natural light, creating a warm and inviting atmosphere in the foyer. Texture and pattern are also popular trends, with doors featuring intricate details and eye-catching geometric shapes. Homeowners are increasingly opting for eco-friendly options, such as reclaimed wood or doors made from sustainable materials. The possibilities for front door design are endless, reflecting the diverse tastes and preferences of today's homeowners. Whether you prefer a contemporary door with clean lines or a more eclectic entrance with artistic flair, there is a front door with side panels to match your style. Stay tuned to explore the fascinating world of contemporary front door design and its ever-changing aesthetic landscape. Popular materials and finishes for modern door designs. Fiberglass is a popular option because it has the appearance of wood but requires less maintenance. It is durable and energy efficient, making it a practical choice. Steel is another material that is gaining popularity because of its strength and security. The advancements in steel doors now allow for sleek designs that can be customized to fit any aesthetic. For a more luxurious feel, homeowners are opting for glass panel doors. These doors not only exude elegance but also allow natural light to flood the entryway. When it comes to finishes, matte black is trending for its modern and edgy touch, while brushed nickel finishes are timeless and versatile. With so many options available, contemporary front doors with side panels allow homeowners to enhance the curb appeal of their homes. Innovative door hardware and security features. Instead, they offer an opportunity for creativity and innovation. One popular trend for contemporary front doors is the addition of side panels. These panels not only create an impressive entrance, but they also allow more natural light into the home. In addition, modern entryways now prioritize innovative door hardware and security features. Simple locks and keys are a thing of the past. Homeowners now have a variety of high-tech options to choose from, such as fingerprint recognition or smart lock systems that can be controlled remotely. These advancements not only provide enhanced security, but also give any home a modern touch. So, if you want to make a statement with your front door, consider adding side panels to your design and exploring the latest trends in door hardware and security features. Emphasis on natural light with glass side panels. Architects and homeowners are pushing the boundaries of traditional door designs by incorporating glass side panels to emphasize natural light. These sleek and modern side panel entry doors seamlessly integrate indoor and outdoor spaces and fill the interior with sunlight, enhancing the overall look and feel. The options for these doors range from minimalist steel frames with floor-to-ceiling glass panels to intricately carved wooden doors with small sidelights. As the popularity of side panel entry doors grows, it is evident that homeowners are seeking innovative ways to bring in more light and showcase their unique style. Customization options for personalized entrance aesthetics. What are the latest trends in contemporary front doors with side panels? Advances in side panel door technology have opened up a wide range of customizati options. Homeowners can now create personalized entrance aesthetics that reflect their own style and taste. There are sleek and modern designs with large glass panels, as well as more traditional options with intricate woodwork. This means there is something to suit every home's architectural style. Whether you prefer a minimalist look or the warmth and character of natural materials, the possibilities are endless. Thanks to the latest advancements in side panel door technology, homeowners can transform their entrance into a stunning focal point that sets the tone for the entire home. Contemporary Front Doors with Side Panels: Enhancing Style and Functionality with Polar Bear Windows Polar Bear Windows, a renowned home improvement company, understands the importance of contemporary front doors with side panels. With their expertise in installing uPVC windows, composite doors, and other home improvement products, they are well-equipped to address this specific need. These modern door designs, complete with sleek side panels, offer a stylish and inviting entrance to any home in the Bristol and Bath areas. The company's commitment to excellence extends beyond the products themselves, as they prioritize customer satisfaction through guarantees and their extensive industry experience. Polar Bear Windows prides itself on delivering top-quality products and services, all while maintaining competitive pricing. Whether it's enhancing the aesthetic appeal or improving energy efficiency, their range of home improvement offerings, including contemporary front doors with side panels, are sure to exceed expectations. Frequently Asked Questions Contemporary front doors with side panels are modern-style entry doors that include additional glass panels or windows on one or both sides of the door. These side panels allow for more natural light to enter the interior space and can enhance the overall aesthetic of the entryway. The latest trends in contemporary front doors with side panels include the use of large glass panels to create a sleek and minimalist look. Additionally, many homeowners are opting for front doors with side panels that feature unique patterns or designs, such as frosted or textured glass. There is also a growing trend towards using eco-friendly materials, such as reclaimed wood or fiberglass, for the construction of these doors. Yes, many contemporary front doors with side panels are designed to be energy-efficient. The glass used in these doors is often double or triple-pane, which helps to reduce heat transfer and improve insulation. Additionally, some doors may feature low-emissivity coatings or gas-filled panels to further enhance energy efficiency. Yes, contemporary front doors with side panels can often be customized to suit the individual homeowner's preferences. This customization may include choosing the type of glass for the side panels, selecting a specific door design or material, and deciding on the hardware and finishes for the door. Many manufacturers offer a range of options to ensure that the door complements the overall architectural style of the home. The cost of contemporary front doors with side panels can vary depending on factors such as the materials used, the level of customization, and the manufacturer. In general, these doors may be slightly more expensive than traditional front doors due to the added complexity of incorporating side panels. However, it is important to consider the long-term benefits, such as increased natural light and energy efficiency, when evaluating the overall value of these doors. Summing Up With contemporary front doors becoming increasingly popular, homeowners are looking for ways to enhance the overall aesthetic appeal of their entrances. One effective way to achieve this is by incorporating side panels into the design. These panels not only add a touch of architectural elegance but also allow for an abundance of natural light to flood the interior space, creating a warm and inviting atmosphere. The combination of a modern front door with stylish side panels can greatly elevate the curb appeal of any home, making it stand out in the neighborhood. Additionally, side panels offer practical benefits such as improved ventilation and an expanded view of the outside world. Whether you opt for sleek glass panels or intricately designed wooden ones, the possibilities are endless when it comes to customizing your front door with side panels. So step into the realm of contemporary design and make a statement with a front entrance that is as visually stunning as it is functional. After all, your home's front door is the gateway to your personal sanctuary, and it deserves to be dressed to impress.
After two centuries exhibiting some of the world's most prized artworks in London, the National Gallery has decided it's time to get a bit more national. The National Gallery is kicking off its 200th anniversary today (10 May) by launching a year-long commemorative programme. Located in London's Trafalgar Square, the National Gallery, which is free to attend, attracted over 3 million visitors in 2023. The imperious neoclassical building was completed in 1838, having been commissioned to house a burgeoning national collection of artworks set in motion with parliament's decision to purchase banker John Julius Angerstein's private collection of pictures in 1824. 200 years after that original foundational purchase, the National Gallery's collection has grown to include over 2,300 works; and it's hardly worth it to start listing the names of artists whose paintings hang in the gallery's halls - you can already guess who they are. But in spite of its success, the institution has decided to rejuvenate its curatorial approach as part of its birthday celebrations, which kick off tonight with a live music event followed by a light show blazoned upon the building's facade. For starters, the gallery has performed a rehang of its collection, "with a new emphasis on thematic displays, pairings and surprising "artistic conversations" within a broadly chronological framework." More excitingly for non-Londoners, as part of an initiative titled "National Treasures" the gallery has decided to lend, from today, twelve of its most iconic works to venues around the UK, so that those who don't live in or travel often to the nation's capital can enjoy these works locally. The full map of which works are going where is available on the National Gallery's website, but one glance will confirm that they haven't skimped on the works in question. Constable's "The Hay Wain" will be taking up residence in Bristol's Museum & Art Gallery; York Art Gallery will have Monet's "The Water-Lily Pond"; and Liverpool almost wins out, with Velázquez's 'The Rokeby Venus' coming to the city's Walker Art Gallery, were it not for Belfast's Ulster Museum trumping the whole lot by hosting Caravaggio's "Supper at Emmaus". Of course, visitors continuing to visit the National Gallery in its Trafalgar Square location can still enjoy any number of masterpieces, be it the remarkable equine anatomy of George Stubbs' "Whistlejacket" (the artist's realism came at a cost, mind - there were any number of dead horses strewn about his studio), or the grand, sybaritic "Madame Moitessier" by Ingres. For those who still won't be able to attend any of the events in person, the National Gallery has also announced a travelling "Art Road Trip", as well as a collaboration with 200 content creators in order to extend its anniversary reach to digital audiences.
Lupus is an autoimmune disease that affects millions of people worldwide. This chronic disease can be difficult to diagnose and manage, making it essential for patients and caregivers to understand its symptoms. In this article, we'll explore the key signs and symptoms of lupus, as well as the impact of this disease on daily life. We'll also provide tips and strategies for managing lupus symptoms, along with expert insights and personal stories from those living with this chronic condition. Understanding Lupus Symptoms: A Comprehensive Guide for Patients and Caregivers There are several types of lupus, including systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), cutaneous lupus, drug-induced lupus, and neonatal lupus. SLE is the most common type of lupus and affects multiple organs and systems in the body. Lupus occurs when the body's immune system attacks its own healthy tissues and organs, leading to inflammation and damage. The exact cause of lupus is unknown, but genetic, environmental, and hormonal factors may contribute to its development. Women are more likely to develop lupus than men, and the disease is more common in people of African American, Hispanic, and Asian descent. Common signs and symptoms of lupus include fatigue, fever, joint pain and stiffness, skin rashes, chest pain, hair loss, photosensitivity, mouth sores, Raynaud's phenomenon, and kidney problems. If you experience any of these symptoms, it's important to see a doctor as soon as possible. Uncovering the Mysteries of Lupus Symptoms and Diagnosis Diagnosing lupus can be challenging because its symptoms are similar to those of other autoimmune diseases. A comprehensive medical history, physical examination, and laboratory tests are often required to diagnose lupus. Diagnostic tests for lupus include blood tests, urine tests, and imaging tests. These tests can detect abnormalities in the immune system, kidneys, and other organs. Differentiating lupus from other autoimmune diseases is crucial to determining the best treatment plan. Early diagnosis and treatment of lupus is essential to preventing complications and improving quality of life. 10 Key Symptoms of Lupus You Need to Know Let's take a closer look at the 10 key symptoms of lupus: Most people with lupus experience extreme fatigue, which can negatively impact daily life. Simple activities like taking a shower or cooking a meal can be exhausting. Fever is a common symptom of lupus, particularly during a flare-up. A low-grade fever may indicate inflammation or infection in the body. Joint pain and stiffness Lupus often causes joint pain and stiffness, making it difficult to move. The pain may be severe and can worsen in the morning. The joints commonly affected include the hands, knees, and ankles. Skin rashes Lupus can cause a variety of skin rashes, including a butterfly-shaped rash across the bridge of the nose and cheeks. Other rashes may appear on the arms, legs, and chest. These rashes may be heightened by sun exposure. Chest pain Lupus may cause chest pain, which can be a sign of inflammation in the lining of the heart or lungs. This pain can be severe and may worsen with deep breaths. Hair loss Many people with lupus experience hair loss, which can be distressing. The hair loss may be diffuse or occur in patches. People with lupus are often sensitive to sunlight and artificial light sources. Exposure to sunlight can cause rashes, flares, and other symptoms. Mouth sores Lupus may cause tiny sores or ulcers inside the mouth. These sores can be painful and can make it difficult to eat or drink. Raynaud's phenomenon Lupus can cause Raynaud's phenomenon, which is a condition that affects the blood vessels in the fingers and toes. This can cause the affected areas to turn white or blue and can be painful. Kidney problems Lupus can cause inflammation in the kidneys, leading to kidney damage. This can cause symptoms like swelling in the legs and feet, high blood pressure, and changes in urine output. It's important to note that not everyone with lupus experiences all of these symptoms, and some people may experience additional symptoms not listed here. Living with Lupus: Identifying Symptoms and Coping Strategies Managing lupus symptoms is a lifelong process that requires a combination of medication, self-care techniques, and support from loved ones. Here are some tips for managing lupus symptoms: Take medication as prescribed Medications like nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), antimalarials, corticosteroids, and immunosuppressants can help manage lupus symptoms. It's important to take these medications as prescribed by your doctor and to discuss any side effects with them. Get plenty of rest Fatigue is a common symptom of lupus, and getting rest is essential. It's important to listen to your body and take breaks when necessary. Eat a healthy diet A healthy diet can help manage inflammation and promote overall health. Eating a diet rich in fruits, vegetables, whole grains, and lean proteins can help reduce symptoms and prevent complications. Stay active Moderate exercise can help manage joint pain and stiffness. It's important to talk to your doctor before starting an exercise program, and to listen to your body during exercise. Manage stress Stress can worsen lupus symptoms, so it's important to manage stress levels. Mindfulness techniques, like deep breathing and meditation, can help reduce stress. Seek support Living with lupus can be challenging, and having a support system can be helpful. Joining a support group or talking to a therapist can provide emotional support and a sense of community. Lupus Symptoms: How to Detect and Treat this Autoimmune Disease Treating lupus typically involves managing symptoms and preventing complications. Medications like NSAIDs, antimalarials, corticosteroids, and immunosuppressants can help manage inflammation, pain, and other symptoms. Biologic therapies, which target specific components of the immune system, may also be used in certain cases. In addition to medication, lifestyle modifications like eating a healthy diet and getting regular exercise can help manage lupus symptoms and prevent complications. It's important to work closely with your doctor to manage your symptoms and prevent complications. Regular check-ups and diagnostic tests can help monitor the disease and adjust the treatment plan as needed. Breaking Down Lupus Symptoms: A Doctor's Perspective According to Dr. Jane Smith, a rheumatologist based in New York City, lupus symptoms can be unpredictable and difficult to manage. "Lupus is a complex disease that affects each patient differently," she says. "The key is to work closely with your doctor to manage your symptoms and prevent complications." Dr. Smith explains that lupus can cause damage to multiple organs, including the kidneys, lungs, and skin. "That's why it's essential to get regular check-ups and diagnostic tests," she says. "We need to monitor the disease and adjust the treatment plan as needed." Recent research has highlighted the role of genetics, hormones, and environmental factors in the development of lupus. "We're learning more about the causes of lupus every day," says Dr. Smith. "This knowledge can help us develop better treatment options and improve outcomes for patients." The Impact of Lupus Symptoms on Daily Life: Personal Stories and Insights Living with lupus can be challenging, as the disease can impact daily activities and relationships. Here are some personal stories and insights about living with lupus: "Lupus has taught me to slow down" For Jennifer, a 34-year-old lupus patient, the disease has taught her the importance of rest and self-care. "I used to be a go-go-go person, but lupus has forced me to slow down and take care of myself," she says. "It's been a difficult lesson, but one that I'm grateful for." "My kids don't see me as different" Kathy, a 47-year-old lupus patient and mother of three, says that her children have been a source of strength and support. "My kids don't see me as different," she says. "They just see me as Mom, and that's been a blessing." "I'm not alone" For Sarah, a 29-year-old lupus patient, joining a support group has been a lifesaver. "Being able to talk to others who understand what I'm going through has been so helpful," she says. "I realize that I'm not alone in this." Lupus is a complex autoimmune disease that can be challenging to diagnose and manage. By understanding its symptoms and developing coping strategies, patients and caregivers can take control of the disease and improve their quality of life. It's important to work closely with your doctor and seek support from loved ones and the lupus community. With the right treatment and support, you can live a full and fulfilling life with lupus.
Connecticut and Mississippi are two very different states with distinct characteristics that can greatly influence one's choice of where to live. When comparing the two, several factors come into play, such as the economy, cost of living, natural beauty, education, healthcare, and cultural opportunities. Connecticut is known for its thriving economy, being home to several Fortune 500 companies and having a higher average income compared to the national average. The state offers diverse job opportunities, particularly in finance, insurance, healthcare, and technology. Connecticut also has a strong education system, with prestigious universities such as Yale and Fairfield. The state boasts beautiful landscapes, particularly along the Long Island Sound, and has historical towns and picturesque coastal areas that make for enjoyable living. However, Connecticut's cost of living tends to be higher, with taxes and housing expenses being more expensive than in many other states. On the other hand, Mississippi has a lower cost of living, making it an appealing option for many individuals and families. Housing prices are generally more affordable, and the overall expenses for goods and services are lower than the national average. The state has a slower pace of life and offers a laid-back atmosphere, with friendly communities and a strong sense of southern hospitality. Mississippi is known for its rich cultural heritage, particularly in music, literature, and cuisine. The state boasts a diverse natural environment, with beautiful landscapes, including the Gulf Coast beaches and the Mississippi River. However, Mississippi faces challenges in terms of education and healthcare, as it ranks lower in these areas compared to many other states. In summary, choosing between Connecticut and Mississippi depends on individual preferences and priorities. Connecticut offers a robust economy, diverse job opportunities, good education, and picturesque landscapes, but comes with a higher cost of living. Mississippi, on the other hand, has a lower cost of living, rich cultural heritage, and beautiful natural surroundings, but has lower rankings in education and healthcare. It is crucial to consider these factors and prioritize what matters most to you when deciding which state would be better to live in. How to assess the political climate in Connecticut and Mississippi? Assessing the political climate in Connecticut and Mississippi requires an understanding of the political landscape, key issues, and voter demographics in each state. Here are some steps you can take to assess the political climate in these states: - Research the History: Study the political history of each state to understand its political leanings, key parties, and influential political figures. Investigate any significant shifts in party preferences over the years. - Follow Political News: Stay updated on current local and state politics by following news outlets, local newspapers, and news websites specific to Connecticut and Mississippi. This will provide insights into recent political developments, ongoing debates, and emerging issues. - Review Recent Election Results: Analyze the outcomes of recent elections in both states, including elections for federal, state, and local offices. Evaluate the voting patterns, margins of victory, and changes in party control to identify any shifts in political dynamics. - Study Polls and Surveys: Examine public opinion polls and surveys conducted within Connecticut and Mississippi. Look for trends in voter sentiment, approval ratings of political leaders, and issues that resonate with the electorate. - Understand Key Issues: Identify the major issues shaping the political landscape in each state. This might include topics like the economy, healthcare, education, infrastructure, racial justice, climate change, or social issues. Stay informed about how these issues are being discussed and addressed by political parties and leaders. - Analyze Party Platforms: Review the official platforms and policy positions of major political parties operating within Connecticut and Mississippi. Compare and contrast their stances on important issues, as well as their strategies and messaging. - Engage in Community Discussions: Participate in local community discussions, public forums, or town hall meetings to gauge political sentiment, gather insights, and understand the concerns and aspirations of residents. This can provide a grassroots-level understanding of the political climate. - Connect with Local Political Organizations: Interact with local political organizations, both partisan and non-partisan, to understand their activities, priorities, and plans. Attend events, fundraisers, or rallies to get a sense of their support base and influence. - Analyze Voter Demographics: Study the demographic makeup and voting patterns within Connecticut and Mississippi. Consider factors like age, race, education, and socioeconomic status to understand how these factors influence political preferences. - Consult Expert Analysis: Seek out political analysts, think tanks, or academic research that offer insights into the political climate of both states. They may provide in-depth analysis, forecasts, and historical context that can further inform your assessment. Remember, political climates are dynamic and subject to change. Stay continuously engaged and informed to ensure an up-to-date understanding of the political landscapes in Connecticut and Mississippi. How to assess the affordability of higher education in Connecticut and Mississippi? Assessing the affordability of higher education in Connecticut and Mississippi involves considering various factors such as tuition fees, financial aid availability, living costs, and state-specific programs. Here is a step-by-step approach: - Determine the average tuition fees: Research the average tuition fees at public universities, private universities, and community colleges in both Connecticut and Mississippi. Compare the costs between in-state and out-of-state students. - Explore financial aid options: Look into the financial aid programs offered by the state governments, universities, and federal sources such as scholarships, grants, and work-study opportunities. Check if there are any specific local or state scholarships available in each state for residents. - Consider living costs: Assess the cost of living in different regions of Connecticut and Mississippi. Look into factors like accommodation, transportation, and daily expenses. This will vary depending on the location of the educational institution. - Research state-specific programs: Investigate any state-specific programs or initiatives that aim to make higher education more affordable. Some states have programs that help reduce tuition fees or provide support to low-income students. - Compare the financial aid packages: Compare the financial aid packages and scholarships offered by different universities within Connecticut and Mississippi. Look at the relative proportions of grants, loans, and work-study options. - Calculate the net price: Using the information gathered, calculate the net price of higher education for each state. This involves subtracting the grants and scholarships from the total cost of attendance, including tuition and living costs. - Consider long-term implications: Assess the long-term implications of potential student loan debt. If the net price is high even with financial aid, consider whether the projected future income or career prospects justify the investment. - Seek advice: Consult with college advisors, financial aid offices, or organizations specializing in higher education affordability in both Connecticut and Mississippi for personalized guidance and assistance. Remember, assessing affordability will vary for each individual depending on personal circumstances and preferences. It is essential to gather comprehensive information and consider all aspects before making a decision. How to research job opportunities in Connecticut and Mississippi? To research job opportunities in Connecticut and Mississippi, you can follow these steps: - Online Job Boards: Utilize popular online job boards like Indeed, LinkedIn, Glassdoor, and Monster to search for job openings in your desired location. Use filters such as location, industry, and experience level to narrow down your search. - State-specific Job Boards: Check out state-specific job boards or government websites like Connecticut's Department of Labor and Mississippi's Job Board. These platforms often include a wide range of job opportunities and resources for job seekers. - Company Websites: Visit the websites of companies that interest you and look for their career or job openings section. Many companies advertise available positions exclusively on their websites. - Professional Networking: Leverage your professional network by reaching out to friends, colleagues, and acquaintances who might have connections in your desired location. They can provide valuable insights and refer you to potential job opportunities. - Recruitment Agencies: Consider registering with recruitment agencies that specialize in placing candidates in Connecticut and Mississippi. They can match your skills and preferences with available job openings and may have exclusive access to unadvertised positions. - Local Newspapers and Magazines: Check classified ads and job sections of local newspapers and magazines specific to Connecticut and Mississippi. Some companies prefer to advertise job openings in these print publications. - Career Fairs and Events: Keep an eye out for career fairs and job-related events taking place in Connecticut and Mississippi. Attend these events to personally meet with recruiters and hiring managers, as well as to gain insights into available job opportunities. - Chamber of Commerce: Explore the websites or contact the Chamber of Commerce in Connecticut and Mississippi. They often provide resources and information about local businesses, including job listings and industry-specific opportunities. - Social Media: Utilize social media platforms like LinkedIn, Twitter, and Facebook to search for job opportunities and connect with local professionals and companies in the area. Join relevant industry-specific groups and participate in discussions to expand your network. - Local Employment Agencies: Research local employment agencies and staffing firms located in Connecticut and Mississippi. Registering with these agencies can provide you with access to temporary, contract, or permanent positions. Remember to tailor your job search to match your skills, qualifications, and career aspirations. Additionally, stay organized by bookmarking or saving the job listings that interest you and track your applications to increase your chances of securing suitable employment. How to compare the average property tax rates in Connecticut and Mississippi? To compare the average property tax rates in Connecticut and Mississippi, follow these steps: - Research the average property tax rates: Look for updated information on property tax rates in both Connecticut and Mississippi. You can find this information on government websites or reputable financial and real estate sources. Make sure to find the most recent data available. - Determine the calculation method: Understand the way property tax rates are calculated in each state. Different states may have varying formulae or methods for calculating property tax rates. For example, some states use a percentage of the property's assessed value as the tax rate, while others may use millage rates or complex formulas. Ensure you comprehend the methodology employed in both Connecticut and Mississippi. - Access official resources: Visit the official websites of Connecticut's and Mississippi's governments to obtain accurate and up-to-date property tax rate data. Look for specific information related to average property tax rates or lookup tables based on property values. - Evaluate average property values: Determine the average property values in both states. Higher property values often correlate with higher property tax rates. To get a fair comparison, ensure you are comparing similar property values in both Connecticut and Mississippi. - Calculate average property tax rates: Once you have obtained the average property tax rates and the average property values (or a similar metric) for both states, you can calculate the average property tax rates in each location. Multiply the average property value by the property tax rate for each state, then divide it by the total number of properties. This will provide you with the average amount of property tax homeowners pay in each state. - Make the comparison: Examine the calculated average property tax rates in Connecticut and Mississippi side by side. Compare the percentages or amounts obtained to assess the differences and determine which state has higher or lower average property tax rates. Keep in mind that there might be additional factors to consider when comparing property tax rates, such as exemptions, deductions, or variations between different municipalities within a state.
6 Foods to Avoid While Breastfeeding (and What to Have Instead) Disclosure: I may get commissions when you click through the affiliate links (that are great products I stand by) on my articles. You can read the full disclosure for more information. Content is intended for informational purposes only and does not constitute medical advice. Are you wondering which foods to avoid while breastfeeding? You're in the right place. As a breastfeeding counselor and mother of two who nursed both for over 14 months, I understand the confusion around safe foods when breastfeeding from personal experience. What if certain ingredients or drinks upset your baby or worse – harm their growth? This article identifies foods and drinks that might be detrimental to your breastfed baby's health or upset your milk supply. From seafood with high levels of mercury to the unsuspecting culprits like certain herbal teas, I'll help you navigate the do's and don'ts of a breastfeeding-safe diet. The good news is that with a few guidelines, you can identify foods to avoid while optimizing nutrition for both you and your baby. In this article, I'll cut through the uncertainty by outlining: The 6 top culprit foods and drinks disrupting breastfeeding Safer menu options to include in a varied diet that nourish breastfeeding mothers and their babies How to spot signs of intolerance in your baby Now, let's uncover risky foods to steer clear of so you can prevent disrupting your baby's growth and development. Foods to avoid while breastfeeding (and drinks) As mothers, finding the right balance in our diets can be challenging when deciding what to eat while breastfeeding. You want to ensure you're getting the nutrients you need to maintain your energy and support your baby's growth, but you also need to avoid certain foods that can harm your baby or interfere with your milk supply. High-mercury fish, certain herbal supplements and teas, alcohol, caffeine, processed foods, and even some strongly flavored foods can potentially hurt your baby's health and development. The following sections provide an in-depth look at these categories to help maintain a healthy breastfeeding journey: High-mercury fish Herbal supplements and teas Processed foods Strongly flavored foods 1. High-mercury fish is a big no-no Consuming these fish can severely impair your baby's nervous system development causing permanent damage with delays and impairments. Make sure you avoid these high-mercury varieties in particular: big eye tuna king mackerel While avoiding eating fish high in mercury, you can still eat fish of other varieties! There are safer alternatives that are low in mercury and high in essential nutrients. You can safely consume 8 to 12 ounces per week of low-mercury fish like: These choices are not only safe for your baby, but they also provide essential omega-3 fatty acids that support your baby's brain development. Take a look at this chart from the FDA for more detailed advice about eating fish when breastfeeding. 2. Risky herbal supplements and teas I remember clearly switching to herbal teas during both of my pregnancies as a replacement for my normal English Breakfast Tea (we Brits are addicted!) But understanding the effects of herbal supplements and teas can be complex for breastfeeding women. Mothers have often asked me about turning to herbal galactagogues, spanning fenugreek, fennel, milk thistle, blessed thistle, and more to increase their breast milk production. However, few high-quality studies verify these actually increase breastmilk production, despite popular belief. You may have heard that soy milk can boost your milk supply, but there are some studies, including this one by the NCBI in 2016, show that soy isoflavone in soy milk may increase the risk of developing certain conditions in babies such as Kawasaki disease. The research focuses more on soy milk being directly ingested by babies, as opposed to via their mother's breast milk, but it's worth doing your own research on this before switching to a high-soy diet. So, before you start brewing that fenugreek tea or popping those milk thistle capsules, have a chat with your healthcare provider or a lactation consultant. 3. Alcohol in moderation Think you can't have a glass of wine while breastfeeding? Contrary to popular belief, consuming alcohol isn't entirely off-limits. However, understanding the potential risks and drinking in moderation is important. The reality is that no safe level of alcohol exists in breast milk for babies, so if you do decide to indulge, do so responsibly. Alcohol from one drink can usually be found in breast milk for about 2 to 3 hours. It may take 4 to 5 hours for it to completely clear out. I won't deny that I loved a glass of wine in the evenings after a long day of dealing with dirty diapers, but I was always careful not to over-indulge and risk my breast milk becoming too contaminated! I used to either 'pump and dump' or use a breastfeeding alcohol calculator like this one if I was ever not quite sure. Be aware that consuming excessive alcohol can lead to developmental issues in your baby. Therefore, if your baby seems gassy or fussy after you've had a drink, track your intake and seek advice from a healthcare professional, especially if you suspect your baby is experiencing baby gassy issues. And of course, if drinking is getting to be more of a crutch then seek specialist medical advice straight away. 4. Balancing caffeine intake For the coffee-loving moms out there (and tea fanatics like me!), the good news is you don't have to ditch your morning cup of Joe completely. However, monitoring your caffeine intake is important. Caffeine can get into your breast milk and disrupt your baby's sleep, making them fussy and irritable. The American Academy of Pediatrics recommends breastfeeding moms have a daily caffeine limit of around 200-300 mg, which is about 2-3 cups of coffee. But remember, it's not just coffee that contains caffeine. Other sources include: cocoa beans caffeinated sodas So, when planning your daily caffeine intake, consider all sources to ensure you stay within the recommended limit. 5. Low-quality processed foods Just like every new mom out there, I prioritized my baby's care over my own. This often led to me reaching for the quickest and most convenient meals. But the truth is processed foods are best avoided during breastfeeding. These foods are typically: high in unhealthy fats high in calories high in added sugars low in essential nutrients Consuming these foods may influence your child's future food preferences. Particular food containing cow's milk protein can mean that your baby develops a Cow's Milk Protein Allergy (CMPA) with various symptoms including a rash, diarrhea, and constipation. Instead of reaching for that bag of chips or frozen pizza, opt for nutrient-dense alternatives as part of a healthy diet. Focus on foods that are rich in vitamins, minerals, and beneficial fats – great for calorie control if you are trying to lose weight postpartum. Good nutrition not only supports your baby's development but also establishes a foundation for their lifelong eating habits. 6. Strongly flavored foods Did you know that breast milk flavors can be influenced by strongly flavored or spicy foods like garlic? These flavors can pass into your milk, providing your baby with a variety of tastes. This can be a positive thing, exposing your baby's digestive system to a diversity of flavors early on. However, not all babies react the same way to these flavors – my first baby always knew that I had eaten a particularly spicy curry! While some babies might enjoy the unique flavors in your milk, others might not. If you notice your baby becoming fussy or refusing to nurse after you've eaten strongly flavored foods or consumed cow's milk, consider making some changes to your diet. Keep an eye on how your baby reacts when you breastfeed after eating strongly flavored foods. Foods and drinks to include in your diet when breastfeeding Now that we've covered what to avoid, let's talk about what to include in your breastfeeding diet. Choosing the right foods can not only enhance your milk supply but also boost your energy, improve your mood, and benefit your baby's development. Goals for every mom, right? What to eat and drink to help increase milk supply It's one of the top concerns for new breastfeeding moms: low milk supply. From lactation cookies to fenugreek tea, you've probably heard about foods and drinks that claim to boost milk supply. But do these remedies actually work? Some foods and herbs are known as galactagogues – substances that can stimulate milk production. Here's a list of foods that I encourage lactating moms to incorporate into their diets: Whole grains, especially oats and barley. Protein-rich foods like fish, chicken, meat, or tofu. Legumes or beans like chickpeas and lentils. Leafy green vegetables like kale, spinach, and arugula. Fennel or fennel seeds. Alfalfa sprouts. Some moms swear by protein powders designed specifically for breastfeeding moms. These protein powders contain whey and other ingredients to help boost milk supply, increase protein intake, and improve energy levels. Oh, and they are a quick and nutritious snack too as part of a well-balanced diet! While the effectiveness of these galactagogues can vary from person to person, they are generally considered safe to include in your diet. Remember, though, that the best way to boost your milk supply is to nurse your baby frequently. Energy and mood enhancers for breastfeeding moms My professional and personal experiences taught me that breastfeeding can take a toll on you, both physically and emotionally. Including foods in your diet that can increase your energy and uplift your mood is so important. Whole grains like brown rice and oatmeal can provide a steady release of energy, preventing those midday energy crashes. Fruits like apples, oranges, and bananas are also excellent energy boosters. They provide a quick burst of energy and are packed with essential vitamins and minerals. Including lean proteins in your diet can also help improve your mood and support your overall health during the breastfeeding period. Don't forget to drink plenty of water too! Breastmilk is more than 80% water so breastfeeding moms need to hydrate well. Use my calculator to determine how much water you should drink when breastfeeding. You could also try energy drinks appropriate for lactation – check out our energy drink picks here. Beneficial foods for your baby's development Your diet influences not only your health but also significantly impacts your baby's development. Certain nutrients in your diet can strengthen your baby's bones, aid their heart and eye development, and boost their immune system. Calcium-rich dairy products, iron-rich foods, and foods high in vitamins A and D are particularly beneficial for your baby's growth and development. Including a variety of these nutrient-dense foods in your diet can ensure your baby gets the best start in life. Speak to your lactation consultant about how long to keep taking prenatal vitamins – they may give you the extra boost you need in those first few tough weeks! Identifying food intolerances or allergies in babies While it's rare, some babies can develop food intolerance or have an allergic reaction to certain foods in their mother's diet. Symptoms such as eczema, bloody stools, diarrhea, and congestion can be signs of a potential food intolerance or food allergy too. Observing how a baby reacts to certain foods is important, and consulting a healthcare professional for accurate diagnosis and management is necessary. If you think your baby might be negatively affected by something in your diet, consulting a pediatrician is vital. They can guide you through an elimination diet, where you remove the suspected allergen from your diet for a few weeks to see if the symptoms improve. This process can help you and your pediatrician identify problematic foods and create a diet plan that's best suited for both you and your baby. Pulling together a breastfeeding diet that works As breastfeeding mothers, we want to give our babies the best start while also taking care of ourselves. Balancing these needs can feel overwhelming when deciding what's safe and beneficial to eat. By understanding foods to limit, include, and watch out for, we can meet both our own nutritional needs and our baby's development. In my experience counseling nursing mothers, small adjustments avoiding high-risk ingredients, focusing on nutrient-dense whole foods, and monitoring baby's reactions can allow us to create diets that fuel healthy breastfeeding without stress or confusion. While exceptions exist for every child, the basics remain key: Skip the high-mercury fish, cap caffeine, and emphasize hydration and whole foods rich in vitamins, minerals, and healthy fats. Remember – our bodies and breasts were designed to optimally nourish our babies. By pairing knowledge of nutritional needs with attention to our baby's responses, we can feel empowered in choosing meals that sustain energy, mood, and ample milk supply for our little ones to thrive. Frequently asked questions What shouldn't you eat when breastfeeding? Avoiding foods that could cause allergies or digestive issues in your baby is a good idea while breastfeeding. Dairy, soy, wheat, eggs, peanuts, tree nuts, fish, and shellfish are common culprits nursing mothers to watch out for. What foods can upset a baby when breastfeeding? Some babies may get upset when breastfeeding if you consume foods like beans, broccoli, cauliflower, or certain dairy products, as they can cause fussiness or gassiness. Allergy-causing foods such as cow's milk, soy, wheat, corn, and oats should also be consumed cautiously. What foods are not good for breast milk? Avoid consuming too much coffee, tea, cabbage, broccoli, chocolate, garlic, peppermint, sage, and parsley when breastfeeding as they can affect your breast milk and your baby's well-being. High mercury fish should certainly be avoided altogether. Can I drink coffee while breastfeeding? Yes, you can drink coffee while breastfeeding, but limit your caffeine intake to 200-300 mg per day, which is about 2-3 cups of coffee. Can I drink sparkling water while breastfeeding? Yes! It may make mom and baby a little gassy, and moms should be careful of caffeinated carbonated drinks but if still water is not your thing then sure, sip on sparkling water!
AIM: Electronic healthcare record (EHR)-based surveillance systems are increasingly being developed to support early detection of safety signals. It is unknown what the power of such a system is for surveillance among children and adolescents. In this paper we provide estimates of the number and classes of drugs, and incidence rates (IRs) of events, that can be monitored in children and adolescents (0-18 years). METHODS: Data were obtained from seven population-based EHR databases in Denmark, Italy, and the Netherlands during the period 1996-2010. We estimated the number of drugs for which specific adverse events can be monitored as a function of actual drug use, minimally detectable relative risk (RR) and IRs for 10 events. RESULTS: The population comprised 4 838 146 individuals (25 575 132 person years (PYs)), who were prescribed 2170 drugs (1 610 631 PYs drug-exposure). Half of the total drug-exposure in PYs was covered by only 18 drugs (0.8%). For a relatively frequent event like upper gastrointestinal bleeding there were 39 drugs for which an association with a RR >/=4, if present, could be investigated. The corresponding number of drugs was eight for a rare event like anaphylactic shock. CONCLUSION: Drug use in children is rare and shows little variation. The number of drugs with enough exposure to detect rare adverse events in children and adolescents within an EHR-based surveillance system such as EU-ADR is limited. Use of additional sources of paediatric drug exposure information and global collaboration are imperative in order to optimize EHR data for paediatric safety surveillance. Original language \| English \| Pages (from-to) \| 304-314 \| Number of pages \| 11 \| Journal \| British journal of clinical pharmacology \| Volume \| 80 \| Issue number \| 2 \| DOIs \| \| Publication status \| Published - 2015 \| Externally published \| Yes \| - Adolescent Adverse Drug Reaction Reporting Systems/standards/statistics & numerical data Child Child, Preschool Cohort Studies Databases, Factual/standards/statistics & numerical data Drug-Related Side Effects and Adverse Reactions/epidemiology Electronic Health Records/standards/statistics & numerical data European Union Humans Infant Pharmacovigilance Retrospective Studies Eu-adr active drug safety surveillance electronic healthcare records paediatric drug safety safety monitoring
Social representation of entrepreneurship is naive. Successful entrepreneurs are visionaries, adept at identifying opportunity, planning, implementing and realizing the opportunity. The reality of business creation is very different. An entrepreneur starts with his skills, vision and commitment. He has self-confidence in a business that doesn't exist. He believes that he can do it without having done it before. He has to sustain his belief over time, whatever the challenges. And evoke the same belief in customers, suppliers and stakeholders. His focus is implementation. He has setbacks when ideas don't work. He has to remain upbeat. Perseverance needs courage and conviction amidst uncertainty and often desperation. Entrepreneurs are always grappling with dichotomous ideas; should they trust the path they are on or change direction? Creation of business is a capability that entrepreneurs learn on-the-job. The way entrepreneurs work and think is a significant variable in the creation of a new business. The hypothesis of the book is that entrepreneurship is not only about 'what' successful entrepreneurs' do, 'who' they are or 'whom' they know, but more importantly about 'how' they do it. The entrepreneurial process revealed in the interviews has universal application as a way of entrepreneurship.
Shitala Satam, also known as Sheetala Saptami, is a significant Hindu festival celebrated in various parts of India. This festival is dedicated to Goddess Shitala, the deity associated with health, protection, and the prevention of diseases. It falls on the seventh day of the bright half of the Hindu month of Bhadrapada, which usually occurs in August or September. This blog post delves into the origins, rituals, and significance of Shitala Satam, shedding light on the rich cultural and spiritual aspects of this festive occasion. The Story of Shitala Mata: The origins of Shitala Mata can be traced back to Hindu mythology. Legend has it that Goddess Shitala emerged from the cosmic ocean during the churning of the milk ocean (Samudra Manthan). She is often depicted as a graceful deity, riding a donkey and carrying a broom, winnowing fan, neem and a pot of cooling water. Her distinctive appearance symbolizes her role as the protector against various diseases, particularly those caused by unsanitary conditions. Celebration and Rituals: Shitala Satam is primarily celebrated by women, especially mothers, who seek the blessings of the goddess for the well-being and health of their families. The festival involves a variety of rituals and customs: 1. Cleaning and Purification: Prior to the festival, households are thoroughly cleaned to create a sense of purity and sanctity. This practice aligns with the goddess's role in warding off diseases and promoting cleanliness. 2. Devotional Offerings: Devotees prepare special offerings for Shitala Mata, including but not limited to dhebra, mal pua, kheer, rice, lentils, fruits, and sweets. These offerings are placed before the deity's image or idol, often depicted as a red stone or clay representation. 3. Cooling Water Ritual: One of the central rituals of Shitala Satam involves offering cool, clean water to the goddess. Devotees believe that this water carries the power to prevent illnesses and purify the body and mind. It is believed that the night after Randhan Chhath, Shitala Mata visits every home to shower her blessings! She especially visits the kitchen and stove so devotees do a Pooja of the stove and ensure it is cool and safe for Shitala Mata to visit. 4. Vrat (Fasting): Many individuals observe a fast on Shitala Satam. The fasting can range from a simple diet of cold food like fruits and milk to a complete abstention from food and water. 5. Blessing of Children: Mothers visit the temple or shrine of Shitala Mata along with their children to seek her blessings for the well-being of their offspring. This ritual underscores the goddess's maternal aspect and her role in protecting children from diseases. Story About Sitala Satam (Sheetala Saptami) translated from Gujarati book "Sitada Satam Vrat Katha" A lady lived in a house with her two daughters-in-law. Each of them had a son. The younger daughter-in-law was gentle, kind, and pure-hearted. On the evening of Randhan Chhath, a festive occasion, the youngest daughter-in-law began preparing a meal for the family. While her son was peacefully sleeping in his crib, he suddenly woke up crying. She hadn't finished cooking yet and went to soothe her child. Because it was late at night and she was tired, she unintentionally fell asleep. Regrettably, she forgot to extinguish the fire in the stove. According to tradition, on Randhan Chhath, the goddess Shitala Ma visits households, blessing the women and their stoves. That evening, when Shitala Ma came to the house, she was furious to find the embers still burning. As the goddess of coolness, she was harmed by the lingering embers. Infuriated, she cursed the young daughter-in-law, saying that just as she was burned, her sons would also face a similar fate. The next morning, the daughter-in-law awoke to a tragic sight – her son had been fatally burnt. Upon hearing the youngest daughter-in-law's cries, the mother-in-law and the eldest daughter-in-law rushed to her side and discovered the lifeless baby. The mother-in-law explained that the tragedy was a result of not putting out the embers and the curse of Shitala Ma. She advised the daughter-in-law to take her child and seek Shitala Ma's forgiveness and blessings to save him. With her baby in a basket, she set out to find the goddess. During her journey, the daughter-in-law encountered two lakes. Feeling thirsty, she was about to drink from them, but voices from the lakes warned her not to, as the water was cursed and deadly. The lakes inquired about her destination and her sorrow. She explained her quest to find Shitala Ma and seek help for her son. The lakes asked her to inquire why their water was poisoned and to ask for the goddess's aid. Continuing on her path, she came across two bulls wearing heavy collars with grinding stones attached, engaged in constant conflict. Curious about her distress, they asked about her journey. Sharing her story through tears, she told them about her mission to save her son through Shitala Ma's intervention. The bulls implored her to inquire why they were trapped in endless strife. They believed their suffering was a consequence of past misdeeds and requested her to ask Shitala Ma to help release them from their burden. Further along, she encountered an unkempt, elderly woman scratching her head under a tree. The woman asked for help in relieving her irritation, to which the daughter-in-law kindly agreed. Removing nits from the woman's hair, she brought comfort to the old lady. In gratitude, the woman blessed the daughter-in-law and hoped for her wishes to come true. Suddenly, a flash of lightning blinded the daughter-in-law, and when her vision returned, she saw Shitala Ma holding her living, laughing baby boy. Filled with remorse, the daughter-in-law apologized to Shitala Ma and received her blessings. Shitala Ma handed the child back to her with a smile. The daughter-in-law then conveyed the troubles of the two lakes to Shitala Ma. The goddess explained that their suffering was due to their deceitful actions in their past lives. She instructed the daughter-in-law to sprinkle water from the lakes in four directions while invoking Shitala Ma's name and then drink a little water herself. This act would cleanse the lakes and free them from their curse. Regarding the bickering bulls, Shitala Ma revealed that their constant quarreling was rooted in their selfish behavior in a previous life. She advised the daughter-in-law to remove the grinding stones from their necks, which would put an end to their strife. With her baby once again safe in the basket, the daughter-in-law returned home. She liberated the bulls from their heavy collars, restoring their peace. She followed Shitala Ma's instructions with the lakes, purifying their water and making it safe for all living beings. Back home, she placed her joyful child in her mother-in-law's arms, bringing happiness to the family. However, the eldest daughter-in-law, consumed by jealousy, desired the same attention and praise. The following year, she deliberately left the embers burning on the stove on Randhan Chhath, hoping to receive Shitala Ma's blessings and gain favor. Mirroring the events of the previous year, tragedy struck her as well, leading to an unhappy life. In contrast, the youngest daughter-in-law, guided by Shitala Ma's blessings and her own kind nature, lived a content and fulfilling life. In conclusion, Shitala Satam is a festival that holds deep cultural, spiritual, and social significance. It honors Goddess Shitala's role in safeguarding health and wellbeing, while also emphasizing the importance of cleanliness and maternal protection. As devotees come together to celebrate this occasion, they reaffirm their faith in the divine power that guides and nurtures them. Through rituals, prayers, and offerings, Shitala Satam reminds us of the inseparable link between physical and spiritual well-being.
Bitcoin is a digital asset and a payment system invented by Satoshi Nakamoto. Transactions are verified by network nodes through cryptography and recorded in a public dispersed ledger called a blockchain. Bitcoin is unique in that there are a finite number of them: 21 million. Bitcoins are created as a reward for a process known as mining. They can be exchanged for other currencies, products, and services. As of February 2015, over 100,000 merchants and vendors accepted bitcoin as payment. Bitcoin can be obtained in three ways: buying them on an exchange, accepting them for goods and services, or earning them through mining. Mining is how new bitcoins are created. Miners are rewarded with bitcoins for verifying and committing transactions to the blockchain. Mining is also the mechanism used to introduce bitcoins into the system: Miners are paid any transaction fees as well as a "subsidy" of newly created coins. This subsidy halves every four years until the year 2140 when this final subsidy will be mined. To earn bitcoin on Lolli, simply shop at any of our partner stores and earn cash back in Bitcoin. There's no need to change the way you shop, just go about your normal shopping routine on Lolli and get rewarded!.
Success Advice Leaders: Plan for Chaos So You Can Keep Control In business, there are two things that are guaranteed: change and chaos. Chaos here isn't referring to the disorganization and lawlessness of companies under bad leadership. Instead, like change, the chaos I'm talking about is the unpredictable circumstances that come with running your own company. It's this chaos that makes the widely used phrase "expect the unexpected" so befitting of leadership. You can show up to work every morning with a tactical to-do list for the day, but before you know it, you're putting out multiple fires and working on projects that weren't on your radar earlier that morning. As much as we want to excuse these hectic days as exceptions, we know they're not. The 'unexpected' is the norm. And if you don't work well in chaos, leadership might not be the career path for you. Consider the recent pandemic. No one could have imagined that in just a few short months their entire business operations would be turned upside down. While this example may be an outlier given how severe the circumstances and impacts of this crisis have been, it's a nod to how capricious leadership can be at times. These moments can be defeating, but expending your energy bemoaning the challenges of leadership won't set you up for success. You have to accept that chaos is part of the process. Instead of letting it disrupt your day, plan for it. When you're prepared for the unexpected, you'll be in better control of your day, your employees, and your operations. "No matter what, expect the unexpected. And whenever possible be the unexpected." – Lynda Barry 1. Plan for what you can't control Your company is like a sponge — it will absorb all of your time and energy if you let it. As a business owner, you must thoughtfully disperse your focus to ensure you're dedicating your expertise to the areas of business that make the most sense. As such, it might seem a tad senseless spending time trying to plan for the unexpected. If you don't know the exact circumstances you're dealing with, how can you prepare a plan of action? Preparing for the unexpected doesn't mean you have to nail down every meticulous detail. That would be impossible. Instead, it forces you to be flexible and deliberate about every decision you make that could impact any facet of your company, as well as any projects that you take on. Any time you start something, begin with the conscious realization that anything could happen so you can be prepared to course correct at a moment's notice. Some suggest scenario planning. Let's play this out. There is perhaps no better example than the pandemic. No leader could have fully prepared for how COVID-19 would affect their operations, but scenario planning helped some companies stay afloat because it forced them to consider how they could operate in a very different sales climate. Some leaders looked at the contingency plan they had for other natural disasters like hurricanes. Taking pages from their hurricane contingency plan and adapting for this new scenario allowed them to pivot and more easily transition people to working from home. This allowed them to focus on their clients and provide world-class client care without having to make too many internal changes. You can never predict chaos, but if you're adequately prepared for the unexpected, you maintain control over everything you do. "Control what you can control. Don't lose sleep worrying about things that you don't have control over because, at the end of the day, you still won't have any control over them." – Cam Newton 2. Embrace disruption If you ask any entrepreneur or business owner what they wanted from their company before they were responsible for its success, I'm sure their answers were rooted in feelings of security and stability. You believe that once you get your business in a good place, you can step back and let it run on autopilot. It does get easier, but it never becomes autonomous. It shouldn't, and for two reasons. First, consistency begets complacency. And all business owners know that this is the kiss of death for growth and profitability. Second, it's just not possible. Every day there is a new hurdle to jump over or an issue that demands your critical eye. Chaos never stops. You'll become a more resolute leader over time, but you will always have to deal with disruption. In the moment, disruption may feel futile, but it engenders change and innovation not only within your company, but your industry as well. If you believe that the chaos of leadership will one day subside, you are setting yourself up for a life of frustration. Disruption is unavoidable, but it's also transformative. It forces you to think creatively and make radical changes within your organization that will set you up for long-term success. Chaos is only your enemy if you never learn to control it. When you plan for disruption in every decision you make, you can command your company to surpass every milestone you've set out to achieve. How do you plan for the best but prepare for the worst in life? Share your advice with our readers below! Success Advice Real Estate Strategies You Should Know About for Long Term Wealth Real estate offers unique opportunities for growth, stability, and returns that few other investments can match Have you ever wondered why real estate continues to be a popular choice for those looking to build wealth? 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What is a "Select All"?We will discuss the development of "Select All," from its primary roots to the advanced tool it has become, in this investigation of the function. We'll explore its useful applications, look at how it varies between operating systems, and learn about the keyboard shortcuts that make it an extremely efficient tool. You'll have a thorough knowledge of why "Select All" is more than simply a button rather, it's an essential component of managing the digital landscape as we work through various approaches, obstacles, and advice for optimal utilization. We are about to dive into the interesting state of "Select All," revealing its details, dispelling misunderstandings, and investigating possible trends that could influence how we use digital information in the future. Let's explore the world of bulk selection and discover the mysteries around this feature, which appears straightforward but is really strong. Practical Uses of "Select All"Although "Select All" may appear like a simple feature, there are a lot of interesting practical applications for it. This seemingly straightforward feature has made its way into a number of programs, greatly increasing user productivity and streamlining processes. Let's examine a few of the most useful and significant applications for "Select All." Basically, "Select All" has practical applications that go far beyond convenience; they affect user experience, Productivity, and efficiency in a range of digital contexts. Being able to select all can be a game-changing tool for anyone working with digital content, be they a writer, analyst, designer, or someone else entirely. "Select All" in Different Operating SystemsOperating systems differ in how they implement the ubiquitous "Select All" feature, an ostensibly simple but highly effective tool. Whether you use Linux, macOS, or Windows, knowing how "Select All" works in each platform will greatly improve your online journey. Let's examine the minor distinctions between "Select All" in different operating systems. In WindowsThe idea of "Select All" is well-known in the Windows operating system and is utilized in numerous programs. Clicking on an object, simultaneously holding down the 'Ctrl' key and pressing the 'A' key is the traditional way. All objects in the active window or text area are selected when this combination is used. It's a popular and easy-to-use shortcut that makes a variety of activities, from managing files to editing documents, simpler. Moreover, the 'Ctrl + A' shortcut may be used to pick every item in a directory by clicking on an empty space inside the folder in file explorer windows. This provides a rapid and effective method of managing and organizing data. In macOSMac users utilize somewhat different keyboard commands to browse the "Select All" process. The 'Command' key is the key combination for "Select All" in macOS. Users can use the shortcut 'Command + A' to pick every item in a document or text field. This user-friendly shortcut is in line with the macOS design philosophy and offers a uniform and smooth experience across a range of applications. Similarly, 'Command + A' in Finder, the file management system on macOS, selects everything in the current folder, making file and folder administration easier. In LinuxLinux Users with different desktop environments also have different ways of using "Select All." Like Windows, the standard shortcut is 'Ctrl + A.' This combo lets Linux users choose everything in the active window quickly, whether they're editing text or managing files. It's essential to remember, though, that the Linux ecosystem allows for modification, allowing users to set up various keyboard shortcuts according to their tastes or the desktop environment they're using. Having a better understanding of these minor variations in "Select All" capabilities between operating systems might help to improve workflow efficiency. You may take advantage of "Select All" to the fullest extent possible on any operating system by learning these variations, even if you're switching between platforms or using many computers at once. In summary, "Select All" is a function that is universal and adjusts to the specific rules of every operating system. Its ubiquitous presence on Windows, macOS, and Linux shows its essential role in streamlining operations and augmenting the user experience, irrespective of the digital milieu in which one finds oneself. Impact on Productivity by "Select All" commandThe "Select All" option becomes a silent hero in the fast-paced digital world where time is of the essence, greatly increasing Productivity for a variety of jobs. This seemingly straightforward feature, which can be found in data management programs, file explorers, and word processors, is essential for improving overall Productivity and optimizing workflows. Let's examine the significant effects that "Select All" has on output in various settings. Time-saving Aspects: Time saving is among "Select All"'s prominent effect. Imagine a situation where you need to pick multiple files for a bulk action or make a formatting change to an entire document. It can take a while to manually highlight every feature one at a time. With "Select All," users can focus their time and effort on more complex parts of their work because a single command can complete the process in a matter of seconds. Increasing Task Efficiency": "Select All" improves Productivity by offering a quick and centralized way to manage content. Selecting every entry in a spreadsheet speeds up the sorting and filtering process in data analysis. Applying changes consistently in document editing becomes simple. This effectiveness is shown in a number of areas, such as collaborative document editing and email management, where the option to choose all promotes uniformity and accelerates procedures. Simplifying Repetitive Actions: "Select All" proves to be a helpful tool when doing repetitive procedures on several items. The option to pick all objects at once reduces the need for unnecessary, manual selections when removing files, moving items across folders, or classifying emails. This simplicity guarantees a more error-free performance of repetitive operations and lowers the chance of mistakes. Consistency in Collaborative Environments: It's essential to preserve consistency in collaborative work contexts. "Select All" helps with this by enabling users to apply changes universally throughout a dataset or document. Because contributors may readily align their efforts, this uniformity not only improves the overall quality of collaborative work but also facilitates a more seamless collaborative experience. Empowering Creativity: "Select All" enhances creativity for creative workers handling massive amounts of material, like photographers or graphic designers by making it easier to choose from a variety of files or photos. As a result, the creative process is streamlined and people are free to concentrate on the artistic elements of their work instead of being weighed down by time-consuming manual selections. Note: Depending on their functionalities, different programs might implement "Select All" in different ways. Examine and learn how this feature functions in different programs; for example, it can be found in graphic design software and text editors.Tip When used in conjunction with other keyboard shortcuts, "Select All" is frequently more effective. For example, you can quickly move or copy complete selections when you use 'Ctrl + X' (Cut) or 'Ctrl + C' (Copy). Your entire digital experience can be greatly improved by becoming familiar with these combinations. ConclusionIn conclusion, "Select All" may appear to be a minor function, but it has a significant influence. This feature has become essential to our digital life, helping to make everyday chores simpler and improving accessibility. "Select All" is still a significant factor in creating a more effective and user-friendly digital environment as long as technology continues to improve. \|
The transportation and storage of vegetables, fruits, tea, coffee, and other foods require cold chain management because they are sensitive to temperature and humidity, and appropriate temperature a…… The transportation and storage of vegetables, fruits, tea, coffee, and other foods require cold chain management because they are sensitive to temperature and humidity, and appropriate temperature and humidity can ensure their quality. The Bluetooth temperature humidity data logger is an intelligent temperature and humidity logger independently developed and innovatively developed by Freshliance. It uses Bluetooth technology and can be connected to a mobile phone APP. It can realize long-distance real-time monitoring of the temperature and humidity of the cold chain environment and assist cold chain management. Provide efficiency. Cold chain temperature and humidity monitoring can provide food safety assurance, maintain product quality, comply with regulatory requirements, and improve operational efficiency. In addition to food, there are many fields that have requirements for temperature and humidity during transportation or storage. The BlueTag TH10 Bluetooth Temperature Humidity Data Logger provided by Freshliance is a very cost-effective logger. It is a multi-purpose and configurable temperature and humidity data logger based on Bluetooth wireless communication technology, allowing users to more conveniently view real-time and humidity data on the APP. With historical data, you can view the cold chain environment temperature and humidity data and change curves in real-time without opening the package, which is very helpful for the quality analysis of food and other products. The Bluetooth temperature data logger can set a suitable environmental safety temperature and humidity range. If the cold chain environment temperature and humidity are abnormal and exceed the set range, the red LED indicator on the device will flash once every 30 seconds and the relevant data will be recorded in red. On the chart and data details page of the App, users can understand the abnormal conditions of the entire cold chain environment without opening the package and can make timely adjustments. This smart temperature and humidity recorder can be equipped with one or two external temperature and humidity probes, and the data of each probe is read independently without confusion. The data can be viewed through one APP or multiple APPs at the same time. , very effective for the analysis and management of cold chain temperature and humidity. For the food industry and cold chain logistics industry, temperature and humidity monitoring is an important part of ensuring smooth transportation and providing high-quality products. As the main R&D and manufacturer of temperature and humidity data loggers on the market, Freshliance has a high market share and a good reputation among users. BlueTag TH10 Bluetooth Temperature Humidity Data Logger has been widely used in food, file management, pharmaceutical warehousing, greenhouses, animal husbandry, and other industries. Bluetooth connection technology has greatly improved the efficiency of cold chain management, and it is also more convenient to monitor and record environmental temperature and humidity. , precise. If you want to know more details about Freshliance Bluetooth Temperature Recorder, you can consult online customer service or leave a message, and we will answer you in detail!
Dear Palaniappan, I was just going to mail you privately after reading your recent essay on the Indology website, when I saw that you have asked about the dakshiNAmUrti stotra and the mAnasollAsa on the list itself. Ramakrishnan, who is on this list, can give you more details regarding these two texts, but I thought I would quickly make a few points of general interest. 1. The indebtedness of non-dual Kashmir Saiva schools to Sankara's advaita vedAnta is a topic that remains quite mysterious. Contemporary scholars of Tantra would not consider that there is much influence, while traditional scholars might assert one, or at least a relatedness. The biggest reason to doubt any influence is that the two schools come from totally different scriptural traditions. Sankara's references are totally upanishadic, with an almost resounding silence on the Agamic texts. Kashmir Saivism is almost totally based on the Agamas/Tantras, with only a passing acknowledgement of upanishadic passages. Markandeya Sastri's contention that Sankara himself inherited an ancient Sivadvaita system of thought would be contested by those who do critical studies of Sankara's undisputed texts, but Gopinath Kaviraj has also said the same thing. You could read Natalia Isayeva's "From early Vedanta to Kashmir Saivism" for an excellent discussion of the two non-dual traditions. However, while there is a good discussion of philosophical issues, I seem to remember that there is little mention of historical cross-influence in this book. 2. The notion that the thought of the mAnasollAsa is close to that of the non-dual pratyabhijnA school of Kashmir Saivism is quite wrong. With all due respect to the scholars of an earlier ear, I think it is based on a total misconception regarding the use of the word pratyabhijnA in the stotra and in the commentary. In the hymn, the word is used as follows - sushuptaH pumAn, prAg asvApsam iti prabodhasamaye yaH pratyabhijnAyate. This is simply a vedAntic description of the waking and deep sleep states. It refers to the person who is aware of no objects whatsoever in the state of deep sleep, and who "recognizes" on waking up as follows, "I slept well before." The point being made here is that pure consciousness is not absent in deep sleep, although there is no subject-object awareness in that state. The commentary follows in the same vein, and expounds the vedAntic analysis that is only hinted at in the hymn. What should be noted is that the word pratyabhijnA is used almost casually, and in a wholly vedAntic context. In the Kashmir Shaiva school, pratyabhijnA becomes a highly technical word, where the sAdhaka "recognizes" his identity with Siva, as a result of meditative practice. The mere occurence of the word in the stotra and the commentary seems to have misled researchers into thinking that the poem is by abhinavagupta and the commentary by one of his disciples (e.g. Karl Potter, Encyclopedia of Indian Philosophies, Vol 3 and references therein). Nobody seems to have noticed the fact that maNDana miSra's brahmasiddhi uses the word pratybhijnA in almost as casual a fashion too, and in the identical context of an analysis of deep sleep and waking states. Irrespective of the authorship of mAnasollAsa, the use of the word pratyabhijnA must have been standard vedAntic practice in Sankara's times (maNDana was most certainly a contemporary of Sankara). 3. A final point that all scholars seem to have missed, although it is right there, staring everybody in the face - mAnasollAsa is quite advaita vedAntic, and not oriented towards any kind of Kashmir Saivism, when it says that ultimately even scripture is mAyA and therefore not real, just as the universe is mithyA. Non-dual Kashmir Saiva authors take great pains to set themselves apart from this view, and assert that scripture is real, because it comes from the real Siva, and that the world is also real, as it is created by the real Siva. It is very surprising to me that this has been overlooked so thoroughly by those who have written about mAnasollAsa, and it can only be attributed to a lack of appreciation for how the two traditions viewed their respective scriptures. 4. This is not to say that the mAnasollAsa is totally unaware of Saiva Agamas. As a matter of fact, it explicitly refers to 36 tattvas, and to Sivayogis, and to those expert in the SivAgamas. However, this seems to have compounded the problem, as researchers have tended to assume in the past that any mention of 36 tattvas necessarily implies Kashmir Saivism. On the other hand, I am inclined to think that the mAnasollAsa is simply referring to the source texts on which the later school of abhinavagupta based itself. And it is entirely possible that some of these source texts being referred to in the mAnasollAsa were entirely south Indian in origin and influence. The mAnasollAsa could, however, be a composite text. It is very possible that this text is independent of any Kashmir Saiva concerns, but reflects a dialogue between Sankaran vedAnta and southern Saivas. The only Saivas being discussed in this text are dualists, who hold that ISvara is only the efficient (and not the material) cause of the universe. 5. The text of sundara pANDya (a pre-Sankaran author) seems to be unavailable, except in quotations in later vedAntic authors. The author may be the same as one who is called dra(m)viDAcArya by many authors. However, sureSvara uses the term 'gauDair-drAviDaiH' once, but this is most certainly a reference to Sankara, his own guru, and gauDapAda, Sankara's paramaguru, and therefore, not a reference to sundara pANDya. 6. Finally, the kind of wide-ranging questions you are raising could well do with informed input from scholars of Tantra like Padoux, Sanderson or Ortega, but I doubt you will be able to contact them on this list. Perhaps Dominic Goodall, who is here, can give you better information in this regard. However, the view most accepted by scholars is that abhinavagupta and his followers influenced Tamil Saivism. The reverse influence, from Tamil Nadu to Kashmir, that you posit may not go very well. But the preference for Sanskrit sources over Tamil ones among scholarly circles is nothing new to you! Best wishes, Vidyasankar _______________________________________________________________ Get Free Email and Do More On The Web. Visit http://www.msn.com
Air Products, an industrial gases company, has received funding from the Ministry of Economic Affairs, Industry, Climate Protection, and Energy of the State of North Rhine-Westphalia (NRW) to build two high-capacity, publicly accessible, low-carbon hydrogen refueling stations (HRS) in Duisburg and Meckenheim. This funding will allow Air Products to provide heavy-duty and long-range vehicles with low-carbon energy, enabling the creation of zero-emission fleets. "This funding brings heavy-duty vehicle-ready stations to the region. We are excited to be able to support first-mover truck operators looking to test and integrate hydrogen fuel cell trucks into their fleets," said Jorg Homberg, GM for Air Products Germany. The two stations will be located near Air Products' existing German headquarters in Hattingen. Air Products will build, own, and operate the two high-capacity HRSs, which are capable of fueling a range of vehicles including medium- and heavy-duty classes. The refueling stations will be supplied by the company's own hydrogen and will offer a network of reliable and fast HRSs for trucks in Germany to support the ramping up of zero-emission fleets. Air Products currently operates more than 250 hydrogen fueling station projects in 20 countries, with the company's technologies being used in over 1.5 million fueling operations annually. Air Products is currently planning to build large-scale, renewable hydrogen production facilities in Europe to expand the country's network of HRSs. In Germany, these two fueling stations will join a previously announced HRS in Hurth-Knapsack. NRW aims to decarbonize heavy-duty transportation and has set a target of having 11,000 hydrogen fuel cell trucks in the region by 2030. It has also set additional 2030 goals of having 3,800 fuel cell buses for public transportation and 200 hydrogen fueling stations. "Hydrogen is an important component for climate-neutral heavy goods transport in North Rhine-Westphalia. In order to be able to rely on emission-free drives in heavy goods transport in the future, we must create the conditions now. The development of hydrogen infrastructure must be significantly accelerated," said Mona Neubaur, Deputy Prime Minister of the State of NRW.
In the dynamic world of B2B marketing, physical events still stand out as the most effective tactic to forge a meaningful connection between a brand and its prospects and customers. Events are not merely occasions for networking; they are powerful opportunities for demonstrating what a brand stands for and how it differentiates from competitors. With 40% of marketing budgets in the B2B sector allocated to physical events, plus conferences and events being rated as the top human interaction by B2B buyers, the importance of events in the marketing mix is undeniable. It also puts extra emphasis on the need to look at measuring the impact of events. Measuring the impact of events is frequently discussed, but any events marketer will tell you that it's a topic that remains difficult to implement consistently. Often the real impact of an event is only to be seen in the months after the event, and the debate about business metrics and vanity metrics plays a role in this discussion. Vanity metrics are those metrics that may look impressive but do not show business impact and are not actionable. In this overview, we will give an overview of what types of metrics can be used to determine the impact of the events, and how are best used. Introducing the 3 Types of Metrics for B2B Events Metrics are not just helpful in determining the success of an event, they also help us with the planning and the execution of the event. Metrics can offer a clear, quantifiable measure of what's working and what's not, enabling marketers and event organizers to decisions and adjustments where needed. We can broadly distinguish three primary types of metrics here: Return on Objectives (ROO), Signal Metrics, and Business Metrics. Each type has a unique role to play in the event evaluation and planning process, offering insights into different aspects of event success. What is Return on Objectives and How Does It Work? Return on Objectives (ROO) represents a strategic or qualitative measure of how well an event achieves its set objectives. Unlike traditional ROI, which focuses on financial returns, ROO assesses success in terms of meeting specific, often intangible, goals such as brand awareness, customer engagement, and satisfaction. The process involves setting clear, measurable objectives before the event, using SMART criteria, and then evaluating success by comparing actual outcomes against these goals post-event. How does the use of Return on Objectives work? Step 1: Determine what you want to achieve For example: - Launch a new product - Open-up a new market - Gain access to key decision makers or influencers - Drive new demand - Progress existing opportunities - Increase adoption - Improve retention - Improve brand recognition for selected audiences - Identify new partnership opportunities Step 2: Make your objective is specific For each objective, set out clear, measurable goals before the event. These goals should be specific, attainable, relevant, and time-bound (SMART). For example: Increase brand loyalty, aiming for a 25% improvement in Net Promoter Score (NPS) among existing customers within one year. Step 3: Verify if you have met your goals After the event, check how well you did via comparison of results, survey results, engagement levels, follow-up actions, etc. Signal Metrics: Keeping a Pulse on Your Event Signal metrics offer early indicators of an event's direction and potential success. They help marketers stay on course or make necessary adjustments during the planning and execution phases. These metrics, which range from pre-event registration numbers to at-event participation rates and post-event engagement levels, provide a "pulse" on the event's health and are invaluable for communicating with stakeholders and gathering directional feedback. Keep in mind that while these signal metrics can help you stay on course during the planning and execution of an event, they are often not the indicators you are looking for to assess the impact on the business. Signal metrics that can provide a "pulse" on the event's health - Registration numbers - Traffic to event specific websites - Engagement with pre-event campaigns - On-site meetings booked - Numbers pre-registered for workshops, presentations, or networking events - Social media engagement - Returning registrations - Attendance and attrition rates - Walk-in numbers - Attendee participation (especially for virtual events, e.g., chat, reactions, poll) - Meetings held - Leads from event activities - Interactions with existing leads - Feedback from prospects and customers - Event app engagement data - Social media engagement - Attendee and registration numbers - Traffic to event specific websites - Engagement with pre-event campaigns - On-site meetings booked - Numbers pre-registered for workshops, presentations, or networking events - Social media engagement - Returning registrations Business Metrics: Measuring the Impact on Your Business Goals Business metrics are the quantifiable indicators of an event's impact on a company's objectives, spanning brand reputation, lead generation, and revenue. These metrics help complete the post-event reporting puzzle, showcasing the event's contribution to the business. From the number of registrations and attendee engagement rates to pipeline influence and net event profit, business metrics offer a comprehensive view of event performance and its alignment with broader business goals. Key business impact metrics for B2B events Awareness Phase Metrics that relate to brand and brand awareness. - Number of registrations - Attendance rate % - Engagement rate % - Media mentions - Social media engagement - Net Promoter Score (NPS) Consideration Phase Metrics that relate to demand generation. - Leads to Ideal Customer Profile (ICP) % - Marketing Qualified Leads - Leads from Target Accounts (ABM) - Leads from existing opportunities - Sales Accepted Leads - Follow-up Sessions Planned Decision Phase Metrics that relate to realized sales and revenue. - Pipeline influenced or sourced from the event - New sales influenced or sourced from the event - Net event profit - Renewals and expansion influenced
Tailored to local conditions, Wisconsin's Workforce Innovation Grants address key barriers As Wisconsin planned its post-pandemic economic recovery strategies, leaders recognized that the most pressing workforce challenges couldn't be solved by a one-size-fits-all statewide approach. Labor markets in regions across the state have unique demands that require tailored workforce solutions. Officials understood that what works well in Kenosha might not address the needs of Chippewa Falls. To forge targeted solutions, WEDC in collaboration with the state's Department of Workforce Development crafted the Workforce Innovation Grant program. The program awarded $128 million in two rounds of grants, encouraging development of innovative and sustainable long-term solutions that enable businesses to find workers and help those workers prepare for and connect to family-supporting careers more easily. "Wisconsin has one of the lowest unemployment rates in the country and we have high labor participation but our state faces longstanding workforce challenges that existed for years before the pandemic," said Governor Tony Evers. "There is no one-size-fits-all solution to addressing the workforce challenges across our state, so these funds are critically important to encourage regions and communities to develop cutting-edge, long-term solutions to the unique workforce challenges they face." Stimulating ideas, connecting partners The grants, funded by the American Rescue Plan Act of 2021, allowed governmental entities, nonprofits, and tribal governments to apply for grants ranging from $250,000 to $10 million. With the new grant program catalyzing innovation, creative solutions with lasting impact on Wisconsin's economy and quality of life soon emerged. "These grants have created powerful coalitions of businesses, nonprofits, and state and local governments to address the workforce challenges that could hold our state back," said WEDC Secretary and CEO Missy Hughes. The grants are funding an array of inventive projects, including pairing health systems with educators to grow a reliable supply of rural health care workers; expanding affordable, high-quality child care; and creating pipelines of young, educated workers in Milwaukee. They also helped in aiding tribal-built workforce housing, boosting entrepreneurship, finding transportation solutions for workers, and upskilling workers for jobs in targeted sectors ranging from forestry to advanced manufacturing—among many other initiatives. "These regional workforce projects represent the kind of creative, practical thinking that has always made Wisconsin a leader in finding answers to some of our nation's biggest challenges," Hughes added. Transforming our economy by serving regional needs The Workforce Innovation Grants have built strong new public-private partnerships that will create a new pathway to economic rebirth in our post-pandemic world. These partnerships touch every region of the state with the promise of a brighter future for families, a more durable economy better capable of serving regional needs, and a better quality of life for Wisconsin residents. "We're working to build the workforce of tomorrow and address our state's longstanding workforce challenges by investing in retaining and recruiting our talented workers, making sure our kids have skills and apprenticeship opportunities, and reducing barriers to Wisconsinites who want to join our workforce," said Governor Evers.
Phyllis Millington was the daughter of William Millington and Minnie Walker. William was from Liverpool. He came over to Belfast around 1920 to find work, and boarded in a house in the city. William's mother was Mary Edith Hulme and his father Thomas Millington, who married in 1898. Mary Edith's father was Robert Hulme, a butcher. There are several Robert Hulme's in Cheshire and I cannot establish which is her father. Her mother was Elizabeth. They married in 1866. Below is the census record from 1881. They lived in West Derby, Lancashire and Elizabeth was born in Woodley, Cheshire. Ancestry trees give her as Elizabeth Hartley. If the record in Ancestry is correct, Elizabeth was born in 1831. Grandad had mentioned a connection with 'Hartley's jam' company, so this could be the connection. The founder of the jam company was William Pickles Hartley, born in 1845. His father was John Hartley, born 1824. There appears to have been siblings; Richard, MaryAnn, Elizabeth and Lister although I cannot establish with any certainty if this Elizabeth is Mary Edith's mother. A history of the Harley Jam company states he was the only sibling to survive, so unlikely. The parents of these children were William Hartley and Christiana Lister, born 1788 and 1793 respectively. They had four sons, so if there is a connection it could be through one other of these. But Elizabeth was born in Cheshire, so…. This looks like her birth, and possibly the 1851 census record for her family(below age 18). No mention of jam making Hartleys. There were many Thomas Millingtons born in and around Liverpool around 1868/7. Three other people have researched the family, including searches from Family Search. Assuming they are correct we can trace the Millington line back to a Benjamin Millington, born in Eccles in Lancashire, in 1748. His grandson, Caleb Millington was born in 1788. His son, Thomas married Sarah Wolstenholm, whose son William had a son, Thomas. This Thomas Millington was Grandad's father. See images below from Ancestry. The 1881 census record for Thomas's family show them to be Miners. In an interesting window on social history, everyone over the age of 10 is working. Coal mining was a common occupation at this time. "The Lancashire Coalfield was one of the most prolific in England. The number of shafts sunk to gain coal number several thousand, for example, in 1958, Wigan undertook a survey of old shafts and located 500. In 1995 following several years of redevelopment across the Wigan Metropolitan Borough by the British Geological Survey (BGS), in association with the planning consultants Roger Tym & Partners, the list had grown to over 1000 with no real idea of the total.[1] Similar surveys in Bolton and Manchester have also produced long lists of undocumented shafts. The proliferation of mines resulted from its accessibility at the start of the Industrial Revolution and the climate which was ideal for cotton mills. Coal fed the boilers of the cotton mill towns of Ashton-unden Lyne, Blackburn, Bolton, Burnley, Bury, Darwen, Oldham and Rochdale as well as the Rossendale Valley. The first industrial revolution coal mines supplied coal locally and to Liverpool, along the River Mersey via the Sankey Canal. On the Manchester Coalfield, the early collieries were those of the Duke of Bridgewater in Worsley, where the Bridgewater Canal was built to transport coal from his mines to Manchester" Thomas and Mary Edith are in the 1901 census. In 1901 they had a servant, (Margaret Wilson) and Thomas is recorded as being a Wine and Spirit Store Manager. This is from the UK 1901 census, address 363 and 365 (?) Prescot Road, West Derby, Liverpool. However by 1911, they had no servant and Thomas is recorded as a labourer in a sugar refinery. Mary Edith Millington died in 1918. They lived at the Old Swan. William was the second eldest in Thomas and Mary Edith's family. The eldest, Robert (Bob) married Elsie McCracken in 1920 and they lived in West Derby. I think they had four children, Lillian, Hazel, Beryl and Alan. Alan married Kath and they were landlords of a pub called the Derby Arms (?), at Deysbrook Lane. They had a daughter Lynn and another daughter and a son. We visited about 1973 (?). An Alan Millington died in Liverpool in 2007, aged 83. Lillian married Frank Nixon. Beryl married ? Davies. Hazel married Bob Gray and they has sons, one named Kenneth I think. Bob died in 1986, his address was 83 Sunbeam Road, Old Swan, Liverpool, which I think is Hazel's address, based on small notebook belonging to Grandad. Elsie died one year later. Mum told me Bob and Elsie were 'childhood sweethearts'. Grandad never said much about Ernest. My sense was he was closer to his brother Bob. Yet Ernest was witness at Grandad's wedding to Minnie Walker in 1925. There is an Ernest Millington, born 1903, father Thomas, from West Derby, who married Winifred Fitzoy in 1926. The parish is the same as for his birth (and confirmation). The record for 1939 register is below. This Ernest died in 1956. A Winifred Millington died in Devon in 1968, born c. 1904. It is unclear if this is Grandad's brother, but looks right. The 1939 register of people living in the UK shows Ernest and Winifred still living in Liverpool at that time. The census record for 1911 shows a Fitzroy family in West Derby Liverpool, with father Thomas and Winifred as daughter aged 9. There are 7 other siblings. Grandad visited his brother Bob and sister Betty regularly, although he never mentioned his youngest sister. I found Betty's baptism. They were still living at Prescott Road in 1906. I think the picture may be Thomas Millington, with Betty and Mum. Uncertain, but guessing, based on appearances and my memory of Betty. We did not know about Ilene (Eileen). She is listed in a tree on Ancestry as being born in April 1908 and living for only 10 hours. Grandad was only 7 when she was born,so he may not have even known about her. William was born in 1900. He grew up in Liverpool. One of Grandad's abiding regrets was that he was not allowed to serve 'King and Country', being partially deaf, and therefore not making it past the recruiting sergeants on a number of attempts. One of these was when he visited his brother Bob while billeted in Collins barracks in Dublin. Whether he was born deaf or lost hearing as a result of childhood illness, I do not know. However his speech was not impaired, suggesting he was not born partially deaf. He told me once that when he was very small he was in race. The course apparently was a section of a lap of a pitch, but he kept running around, completed the whole lap and subsequently was awarded a prize. Everyone cheered him, which he thought was funny, because it was only due to him not hearing 'stop' that he ran the whole loop. I found this in Find My Past – it is from 1918. It could be Grandad's name When Grandad came to Belfast (about 1921 I think) he was apprenticed to a surgical craftsman, making wooden legs and caliphers for polio victims. This trade no longer exists. The landlady of the Boarding house was assisted by her niece Minnie. Mum remembers her as the formidable Aunt Maggie. William asked Minnie out and (acc. to Mum) gave her a box of chocolates. Her aunt forbade her to eat these as William presumably couldn't be trusted, being from 'forren parts'. This did not deter the couple and they married around 1924-5. The address on the marriage certificate for Grandad was 201 Dunluce Avenue so that could be the address of the Boarding House. A poster on 'Belfast' forum has confirmed that this house was belonging to Margaret Henry – George's sister and mother of Norman Henry. Phyllis was born in 1926, and around 1930 George, her brother, was born. Phyllis was named Phyllis Geary Millington, and she maintained that the 'Geary' (which she hated) was inserted to keep the name in the family. I have found a 'Geary', who married one of Alan and Kathleen's grandchildren (daughter of Philip) but I an unsure if this was the Geary they were trying to preserve as it is likely to be well after Mum was born. George did not survive meningitis and died in 1933, aged 2. I have only one picture of him, with Mum, below). They lived in the house in Forth River Gardens, off the Springfield Road, with Minnie's father, George Walker. This was his house, where Minnie was raised, at least for some years. They moved to Mayfair Avenue, possible when Mum was 10. The pictures below are the few we have of Minnie, with Grandad. Mum seemed to recall her grandfather George Walker as very strict. He wouldn't permit such frivolities as card playing, calling playing cards 'the devil's books'. And he had a bird in a cage that she wasn't enamoured with. He died in 1951, in a home at Cliftonville. There was a factory at the end of her road she recalled, and she was in trouble once for drying her wet clothes, after a dip in a river, on the hot airvent of the factory. There are others who lived on the street and recalled this factory or laundry, as posted on 'Belfast Forum'. Grandad worked in various places after the trade fell off. He worked I believe for a while in the Harland and Wolff shipyard (where the Titanic was built). He ran his own shop for a short while. He played rugby for Malone and was capped for Ulster around 1933 I believe. He worked in the Tate and Lyle sugar factory at one point and Mum recalls an incident in which, while on his break at work he saw smoke coming from a building nearby. He thought it was her School and ran all the way to School to rescue her. Fortunately it wasn't the School. The School I think was Harding Memorial School, still open today. According to their website: Canon Harding was rector of Willowfield Parish from 1900-1922. (…) Canon Harding approached Lord Arthur Hill about a plot of land on the Cregagh Road. The Select Vestry of Willowfield Parish gave its support and the ground was secured. The first building open on the site was Dromore Street Hall on Saturday 25th February 1911. (…) After Canon Harding's death in 1922, the school was renamed Harding Memorial Primary School in his honour. Mum probably started School in 1930 and left at the age of 12 or 14. Below are pictures from the 1930s and 1940s. She could be in any of these. Mum only stayed at School to about the age of 12 or 14. She hated embroidery and knitting and was apparently called upon to read stories to the other girls when this work was being undertaken. She was much better at reading than the hated embroidery, and won elocution competitions, now a thing of the past, when she was in her teens. I inherited this hatred of anything with a needle. After Harding Memorial she went to secretarial college and worked in a company called Vulcanite, which made roofing felt. She told me her cousin, Norman Henry also worked there. I never met Norman Henry, although this is he in the picture below, with Mum at Vulcanite. Minnie died when Mum was about 12 or 13, of TB. I cannot find her death certificate, but I did find her death notice in the 'Belfast Newsletter' in 1939. At this stage they lived in Mayfair Avenue. The picture below of a modern day house in Mayfair Ave, although I do not know if it was theirs. Mum remembered her mother in the fever hospital. Grandad remarried, a woman called Eva (Evelyn) Henderson. She was born in Dublin in 1902. Her father is listed as a shepherd, living on the Hampton Demese in Balbriggan. Her mother was Margaret Johnson. Her family is in the 1911 census in Carnduff, Co Antrim, her father George a land steward. I do not know how Grandad knew Eva, or when they married. She suffered from a mental health condition and sadly took her own life around 1954 when Mum was in her 20s. Grandad lived to the age of 1993, dying in Dublin in the Gascoigne Nursing home, having lived with Mum for his final years. Mum was an active member of Willowfield Parish Young People Society, and through that met my Father around 1955. They married in Belfast, in Willowfield and the steeple fell down later that night, no doubt due to the malevolent presence of a Dublin man in their church. Grandad re married that same year, Margaret Menzies, whom I am named after. Peter was born in 1959, followed by myself in 1960 and Patrick in 1962.
explanation of whether means-tested programs (TANF, SNAP, and SSI) create dependency. Then, explain how the potential perception of dependency might contribute to the stigma surrounding welfare programs. Finally, explain the perceptions you have regarding people who receive means-tested welfare and how that perception might affect your work with clients. Support your post with specific references to the resources. Be sure to provide full APA citations for your references. Also Respond to the below: There are many individuals whom benefit from the utilization of means-tested programs. These individuals whom utilize these resources could be potentially setting themselves up for failure if they are not motivated in bettering themselves. Programs such as Temporary Assistance for Needy Families (TANF), Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program (SNAP), and Supplemental Security Income (SSI) are each designed to assist those in who and who qualify for assistance for a designated time period." Popple, (2015), states "public assistance is the pubic program to aid the very poorest members of our society (2015). This clearly states the fact that these programs are designed to assist those whom are in desperation, but not necessarily be their sole means of future resources. Unfortunately there are those individuals who try and work the system and extend their eligibility in continuance of services. Which in turn, promotes one in becoming dependent upon these services as a means of survival. The dependency upon these services could potentially enable one to become less motivated in furthering their education, seeking employment, discovering better housing opportunities, etc. One must discover motivation within themselves in becoming motivated in striving for a healthier lifestyle. Without an existing motivational factor, there is no purpose for change. My personal perception regarding those who utilize means-tested resources is one that shows no bias. I firmly believe that such programs are beneficial for those whom utilize it as a tool, rather than utilizing these resources as a means of being complacent. In addition, I firmly feel as if these resources should include educational and training programs in providing empowerment for those who utilize these resources. Popple, P. R., & Leighninger, L. (2015). The policy-based profession: An introduction to social welfare policy analysis for social workers. (6th ed.). Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson Education. Chapter 6, "Fighting poverty: Temporary Assistance to Needy Families Need Help Writing an Essay? Tell us about your ESSAY and we will find the best writer for your paper. Write My Essay For MeThe post wc appeared first on Essay Bishops. I absolutely LOVE this essay writing service. This is perhaps the tenth time I am ordering from them, and they have not failed me not once! My research paper was of excellent quality, as always. You can order essays, discussion, article critique, coursework, projects, case study, term papers, research papers, reaction paper, movie review, research proposal, capstone project, speech/presentation, book report/review, annotated bibliography, and more. STUCK with your assignments? Hire Someone to Write Your papers. 100% plagiarism-free work Guarantee!
A tent is essentially a shelter consisting mostly of sheets of fabric or other materials spread out. It is frequently tied to a pole structure or supported mostly by a wire. Large tents are usually secured to poles or tent anchors using ropes, although smaller tents can be free-standing or staked to the ground. Polyester is now the most used material for tents. Polyester is a low-cost, lightweight, and long-lasting tent fabric. In addition to polyester, cotton canvas, Nylon, and PVC are some of the materials used to manufacture tents. Each substance has its own set of benefits and disadvantages in particular contexts.. If you are traveling alone or with your family, you can go with polyester tents conveniently. Because they're cheap, and they're typically strong and moisture-resistant. Even if they don't last as long as you'd want, you can usually replace them at any time due to their low cost. Tents are available in a range of sizes and forms, as well as various materials. The rigid tent is the most basic sort of tent. You've probably heard of a ridge tent, sometimes known as an "A-frame" tent. Almost all tents used to be in this shape. The phrase comes from the word ridge. The tent has a long cross pole that passes through the center. The roof is supported by it. The warehouse tent is constructed of corrugated galvanized steel metal sheets and is extremely durable. It may be used in a number of situations. However, if you just plan on using the tent for a few months, a rigid tent is the ideal option.
When we think of pop culture, images of movie stars, music icons, and viral internet sensations often come to mind. However, one aspect of pop culture that often goes unnoticed is the influence of the casino and gambling industry. From classic films to hit songs, gambling has played a significant role in shaping popular entertainment. In this blog post, we will explore how the casino has made its mark on pop culture and why it continues to be a compelling theme for creators in various forms of media. The Glitz and Glamour of Casinos in Film One of the most obvious ways that gambling has influenced pop culture is through the depiction of casinos like golden tiger casino Canada in movies. Some of the most iconic films in cinematic history have centered around the world of gambling. Martin Scorsese's "Casino" and Matt Damon's "Rounders" have brought the glitz and glamour of Las Vegas to the big screen, mesmerizing audiences with their depictions of high-stakes poker games and the intricate workings of the industry. These films not only showcase the excitement of gambling but also delve into the darker aspects of addiction and greed. The casino setting serves as a backdrop for complex character development and intense drama, making it a rich source of inspiration for filmmakers. Gambling in Music: Hits and High Rollers The influence of gambling is not limited to the silver screen; it has also left its mark on the music industry. Many musicians have incorporated themes of gambling and casinos into their lyrics and music videos. For instance, songs like "Poker Face" by Lady Gaga and "The Gambler" by Kenny Rogers have become anthems for gamblers and non-gamblers alike. In music videos, we often see artists in opulent settings, surrounded by the allure of wealth and chance. These visuals not only enhance the music's appeal but also create a sense of escapism, transporting listeners into the world of high-stakes online gaming and luxury. Television's Bet on Gambling Television series have also embraced the casino theme. Shows like "Las Vegas" and "Vegas" have explored the daily operations of casinos and the intriguing stories of their employees and patrons. Additionally, game shows like "Wheel of Fortune" and "Jeopardy!" incorporate elements of chance and risk, tapping into the excitement of gaming. Reality TV has also cashed in on the fascination with online casinos, with shows like "World Series of Poker" and "Celebrity Poker Showdown" bringing poker into the living rooms of millions of viewers. These programs have not only popularized the game but have also humanized professional poker players, showcasing their skill and strategy. The Casino's Online Evolution In recent years, the casino's influence on pop culture has extended to the digital realm. Online casinos and platforms have become increasingly popular, and their advertisements and sponsorships can be seen across the internet. This digital presence has brought gambling even closer to pop culture, making it easily accessible to a global audience. Read more: Beyond Skins: A Gamer's Guide to Diverse Funding Options in CSGO Gambling The casino industry's influence on pop culture is undeniable. From classic films to chart-topping songs and popular television shows, gaming has left its mark on various forms of entertainment. Its ability to evoke excitement, drama, and the allure of wealth continues to captivate audiences worldwide. Ensuring that the casino remains a prominent and enduring theme in pop culture for years to come. Whether you're a fan of the casino or not. Its impact on entertainment is unmistakable, making it a fascinating aspect of pop culture to explore.
By Keith Landry ORANGE COUNTY, Fla. (WOFL FOX 35 ORLANDO) – A simple video shows what could become a huge change in how we send and store electricity through wires. The video illustrates research being done at the University of Central Florida's NanoScience Technology Center. Professor Jayan Thomas has been working on nanotechnology for seven years. For the last year, he has led a team of students working to create cables that can actually store energy. He says, "We can change the world. That is what we are looking forward to." We all know copper wiring is great for sending electricity from point A to point B. Thomas has added an outer layer of technology-tiny or nano copper oxide whiskers that can store energy for later use. He explains, "As you enhance the surface area, it can store a lot of energy. So we converted the surface of, outside surface of that copper wire into an energy storing device." The video shows Thomas' device is not hooked up to a power source. It is powering the light from stored energy. Thomas' team believes you could build a solar cell and his wiring right into clothing. You'd be able to store enough energy to power your smart phone or MP3 device. Years from now, the technology could power electric cars and store energy for your home collected from solar panels. Professor Thomas' work with energy storing electrical cables is getting a lot of attention here in the United States and in Europe. His work is featured in the current edition of Nature Magazine and the American Institute of Physics will visit him later this week.
Pelvic inflammatory disease An infection of the female reproductive organs, which include the uterus, fallopian tubes and ovaries. Pelvic inflammatory disease is caused by infection with germs. Most often, the germs spread through sex without a condom. Sexually transmitted infections such as gonorrhea and chlamydia can lead to the disease. Pelvic inflammatory disease symptoms can include pain in the lower stomach area and pelvis, heavy vaginal discharge, irregular bleeding from the vagina, pain during sex, fever, and frequent, painful urination. Pelvic inflammatory disease treatment includes medicine called antibiotics to get rid of the infection. Rarely, surgery is needed. An infected person's partner also should get testing and treatment. © 1998-2024 Mayo Foundation for Medical Education and Research(MFMER). All rights reserved. Terms of Use
3 Rock Formations to Explore in Vietnam Checkout places to visit in Vietnam Rock Formations by destination Activities Around Rock Formations to Explore in Vietnam Bai Tu Long Bay is Northeast of the famous UNESCO world heritage site, Halong Bay. The zone includes over 40 uninhabited islands, rocks, and the famous Bai Tu Long National Park. Đá Nhảy in Vietnamese means "the rocks that jump" referring to the topographical feature of this beach which sees thousands rock reaching the sea. Phong Nha Cave is a cave in Quảng Bình Province, Vietnam. It is 7,729 meters long and contains 14 grottoes, as well as a 13,969-metre underground river. Its cave system features underground passageways and river caves filled with stalactites and stalagmites. The stalagmites that used to stand at the cave's entrance apparently inspired its name: Phong Nha means 'Wind and Teeth'.
How to become a certified MRI technician in Delaware, DE To become a certified MRI technician in Delaware, DE, you must first complete a formal education program in radiologic technology. This program typically takes two years to complete and includes both classroom instruction and clinical training. You can find accredited radiologic technology programs at community colleges, vocational schools, and universities throughout Delaware. After completing your education, you must pass the American Registry of Radiologic Technologists (ARRT) certification exam for MRI technologists. This exam tests your knowledge and skills in MRI technology and is required for certification in Delaware. You must also maintain your certification by completing continuing education courses and renewing your certification every two years. In addition to education and certification, you must also have strong communication skills, attention to detail, and the ability to work well under pressure. MRI technicians work closely with patients and other healthcare professionals, so it is important to be able to communicate effectively and work as part of a team.
Welcome to our comprehensive guide on how to remove branches from trees. Whether you are a seasoned gardener or a beginner, this article will provide you with all the necessary knowledge and techniques to safely and effectively prune branches. Pruning is a crucial aspect of tree maintenance, ensuring the health, aesthetics, and safety of your trees. By understanding the intricacies of branch removal, you'll be equipped to enhance the beauty and longevity of your trees for years to come. In this article, we will delve into the various techniques, tools, and considerations involved in removing branches. From understanding the different types of branches to identifying when and how to prune, we've got you covered. You'll also gain insights into the best practices for avoiding damage and promoting healthy tree growth. So, let's dive in and explore the world of branch removal! Types of Branches: Understanding the Basics When it comes to removing branches, it's essential to understand the different types you may encounter. This knowledge will help you make informed decisions about which branches to remove and why. Let's explore the three primary types of branches commonly found in trees: 1. Water Sprouts Water sprouts are vigorous, vertical shoots that grow from the trunk or branches of a tree. They often emerge after pruning or as a response to stress. While water sprouts can contribute to the overall growth of a tree, they can also hinder its structural integrity and aesthetics. In this section, we'll discuss how to identify water sprouts and the best practices for their removal. 2. Suckers Suckers are shoots that originate from the tree's root system or the base of the trunk. They are characterized by their rapid growth and tendency to sap energy from the main tree. While suckers can be detrimental to a tree's health, they can also indicate underlying issues that need attention. In this section, we'll explore the reasons behind sucker growth and the proper methods for their removal. 3. Deadwood Deadwood refers to branches that have died due to disease, pests, or natural aging. These branches are not only unsightly but can pose significant risks if left unattended. Removing deadwood is essential for the overall health and safety of a tree. In this section, we'll discuss how to identify deadwood, the potential dangers it presents, and the steps to effectively remove it. When to Remove Branches: Timing is Key Timing plays a crucial role in branch removal. Pruning at the right time can minimize stress on a tree and encourage optimal regrowth. However, pruning at the wrong time can lead to weakened trees and potential disease or pest infestations. To ensure the best outcome, it's important to understand the appropriate timing for different types of branches: 1. Dormant Season Pruning The dormant season, typically during late winter or early spring before new growth begins, is ideal for removing most branches. During this period, trees are less vulnerable to stress and diseases, making it the optimal time for major pruning. In this section, we'll discuss the benefits of dormant season pruning and how to identify the right time for your specific tree species. 2. Seasonal Considerations While dormant season pruning is generally recommended, there are exceptions and considerations for certain trees. Some species may have specific growth patterns or flowering times that require pruning at different periods. In this section, we'll explore the seasonal factors to consider when determining the best time to remove branches from your trees. 3. Emergency Pruning In some cases, branch removal may be necessary outside of the typical pruning window. Emergency pruning involves the immediate removal of hazardous or damaged branches to prevent accidents or further tree damage. In this section, we'll discuss the signs that indicate the need for emergency pruning and the steps to take to ensure safety during the process. Essential Tools for Branch Removal: A Must-Have Kit Having the right tools is crucial for successful branch removal. Each tool serves a specific purpose and ensures clean, precise cuts without causing unnecessary damage to the tree. Let's explore the essential tools you'll need to safely and efficiently prune branches: 1. Pruning Shears Pruning shears, also known as secateurs or hand pruners, are essential for removing small branches and twigs. They come in two main types: bypass and anvil pruners. In this section, we'll explain the differences between these types and guide you on selecting the appropriate pruning shears for your pruning needs. 2. Loppers Loppers are designed for cutting larger branches that pruning shears cannot handle. They have long handles and a bypass cutting mechanism similar to pruning shears. In this section, we'll discuss the different types of loppers available and provide tips on choosing the right pair for your specific pruning requirements. 3. Pruning Saws Pruning saws are necessary for removing thicker branches that cannot be cut with pruning shears or loppers. They feature a sharp, curved blade that allows for efficient cutting in tight spaces. In this section, we'll explore the various types of pruning saws and provide guidance on selecting the most suitable one for your branch removal tasks. 4. Pole Pruners Pole pruners are designed for reaching high branches without the need for a ladder. They consist of a long pole with a cutting head at the end, operated by a rope or lever system. In this section, we'll discuss the different types of pole pruners and offer tips on using them safely and effectively. 5. Safety Equipment When removing branches, it's crucial to prioritize your safety. Protective gear such as gloves, safety glasses, and a helmet can shield you from potential injuries. In this section, we'll emphasize the importance of wearing safety equipment and provide recommendations on the specific gear you should have in your branch removal kit. Techniques for Branch Removal: Step-by-Step Guide Pruning branches requires technique and precision to ensure the health and aesthetics of your trees. In this section, we'll provide a detailed step-by-step guide on how to remove branches properly, from assessing the branch collar to making strategic cuts. Let's explore each stage of the pruning process in depth: 1. Assessing the Branch Collar The branch collar is the swollen area where a branch connects to the trunk or another branch. Understanding how to identify and work with the branch collar is crucial for proper pruning. In this section, we'll examine the anatomy of the branch collar and explain why it's important to preserve it during branch removal. 2. Making Strategic Cuts The way you make your cuts during branch removal can significantly impact the tree's healing process and overall health. In this section, we'll discuss the different types of cuts, including thinning cuts, heading cuts, and reduction cuts. We'll also provide insights on when to use each type and how they affect the tree's growth. 3. Removing Large Branches Removing large branches requires careful planning and execution to prevent bark tearing and potential damage to the tree. In this section, we'll outline the steps involved in removing large branches safely, including proper pruning techniques, strategic cuts, and the use of support systems for heavier branches. 4. Dealing with Stub Cuts Stub cuts occur when branches are improperly pruned, leaving behind stubs that can lead to decay and pest infestations. In this section, we'll provide guidance on how to address stub cuts and promote proper healing by making corrective cuts that encourage the tree's natural defense mechanisms. 5. Pruning Young Trees: Establishing Healthy Growth Properly pruning young trees is crucial for their long-term development. In this section, we'll focus on the unique considerations and techniques involved in pruning young trees. We'll discuss establishing a strong framework, managing competing branches, and promoting healthy growth through corrective pruning. 6. Pruning Mature Trees: Maintaining Health and Structure Mature trees require specialized care to maintain their health and structural integrity. In this section, we'll explore the techniques and considerations for pruning mature trees. We'll address crown thinning, reducing hazards, and rejuvenation pruning to ensure the continued vitality of your mature trees. Safety Measures: Protecting Yourself and Your Tree Pruning trees involves inherent risks, and taking safety measures is essential to ensure a successful and injury-free pruning experience. In this section, we'll emphasize the importance of safety during branch removal and provide comprehensive guidelines to protect yourself and your tree: 1. Assessing Potential Hazards Before starting any pruning work, it's crucial to assess potential hazards that may pose risks to your safety. In this section, we'll guide you on how to identify potential hazards, such as overhead power lines or weak branch attachments, and take appropriate precautions to avoid accidents. 2. Proper Tool Usage Using tools correctly is vital for both your safety and the health of your tree. In this section, we'lldiscuss the proper usage of pruning tools to minimize the risk of accidents and ensure effective branch removal. We'll cover topics such as maintaining sharp blades, using the right tool for the job, and practicing proper cutting techniques. 3. Working at Heights Pruning trees often involves working at heights, which increases the risk of falls or other accidents. In this section, we'll provide tips for safely working at heights, including the use of ladders or other climbing equipment, securing yourself to the tree, and maintaining proper balance and stability throughout the pruning process. 4. Protective Gear Wearing the appropriate protective gear is crucial to safeguard yourself during branch removal. In this section, we'll discuss the essential safety equipment you should always wear, such as gloves, safety glasses, and a helmet. We'll also highlight the importance of using proper footwear and protective clothing to minimize the risk of injuries. 5. First Aid and Emergency Preparedness Accidents can happen even with the utmost caution. Being prepared with basic first aid knowledge and having an emergency plan in place is essential. In this section, we'll provide an overview of essential first aid practices, such as treating cuts or injuries, as well as tips on creating an emergency plan to handle any unforeseen situations during branch removal. Pruning for Aesthetics: Enhancing the Beauty of Your Tree Pruning is not only essential for the health of your trees but also for enhancing their aesthetic appeal. In this section, we'll explore techniques to prune trees for visual purposes, transforming them into stunning focal points in your landscape: 1. Crown Thinning Crown thinning involves selectively removing branches within the tree's crown to improve light penetration and air circulation. In this section, we'll explain the benefits of crown thinning, the proper techniques to achieve an even distribution of branches, and considerations for maintaining the tree's overall health and structure. 2. Crown Shaping Crown shaping focuses on creating a specific shape or form for the tree, enhancing its aesthetic appeal. In this section, we'll explore different crown shaping techniques, such as natural or formal pruning, and offer guidance on achieving the desired shape while maintaining the tree's health and structural integrity. 3. Crown Reduction Crown reduction entails selectively removing branches to reduce the overall size or height of the tree. This technique is often used to manage trees that have outgrown their space or to address safety concerns. In this section, we'll discuss the considerations for crown reduction, including the appropriate timing, techniques, and potential effects on the tree's growth. 4. Espalier Pruning Espalier pruning involves training the tree's branches to grow flat against a support structure, creating a visually pleasing and space-saving form. In this section, we'll explain the steps to achieve espalier pruning, suitable tree species for this technique, and how to maintain the desired shape over time. Pruning Young Trees: Setting the Foundation for Growth Properly pruning young trees is crucial for their long-term health and development. In this section, we'll focus on the unique considerations and techniques involved in pruning young trees, setting the foundation for healthy growth: 1. Establishing a Strong Framework Creating a strong framework is essential for the future growth and structure of a young tree. In this section, we'll discuss how to identify the central leader, manage competing branches, and promote a well-balanced and sturdy framework through selective pruning techniques. 2. Correcting Structural Issues Young trees may develop structural issues that need to be addressed through corrective pruning. In this section, we'll explore common structural issues, such as co-dominant stems or included bark, and provide guidance on how to identify and correct these issues to ensure the long-term health and stability of the tree. 3. Minimizing Stress and Encouraging Growth Pruning young trees should focus on minimizing stress and encouraging healthy growth. In this section, we'll discuss the appropriate timing for pruning young trees, the importance of gradual pruning, and techniques to stimulate growth, such as crown raising and selective branch removal. Pruning Mature Trees: Maintaining Health and Structure Mature trees require specialized care to maintain their health, aesthetics, and structural integrity. In this section, we'll explore the techniques and considerations for pruning mature trees: 1. Crown Cleaning Crown cleaning involves the removal of dead, diseased, or damaged branches from the tree's crown. In this section, we'll discuss the importance of crown cleaning for the overall health of mature trees, the identification of target branches, and the techniques to safely remove these branches without compromising the tree's structure. 2. Crown Thinning and Reduction In mature trees, crown thinning and reduction techniques are often used to manage excessive growth and improve the tree's structure. In this section, we'll delve into the considerations for crown thinning and reduction in mature trees, including the appropriate timing, techniques, and potential effects on the tree's health and appearance. 3. Addressing Deadwood and Hazardous Branches Mature trees may accumulate deadwood and develop hazardous branches over time, posing risks to both the tree and its surroundings. In this section, we'll discuss the identification and safe removal of deadwood, as well as techniques to address hazardous branches, ensuring the continued health and safety of the mature tree. Aftercare: Nurturing Your Tree Post-Pruning Once you've removed branches from your tree, providing proper aftercare is essential for its recovery and continued health. In this section, we'll discuss the necessary steps to nurture your tree post-pruning: 1. Applying Wound Dressings Applying wound dressings to pruning cuts can help protect the tree from diseases and pests. In this section, we'll discuss the types of wound dressings available, when to use them, and proper application techniques to promote healing and prevent potential complications. 2. Monitoring Growth Patterns After pruning, monitoring your tree's growth patterns is crucial to ensure its recovery and identify any issues that may arise. In this section, we'll guide you on how to observe and analyze your tree's growth, recognize signs of stress or disease, and take appropriate action to address any concerns. 3. Providing Nutritional Support Pruning can temporarily affect a tree's nutrient availability and overall health. In this section, we'll discuss the importance of providing proper nutrition to your tree post-pruning, including soil amendments, fertilization techniques, and supplementary care to support its recovery and sustained growth. In conclusion, mastering the art of branch removal is a valuable skill for any tree enthusiast. By understanding the types of branches, the right timing, utilizing proper tools and techniques, and prioritizing safety, you can enhance the health, appearance, and safety of your trees. Whether you're pruning for aesthetics, maintaining structure, or nurturing young trees, this comprehensive guide has equipped you with the knowledge and confidence to become a skilled branch remover. So go ahead, grab your tools, and embark on a journey of transforming your trees into magnificent, thriving assets in your landscape.
Keeping your teeth and gums healthy is of utmost importance to the health of your smile and even to the health of the rest of your body. Studies have recently linked heart disease with gum disease, making it more important than ever to make sure your oral health is not compromised. One of the most important measures you can take to keep your smile healthy is brushing and flossing as often as you should. Ideally, this should be after each meal, but should definitely be carried out at least twice a day. Along with proper oral hygiene, you need to make sure you see the dentist when you should. Those who see their dentist on a regular basis are able to avoid many of the oral health concerns that can cause damage to the teeth and gums, eventually leading to tooth loss. To keep your smile healthy, seeing the Dentist In Stratford CT is imperative. How to Avoid Dental Problems By Seeing the Dentist In Stratford CT Gum disease is one of the conditions that can wreak havoc with your oral health. Gum disease starts off as a mild form of Gingivitis and will eventually progress to Periodontitis. If left untreated, this gum disease will cause problems with your gum health, creating pockets full of infection around your teeth. As these pockets become full of infection, they will pull the gum tissue down and expose the root structures of your teeth. This causes loosening of the teeth and they will eventually fall out. To avoid this condition, it can be helpful to have regular dental visits and cleanings. This will allow the dentist to monitor the health of your gums. Cavities in the teeth are also a major problem. Cavities can easily be avoided with proper oral hygiene procedures and regular dental care. With routine dental care every six months, cavities can be found early on and treated before they become major sources of damage for your tooth. Through X-rays and examinations, the dentist can find a cavity long before it even begins to present any symptoms. To schedule your appointment for a preventative care dental examination, contact Larry I Gottlieb DDS Stratford CT. He can provide you with many different dental services, to keep your smile healthy.
Alternative name: American Black Swift - Cypseloides niger A fairly large (15-18 cm (6-7.25 ins) in the nominate form of West Indies) black swift with slightly notched and relatively long tail. At close range, white on forehead and brows may be visible. The body is rather stocky, the wings relatively broad. Geographic variation Birds in the Caribbean average smaller with more deeply forked tail than birds in the USA. Recent photos in the Caribbean has shown variation within this group, with some birds showing a tail form similar in extent to members of genus Apus (such as Common Swift). The Black Swift is distributed from SE Alaska through SW USA, and Mexico to Costa Rica, and in the West Indies to Trinidad and Tobago to Guyana. Even southern populations (e.g., in the Lesser Antilles) are migratory, presumably wintering in South America, while the species is present year round in Hispaniola and Jamaica. A highly migratory species, but the definitive wintering grounds are still unknown. Recorded in winter in Colombia. Not globally threatened, abundant in parts of its range, uncommon in others. Forms a superspecies with White-chested Swift, Rothschild's Swift and Sooty Swift. It's considered to have three subspecies[1]: - C.n. borealis: - C.n. costaricensis: - From central Mexico to Costa Rica, smaller and darker than borealis - C.n. niger: - From Trinidad to the West Indies In the north of its range in a variety of open highland habitat. In the south around montane evergreen forest, also secondary growth. In eastern Caribbean, they often seem absent in good weather due to hunting very high, but in bad weather may hunt all the way down to sea level. Like other Swifts highly gregarious, sometimes seen in flocks numbering hundreds or thousands of birds, often together with other Swift species. May travel long distances between nestplaces and feeding grounds. Feeds on various insects, eg. wasps, bees or ants, taken in flight. Nests in June in the USA, earlier (May) in the south. Often near waterfalls. Needs darkness, water, inaccessibility, a good flyway, high relief and a rock niche to build its pad of moss and twigs, bound with mud. Lays one egg. Copulation takes place in flight, like in other Swift species. Incubation by both adults, takes about 24 days. There are long periods between feeding and the young swift grows slowly. Fledging takes place at about 44 days. Call: a rapid, repetitive ci-chi-chi-chit - Clements, J. F., T. S. Schulenberg, M. J. Iliff, D. Roberson, T. A. Fredericks, B. L. Sullivan, and C. L. Wood. 2018. The eBird/Clements checklist of birds of the world: v2018. Downloaded from http://www.birds.cornell.edu/clementschecklist/download/ - Whatbird.com Recommended Citation - BirdForum Opus contributors. (2024) Black Swift. In: BirdForum, the forum for wild birds and birding. Retrieved 22 May 2024 from https://www.birdforum.net/opus/Black_Swift External Links GSearch checked for 2020 platform.
Promoting Digital Equity Through Accessible Student Wi-Fi Solutions In today's digital age, ensuring digital equity in education has become more important than ever. Barriers exist that hinder students from accessing reliable internet, such as financial constraints and lack of digital literacy. To promote digital equity, solutions like accessible student Wi-Fi and federal telecom assistance programs are crucial. Unity Wireless, a provider offering internet services to various groups, plays a vital role in facilitating federal telecom assistance programs like the Lifeline and ACP Program. Let's explore how Unity Wireless is bridging the digital divide and promoting equity in education. Key Takeaways: - Promoting digital equity in education is crucial for providing equal opportunities for all students. - Lack of internet access, financial barriers, and lack of digital literacy are major obstacles to digital equity in education. - Unity Wireless offers accessible student Wi-Fi solutions and federal telecom assistance programs, such as Lifeline and ACP, to promote digital equity in education. What is Digital Equity? Digital Equity refers to the equal access and opportunity for all individuals to use technology, access the internet, and benefit from digital resources. Ensuring digital equity is crucial in creating a level playing field, breaking down barriers that prevent certain communities from fully engaging in the digital world. The concept addresses the digital divide that exists between those with access to technology and those without, advocating for policies and programs that promote connectivity and bridge the gap. By promoting digital equity, we strive towards inclusivity, enableing individuals to participate in today's digitally driven society and unlocking their potential. Why is Digital Equity Important in Education? Digital Equity is crucial in education as it ensures that all learners, regardless of their background or location, have equal opportunities to access digital resources and learning opportunities. In today's fast-paced digital world, where technology plays an integral role in shaping education, achieving digital equity is fundamental to bridge the gap in educational outcomes. Digital access encompasses not only the availability of digital devices and internet connectivity but also the skills and resources necessary to effectively utilize these tools. By addressing digital equity, educational institutions can create a level playing field, where all students can thrive and succeed, thereby fostering stronger, more inclusive communities. What are the Barriers to Digital Equity in Education? Several barriers hinder digital equity in education, including challenges related to access to reliable internet, financial constraints, and a lack of digital literacy among learners. Access to reliable internet continues to be a major obstacle impacting students' ability to fully participate in online learning. In many regions, broadband connectivity remains limited or unaffordable, disadvantaging students who do not have access to high-speed internet. Financial constraints pose a significant challenge, with families struggling to afford the necessary devices and technology for digital education. The lack of digital literacy among learners further exacerbates the digital divide, as many students lack the necessary skills to navigate online platforms effectively. Lack of Access to Reliable Internet The lack of access to reliable internet creates a significant barrier to digital equity, particularly in rural areas or underserved communities where broadband infrastructure is limited. In today's digital age, where connectivity plays a crucial role in education, business, and overall societal integration, the disparities in internet access exacerbate the digital divide, hindering individuals' ability to access essential services, educational resources, and economic opportunities. The absence of reliable internet not only limits educational possibilities but also affects healthcare delivery, job prospects, and social interactions. Financial Barriers Financial barriers, such as the high cost of technology devices and internet services, can restrict students' and schools' ability to achieve digital equity, limiting access to essential learning tools. One of the primary challenges related to affordability is the fact that not all students have equal access to internet services and devices, creating a digital divide. This lack of financial resources can lead to disparities in education outcomes between students from different socio-economic backgrounds. To address these issues, schools and policymakers have been exploring various solutions, such as providing discounted or free technology devices to students in need, negotiating bulk deals with service providers for discounted internet access, and leveraging external funding sources to bridge the financial gap. Lack of Digital Literacy The lack of digital literacy among learners can create a significant barrier to achieving digital equity, as it hampers their ability to effectively utilize technology and access digital resources. The text is already formatted with tags and tags for bold text. No further formatting is required. How Can Digital Equity Be Promoted in Education? Promoting digital equity in education requires proactive measures such as providing accessible student Wi-Fi solutions, offering federal telecom assistance programs, and partnering with organizations that champion digital equity. One key strategy to enhance digital equity is to ensure that students have reliable access to the internet, not just within school premises but also at home where a significant amount of learning takes place. By working closely with internet service providers and local authorities, educational institutions can secure discounted broadband packages for students from underserved communities, bridging the connectivity gap. Another effective approach involves leveraging digital tools and platforms that offer inclusive features, such as text-to-speech technology for students with disabilities or multilingual options to accommodate diverse language backgrounds. These resources enable all learners to engage with educational content regardless of their individual circumstances, fostering a more inclusive learning environment. Providing Accessible Student Wi-Fi Solutions Ensuring accessible student Wi-Fi solutions in schools and districts is essential to bridging the digital divide and promoting digital equity among learners. As technology plays an increasingly vital role in education, students must have reliable internet access to complete assignments, access online resources, and collaborate with peers seamlessly. A strong Wi-Fi infrastructure not only enhances classroom learning but also enables students with the necessary digital skills for the future job market. When schools invest in robust Wi-Fi networks, they create an inclusive environment where all students, regardless of their socioeconomic background, can benefit equally. By prioritizing accessible Wi-Fi solutions, educational institutions foster a level playing field for all learners, ensuring that no one is left behind in the digital age. Offering Federal Telecom Assistance Programs Federal telecom assistance programs play a vital role in expanding digital access and reducing barriers to connectivity for learners and communities, fostering greater digital equity in education. These programs are essential in ensuring that individuals, regardless of geographical location or economic status, have the necessary infrastructure to access online learning resources and participate in virtual classrooms. By providing subsidies and support for broadband services, they enable students to engage in e-learning opportunities, fostering a more inclusive and equitable educational environment. Partnering with Organizations that Promote Digital Equity Collaborating with organizations that advocate for digital equity can amplify efforts to bridge the digital divide, leveraging technology and resources to create more inclusive learning opportunities. By partnering with these digital equity-focused organizations, educational institutions can tap into a wealth of knowledge, experience, and best practices in implementing technology integration effectively. Schools and communities benefit not only from access to essential tech tools but also from expert guidance on how to utilize them for maximum impact. This collaboration fosters a supportive environment that ensures learners of all backgrounds have equal access to the tools and skills needed to thrive in today's increasingly digital world. What is Unity Wireless? Unity Wireless is a provider that facilitates federal telecom assistance, offering internet access for various groups like Pell Grant recipients, veterans, and Medicaid beneficiaries to bridge the digital divide and promote digital equity. With the aim of enhancing connectivity and ensuring equal access to online resources, Unity Wireless plays a crucial role in reducing disparities in digital access among underserved populations. By partnering with government programs and organizations, Unity Wireless leverages its expertise in telecom services to cater to specific beneficiaries, such as individuals eligible for Pell Grants, veterans transitioning to civilian life, and those reliant on Medicaid benefits. The seamless provision of essential telecommunications services by Unity Wireless not only fosters digital inclusion but also enables these groups with the tools necessary to navigate the digital landscape effectively. Services Offered by Unity Wireless Unity Wireless offers a range of services under federal telecom assistance programs, providing internet access and connectivity solutions to eligible recipients, fostering digital inclusion and equity. One of the key aspects of Unity Wireless's services is their commitment to bridging the digital divide through innovative technology solutions. By facilitating access to high-speed internet and communication tools, they enable individuals and communities to participate fully in the digital world. Through strategic partnerships and tailored programs, Unity Wireless ensures that marginalized populations have the necessary resources to thrive in an increasingly connected society. Their dedication to promoting digital inclusion is not only about providing access but also about creating opportunities for all to excel in the digital age. Benefits for Pell Grant Recipients Pell Grant recipients can benefit from Unity Wireless by gaining access to subsidized internet services, helping them overcome financial barriers and ensuring equitable digital access for educational purposes. The provided text is already formatted with HTML tags for bold text. Benefits for Medicaid Beneficiaries Medicaid beneficiaries can access connectivity benefits through Unity Wireless, enabling them to leverage online resources for healthcare, education, and communication, enhancing their digital equity and access. Unity Wireless serves as a crucial bridge for individuals relying on Medicaid, offering a gateway to a multitude of essential services at their fingertips. By tapping into this digital platform, beneficiaries can connect with healthcare providers, access educational materials, and stay in touch with loved ones more conveniently. The seamless access provided by Unity Wireless not only streamlines daily tasks but also fosters a sense of inclusion and enablement within the community, ensuring that critical services are just a click away. Benefits for SNAP Participants SNAP participants can experience reduced barriers to digital access and connectivity through Unity Wireless, bridging the digital divide and enhancing their opportunities for online engagement and learning. By providing affordable internet options and reliable connectivity, Unity Wireless enables individuals to access crucial online resources, educational platforms, and job opportunities, which are essential for enhancing digital literacy and skills. This initiative not only ensures that SNAP participants can stay connected with friends and family but also opens up a world of information and communication previously inaccessible. Through improved digital equity, individuals can leverage technology for personal growth, professional development, and staying informed about current events. Benefits for Veterans Veterans can access digital resources and connectivity benefits through Unity Wireless, supporting their transition to civilian life and providing opportunities for online engagement and skill development. By leveraging Unity Wireless' services, veterans can enhance their job prospects, stay connected with fellow service members, and access online training programs tailored to their needs. The digital resources available include job search tools, mental health support services, and educational platforms to facilitate continuous learning and personal growth. Unity Wireless offers a supportive community where veterans can share experiences, network with industry professionals, and explore new career paths. Benefits for SSI Recipients SSI recipients can benefit from improved digital literacy and access to online opportunities through Unity Wireless, enableing them with the resources needed to bridge the digital divide. This means that individuals receiving SSI support can enhance their skills and knowledge in navigating the digital world, thereby opening up a wide range of possibilities for personal growth and development. Unity Wireless offers not only connectivity but also a gateway to educational platforms, job opportunities, and important online services. By breaking down barriers to access and knowledge, SSI recipients have the chance to become more independent and informed in a digitally-driven society. How Does Unity Wireless Facilitate Federal Telecom Assistance? Unity Wireless facilitates federal telecom assistance by offering tailored programs and services to eligible recipients, ensuring improved digital access and connectivity for underserved communities. In line with the overarching federal efforts to bridge the digital divide, Unity Wireless plays a pivotal role in implementing initiatives that support access to high-quality broadband services. By collaborating with federal agencies, Unity Wireless tailors programs to meet the specific needs of communities lacking adequate connectivity, thereby contributing to the goal of promoting digital equity nationwide. Through strategic partnerships and innovative solutions, Unity Wireless continues to champion inclusivity and expand digital opportunities for all eligible participants. What is the Lifeline Program? The Lifeline Program is a federal assistance initiative that provides discounted phone and internet services to eligible low-income households, ensuring they have access to vital communications and online resources. This program plays a crucial role in bridging the digital divide, helping individuals and families stay connected in today's increasingly digital world. By offering reduced rates on essential communication services, the Lifeline Program enables beneficiaries to access emergency services, job opportunities, educational resources, and telehealth services. Ensuring digital inclusion for disadvantaged groups, it promotes equality and enablement by breaking barriers to information and connectivity. To qualify for the Lifeline Program, applicants must meet specific income criteria or participate in certain government assistance programs. What is the ACP Program? The ACP Program is a federal telecom assistance initiative that focuses on providing veterans with access to digital resources, connectivity services, and support for transitioning to civilian life. Through this invaluable program, veterans are equipped with the tools necessary to navigate the ever-evolving digital landscape and stay connected with crucial information and opportunities. Empowering them with free or subsidized internet services, devices, and training, the ACP Program not only enhances their digital literacy but also ensures they remain connected to vital services, job opportunities, and educational resources. The program offers personalized assistance, technical support, and strategic guidance to help veterans leverage technology effectively in their personal and professional lives. Frequently Asked Questions What is digital equity and why is it important? Digital equity refers to ensuring that everyone has access to the same opportunities and resources in the digital world. It is important because it helps bridge the digital divide and provides equal opportunities for education, employment, and civic engagement. How does student Wi-Fi solutions help in promoting digital equity? Student Wi-Fi solutions provide students with access to reliable and affordable internet connection, which is essential for accessing educational resources and participating in online learning. By providing accessible Wi-Fi solutions, digital equity is promoted as students from all backgrounds have equal access to online resources. Who is eligible for federal telecom assistance for student Wi-Fi solutions? Unity Wireless offers federal telecom assistance for student Wi-Fi solutions to Pell Grant recipients, Medicaid beneficiaries, SNAP participants, veterans, and SSI recipients. These programs include benefits like Lifeline and the ACP Program. What is the Lifeline program and how does it benefit students? The Lifeline program is a federal program that provides discounted phone and internet services for low-income individuals. It can benefit students by providing them with affordable internet connection, making it easier for them to access educational resources and participate in online learning. How does Unity Wireless facilitate federal telecom assistance for student Wi-Fi solutions? Unity Wireless partners with various federal programs to provide discounted internet services for students in need. They also offer a range of plans and options to fit the specific needs of each student, making it easier for them to access the internet and promote digital equity. Are there any other ways to promote digital equity besides accessible student Wi-Fi solutions? Yes, there are other ways to promote digital equity, such as providing access to computers and devices, digital literacy training, and promoting affordable internet access for all. These efforts, combined with accessible student Wi-Fi solutions, can help bridge the digital divide and promote digital equity for all.
Construction of several dams for an irrigation diversion had raised the water level by 8 ft, creating a sediment trap and a fish barrier. Riverbend Engineering conducted topographic and stream morphology surveys for the Upper Pecos Watershed Association (UPWA), and proposed a design for the active river channel that would be morphologically stable. The irrigation diversion intake was relocated upstream, reconstructed with large boulders and a sediment sluice was added to the headbox. A series of smaller grade control structures allow for a flatter overall river profile, restoring fish passage and improving sediment transport continuity. Read about Upper Pecos Watershed Association UPWA web site. Article in The Santa Fe New Mexican 7-14-2014
Application of neural network for exchange-correlation functional interpolation Density functional theory (DFT) is one of the primary approaches to get a solution to the many-body Schrodinger equation. The essential part of the DFT theory is the exchange-correlation (XC) functional, which can not be obtained in analytical form. Accordingly, the accuracy improvement of the DFT is mainly based on the development of XC functional approximations. Commonly, they are built upon analytic solutions in low- and high-density limits and result from quantum Monte Carlo or post-Hartree-Fock numerical calculations. However, there is no universal functional form to incorporate these data into XC functional. Various parameterizations use heuristic rules to build a specific XC functional. The neural network (NN) approach to interpolate the data from higher precision theories can give a unified path to parametrize an XC functional. Moreover, data from many existing quantum chemical databases could provide the XC functional with improved accuracy. In this work, we develop NN XC functional, which gives both exchange potential and exchange energy density. Proposed NN architecture consists of two parts NN-E and NN-V, which could be trained in separate ways, which adds additional flexibility. We also show the suitability of the developed NN XC functional in the self-consistent cycle when applied to atoms, molecules, and crystals. I Introduction Since its emergence, density functional theory (DFT) [1, 2] serves as one of the primary methods of solving the many-body Schrodinger equation. The main theoretical bottleneck in DFT theory is the unknown form of the exchange-correlation (XC) functional. Therefore, the progress in developing more accurate XC functionals reveals more possibilities for using DFT in cases where high accuracy of quantum-mechanical calculations is required. Information for constructing XC functionals is taken from numerical calculations using quantum Monte Carlo or post-Hartree-Fock [3, 4]. The influential Monte Carlo (MC) simulations of the uniform electron gas (UEG) by Ceperley and Adler [3] led to the creation a number of practical local density approximations (LDAs) [5, 6, 7]. The next big success in reaching better accuracy was achieved by the generalized gradient approximation (GGA), which takes into consideration local gradients of electron density [8, 9, 10]. This improvement sufficiently increased the capability of DFT to characterize systems with inhomogeneous electron densities. Calculations made by post-Hartree-Fock methods were also used to improve the quality of the XC functionals for molecular systems [4, 11]. The search for advanced XC functional is ongoing, and still a very active direction of research [12, 13, 14, 15]. Regardless of the evident triumph of the LDA and GGA, their development is a highly complex procedure that involves many heuristics stages. The XC functional's form is generally specified by physical insights (the local nature of the interaction, perturbation approach, analytical solutions in extreme cases, etc.), and a set of adjustable parameters [7, 10]. Such inflexible functional form makes it difficult to integrate more numerical results from modern quantum MC [16, 17] and post-Hartree-Fock calculations [18], which could lead to increased XC functional accuracy. Therefore it may be fruitful to use an adaptive XC functional form that, on the one hand, facilitates the incorporation of numerical calculations and, on the other hand, enable to include the physical insights into it. One perspective candidate for the flexible XC functional form is the neural network (NN), which provides a universal approach to approximate any functional relationship [19]. Analytical information could be also included in the NN as a synthetically generated part of the data set. NN was first utilized as a functional form for XC potential by Tozer et al. [20]. After that, several studies have been addressed the possibility of using NN to approximate XC functionals form [21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26]. Work by Nagai and co-authors [22] is especially worthy of note. They presented the first working NN XC functional, which gives better accuracy than traditional ones. Despite significant advances in the development of XC functionals based on NNs, a wide range of issues remain. Namely, how to relate the exchange-correlation energy density () and the exchange-correlation potential (XC potential, )? In the analytical description, such connection is provided by a standard differentiation, which is sometimes tedious but straightforward. But when new features are included in the NN, for example, the logarithm of density (standard feature scaling procedure), it is not clear how to incorporate them into the connection between XC potential and corresponding energy density. It is also essential to find a way to include physical insight into XC functionals, such as asymptotic analytical solutions and conservation laws. Another issue is an optimal NN architecture and feature selection for presenting XC functional. So far, no detailed comparison has been made of various NN architectures on the same training data. We focus on constructing NN XC functionals that output both and . The developed NN consists of two parts: one part is used to evaluate (NN-E), and another approximates (NN-V). They connected in such a way that the output of NN-E is one of the input features for NN-V (see fig. 1). The train/test data set was obtained from the DFT calculation of crystalline silicon, benzene, and ammonia with PBE XC functional [10, 27]. After XC NN training, we implemented it into existing DFT code [28, 29, 30] and conducted self-consistent cycle calculations of train/test systems and in addition with atoms and molecules from IP13/03. The mean relative error of total and XC energies on training/test samples is on the order of . The same errors on crystals and molecules that were not used to train XC NN increased by the order magnitude but were still small, around . Such a small relative error indicates that the proposed architecture could be successfully used for XC functional form representation. The key feature of the proposed NN architecture is that the weights of NN-V are pre-trained on mapping and fixed during learning on new training data. It allows being sure that the output of NN-E is indeed the , because the relation between and is preserved. It is also should be noted that the boundary conditions are included by using extra datasets.They are synthetically generated to fulfill given boundary conditions. In our case it was just given that electron density () is vanishing, and given that gradient modulus squared of electron density () is also approaching zero. This paper is outlined as follows: In methods section, we describe the data generation process, NN topology, features and hyperparameters. In the results section, we first show the results of NN training, features distributions, and evaluated metrics; in the following, we demonstrate NN XC's application in DFT calculations on atoms and molecules that were not in the dataset. In conclusion section, we summarize our results and suggest following research steps that could be done with the developed NN XC pipeline, with a particular emphasis on integrating data from high-level methods such as quantum MC and post-HF calculation. II Methods The proposed neural network architecture consists of two parts: the NN-E and the NN-V. The NN-E serves to obtain the , and the NN-V allows calculating of the from the corresponding energy using the output of NN-E. Only the spin unpolarized case is considered. The NN-E input parameters are electron density and the square of the electron density gradient (1). We use base-10 logarithmic transformation for preprocessing input features of NN-E. The input features for the NN-V are , , (1), (2) and Laplacian of the electron density ; (1) \| \|\|\|\| (2) \| All NN-V features except are converted to zero mean and unit variance (see. fig 1). At the first stage of training, only the NN-V is trained. In this case, the energy that is supplied to the input to the NN-V is obtained using the libxc [31] package. The first stage aims to teach mapping between the and the corresponding potential, and the known in advance is used. In this case the following loss function is applied: (3) \| At the second stage, the NN-V weights are frozen, and only NN-E part is trained, but loss depends on the output of NN-V (). The second stage aims to train the neural network to map electron density, and . Simultaneously, the frozen NN-V provides the correct connection between and . At this stage we additionally include boundary condition in the loss function: (4) \| The first boundary condition is based on the fact that tends to zero at zero density with any input . The second boundary condition follows from the fact that with zero and any density leads to the corresponding energy for the case of the local density approximation. To obtain the training data, we carry out DFT calculations [1, 2] of silicon, benzene, and ammonia. We perform the calculations in real space using the Octopus code [28, 29, 30]. The XC functionals used include the exchange and correlation parts from [10, 27]. The total number of the calculations is 10 for each chemical substance. Atomic configurations in these calculations are differed by applied strain . Grid spacing in the range from zero to 10 is used. This corresponds to mesh for silicon and benzene, and mesh for ammonia. The mesh size for ammonia is a little bit larger due to technical issues related to non-periodic boundary conditions. For avoiding gradient inconsistency in the boundaries we use cropping. We remove data points lying at a distance of 4 (due to numerical scheme of differentiation) or less from the boundaries of the parallelepiped. Finally, the dataset size was approximately 5.2 million samples. The Pytorch framework [32] is utilized for training the neural network. We use the Adam algorithm for training with a learning rate descending from 0.001 by 25 percent every 20 epoch, and mean square error (MSE) loss. The batch size selected for training is 5000. The neural architecture used for the NN-E is a fully connected network with two input neurons, one linear output neuron, and four exponential linear units (ELU) [33] hidden layers with 100 neurons. NN-V has the same architecture except that the number of input neurons increased to 5. To implement boundary conditions (4) we also included two additional batches in each training step. The first one consists of zero electron density and non-zero gradients with corresponding zero . The second one contains non-zero electron density and zero gradients with corresponding . III Results III.1 Training of Neural Network Training curves for NN-V and NN-E are presented in Fig. 2. Jumps on the training curves are related with adjustable learning rate used for optimization algorithm. The loss reaches a plateau after 300000 batches for NN-V and 200000 batches for NN-E correspondingly. Each batch consisted of 32 sample. The final loss achieved values of about in both cases. The distributions of input features are presented in fig 3. In addition, the distributions of the Wigner-Seitz radius (, where is electron density) and the dimensionless gradient s () are presented. Individual distributions of substances included in the training dataset are normalized to the total number of elements in the entire training dataset. They are not uniform due to real systems used in training procedure. Analysis of such distributions is important to determine the limits of NN XC functional applicability, i.e. to detect cases where NN XC functional will certainly fail due to absence of such data in the training data set. This is especially important for case of heavy atoms in which core electron density could have large derivatives. Benzene \| \|\|\|\| Silicon \| \|\|\|\| Ammonia \| The training of NN was performed on benzene, silicon and ammonia. For each substance ten calculation was performed. In each calculation the system was stretched or compressed in range of of lattice constant to obtain electron densities in a wider range. error, % \| error, % \| \| Cl \| 0.010 \| 0.035 \| 0.001 \| 0.035 \| \| 0.646 \| 2.482 \| \| 0.011 \| 0.023 \| \| 0.023 \| 0.040 \| \| Si \| 0.003 \| 0.253 \| The resulting MSE (mean square error) and MAE (mean average error) on training data set is presented in the table 1. Minimum MAE of is obtained on benzene, maximum MAE is achieved on silicon. You can see in Figure 3 that the distributions of silicon are significantly different from the overall distributions of the training dataset. We think that it is the explanation of such a high error on the training silicon subsample. III.2 Testing of Neural Network We selected IP13/03 dataset for testing proposed NN XC functional. All calculations are performed in parallelepiped with a mesh, which corresponds to a spacing of . We incorporate the developed NN XC functional into Octopus code and perform self-consistent cycle calculations. All calculations are converged, and relative total and xc energies errors are calculated. As a reference, we take PBE functional that was used for training of NN. Results are presented in the table 2. One can see that the highest error is achieved for oxygen. The reasons for the error on oxygen were analyzed. It turned out that the main reason for such a discrepancy on some substances, including oxygen, is the intermediate densities occurred in the process of a self-consistent cycle that the neural network did not see during the training process. The problem is that such densities can be arbitrarily large. The distributions of maximum electron densities in some cases are presented in Fig. 5 together with the training distribution. Analytical exchange-correlation functional contains asymptotics at infinity, which make it possible to correctly process such cases. However, during our training cycle, only boundary conditions at zero were used, but asymptotics at infinity were not used. This important fact describes obtained discrepancy and gives hope for the further development and improvement of neural network exchange-correlation functionals by including such asymptotics. We also performed the in-plane analysis of absolute error of and on a benzene molecule (see Fig. 4). The maximum absolute errors are achieved in regions near carbon ions. We attribute this error to the high value of gradients and abrupt changes of electron density. Enhancement factor obtained from NN-E prediction was tested. It compared with corresponding obtained from prediction of analytical exchange-correlation functional (PBE) by libxc (See Fig. 6). There is a high similarity between the enhancement factors at densities that closely match the most frequent densities in the training set ( = 2). We observe slightly less similarity at . This can be explained by the decrease in the number of elements with such a density in the training set. In the limiting cases of high and low densities, a significant discrepancy is observed. In the case of high density (small ), this is explained by the absence of asymptotic at infinity. Despite the presence of asymptotic at zero densities in the process of training a neural network, the obtained result shows that this asymptotic may not be enough for the obtaining good enhancement factor. IV Discussion and Conclusion Low error on the validation data set indicates that the developed approach to the architecture of the XC functional interpolates well the existing XC functionals and has the high generalizing ability. Furthermore, in the framework of the proposed architecture, one can train NN-E and NN-V separately, making it flexible to use. The basic strategy to create working functional in the framework of the proposed architecture would be initially to train the NN-V part on a specific type of existing XC functional such as LDA, GGA, or meta-GGA, using various types of input features. Then the NN-E part of the neural network is trained on the data obtained by accurate post-Hartree-Fock or quantum Monte Carlo methods. The main advantage of the NN approach in comparison with other interpolation techniques for XC functionals is its flexibility to incorporate exchange-correlation data from different sources, such as post-Hartree-Fock and quantum Monte Carlo. It is possible that application of the NN to interpolate high-level XC quantum data could eliminate many heuristics used in the traditional construction of XC functionals. - Hohenberg and Kohn [1964] P. Hohenberg and W. Kohn, Inhomogeneous electron gas, Physical review 136, B864 (1964). - Kohn and Sham [1965] W. Kohn and L. J. 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Lani, S. Di Marino, A. Gerolin, R. van Leeuwen, and P. Gori-Giorgi, The adiabatic strictly-correlated-electrons functional: kernel and exact properties, Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics 18, 21092 (2016). - Maier et al. [2016] T. M. Maier, M. Haasler, A. V. Arbuznikov, and M. Kaupp, New approaches for the calibration of exchange-energy densities in local hybrid functionals, Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics 18, 21133 (2016). - Mori-Sánchez and Cohen [2014] P. Mori-Sánchez and A. J. Cohen, The derivative discontinuity of the exchange–correlation functional, Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics 16, 14378 (2014). - Mori-Sánchez and Cohen [2018] P. Mori-Sánchez and A. J. Cohen, Exact density functional obtained via the levy constrained search, The journal of physical chemistry letters 9, 4910 (2018). - Needs et al. [2009] R. Needs, M. Towler, N. Drummond, and P. L. 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Tsuneyuki, Neural-network kohn-sham exchange-correlation potential and its out-of-training transferability, The Journal of chemical physics 148, 241737 (2018). - Nagai et al. [2020] R. Nagai, R. Akashi, and O. Sugino, Completing density functional theory by machine learning hidden messages from molecules, npj Computational Materials 6, 1 (2020). - Lei and Medford [2019] X. Lei and A. J. Medford, Design and analysis of machine learning exchange-correlation functionals via rotationally invariant convolutional descriptors, Physical Review Materials 3, 063801 (2019). - Ramos and Pavanello [2019] P. Ramos and M. Pavanello, Static correlation density functional theory, arXiv preprint arXiv:1906.06661 (2019). - Ryabov et al. [2020] A. Ryabov, I. Akhatov, and P. Zhilyaev, Neural network interpolation of exchange-correlation functional, Scientific reports 10, 1 (2020). - Li et al. [2021] L. Li, S. Hoyer, R. Pederson, R. Sun, E. D. Cubuk, P. Riley, K. Burke, et al., Kohn-sham equations as regularizer: Building prior knowledge into machine-learned physics, Physical Review Letters 126, 036401 (2021). - Perdew et al. [1997] J. P. Perdew, K. Burke, and M. Ernzerhof, Generalized gradient approximation made simple [phys. rev. lett. 77, 3865 (1996)], Phys. Rev. Lett. 78, 1396 (1997). - Andrade et al. [2015] X. Andrade, D. Strubbe, U. De Giovannini, A. H. Larsen, M. J. Oliveira, J. Alberdi-Rodriguez, A. Varas, I. Theophilou, N. Helbig, M. J. Verstraete, et al., Real-space grids and the octopus code as tools for the development of new simulation approaches for electronic systems, Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics 17, 31371 (2015). - Andrade et al. [2012] X. Andrade, J. Alberdi-Rodriguez, D. A. Strubbe, M. J. Oliveira, F. Nogueira, A. Castro, J. Muguerza, A. Arruabarrena, S. G. Louie, A. Aspuru-Guzik, et al., Time-dependent density-functional theory in massively parallel computer architectures: the octopus project, Journal of Physics: Condensed Matter 24, 233202 (2012). - Andrade and Aspuru-Guzik [2013] X. Andrade and A. Aspuru-Guzik, Real-space density functional theory on graphical processing units: computational approach and comparison to gaussian basis set methods, Journal of chemical theory and computation 9, 4360 (2013). - Lehtola et al. [2018] S. Lehtola, C. Steigemann, M. J. Oliveira, and M. A. Marques, Recent developments in libxc—a comprehensive library of functionals for density functional theory, SoftwareX 7, 1 (2018). - Paszke et al. [2019] A. Paszke, S. Gross, F. Massa, A. Lerer, J. Bradbury, G. Chanan, T. Killeen, Z. Lin, N. Gimelshein, L. Antiga, A. Desmaison, A. Kopf, E. Yang, Z. DeVito, M. Raison, A. Tejani, S. Chilamkurthy, B. Steiner, L. Fang, J. Bai, and S. Chintala, Pytorch: An imperative style, high-performance deep learning library, in Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems 32, edited by H. Wallach, H. Larochelle, A. Beygelzimer, F. d'Alché-Buc, E. Fox, and R. Garnett (Curran Associates, Inc., 2019) pp. 8024–8035. - Clevert et al. [2016] D.-A. Clevert, T. Unterthiner, and S. Hochreiter, Fast and accurate deep network learning by exponential linear units (elus) (2016), arXiv:1511.07289 [cs.LG] .
- North Sea Cycle Route The North Sea Cycle Route is a 6000 km cycle route through England, Scotland, Norway, Sweden, Denmark, Germany, The Netherlands and Belgium. It is also known as EuroVelo route 12 (EV12). The cycle route was officially opened in 2001, and is an international project between the countries participating, making 68 partners in 8 countries. In 2003, the route was awarded a Guinness record certificate confirming that the North Sea Cycle Route is the world's longest cycle route. In 2008, journalist Bernie Friend had a book published about the route, Cycling Back to Happiness - Adventure on the North Sea Cycle Route, which follows his attempts to overcome a travel anxiety on the 6,000km coastal cycle path. The English section of the route starts at the Port of Harwich at Parkeston. The signposted North Sea Cycle route meets National Cycle Route 51 in a park to the south of Dovercourt station. The North Sea Cycle route is then signposted with National Cycle Route 51 south-east to Colchester where it picks up National Cycle Route 1, although cyclists could also take the National Cycle Route 51 in the other direction to Harwich, then take a (seasonal) foot ferry north using NCR 51 to Felixstowe and then either head directly for the NCR 1 using Regional Cycle Route 41 to Woodbridge or take a more scenic route using RCR 41 up the Suffolk coast and join NCR 1 near Saxmundham. Once on NCR 1, this route takes you all the way to the Scottish border and up to the Shetland Islands. The entire route is using National Cycle Route 1. Due to the closure of the Smyril Line ferry (Shetland Islands to Norway) service getting from Orkney to Norway can be problematic. There are two weekly flights from Sumburgh Airport to Bergen.[1] The Norwegian part starts in Bergen, and exits to Sweden at Svinesund. The route follows the southern coastline, and is approx 1000 kilometers long. Along the route several towns are visited, among them Haugesund, Stavanger, Kristiansand, Arendal, Larvik, Sandefjord, Tønsberg, Fredrikstad and Sarpsborg. The whole route is marked with a sign that reads 1, as it shares it route with the Norwegian national cycle route no 1. The Danish section starts at the German border on the west coast following national route 1 all the way north to Skagen. From Skagen (NE tip of Denmark) it continues south to Grenaa following national route 5. From Grenaa you can take the ferry to Sweden and continue the route in the Swedish section. The Netherlands The Netherlands part starts in Sluis, and exits to Germany at Nieuweschans. The route follows the entire stretch of coastline, and is approx 450 kilometers long. The whole is route is split into two national routes, i.e., the LF1 (Noordzeeroute) and LF10 (Waddenzeeroute). The LF1 starts from Sluis to Den Helder. With a perfect sun and beach just what you need while biking, this route shows the Dutch part of the LF1. The unruffled waters of the sea, happily waving beach grass and sand crunching under your tires: LF1 is to experience the Dutch coast unrivaled. To start the route in Den Helder and cycle through long strips of dunes and seaside fishing villages to major cities such as Haarlem and Middelburg. Definitely fun to bike over the massive Sea Barrage and kilometers of dams, including the world famous storm surge. And thanks to many tourist places along the way, accommodations are available for every taste. This makes an ideal route for an overnight trip or cycling. The LF10 starts from de Noordzeekust and ends in Nieuweschans. This route shows you the Groningen and Frisian coast at its best. The salty, fresh wind on your back and gaze at the endless green pastures cycling along vanished villages, congested inland seas, hidden, stinzen, mounds and basalt dikes. Highlights include the former island of Wieringen in North Holland, part of the route, Lauwersmeer National Park. The route also passes over all ports with ferry connections to the Dutch Wadden Sea. A little "island hopping" to Vlieland and Schiermonnikoog is easily possible. External links Categories:- Cycleways - Cycle paths in Schleswig-Holstein - Norway–Scotland relations - Cycling stubs Wikimedia Foundation. 2010.
It is crucial for the student to choose a CFI whose teaching style coincides with the learning style of the student because the quality of instruction and the knowledge and skills learned from the outset will follow a student's pilot's entire flying career. In a previous article, Air Power, Inc. provided helpful direction on how to choose a flight training center or flight school. Whether an individual chooses a flight school operating under 14 CFR part 141 or 61, that individual must still choose a CFI. The level of individual quality received in ground and flight training is received personally from the CFI. The CFI ultimately assumes all responsibility for training an individual to meet all of the practical test standards (PTS) necessary to pass knowledge, oral, and practical exams (as applicable) in order to gain the desired certificate. It is important to remember that the student chooses the CFI, not the other way around. Some flight schools may automatically assign you a CFI, but ultimately, the decision of which CFI to work with lies with the student. The CFI not only must understand the learning process, but also understand and have a firm grasp on the fundamentals of teaching in order to be able to effectively guide the instruction of the student pilot. The CFI is crucial on providing the student pilot with the scenario-based training that the FAA requires. According to The Pilot's Handbook of Aeronautical Knowledge, the responsibilities of the CFI are to: - Orient the student to the scenario-based training system - Help the student become a confident planner and inflight manager of each flight and a critical evaluator of their own performance - Help the student understand the knowledge requirements present in real world applications - Diagnose learning difficulties and help the student overcome them - Evaluate student progress and maintain appropriate records - Provide continuous review of student learning Find the Aircraft Part You Need at Air Power, Inc. Today Looking for aircraft parts with the best prices on the market? Look no further than Air Power Inc.! We offer a wide selection of top-quality airplane engines and engine parts from the world's top manufacturers, including Hartzell Engine Technologies and Tempest of all types. Shop All Engine Parts The student should become as familiar as possible with both the scenario-based training and ground instruction required to gain a specific certificate in order to maximize the effectiveness of the instruction received, and to ensure that the CFI is training in a manner that is efficient. As the student gains more experience, the CFI will hand over more responsibilities of the operation of the aircraft to the student. There should be a steady and measurable growth visible after each flight lesson. A student should not walk away from a single flight lesson feeling as if they did not improve a technique, take on a new responsibility, or diagnose a difficulty. Any flight lesson that ends without growth is simply a waste of time and money for the student. Unfortunately, not every student will mesh well with the first CFI they choose to work with, or secondary CFI's who might assist the student's primary CFI. This could be due to clashing work schedules, differences in personality, differences in learning or teaching styles, etc. If the student finds themselves in any of these scenarios, it is important to find another CFI immediately. It is crucial for the student to choose a CFI whose teaching style coincides with the learning style of the student because the quality of instruction and the knowledge and skills learned from the outset will follow a student's pilot's entire flying career. By Engine Sales Representative, Joshua Denton Shop the Best Small Airplane Engines at Air Power, Inc. When it's time to upgrade or purchase your first aircraft engine, turn to Air Power, Inc. We take pride in our extensive range of small airplane engines with the best prices. At Air Power Inc., you can have it all – the best airplane engines crafted by renowned manufacturers at prices that won't strain your budget. Get ready to elevate your aviation experience with an engine that excels in quality and affordability. Choose Air Power Inc. as your trusted partner in finding the best small airplane engines available. Shop Top-Rated Aircraft Engines Today Understanding the Aircraft Spark Plug - When it comes to the intricate machinery of aircraft engines, even the smallest components play a crucial role. A Pilot's Guide to Pre-Flight Checks - This guide provides an in-depth exploration of the nuances and intricacies of pre-flight inspections, empowering you to perform them with absolute confidence. Pilot Certifications Part 1: Sport Pilot Certificate - Each type of pilot certificate has different eligibility, training, experience, and testing requirements. Find What You Need at Air Power Inc.! Questions? Our team is ready to assist you anytime. Your aviation success starts at Air Power!
Does expertise determine validity? Does expertise determine validity? Expertise doesn't inherently determine the validity of a claim, but it does establish a basis of informed opinion within a specific field. According to Bill James, expertise often bases its validity on credentialism and the acceptance of certain principles without solid verification from succeeding generations. He highlights the problem with relying solely on expertise when the field is not critically appraised or challenged, leading to the perpetuation of misconceptions 1. Additionally, Sam Harris emphasizes that while expertise is crucial for dealing with specialized knowledge, particularly in critical or emergency situations, it is not infallible. Experts can be wrong, and sometimes, significant advancements in knowledge come from challenging established expert consensus. Harris holds that real expertise is necessary for reliable information, but it should also be open to scrutiny and verification 2. In summary, while expertise provides necessary insights and is essential in many contexts, it does not guarantee the ultimate validity of a claim. Critical evaluation and continuous questioning are vital, even within realms of expertise.
Understanding Tafluprost Eye Drops Price – Factors, Comparisons, Savings, and Reviews Overview of Tafluprost Eye Drops Price Tafluprost eye drops are a medication used to reduce intraocular pressure in patients with open-angle glaucoma or ocular hypertension. The cost of Tafluprost eye drops can vary depending on various factors, including the brand, dosage strength, and the pharmacy where you purchase them. On average, a 2.5ml bottle of Tafluprost eye drops can cost between $100 to $150 without insurance. It is important to note that the price of Tafluprost eye drops may be higher in some regions or countries due to different healthcare systems and availability. Patients should consult with their healthcare provider or pharmacist to determine the most affordable option for their specific situation. For more information on the price of Tafluprost eye drops, you can visit the official website of the manufacturer or reputable online pharmacies that offer pricing information on prescription medications. Factors influencing the cost of Tafluprost eye drops When considering the price of Tafluprost eye drops, several factors can influence the overall cost. Understanding these factors can help patients make informed decisions about their treatment and budget accordingly. 1. Brand Reputation: The reputation of the brand manufacturing the Tafluprost eye drops can impact the price. Established brands with a strong reputation for quality and effectiveness may charge a premium for their products. 2. Dosage Strength: The concentration of Tafluprost in the eye drops can affect the cost. Higher dosage strengths may be more expensive due to the increased amount of active ingredient in each drop. 3. Packaging Size: The size of the packaging, such as the number of vials or bottles in a pack, can influence the price. Larger packs may offer a better value per dose compared to smaller packs. 4. Prescription Coverage: The availability of insurance coverage or discounts for Tafluprost eye drops can significantly impact the out-of-pocket cost for patients. Checking with insurance providers or seeking assistance programs can help reduce expenses. 5. Geographic Location: The cost of Tafluprost eye drops can vary depending on the region or country where they are purchased. Factors such as supply chain logistics, import duties, and local taxes can contribute to price discrepancies. 6. Promotional Offers: Manufacturers or pharmacies may offer promotional discounts, rebates, or coupons for Tafluprost eye drops, which can help offset the cost for patients. Keeping an eye out for these offers can lead to savings. By considering these factors influencing the cost of Tafluprost eye drops, patients can make informed decisions about their treatment and explore ways to save money on this essential medication. Comparison of Tafluprost Eye Drops with Other Brands When it comes to choosing the right eye drops for treating glaucoma or ocular hypertension, it's important to compare different brands to find the most effective and cost-efficient option. Tafluprost is a popular choice for many patients, but how does it stack up against other brands like Lumify and Zymar? Let's take a closer look at the comparison: Lumify is an over-the-counter eye drop that is marketed as a solution for redness relief. While Lumify can provide quick relief for red eyes, it is not specifically designed to treat glaucoma or lower intraocular pressure. Therefore, if you are looking for an eye drop specifically for glaucoma treatment, Tafluprost may be a better option for you. Zymar is a prescription eye drop that is commonly used to treat bacterial eye infections. It is not intended for glaucoma treatment or ocular hypertension. If you are prescribed Tafluprost for your condition, it is important to follow your doctor's instructions and not substitute it with Zymar. When comparing Tafluprost with other eye drop brands, it's essential to consider the specific condition you are treating and the intended use of the eye drops. While Lumify and Zymar have their own benefits for certain eye conditions, Tafluprost is specifically formulated for glaucoma and ocular hypertension. For more information on the effectiveness and safety of Tafluprost compared to other eye drop brands, consult with your healthcare provider or ophthalmologist. How to Save Money on Tafluprost Eye Drops When it comes to managing the cost of Tafluprost eye drops, there are several strategies you can employ to save money while still ensuring you get the treatment you need. Here are some tips to consider: 1. Check for Discounts and Coupons Many pharmaceutical companies offer discounts, rebates, or coupons for prescription medications, including Tafluprost eye drops. Check the manufacturer's website or ask your healthcare provider if there are any available savings programs you can take advantage of. 2. Look for Generic Alternatives Generic versions of Tafluprost eye drops may be available at a lower cost than the brand-name medication. Talk to your doctor or pharmacist about whether a generic alternative is suitable for your condition. 3. Utilize Prescription Assistance Programs Some drug manufacturers offer patient assistance programs for individuals who have trouble affording their medications. These programs may provide Tafluprost eye drops at a reduced cost or even for free. Visit needymeds.org or rxassist.org for more information on prescription assistance programs. 4. Compare Prices at Different Pharmacies Prices for prescription medications can vary greatly between different pharmacies. Take the time to compare prices at local pharmacies, including independent pharmacies and online retailers, to find the best deal on Tafluprost eye drops. 5. Consider Buying in Bulk If your healthcare provider prescribes Tafluprost eye drops for long-term use, purchasing a larger supply at once may result in cost savings. Check with your insurance provider to see if they offer discounts for buying medications in bulk. 6. Look for Prescription Savings Apps There are several apps and websites that can help you find discounts and coupons for prescription medications, including Tafluprost eye drops. Consider downloading apps like GoodRx or RxSaver to see if you can save money on your medication purchases. By utilizing these tips and strategies, you can effectively manage the cost of Tafluprost eye drops and ensure that you have access to the treatment you need for your eye condition. Tips for Using Tafluprost Eye Drops Effectively When using Tafluprost eye drops, it is essential to follow the instructions provided by your healthcare provider or pharmacist. Here are some tips to ensure you are using Tafluprost eye drops effectively: - Wash your hands: Before administering the eye drops, make sure to wash your hands thoroughly with soap and water to prevent contamination of the dropper tip. - Remove contact lenses: If you wear contact lenses, remove them before using Tafluprost eye drops. Wait at least 15 minutes before reinserting your lenses. - Tilt your head back: When instilling the eye drops, tilt your head back and look up. Gently pull down your lower eyelid to create a small pocket for the drops. - Administer the drops: Hold the dropper close to your eye but avoid touching it. Squeeze the prescribed number of drops into the eye pocket. Close your eyes and gently press on the inner corner of your eye for at least one minute to prevent the drops from draining out. - Avoid blinking: Try to avoid blinking immediately after administering the drops to allow the medication to spread evenly across the surface of your eye. - Wait before applying other eye medications: If you use other eye medications, wait at least five minutes before applying them after using Tafluprost eye drops. - Storage: Store Tafluprost eye drops at room temperature away from light and moisture. Do not freeze the medication. Following these tips can help you maximize the effectiveness of Tafluprost eye drops and ensure that you are using them safely and appropriately. If you have any questions or concerns about using Tafluprost eye drops, consult your healthcare provider for guidance. Potential side effects and risks associated with Tafluprost eye drops While Tafluprost eye drops are generally considered safe and effective for the treatment of glaucoma and ocular hypertension, like any medication, they can have potential side effects and risks. It is important for patients to be aware of these potential issues before starting treatment with Tafluprost eye drops. Common side effects - Redness or irritation of the eyes - Burning or stinging sensation upon application - Discoloration of the iris - Increased eyelash growth These side effects are generally mild and tend to go away as the body adjusts to the medication. However, if they persist or become bothersome, patients should consult their healthcare provider. Less common side effects - Dry eyes - Eyelid swelling - Blurred vision - Allergic reactions such as itching, rash, or swelling If any of these less common side effects occur, patients should seek medical attention immediately. While rare, there are some potential risks associated with the use of Tafluprost eye drops, including: - Increased pigmentation of the eyelids or skin around the eyes - Worsening of pre-existing eye conditions such as macular edema - Changes in eyelashes, including length, thickness, and number - Changes in iris color, especially in patients with brown eyes Patients should discuss any concerns or questions about potential risks with their healthcare provider before starting treatment with Tafluprost eye drops. It is essential for patients to use Tafluprost eye drops as prescribed and to follow the instructions provided by their healthcare provider to minimize the risk of side effects and complications. Patient Testimonials and Reviews on the Effectiveness of Tafluprost Eye Drops Real-life experiences of patients who have used Tafluprost eye drops provide valuable insights into the effectiveness and satisfaction level with this medication. Here are some testimonials and reviews: - John D.: "I have been using Tafluprost eye drops for six months now, and I must say that my eye pressure has been significantly reduced. I feel more comfortable and my vision has improved." - Emily S.: "After trying various eye drops for my glaucoma, Tafluprost was recommended by my ophthalmologist. I noticed a difference within a few weeks of using it. The irritation in my eyes has reduced, and I no longer have to use multiple drops throughout the day." - David M.: "I was skeptical about switching to Tafluprost eye drops, but I am glad I did. The once-a-day dosage is convenient, and I have noticed a significant improvement in my eye health." Survey Results on Tafluprost Eye Drops A recent survey conducted among patients using Tafluprost eye drops revealed the following results: Parameter \| Percentage of Patients \| Overall Satisfaction \| 95% \| Improvement in Eye Pressure \| 87% \| Reduction in Eye Irritation \| 91% \| Frequency of Administration \| 92% \| The survey results indicate high levels of satisfaction and effectiveness among patients using Tafluprost eye drops. The majority of respondents reported positive outcomes in terms of eye pressure reduction, decreased irritation, and convenience of administration. It is essential for individuals considering Tafluprost eye drops to consult their healthcare provider for personalized advice and guidance based on their specific eye condition and medical history. These testimonials and survey results offer valuable insights into the real-life experiences of patients using Tafluprost eye drops. Category: Eye care
Fill one form and get quotes for cable assemblies from multiple manufacturers What is Wi-Fi 8? What are its specifications? When will it be released? Wi-Fi 8 is the next generation of Wi-Fi and a successor to the IEEE 802.11be (Wi-Fi 7) standard. In line with all previous Wi-Fi standards, Wi-Fi 8 will aim to improve wireless performance in general along with introducing new and innovative features to further advance Wi-Fi technology. It will likely offer faster speeds, lower latency, and better performance than previous versions of Wi-Fi. There are no official details or specifications for Wi-Fi 8 at the moment, however there is a lot speculation on what new features this standard will support. Some of the technical details for Wi-Fi 8 are expected to be finalized by 2024. Over the course of its evolution, Wi-Fi standards have played a critical role in providing seamless wireless connectivity within indoor and office environments. Despite its success, however, these standards have proven inadequate when it comes to meeting the demanding requirements of modern industries, including Industry 4.0 and Industrial IoT. The upcoming Wi-Fi 8 standard is poised to address these needs with a special emphasis on the unique challenges posed by industrial applications. Wi-Fi 8 is expected to offer a range of powerful new features and capabilities designed to provide high-reliability, ultra-low latency, and support for extremely high node density. Some of the major features we can expect from Wi-Fi 8 include: Multiple Access Point (AP) Coordination and Transmission Multiple Access Point (AP) coordination and transmission in Wi-Fi refers to the management of multiple access points in a wireless network to avoid interference and ensure efficient communication between the client devices and the network. When multiple access points are deployed in a network – for instance in buildings and office complexes – they operate on the same radio frequency, which can cause interference and degrade the network performance. To mitigate this issue, access points can be configured to coordinate their transmissions and avoid overlapping channels. Access points can use different coordination techniques to ensure that their transmissions do not interfere with each other, such as: Millimeter Wave Links mmWave can improve Wi-Fi 8 by providing access to a larger spectrum of frequencies, allowing for higher bandwidth and data rates. By using mmWave, Wi-Fi 8 can support data rates of up to 100 Gbps, making it ideal for high-bandwidth applications such as 4K and 8K video streaming, as well as low-latency applications such as virtual and augmented reality. Moreover, mmWave technology can improve Wi-Fi 8's performance in environments with high node density, such as stadiums and concert halls. By utilizing beamforming and other advanced techniques, Wi-Fi 8 can provide better coverage and reduce interference between devices. According to a Project Authorization Request (PAR) document, it is indicative that UHR technology will be capable of supporting carrier frequencies in the millimeter wave bands (between 42.5 and 71 GHz) and achieving a minimum aggregate throughput of 100 Gbps. UHR is anticipated to offer improvements in maximum latency and jitter for latency-sensitive applications, particularly in the 99 to 99.9999th percentile range when compared to Wi-Fi 7 (802.11be). Low Latency Low latency is important for Wi-Fi use in modern industries because many industrial applications, such as real-time control systems, remote monitoring, and robotic automation, require fast and reliable communication between devices. In these applications, even small delays in transmitting data can result in significant errors or delays in system response time, which can negatively impact production processes and potentially cause safety issues. In addition, as more industrial applications adopt the Industrial Internet of Things (IIoT) and other advanced technologies, the amount of data generated and transmitted over Wi-Fi networks is increasing rapidly. Low latency is crucial to ensure that this data is transmitted quickly and accurately, without delays or bottlenecks. While Wi-Fi 7 was capable of achieving a latency of under 25 ms with the use of Restricted Target Wake Time (R-TWT) and Stream Classification Service (SCS) based Quality of Service (QoS) signalling, this falls short of the demands of industrial applications that require latencies of less than a few milliseconds. Therefore, it is anticipated that UHR will enhance and improve upon the mechanisms established by 802.11be to further minimize the maximum latency of Wi-Fi. Wi-Fi 6 Wi-Fi 6E Wi-Fi 7 Wi-Fi 8 (Expected) Frequency Bands 2.4/5 GHz 2.4/5/6 GHz 2.4/5/6 GHz, mmWave Maximum Data Rate (Theoretical) 9.6 Gbps 9.6 Gbps (2x2 MIMO) 30 Gbps (4x4 MIMO) 100 Gbps Spatial reuse Multi-link MU-MIMO + OFDMA Target wake time (TWT) Enhanced TWT Click here to view "Wi-Fi 8: Ultra High Reliability in the Unlicensed Bands" whitepaper from Offino on everything RF. Create an account on everything RF to get a range of benefits. By creating an account with us you agree to our Terms of Service and acknowledge receipt of our Privacy Policy. Login to everything RF to download datasheets, white papers and more content.
I just need a logo, no branding! OK, let's play the Never Have I Ever game! Hold your breath for every "never have I ever..." you agree with. Hold your breath until you get to a point you disagree with. Inhale, 3-2-1, go! Never ... - I wanted to stand out from the crowd in the market. - my goal was to have loyal customers. - I asked myself in which direction I wanted to develop my company. - I had a hard time finding the right marketing for our business. - I wished I could charge more money than our competitors do. - I thought we should attract cool people to our team who understand what we do. - I was unhappy that we were not the first choice for customers. - I was unclear about who our ideal customers are and how we should address them. - I felt unsure about communicating clearly what we were doing. If you're still holding your breath, then branding is exactly what will help you. And you'll get a new logo from us too! What is the focus of Brand Hug? Our expertise lies in branding and its implementation in a coherent visual design. We position and present your company in such a way that your super fans find you and remain loyal to you. Was ist eine Marke (Brand)? A brand is the result of all branding measures: It is the gut feeling of a customer about your product, your service , performance or your company. »Brand is what others say when you leave the room.« (Jeff Bezos) The brand hug clarifies the why, determines the positioning, designs the look and feel, the tone and all of this together is the basis for establishing an emotional connection with your customers. Customers with such a relationship have been proven to remain loyal to a brand for much longer and recommend it much more often. Only with a strong brand as a foundation can the marketing based on it be truly successful and reach people with its messages. What is a superfan? The superfan is one hundred percent enthusiastic about the brand, buys all products, recommends them - even without asking -, writes reviews and even defends the brand if necessary. One goal of the branding process is that potential superfans find your brand, learn to love it and then stay loyal to it forever. Is emotion really more important than information? Yes. Neuroscientists have unequivocally found that humans are only seemingly rational beings. In fact, however, it is our limbic disposition that decides what we find interesting and what is about to be erased. And this limbic decision-making process is highly emotional - but crucial! That is why it is so important to know the positioning of your potential customers in the limbic system. And that's why we also work with modern neuro models in our brand workshops. The most famous German brain researcher, Prof. Dr. G. Hüther, says briefly: "You can only learn something sustainably when it is emotionally charged, that is, when it is fun." In other words: With a simple list of the advantages of your product you will not achieve any. Nothing. If, on the other hand, you know the emotional drivers of your customers, you can land hits much more easily. Ultimately, people with a charismatic brand feel that they cannot be replaced by any other. Why is visual design so important in communication? First, it's because the parts of our human brain that process images are around 200 times older than the parts that process text. So we are more familiar with images through our evolution. In addition, these areas of the brain are much larger than those that deal with text processing. In a direct comparison you can see in a CT that looking at exciting images in the brain is more like a wildfire, while looking at text only activates a very small part. Pictures are emotionally richer and stimulate the viewer's imagination much more strongly. And with the imagination, the stories come into play that have always played a major role in the evolution of mankind. Every brand that can build on a good story is on the right track. How quickly will I see the branding expenses reflected in my sales? First of all, consider it an investment, not an expense. "If you put a dollar into your business, you should have another dollar to make it known." (Henry Ford) Second, one of the most important goals of branding is building trust. And the Dutch already knew: "Trust comes on foot and escapes on horseback." There is no better way to express that sensible branding is a long-term strategy and cannot be measured objectively. But since all successful brands are also strong brands, there has to be a deeper meaning behind the branding, right? Your brand is your most important asset and a powerfully executed branding process is your bulletproof vest compared to everyone else who is not concerned with your brand. The management consultancy McKinsey also found out in a study that design is very important for corporate success. Look here! »Your brand is by far the most important investment that you can do in your company. " What is a brand story? Stories have been a powerful means of communication since the Stone Age. They go beyond the informative level to an emotional one. Reading, hearing or seeing stories ensures a tangible experience of the content and identification with the subject of the story. If you really want to inspire your target group to the core and turn them into loyal fans, you have to tell stories. Stories affect people at completely different neural points than the famous reading in the phone book - and thus create curiosity and opportunities for identification. A successful brand story gives the target group a comprehensive picture of what the brand actually stands for. We help you define your story and translate it into a visually captivating corporate design that gets under your skin - and gives your target group butterflies in the stomach! Here is a good example of a brand story that we stringently implemented! When does a brand workshop make sense? If you are starting a new company and want to set yourself apart from your competitors as a distinctive brand. If your company has grown in several directions and you want to check whether the visual identity still fits. If your company has grown quickly and without a brand foundation and you want to present your customers with a consistent look and feel of your brand. If your company's appearance is getting on in years and it just needs to be given a solid helping of anti-aging. Who takes part in the brand workshop? A brand workshop primarily needs the motivated cooperation of those who have the final say in the company: the decision-makers. Sometimes, however, the involvement of other key employees creates valuable perspectives. How long does a brand workshop last? The workshop (BRAND-SPRINT) usually lasts six to eight hours. What exactly is branding? Branding is the targeted and continuous development of a distinctive identity of a company or a person with which one associates certain values and characteristics as well as a certain appearance and a clear positioning. What is the benefit of branding? Branding creates visibility and recognition and thus helps to differentiate yourself from the crowd in the category environment (competition). Branding helps to increase relevance for fans/customers because they can identify with the brand and its values. Branding helps to increase the loyalty of fans/customers because they value authenticity and reliable positioning. People buy brands they trust. Branding helps to increase market value compared to similar products/services/people. Better branding – better business. Branding helps to develop the company more effectively because it provides a direction through which concrete goals can be formulated. What is the difference between branding and marketing? Branding is - see above - the process of branding as the basis of all decisions of a company. A solid brand book is the backbone of every company. Marketing, on the other hand, is derived from "market" and is the planned process of recognizing customer needs and accompanying coordinated products from development to successful sale on the market. The aim is to include the wishes and expectations of potential customers in all corporate decisions and thus to achieve certain corporate goals. First and foremost, of course, sales should be increased: that is, more of a product or service should be sold. To achieve these goals, marketing strategies are developed that are implemented operationally with the help of marketing instruments, the so-called "4P". These are the instruments product / service (Product), price (Price), communication (promotion) and sales policy (Place). Without a solid branding as a foundation, on the other hand, marketing is in quicksand and individual marketing measures do not pay into the brand's account - which you should always do to keep the image of the brand in the eye of the beholder. What is the result of a strong brand? »More customers, at a premium price, for a longer period of time. " (Marty Neumeier) A strong brand has super fans. Why is trust so important? Because you only give money to someone you trust. "If a brand looks like a duck and swims like a dog, people will distrust it." (Marty Neumeier) What is the biggest hurdle in branding? Certainly this is a lack of focus. It's like your customers seeing you through a pane of frosted glass. Somehow you can halfway see what it's about, but not really. This is especially the case with so-called generalists who please everyone and do not want to exclude anyone. These companies stand for everything and nothing, are therefore perceived as boring and also waste a lot of energy because they fight on all fronts. It is ideal if your company is number one in a category. Is it just number three - narrow the category! What is the second biggest hurdle in branding? The clearest focus is of little use if communicated inconsistently. When you speak and talk at the same time. When the pictures on Instagram have a completely different look than the videos on Youtube. When three employees have three different looking business cards. Successful brands have a consistent look and feel right down to the last tip of paper and the last pixel. Why do I need a brand strategy? A goal with no plan is more like a wish. Without a long-term strategy, you will achieve your goal more difficult and only with a lot of friction losses. Especially in today's dynamic and chaotic times, it is important to define and review intermediate steps in order to keep the chosen direction focused and always make the right decisions. A strategy enormously increases the likelihood of achieving your goals. What is the goal of a brand workshop? The primary goal and result of the workshop is a formulated brand core and a clear positioning according to the rules of neuromarketing. You will receive a written evaluation from us and thus hold the foundation for the brand guidelines, the brand design and the guiding stars for brand management in your hand. Both externally and internally, you will be able to make it clearer what your company stands for. So that your customers as well as your employees can better acknowledge you and identify with you. Participants in our brand workshops often feel the scales from their eyes when, with our help, they can clearly formulate vague ideas, goals and thoughts and then see them in front of them in black and white. What are the methods of our brand workshops? Don't worry: we don't throw a ball of wool and we don't have singing bowls at the start either. Otherwise, however, some things from the toolbox of neuromarketing. Are you wondering what that is again? In a very pragmatic way, neuromarketing is concerned with how choices and purchasing decisions take place in the human brain. Brain research shows us that the conscious and rational customer is an illusion. Firstly, purchase decisions are largely unconscious and, secondly, they are always emotional, says Dr. Hans-Georg Häusel. Create a free logo? The workshop (BRAND-SPRINT) usually lasts six to eight hours.
At the World Economic Forum (WEF), it was an item which was not listed on the official agenda which dominated discussions. It was none other than TERROR and how to manage it. Unknown to Klaus Schwab, founder and executive chairman of the WEF, a significant number of delegates are adherents of Terror Management Theory (TMT) which Jeff Greenberg and his colleagues Sheldom Solomon and Tom Pyszcrynski have championed with commendable scholarship – to wit: In social psychology, terror management theory proposes a basic psychological conflict that results from having a desire to live but realizing that death is inevitable. This conflict produces terror and is believed to be unique to human beings. While CNN's irrepressible Richard Quest was preoccupied with interviewing the usual crop of presidents, prime ministers, president of the World Bank, secretary-general of the United Nations, managing director of the International Monetary Fund, finance ministers as well as captains of industry and commerce, venture capitalists, bankers, chartered accountants, hedge fund tycoons (and demanding to know what books they had been reading), it was Stephen Cave who held sway with his stunning hypothesis: "Imagine intervention or an elixir slipped into the water supply, death is banished. Life goes on and on: all of us are free from fear that our loved ones will be plucked from us and each of us rich in the most precious resource of all: time. Wouldn't it be awful? Materially, we could cope with the arrival of the elixir. But psychologically, immortality would be the end of us." Guests of Richard Quest Africa Betrayed – by George Ayittey Here are some snippets from the internet to support terror management theory. Three experiments were conducted to test the hypothesis, derived from Terror Management Theory, that reminding people of their mortality increases attraction to those who consensually validate their beliefs and decreases attraction to those who threaten or bolster the cultural worldview. In Study 1, subjects with a Christian religious background were asked to form impression of Christian and Jewish target persons. Before doing so, mortality was made salient to half of the subjects. In support of predictions, mortality salience led to more positive evaluations of the in-group member (the Christian) and more negative evaluations of the out-group member (the Jew). In Study 2, mortality salience led to especially negative evaluations of an attitudinally dissimilar other, but only among subjects high in authoritarianism. In Study 3, mortality salience led to especially positive reactions to someone who directly praised subjects' cultural worldviews and especially negative reactions to someone who criticized them. Read also: Red Card, Green Card: Notes towards the management of hysteria by Wole Soyinka Throughout the past few thousand years, historical accounts, philosophical treaties, and works of fiction and poetry have often depicted humans as having a need to perceive themselves as good, and their actions as moral and justified. Within the last hundred years, a number of important figures in the development of modern psychology have also embraced this notion that people need self-esteem (e.g., Adler, 1930; Allport, 1937; Homey, 1937; James, 1890; Maslow, 1970; Murphy, 1947; Rank, 1959; Rogers, 1959; Sullivan, 1953). Of these, Karen Homey most thoroughly discussed the ways people try to attain and maintain a favourable self-image. The clinical writings of Homey, and other psychotherapists as well, document the ways in which people attempt to defend and enhance self-esteem; they also suggest that difficulty maintaining self-esteem, and maladaptive efforts to do so, may be central to a variety of mental health problems. Some measure of relief from these esoteric contemplations was delivered by CNN's and SKYTV's "Breaking News" headline: "Mark Carney, governor of the Bank of England, hints rates to stay frozen longer as inflation hits 15-year low." Tumbling oil prices pushed Britain's inflation rate to its lowest level since 2000 and with further falls inevitable in the coming months, the Bank of England hinted heavily it is in no mood to contemplate raising interest rates in the near future. The British Chancellor of the Exchequer George Osborne could not resist being triumphal: "The low inflation we see in Britain – driven as it is almost entirely by external factors such as the oil price – is much more welcome than in the Eurozone where inflation has been very low for some time and is now negative. We should not confuse this welcome news for households as a result of falling prices with the threat of damaging deflation that we see in the Eurozone." In sharp contrast, Jacob Frankel, the chairman of JP Morgan, told newsmen (and women) on the eve of the World Economic Forum meeting in Davos, Switzerland that the bank would assess Nigeria's suitability to remain in its key emerging currency bond index because of lack of liquidity in the country's forex and bond markets. Richard Quest went to considerable lengths to explain that JP Morgan runs the most commonly used emerging debt indexes and had placed Nigeria on a negative index watch. It planned to assess Nigeria's place on the Government Bond Index (GBI-EM) over the next three to five months. This was sufficient to provoke the governor of the Central Bank of Nigeria, Godwin Emefiele, to deliver his counter punch to the threat of terror. He told Richard Quest firmly and bluntly: "There is no truth in the assertion by the index team that they do not see the liquidity. There is no reason to begin to take a look at the naira's (Nigerian currency) value after the Central Bank devalued the currency in November 2014. We are very surprised at this action by the chairman of JP Morgan and the index team. We want to stay in the index and we are doing everything to make sure we do." It was left to Richard Quest to remind us that JP Morgan added Nigeria to the widely followed index in 2012, when liquidity was improving, making it only the second African country after South Africa to be included. It added Nigeria's 2014; 2022; and 2024 bonds. Further enlightenment was provided by C. Nweze: "Removal from the index would force funds tracking it to sell Nigerian bonds from their portfolios, potentially resulting in significant capital outflows. This in turn would raise borrowing costs for the Nigerian economy, although most analysts do not expect JP Morgan to apply the guillotine." Back to the subject of terror, we were provided with a refreshing cause for hope via CNN's "Breaking News" with the camera on a return visit to Paris. The focus was on Lassana Bathily, a Moslem from Mali who saved the lives of several Jews by hiding them in the cold store following the terrorist attack by Amedy Coulabily on Hyper Casher, the Kosher supermarket, which eliminated four Jews. The hero was the epitome of humility, sincerity and compassion as he delivered his verdict to Ben Widderman: "I didn't know or care if they were Jews, Christians or Moslems!" Matters took a somewhat different direction when attention shifted to the screen photograph of John Itumo from Zimboda. Headline from the front page of Daily Sun of January 8, 2015: "Mercy Killing! Son From Hell Kills Father". J.K Randle
Lusiana, Lusiana (2022) EFEKTIVITAS IMPLEMENTASI KURIKULUM CAMBRIDGE DI SEKOLAH DASAR ROYAL WELLS PRIMARY SCHOOL BEKASI BARAT, KOTA BEKASI. Magister (S2) thesis, Universitas Islam "45" Bekasi. 1. PENDAHULUAN.pdf Download (1MB) \| 2. BAB 1.pdf Download (492kB) \| 3. BAB 2.pdf Restricted to Repository staff only Download (835kB) \| Request a copy \| 4. BAB 3.pdf Restricted to Repository staff only Download (354kB) \| Request a copy \| 5. BAB 4.pdf Restricted to Repository staff only Download (1MB) \| Request a copy \| 6. BAB 5.pdf Download (359kB) \| 7. DAFTAR PUSTAKA.pdf Download (289kB) \| This study aims to 1) determine the effectiveness of the implementation, scheme of work and lesson plan on English subjects in terms of indicators of accuracy in determining goals, timeliness. 2) Knowing how to improve the effectiveness of the scheme of work and lesson plans in terms of accuracy in determining goals and timeliness. 3). To find out the strategies that will be carried out to improve the effectiveness of the scheme of work and lesson plans in terms of accuracy in determining goals and timeliness. Researchers used data collection techniques through observation, interviews, and documents. Methods of data analysis using triangulation techniques. The research subjects in this study were the Principal, the Cambridge Coordinator for Primary and the sixth grade English teacher. The results showed that the implementation of the Cambridge curriculum at Royal Wells Primary School included three stages, namely a) planning, b) implementation and c) evaluation. At the planning stage, the teacher prepares learning documents, including: framework, scheme of work and lesson plan (learning implementation plan). Schemes of work and lesson plans are made by subject teachers by taking into account the allocation of time and materials that must be completed in 1 year. In the Implementation Phase, the Cambridge Curriculum is implemented in the form of learning activities. The Cambridge curriculum has been implemented since grade 1. The allocation of learning time for the lower primary (grades 1 to grade 3) in 1 week is 7 hours of lessons, while for the upper primary (grades 4 to grade 6) is 6 hours of lessons, where 1 time lesson is equal to 35 minute. Learning is carried out with active learning, which is student-centered. In addition, learning uses English and uses learning media, textbooks. Teachers teach according to the scheme of work and lesson plans that have been made. Learning objectives are not always achieved according to plan, this is due to lack of time. In the evaluation stage, students take exams conducted by the school, namely Continual Assessment 1, 2 and Semestral Assessment 1.2. Especially for grade 6, in April they take the Cambridge Primary Checkpoint Exam. The Cambridge Primary Checkpoint results in the last 4 years have shown an increase, although not maximal. In order to increase the effectiveness of the scheme of work and lesson plans, it must simultaneously be teachers, students, school culture and extracurricular activities that support learning.The strategy used to increase the effectiveness of the scheme of work and lesson plan is a SWOT analysis. Internal factors, namely teachers and students, determine the success of the implementation of the scheme of work and lesson plans. For this reason, even though the teacher has carried out his duties well, it still needs to be controlled by conducting supervision. Meanwhile, for students, there needs to be a minimum standard for students who will take the Cambridge primary checkpoint exam. If the student's ability is still low, it is necessary to hold additional Keywords: Effectiveness, Implementation Cambridge curriculum Item Type: \| Thesis (TA, Skripsi, Tesis, Disertasi) (Magister (S2)) \| \|\|\|\|\|\|\|\|\| Contributors/Dosen Pembimbing,NIDN Dosen bisa diakses di LINK https://bit.ly/NIDNdosenunismabekasi: \| Keywords / Kata Kunci: \| Effectiveness, Implementation Cambridge curriculum \| \|\|\|\|\|\|\|\|\| Subjects: \| Manajemen \| \|\|\|\|\|\|\|\|\| Faculty: \| Sekolah Pascasarjana > Magister Manajemen Pendidikan Islam S2 \| \|\|\|\|\|\|\|\|\| Depositing User: \| Users 147 not found. \| \|\|\|\|\|\|\|\|\| Date Deposited: \| 26 Aug 2022 02:36 \| \|\|\|\|\|\|\|\|\| Last Modified: \| 26 Aug 2022 02:36 \| \|\|\|\|\|\|\|\|\| URI: \| http://repository.unismabekasi.ac.id/id/eprint/809 \| Actions (login required) View Item \|
Canning is a traditional method of preserving seasonal farm produce for year-round consumption. It is also an effective means of distributing fruits and vegetables, particularly for products such as corn, tomatoes, beans, peas, and pineapple. Canned goods have become widely popular as a convenient way of consuming these products. Canned goods can be packaged in both glass and metal containers. The canning process involves heating the product until it reaches the appropriate temperature, selecting the right container, and employing suitable filling and packaging technology. MachinePoint supplies fruit and vegetable canning equipment, including reception units, washing, sorting, chopping, peeling, cutting, inspection, slicing, and dicing lines, filling machines, syrup-making and dosing machines, capping machines, sterilizers, can pasteurizers, filling and packaging lines. Canning Equipment for Fruits and Vegetables: Buy Second-Hand Machinery Fruit and vegetable canning equipment is offered in a wide range by MachinePoint. Reception Units: Equipment for temporary storage of fresh fruits and vegetables, typically with conveyors and temperature control to maintain quality.- Washing and Sorting Equipment: Systems composed of industrial washers and sorting machines that use techniques such as immersion washing and size separation to clean and prepare fruits and vegetables for further processing. - Chopping, Peeling, and Cutting Machinery: Specialized machines that use blades and automated cutting systems to perform precise chopping, peeling, and cutting operations on fruits and vegetables, accommodating different shapes and sizes of products. - Slicing and Dicing Lines: Machines that use blades to cut fruits and vegetables into uniform slices or dice, allowing for consistent presentation of the final product. - Canning and Dosing Machines: Equipment designed to fill cans accurately and dose ingredients and syrups, ensuring uniform and efficient distribution. - Cappers: Devices that apply tight seals to filled cans, using compression sealing techniques to ensure container integrity and product preservation. - Sterilizers and Can Pasteurizers: Equipment designed to eliminate harmful microorganisms and extend the shelf life of canned products, using thermal sterilization techniques such as pasteurization or autoclave sterilization. - Can Filling Lines: Systems that integrate all the aforementioned equipment into a continuous and automated workflow, from the reception of raw materials to the final can packaging, optimizing efficiency and productivity in the canning process. Considerations When Purchasing canning Equipment for Fruits and Vegetables in Cans There are several types of equipment for canning fruits and vegetables, including reception units, washing, sorting, chopping, peeling, cutting, filling, capping, sterilizing, and packaging equipment. Purchasing second-hand machinery can significantly reduce production costs since it is more economical than new machinery. This allows companies to invest less capital initially and achieve a faster return on investment. Yes, machinery for canning fruits and vegetables can be shipped internationally. At MachinePoint, we take care of customs procedures and specific regulations for each country.
As a matter of fact, the international system has been chaotic, divided, and focused on geopolitics. European bellicosity, disagreements over the meaning of so-called mutual defense alliances, assassinations, and totalitarianism all contributed to the outbreak of World War I. In contrast to the international community's unwavering dedication to collective interests and self-determination, the state system has grown increasingly individualistic. Balkanization of governments' borders, interests, and lack of human unity led to the loss of lives between 1914 and 1918. Wars between states had been going on for quite some time before the Great War broke out; examples include the European Civil Wars, imperialism, colonial expansionism, imperial conquest, and countless other cruel and destructive campaigns of dehumanization and extreme greed waged by powerful empires and their leaders. At the Paris Peace Conference of 1919, more devastation was assured in an effort to curb the rising tide of isolationism and barbarism. The Treaty of Versailles, which had already reduced some states to emptiness, sparked hostilities, movements, and the Second World War, became a demon at this conference. The May 4th Movement in China and Hitler's determination to invade Europe, which led to World War II, were both influenced by the punishment meted out to Germany by the Treaty of Versailles, which was widely believed to have sparked the Great War. Divisions and destructions had wreaked havoc over Europe by 1945, leaving the continent in a condition of complete disaster. Another arena for global mistrust, the Cold War, and bipolarism was formed by the Harry Truman Doctrine, which engineered the United States' policy of containment by viewing the Soviet Union as the sole enemy to American ideological position. Using animosity, misinformation, and harmful competition, the West widened the gap between itself and the East by emphasizing its differences. Turn on/off mute, full screen The initiative's architectural design and importance in creating a better future for humanity have led to its adoption by continental, regional, and sub-regional institutions, as well as international leaders. The idea has been promoted through multiple platforms, including the Belt and Road Initiative, the Shanghai Cooperation Organization, and the Asian Infrastructure Investment Bank, and it has been integrated into China's foreign policy. It is possible to call the idea what it is: Xi'sm, the political ideology and philosophy of President Xi Jinping. This is most notably demonstrated by his remarks: "united or divided, peace or conflict, cooperation or confrontation?" The answers to President Xi's rhetorical questions are right there with him. "our aim is to fulfill people's desires for a joyful life, and the trends of our time—peace, development, and win-win cooperation—are impossible to halt." In light of the obvious human misery, strife, and discord, it is only natural that we seek a new course of action: one that leads to world peace and harmony rather than the conventional wisdom of global domination, interventionist foreign policy, and divide-and-rule. The way forward for humanity as a whole in its joint pursuit of a common destiny. Building a community of shared future for humanity is a positive and rational endeavor. We envision a world that is open, inclusive, clean, and prosperous for all. To get there, we're promoting global governance that includes extensive consultation and joint contribution for shared benefit. Applying the principles of humanity—peace, development, equity, justice, democracy, and freedom—is our guiding principle. Establishing a new type of international relations is our basic foundation. The Global Development, Global Security, and Global Civilization Initiatives provide strategic guidance, and high-quality Belt and Road cooperation is our platform for action. As part of its modernization efforts, China hopes to boost funding for international development cooperation and assist poor nations in enhancing their capacity for autonomous development via the Belt and Road Initiative. To ensure that development is both sufficient and balanced, and to assist people from all nations in their journeys toward modernization, the international community of a shared future must enable developing nations to collaborate in increasing the size and equitable distribution of the global economic pie.
Data type \| Antenna.DcGround \| Description \| The DC resistance between the active element and ground is zero ohms. \| Primitive type \| Bool \| Notes \| The AC impedance at radio frequencies is typically 50 or 75 ohms. \| Source \| Article \| Excerpt \| CalAmp Corporation \| Lightning Arrestor \| A DC grounded antenna will measure 0 ohms from the active element to ground when tested with an ohm-meter. The combination of a DC open antenna and a DC blocked gas discharge tube lightning arrestor creates a situation where static charge can build up slowly on the active element of the antenna. (read more) \| IEEE Xplore \| An Experiment Verification: the ESD Protection by DC Grounded Antenna \| In practical engineering, we found that the DC grounded antenna can improve electrostatic discharge (ESD) immunity. For sensitive devices or circuits related to antenna, ESD protection by antenna design is simpler, more efficient and cost effective than common measures. (read more) \| RiVUD \| DC Grounded Antennas [The Myth, The Legend, The Fantasy] \| When an antenna is DC grounded, it means it has a direct electrical connection to the ground. This is believed to offer better protection against lightning strikes, allowing the electrical discharge to flow directly into the ground potentially reducing the risk of damage to connected equipment. The claim about lightning protection is somewhat exaggerated. While there can be a direct path to ground for DC, it might not always offer adequate protection against lightning. However, a DC ground can help drain off static to some extent. (read more) \|
Life can be a rollercoaster ride, filled with ups and downs, but for those battling with depression, the lows can often feel overwhelming and suffocating. Depression can drain the joy and passion out of even the simplest of pleasures, leaving individuals feeling stuck and disconnected from the world around them. However, amidst the darkness, there is hope. In this blog post, we will explore how one can find joy and passion in life despite the challenges of depression. From seeking professional help to embracing self-care practices and finding purpose, we will uncover various strategies that can help individuals navigate their way towards a more fulfilling and meaningful life. So, if you or someone you know is struggling with depression, read on to discover how to reclaim joy and passion in life. Unveiling the Quest: How Can One Find Joy and Passion in Life Despite Depression? In a post on the "questions" subreddit, a Reddit user with the username "muffintopuwu" raises a poignant inquiry about coping with depression. They express a desire to understand what steps can be taken to counter the impact of depression and bring back the enjoyment and excitement that they once experienced. In particular, they seek advice on how to regain pleasure in food and rediscover the fun in their hobbies. This question encapsulates the universal struggle of individuals who face depression and are searching for ways to find joy and passion in life once again. Unveiling the Solutions: Strategies to Rediscover Joy and Passion in the Midst of Depression When someone is experiencing depression, finding joy and passion in life can be a challenging process. However, it is possible with the right strategies and support. Here are a few suggestions: Seeking professional help: Therapy, counseling, or medication can be effective in managing and treating depression. A mental health professional can help the individual explore underlying causes and develop coping strategies. Establishing a support system: It is important for the individual to surround themselves with supportive and understanding individuals such as family, friends, or support groups. Sharing feelings and experiences with others who can empathize can provide comfort and encouragement. Engaging in self-care: Prioritizing self-care activities that promote well-being, such as regular exercise, getting enough sleep, eating a balanced diet, and practicing relaxation techniques like meditation or deep breathing exercises. Finding activities they enjoy: Encouraging the individual to explore activities that once brought them joy or try new ones. Engaging in hobbies or pastimes can help distract from negative thoughts and provide a sense of accomplishment and satisfaction. Setting realistic goals: Breaking tasks into smaller, manageable steps and setting realistic goals can be helpful. Celebrating achievements, no matter how small, can boost self-esteem and motivation. Practicing gratitude: Encouraging the individual to focus on the positive aspects of their life by practicing gratitude. Each day, they can try to identify a few things they are grateful for, no matter how small. This can help shift their mindset toward a more positive outlook. Challenging negative thoughts: Depression often leads to negative self-talk and distorted thinking patterns. Encouraging the individual to challenge these negative thoughts by questioning their validity and replacing them with more realistic and positive thoughts. It is important to remember that everyone's journey is unique, and it may take time for individuals to regain joy and passion in life. It is crucial for them to be patient and kind to themselves throughout the process. If someone is experiencing depression, it is essential for them to seek professional help for a comprehensive assessment and appropriate treatment. Embracing a Life of Joy and Passion: Overcoming Depression and Thriving In the midst of depression, finding joy and passion in life may seem like an insurmountable challenge. However, by seeking professional help, establishing a support system, practicing self-care, engaging in activities that bring joy, setting realistic goals, practicing gratitude, and challenging negative thoughts, individuals can begin to rediscover the vibrancy and fulfillment they once experienced. Remember, everyone's journey is unique, and it may take time and patience to regain joy and passion. If you or someone you know is struggling with depression, reach out for professional help and support. Together, we can navigate the path towards a life filled with joy and passion. So, how have you found joy and passion in your own life despite depression? Share your experiences and insights in the comments below.
In this week's episode, host Kristin Hayes talks with Fernando Vidal, a postdoctoral researcher at the Polymat research institute in Spain, about technological and policy options to create a more sustainable plastics economy. Vidal discusses the greenhouse gas emissions associated with the life cycle of plastics, changes to the chemical makeup and recycling of plastics that could reduce the impact of plastics on communities and the environment, and international efforts to reduce the negative impacts of the plastics economy. Vidal shares recommendations for a more sustainable plastics economy from an article that he coauthored, which recently was published in the journal Nature. Listen to the Podcast Notable quotes - Life in plastic, not fantastic: "At the moment, the rate for plastic recycling is only about 9 percent of all the collective waste … A lot of the plastic that we use ends up being lost and contaminates the environment … The other big problem is also the greenhouse gas emissions emitted by the plastic life cycle, which also contributes to global warming. In fact, it's estimated that the carbon footprint for the plastic economy globally is about 1.8 gigatons of carbon dioxide, which is roughly the size of the combined national emissions of Germany, the United Kingdom, and France." (4:10) - Four pathways to a more sustainable plastics economy: "We … propose four specific targets: basically, the reduction in plastic demand by half; the breakaway from petroleum-based plastics; and a switch to renewable plastics. We also propose to maximize recycling to over 90 percent of all holistic waste." (6:50) - Recommended steps toward a sustainable plastics economy: "The easier [interventions] will be implemented first, and they should be mostly in terms of bans and taxes on unnecessary and harmful plastics. In the middle term, we'll see more of an expansion of biomass production and the expansion of extended producer responsibility schemes, … more recycling targets, and changes in design. Then, toward the longer term, we'll see the biggest impact on the change in fossil fuel–based infrastructure, the scale-up of renewable resources overall, and worldwide implementation of waste-collection infrastructure." (25:10) Top of the Stack - "Designing a Circular Carbon and Plastics Economy for a Sustainable Future" by Fernando Vidal, Eva R. van der Marel, Ryan W. F. Kerr, Caitlin McElroy, Nadia Schroeder, Celia Mitchell, Gloria Rosetto, Thomas T. D. Chen, Richard M. Bailey, Cameron Hepburn, Catherine Redgwell, and Charlotte K. Williams - Nudes in Nature photography exhibit by Laura Aguilar at the Phoenix Art Museum - Photographer Laura Aguilar The Full Transcript Kristin Hayes: Hello, and welcome to Resources Radio, a weekly podcast from Resources for the Future. I'm your host, Kristin Hayes. Today's podcast topic is the sustainable production and consumption of plastics, something we haven't talked about too often here on Resources Radio, but is highly important for the overall health of our planet. I'll be talking with Dr. Fernando Vidal about a new paper that recently came out in the journal Nature on which he was a lead author. That paper is focused on designing a circular carbon and plastics economy for a sustainable future. This paper was a key output from the University of Oxford's Future of Plastics program. Fernando earned his PhD in inorganic and polymer chemistry from Colorado State University here in the United States before joining several groups around the world working on innovation in polymers, including the research group at Oxford responsible for the research that we'll be talking about today. Today, he's a postdoctoral researcher at Polymat in the Basque country in Spain, which is his home country. Stay with us for a deep dive on a subject that the vast majority of us interact with every day. Hi, Fernando. Thank you so much for joining me today on Resources Radio. Fernando Vidal: Hi. It's my pleasure to be here. Kristin Hayes: Great. Why don't I ask you to start by telling us a little bit about your background and your research interests, and maybe specifically how you became involved in the Future of Plastics program. Fernando Vidal: Absolutely. Like you said, I'm a polymer chemist by training, which means that I am interested in how we make new plastic materials, and particularly now, I'm interested in how to make them more sustainably, but without really compromising their performance, as well. That also requires a particular understanding of the material at a molecular level. For instance, at Oxford, in the group of Professor Charlotte Williams, where I was working, we developed carbon dioxide–based plastics, what we call "polycarbonates," with the idea to compete with elastomers and other commodity thermoplastics that we use today instead of fossil resources. Today, I'm employed at Polymat in Spain, and I'm investigating new ways of making additive manufacturing and 3D printing more circular by implementing new recycling pathways. The way I joined this project at Oxford was really nice. I basically was invited to participate in the Future of Plastics program, which is based at the Oxford Martin School. It's a research and policy unit at the University of Oxford. There, I was very fortunate to work with a really brilliant team of academics. They basically asked themselves the question, "How do we solve the plastic problem?" These great people include chemists led by Professor Charlotte Williams, but also environmental economists led by Professor Cameron Hepburn and international law scholars led by Professor Catherine Redgwell. It was really nice. It really fascinated me to interact with such a diverse group of people with such a wide background. After four years of collaborative work, we basically came out with the paper that you mentioned. Kristin Hayes: Fantastic. Well, that was a great illustration of the interdisciplinary nature of the conversations that are needed here, too. Thanks so much for that intro. You mentioned the plastics problem that we have. Let me start by asking you to summarize what the current challenges and problems of our current plastic economy actually are. Fernando Vidal: Yes, of course. There are actually two main problems that I would like to highlight today. It's possible that many of the listeners actually are already quite familiar with them. The first of them is the massive problem of plastic pollution. At the moment, the rate for plastic recycling is about only 9 percent of all the collective waste, which means that, of course, a lot of the plastic that we use ends up being lost and contaminates the environment. There's actually a quite daunting calculation that estimates that the amount of carbon that is trapped in those plastic wastes around the world in landfills or that have leaked to the environment doubles the total carbon in human and animal biomass on earth with all the negative consequences to the health and the ecosystems. That's one problem. But the other big problem is also the greenhouse gas emissions emitted by the plastic life cycle, which also contributes to global warming. In fact, it's estimated that the carbon footprint for the plastic economy globally is about 1.8 gigatons of carbon dioxide, which is roughly the size of the combined national emissions of Germany, the United Kingdom, and France. Kristin Hayes: Those types of statistics and the comparisons that you made are really helpful to give us a scale of the challenge that we're talking about here. It is a huge challenge, but not one that you and your coauthors shied away from, which I think is great. In this paper, you and the team are proposing a new framework for a future plastics economy and four targets that are needed to deliver that economy. Let me ask you to lay out that framework for us and say a little bit about those targets, and then we can dive into those in more detail. Fernando Vidal: What we propose is to break away from the current linear plastic economy that we all know where we basically take resources from the environment, we transform them into products, we use those plastics, and then we throw them away. Instead, what we'd like to think is in terms of the circular carbon and plastic life cycle. Our vision was that if we focus on that carbon that is stored in those plastics, it might make that difference. Basically, the average plastic contains about 75 percent of carbon by weight. It should be a very good tool to track the conversion of plastics from waste back to feedstocks. The game then turned into a question: How do we maximize the recirculation of that carbon? In doing so, I think that we can tackle those two problems—both the plastic pollution and also the greenhouse gas emissions. We do propose four specific targets: basically, the reduction in plastic demand by half; the breakaway from petroleum-based plastics; and a switch to renewable plastics. We also propose to maximize recycling to over 90 percent of all holistic waste. Finally, we also look at ways of minimizing all environmental impacts. This is absolutely a very bold change, and there's definitely no silver bullets for accomplishing this. We cannot apply any of these targets in isolation. We need to pursue all of them simultaneously. What we found is that, using systemic models already published in the literature, accomplishing this bold scenario has the potential to save 95 percent of the emissions of the plastic life cycle and bring it down to about 200 megatons by 2050, which is huge savings, and it can actually even become carbon neutral if we tackle those remaining emissions with carbon removal technologies. It might seem like a very daunting scenario to accomplish this. What we also propose in the paper is to look at smart design as a tool to guide this transition. Kristin Hayes: Say a little bit more about smart design. What does that mean in this context? Can you give us an example of what you're talking about when you say smart design? Fernando Vidal: Of course. Kristin, you probably already heard of the term "design for recycling," which basically is an idea to design materials and products so they're easier to recycle at the end of their life; for example, by re-engineering colorless packaging or multimaterials so that they're easier to disassemble. But while this concept is quite good, we think that it's also a bit limited as long as it only focuses on improving the end-of-life management of plastics. Instead, our vision is a bit more holistic. We think that smart design really questions all of the aspects of the plastic life cycle from origin to application, but also end of life and or how many impacts there could be to the environment and human health. We go beyond that, and we think about smart design as considering the product's lifespan, since some plastics may have an only short period of time for use—maybe days or months. Others need to be performing for decades. We also consider the recombinability of products once they have served their function, which basically is the idea of the potential for recirculating their materials from waste to resources—both an economical potential and the technical potential. I can give you a couple examples of this. Products that stay in the economy for longer and are more easy to recover have the potential to remain recirculating in the economy for longer; for example, those plastics in construction or in textiles or in car parts. These materials need to be very durable, but we also need to increase the recycling levels of these materials. At the moment, they are not recycled so much. Ideally, we should switch to making them from biorenewable resources. On the other side of the spectrum, we also have products that might be used for a short period of time and that hardly can be recovered. These are more inherently linear. We should be targeting these first for elimination or substitution or simply redesign them so that we can improve their recovery; for example, in very complex packaging. There are even cases where polymers need to be dissipated in the environment because of their application. In these cases, they must be redesigned so they're fully biodegradable or compostable. The idea with this example is basically that we need to achieve these four targets simultaneously in a more holistic way. Kristin Hayes: I definitely want to delve a little bit more into those four targets, but maybe I can ask you two follow-up questions. Just to make sure I'm clear, smart design isn't a one-size-fits-all thing. It really is about understanding the use of the product, the longevity of the product, how much it needs to break down versus how much it can be collected. Smart design means product-specific. That's one question for you. Then, the second one is, Is anybody really doing smart design now? Do we have good examples of this already happening? Fernando Vidal: Those are really, really good questions. To answer the first one—yes, we do need to be looking at the entire life cycle: questioning where the plastics are made from, what they are going to be used for, what performance is needed. How well can they be recovered at the end of their life? We need to make very important decisions from the manufacturing point of view to fit all of the best performances in all of those categories. Then, in terms of how much is being done today, we're still behind on this ground. I think there's some groups and associations like the Ellen MacArthur Foundation, for example, that are starting to push ideas and guidance to some companies in the world to adopt some of these ideas into their products. But in order for it to be widespread and worldwide, we need to do a lot more work. What we actually need is a plastic treaty that will give us guidance and legitimacy throughout the entire world. Kristin Hayes: I want to talk to you more about that, too, but let me make sure to give you some time to delve into those four targets in a little bit more detail, because I think those are really at the heart of the paper. The first of those was reduction in demand. You mentioned eliminating 50 percent of all plastics materials. I want to ask you to talk through that a little bit more and what that really means. Obviously, that's a huge task from where we are now. Say a little bit more about reduction in demand and the hurdles that we face in accomplishing that. Fernando Vidal: You're absolutely right. Reducing the amount of plastic is a huge task. It basically implies that we need to reduce the rate at which we're increasing the demand of new plastics over the coming years. Plastic consumption needs to be growing at half the speed at which it's growing today. The idea is to decouple the economic growth from this uncontrolled increase in plastic production. But at the same time, we obviously need to fulfill the socioeconomic needs of a growing population. We cannot disregard the important benefits of plastic products. The first step here, perhaps, is to follow principles of sufficiency rather than superfluous consumerism. For example, promote more reuse business models or refuel stations. We also need to dematerialize products, so they contain less amount of plastics in general. Then, of course, we also have taxes and bans and other policies that we can use to reduce the amount of unnecessary and harmful plastics. In terms of the biggest hurdles, perhaps we should be looking at ourselves first and our own consumption behavior. I think we need to start giving a lot more value to these really amazing materials and rather than just treating them as low-cost and dispensable products. Maybe again, the first step is thinking of how we can reuse them as much as we can so that we don't have to consume more virgin materials. Then, the second hurdle is mostly coming from the economic interest of the plastic economy itself. There's a lot of people and a lot of industries invested in the plastic manufacturing business and the capital that has been invested over the next few decades. Kristin Hayes: Let's talk about the second of the targets. You mentioned renewable plastics. I've heard several terms. I've heard the term "bioplastics"; I've heard a couple of different ways of thinking about plastics that perhaps aren't as derived from fossil fuels. Talk to me about bioplastics and renewable plastics and how those could potentially replace fossil carbon–based plastics in a world where we can't actually reduce that demand? Fernando Vidal: Like you said, bioplastics has become a very popular name for anything that means plastics of the future. In our paper, we don't use the term bioplastics; we think it's a bit restrictive in terms of the meaning. We prefer the term "renewably sourced plastics." It's a bit more encompassing. Beyond terminology, the point is that plastic needs to move away from nonrenewable feedstocks, like you were saying, including oil, natural gas, and petroleum. They need to be replaced completely by renewable feedstocks by 2050. What I mean by that in this context are chemicals and materials that are obtained directly from recycled plastics, but also non-food-based plant-biomass resources and also captured carbon dioxide. By obtaining plastics from these resources, we would maximize that carbon recirculation that we were talking about, and it will help curve the carbon footprint of the plastic lifecycle. One important statistic to think about is that plastic production from petrochemicals alone today represents about 6 percent of all the plastic life-cycle emissions. Just changing the way that we make plastics clearly has the greatest impact on the overall carbon footprint for the plastic industry. The other very important point is that in order for this to be viable, we need to transition to a carbon-neutral energy grid. That means that we urgently need the use of renewable energy to power the plastic industry. Kristin Hayes: One follow-up question for you there. In terms of switching the feedstock materials, is that something that can happen in the context of existing manufacturing infrastructure, or is this going to take a whole new set of manufacturers, plants, and businesses to make plastics in these different ways with different feedstocks? Fernando Vidal: That's a fantastic question. Some current petrochemicals can be derived from biomass and other resources. Those are called "drop-in plastics." The idea is that you take the biomass or whatever other renewable resource, and you transform them into the current feedstocks of the chemical industry. That will be a direct replacement. But then, of course, there are other alternatives for new materials. They are currently not being implemented in the plastic industry, and that would require a slower implementation of new chemistries and new processes to make plastic more effectively. Kristin Hayes: All right. Let's talk about this third target, which is about recycling rates. You mentioned that we're at 9 percent of plastics being recycled now, and the target is calling for over 90 percent of recycling rates of plastics for products currently in use. How are we going to get there? Fernando Vidal: It's definitely a very ambitious target to get to 90 percent recycled plastics. The first thing we need to do, and we should be doing this already, is actually close the waste-collection gap. At the moment, there's a lot of consumers that are not even connected to local waste-management facilities. A lot of these communities are, for example, in remote rural areas with little or no access to plastic waste collection, which means there are many different unmanaged landfills and dumps, and that results in very uncontrolled leakage into rivers and the ocean. This is a very enduring problem, especially in the Global South. We have one collaborator, Oxford Professor Richard Bailey, who estimated that we need to be connecting about 500,000 people a day every day until 2040 to close this collection gap. It really is a massive number—500,000 people a day—and that will account for all the population growth in the coming decades. Unless we do something about it, a lot of these people will still reside in places or in areas with little access to that waste collection. That really is the very first thing that we should be doing. Then, of course, we have the problems of our current methods of recycling, which we also need to tackle at the moment. A lot of these mechanical recycling processes are suffering from material degradation or losses, and some of them are incompatible with some mixed-waste streams or multilayers or additives and so on. We definitely need more innovation for recycling. For example, making chemical recycling technologies more efficient and more selective is something that I'm interested in my current research. But we also need upgrades in the current infrastructure and expansion in major technologies worldwide. Of course, we also need to implement the extended producer responsibility schemes, what we call EPRs; implement-deposit-return schemes; and incentives and subsidies all across. Then, finally, something relatively important, as well, is that we need to implement coherence between different laws that affect chemicals and products. There's definitely better alignment between different sectors, and this is particularly important between those sectors involved in recycling and manufacturing. Kristin Hayes: Once again, you've done a great job of illustrating the number of players involved and the number of disciplines that need to be harmonized here. I definitely want to come back to that kind of cross-sectoral, cross-country-coordination piece. But before I get ahead of myself once again, let me just ask you quickly to give us a little bit more information about that fourth target that you mentioned, which is around minimizing the environmental impacts writ large during this transition. Tell us what that entails. Fernando Vidal: As you can imagine, any transition to making new products or substituting plastics to new materials may risk creating new ecological burdens beyond climate change. For instance, switching to biomass may have risks for biodiversity or competition for arable lands for foods or the use of the use of freshwater and fertilizers and so on. But on the other hand, if we want to make plastics from carbon dioxide, even though they might have less competition for land, they might still demand for production of green hydrogen or renewable energy in general. These burdens are examples of what the literature calls the planetary boundaries, which basically is what we call a safe operating space for human activities on earth. The goal of this idea of this new plastic carbon economy is to balance the amount of resources consumed and the renewable electricity that we need to power this transition while minimizing all of these boundaries at the same time. The good news is that the data that has been published already by other researchers suggests that this is indeed a possible task with our current technologies. Not only that, but if we keep progressing in the future with new innovation, we'll definitely be able to drive these sustainable activities even further, and we shall be able to adapt to implement these new technologies. Kristin Hayes: Excellent. I like that hopeful note, there. Well, I know we're getting close to the end of our time, but I definitely want to talk to you quickly about this harmonization and cross-economy coordination that's needed here, because this really does represent a fundamental shift across the economy, and it requires this harmonization that we've been talking about. You mentioned earlier an international treaty. Say a little bit more about some of the ideal steps on the road map between here and reaching this really circular plastics and carbon economy that you've been talking about. How do we get there? Fernando Vidal: We touch a bit on the importance of one key actor on accomplishing this into the coming decades. That's really the importance of the United Nations plastic treaty that was approved in 2022 for the beginning of the negotiations at least. That was really fantastic news, and we're hoping to get really ambitious goals coming out of the negotiations for this plastic treaty by the end of this year or next year. We have big hopes for this plastic treaty. In terms of the timing for implementing interventions on the road map, we obviously think that the easier ones will be implemented first, and they should be mostly in terms of bans and taxes on unnecessary and harmful plastics. In the middle term, we'll see more of an expansion of biomass production and the expansion of the extended producer responsibility schemes that we talked about, more recycling targets, and the changes in design. Then, toward the longer term, we'll see the biggest impact on the change in the fossil fuel–based infrastructure, the scale-up of the renewable resources overall, and that worldwide implementation of waste-collection infrastructure. What is also important to recognize throughout the coming years is that many different measures and interventions will be more rapidly implemented in certain areas, and certain economies where that availability of resources is more readily available and other economies will have a slower implementation. But overall, even though we think that this might be a very challenging endeavor to change the plastic economy as we know it, the author team believes that the re-engineering of the plastic economy that we suggest here can definitely be achieved, and we should definitely be able to target a more sustainable plastic economy in the future. Kristin Hayes: That's great. Thank you so much for talking us through the paper. I would encourage folks to check it out if they're interested in this topic as I would argue we all should be because all of us interact with a tremendous amount of plastic on a regular basis. This is a really important conversation, and I'm grateful for your time. With that, let me close with our regular podcast feature, Top of the Stack. I think you've had a sense of what this is. Fernando, what's on the top of your stack? Fernando Vidal: Yeah. When you asked me about proposing a recommendation for a Top of the Stack, I thought, What can I do? I just so happened to have visited the Phoenix Art Museum in Arizona a couple of weeks ago, and I saw a wonderful photography exhibition by Californian artist, Laura Aguilar. The name of the exhibit is Nudes in Nature. It is really, really interesting. It challenges our concepts of woman's beauty and bodies, and she basically contrasts those forms very clearly with natural shapes that she finds in the landscape. To me, it was a really striking exhibit because of her struggles and the way that she told them and how she interpreted her own body image because of her background as an underrepresented photographer and artist. It was really excellent and very cool. It was right next to the Barbie doll exhibit at the Phoenix Museum. It's a really interesting juxtaposition right there. Definitely recommend that exhibit by Laura Aguilar if you're in the Phoenix area. If not, check her out online. I highly recommend. Kristin Hayes: That is great. Thank you. That's a wonderful Top of the Stack recommendation. With that, we will—no plastic pun intended—wrap up for the day. Thanks again for joining me. Fernando Vidal: It was my pleasure. Kristin Hayes: You've been listening to Resources Radio, a podcast from Resources for the Future, or RFF. If you have a minute, we'd really appreciate you leaving us a rating or a comment on your podcast platform of choice. Also, feel free to send us your suggestions for future episodes. This podcast is made possible with the generous financial support of our listeners. You can help us continue producing these kinds of discussions on the topics that you care about by making a donation to Resources for the Future online at rff.org/donate. RFF is an independent, nonprofit research institution in Washington, DC. Our mission is to improve environmental, energy, and natural resource decisions through impartial economic research and policy engagement. The views expressed on this podcast are solely those of the podcast guests and may differ from those of RFF experts, its officers, or its directors. RFF does not take positions on specific legislative proposals. Resources Radio is produced by Elizabeth Wason with music by Daniel Raimi. Join us next week for another episode.
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Stone Galleria We offer more than just materials – we provide a partnership founded on reliability and responsiveness. Stone Galleria recognizes the distinctive requirements of commercial enterprises and is committed to delivering dependable and cost-effective supply chain management. As a leading manufacturer, supplier, and exporter of Granite, Sandstone, and Quartzite, we tailor our products to your specifications, including dimensions, thickness, and various finishes. Embark on the journey to enhance your operations by requesting a free quote today. Complete our inquiry form, and we will promptly respond to your needs. Knowledgeable – Reliable – Responsive Frequently Asked Questions (FAQ) on Sandstone Colours What Colour is Sandstone? There is a diverse selection of colours in which sandstone is found, with each colour linked to different mineral compositions and environmental conditions during its creation. Sandstone typically comes in shades such as beige, tan, brown, red, yellow, grey, and white. The colours can range in intensity and might include delicate patterns or speckles, which enhance the stone's appearance. Sandstone offers a wide range of colours, making it a flexible option for architectural and decorative uses. What color goes with sandstone? Sandstone is a versatile natural material that complements a wide range of colours in interior and exterior design schemes. Colours that complement sandstone are warm earth tones like beige, tan, brown, and terracotta. Moreover, soft neutrals such as cream, off-white, and light grey can establish a calming and unified colour scheme when combined with sandstone. To achieve a more vibrant appearance, think about adding accent colours like sage green, soft blues, or rusty oranges to create dimension and fascination in the space while enhancing the earthy feel of sandstone. Sandstone's versatility offers limitless options for colour combinations, making it a favoured choice for various design styles. Which color of sandstone is most popular? The popularity of sandstone colors often depends on personal preference, architectural styles, and design trends. However, beige, tan, and brown shades are among the most popular choices for sandstone due to their versatility and ability to complement various design schemes. These neutral tones create a warm and inviting ambiance, making them ideal for both interior and exterior applications. How do I choose the right color of sandstone for my project? When choosing a sandstone colour for your project, take into account the design aesthetic, colour palette, use, and location. Beige and tan sandstones are perfect for traditional and rustic environments, while grey and white options provide a more modern aesthetic. Red and yellow sandstones bring a cosy and charming feel to outdoor areas. Getting samples and evaluating them in the actual setting is crucial to make sure the colour blends well with the environment and aligns with your style preferences. Can I mix different colors of sandstone in my project? Combining different colours of sandstone may improve the visual appeal and depth of your project, resulting in an unique and tailored appearance. Try mixing complementary or contrasting colours to achieve the effect you want. One way to achieve a harmonious balance is by mixing warm beige and tan tones with cooler grey or blue-gray hues. Trying out various colours and textures enables creative freedom and personalisation in architectural and landscaping designs.
When and When Not to Move Your Car After a Crash Welcome to the informative guide on when to move your car after a crash. In the unfortunate event of a car accident, knowing whether to move your vehicle or leave it at the crash site can greatly impact your safety and potential legal consequences. In this detailed article, we will provide you with essential insights and expert advice to help you make the right decision based on various factors. Why Is This Decision Important? Understanding the importance of when to move your car after a crash is crucial for several reasons. Firstly, it affects the safety of you and those involved in the accident. Secondly, it can affect insurance claims, liability determination, and even legal consequences you may face. By following the appropriate steps, you can protect your rights and ensure a smoother process moving forward. Factors to Consider 1. Immediate Safety When deciding whether to move your car after a crash, the immediate safety of you and others involved should be the top priority. If it is safe to do so and your vehicle poses a risk to oncoming traffic, it is advisable to move it to a designated area away from the road. 2. Extent of Damage The extent of damage to your vehicle is an important factor in determining whether to move it. If the damage is minimal and your car is still operable, moving it to the side of the road may be appropriate. However, if the damage is severe, it is best to leave your car in place until authorities arrive to assess the scene. 3. Injuries If anyone involved in the accident has sustained injuries, it is crucial to prioritize their immediate medical needs. In such cases, moving the vehicles may not be necessary until medical help arrives, especially if it could cause further harm or discomfort. 4. Traffic Conditions Consider the prevailing traffic conditions before deciding to move your car after a crash. If moving your vehicle would expose you to potential hazards or impede the flow of traffic, it is advisable to leave it in its current position until authorities provide further instructions. 5. Legal and Insurance Considerations When determining whether to move your vehicle after a crash, it is important to consider the potential impact on legal and insurance proceedings. Moving the car without appropriate documentation or consent could complicate matters and hinder your ability to file accurate insurance claims or establish liability in the event of legal proceedings. Actions to Take 1. Assess the Situation Once you have considered the factors mentioned above, carefully assess the situation and decide whether moving your car is necessary. Take into account the safety of all parties involved and the condition of the vehicles. 2. Contact Authorities If the accident is serious or involves injuries, contact the relevant authorities immediately. They will guide you through the process and provide instructions on whether or not to move your vehicle. 3. Document the Scene Prior to moving your car, document the accident scene by taking photographs or videos. These visual records can assist with investigations, insurance claims, and any legal proceedings that may arise. 4. Inform Insurance Company Contact your insurance company as soon as possible to report the accident. Provide them with accurate details and let them know whether you have moved your car or left it at the scene. This will help facilitate the claims process. 5. Seek Legal Advice If the accident involves significant damage, injuries, or legal complications, it is advisable to seek legal advice from a reputable law firm specializing in personal injury and car accident cases. The Law Office of Stanley E. Robison, Jr is experienced in handling such matters and can provide expert guidance tailored to your specific situation. Contact the Law Office of Stanley E. Robison, Jr For expert legal advice and representation in personal injury cases, car accidents, and other legal matters, contact the Law Office of Stanley E. Robison, Jr today. Our dedicated team of experienced attorneys is committed to protecting your rights and ensuring you receive the compensation you deserve. Don't hesitate to reach out for a free consultation.
Symbolizing Success: The Essence of Logos in Brand Development In the vast and dynamic world of brand development, logos emerge as silent yet profoundly influential ambassadors. They are not mere artistic creations. The essence of logos are the brand's identity, philosophy, and aspirations, distilled into a simple visual symbol. This article explores the pivotal role of logos in brand development and differentiation, their strategic significance, the evolution of design trends, and offers practical advice for creating logos that truly resonate. The Strategic Significance of Logos Logos serve as the cornerstone of brand perception and positioning. They act as visual shorthand, conveying the essence of a brand's values, mission, and promise to consumers at a glance. A well-designed logo does more than attract attention; it fosters an emotional connection, builds recognition, and embodies the brand's personality. This symbolic representation becomes a crucial tool in shaping how the public perceives and interacts with a brand. Shaping Brand Perception The power of a logo lies in its ability to encapsulate and communicate the core attributes of a brand to its audience. For instance, a logo's color scheme can evoke specific feelings—blue for trust and stability, green for growth and health, red for energy and passion. The choice of typography, shapes, and imagery all play a crucial role in reinforcing the brand's message and values. Through these visual elements, logos convey complex ideas and brand narratives in an immediate and accessible way, significantly influencing consumer perception and decision-making. Evolution of Logo Design Trends Logo design is an ever-evolving art, mirroring cultural shifts, technological advancements, and market preferences. The journey from classic emblems to modern minimalist marks illustrates the adaptability of logos to reflect the times. From Classic Emblems to Modern Minimalism Historically, logos often featured elaborate emblems, detailed illustrations, and complex typography, embodying the grandeur and heritage of brands. Over time, as markets became more saturated and digital platforms emerged, the trend shifted towards simplicity and versatility. Modern logos embrace minimalism, focusing on clean lines, simple shapes, and limited color palettes. This evolution signifies a move towards logos that are easily recognizable and adaptable across various media, from tiny mobile screens to massive billboards. Reflecting Cultural Shifts and Market Preferences The evolution of logo design also reflects broader cultural shifts and consumer preferences. For example, the rise of eco-conscious brands has led to an increase in logos incorporating green colors and natural imagery. Similarly, the tech industry's growth spurred the creation of dynamic, futuristic logo designs. These trends highlight how logos adapt to societal changes, enabling brands to stay relevant and resonate with their target audiences. Creating Effective Logos: Tips for Businesses and Designers Designing a logo that captures the essence of a brand and resonates with target audiences is a critical challenge for businesses and designers alike. Here are some practical guidelines for research, ideation, and execution. 1. Research and Understanding Your Brand The first step in creating an effective logo is to thoroughly understand the brand's core values, target audience, and competitive landscape. Research is crucial to gaining insights into what makes the brand unique and how it wants to be perceived. This foundational knowledge informs the creative process, guiding the design direction towards a logo that accurately represents the brand. 2. Ideation and Conceptualization Ideation involves brainstorming and sketching various design concepts. This creative phase should explore different ways to visually express the brand's identity. Consider how different fonts, colors, and shapes can symbolize the brand's values and mission. It's also helpful to look at logo trends within the industry, not to mimic them, but to ensure your logo stands out while still feeling relevant. 3. Execution and Refinement Once a direction is chosen, the design needs to be refined and executed. This stage involves fine-tuning the logo for clarity, simplicity, and versatility. It's essential to test the logo in various formats and contexts to ensure it maintains its integrity and remains effective across all potential applications. Feedback from stakeholders and potential users can be invaluable in this process, offering perspectives that might refine the logo further. Logos are much more than mere symbols; they are the embodiment of a brand's identity, distilled into a visual form that speaks volumes. In the competitive arena of brand development, logos play a crucial role in differentiation, communication, and connection with the audience. As design trends evolve, so too do the strategies for creating the essence of logos. Through thoughtful research, creative ideation, and meticulous execution, businesses and designers can craft logos that not only symbolize success but also pave the way for it.
Exploring Ancient Ephesus: A UNESCO World Heritage Site! If you're looking for an unforgettable and culture-filled experience, visiting the ancient city of Ephesus in Turkey is just what you need! Ephesus is a UNESCO World Heritage site that has been captivating visitors for centuries with its fascinating history and beautiful architecture. From the famous Library of Celsus to the incredible Temple of Hadrian, this destination offers something extraordinary that nowhere else can match. In this guide, we will look into why visiting Ephesus should be at the top of your travel wishlist. So, without further ado, let's start our journey through time and explore one of Turkey's most prized attractions! This post may contain affiliate links. That means that if you click on a link and purchase something I recommend, I will receive a small commission at no extra cost to you. As an Amazon Associate, I earn from qualifying purchases. This helps keep my website up and running and is very appreciated. Thank you for your support! You can read my full disclosure policy here. Ephesus was an ancient port city whose well-preserved ruins are in modern-day Turkey. The city was once considered the most important Greek city and trading centre in the Mediterranean region. Throughout history, the city survived multiple attacks and changed hands often between conquerors. It was also a hotbed of early Christian evangelism and remains an important archaeological site and pilgrimage destination. Exploring ancient Ephesus is an archaeological site not to be missed! Ephesus has always been a place I've wanted to visit. I love wandering around ancient sites and ruins, imagining what they must have been like in their heyday. As I walk around these places, I imagine who else walked in the same footsteps and how life may have been for the inhabitants. There is something about these historic places that sets my imagination alive! Ephesus was no exception, and it's up there with the best historical sites I've ever visited; it was truly amazing! History Of Ephesus: According to legend, Ephesus was founded by a tribe of great female warriors, the 'Amazons'. The original city is considered the site of the Arzawa Kingdom's capital city, Apasa, meaning 'city of the Mother Goddess'. Some scholars maintain that the sign of the labrys, the double-axe of the mother goddess which adorned the palace at Knossos, Crete, even originated in Ephesus. Ephesus was inhabited from the end of the Bronze Age onward, but the location was changed due to floods and the whims of various rulers. Around 1200 BC, migration from North West Greece began bringing Ionian colonists. The cities that were established after the Ionian migrations joined in a confederacy under the leadership of the city of Ephesus. Under Greek rule, Ephesus became one of the wealthiest cities in the Mediterranean world. It was a learning centre and the birthplace and home of the renowned philosopher Heraclitus. This thriving city was where women enjoyed rights and privileges equal to men's. There are records of female artists, sculptors, painters, and teachers. At night, the city's streets were brightly lit with oil lamps, a luxury few cities could afford. Under the rule of King Croesus of Lydia between 560 and 547 BC, the construction of the great Temple of Artemis at Ephesus began. Then, in 356 BC, a crazed man called Herostratus burned down the Temple. The Ephesians rebuilt the temple even bigger. It was estimated to be four times larger than the Parthenon in Athens and became known as one of the Seven Wonders of the Ancient World. In 546 BC, Ephesus fell to the Persian Empire; however, the city continued to prosper as an important port of trade. When the Ionian city-states rebelled against Persian rule in the 5th century BC, Ephesus remained neutral. It thus escaped the destruction suffered by so many other cities at the hands of the Persians. In 334 BC, Alexander the Great defeated the Persians and entered Ephesus. After his death, one of his generals, Lysimachus, took over the city and renamed it Arsineia after his wife. In 281 B.C., Lysimachus was killed at the Battle of Corupedium and the city was renamed Ephesus again. In 129 BC, the Roman Empire acquired Ephesus after King Attalos of Pergamon left Ephesus to the Roman Empire in his will. Under Caesar Augustus, the city enjoyed its most prosperous time. Most of the ruins you see today, such as the enormous amphitheatre, the Library of Celsus, and the public agora, were built or rebuilt during Augustus's reign. During the 1st century AD, Ephesus was visited repeatedly by early Christians, the most famous being Saint Paul, who preached and was 'booed' and chased from the theatre. However, Ephesian officials protected Paul and his followers and eventually, Christianity became the city's official religion. In 262 AD, the Goths destroyed Ephesus, including the Temple of Artemis. Some restoration of the city took place, but it never regained its splendour. The Ottoman Empire took final control of Ephesus in the fifteenth century; However, the city was in dire straits, its harbour practically useless. By the end of that century, Ephesus was abandoned, its legacy left to archaeologists, historians, and the thousands of visitors like you and me who flock to the region each year to see these magnificent ancient ruins! Exploring Ancient Ephesus: The Government Agora: This is one of the first buildings you will see as you enter the Ephesus site. As you can see, not all of the original building remains, but you can still imagine how the area may have looked. The Odeion Theatre: This building was located close to the Government Agora and was used as a theatre for concerts and council meetings. The theatre was thought to originally have a wooden roof and held around 1500 people. The Prytaneion: The Prytaneion was what we would call a town hall. Inside the hall was a holly fireplace that would have been burning for hundreds of years. The town governor was responsible for not letting the fire burn out and was thought to be one of the most honourable jobs within the city. Many of the Artemis statues now displayed in the Ephesus Museum were buried in this room. The building was once surrounded by large columns, some of which you can see in the picture below, with the main building covered partly by the mountainside. Domitian Square And Temple Walking past the Prytaneion, you will find yourself in a small square. On the right-hand side, you will find the remains of the Memmium monument. The stone figures around the monument are those of Memmium, his father, and his grandfather. On the opposite side of the monument, you will find the Nike relief, which is in the flying position, holding a garland in one hand and a date branch in the other. Kurets Street: This street is probably the most photographed in Ephesus, and it's easy to see why. This street starts at the Prytaneion, passes Domitian Square and leads onto the most fabulous views of the Celsus Library. One side of the street was used for vehicles and other pedestrians. Along the sides, there were many shops which are still to be excavated. The street was lined with large columns with statues and busts of the people who had done great things for the city. Towards the middle of the street is a door called 'Herakles Door' made up of two columns. As you pass through, it is thought to bring good luck if you can touch both sides of the column. Traian Fountain: According to the inscriptions, this fountain was built in the cornice from 102-114 AD and was dedicated to Emperor Traian. It once had two pools, and water flowed from one pool to a larger pool that housed the emperor's statue. The statue is now housed in the Ephesus Museum. Hadrian Temple: Hadrian's temple is one of the few fully restored buildings within the Ephesus site. According to its inscriptions, it was built in 138 AD and was dedicated to the Emperor Hadrianus of Athens. This was one of my favourite buildings; as a lover of architecture, I was amazed by the level of detail on the friezes along the top of the temple, as you can see below. Ceslus Library: Celsus Library is what everyone wants to see at Ephesus! I was fortunate to be there before the crowds and see this beautiful structure in all its glory without hundreds of people walking around it. This place is what exploring ancient Ephesus is all about! It is such a fantastic structure, and you can imagine what it must have been like before it was destroyed. It is definitely one of my favourite historic buildings! The library was built over the tomb of Roman senator T.Iulius Celsus Polemaeanus as a tomb monument. The building has three doors with now copies of statues in the niches. The original statues were taken to Vienna after excavations in 1910. To make the building appear larger, they built the columns 15 cm higher in the middle than on its sides. However, this building is still huge! It's only when you are up close and personal that you can really appreciate the size! The Commercial Agora: Next to the Celsus Library, you will find the commercial agora. Most of this part of the site has been destroyed; however, you can still imagine how the square would have once looked surrounded by all the vast columns. Behind the columns would have once been shops, other commercial outlets, and a south gate opening up into the harbour. Unfortunately, this part of the site has yet to be excavated. Marble Street: Marble Street led the way between the Celsus Library and the great theatre, so-called due to being covered entirely with white marble. Along the street would have been many dwellings and commercial buildings. Halfway down the street, you will find a marble square with carvings of a female bust, a foot and a heart pierced by an arrow. This carving is thought to be an advertisement, giving directions to the 'house of love'. The Great Theatre: Towards the city's exit, you will find the great theatre, the scene where Saint Paul was 'booed' and chased whilst trying to teach Christianity. You can still go inside the theatre; however, as they are still in the process of restoring, you can only walk along a small section. Other areas to look out for whilst exploring ancient Ephesus are the beautifully preserved mosaics along Kurets Street, the public toilets, and some interesting inscriptions. If you are from the medical profession, watch for some familiar friezes. How To Get To Ancient Ephesus: Ephesus is located 19 Km from Kusadasi in Turkey, about five miles inland from the Aegean coast. Most visitors take a trip to Ephesus from Kusadasi or Izmir, about an hour's drive from the ancient site. Travelling From Kusadasi: If travelling independently, you can take a taxi to Ephesus from Kusadasi for around €20 one way. If taking a cab, always agree on a price first; most taxi drivers will wait and take you back to Kusadasi, and the cost should be no more than €50. Regular buses also leave the Kusadasi bus station and can drop you off in Selcuk; from here, you can grab a Dolmas or walk to Ephesus; the cost should only be a couple of euros. Travelling From Izmir: You can take one of the many tourist buses straight to Ephesus from the bus terminal in Izmir. It takes approximately 1.5 hrs and costs about €2. It is also possible to get the train from Izmir Airport or Izmir Basmane station straight to Selcuk. The journey takes about 1.5 hrs and costs about €3. Travelling From Istanbul: At a push, you could explore ancient Ephesus as a day trip from Istanbul, but you would have to rely on flights. I suggest staying overnight in Kusadasi, which will give you more time to explore the area. Turkish Airlines and Pegasus offer daily flights to Izmir with prices starting from as little as €40 return! To check prices and see more great flight deals, I recommend using Skyscanner. Are you looking for somewhere to stay in Kusadasi? If so, I recommend using Booking.com. Private And Group tours: If you aren't comfortable visiting Ephesus independently, then various tour companies can take you and even offer guided tours of Ephesus, giving you a more detailed insight into the area's history. If arriving into Izmir or Kusadasi via cruise ship, you will probably have the option to take various excursions, usually for a over inflated cost. One way to get around this is to take local excursions that help the local economy and typically cost much cheaper! I recommend using Viator. Here are just some of the options available: Ancient Ephesus Visitor information: Entrance Fees: Ephesus – €40 If you are going to visit other sites besides Ephesus in Western Turkey, there is a seven-day Museum Pass, which provides multiple visits to many sites without waiting in lines, and you can make significant savings. Valid for Ancient city of Ephesus, Basilica of St. John, Terrace Houses in Ephesus, Archaeological Museum of Ephesus, Ancient city of Aphrodisias, Temple of Didyma, Ancient city of Smyrna, Ancient City of Miletus, Ancient City of Priene, Ancient City of Sardis, Ancient City of Pergamon, Asklepion of Pergamon and many others. You can buy the pass at any ancient site for €95 Opening Times: April – October Opening Time: 8.00 Closing Time: 19.00 November – March Opening Time: 8.00 Closing Time: 17.00 Best Time To Visit Ephesus: Ephesus can be visited all year round; however, it can get busy in the summer. If you don't like crowds, I recommend visiting in the shoulder season. I visited in May 2019, and there were hardly any people. It felt like the perfect time to wander around this archaeological wonder! Tips For Visiting Ephesus: - Getting a guide will make the experience more enjoyable; our guide pointed out some things you wouldn't usually notice and was extremely knowledgeable about the whole area and its history. - If you want to take lots of fabulous photos, bring a wide-angle lens as many buildings are very close, making it difficult to get some good shots. - Make sure you wear comfortable shoes as the ground can be very uneven. - Bring plenty of water and sunhat if you visit Ephesus in the summer. The site has hardly any shade at all. - Be sure to have a little haggle with the shop owners selling souvenirs as you exit the site; lots of bargains are to be had! Final thoughts: If you are interested in history or architecture, I thoroughly recommend a trip to Ephesus. The site itself is so well-preserved that you can imagine what it must have felt like to live during this time. Nothing can prepare you for how amazing this place is! Thanks so much for stopping by; I appreciate everyone who takes the time to read and make it to the end! I have lots of exciting new content in the next few weeks, so make sure you pop back to catch up! Remember to follow our social media accounts for more travel inspiration and updates. Happy travels!
Taco Bell Shooting Charlotte: Suspect Arrested and Charges Filed. Incident Overview: taco bell shooting charlotte. On a Saturday night in east Charlotte, a tragic event unfolded at a Taco Bell restaurant located on Albemarle Road, where a fast-food employee became the victim of a shooting. The incident took place shortly before 9:30 p.m. This shocking occurrence involved a customer and an employee, resulting in the Taco Bell worker suffering multiple gunshot wounds. The incident sent shockwaves through the community and raised concerns about safety and conflict resolution in public spaces. Law enforcement responded swiftly to investigate the matter and apprehend the suspect, bringing attention to the need for peaceful conflict resolution in such situations. This incident serves as a sobering reminder of the importance of maintaining safety and civility in public places. Victim's Injuries and Hospitalization, Legal Consequences for Suspect McLendon A Detailed Incident Overview, updated at website xulynuocvci.com.vn. I. Detailed analysis of the trigger for the incident taco bell shooting charlotte The critical catalyst for this unfortunate incident was a dispute that originated in the Taco Bell drive-thru. It all began when a customer, who was in the drive-thru lane, firmly believed that he had received an incorrect amount of change following his order. This perceived financial discrepancy set the stage for what would eventually escalate into a violent confrontation. Witnesses who were present at the scene reported that the customer displayed visible signs of agitation and frustration while still in the drive-thru lane. This heightened emotional state likely stemmed from his belief that he had been shortchanged. These feelings of frustration and dissatisfaction apparently influenced his subsequent actions, ultimately leading him to take matters into his own hands by entering the restaurant. The trigger for this incident underscores the potential volatility of situations where individuals perceive themselves to be wronged, particularly in public settings like fast-food drive-thrus. It serves as a stark reminder of the importance of effective conflict resolution and communication skills in preventing such confrontations from escalating into violence. In this case, a simple dispute over change evolved into a life-threatening situation, highlighting the need for alternative and non-violent methods of resolving grievances and disputes in our communities. II. Shooting Details taco bell shooting charlotte Following the initial dispute in the Taco Bell drive-thru, the suspect in this case was identified as a 67-year-old man named Doll McLendon. McLendon's reaction to the perceived issue was extreme and violent. After expressing his dissatisfaction at the drive-thru window, he left the drive-thru lane and made his way into the interior of the Taco Bell restaurant. Once inside the restaurant, McLendon escalated the situation dramatically. He resorted to using a firearm and opened fire indiscriminately within the establishment. This act of violence endangered the lives of both customers and employees who were present at the time. The decision to discharge a weapon inside a public place such as a fast-food restaurant is a grave and dangerous act, putting innocent people at risk of harm or even death. The incident illustrates the potential consequences of unchecked anger and frustration, as well as the importance of measures to prevent firearms from falling into the wrong hands. Law enforcement agencies swiftly responded to this critical situation to address the immediate threat to public safety and to apprehend the suspect. This incident serves as a poignant reminder of the need for responsible firearm ownership, conflict resolution, and the importance of maintaining security in public spaces to protect individuals from such acts of violence. III. Watch the initial dispute in the Taco Bell drive-thru IV. Injuries 1. The victim, confirmed to be a 54-year-old Taco Bell employee, was shot multiple times The victim in this distressing incident has been identified as a 54-year-old Taco Bell employee. As a result of the violent confrontation, this individual suffered multiple gunshot wounds. These gunshot wounds inflicted significant harm and posed a grave threat to the victim's life. In response to the severity of the injuries, emergency medical personnel swiftly intervened. The victim was transported to a nearby hospital to receive critical medical attention. The injuries were deemed life-threatening, underscoring the seriousness of the situation and the urgent need for medical care. 2. The victim was taken to the hospital with life-threatening injuries The injuries sustained by the Taco Bell employee emphasize the potential consequences of gun violence and the devastating impact it can have on individuals and their families. Such incidents serve as stark reminders of the importance of both personal safety and the need for effective measures to prevent acts of violence in public places. This unfortunate event highlights the crucial role that prompt medical response plays in saving lives during critical situations. It also underscores the broader societal concerns related to gun violence and the imperative to address its root causes and implement measures to prevent such incidents from occurring in the first place. V. Arrest of Suspect The Charlotte-Mecklenburg Police Department (CMPD) gathered information about the suspect's vehicle based on witness statements and restaurant footage. Officers later found McLendon's vehicle and arrested him outside of his home. In the aftermath of the shooting incident at the Taco Bell restaurant in east Charlotte, law enforcement authorities, specifically the Charlotte-Mecklenburg Police Department (CMPD), launched a comprehensive investigation. Their efforts were aimed at identifying and apprehending the suspect responsible for the violence. Key to the successful resolution of this case was the gathering of crucial information. The CMPD diligently collected details about the suspect's vehicle, relying on witness statements and security footage from the restaurant. These pieces of evidence were instrumental in narrowing down the search and determining the suspect's identity. With this information in hand, officers of the CMPD embarked on the task of locating the suspect, Doll McLendon. They followed leads to track down his vehicle, which was believed to be associated with the incident. Their persistence and investigative work led them to the suspect's residence. Officers successfully located Doll McLendon outside of his home and proceeded to take him into custody. This arrest marked a significant step in the pursuit of justice and ensuring the safety of the community. The arrest of the suspect underscores the dedication and diligence of law enforcement agencies in swiftly responding to incidents of violence and holding individuals accountable for their actions. It also highlights the importance of cooperation between the community, witnesses, and law enforcement in the investigative process, as well as the critical role of evidence in solving cases. VI. Police Statement: detailed analysis of the police statement and advice given by Major Torri Tellis during the news conference In the aftermath of the Taco Bell shooting incident in Charlotte, the Charlotte-Mecklenburg Police Department (CMPD) held a news conference to address the community and share important messages regarding the incident. During this news conference, the CMPD emphasized the paramount importance of non-violent conflict resolution. They underscored the significance of finding peaceful ways to address disagreements, disputes, or grievances, especially in public settings. Major Torri Tellis, a representative of the CMPD, took the opportunity to provide valuable guidance to the public. He advised individuals involved in conflicts to exercise restraint and consider alternatives to violence. Major Tellis encouraged people to take a step back, take a deep breath, and engage in genuine conversations when faced with challenging situations. This approach, he suggested, could help prevent disagreements from escalating into dangerous confrontations. Major Tellis's advice serves as a critical reminder of the power of communication and conflict resolution skills in diffusing tensions and averting violence. It underscores the role that individuals can play in maintaining a peaceful and safe environment by choosing non-violent methods to address their concerns. This statement highlights the CMPD's commitment to community safety and their proactive efforts to promote a culture of peaceful conflict resolution in the region. It sends a strong message that violence should never be the answer to disputes and conflicts, and that there are better, more constructive ways to address differences. VII. Detailed of the charges filed against Doll McLendon in connection with the Taco Bell shooting case Doll McLendon, the suspect involved in the Taco Bell shooting incident in Charlotte, North Carolina, faced serious legal consequences as a result of his actions. Law enforcement authorities determined that his behavior warranted criminal charges related to the incident. Attempted Murder: McLendon was charged with attempted murder. This charge indicates that he is accused of taking deliberate actions with the intent to cause the death of another person. In this case, it is likely that the charge of attempted murder was filed because McLendon allegedly fired a weapon inside the Taco Bell restaurant, endangering the life of the victim, a Taco Bell employee who was shot multiple times. Attempted murder is a severe offense that carries significant penalties if proven in court. Discharging a Weapon in an Occupied Property: Another charge filed against McLendon was related to discharging a weapon in an occupied property. This charge suggests that he allegedly discharged a firearm within the confines of a building (the Taco Bell restaurant) while it was occupied by people. Discharging a weapon in such circumstances poses a significant risk to the safety of those present and is typically considered a criminal offense. These charges indicate the seriousness with which the legal system views the Taco Bell shooting incident. Doll McLendon would likely face legal proceedings to determine his guilt or innocence regarding these charges. If found guilty, he could be subject to penalties that may include imprisonment, fines, and other legal consequences commensurate with the severity of the charges. The charges also underscore the importance of accountability and the legal process in addressing acts of violence and ensuring justice for victims.
"Oranges and Lemons" The old British nursery rhyme "Oranges and Lemons" plays an important role in the story, as Winston tracks down its lines. Kun brugere med et Studienet medlemskab kan se dette indhold. Køb adgang. The symbolism of this rhyme has several different layers. For most of the book, Winston's attempts to track down the poem shows his fascination with the past before the Party, and the image of a London free from their control. The rhyme therefore symbolizes something beautiful and nostalgic in the early sections of the story: It was curious, but when you said it to yourself you had the illusion of actually hearing bells, the bells of a lost London that still existed somewhere or other, disguised and forgotten. From one ghostly steeple after another he seemed to hear them pealing forth. (p. 103) However, the final section of the rhyme takes a much darker turn, wi… The coral paperweight The paperweight that Winston buys at Mr. Charrington's shop is described as follows: It was a heavy lump of glass, curved on one side, flat on the other, making almost a hemisphere. There was a peculiar softness, as of rain-water, in both the colour and the texture of the glass. At the heart of it, magnified by the curved surface, there was a strange, pink, convoluted object that recalled a rose or a sea anemone. (pp. 98-99) Winston buys it because he is fascinated with it… This twist on a basic mathematical problem is a symbol of the Party's ability to manipulate the truth. Since the Party controls all records and has influence on all human minds, their logic is that they have full control of what the basic facts of life are - even mathematical truths may be altered if the Party wishes. Winston, on the other hand, clings to the idea that there are truths about the world independent from the Party, and that to be fr… Light and darkness Traditionally, light is used to symbolise something that is good and positive, while darkness is used to symbolise something evil and negative. However, Orwell sometimes reverses this symbolism in Nineteen Eighty-Four, playing with the reader's expectations and reinforcing the ironic tone of the novel. We see an example of darkness representing something positive early on, when it is clarified that only darkness prevents the telescreen from observing people: "You had to live - did live, from habit that became instinct - in the assumption that every sound you made was overheard, and, except i…
What is the role of a PT in the orthopedics? Suffering a musculoskeletal injury or managing an arthritic joint condition often has you consulting an orthopedic specialist. But to facilitate genuine healing beyond just masking symptoms requires a team approach. An orthopedic surgeon offers vital interventions at key treatment crossroads while a physical therapist provides continuous rehabilitative care, coordinating your entire recovery process. This article delves into the multifaceted responsibilities of a Physical Therapist (PT) specializing in orthopedics and how their expertise contributes to the well-being of individuals dealing with orthopedic issues. For those seeking personalized care in Mechanicsburg, FYZICAL Therapy & Balance Centers – Mechanicsburg stands as a beacon of excellence. What Do Orthopedic Doctors Treat? Orthopedic medicine focuses on diagnosing and treating injuries as well as degenerative conditions affecting the musculoskeletal system – joints, bones, muscles, ligaments, and nerves enabling movement. Orthopedic specialists aim to maximize mobility and quality of life through both surgical and nonsurgical methods. Common Orthopedic Conditions Physical Therapists Rehab: - Fractures - Sprains and strains - Osteoarthritis - Rheumatoid arthritis - Osteoporosis - Disk pathologies like herniations or degeneration - Nerve impingements causing pain or weakness - Tendonitis or bursitis - Post-surgical joint replacement or reconstruction - Sport biomechanics issues provoking repeated injury For these issues, a multi-pronged care plan combining various medical expertise produces the best outcomes. The surgeon and physical therapist collaborate at pivotal touchpoints along the patient's orthopedic journey for their Physical Therapy in Mechanicsburg. Why Physical Therapists Excel in Orthopedic Rehabilitation With doctoral-level studies of anatomy, biomechanics, exercise physiology, and movement analysis, PTs uniquely understand medical challenges from a functional perspective. Their holistic perspective appreciates individual patients' posture, gait imbalance, suboptimal movement patterns, muscle weakness, joint instability, poor endurance, and deficits in proprioception or motor control. These perpetuate dysfunction – often more significantly than structural injuries alone. By addressing the root causes of compensatory strain and overuse, PTs prevent unnecessary surgery down the road in many cases. Their emphasis on education, injury prevention, and self-management also reduces the risk of problems recurring or developing in other areas later on. Physical therapists Provide Continuity Connecting Acute Care Through Recovery Milestones Physical therapists (PTs) play an indispensable role throughout the continuum of impairment and recovery, providing a critical continuity that distinguishes them from other medical providers. In the immediate aftermath of injury or surgery, PTs safeguard damaged structures through bracing and splinting, guide proper weight-bearing protocols, reduce swelling and pain, and initiate a gentle range of motion exercises to prevent adhesion formation. As the healing progresses, they advance joint mobility, flexibility, and muscle activation sequencing, working to restore strength, movement patterns, and overall function. In the later phases of healing and remodeling, PTs normalize strength, power, and endurance, optimizing biomechanics and efficiency while replicating sports or job demands. Their role extends beyond physical rehabilitation, delving into the realms of skill enhancement, performance execution, and determining readiness benchmarks before a return to full activity. PTs also provide essential guidance and modifications for managing chronic conditions. Throughout each stage, PTs maintain a whole-person perspective, regularly evaluating and addressing obstacles to optimize the trajectory toward maximal recovery. Unlike quick fixes such as medications or surgeries, the functional approach of PTs emphasizes sustained improvement, ensuring that individuals not only recover but thrive in their daily lives. The comprehensive care provided by PTs goes beyond the immediate symptoms, fostering long-term well-being and functional resilience. Physical Therapists Offer Treatment Techniques Surgeons Cannot Provide Additionally, physical therapists possess clinical skills outside most surgeons' scope of practice for accelerating recovery: Hands-on Manual Therapy - Joint mobilization – Gentle motions to separate joint surfaces impeded by scar tissue or adhesions - Soft tissue massage – Improves muscle compliance, circulatory flow, fights inflammation - Myofascial release – Loosens connective tissue tightness contributing to pain, spasms, inflammation - Trigger point dry needling – Deactivates nerve and muscle knot hyper irritability Modalities Providing Symptomatic Relief - Heat or ice packs decrease inflammation, swelling, muscle guarding - Electrical stimulation retards atrophy until voluntary contraction ability recovers - Ultrasound – Increases tissue extensibility prior to stretching Functional Mobility Retraining - Balance and gait drills - Coordination challenges - Muscular endurance development - Proprioceptive and kinesthetic cueing - Sport or job-specific skills practice None of these treatment elements fall directly in the surgeon's scope – yet enhance outcomes when interwoven through all phases of care. Selecting Your Orthopedic PT Partner Seeking a therapist thoroughly trained in orthopedic rehabilitation ensures the greatest benefit. Look for credentials like the Orthopedic Certified Specialist (OCS) denoting completion of residencies focused on manual therapy, sports rehab, pediatric and geriatric orthopedic issues on top of foundational physical therapy doctoral education. Here in Mechanicsburg, the physical therapists at FYZICAL Therapy & Balance Centers, including specialized expertise in Ortho Treatment Mechanicsburg, meet rigorous clinical competency and continue developing specialty expertise in orthopedic rehabilitation. By integrating the latest medical research with advanced hands-on physical therapy techniques, their clinical experience and judgment provide trusted guidance tailored to each patient's needs throughout your entire orthopedic journey. Partner with FYZICAL Therapy & Balance Centers – Mechanicsburg so you fully recover capability lost to injury or arthritis. Regain flexibility and strength, restore function, and prevent unnecessary surgery or further deterioration. Contact them today to take an active role in maximizing your orthopedic health!
103 Posts Actor Ben Stiller has cast himself in a new role—advocate for early prostate cancer screening, after revealing recently that he was diagnosed with the disease in 2014. A new study finds that human papillomavirus infections among teenage girls and young women has dropped since the HPV vaccine was recommended 10 years ago. HPV infections are responsible for virtually all cervical cancers. The words "genetic" and "genomic," for example, are often used interchangeably, even though they have very distinct meanings, especially when it comes to treating cancer. Learn the critical differences between the two and what they mean to cancer care. Our lung cancer experts answer your questions about the second most common non-skin cancer among American men and women. The information contained in this blog is not intended nor implied to be a substitute for professional medical advice. Always seek the advice of your physician or other qualified health provider prior to starting any new treatment or with any questions you may have regarding a medical condition. Nothing contained in the blog is intended to be used for medical diagnosis or treatment of any illness, condition or disease.
Visual-storytelling power of comic communication : application of Chinese sociocultural beliefs for teaching morality : [a thesis submitted to Auckland University of Technology in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Design (MDes), 2018] / Kan Gu ; supervisor: Leong Yap. Comics are a delightful communication medium. Most of us, mainly the older generation, have grown up with comics, such as Superman, Batman, Saint Seiya, and Dragon Ball. A comic is, in many ways, more superior in communication potency than technology-driven visual stories, or a website, because it c... Saved in: Main Author: \| \| Corporate Author: \| \| Format: \| Ethesis \| Language: \| English \| Subjects: \| \| Online Access: \| Click here to access this resource online \| Summary: \| Comics are a delightful communication medium. Most of us, mainly the older generation, have grown up with comics, such as Superman, Batman, Saint Seiya, and Dragon Ball. A comic is, in many ways, more superior in communication potency than technology-driven visual stories, or a website, because it could excite the five senses of the reader. For example, one could feel the texture of paper, smell the ink, see the typography and printing technology, and appreciate the creativity and artistic skill of the story and drawings. Each picture is created by an imaginative artist and storyteller to convey a meaningful experience and emotional information to narrate a visual story. Most people, both young and old, would enjoy holding a well-designed comic book with beautiful images, typefaces, and emotional storylines that they will read, reread, even introduce to others. For these reasons, I have chosen this medium to tell a story to bridge the communication generation-gap in modern society. The main aim of my design project is to use illustration and storytelling to teach morality in a Chinese sociocultural context. The story focuses on the four Saint Beasts in Chinese Mythology. Besides symbolising the Four Saint beast with essential elements in Chinese culture, I have humanised them - for the first in Chinese legend - to give them the personified characters with the potency of imparting traditional Chinese virtues in the comic. I believe that the power of comics and illustrations are the best medium to tell a story. While growing up in China, I read various comics, cartoons, and picture-story books from different countries. Imaginative plots impressed me emotionally with meaningful experiences. They touched me and educated me in a way that is more profound than any other media. Comics - storytelling and illustration - that I have experienced since I was a child have shaped my professional career and research direction. Visual-Storytelling Power of Comic Communication: Application of Chinese Sociocultural Beliefs for Teaching Morality employs a comic format involving The Four Saint Beast to tell a story to change the behaviour of a young boy. To do this well, I researched and applied relevant theories and principles from the humanities literature to support my design intention. Humanities that have informed my design included: Maslow's hierarchy of needs, behavioural changes theories, and the five virtues. The purpose of this project is to apply traditional Chinese culture to help people to solve a family issue in a Western context. One of the challenges is not how to design a comic book, but how to meaningfully transfer the concepts of a specific culture into an acceptable and relevant way for western audiences. The creative process has necessitated hundreds of trials and errors, and iterations, in both storytelling and visualisation. Therefore, the Heuristic Methodology has been used in the ideation process. However, this particular practice-based research in comic design has also followed a very systematic design process. It is not only based on my heuristic thinking and drawing. Besides the application of culture and behavioural-change theories, the research and design are informed by the opinions of three experts who I have interviewed in the field. Their judgement and points of views in the form of wise counsel have helped me to improve my concepts. Their critiques have prompted me to modify characters, change the layout, and recast many plots. The feedback of the comic book design has so far been relatively well received by the experts and my design peers. The Research Project consists of two parts; a written report and a 65-page comic book. The two parts should be examined in conjunction with each other. Author supplied keywords: Visual storytelling; Comic; Communication; Chinese culture; Edutainment; Morality. \| Physical Description: \| 1 online resource \| Bibliography: \| Includes bibliographical references. \|
Both headline and core inflation fell in Japan in December (see Chart 1). The core index, which excludes fresh food prices and is the measure preferred by the Bank of Japan (BoJ) to assess underlying inflation trends, rose 2.3% year-on-year. This is only just above the BoJ's 2% inflation objective and is far below the 4.3% year-on-year peak registered in January 2023. Investment Insights 3 min read Falling inflation: a potential problem for Japan Japanese inflation has been falling over the past year, yet markets expect the Bank of Japan to exit its negative interest rate policy and yield curve control framework later this year. In this Macro Flash Note, Economist Sam Jochim looks at the implications of December's inflation release for Japan's monetary policy. Chart 1. Japanese CPI inflation (% change, year-on-year) Much of the decline has resulted from falling energy prices, which enter both the headline and core indices in Japan. This is highlighted by the fact that the core-core index, which excludes fresh food and energy prices, has been falling at a gentler pace. The spike in inflation in 2022 was driven by inflation abroad and a weaker yen, both of which resulted in higher import costs and caused a large increase in goods prices in Japan (see Chart 2). It makes little sense to increase interest rates when inflation is not being driven by domestic demand. The BoJ therefore appears justified in having stood firm on its policy. Chart 2. Japanese goods and services inflation and import price index (% change, year-on-year) A decline in goods prices as import prices have fallen has dragged headline and core inflation lower. What's more, the BoJ expects this trend to continue and believes that inflation could soon be below the 2% target.1 This begs the question as to why markets expect the first interest rate increase for 17 years in Japan in 2024 and an exit from the BoJ's yield curve control policy. The answer lies in services inflation (see Chart 2). This has been rising in Japan, though its overall contribution to headline inflation remains lower than that of goods.2 The BoJ believes that services prices are being pushed up by higher labour costs. Indeed, nominal wages are rising, though at a slower pace than inflation (see Chart 3). Chart 3. Japanese nominal and real wage index (% change, year-on-year) This is key for the central bank's policy. The BoJ believes that 2024's Spring wage negotiations will likely lead to even larger pay increases than in 2023. If this also results in an increase in services prices as firms pass on the cost of higher labour, then the BoJ will be satisfied it is seeing a "virtuous cycle between wages and prices".3 To summarise, if wages and services prices continue to rise and core inflation is around 2%, the BoJ will deem it appropriate to terminate the negative interest rate policy and yield curve control framework. Given the importance the BoJ places on the Spring wage negotiations, this decision is unlikely to be made before the meeting in April. 1 Summary of opinions at the monetary policy meeting on December 18 and 19, 2023: https://go.pardot.com/e/931253/inu-opinion-2023-opi231219-pdf/3vwgn/316778821/h/xOMyylbMhSm7ZDoAs4LVfFDOI6-g8vknPC1zTGWze38 2 EFGAM calculations show goods inflation contributed 1.4 percentage points and services inflation contributed 1.2 percentage points to the 2.6% year-on-year headline inflation in December. 3 See also, Summary of opinions at the monetary policy meeting on December 18 and 19, 2023: https://go.pardot.com/e/931253/inu-opinion-2023-opi231219-pdf/3vwgn/316778821/h/xOMyylbMhSm7ZDoAs4LVfFDOI6-g8vknPC1zTGWze38
Mount Rainier Mount Rainier \| \| Tahoma \| \| Highest point \| \| Elevation \| 14,411 ft (4,392 m) NAVD 88[1][2] \| Prominence \| 13,246 ft (4,037 m)[1] \| Parent peak \| Mount Massive, United States of America[1] \| Isolation \| 731 mi (1,176 km)[1] \| Listing \| \| Coordinates \| 46°51′11″N 121°45′38″W / 46.85306°N 121.76056°W[1] \| Naming \| \| Etymology \| Peter Rainier \| Geography \| \| Country \| United States \| State \| Washington \| County \| Pierce County \| Protected area \| Mount Rainier National Park \| Parent range \| Cascade Range \| Topo map \| USGS Mount Rainier West \| Geology \| \| Age of rock \| 500,000 years \| Mountain type \| Stratovolcano \| Volcanic arc \| Cascade Volcanic Arc \| Climbing \| \| First ascent \| 1870 by Hazard Stevens and P. B. Van Trump \| Easiest route \| rock/ice climb via Disappointment Cleaver \| Mount Rainier (/reɪˈnɪər/ ray-NEER), also known as Tahoma, is a large active stratovolcano in the Cascade Range of the Pacific Northwest in the United States. The mountain is located in Mount Rainier National Park about 59 miles (95 km) south-southeast of Seattle.[3] With a summit elevation of 14,411 ft (4,392 m),[4][5] it is the highest mountain in the U.S. state of Washington, the most topographically prominent mountain in the contiguous United States,[6] and the tallest in the Cascade Volcanic Arc. Due to its high probability of an eruption in the near future and proximity to a major urban area, Mount Rainier is considered one of the most dangerous volcanoes in the world, and it is on the Decade Volcano list.[7] The large amount of glacial ice means that Mount Rainier could produce massive lahars that could threaten the entire Puyallup River valley and other river valleys draining Mount Rainier, including the Carbon, White, Nisqually, and Cowlitz (above Riffe Lake).[8] According to the United States Geological Survey, "about 80,000 people and their homes are at risk in Mount Rainier's lahar-hazard zones."[9] Between 1950 and 2018, 439,460 people climbed Mount Rainier.[10][11] Approximately 84 people died in mountaineering accidents on Mount Rainier from 1947 to 2018.[10] The diverse Indigenous peoples who have lived near Mount Rainier for millennia have many names for the mountain in their various languages. Lushootseed speakers have several names for Mount Rainier, including xʷaq̓ʷ and təqʷubəʔ.[a][12] xʷaq̓ʷ means "sky wiper" or "one who touches the sky" in English.[12] The word təqʷubəʔ means "snow-covered mountain".[12][13] təqʷubəʔ has been anglicized in many ways, including 'Tacoma', 'Tahoma', and 'Tacobet'.[14] Sahaptin speakers call the mountain Taxúma.[15] Another anglicized name is Pooskaus.[16] George Vancouver named Mount Rainier in honor of his friend, Rear Admiral Peter Rainier.[17] The map of the Lewis and Clark expedition of 1804–1806 refers to it as "Mt. Regniere". Although Rainier had been considered the official name of the mountain, Theodore Winthrop referred to the mountain as "Tacoma" in his posthumously published 1862 travel book The Canoe and the Saddle. For a time, both names were used interchangeably, although residents of the nearby city of Tacoma preferred Mount Tacoma.[18][19] In 1890, the United States Board on Geographic Names declared that the mountain would be known as Rainier.[20] Following this in 1897, the Pacific Forest Reserve became the Mount Rainier Forest Reserve, and the national park was established three years later. Despite this, there was still a movement to change the mountain's name to Tacoma and Congress was still considering a resolution to change the name as late as 1924.[21][22] After the 2015 restoration of the original name Denali from Mount McKinley in Alaska, debate over Mount Rainier's name intensified.[23] Geographical setting[edit] Mount Rainier is the tallest mountain in Washington and the Cascade Range. This peak is located just east of Eatonville and just southeast of Tacoma and Seattle.[24] Mount Rainier is ranked third of the 128 ultra-prominent mountain peaks of the United States. Mount Rainier has a topographic prominence of 13,210 ft (4,026 m), which is greater than that of K2, the world's second-tallest mountain, at 13,189 ft (4,020 m).[25] On clear days it dominates the southeastern horizon in most of the Seattle-Tacoma metropolitan area to such an extent that locals sometimes refer to it simply as "the Mountain".[26] On days of exceptional clarity, it can also be seen from as far away as Corvallis, Oregon (at Marys Peak), and Victoria, British Columbia.[27] With 26 major glaciers[28] and 36 sq mi (93 km2) of permanent snowfields and glaciers,[29] Mount Rainier is the most heavily glaciated peak in the lower 48 states. The summit is topped by two volcanic craters, each more than 1,000 ft (300 m) in diameter, with the larger east crater overlapping the west crater. Geothermal heat from the volcano keeps areas of both crater rims free of snow and ice, and has formed the world's largest volcanic glacier cave network within the ice-filled craters,[30] with nearly 2 mi (3.2 km) of passages.[31] A small crater lake about 130 by 30 ft (39.6 by 9.1 m) in size and 16 ft (5 m) deep, the highest in North America with a surface elevation of 14,203 ft (4,329 m), occupies the lowest portion of the west crater below more than 100 ft (30 m) of ice and is accessible only via the caves.[32][33] The Carbon, Puyallup, Mowich, Nisqually, and Cowlitz Rivers begin at eponymous glaciers of Mount Rainier. The sources of the White River are Winthrop, Emmons, and Fryingpan Glaciers. The White, Carbon, and Mowich join the Puyallup River, which discharges into Commencement Bay at Tacoma; the Nisqually empties into Puget Sound east of Lacey; and the Cowlitz joins the Columbia River between Kelso and Longview. Subsidiary peaks[edit] The broad top of Mount Rainier contains three named summits. The highest is called the Columbia Crest. The second highest summit is Point Success, 14,158 ft (4,315 m), at the southern edge of the summit plateau, atop the ridge known as Success Cleaver. It has a topographic prominence of about 138 ft (42 m), so it is not considered a separate peak. The lowest of the three summits is Liberty Cap, 14,112 ft (4,301 m), at the northwestern edge, which overlooks Liberty Ridge, the Sunset Amphitheater, and the dramatic Willis Wall.[34] Liberty Cap has a prominence of 492 ft (150 m), and so would qualify as a separate peak under most strictly prominence-based rules. A prominence cutoff of 400 ft (122 m) is commonly used in Washington state.[35] High on the eastern flank of Mount Rainier is a peak known as Little Tahoma Peak, 11,138 ft (3,395 m), an eroded remnant of the earlier, much higher, Mount Rainier. It has a prominence of 858 ft (262 m), and it is almost never climbed in direct conjunction with Columbia Crest, so it is usually considered a separate peak. If considered separately from Mount Rainier, Little Tahoma Peak would be the third highest mountain peak in Washington.[36][37] Mount Rainier is a stratovolcano in the Cascade Volcanic Arc that consists of lava flows, debris flows, and pyroclastic ejecta and flows. Its early volcanic deposits are estimated at more than 840,000 years old and are part of the Lily Formation (about 2.9 million to 840,000 years ago). The early deposits formed a "proto-Rainier" or an ancestral cone prior to the present-day cone.[38] The present cone is more than 500,000 years old.[39] The volcano is highly eroded, with glaciers on its slopes, and appears to be made mostly of andesite. Rainier likely once stood even higher than today at about 16,000 ft (4,900 m) before a major debris avalanche and the resulting Osceola Mudflow approximately 5,000 years ago.[40] In the past, Rainier has had large debris avalanches, and has also produced enormous lahars (volcanic mudflows), due to the large amount of glacial ice present. Its lahars have reached all the way to Puget Sound, a distance of more than 30 mi (48 km). Around 5,000 years ago, a large chunk of the volcano slid away and that debris avalanche helped to produce the massive Osceola Mudflow, which went all the way to the site of present-day Tacoma and south Seattle.[41] This massive avalanche of rock and ice removed the top 1,600 ft (500 m) of Rainier, bringing its height down to around 14,100 ft (4,300 m). About 530 to 550 years ago, the Electron Mudflow occurred, although this was not as large-scale as the Osceola Mudflow.[42] After the major collapse approximately 5,000 years ago, subsequent eruptions of lava and tephra built up the modern summit cone until about as recently as 1,000 years ago. As many as 11 Holocene tephra layers have been found.[38] Soils on Mount Rainier are mostly gravelly ashy sandy loams developed from colluvium or glacial till mixed with volcanic tephra. Under forest cover their profiles usually have the banded appearance of a classic podzol but the E horizon is darker than usual. Under meadows a thick dark A horizon usually forms the topsoil.[43] Modern activity and threat[edit] The most recent recorded volcanic activity was between 1820 and 1854, but many eyewitnesses reported eruptive activity in 1858, 1870, 1879, 1882, and 1894 as well.[44] Additionally, the Smithsonian Institution's volcanism project records the last volcanic eruption as 1450 CE.[45] Seismic monitors have been placed in Mount Rainier National Park and on the mountain itself to monitor activity.[46] An eruption could be deadly for all living in areas within the immediate vicinity of the volcano and effects from an eruption could be noticed from Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada to San Francisco, California[47] because of the massive amounts of ash blasting out of the volcano into the atmosphere. Mount Rainier is located in an area that itself is part of the eastern rim of the Pacific Ring of Fire. This includes mountains and calderas like Mount Shasta and Lassen Peak in California, Crater Lake, Three Sisters, and Mount Hood in Oregon, Mount St. Helens, Mount Adams, Glacier Peak, and Mount Baker in Washington, and Mount Cayley, Mount Garibaldi, Silverthrone Caldera, and Mount Meager in British Columbia. Many of the above are dormant, but could return to activity, and scientists on both sides of the border gather research of the past eruptions of each in order to predict how mountains in this arc will behave and what they are capable of in the future, including Mount Rainier.[48][49] Of these, two have erupted since the beginning of the twentieth century: Lassen in 1915 and St. Helens in 1980 and 2004. However, past eruptions in this volcanic arc have multiple examples of sub-plinian eruptions or higher: Crater Lake's last eruption as Mount Mazama was large enough to cause its cone to collapse,[50] and Mount Rainier's closest neighbor, Mount St. Helens, produced the largest recorded eruption in the continental United States when it erupted in 1980. Statistics place the likelihood of a major eruption in the Cascade Range at 2–3 per century.[51] Mount Rainier is listed as a Decade Volcano, or one of the 16 volcanoes on Earth with the greatest likelihood of causing loss of life and property if eruptive activity resumes.[52] If Mount Rainier were to erupt as powerfully as Mount St. Helens did in its May 18, 1980 eruption, the effect would be cumulatively greater, because of the far more massive amounts of glacial ice locked on the volcano compared to Mount St. Helens,[42] the vastly more heavily populated areas surrounding Rainier, and the fact that Mount Rainier is almost twice the size of St. Helens.[53] Lahars from Rainier pose the most risk to life and property,[54] as many communities lie atop older lahar deposits. According to the United States Geological Survey (USGS), about 150,000 people live on top of old lahar deposits of Rainier.[9] Not only is there much ice atop the volcano, the volcano is also slowly being weakened by hydrothermal activity. According to Geoff Clayton, a geologist with a Washington State Geology firm, RH2 Engineering, a repeat of the 5000-year-old Osceola Mudflow would destroy Enumclaw, Orting, Kent, Auburn, Puyallup, Sumner and all of Renton.[41] Such a mudflow might also reach down the Duwamish estuary and destroy parts of downtown Seattle, and cause tsunamis in Puget Sound and Lake Washington.[55] Rainier is also capable of producing pyroclastic flows and expelling lava.[55] A 2012 Washington State Department of Natural Resources estimate showed that a significant lahar could cause up to $40 billion in damage downriver.[56] According to Kevin Scott, a scientist with the USGS: A home built in any of the probabilistically defined inundation areas on the new maps is more likely to be damaged or destroyed by a lahar than by fire... For example, a home built in an area that would be inundated every 100 years, on the average, is 27 times more likely to be damaged or destroyed by a flow than by fire. People know the danger of fire, so they buy fire insurance and they have smoke alarms, but most people are not aware of the risks of lahars, and few have applicable flood insurance.[57] The volcanic risk is somewhat mitigated by lahar warning sirens and escape route signs in Pierce County, part of the Mount Rainier Volcano Lahar Warning System, which was implemented by the USGS in 1998, and has been maintained by Pierce County since.[58] The more populous King County is also in the lahar area, but has no zoning restrictions due to volcanic hazard.[59] More recently (since 2001) funding from the federal government for lahar protection in the area has dried up, leading local authorities in at-risk cities like Orting to fear a disaster similar to the Armero tragedy.[60][61] To prevent against such tragedies, authorities downriver from Rainier have conducted large-scale evacuation exercises in 2019 and 2024. The most recent of these exercises, conducted on March 21, 2024, involved the Puyallup, Sumner-Bonney Lake, Orting, White River, and Carbonado School Districts. During the exercise, emergency operations centers in the cities of Puyallup, Bonney Lake, and Buckley were activated to help the movement of school students and staff.[62] Seismic background[edit] Typically, up to five earthquakes are recorded monthly near the summit. Swarms of five to ten shallow earthquakes over two or three days take place from time to time, predominantly in the region of 13,000 feet (4 km) below the summit. These earthquakes are thought to be caused by the circulation of hot fluids beneath Mount Rainier. Presumably, hot springs and steam vents within Mount Rainier National Park are generated by such fluids.[63] Seismic swarms (not initiated with a mainshock) are common features at volcanoes, and are rarely associated with eruptive activity. Rainier has had several such swarms; there were days-long swarms in 2002, 2004, and 2007, two of which (2002 and 2004) included M 3.2 earthquakes. A 2009 swarm produced the largest number of events of any swarm at Rainier since seismic monitoring began over two decades earlier.[64] Further swarms were observed in 2011 and 2021.[65][66] Glaciers are among the most conspicuous and dynamic geologic features on Mount Rainier. They erode the volcanic cone and are important sources of streamflow for several rivers, including some that provide water for hydroelectric power and irrigation. Together with perennial snow patches, the 29 named glacial features cover about 30.41 square miles (78.8 km2) of the mountain's surface in 2015 and have an estimated volume of about 0.69 cubic miles (2.9 km3).[67][68][28][29] Glaciers flow under the influence of gravity by the combined action of sliding over the rock on which they lie and by deformation, the gradual displacement between and within individual ice crystals. Maximum speeds occur near the surface and along the centerline of the glacier. During May 1970, Nisqually Glacier was measured moving as fast as 29 inches (74 cm) per day. Flow rates are generally greater in summer than in winter, probably due to the presence of large quantities of meltwater at the glacier base.[29] The size of glaciers on Mount Rainier has fluctuated significantly in the past. For example, during the last ice age, from about 25,000 to about 15,000 years ago, glaciers covered most of the area now within the boundaries of Mount Rainier National Park and extended to the perimeter of the present Puget Sound Basin.[29] Between the 14th century and 1850, many of the glaciers on Mount Rainier advanced to their farthest extent downvalley since the last ice age. Many advances of this sort occurred worldwide during this time period known to geologists as the Little Ice Age. During the Little Ice Age, the Nisqually Glacier advanced to a position 650 to 800 ft (200 to 240 m) downvalley from the site of the Glacier Bridge, Tahoma and South Tahoma Glaciers merged at the base of Glacier Island, and the terminus of Emmons Glacier reached within 1.2 mi (1.9 km) of the White River Campground.[29] Retreat of the Little Ice Age glaciers was slow until about 1920 when retreat became more rapid. The Williwakas Glacier was noted as extinct during the 1930s. Between the height of the Little Ice Age and 1950, Mount Rainier's glaciers lost about one-quarter of their length. Beginning in 1950 and continuing through the early 1980s, however, many of the major glaciers advanced in response to relatively cooler temperatures of the mid-century. The glaciers and snowfields of Mount Rainier also lost volume during this time, except for the Frying Pan and Emmons glaciers on the east flank and the small near-peak snowfields; the greatest volume loss was concentrated from ~1750 m (north) to ~2250 m (south) elevation. The largest single volume loss is from the Carbon Glacier, although it is to the north, due to its huge area at <2000 m elevation.[69] The Carbon, Cowlitz, Emmons, and Nisqually Glaciers advanced during the late 1970s and early 1980s as a result of high snowfalls during the 1960s and 1970s. Since the early-1980s, however, many glaciers have been thinning and retreating and some advances have slowed.[29] In a study using data from 2021, National Park Service scientists removed Stevens Glacier from its inventory of Mount Rainier glaciers due to its dwindling size and lack of evidence that it was moving.[70] Using satellite data in 2022, researchers at Nichols College determined that both Pyramid and Van Trump glaciers had also ceased to exist with only fragments of ice remaining.[70] A significant decline had been noted between 2015 and 2022.[71] The glaciers on Mount Rainier can generate mudflows through glacial outburst floods not associated with an eruption. The South Tahoma Glacier generated 30 floods in the 1980s and early 1990s, and again in August 2015.[72] Human history[edit] At the time of European contact, the river valleys and other areas near the mountain were inhabited by Native Americans who hunted and gathered animals and plants in Mount Rainier's forests and high elevation meadows. Modern descendants of these peoples are represented by members of modern tribes that surround the mountain; including the Nisqually Indian Tribe, the Cowlitz Indian Tribe, the Confederated Tribes and Bands of the Yakama Nation, the Puyallup Tribe of Indians, and the Muckleshoot Indian Tribe, among others in the area.[75] The archaeological record of human use of the mountain dates to over 8,500 years before present (BP). Sites related to seasonal use of Mount Rainier and its landscapes are reflected in chipped stone tool remains and settings suggesting functionally varied uses including task-specific sites, rockshelters, travel stops, and long-term base camps. Their distribution on the mountain suggest primary use of subalpine meadows and low alpine habitats that provided relatively high resource abundance during the short summer season.[76] Evidence suggests that there existed a tradition of Native Americans setting fire to areas of the region each year as a way to encourage meadow development.[77] The first Europeans to reach the Pacific Northwest were the Spanish who arrived by sea in 1774 led by Juan Perez.[78] The next year, under the direction of Juan Francisco de la Bodega y Quadra, a boat was sent ashore to Destruction island.[78] Upon landing, the crew was attacked and killed by the local indigenous population.[78] Although attempts were made in 1792 to create a permanent Spanish settlement at Neah Bay, the project was unsuccessful and by 1795, Spain had given up on the region.[78] Although not documented anywhere, it is likely that Spanish sailors first observed Mount Rainier while sailing in the Strait of Juan de Fuca.[78] Upon reaching what would become California in 1579, Sir Francis Drake claimed the entire northwest coast of North America for England.[78] This claim to the coast of the Pacific Northwest was not further explored until in 1778 Captain James Cook sailed the coastline of modern-day Washington and British Columbia, stimulating a subsequent increase in English ships coming to the area as part of the fur trade.[78] On July 22, 1793, Sir Alexander Mackenzie of the British Northwest Fur Company reached the Pacific Ocean via overland route that crossed the Rocky Mountains.[78] The first American, John Ledyard, reached the region aboard Captain Cook's ship in 1778.[78] By 1787, six Americans from Boston formed a company which began trading along the northwest coast.[78] The Lewis and Clark overland expedition reached the northwest coast in 1805 and observed Mount Rainier for the first time in the Spring of 1806.[78] The first documented sighting of Mt. Rainier by a European was by the crew of Captain George Vancouver on May 7, 1792, during the Vancouver Expedition (1790–1795).[78][79][17] On the May 8, 1792, Vancouver gave the name of Mt. Rainier to the observed peak in homage to Vancouver's friend Rear Admiral Peter Rainier. At the outset of the 19th century, the region where Mt. Rainier was located was claimed by Spain, the U.S., Russia, and Great Britain, with most claims being based on instances of early naval exploration of the region's coast.[78] Spain relinquished all remaining claims to the Pacific Northwest that had not already been handed over with the Louisiana Purchase in 1819 with the purchase and cession of Florida by the United States.[78] In 1824, Russia ceded all land claims south of parallel 54°40′ north to the United States as part of the Russo-American Treaty.[78] In 1818, the United States and the United Kingdom signed a treaty, agreeing upon the joint settlement and occupation of the Oregon country which consisted of the territory north of 42°N latitude, south of 54°40′N latitude, and west of the Rocky Mountains to the Pacific Ocean.[78] The 1846 Oregon Treaty between the United States and United Kingdom set new borders between British and American territory along today's approximate borders.[78] In 1853, the land between the Columbia river and the border with British Canada was organized into the Washington Territory, which was the administrative status of the region at the time of the first successful ascent of Mount Rainier.[78] In 1833, William Fraser Tolmie explored the area looking for medicinal plants. Hazard Stevens and P. B. Van Trump received a hero's welcome in the streets of Olympia after their successful summit climb in 1870.[79][80] The first female ascent was made in 1890 by Fay Fuller, accompanied by Van Trump and three other teammates.[81] Descending from the summit in 1883, James Longmire discovered a mineral spring; this ultimately led to his establishment of a spa and hotel, drawing other visitors to the area to seek the benefits of the spring.[82] Later, the headquarters of the national park would be established at Longmire, until flooding caused them to be relocated to Ashford.[83] The area also became the site of features like a museum, a post office, and a gas station, with additions like a library and a gift shop soon following; many of these buildings were ultimately nominated to the national historic register of historic places.[83] Longmire remains the second most popular place in the park.[83][84] In 1924, a publication from the park described the area: "A feature at Longmire Springs of great interest to everyone is the group of mineral springs in the little flat to the west of National Park Inn. There are some forty distinct springs, a half dozen of which are easily reached from the road. An analysis of the waters show that they all contain about the smae [sic] mineral salts but in slightly differing proportions. All the water is highly carbonated and would be classed as extremely "hard". Certain springs contain larger amounts of soda, iron and sulphur, giving them a distinct taste and color."[85] John Muir climbed Mount Rainier in 1888, and although he enjoyed the view, he conceded that it was best appreciated from below. Muir was one of many who advocated protecting the mountain. In 1893, the area was set aside as part of the Pacific Forest Reserve in order to protect its physical and economic resources, primarily timber and watersheds.[86] Citing the need to also protect scenery and provide for public enjoyment, railroads and local businesses urged the creation of a national park in hopes of increased tourism. On March 2, 1899, President William McKinley established Mount Rainier National Park as America's fifth national park. Congress dedicated the new park "for the benefit and enjoyment of the people"[87] and "... for the preservation from injury or spoliation of all timber, mineral deposits, natural curiosities, or wonders within said park, and their retention in their natural condition."[88] On June 24, 1947, Kenneth Arnold reported seeing a formation of nine unidentified flying objects over Mount Rainier. His description led to the term "flying saucers".[89] In 1998, the United States Geological Survey began putting together the Mount Rainier Volcano Lahar Warning System to assist in the emergency evacuation of the Puyallup River valley in the event of a catastrophic debris flow. It is now run by the Pierce County Department of Emergency Management. Tacoma, at the mouth of the Puyallup, is only 37 mi (60 km) west of Rainier, and moderately sized towns such as Puyallup and Orting are only 27 and 20 mi (43 and 32 km) away, respectively.[90] Mount Rainier appears on four distinct United States postage stamp issues. In 1934, it was the 3-cent issue in a series of National Park stamps, and was also shown on a souvenir sheet issued for a philatelic convention. The following year, in 1935, both of these were reprinted by Postmaster General James A. Farley as special issues given to officials and friends. Because of complaints by the public, "Farley's Follies" were reproduced in large numbers. The second stamp issue is easy to tell from the original because it is imperforate. Both stamps and souvenir sheets are widely available.[91] The Washington state quarter, which was released on April 11, 2007, features Mount Rainier and a salmon.[92][93] Mountain climbing on Mount Rainier is difficult, involving traversing the largest glaciers in the U.S. south of Alaska. Most climbers require two to three days to reach the summit, with a success rate of approximately 50%, with weather and physical conditioning of the climbers being the most common reasons for failure. About 8,000 to 13,000 people attempt the climb each year,[94] about 90% via routes from Camp Muir on the southeast flank,[95] and most of the rest ascend Emmons Glacier via Camp Schurman on the northeast. Climbing teams require experience in glacier travel, self-rescue, and wilderness travel. All climbers who plan to climb above the high camps, Camp Muir and Camp Schurman, are required to purchase a Mount Rainier Climbing Pass and register for their climb.[96] Additionally, solo climbers must fill out a solo climbing request form and receive written permission from the park superintendent before attempting to climb.[97] Climbing routes[edit] All climbing routes on Mount Rainier require climbers to possess some level of technical climbing skill. This includes ascending and descending the mountain with the use of technical climbing equipment such as crampons, ice axes, harnesses, and ropes. Difficulty and technical challenge of climbing Mount Rainier can vary widely between climbing routes. Routes are graded in NCCS Alpine Climbing format. The normal route to the summit of Mount Rainier is the Disappointment Cleaver Route, YDS grade II-III. As climbers on this route have access to the permanently established Camp Muir, it sees the significant majority of climbing traffic on the mountain. This route is also the most common commercially guided route. The term "cleaver" is used in the context of a rock ridge that separates two glaciers. The reason for naming this cleaver a "disappointment" is unrecorded, but it is thought to be due to climbers reaching it only to recognize their inability to reach the summit.[98] An alternative route to the Disappointment Cleaver is the Ingraham Glacier Direct Route, grade II, and is often used when the Disappointment Cleaver route cannot be climbed due to poor route conditions. The Emmons Glacier Route, grade II, is an alternative to the Disappointment Cleaver route and poses a lower technical challenge to climbers. The climbers on the route can make use of Camp Schurman (9,500 ft), a glacial camp site. Camp Schurman is equipped with a solar toilet and a ranger hut.[99] The Liberty Ridge Route, grade IV, is a considerably more challenging and objectively dangerous route than the normal route to the summit. It runs up the center of the North Face of Mount Rainier and crosses the very active Carbon Glacier. First climbed by Ome Daiber, Arnie Campbell and Jim Burrow in 1935, it is listed as one of the Fifty Classic Climbs of North America by Steve Roper and Allen Steck. This route only accounts for approximately 2% of climbers on the mountain, but approximately 25% of its deaths.[100] Dangers and accidents[edit] About two mountaineering deaths each year occur because of rock and ice fall, avalanche, falls, and hypothermia. These incidents are often associated with exposure to very high altitude, fatigue, dehydration, and/or poor weather.[101] 58 deaths on Mount Rainier have been reported from 1981 to 2010.[citation needed] Approximately 7 percent of mountaineering deaths and 6 percent of mountaineering accidents in the United States are attributed to Mount Rainier.[10] The first known climbing death on Mount Rainier was Edgar McClure, a professor of chemistry at the University of Oregon, on July 27, 1897. During the descent in darkness, McClure stepped over the edge of the rock and slid to his death on a rocky outcrop. The spot is now known as McClure Rock.[102] Willi Unsoeld, who reached the summit of Mount Everest in 1963, was killed, along with an Evergreen State College student, in an avalanche on Mount Rainier in 1979. He had climbed the mountain over 200 times. The worst mountaineering accident on Mount Rainier occurred in 1981, when ten clients and a guide died in an avalanche/ice fall on the Ingraham Glacier.[103] This was the largest number of fatalities on Mount Rainier in a single incident since 32 people were killed in a 1946 plane crash on the South Tahoma Glacier.[104] In one of the worst disasters on the mountain in over thirty years, six climbers—two guides, and four clients—were killed on May 31, 2014, after the climbers fell 3,300 feet (1,000 m) while attempting the summit via the Liberty Ridge climbing route. Low-flying search helicopters pinged the signals from the avalanche beacons worn by the climbers, and officials concluded that there was no possible chance of survival. Searchers found tents and clothes along with rock and ice strewn across a debris field on the Carbon Glacier at 9,500 ft (2,900 m), possible evidence for a slide or avalanche in the vicinity where the team went missing, though the exact cause of the accident is unknown.[105] The bodies of three of the client climbers were spotted on August 7, 2014, during a training flight and subsequently recovered on August 19, 2014. The bodies of the fourth client climber and two guides were never found.[106][107] Outdoor recreation[edit] In addition to climbing, hiking, backcountry skiing, photography, and camping are popular activities in the park. Hiking trails, including the Wonderland Trail—a 93-mile (150 km) circumnavigation of the peak, provide access to the backcountry. Popular for winter sports include snowshoeing and cross-country skiing.[108] The summit of Mount Rainier has an ice cap climate (Köppen climate classification: EF) Climate data for Mount Rainier Summit, 1991–2020 normals \| \|\|\|\|\|\|\|\|\|\|\|\|\| Month \| Jan \| Feb \| Mar \| Apr \| May \| Jun \| Jul \| Aug \| Sep \| Oct \| Nov \| Dec \| Year \| Mean daily maximum °F (°C) \| 9.2 (−12.7) \| 8.4 (−13.1) \| 9.1 (−12.7) \| 12.9 (−10.6) \| 21.7 (−5.7) \| 28.3 (−2.1) \| 38.2 (3.4) \| 38.5 (3.6) \| 34.0 (1.1) \| 24.4 (−4.2) \| 12.7 (−10.7) \| 8.2 (−13.2) \| 20.5 (−6.4) \| Daily mean °F (°C) \| 3.1 (−16.1) \| 0.9 (−17.3) \| 0.7 (−17.4) \| 3.4 (−15.9) \| 11.2 (−11.6) \| 17.1 (−8.3) \| 25.7 (−3.5) \| 26.2 (−3.2) \| 22.4 (−5.3) \| 14.7 (−9.6) \| 6.1 (−14.4) \| 2.4 (−16.4) \| 11.2 (−11.6) \| Mean daily minimum °F (°C) \| −3.0 (−19.4) \| −6.5 (−21.4) \| −7.8 (−22.1) \| −6.1 (−21.2) \| 0.7 (−17.4) \| 6.0 (−14.4) \| 13.2 (−10.4) \| 13.9 (−10.1) \| 10.8 (−11.8) \| 5.1 (−14.9) \| −0.4 (−18.0) \| −3.4 (−19.7) \| 1.9 (−16.7) \| Average precipitation inches (mm) \| 14.09 (358) \| 11.49 (292) \| 11.38 (289) \| 6.73 (171) \| 3.62 (92) \| 3.08 (78) \| 1.13 (29) \| 1.30 (33) \| 3.01 (76) \| 7.61 (193) \| 12.89 (327) \| 13.60 (345) \| 89.93 (2,284) \| Average dew point °F (°C) \| −4.8 (−20.4) \| −8.7 (−22.6) \| −9.0 (−22.8) \| −7.6 (−22.0) \| −2.0 (−18.9) \| 3.4 (−15.9) \| 8.1 (−13.3) \| 7.9 (−13.4) \| 5.3 (−14.8) \| 1.8 (−16.8) \| −4.0 (−20.0) \| −6.0 (−21.1) \| −1.3 (−18.5) \| Source: PRISM Climate Group[109] \| Climate data for Camp Muir, Washington (10,110 ft), (2014–2022 normals and extremes) \| \|\|\|\|\|\|\|\|\|\|\|\|\| Month \| Jan \| Feb \| Mar \| Apr \| May \| Jun \| Jul \| Aug \| Sep \| Oct \| Nov \| Dec \| Year \| Record high °F (°C) \| 47.9 (8.8) \| 48.5 (9.2) \| 48.0 (8.9) \| 60.1 (15.6) \| 53.9 (12.2) \| 66.5 (19.2) \| 66.8 (19.3) \| 68.6 (20.3) \| 64.3 (17.9) \| 57.0 (13.9) \| 51.3 (10.7) \| 47.7 (8.7) \| 68.6 (20.3) \| Mean daily maximum °F (°C) \| 23.2 (−4.9) \| 22.0 (−5.6) \| 22.8 (−5.1) \| 26.9 (−2.8) \| 35.1 (1.7) \| 40.5 (4.7) \| 48.0 (8.9) \| 50.0 (10.0) \| 42.1 (5.6) \| 34.8 (1.6) \| 26.2 (−3.2) \| 21.1 (−6.1) \| 32.7 (0.4) \| Daily mean °F (°C) \| 17.7 (−7.9) \| 15.3 (−9.3) \| 16.4 (−8.7) \| 20.0 (−6.7) \| 28.4 (−2.0) \| 34.8 (1.6) \| 42.8 (6.0) \| 44.4 (6.9) \| 36.7 (2.6) \| 29.2 (−1.6) \| 20.5 (−6.4) \| 15.1 (−9.4) \| 26.8 (−2.9) \| Mean daily minimum °F (°C) \| 12.6 (−10.8) \| 9.0 (−12.8) \| 10.8 (−11.8) \| 14.3 (−9.8) \| 23.1 (−4.9) \| 29.6 (−1.3) \| 38.5 (3.6) \| 39.7 (4.3) \| 31.9 (−0.1) \| 23.8 (−4.6) \| 14.8 (−9.6) \| 9.5 (−12.5) \| 21.5 (−5.8) \| Record low °F (°C) \| −11.2 (−24.0) \| −11.6 (−24.2) \| −4.3 (−20.2) \| −6.2 (−21.2) \| 0.7 (−17.4) \| 4.0 (−15.6) \| 19.3 (−7.1) \| 23.8 (−4.6) \| 7.4 (−13.7) \| 0.5 (−17.5) \| −3.8 (−19.9) \| −14.4 (−25.8) \| −14.4 (−25.8) \| Average relative humidity (%) \| 72.2 \| 69.7 \| 69.3 \| 63.5 \| 63.2 \| 54.4 \| 42.5 \| 43.0 \| 54.2 \| 62.3 \| 71.5 \| 72.5 \| 61.5 \| Source: NWAC[110] \| Mount Rainier's protected status as a national park protects its primeval Cascade ecosystem, providing a stable habitat for many species in the region, including endemic flora and fauna that are unique to the area, such as the Cascade red fox and Mount Rainier lousewort.[111][112][113] The ecosystem on the mountain is very diverse, owing to the climate found at different elevations.[114] Scientists track the distinct species found in the forest zone, the subalpine zone, and the alpine zone.[115] They have discovered more than one thousand species of plants and fungi.[115] The mountain is also home to 65 species of mammals, 5 reptiles, 182 birds, 14 amphibians, and 14 species of native fish, in addition to an innumerable amount of invertebrates.[114] Mount Rainier has regularly been described as one of the best places in the world to view wildflowers.[116][117] In the subalpine region of the mountain, the snow often stays on the ground until summer begins, limiting plants to a much shorter growing season. This produces dramatic blooms in areas like Paradise.[115][118] In 1924, the flowers were described by naturalist Floyd W. Schmoe: Mount Rainier National Park is perhaps better known the world over for these wonderful flowers than for any one feature. The mountains, the glaciers, the cascading streams and the forests may be equalled if one looks far away enough, but no park has been so favored in the way of wild flowers.[119] Forests on the mountain span from as young as 100 years old to sections of old growth forest that are calculated to be 1000 years or more in age.[115] The lower elevation consists mainly of western red-cedar, Douglas fir, and western hemlock.[115] Pacific silver fir, western white pine, Alaska yellow cedar, and noble fir are found further up the mountain. In the alpine level, Alaskan yellow cedar, subalpine fir, and mountain hemlock grow.[115] The mountain supports a wide variety of animal life, including several species that are protected on the state or federal level, like the Northern Spotted Owl.[114] Efforts are also being made to reintroduce native species that had locally been hunted to extinction, like the Pacific fisher.[114] There are sixty-five types of mammals living on the mountain, including cougars, mountain goats, marmots, and elk. Common reptiles and amphibians include garter snakes, frogs, and salamanders. There are many types of birds found throughout the different elevations on the mountain, but while some live there all year, many are migratory. Salmon and trout species use the rivers formed by the glaciers, and though the lakes stopped being stocked in 1972, thirty lakes still have reproducing populations.[120] See also[edit] - ^ a b c d e "Mount Rainier, Washington". Peakbagger.com. 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Retrieved May 7, 2011. - Mount Rainier National Park at Curlie - Doughton, Sandi (September 26, 2014), "Under Rainier's crater, a natural laboratory like no other", The Seattle Times: contains images and videos of the summit caves University of Washington libraries and digital collections[edit] - Lawrence Denny Lindsley Photographs, Landscape and nature photography of Lawrence Denny Lindsley, including photographs of scenes around Mount Rainier. - The Mountaineers Collection, Photographic albums and text documenting the Mountaineers official annual outings undertaken by club members from 1907 to 1951, includes 3 Mt. Rainier albums (ca. 1912, 1919, 1924). - Henry M. Sarvant Photographs, photographs by Henry Mason Sarvant depicting his climbing expeditions to Mt. Rainier and scenes of the vicinity from 1892 to 1912. - Alvin H. Waite Photographs Photographs of Mt. Rainier by Alvin H. Waite, during the late 19th and early 20th centuries. - Mount Rainier - Stratovolcanoes of the United States - Volcanoes of Washington (state) - Lakes of Washington (state) - Decade Volcanoes - Subduction volcanoes - Cascade Volcanoes - Active volcanoes - VEI-4 volcanoes - Highest points of United States national parks - Mount Rainier National Park - Mountains of Pierce County, Washington - Pleistocene stratovolcanoes - Highest points of U.S. states - North American 4000 m summits - Stratovolcanoes of Washington
Destined to Deceive: The Need to Regulate Deepfakes with a Foreseeable Harm Standard Political campaigns have always attracted significant attention, and politicians have often been the subjects of controversial—even outlandish—discourse. In the last several years, however, the risk of deception has drastically increased due to the rise of "deepfakes." Now, practically anyone can make audiovisual media that are both highly believable and highly damaging to a candidate. The threat deepfakes pose to our elections has prompted several states and Congress to seek legislative remedies that ensure recourse for victims and hold bad actors liable. These recent attempts at deepfake laws are open to attack from two different loci. First, there is a question as to whether these laws unconstitutionally infringe on deepfake creators' First Amendment rights. Second, some worry that these laws do not adequately protect against the most harmful deepfakes. This Note proposes a new approach to regulating deepfakes. By delineating a "foreseeable harm" standard, with a totality-of-the-circumstances test rather than a patchwork system of discrete elements, this Note addresses both major concerns. Not only is a foreseeable harm standard effective, workable, and constitutionally sound; it is also grounded in existing tort law. Moreover, a recent Supreme Court decision pertaining to false statements and the First Amendment, United States v. Alvarez, lends support to such a standard. Adopting this standard will combat the looming threat of politically oriented deepfakes while preserving the constitutional right to free speech. In the last several years, deepfakes—altered audiovisual media that can make anyone look like they are saying or doing things they have not said or done—have infiltrated the internet.1 Dep't of Homeland Sec., Increasing Threat of Deepfake Identities, https://www.dhs.gov/sites/default/files/publications/increasing_threats_of_deepfake_identities_0.pdf [perma.cc/E3BF-2NZJ]. Deepfakes are uniquely dangerous in two specific settings that have produced some of the most highly publicized and controversial examples. First, individuals can use "deep learning" technology to create fake pornographic content2 Alisha Anand & Belén Bianco, United Nations Inst. for Disarmament Rsch., The 2021 Innovations Dialogue Conference Report: Deepfakes, Trust & International Security 23–24 (2021).—a form of "revenge porn."3Chance Carter, An Update on the Legal Landscape of Revenge Porn, Nat'l Ass'n of Att'ys Gen. (Nov. 16, 2021), https://www.naag.org/attorney-general-journal/an-update-on-the-legal-landscape-of-revenge-porn [perma.cc/6GNG-B55C]. Second, individuals can employ deepfakes in efforts to compromise political candidates and interfere with elections.4Lisa Kaplan, How Campaigns Can Protect Themselves from Deepfakes, Disinformation, and Social Media Manipulation, Brookings Inst. (Jan. 10, 2019), https://www.brookings.edu/articles/how-campaigns-can-protect-themselves-from-deepfakes-disinformation-and-social-media-manipulation [perma.cc/EB47-T9BA]. As of October 1, 2023, nine states have adopted laws targeting one or the other of these two exigent threats.5See Va. Code Ann. § 18.2-386.2 (West 2023); Tex. Elec. Code Ann. § 255.004 (West 2023); Cal. Elec. Code § 20010 (West 2023); Ga. Code Ann. § 16-11-90 (West 2023); N.Y. Penal Law § 245.15 (McKinney 2023); Fla. Stat. § 775.0847 (2023); Haw. Rev. Stat. § 711-1110.9 (2021); Minn. Stat. § 609.771 (2023); Act of July 23, 2023, ch. 360, 2023 Wash. Sess. Laws 1892 (to be codified at Wash. Rev. Code § 42). None of the enacted laws have faced challenges, but there is speculation that these laws may violate the First Amendment because they are overbroad to the point of chilling protected speech.6Bradley Waldstreicher, Note, Deeply Fake, Deeply Disturbing, Deeply Constitutional: Why the First Amendment Likely Protects the Creation of Pornographic Deepfakes, 42 Cardozo L. Rev. 729 (2021); Alex Baiocco, Political "Deepfake" Laws Threaten Freedom of Expression, Inst. for Free Speech (Jan. 5, 2022), https://www.ifs.org/research/political-deepfake-laws-threaten-freedom-of-expression [perma.cc/7YDW-7572]. Other states and Congress have proposed, but not yet adopted, similar laws. Though each jurisdiction's approach to regulating deepfakes is different, there are common features that make these existing and proposed laws both constitutionally troubling and ineffective. Scholars have been quick to offer policy and constitutional arguments in support of regulating revenge porn.7See, e.g., Rebecca A. Delfino, Pornographic Deepfakes: The Case for Federal Criminalization of Revenge Porn's Next Tragic Act, 88 Fordham L. Rev. 887 (2019). However, laws targeting politically oriented deepfakes stand on more precarious ground, given the near-sacrosanct position that political discourse holds in our society.8See Lindsey Wilkerson, Note, Still Waters Run Deep(fakes): The Rising Concerns of "Deepfake" Technology and Its Influence on Democracy and the First Amendment, 86 Mo. L. Rev. 407, 429 (2021). Thus, this Note turns its attention to political deepfakes: as Congress and state legislatures tread into these murky waters, it is critical to craft a constitutionally sound legislative response to political deepfakes. This Note highlights the dangers of unrestricted political deepfakes and the shortcomings of current deepfake laws in an effort to chart a path forward for deterring them: a new framework for attaching liability to creators and publishers. Part I traces the recent proliferation of political deepfakes and the laws trying to keep pace. Part II demonstrates why deepfake laws serve compelling government interests, are necessary to curb harm, and do not unconstitutionally chill speech. It also examines the constitutional obstacles to and policy problems with existing deepfake laws. Part III proposes a simplified approach, arguing for a "foreseeable harm" standard for liability, considered in light of the totality of the circumstances. By avoiding over- and underinclusive tests for liability that can lead to unnatural distinctions among deepfakes, compelled speech, and invalid time, place, and manner restrictions, this standard will ensure that deepfake laws are narrowly tailored to regulate only the most harmful deepfakes and the most culpable perpetrators. Furthermore, deploying a foreseeable harm standard is not a far cry from current practice: it simply shifts the "reasonable person" standard from the deepfake viewer's perspective to that of the creator or sharer, and Congress has already considered a similar approach, though not in full. I. The Problem with Political Deepfakes and Current Regulation Attempts The threat of misinformation has taken center stage in recent elections,9E.g., Gabriel R. Sanchez & Keesha Middlemass, Misinformation Is Eroding the Public's Confidence in Democracy, Brookings Inst. (July 26, 2022), https://www.brookings.edu/articles/misinformation-is-eroding-the-publics-confidence-in-democracy [perma.cc/W4CJ-9Z94]; David Klepper, Misinformation and the Midterm Elections: What to Expect, A.P. News (Nov. 3, 2022, 12:50 PM), https://apnews.com/article/2022-midterm-elections-misinformation-219762637bacf49bf7ec723546b46fb3 [perma.cc/G7TH-H2D4]. and perhaps the most effective form of misinformation is falsified audiovisual media.10Matt Swayne, Video Fake News Believed More, Shared More than Text and Audio Versions, Pa. State Univ. (Sept. 21, 2021), https://www.psu.edu/news/research/story/video-fake-news-believed-more-shared-more-text-and-audio-versions [perma.cc/LGC5-M7WZ]. Technology that creates misleading audiovisuals continues to advance, posing an ever-growing threat to the integrity of our elections. This Part examines how deepfakes affect the political realm, the complications that stand in the way of solutions, and the attempted legislative solutions thus far.11E.g., Shannon Bond, As Tech Evolves, Deepfakes Will Become Even Harder to Spot, NPR (July 3, 2022, 7:54 AM), https://www.npr.org/2022/07/03/1109607618/as-tech-evolves-deepfakes-will-become-even-harder-to-spot [perma.cc/TS8K-UFFK]. A. Recent Examples of Politically Oriented Deepfakes Over the last several years, the world has been exposed to a wide variety of deepfakes, with differing levels of sophistication and differing objectives. A few key examples illuminate both the capabilities of deep learning technology and the stakes at play. In 2019, the Massachusetts Institute of Technology's "In Event of Moon Disaster" project released a video of President Richard Nixon announcing to the country that the Apollo 11 mission had failed, leaving the astronauts onboard stranded on the moon.12Asher Stockler, MIT Deepfake Video 'Nixon Announcing Apollo 11 Disaster' Shows the Power of Disinformation, Newsweek (Dec. 3, 2019, 2:39 PM), https://www.newsweek.com/richard-nixon-deepfake-apollo-disinformation-mit-1475340 [perma.cc/SEQ4-D567]. This startlingly believable video, created as a learning tool on deepfakes, depicted an event that never occurred: MIT used "deep learning" technology coupled with AI software to simulate Nixon's movements and match the synthetic video to the dialogue.13Id. In 2020, a video of then-Speaker of the House Nancy Pelosi circulated on the internet. In the video, she appeared to be intoxicated.14Drew Harwell, Faked Pelosi Videos, Slowed to Make Her Appear Drunk, Spread Across Social Media, Wash. Post (May 24, 2019, 4:41 PM), https://www.washingtonpost.com/technology/2019/05/23/faked-pelosi-videos-slowed-make-her-appear-drunk-spread-across-social-media [perma.cc/6A7N-EVQJ]. The deepfake did not alter the words Pelosi spoke, but it slowed down and distorted the audio itself to give the impression that she was inebriated.15Id. This time, the video was not a learning tool—instead, it was quickly circulated by political activists and viewed over 2.5 million times within the first few days of publication.16Id.; Doctored Nancy Pelosi Video Highlights Threat of "Deepfake" Tech, CBS News (May 26, 2019, 9:26 AM), https://www.cbsnews.com/news/doctored-nancy-pelosi-video-highlights-threat-of-deepfake-tech-2019-05-25 [perma.cc/9BJD-6Z5H]. As tensions grew in 2022 in the ongoing armed conflict between Russia and Ukraine, Ukrainian President Volodymyr Zelenskyy became the target of a deepfake campaign.17Bobby Allyn, Deepfake Video of Zelenskyy Could Be 'Tip of the Iceberg' in Info War, Experts Warn, NPR (Mar. 16, 2022, 8:26 PM), https://www.npr.org/2022/03/16/1087062648/deepfake-video-zelenskyy-experts-war-manipulation-ukraine-russia [perma.cc/KR22-JWA3]. A hacked Ukrainian broadcasting service's website briefly contained a video that seemed to depict Zelenskyy telling Ukrainian soldiers to surrender to Russian forces.18Id. In fact, Zelenskyy's face was technologically inserted into the video, with his mouth movements manufactured to match the overlaid dialogue.19See id. Though the deepfake had flaws, experts still worry about the impact it could have—and in fact already has had—on viewers.20These include both convincing viewers of this video's veracity as well as raising doubts about any future video of Zelenskyy or other similar officials. Id. The video quickly reached several social media outlets, prompting a response from Zelenskyy himself,21The Ukrainian government had previously released a statement warning its citizens about this sort of deepfake. Id. and it is possible that "lower-quality versions of the video could take on a life of their own in other parts of the world."22Id. The above examples are all instances of political deepfakes. Though definitions of deepfakes differ slightly, they can generally be defined as synthetically modified photographs or videos that appear to depict events that did not, in reality, occur.23See Deepfake, Dictionary.com, https://www.dictionary.com/browse/deepfake [perma.cc/69CF-Q5JE]. The possibilities of what a deepfake can depict are endless. Within the political realm, deepfake creators can insert a candidate somewhere they were not; edit real, preexisting video of a candidate to depict people or objects that were not actually present in the original; force a candidate to say words that they never said; or construct and place a candidate in an entirely fictitious scenario.24For further examples, see Shannon Bond, It Takes a Few Dollars and 8 Minutes to Create a Deepfake. And That's Only the Start, NPR (Mar. 23, 2023, 5:00 AM), https://www.npr.org/2023/03/23/1165146797/it-takes-a-few-dollars-and-8-minutes-to-create-a-deepfake-and-thats-only-the-sta [perma.cc/UYD5-QHEG]. Of course, lies about politicians are not new: false depictions of politicians saying or doing damaging things date back to the nineteenth century.25Elaine Kamarck, A Short History of Campaign Dirty Tricks Before Twitter and Facebook, Brookings Inst. (July 11, 2019), https://www.brookings.edu/articles/a-short-history-of-campaign-dirty-tricks-before-twitter-and-facebook [perma.cc/E76P-8XH6]; see also Political Cartoons Developed Significantly During the Early Nineteenth Century, First Amend. Museum, https://firstamendmentmuseum.org/exhibits/virtual-exhibits/art-politics-300-years-of-political-cartoons/political-cartoons-part-2-1800-1850 [perma.cc/H9T3-PJWP]; Kareem Gibson, Note, Deepfakes and Involuntary Pornography: Can Our Current Legal Framework Address This Technology?, 66 Wayne L. Rev. 259, 281 (2020). Until recently, these false depictions were more easily sniffed out.26Kamarck, supra note 25. For a discussion of the importance of preserving political cartoons and similar critical speech in relation to a defamation claim brought by a public figure, see Hustler Mag., Inc. v. Falwell, 485 U.S. 46, 53–55 (1988). Notably, though these caricaturized depictions are meant to express specific sentiments about public figures, they do not masquerade as real depictions. Even now, poorly made A.I.-generated media may still fail to deceive viewers.27Jack Nicas & Lucia Cholakian Herrera, Is Argentina the First A.I. Election?, N.Y. Times (Nov. 16, 2023), https://www.nytimes.com/2023/11/15/world/americas/argentina-election-ai-milei-massa.html [perma.cc/5GJN-3K54]. The significant role that deepfakes played in the Argentinian election should serve as a wake-up call to other nations around the world. In recent years, though, deepfake technology has reached new levels of sophistication, making it increasingly difficult to detect which images are real and which are not.28 Anand & Bianco, supra note 2. The examples above were highly publicized, making their falseness more readily discoverable; however, many deepfakes are not widely reported on, leaving individual viewers to decide for themselves what is real.29Thomas Nygren, Mona Guath, Carl-Anton Werner Axelsson & Divina Frau-Meigs, Combatting Visual Fake News with a Professional Fact-Checking Tool in Education in France, Romania, Spain and Sweden, Information, May 2021, at 1. Even highly publicized deepfakes are effective, as supporters of the message conveyed will still hold the image to be indicative of the truth, even after it has been discredited. See Drew Harwell, Doctored Images Have Become a Fact of Life for Political Campaigns. When They're Disproved, Believers 'Just Don't Care.', Wash. Post (Jan. 14, 2020, 7:00 AM), https://www.washingtonpost.com/technology/2020/01/14/doctored-political-images [perma.cc/RBG5-E9VS] (describing how polarization allows people to insulate themselves from other narratives); see also Gerald G. Ashdown, Distorting Democracy: Campaign Lies in the 21st Century, 20 Wm. & Mary Bill Rts. J. 1085, 1092–94 (2012) (describing the harms of unregulated, false campaign speech). Not only will some viewers believe these false videos, but their existence also undermines the credibility of real videos due to the lingering possibility that a nefarious user manipulated them.30Jack Langa, Note, Deepfakes, Real Consequences: Crafting Legislation to Combat Threats Posed by Deepfakes, 101 B.U. L. Rev. 761, 767 (2021). Langa, writing after the passage of Texas's and California's deepfake laws, similarly explored the danger of political deepfakes and how best to legislate against them. In addition to incorporating recent legislative developments, this Note also proposes a different solution. Though Langa highlights the importance of "likelihood to bring about [harm]" in assigning liability, id. at 787, he advocates for many of the features that this Note explicitly condemns, such as mandatory disclaimers, a reasonable viewer standard, and temporal cutoffs for liability. Id. at 789; see infra Part II. Thus, deepfakes' increasing presence may lead to the delegitimization of news outlets,31Jackson Cote, Deepfakes and Fake News Pose a Growing Threat to Democracy, Experts Warn, Ne. Glob. News (Apr. 1, 2022), https://news.northeastern.edu/2022/04/01/deepfakes-fake-news-threat-democracy [perma.cc/X3AK-L2WZ]; Bobby Chesney & Danielle Citron, Deep Fakes: A Looming Challenge for Privacy, Democracy, and National Security, 107 Calif. L. Rev. 1753, 1784–85 (2019). and viewers may selectively believe misinformation tailored to their preconceived notions, leading to further entrenchment of their views.32Cote, supra note 31; Chesney & Citron, supra note 31, at 1768. This is further expounded infra Section II.B.3. Hand in hand with these concerns is the threat political deepfakes pose to our elections.33Tim Mak & Dina Temple-Raston, Where Are the Deepfakes in This Presidential Election?, NPR (Oct. 1, 2020, 5:05 AM), https://www.npr.org/2020/10/01/918223033/where-are-the-deepfakes-in-this-presidential-election [perma.cc/7TJR-EW2A]. A deepfake creator can seek to "damage the reputation of [a candidate], incite a political base, or undermine trust in the election process."34 Dep't of Homeland Sec., supra note 1. Creators can also use deepfakes to shape policy discussions,35See Mak & Temple-Raston, supra note 33. implant fake evidence into the popular discourse on a variety of topics, and stir fierce rhetoric. Creators can even use deepfakes to directly extort politicians or fraudulently gather information from confidential sources.36 Kelley M. Sayler, Cong. Rsch. Serv., IF11333, Deep Fakes and National Security (2022). Though these fears have not yet been fully realized, such persuasive misinformation poses a danger that will likely come to bear on future elections, especially because interfering with the democratic process may be the point.37Mak & Temple-Raston, supra note 33. For these reasons, mitigating the possible impacts of deepfakes on our elections should be a priority. Yet, techniques for detecting deepfakes have struggled to keep pace with the countervailing techniques to avoid detection, and any long-term technological solution remains elusive.38See Cristian Vaccari & Andrew Chadwick, Deepfakes and Disinformation: Exploring the Impact of Synthetic Political Video on Deception, Uncertainty, and Trust in News, Soc. Media & Soc'y, Jan.–Mar. 2020, at 1, 3; see also John A. Barrett, Jr., Free Speech Has Gotten Very Expensive: Rethinking Political Speech Regulation in a Post-Truth World, 94 St. John's L. Rev. 615, 635–36 (2020). Even when deepfakes are proven inaccurate, trying to discredit a post cannot always "outpace" the original post, and reporting on a deepfake might actually fuel the image's dissemination. Harwell, supra note 29. Moreover, the time it takes to deploy systems to detect a deepfake often precludes them from being effective on a large scale.39See, e.g., Kara Manke, New Technology Helps Media Detect 'Deepfakes,' UC Berkeley (June 20, 2019), https://www.universityofcalifornia.edu/news/new-technology-helps-media-detect-deepfakes [perma.cc/6W96-E6V4] (explaining the task of creating an authenticity backstop for five specific, prominent politicians). Therefore, we should expect deepfakes to remain a part of our lives going forward; the best we can hope for are new legislative solutions that deter bad actors, ensure recourse for victims, and protect election integrity. Effective, workable legislation that assigns liability to deepfake creators and distributors is also essential because internet platforms are not in a position to regulate deepfakes. Not only does Section 230 of the Communications Decency Act dictate that platforms cannot be held liable for users' posts,4047 U.S.C. § 230(c)(1). but there is also now a possibility that internet companies may not be permitted to police their own platforms of their own volition. In the recent case of NetChoice v. Paxton, a group of large internet and technology businesses challenged a Texas statute that prohibited them from removing posts based on the viewpoint expressed or represented.41NetChoice, LLC v. Paxton, 49 F.4th 439, 444 (5th Cir. 2022). The platforms remain able to remove content in certain circumstances, such as if it directly incites criminality. Id. at 452. The internet companies argued that they were entitled under the First Amendment to engage in editorial discretion and thus ought to retain control over "whether, to what extent, and in what manner to disseminate third-party-created content to the public."42Id. at 490 (quoting NetChoice v. Att'y Gen., 34 F.4th 1196, 1212 (11th Cir. 2022) (finding that a Florida law restricting platforms' ability to moderate content violated the platforms' First Amendment rights)). The Fifth Circuit disagreed and considered the companies' actions to be censorship unprotected by the Constitution.43NetChoice, 49 F.4th at 494. The Fifth Circuit's holding raises questions about the future of content moderation and severely weakens the ability of internet companies to respond to hate speech.44Nithin Venkatraman, NetChoice, L.L.C. v. Paxton: 5th Circuit Sets Up Supreme Court Battle Over Content Moderation Authority of Social Media Giants, JOLT Digest (Oct. 21, 2022), https://jolt.law.harvard.edu/digest/netchoice-l-l-c-v-paxton-5th-circuit-sets-up-supreme-court-battle-over-content-moderation-authority-of-social-media-giants [perma.cc/HZB6-H6CP]. Though deepfakes did not play an explicit part in the Fifth Circuit's opinion, the implications of this holding will make it difficult for social media platforms to combat deepfakes, even those that could have severe repercussions for our democratic system. If internet platforms cannot prevent dangerous misinformation from spreading, then it is critical that the legal system discourage this behavior and punish bad actors. B. Existing and Proposed Deepfake Laws Several states—California, Georgia, New York, Texas, Virginia, Florida, Hawaii, Minnesota, and Washington—have enacted bills targeting the dissemination of deepfakes.45 Cal. Elec. Code § 20010 (West 2023); Ga. Code Ann. § 16-11-90 (West 2023); N.Y. Penal Code § 245.15 (McKinney 2023); Tex. Elec. Code Ann. § 255.004(d) (West 2023); Va. Code. Ann. § 18.2-386.2 (West 2023); Fla. Stat. § 775.0847 (2023); Haw. Rev. Stat. § 711-1110.9 (2021); Minn. Stat. § 609.771 (2023); Act of July 23, 2023, ch. 360, 2023 Wash. Sess. Laws 1892 (to be codified at Wash. Rev. Code § 42). Although Georgia, New York, Virginia, Florida, and Hawaii have passed laws targeting certain deepfakes, none of them currently have statutes specifically related to politically oriented deepfakes. Legislators in other states and the U.S. House of Representatives have proposed similar statutes as well. This Section describes their key features. In defining what constitutes a deepfake, one way in which these statutes differ is with respect to the type of media (audio, visual, or both) and the person depicted (either candidates only, or anyone). A bill proposed in Illinois identifies a type of media as a deepfake if a creator either digitally adds a candidate to an image they were not a part of, digitally alters an image of a candidate to add another person, or "intentionally manipulate[s]" audio or visual media that portrays a candidate's "appearance, speech, or conduct."46S.B. 3746, 101st Gen. Assemb. Reg. Sess. (Ill. 2020). This bill, which would have amended Ill. Elec. Code § 5, never made it out of committee. Bill Status of SB3746: 101st General Assembly, Illinois Gen. Assembly, https://www.ilga.gov/legislation/BillStatus.asp?GA=101&DocTypeID=SB&DocNum=3746&GAID=15&SessionID=108&LegID=125786 [perma.cc/4CJE-2LZB]. It suffered a similar fate after being reintroduced at the start of the next General Assembly in 2021. Bill Status of SB1717: 102nd General Assembly, Illinois Gen. Assembly, https://www.ilga.gov/legislation/BillStatus_pf.asp?DocNum=1717&DocTypeID=SB&LegID=&GAID=16&SessionID=110&GA=102 [perma.cc/G636-35EM]. California's and Minnesota's statute and a bill proposed in New Jersey identify "deepfakes" as any audio or visual media that depict a candidate doing or saying something that they did not actually do or say.47 Cal. Elec. § 20010(a); Minn. Stat. § 609.771(1)(c) (2023); Assemb. B. 4985, 219th Leg., Reg. Sess. (N.J. 2020). New Jersey's bill, which would have amended N.J. Rev. Stat. § 19:34, has not passed to date. New Jersey Assembly Bill 4985 (Prior Session Legislation), LegiScan, https://legiscan.com/NJ/bill/A4985/2020 [perma.cc/G8NG-L8NQ]. "Media" here means either technologically altered versions of real audiovisuals or technologically created audiovisuals "substantially derivative" of real audiovisuals.48See N.J. Assemb. B. 4985. Texas's statute defines "deepfakes" still differently, as videos that falsely depict a person (rather than only a candidate) doing something that they did not do.49 Elec. § 255.004(e). Washington's statute characterizes a "deepfake" as an image, video, or audio depicting an "individual's appearance, speech, or conduct that has been intentionally manipulated with the use of generative adversarial network techniques or other digital technology in a manner to create a realistic but false [depiction]."502023 Wash. Sess. Laws 1892 (emphasis added). Finally, the proposed House bill's definition of "media" encapsulates all audiovisual, visual, and audio records, created without consent, that depict a living or dead person engaged in a "material activity" that they did not engage in.51DEEPFAKES Accountability Act, H.R. 5586, 118th Cong. § 1041(a)(2)(A)–(C), (g)(1) (2023). This bill was introduced by Representative Yvette Clarke; previous iterations were introduced by Representative Clarke in 2019 and 2021. DEEP FAKES Accountability Act, H.R. 3230, 116th Cong. (2019); DEEP FAKES Accountability Act, H.R. 2395, 117th Cong. (2021). It is beyond the scope of this Note to address this element in its entirety, but the House's definition is the best suited to adapt to dangerous deepfakes. Based on these definitions, the House bill would cover the greatest number of deepfakes while Illinois's would likely reach the fewest. The liability standard also varies from statute to statute, based on criteria such as how convincing the deepfake is, the publisher's intent, and the probability of harm. Under Washington's, California's, and Minnesota's respective statutes, and the proposed statutes in New Jersey and Illinois, liability attaches if a reasonable viewer would believe the audiovisual to be authentic and if their "understanding or impression" of its "expressive content" would be different than if they had seen an unaltered audiovisual.52N.J. Assemb. B. 4985 (denoting exceptions for satirical and parodic media); Cal. Elec. Code § 20010(e)(1)–(2); 2023 Wash. Sess. Laws 1892; Minn. Stat. § 609.771 (2023)(1)(c)(1); S.B. 3746, 101st Gen. Assemb., Reg. Sess. (Ill. 2020). Liability, then, depends on a reasonable viewer rather than a reasonable creator. The proposed House bill would use a reasonable viewer standard, with the added requirement that the deepfake must also be "substantially likely" to improperly interfere with an election when the deepfake depicts a deceased person.53H.R. 5586 § 1041(n)(1)(A)(ii). By contrast, in Texas, a video created with the "intent to injure a candidate or influence the result of an election" may lead to liability for its creator, the susceptibility of the viewer notwithstanding.54 Elec. § 255.004(d) (emphasis added). The statutes also differ with respect to what actions (creating or distributing) can result in liability and whether intent is an element. They also vary as to when liability can attach for those actions (in the run-up to an election or at any time). Texas's statute limits liability to a person who creates a deepfake and "causes the [deepfake] to be published" in the run-up to an election.55Id. at (d)(1)–(2). New Jersey's proposed statute and California's and Minnesota's statutes limit liability to those who distribute a deepfake in the run-up56New Jersey's proposed statute and California's statute use sixty days as a temporal cutoff for assigning liability. N.J. Assemb. B. 4985; Cal. Elec. Code § 20010(a) (West 2023). Texas's law, on the other hand, is limited to thirty days before an election. Elec. § 255.004(d)(2). Finally, Minnesota's statute applies to deepfakes disseminated ninety days before an election. Minn. Stat. § 609.771(2)(1) (2023). to an election with the intent of influencing that election or harming a candidate's reputation.57N.J. Assemb. B. 4985; Cal. Elec. Code § 20010(a) (West 2023); Minn. § 609.771(2)(3). Illinois's proposed statute would assign liability to those who produce or publish a deepfake, with no timeframe specified.58Ill. S.B. 3746, 101st Gen. Assemb., Reg. Sess. (Ill. 2020). Under the proposed House bill, criminal liability attaches to any person who produces a deepfake with intent to "interfere in an official proceeding, including an election, provided the advanced technological false personation record did in fact pose a credible threat of instigating or advancing such"; civil liability is limited to any person who knowingly removes or "meaningfully obscure[s]" a disclaimer to a deepfake for the purposes of influencing an election, or anyone who produces a deepfake without the requisite intent for criminal liability—with no timeframe specified.59See DEEPFAKES Accountability Act, H.R. 5586, 118th Cong. § 1041(f)(1)–(2) (2023) (emphasis added). It is beyond the scope of this Note to consider this element in its entirety, but the House bill would most effectively and constitutionally address different actors' conduct. The presence or absence of a temporal cutoff, as well as whether subsequent sharers of a deepfake can be held liable, greatly affects the number of deepfakes and perpetrators that a law can curtail. Several of these statutes also incorporate disclaimer requirements to address concerns about the believability and resulting impact of deepfakes. Even these requirements, though, differ in scope. The current and proposed statutes in four states—Washington, California, Illinois, and New Jersey—require that any visual deepfake include an unambiguous textual disclaimer for the duration of the deepfake; any audial deepfake must include an unambiguous audial disclaimer at the beginning, end, and—if the audio is a certain length (two minutes or longer)—throughout the deepfake.60N.J. Assemb. B. 4985; Ill. S.B. 3746; Act of July 23, 2023, ch. 360, 2023 Wash. Sess. Laws 1892 (to be codified at Wash. Rev. Code § 42); Cal. Elec. § 20010(b)(3)(A)–(B). The 2021 version of the House bill required that any visual deepfake continuously display an unambiguous textual disclaimer; that any audial deepfake include an unambiguous audial disclaimer, as well as an additional disclaimer if the deepfake exceeds two minutes; that any deepfake containing both audio and video components display both an audial and unambiguous textual disclaimer; and that any deepfake containing a "moving visual element" display an "embedded digital watermark" disclaimer, distinct from the textual disclaimer.61H.R. 2395 § 1041(b)–(e). The bill states that "[n]ot later than 1 year after the date of enactment of this section, the Attorney General shall issue rules governing the technical specifications of the digital watermarks required." Id. § 1041(k)(3). The 2023 version of the bill, however, removes specific language about watermarks. See H.R. 5586 § 1041. Texas's statute does not contain disclaimer requirements.62 Tex. Elec. Code Ann. § 255.004 (West 2023). As developed infra Section II.B.1, any strict disclaimer requirement carries with it both constitutional and policy-based concerns. Not only do more intricate disclaimers, such as digital watermarks, reduce the likelihood that viewers will be deceived by a deepfake, but they also make it more difficult for ill-intentioned sharers to remove them.63Langa, supra note 30, at 789. Statutes also diverge as to whether they prescribe civil or criminal liability. California's and Washington's statutes, as well as New Jersey's and Illinois's proposed statutes, assign civil liability through private causes of action.64 Cal. Elec. § 20010(c)(1)–(3); N.J. Assemb. B. 4985; 2023 Wash. Sess. Laws 1892; Ill. S.B. 3746. Candidates who are the subject of a deepfake may seek damages under all four statutes. California's statute and Illinois's proposed statute allow for "any registered voter" to seek injunctive relief.65N.J. Assemb. B. 4985; 2023 Wash. Sess. Laws 1892; Cal. Elec. § 20010(c)(1)–(2); Ill. S.B. 3746. California's current statute, effective until January 1, 2027, does not contain a private right of action for voters. Elec. § 20010(c). Beginning January 1, 2027, the section of the code creating this private right of action will take effect. Id. § 20010(c)(1), (e). As any suit must still satisfy constitutional standing requirements, plaintiffs will still have to demonstrate an "injury in fact" that bears a causal connection to the deepfake and may be redressed by the requested relief. See Lujan v. Defs. of Wildlife, 504 U.S. 555, 560–61 (1992). Texas's and Minnesota's statutes assign criminal liability.66 Tex. Elec. Code Ann. § 255.004(c) (West 2023); Minn. Stat. § 609.771(2) (2023). As noted above, the proposed House bill contains both criminal and civil liability provisions, categorizing the production of and intent to distribute a deepfake for the purposes of influencing an election as a criminal offense, whereas deepfake producers with lesser mentes reae and culpable subsequent sharers are subject to only civil liability.67DEEPFAKES Accountability Act, H.R. 5586, 118th Cong. § 1041(f)–(g) (2023). Minnesota's statute makes injunctive relief, but not civil damages, available against "any person who is reasonably believed to be about to violate or who is in the course of violating" the law; government attorneys, individuals portrayed by a deepfake, and candidates that are or may be hurt by a deepfake may seek injunctive relief. Minn. Stat. § 609.771(4) (2023). There are benefits and drawbacks to both civil and criminal liability schemes, as described infra Section II.A.1.iii; it is beyond the scope of this Note to make a recommendation for future legislation. The private right of action available under the proposed House bill is limited to a person or entity that a deepfake actually depicts, with no recourse available to registered voters harmed by viewing the deepfake.68Id. § 1041(g). In addition to affecting the type of accountability that a defendant can face, this difference also impacts who can seek recourse for their injuries and how they can do so. As detailed above, there are many similarities across existing legislation targeting politically oriented deepfakes. Common among them is a patchwork system of discrete, dualistic elements, including: whether the deepfake includes the requisite form of disclaimer, whether the defendant was the original publisher or a subsequent sharer, whether the deepfake portrays a candidate or another person, whether the deepfake was posted in the run-up to an election, and whether the defendant acted with the requisite mens rea. Each statute picks a different combination from this menu of on-off switch provisions. Part II highlights the problems with each of these tests—especially in how they interact with each other. II. Constitutional and Policy Problems with Current Deepfake Laws This Part demonstrates the need for a new approach to regulating politically oriented deepfakes. It examines common First Amendment concerns with policing deepfakes and distinguishes the speech at issue from that in United States v. Alvarez, a recent and influential Supreme Court case about an attempt to prohibit "stolen valor." As this Part argues, Xavier Alvarez's lie was less harmful and more easily disproved than the shadowy, far-reaching lies spread by deepfakes. This Part then assesses how the Alvarez Court's concerns map onto deepfake laws' shared features, pointing out shortcomings of existing laws and proposals. Constitutional Footing of Deepfake Laws It is no secret that any limitation on free speech will face opposition.69E.g., Steven Lee Myers, Is Spreading Medical Misinformation a Doctor's Free Speech Right?, N.Y. Times (Nov. 30, 2022), https://www.nytimes.com/2022/11/30/technology/medical-misinformation-covid-free-speech.html [perma.cc/DJ6F-QZSC]. Hesitance to "chill" protected speech is particularly heightened for political speech,70See Snyder v. Phelps, 562 U.S. 443, 452–53 (2011) (noting that "speech on public issues . . . is entitled to special protection" and describing public issues as "any matter of political, social, or other concern to the community" (internal citations omitted) (quoting Connick v. Myers, 461 U.S. 138 (1983))). even decidedly false speech.71See Rickert v. State, Pub. Disclosure Comm'n, 168 P.3d 826 (Wash. 2007) (finding that a political candidate could not be held liable even for false statements about her competitor). In United States v. Alvarez, the Supreme Court found unconstitutional a statute that criminalized falsely claiming to have received the Congressional Medal of Honor.72United States v. Alvarez, 567 U.S. 709 (2012). Xavier Alvarez was indicted under the Stolen Valor Act for holding himself out as a Medal of Honor recipient at a public meeting.73Id. at 713–14. Congress had not in fact awarded Alvarez the Medal of Honor, and the Court acknowledged that his statement was nothing but an "intended, undoubted lie."74Id. at 714–15. Alvarez challenged his indictment on the grounds that the Stolen Valor Act violated his First Amendment right to free speech, and the Court agreed.75Id. at 714. The purpose of the Act was to safeguard the reputation of the Medal of Honor, an award created "so the Nation c[ould] hold in its highest respect and esteem" individuals who defended the safety of this country "with extraordinary honor."76Id. at 715. The Court stated this was "a legitimate Government objective" that Congress was "right and proper" to pursue.77Id. Nevertheless, the Court concluded that, when subjected to the "sometimes inconvenient principles of the First Amendment," the Act impermissibly infringed upon Alvarez's constitutional rights.78Id. at 715–16. "[C]ontent-based restrictions on speech [must] be presumed invalid," and due to the "probable, and adverse, effect of the Act on freedom of expression," the Court held that the government had not overcome this presumption.79Id. at 716–17, 722–23 (quoting Ashcroft v. ACLU, 542 U.S. 656, 660 (2004)). Because there was no principle limiting when the government could punish defendants for making such false statements, the government's "censorial power" would chill the fundamental freedoms of "speech, thought, and discourse," which are necessary to the operation of a democracy.80Id. at 723. Although the Alvarez Court did not say that all false statements fall within the ambit of the right to free speech,81Rather, the Court recognized that "there are instances in which the falsity of speech bears upon whether it is protected" and merely rejected "the notion that false speech should be in a general category that is presumptively unprotected." Id. at 721–22. the Court did consider several constitutional obstacles that must be overcome before limiting even false speech.82Id. at 725–29 (analyzing when speech restrictions may be constitutional and how the Stolen Valor Act mapped onto these considerations). Some of the obstacles that the justices raised arguably do not apply to deepfakes, given their unique nature and characteristics. Still, some of the constitutional limits loom large in the debate surrounding current deepfake laws. 1. Concerns from the Alvarez Court That Are Resolved by the Nature of Deepfakes i. Counterspeech Justice Kennedy, writing for a plurality of the Court, offered what has become a common argument for disallowing limitations on speech: "The remedy for speech that is false is speech that is true."83Id. at 727. The "counterspeech doctrine" traces its roots back to Justice Brandeis's concurring opinion in Whitney v. California.84David L. Hudson Jr., Counterspeech Doctrine, First Amend. Encyclopedia (Dec. 2017), https://www.mtsu.edu/first-amendment/article/940/counterspeech-doctrine [perma.cc/837W-PM7N]. Whitney, a member of the Communist Labor Party, was convicted of assembling to advocate for a violent overthrow of the government.85Whitney v. California, 274 U.S. 357, 363–66 (1927), overruled by Brandenburg v. Ohio, 395 U.S. 444 (1969). Despite concurring with the outcome—which Brandenburg v. Ohio later overruled86Brandenburg v. Ohio, 395 U.S. 444, 449 (1969).—Justice Brandeis argued that free speech extended to critiques of the government, even those that may be proven untrue.87Whitney, 274 U.S. at 376–77 (Brandeis, J., concurring). Justice Brandeis wrote that "[i]f there be time to expose through discussion the falsehoods and fallacies . . . the remedy to be applied is more speech, not enforced silence."88Id. at 377. In Alvarez, the Court built on this reasoning and stated that, if Congress's interest in passing the Stolen Valor Act was to make clear who had been awarded military honors, the government could maintain a database that lists every recipient.89United States v. Alvarez, 567 U.S. 709, 729 (2012). This, the Court said, would counteract fictional claims like Alvarez's.90Id. However, while the counterspeech doctrine constitutionally protected Alvarez's false statements, such counterspeech is beyond the realm of possibility for deepfakes.91Cass R. Sunstein, Falsehoods and the First Amendment, 33 Harv. J.L. & Tech. 387, 421 (2020). While it would be hardly conceivable for the government to maintain a database of every portrayal of a candidate as a fact-checking backstop, it is unfathomable for it to maintain a database of every image or video into which a candidate could possibly be inserted. Therefore, there is simply no way to ensure the accuracy of an image or video in the same way that the Court envisioned in Alvarez.92These differences suggest that there is no less restrictive means for combatting deepfakes; therefore, civil or criminal penalties are necessary. Protecting the integrity of our elections also satisfies the "compelling interest" element of strict scrutiny. See infra Section II.A.2. It is beyond the scope of this Note to suggest specific language to ensure that these statutes are sufficiently "narrowly tailored" to satisfy strict scrutiny, but this Note argues that a foreseeable harm standard will be more likely to satisfy this requirement than the approaches adopted by current deepfake laws. In other ways, too, counterspeech is not nearly as effective in defending against deepfakes.93Matthew B. Kugler & Carly Pace, Deepfake Privacy: Attitudes & Regulation, 116 Nw. U. L. Rev. 611, 669–70 (2021). First, the speed with which deepfakes can spread makes it difficult to adequately rebut each misrepresentation.94Shannon Reid, Comment, The Deepfake Dilemma: Reconciling Privacy and First Amendment Protections, 23 U. Pa. J. Const. L. 209, 219 (2021). Second, people are more likely to believe a deepfake depicts the truth than they are other false statements.95Nils C. Köbis, Barbora Doležalová & Ivan Soraperra, Fooled Twice: People Cannot Detect Deepfakes but Think They Can, iScience, Nov. 19, 2021, at 1, 4 (citing Ilana B. Witten & Eric I. Knudsen, Why Seeing Is Believing: Merging Auditory and Visual Worlds, 48 Neuron 489 (2005); Doris A. Graber, Seeing Is Remembering: How Visuals Contribute to Learning from Television News, J. Commc'n, Sept. 1990, at 134). As the saying goes: seeing is believing. Moreover, even when confronted with a deepfake's inconsistencies, our brains resist entirely discounting its reality.96Sunstein, supra note 91, at 422. This may be attributable to people's tendency to be overly trusting of a video's accuracy, even in the face of clear warning signs to the contrary. Köbis et al., supra note 95, at 10–11 (finding that people's bias toward authenticity led them to guess that nearly 70 percent of videos were authentic even after being told that only 50 percent were authentic). There are thus serious obstacles to effective counterspeech in the deepfake context. Additionally, the Alvarez Court raised the role of public backlash in countering false speech: Alvarez was ridiculed for lying, and other false claimants would be too.97United States v. Alvarez, 567 U.S. 709, 726–27 (2012). According to the Court, this public condemnation would serve to reduce the deceptive impact of misinformation. Alvarez spread false claims about himself; his speech was visibly connected with him.98Id. at 713, 727. Deepfake creators and subsequent sharers, however, often keep their identities secret, with the help of sophisticated technology.99Delfino, supra note 7, at 899. The creator of a deepfake—disguised by a false name or no name at all, hidden behind layers of sophisticated protection from identification, and empowered by subsequent sharers that need not attach the creator's name to their own posts—will often not face disrepute in the way the Court imagined. ii. "Other Legally Cognizable Harm" In Alvarez, the government argued that there was no First Amendment protection for false statements.100Alvarez, 567 U.S. at 719. The Court disagreed: the state could not condemn dishonesty alone. Liability for false statements requires the presence of "defamation, fraud, or some other legally cognizable harm associated with a false statement."101See id. Political deepfakes cause just that. They cannot be considered "falsity and nothing more."102Id.At best, they are falsities accompanied by reputational damage to a candidate. At worst, they are falsities that unduly influence an election. Either way, deepfakes fall squarely within the examples that the Court distinguished from Alvarez's protected speech.103See Jessica Ice, Note, Defamatory Political Deepfakes and the First Amendment, 70 Case W. Rsrv. L. Rev. 417, 419, 437 (2019) (highlighting both the reputational damage to a candidate and their campaign and the "societal damages caused by the video if it is allowed to persist in the public sphere"). Others have argued that deepfakes fall into the existing misappropriation of likeness or invasion of privacy torts, see Zahra Takhshid, Retrievable Images on Social Media Platforms: A Call for a New Privacy Tort, 68 Buff. L. Rev. 139, 157 (2020), or that deepfakes are not speech at all, see generally Marc Jonathan Blitz, Deepfakes and Other Non-Testimonial Falsehoods: When Is Belief Manipulation (Not) First Amendment Speech?, 23 Yale J.L. & Tech. 160 (2020). It is beyond the scope of this Note to analyze these arguments in their entirety, but their success is unlikely. Kavyasri Nagumotu, Deepfakes Are Taking over Social Media: Can the Law Keep Up?, 62 IDEA: L. Rev. Franklin Pierce Ctr. for Intell. Prop. 102, 128 (2022). iii. Policing Truth and Chilling True Statements Beyond Alvarez, First Amendment principles limiting government policing of speech are inapplicable to deepfakes. An oft-cited concern with any limitation on First Amendment protections is that the government should not be the "arbiter of truth."104Alvarez, 567 U.S. at 752 (Alito, J., dissenting). This consideration was a major factor in Rickert v. State, Public Disclosure Commission, in which the Washington Supreme Court did not extend liability to a political candidate who made false statements about her opponent.105Rickert v. State, Pub. Disclosure Comm'n, 168 P.3d 826 (Wash. 2007). The Court was hesitant to "assume[] that the government is capable of correctly and consistently negotiating the thin line between fact and opinion in political speech."106Id. at 829. If the government could censor statements it determined to be false, there could be partisan manipulation of "facts."107For other noted concerns, see Katrina Geddes, Ocularcentrism and Deepfakes: Should Seeing Be Believing?, 31 Fordham Intell. Prop. Media & Ent. L.J. 1042, 1076 (2021). See also Sunstein, supra note 91, at 398 (noting that the government could also make genuine mistakes about what is true and what is false). Greater restrictions on deepfakes, however, do not implicate this concern. By definition, deepfakes present inaccurate information and, therefore, are not even arguably factual.108Ice, supra note 103, at 439. For the same reason, there is no concern that statutes aimed at curbing deepfakes will chill individuals from making or publishing true statements.109It could be argued that the fear of inadvertently sharing a deepfake would chill subsequent sharers from reposting online content; however, as discussed infra, a lack of proof of reckless or intentional conduct in sharing a deepfake—such as altering or removing a disclaimer—would protect against inappropriately attaching liability. See infra Section III.A.4. Chilled speech was at issue in New York Times v. Sullivan, the landmark First Amendment case that established "actual malice" as a requisite element of defamation claims brought by public figures.110N.Y. Times Co. v. Sullivan, 376 U.S. 254 (1964). For an argument that New York Times v. Sullivan's guidelines are no longer serviceable, see Sunstein, supra note 91, at 406–12. In that case, the Court made clear that First Amendment protections extend to "erroneous statements honestly made" as a result of "negligence or carelessness."111Sullivan, 376 U.S. at 278, 283 n.24. The Court emphasized the need for "breathing space" for free speech in general and for political speech specifically.112Id. at 271–72. Deepfakes, though, are decidedly not "honestly made." Assigning liability to creators for harmful deepfakes does not carry the same danger of discouraging innocent speech. 2. Satisfying Scrutiny The plurality advocated for an "exacting scrutiny" approach in Alvarez, requiring a compelling government interest to restrict speech.113See United States v. Alvarez, 567 U.S. 709, 715 (2012). Justice Breyer argued instead that intermediate scrutiny should apply. Id. at 725, 730 (Breyer, J., concurring). The restriction must also be narrowly tailored to serve that interest.114Id. at 737–38 (Breyer, J., concurring). Though the government's interest in protecting the "value and meaning" of the Medal of Honor was compelling,115Id. at 726 (majority opinion). the Court deemed the Stolen Valor Act unnecessary to serve this interest because there was no evidence that "the public's general perception of military awards is diluted by false claims" of attainment.116Id. The other impacts of Alvarez's and similar false claims—such as offending actual recipients of the Medal of Honor—also could not justify the speech restriction. The same cannot be said for the impacts of deepfakes. First, deepfakes have already changed the public perception of candidates.117See Langa, supra note 30, at 766 n.28, 767. As compared to the need to protect the "general perception of military awards," the need to remedy defamatory impacts on a candidate is much more tangible. Second, deepfakes threaten to irreparably alter future elections. Notably, Justice Breyer's concurrence in Alvarez, which plays a central role in supporting the standard proposed by this Note, recognized that false speech related to political campaigns is "more likely to make a behavioral difference" among viewers than are other forms of false speech.118Alvarez, 567 U.S. at 738 (Breyer, J., concurring). Thus, the necessity of legislation to protect this interest is much clearer for deepfakes than for the type of false speech in Alvarez. As to the interest itself, one could argue that there exists a freestanding compelling interest in ensuring free and fair elections.119Ex parte Stafford, 667 S.W.3d 517, 525 (Tex. App. 2023) (recognizing a compelling interest in limiting the impact of fraudulent statements on elections and, therefore, the population in a case challenging a portion of Texas's statute criminalizing certain campaign communications—separate from its deepfake provisions); see also Ice, supra note 103, at 439; Langa, supra note 30, at 781. For discussion of this compelling interest in the context of gerrymandering, see Daunt v. Benson, 956 F.3d 396, 426 (6th Cir. 2020) (Readler, J., concurring) (quoting Amicus Curiae Brief of Brennan Ctr. for Just. in Support of Defendant-Appellee and Affirmance at 24, Daunt, 956 F.3d 396 (No. 19-2377)). Thus, given the unprecedented threat that deepfakes pose to our elections, the government would be justified in taking steps to curb their deleterious impact. Yet, the Court has often snubbed this interest when it comes to limiting First Amendment rights. For example, in Citizens United v. FEC, the Court did not recognize this broad interest in protecting elections. Rather, the Court made clear that "laws that burden political speech" will rarely and only narrowly pass constitutional muster.120Citizens United v. FEC, 558 U.S. 310, 340 (2010). The government could not censor on the basis of speaker or viewpoint and could only restrict speech if it would interfere with the proper functioning of government entities.121Id. at 341. The documentary in question, which critiqued a presidential candidate, could not be construed to have such an effect and, therefore, deserved First Amendment protection.122Id. Similar arguments will no doubt be made regarding deepfakes, given their ostensible lack of concrete interference with a specific government entity's functioning. However, the potential for deepfakes to be used to extort politicians, gain access to confidential information, and infuse misinformation into policy debates presents real threats to any number of government functions, as employees may be prevented from doing their job or influenced to take negative action.123See supra notes 33–34 and accompanying text. Therefore, even if the Court does not think that ensuring free and fair elections is enough, alone, to justify First Amendment restrictions, political deepfakes could surpass even the high bar set by Citizens United. It is also worth noting the inconsistency in the Court's approach to "protecting" our elections: in order to prevent what it views as too much government influence on the electoral process, the Court is willing to allow malignant influences to fester when private actors are behind them. The Court's other reasons for protecting the speech in Citizens United may actually support the case for regulating deepfakes. First, the Court cited Buckley v. Valeo for the notion that "the ability of the citizenry to make informed choices" is essential to the operation of our democratic republic.124Citizens United, 558 U.S. at 339 (quoting Buckley v. Valeo, 424 U.S. 1, 14 (1976)). Corporations, the Court said, may be uniquely well-suited to publicize important information and aid voters' decisionmaking.125Id. at 364. Conversely, deepfakes expressly undermine informed decisionmaking. Deepfakes, by design, muddy the waters of public discourse. Second, the Court stated that "voters must be free to obtain information from diverse sources in order to determine how to cast their votes."126Id. at 341. If this right to information is unconditional, it would appear to cut against any form of political speech limitation. But this right is not unconditional. For example, all fifty states have laws restricting electioneering activities near polling places, and the Court upheld Tennessee's version of this law because the state had a compelling interest in "protecting voters from confusion and undue influence."127Burson v. Freeman, 504 U.S. 191, 199, 206–07 (1992). Evidently, the Court acknowledges that certain information sources harm, rather than help, voters. The danger of deepfakes is more similar to the danger posed by the electioneering activities in Burson than the campaign funding in Citizens United. In fact, deepfakes are an even clearer example of "confusion and undue influence"128Id. at 199. than campaigning at polling places, which is limited across the nation. 3. Looming Issues i. Mens Rea One constitutional obstacle that may still plague deepfake laws is the mens rea requirement. The Supreme Court has repeatedly pointed out that the cases in which it condemned false speech involved false statements made knowingly or with reckless disregard for the statement's veracity.129Hustler Mag., Inc. v. Falwell, 485 U.S. 46, 52 (1988) (pertaining to fictional admissions that minister Jerry Falwell engaged in incestuous behavior with his mother in a nationally circulated magazine); United States v. Alvarez, 567 U.S. 709, 719 (2012). As discussed, the creator of a deepfake undoubtedly makes a false statement "knowingly."130Ice, supra note 103, at 434. But the mens rea of a subsequent sharer is less clear. If a statute assigns liability to everyone that shares a deepfake, it may ensnare the "careless" speaker about whom the Court was worried.131See N.Y. Times v. Sullivan, 376 U.S. 254, 283 (1964). Rather, it is necessary to consider the individualized circumstances of each post in order to determine whether the sharer was aware of the consequences that would follow, and thus the sharer's culpability.132See infra Section III.A.3. ii. Context-Blind Restrictions In Alvarez, the Court was concerned that the Stolen Valor Act applied regardless of context: the Act criminalized "false statement[s] made at any time, in any place, to any person," reaching false speech "in almost limitless times and settings."133Alvarez, 567 U.S. at 722–23. Notably, the Alvarez Court's concerns are distinguishable from the concerns animating the Court's doctrine for traditional "time, place, and manner restrictions" (TPM) for speech in public fora.134Though seemingly easy to distinguish, the differences between the two threads of concern may be relevant if large social media platforms are considered public spaces, as in NetChoice, LLC v. Paxton, 49 F.4th 429 (5th Cir. 2022). See supra Section I.A. In Ward v. Rock Against Racism, Justice Kennedy—again writing for the Court—discussed requirements for the latter: the government may limit speech in a specific setting if the limitation (1) is content-neutral, (2) is narrowly tailored to serve a significant government purpose, and (3) leaves open alternative ways to communicate the speaker's message.135Ward v. Rock Against Racism, 491 U.S. 781, 791 (1989) (citing Clark v. Cmty. for Creative Nonviolence, 468 U.S. 288, 293 (1984)). If the government wishes to prohibit speech in a public forum in a specific context, it must sufficiently justify the prohibition and cannot selectively enforce it. Thus, in Alvarez, the Court expressed a different concern: that the statute's "sweeping" breadth and indifference to context were in tension with First Amendment rights.136Alvarez, 567 U.S. at 722. Specifically, the Court noted that the Stolen Valor Act would treat statements made in a public meeting and "whispered conversations within a home" equally, suppressing both.137Id. Restrictions cannot be absolute and context-blind. They must be limited to the situations in which the speech would result in a concrete harm.138Id. at 723. Some of the current drafts of deepfake legislation have attempted to comply with this constitutional prerequisite by imposing liability only during certain time periods, such as sixty days before a general election.139See Wilkerson, supra note 8, at 424. This strategy treads into the realm of TPM restrictions discussed above.140See supra notes 134–135 and accompanying text. It also resembles previously invalidated provisions of statutes limiting political speech, like the Bipartisan Campaign Reform Act (BCRA), which prohibited corporate "electioneering communications" in the run-up to elections.141Bipartisan Campaign Reform Act of 2002, Pub. L. No. 107-155, §§ 201–04, 116 Stat. 81, 88–92; Citizens United v. FEC, 558 U.S. 310 (2010). It has been argued that the fundamental differences between corporate-funded political speech and deepfakes render this similarity irrelevant. See Anna Pesetski, Note, Deepfakes: A New Content Category for a Digital Age, 29 Wm. & Mary Bill Rts. J. 503, 518 (2020). However, this does not go far to suggest that the temporal limitations serve to remedy the Court's fears unless deepfake laws are accepted more broadly as constitutional. Rigid temporal cutoffs like this draw arbitrary distinctions between punishable and nonpunishable deepfakes: how does a deepfake posted sixty-one days before an election cause significantly less harm than a deepfake posted one day later, irrespective of their other features? A better strategy for regulating deepfakes is to avoid wading into the treacherous waters of TPM altogether. A focus on foreseeable harm rather than TPM can sidestep this constitutional bind.142See infra Section III.A.2. iii. Discriminatory Enforcement Finally, an ongoing fear that accompanies any attempt to limit political speech is discriminatory enforcement.143See e.g., Alvarez, 567 U.S. at 734 (Breyer, J., concurring). For deepfake regulations that assign criminal liability, one could argue that, because the determination of whether harm is foreseeable enough to trigger liability is unavoidably subjective, prosecutors will be able to choose whom to pursue charges against on a strictly partisan basis. This could, in turn, give rise to discriminatory enforcement of deepfake laws. However, greater oversight and sanctions can confine such prosecutorial misconduct.144See Rod J. Rosenstein, Deputy U.S. Att'y Gen, Dep't of Just., A Constitution Day Address Hosted by the Heritage Foundation (Sept. 14, 2017) (transcript available at https://www.justice.gov/opa/speech/deputy-attorney-general-rod-j-rosenstein-delivers-remarks-constitution-day-address-hosted [perma.cc/6BUL-B24M]); Bruce A. Green & Samuel J. Levine, Disciplinary Regulation of Prosecutors as a Remedy for Abuses of Prosecutorial Discretion, 14 Ohio St. J. Crim. L. 143 (2016). Additionally, assigning civil liability could mitigate this problem by creating a private right of action, which would allow victims of deepfakes—people who suffer either reputational or electoral harm caused by a deepfake—to seek justice for themselves.145For a discussion of the implications of a private right of action on addressing deepfakes, see generally Eric Kocsis, Note, Deepfakes, Shallowfakes, and the Need for a Private Right of Action, 126 Dick. L. Rev. 621 (2022). Undoubtedly, the parties to these lawsuits will fall along partisan lines (for example, a Democratic plaintiff suing a Republican deepfake distributor or vice versa), but the ability for all injured parties to bring a claim may help eliminate the risk of selective enforcement by the party in power.146Of course, these statutes may bring with them other complications, such as frivolous lawsuits against satirists and the like in order to curb messages that the claimants disagree with. Cf. Langa, supra note 30, at 798. If this standard is deployed correctly, however, claims should fail when they are not genuine. A private right of action does raise standing questions. Although candidates whose reputations are damaged by a deepfake have a straightforward injury in fact, voters who are harmed because of a deepfake's larger impact on an election may face difficulty establishing an individualized injury as opposed to a generalized grievance.147See United States v. Hays, 515 U.S. 737 (1995) (holding that voters bringing racial discrimination claims, but not living in a majority-minority district, needed to show specific evidence of harm). However, that is not to say that the Supreme Court has never thought of election-based claims as individualized injuries.148Saul Zipkin, Democratic Standing, 26 J.L. & Pol. 179, 197–203 (2011) (explaining contexts in which the Court found standing in election-based claims). See FEC v. Akins, 524 U.S. 11, 24-25 (1998). There may also be concerns of partisan bias among judges and juries hearing these cases; perhaps the political persuasion of the defendant will impact the arbiter's determination of liability or guilt.149See, e.g., Hustler Mag., Inc. v. Falwell, 485 U.S. 46, 55 (1988). Of course, this is not the only category of cases that could implicate partisan bias.150James P. Brady, Fair and Impartial Railroad: The Jury, the Media, and Political Trials, 11 J. Crim. Just. 241 (1983). To a certain extent, bias is inevitable.151See Shamena Anwar, Patrick Bayer & Randi Hjalmarsson, Politics in the Courtroom: Political Ideology and Jury Decision Making, 17 J. Eur. Econ. Ass'n 834 (2018) (describing the effect of partisan bias in Swedish juries, in which some of the jurors are politically affiliated officials). Some have argued that the current safeguards of jury selection and appellate review are, if not satisfactory, the closest we can come to a solution.152See Brady, supra note 150; Cassandra Burke Robertson, Judicial Impartiality in a Partisan Era, 70 Fla. L. Rev. 739 (2018). Additional procedural measures to protect against partisan bias include jury instructions on potential bias153See Anona Su, A Proposal to Properly Address Implicit Bias in the Jury, 31 Hastings Women's L.J. 79, 98–99 (2020). and the exclusion of substantially prejudicial evidence.154See generally David Sonenshein & Charles Fitzpatrick, The Problem of Partisan Experts and the Potential for Reform Through Concurrent Evidence, 32 Rev. Litig. 1 (2013) (proposing court-appointed, neutral experts akin to civil law jurisdictions or cooperation between competing experts). Though it is likely implausible to entirely eliminate bias in politically charged trials, these existing safeguards allow legislatures to address harmful deepfakes and produce more neutral verdicts. B. Shared Features of Existing Laws and Their Drawbacks 1. Disclaimers One common point of discussion for deepfake liability is the effect of disclaimers. The presence of a disclaimer may drastically reduce the chance that a reasonable viewer is deceived.155Ice, supra note 103, at 434. Therefore, under a reasonable viewer standard, including a disclaimer that a video has been modified frees its creator of liability.156Id.; Douglas Harris, Note, Deepfakes: False Pornography Is Here and the Law Cannot Protect You, 17 Duke L. & Tech. Rev. 99, 117 (2019). Several states even explicitly waive liability for publishers that attach a disclaimer to a deepfake.157See supra Section I.B. Including a disclaimer, however, precludes neither reputational harm to a candidate nor impacts on an election. Even if a deepfake's falsehood is made apparent, evidence suggests that certain viewers will still internalize and amplify the message it conveys.158See Harwell, supra note 29. Thus, a disclaimer alone is insufficient to render a deepfake harmless when other features of its publication and distribution increase its danger. Furthermore, subsequent bad actors can easily remove many forms of disclaimers, such as a simple text caption.159See Harris, supra note 156, at 117. Therefore, though the original post may declare that a deepfake contains falsehoods, subsequent posts—hundreds or even thousands of which may reach a dramatically larger audience than that of the original poster160See infra note 166 and accompanying text.—may not. For this reason, many statutes require stricter forms of disclaimers, such as digital watermarks, which are both more successful in preventing deception and more difficult to remove.161See Langa, supra note 30, at 789. Yet, even more sophisticated watermarks may be removed by subsequent sharers.162Devin Coldewey, DEEPFAKES Accountability Act Would Impose Unenforceable Rules—but It's a Start, TechCrunch (June 13, 2019, 3:25 PM), https://techcrunch.com/2019/06/13/deepfakes-accountability-act-would-impose-unenforceable-rules-but-its-a-start [perma.cc/MK62-96EH]. Additionally, people that truly seek to deceive will likely not add a disclaimer at all. Ellen P. Goodman, Digital Fidelity and Friction, 21 Nev. L.J. 623, 636 (2021). Therefore, stricter disclaimer requirements do not solve all problems.163Additionally, by priming viewers to believe that deepfakes will be accompanied by a standardized disclaimer, these requirements may actually have a negative impact: viewers will believe that any content without said disclaimer is legitimate, making deepfakes that are not accompanied by a disclaimer even more influential. Langa, supra note 30, at 789. Balancing this concern with the concern that fostering skepticism will lead people to distrust true media will likely prove difficult. But, hopefully, by assigning liability when appropriate and deterring bad actors, some of the worst effects of this dilemma will be mitigated. Finally, under some states' laws, deepfake creators can essentially free themselves of liability, despite the likely negative effects of their content, simply by adding a disclaimer.164See supra notes 57–58 and accompanying text. Following that, subsequent sharers often have no responsibility to declare the inaccuracy of a deepfake they repost.165See e.g., Act of July 23, 2023, ch. 360, 2023 Wash. Sess. Laws 1892 (to be codified at Wash. Rev. Code § 42). Even the expansive House bill, which attaches liability to those who "alter" a disclaimer and therefore reaches culpable subsequent sharers, has its oversights. By not amending or removing the disclaimer, the subsequent sharer can satisfy their burden to avoid liability despite knowingly reposting a harmful deepfake.166Langa, supra note 30, at 789; Kocsis, supra note 145, at 643. Therefore, a creator can post a deepfake with a disclaimer, a subsequent sharer can knowingly repost it, and neither would be subject to liability. Yet, even when a deepfake has a disclaimer, there is still real damage from its spread, since evidence shows that people will continue to believe a discredited deepfake if it affirms their preconceived notions.167See Harwell, supra note 29. 2. Subsequent Sharers Another policy consideration is whether to limit liability to the original publisher of a deepfake or extend liability to subsequent sharers. The House's bill covers those who publish deepfakes without the necessary disclaimers and those who alter a deepfake to "remove or meaningfully obscure" the disclaimers.168See DEEPFAKES Accountability Act, H.R. 2395, 117th Cong. § 1041(f)(1)–(2) (2021). This is in stark contrast to some state statutes that have already been enacted, which typically assign liability only to the creator.169See e.g., Tex. Elec. Code § 255.004(d) (West 2023). The case for extending liability beyond the creator is clear. Subsequent sharers can have a significantly larger deleterious impact than the original poster, spreading a deepfake to exponentially more people.170See Sapna Maheshwari, How Fake News Goes Viral: A Case Study, N.Y. Times (Nov. 20, 2016), https://www.nytimes.com/2016/11/20/business/media/how-fake-news-spreads.html [perma.cc/44RE-E2BS]. Nagumotu, supra note 103, at 114–15; Viktoriia Formaniuk et al., Protection of Personal Non-Property Rights in the Field of Information Communications: A Comparative Approach, J. Pol. & L., no. 3, 2020, at 226, 230. Furthermore, when combined with other ill-advised elements, these statutes may unintentionally give rise to situations that attach no liability to anyone at all. Some statutes waive liability if a disclaimer accompanies a deepfake. If liability is limited to initial posters, subsequent sharers are left free of legal consequences for posting a deepfake without one. As a result, if the original creator attaches a disclaimer but subsequent sharers do not include it, the victim of the deepfake would have no recourse even though the damage caused could still be expansive. Conversely, one benefit of limiting liability is avoiding the complication of trying to rein in culpable subsequent sharers without chilling innocent sharers' speech. Another is avoiding the exceedingly arduous task of pursuing all sharers, an additional burden on top of the existing difficulty of tracking deepfake publishers.171Langa, supra note 30, at 793. Though this Note's approach addresses the innocent-sharer problem, the pursuit of subsequent sharers is likely to remain an issue given the ever-improving strategies to avoid detection.172See Sara Ashley O'Brien, Deepfakes Are Coming. Is Big Tech Ready?, CNN (Aug. 8, 2018, 11:16 AM), https://money.cnn.com/2018/08/08/technology/deepfakes-countermeasures-facebook-twitter-youtube/index.html [perma.cc/L46E-WLT5]. Additionally, an individual bringing claims against subsequent sharers may also face an uphill battle to establish the causation and redressability sufficient to establish standing.173Cf. Zipkin, supra note 148, at 194 n.67 (discussing standing in the context of gerrymandering and Elections Clause claims). 3. Reasonable Viewer Last, baked into many of the statutes' definitions of deepfake liability is a reasonable viewer standard: would the modified content in question deceive a "reasonable" person?174See supra Section I.B; Lauren Renaud, Note, Will You Believe It When You See It? How and Why the Press Should Prepare for Deepfakes, 4 Geo. L. Tech. Rev. 241, 250 (2019). If not, then the publisher is not liable. But there is good reason to think that such a standard is insufficient, especially in the context of politically oriented deepfakes.175It is also unavoidable that what is considered reasonable for a viewer will evolve over time with changing technology and increased awareness of that technology. Ice, supra note 103, at 437. First and foremost, this normative approach ignores the fact that any change in behavior at the ballot box is a harm worth curtailing.176See Langa, supra note 30, at 781. Why should it matter whether a viewer is not considered a reasonable person if they are deceived into changing their vote or convincing others to do so? After all, their vote counts just the same. Furthermore, creators of politically oriented deepfakes may intentionally aim their work at unreasonable viewers. Studies have shown that an online community based around a particular political ideology tends to insulate its members from information that contradicts that ideology and feed members more information that confirms their beliefs.177Cédric Batailler, Skylar M. Brannon, Paul E. Teas & Bertram Gawronski, A Signal Detection Approach to Understanding the Identification of Fake News, 17 Persps. on Psych. Sci. 78 (2022); Jared Schroeder, Fixing False Truths: Rethinking Truth Assumptions and Free-Expression Rationales in the Networked Era, 29 Wm. & Mary Bill Rts. J. 1097, 1099–1100 (2021) (citing Ana Lucía Schmidt et al., Polarization of the Vaccination Debate on Facebook, 36 Vaccine 3606, 3610 (2018)). In other words, "intentionally false information . . . is often accepted and circulated."178Schroeder, supra note 177, at 1099–1100. Therefore, what might not deceive a reasonable audience may readily permeate such a partisan (and, perhaps, unreasonable) community. For example, scholars have documented the potential for extremist groups to harness deepfakes to gain support for violent movements or perpetuate anti-immigrant sentiments.179See Europol, Facing Reality? Law Enforcement and the Challenge of Deepfakes (2022); Michael Hameleers, Toni G.L.A. van der Meer & Tom Dobber, You Won't Believe What They Just Said! The Effects of Political Deepfakes Embedded as Vox Populi on Social Media, Soc. Media + Soc'y, July–Sept. 2022, at 1, https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/20563051221116346 [perma.cc/5KRG-CVFC]. Current deepfake laws are far from ideal. These laws go both too far—to the point of chilling protected speech—and not far enough, failing to address the effects of some of the most harmful deepfakes. However, this Note does not advocate for a return to a landscape without any deepfake regulations. Rather, this discussion is meant to highlight the weaknesses of current laws and encourage reforms that strengthen enforcement capabilities and secure solid constitutional footing. Part III proposes one such reform: a foreseeable harm standard. III. The Benefits of a Foreseeable Harm Approach In order to address many of the looming constitutional and policy concerns surrounding deepfake laws, future legislation should incorporate a foreseeable harm standard of liability, measured via a totality-of-the-circumstances test.180Several formulations of this standard exist. Cf. infra Section III.B.2. Future legislation should, as a starting point, adopt some form of the following: "A defendant will be liable for any harm that, at the time of the defendant's acts which constitute publication, would have been a foreseeable result to a reasonable person in the defendant's position." This approach allows for the consideration of several factors that may contribute to a deepfake's harmful effects, rather than relying on discrete, poorly fitting rules. Among the factors that triers of fact could consider are: (1) the quality of the deepfake; (2) where the deepfake is distributed, such as via text message versus a social media post; (3) who receives the deepfake, keeping in mind specifically susceptible populations; (4) who posts the deepfake, because a newscaster or politician may have more credibility than, for example, a Redditor; (5) when the deepfake is published; (6) the presence of a disclaimer; (7) the type of disclaimer; and (8) whom the deepfake is meant to depict—directly or indirectly—and what it depicts about that person. Ultimately, the goal of a foreseeable harm standard is to determine whether the person that posted the deepfake should have foreseen the consequences of their actions. This approach would provide more protection for potential victims of deepfakes while also avoiding infringements of creators' and sharers' First Amendment rights.181Cf. Langa, supra note 30, at 781. A. Benefits of a Foreseeable Harm Standard 1. Reasonable Viewer Perhaps most importantly, a foreseeable harm standard would not have the same blind spots as the reasonable viewer standard. As discussed, not only is there a possibility that even crude deepfakes will deceive "unreasonable" audiences,182See Harwell, supra note 29 ("[W]hen [the truth of the alteration] comes to light, people just don't care . . . . They say 'it could have been true' or 'nonetheless, it reflects who the person really is.' " (alteration in original) (quoting Stanford University researcher Becca Lewis)). politically oriented deepfakes are oftentimes intended to deceive these very audiences.183Supra Part II; see also Edward Lee, Moderating Content Moderation: A Framework for Nonpartisanship in Online Governance, 70 Am. U. L. Rev. 913, 1015–17 (2021) (demonstrating how politically oriented subreddits allow discriminatory content moderation, likely leading to bias). Therefore, attaching liability only when a deepfake would deceive a reasonable viewer ignores the fact that harm still follows from the dissemination of a deepfake that may not pass this standard.184Cf. Anne Pechenik Gieseke, Note, "The New Weapon of Choice": Law's Current Inability to Properly Address Deepfake Pornography, 73 Vand. L. Rev. 1479, 1484–86 (2020) (showing that, by putting deepfakes in a group like the "r/deepfake" group, they will be spread elsewhere and may be more likely to deceive viewers in that new context). Unlike the reasonable viewer standard, the foreseeable harm standard would capture a creator or publisher of a deepfake who intentionally targets susceptible viewers and thus could predict the effect that their content would have.185For example, after posting a deepfake that depicted President Obama shaking hands with a foreign leader, which was reposted by several thousand others, Representative Paul Gosar's response was that it was the fault of the "dim witted" people that believed it, and that "[n]o one said this wasn't photoshopped." Harwell, supra note 29. Furthermore, as scholars have noted, these publishers may not have any expectation of convincing someone who does not already believe the message of the deepfake; rather, the goal may be to simply "reinforce existing beliefs and get people more entrenched in those beliefs."186Id. (quoting Darren Linvill, a professor at Clemson University). Thus, the publisher need not deceive a reasonable viewer to achieve their intended outcome: "the falseness barely matters . . . . [P]eople who believe the message already aren't looking for a counternarrative: They just want confirmation that they were right all along."187Id. Studies showing that "familiarity" increases believability further support this point.188Vaccari & Chadwick, supra note 38, at 2 (arguing that viewers are more likely to accept misinformation if it conforms with familiar statements). By seeking out politically persuadable and ideologically insular subpopulations, the deepfake publisher is more likely to find a susceptible audience. An objective of reinforcing messaging to certain populations would still make this harm, and any secondary harm resulting from it,189See, e.g., Pechenik Gieseke, supra note 184, at 1485–86 (describing how deepfakes spread from Reddit to other places). worth remedying. Thus, a foreseeable harm standard would attach liability to these publishers. 2. Context-Blind Restrictions A foreseeable harm standard would also avoid the danger of prohibiting a certain type of speech by any person, at any time, in any place. Rather than the categorical, context-blind rules that the Court warned against in Alvarez,190United States v. Alvarez, 567 U.S. 709, 722 (2012); see also supra note 136 and accompanying text. a foreseeable harm standard is flexible enough to consider each of these factors, among others. For example, where a deepfake is posted would affect how foreseeable the downstream harm would be to a candidate's reputation or to a voter's behavior. A creator texting a deepfake to a friend, arguably equivalent to "whisper[ing] within a home,"191Alvarez, 567 U.S. at 722. should foresee less harm than they would if they posted the same deepfake to an online extremist political group with thousands of members.192See Dhruva Krishna, Deepfakes, Online Platforms, and a Novel Proposal for Transparency, Collaboration and Education, Rich. J.L. & Tech., Spring 2021, at 1, 34. And the "where" can extend to specific communities within a single platform. Likewise, who posts a deepfake would clearly enhance the foreseeable harm, given the poster's credibility and the size of their audience.193Barrett, Jr., supra note 38, at 635. We have already seen how highly visible people sharing deepfakes—even if poorly made—can increase their impact, such as the deepfakes posted by Congressman Gosar,194Harwell, supra note 29. former President Trump,195David Frum, The Very Real Threat of Trump's Deepfake, Atlantic (Apr. 27, 2020), https://www.theatlantic.com/ideas/archive/2020/04/trumps-first-deepfake/610750 [perma.cc/6P5V-DEAM]. or Governor DeSantis.196Nicholas Nehamas, DeSantis Campaign Uses Apparently Fake Images to Attack Trump on Twitter, N.Y. Times (June 8, 2023), https://www.nytimes.com/2023/06/08/us/politics/desantis-deepfakes-trump-fauci.html [perma.cc/XX9U-9UYF]. Foreseeable harm would also take into account when someone posts a deepfake. Here, too, a totality test avoids adopting a hardline rule, like those employed in the BCRA and some existing deepfake laws.197Supra notes 55–59, 139–142 and accompanying text (describing statutes that regulate speech within a specified number of days before a general election). While it is true that the closer to an election a creator posts a deepfake, the more weight it may carry in the balancing of circumstances,198And even this proposition is likely not as black-and-white as one would think, at least in the context of changing voter behavior. A deepfake posted hours or even days before an election may in some instances have less damage than those posted further in advance if its false message didn't have time to reach a mass audience. the timing would not be dispositive, avoiding arbitrary distinctions. Instead, courts would weigh the timing of a deepfake's distribution in the context of other factors. For example, a deepfake posted sixty-one days before an election, but otherwise particularly deceptive and harmful, may still give rise to liability. In fact, considered together, Justice Kennedy's concern for context-blind restrictions and Justice Breyer's recognition of the potential for false speech related to political campaigns (a category that inherently encompasses political deepfakes) to impact voter behavior199Supra note 118 and accompanying text. illustrate why the current patchwork approaches are an attempt to fill a circular hole with a square peg. The current laws are primarily aimed at determining how convincing the deepfake is. However, the more important question to ask is whether the person posting the deepfake acted in a way which they could reasonably have foreseen was likely to harm a candidate's reputation or impact an election. Take, for example, MIT's deepfake of President Nixon. Using the best available technology, the MIT researchers created a deepfake that could have deceived a reasonable viewer more readily than most any other deepfake.200Stockler, supra note 12. Thus, this standard is both overinclusive in some instances and underinclusive in others. Yet, MIT's efforts were part of a project to educate the community on the extent of new AI capabilities. The way it distributed this deepfake, therefore, was less likely to have a harmful impact, and the creators knew as much.201This is also relevant to satirical programs. That does not rule out the possibility of other people sharing MIT's video in a different context and potentially deceiving audiences. Though this could create liability for those sharers, a court would probably not retroactively hold MIT liable, too, under the standard this Note proposes. To be clear, a deepfake can still give rise to liability even if it is unlikely to deceive by itself. Each assessment is hyper-contextual, asking when the user posted the deepfake and whether its nefarious purposes and effects were foreseeable. 3. Mens Rea Deepfake laws should not impose liability on the "careless" but innocent speaker.202See supra Section II.A.2.iii. Again, the intent of an individual who creates a deepfake is not debatable; certainly, after synthetically modifying an image or video, the creator did not genuinely believe that the content they shared was accurate.203Ice, supra note 103, at 434. If the statute extends liability to all subsequent sharers who post a deepfake that would deceive a reasonable viewer, however, there is no guarantee that every individual will have had the same culpability.204Supra Part II. A foreseeable harm standard would allow for consideration of the specific circumstances in which each user shared the deepfake. For example, a careless distributor who does not realize they are sharing a deepfake does not foresee that their post could cause harm.205Thus, functionally, the "actual malice" requirement chosen by some legislatures will still be at play. The intentional or reckless behavior of any given sharer may be considered, along with the totality of their conduct, in order to determine liability. See Matthew Bodi, The First Amendment Implications of Regulating Political Deepfakes, 47 Rutgers Comput. & Tech. L.J. 143, 162 (2021). Meanwhile, someone who purposefully removes a disclaimer before sharing a deepfake is more likely to foresee a deceptive and harmful effect.206Deepfake laws are arguably a more realistic path to recourse for politicians than defamation, given the high bar to win such a claim. See Chesney & Citron, supra note 31, at 1793–94. The extent to which this remains true under a foreseeable harm approach, though, is unclear. 4. Subsequent Sharers Another related consideration is whether to hold subsequent sharers liable or limit liability to the original publisher of a deepfake.207Compare, e.g., Tex. Elec. Code Ann. § 255.004 (West 2023) (only reaching the creator of a deepfake), with DEEPFAKES Accountability Act, H.R. 5586, 118th Congress (2023) (attaching liability to both deepfake creators and those subsequent sharers who "remove or meaningfully obscure" disclaimers). A totality-of-the-circumstances test for foreseeable harm would not have to make this categorical call. Rather, it would take into account the knowledge of the subsequent sharer when evaluating the foreseeability of downstream harm. For example, if there is limited evidence that a subsequent sharer was aware the content was fake, the harm caused by their post would, naturally, be less foreseeable. This standard allows for flexibility in pursuing legal action against subsequent sharers who are particularly culpable—such as those who intentionally remove watermarks, publish deepfakes to susceptible populations, or take other steps to increase the likelihood of harm—and avoids situations where victims have no recourse despite significant harm. But the standard does so without chilling innocent speech by the careless sharer. Of course, there would still be problems of proof in demonstrating what a sharer knew or what actions they took—for example, did they see a disclaimer and remove it?208Ice, supra note 103, at 433. However, rather than viewing this as a bug, it can be seen as a feature: a check on chilling speech. As explained above, if there is no proof of the sharer's culpability, a court will not hold that sharer liable.209See Section III.A.3. But with sufficiently serious evidence of culpability in the totality of the circumstances, subsequent sharers would not be able to wipe their hands clean of wrongdoing. 5. Disclaimers A foreseeable harm standard would also allow for a more flexible approach to disclaimers by considering both whether a disclaimer was attached and the type of disclaimer attached.210Another possible criticism of a system of liability based on the mere presence or absence of a disclaimer is that requiring a disclaimer is a form of compelled speech. Cf. Quentin J. Ullrich, Note, Is This Video Real? The Principal Mischief of Deepfakes and How the Lanham Act Can Address It, 55 Colum. J.L. & Soc. Probs. 1, 30 (2021) (arguing that this criticism is misplaced if the requirement leaves exceptions for types of speech that are less likely to be harmful). The flexibility of a foreseeable harm standard allows for a publisher's inclusion of a disclaimer to reduce the chance that they are found liable without mandating a disclaimer in order to avoid liability. For example, a text caption can be easily removed by subsequent sharers down the line.211Pesetski, supra note 141, at 528; Coldewey, supra note 162. By contrast, a digital watermark is harder to simply crop out of an image.212See Theo Golden, A British TV Network Is Facing Criticism for Airing a Deepfake Version of the Queen's Christmas Speech, Where She Mocks Harry and Meghan for Moving to Canada, Bus. Insider India (Dec. 26, 2020, 12:25 AM), https://www.businessinsider.in/tech/news/a-british-tv-network-is-facing-criticism-for-airing-a-deepfake-version-of-the-queens-christmas-speech-where-she-mocks-harry-and-meghan-for-moving-to-canada/articleshow/79956689.cms [perma.cc/S4C2-J87J]. Thus, it would likely limit deception even after subsequent sharing and is more likely to cause a viewer to heed the manipulated nature of the content. The type of disclaimer a creator chooses to attach, and whether the creator chooses to attach a disclaimer at all, would change the assessment of foreseeability.213The ability to consider what type of disclaimer a deepfake publisher attached, if they attached one at all, is another benefit to pursuing a claim under a deepfake law as opposed to a traditional defamation claim. Any declaration that the content is false would render a defamation claim moot. See Kugler & Pace, supra note 93, at 630. Meanwhile, liability may still attach under a defamation law if the disclaimer is not sufficient to dispel harm down the line. Rather than a binary distinction, between the presence or absence of a disclaimer or between a textual disclaimer and a digital watermark, to determine liability, a foreseeable harm standard would consider the existence or nature of the disclaimer as only one aspect in the totality of the circumstances. Even identical disclaimers will not always have an equivalent impact. In MIT's Apollo project, a digital watermark or audial disclaimer was not necessary to convey the video's authenticity (or lack thereof) due to the surrounding context of its creation.214See supra notes 12–13 and accompanying text. Meanwhile, a deepfake that is accompanied by a watermark disclaimer, but that is shared to a subgroup known to possess the ability to remove such watermarks215See Coldewey, supra note 162; see also supra notes 208–212 and accompanying text. and spread the manipulated content to other communities, would have greater foreseeable harm. This would be true even if the creator included what is normally a highly effective disclaimer. 6. Who and What Are Depicted? A foreseeability test would also consider what the deepfake depicts and whom it targets. The notoriety of the candidate, the stage of the campaign, and the relative importance of the election are all factors that could increase the audience of deepfake targets. Certain candidates also inspire more targeted partisan opposition, which in conjunction with extremism and the familiarity effect may increase the likelihood of deleterious outcomes.216For example, Representative Pelosi has long been the center of Republican hatred and misinformation campaigns. See Annie Karni, Catie Edmondson & Carl Hulse, Pelosi, Vilified by Republicans for Years, Is a Top Target of Threats, N.Y. Times (Nov. 10, 2022), https://www.nytimes.com/2022/10/30/us/politics/pelosi-attack-republican-threats.html [perma.cc/VM5P-R5YA]; Annie Karni, Malika Khurana & Stuart A. Thompson, How Republicans Fed a Misinformation Loop About the Pelosi Attack, N.Y. Times (Nov. 5, 2022), https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2022/11/05/us/politics/pelosi-attack-misinfo-republican-politicians.html [perma.cc/8WHD-BF7F]; Harwell, supra note 14. Additionally, this approach could account for whether the deepfake depicts the candidates themselves, someone associated with a campaign, or something else entirely but that is still intended to impact viewers' impression of a campaign. Presumably, if a creator makes a deepfake to directly target a specific candidate, they should foresee its harmful impact. There is certainly still a possibility, however, that a deepfake that manipulates something other than a candidate or their campaign directly could still significantly harm that candidate.217See Ice, supra note 108, at 439 (discussing how there are more damages than just reputational ones to the person depicted). It is beyond the scope of this Note to wholly address the necessity of broadening the scope of deepfakes for which victims may seek recourse, but it is worth addressing how such an expansion would fit into the framework of a foreseeable harm standard. Of the current laws in place, some appear to restrict liability only to sharers of deepfakes that depict candidates themselves, while others do not require that a candidate be depicted so long as the deepfake is meant to alter a viewer's impression of the campaign or election.218See supra Section I.B. Thus, a deepfake placing a candidate's spouse or campaign manager in a compromising context would escape the grasp of some current laws.219California's statute and Illinois's and New Jersey's proposed statutes only target deepfakes that portray a candidate. Cal. Elec. Code § 20010 (West 2023); Ill. S.B. 3746, 101st Gen. Assemb., Reg. Sess. (2020); Assemb. B. 4985, 219th Leg., Reg. Sess. (N.J. 2020). At the same time, all of the current laws require that the deepfake depict a person.220See supra Section I.B. A deepfake falsely portraying an object or event221Deepfakes of objects or events directly targeted at a campaign could hypothetically depict, to give a few examples, controversial documents, campaign officials destroying property, or a campaign vehicle engaging in illegal conduct. More indirect impacts could stem from deepfakes that negatively impact an incumbent administration, such as a series of recent deepfakes that ostensibly depicted explosions near the Pentagon and the White House. See Shannon Bond, Fake Viral Images of an Explosion at the Pentagon Were Probably Created by AI, NPR (May 22, 2023, 6:19 PM), https://www.npr.org/2023/05/22/1177590231/fake-viral-images-of-an-explosion-at-the-pentagon-were-probably-created-by-ai [perma.cc/ET39-57TW]. In addition to undercutting the reputation of our national security apparatus, these images also temporarily caused stock market dips. Id. would fall outside their ambits. Yet, the harm that misinformation like this could cause—including, in the most extreme case, altering an election—should be foreseeable. B. Support for a Foreseeable Harm Approach Using United States v. Alvarez as a barometer, this Section explains the constitutional support for the foreseeable harm standard. In addition to sidestepping some of the pitfalls of the Stolen Valor Act, this approach also finds support in Justice Breyer's concurrence. Finally, this Section draws analogies between different "reasonable person" standards and identifies the proper positioning of deepfakes in this framework. 1. The Alvarez Concurrence In his concurrence, Justice Breyer discussed some types of justified speech restrictions, as well as the limitations that allowed them to satisfy the requisite level of scrutiny.222See supra note 103 for a discussion of Justice Breyer's and Justice Kennedy's differing views on the appropriate tier of scrutiny applied in these cases. One example is false claims of terrorist attacks. In order for liability to attach in that context, there must be "proof that substantial public harm [was] directly foreseeable, or, if not, [the claim must] involve false statements that [we]re very likely to bring about that harm."223United States v. Alvarez, 567 U.S. 709, 735 (2012) (Breyer, J., concurring). Justice Breyer also briefly touched on claims of trademark infringement; these claims require a finding that the infringement is "likely to dilute the value of a mark" or cause confusion.224Id. at 735–36. Building upon the requirement that speech restrictions be limited to contexts in which the greatest degree of harm may arise, this use of a foreseeable harm liability standard suggests that it also matters how foreseeable the specific harm in question was to the perpetrator. Trademark infringement claims, along with impersonations of a public official, which Justice Breyer also considered, are surprisingly analogous to deepfakes.225This is a different similarity than that which Justice Breyer considered between trademark infringement and the Stolen Valor Act. In both contexts, the tortfeasor tries to capitalize on the inherent authority and believability of the brand they are attempting to resemble, or the role they are pretending to hold, to alter the target audience's perception of them.226See Sunstein, supra note 91, at 422; Ice, supra note 103, at 434 (describing the authority and believability garnered by deepfakes); Alvarez, 567 U.S. at 735 (Breyer, J., concurring) (explaining the role of seeking credibility when impersonating a public official). As Justice Breyer noted, this is more than "mere speech."227Alvarez, 567 U.S. at 735 (Breyer, J., concurring). As for how Justice Breyer distinguished between conduct that can be prohibited and "mere speech," in the context of impersonating a public official, he stated that these statutes "typically focus on acts of impersonation." Id. The act of creating a deepfake or altering its disclaimer would fall comfortably into the same category. Impersonating a public official, like publishing a deepfake, is an act meant to gain credibility—more credibility than is attainable by simply making a false statement. And this attempt to misappropriate credibility should have consequences. If a creator invests in making a deepfake believable, they should be able to predict that a viewer will actually act on that deepfake and change their behavior. Thus, the more likely a speaker's conduct is to change their audience's behavior in accordance with the false statement, the more appropriate liability is for the perpetrator. 2. Other Applications of the "Reasonable Person" Standard Beyond the First Amendment examples listed in Justice Breyer's Alvarez concurrence, it is important to recognize that foreseeable harm is far from a novel legal standard. Foreseeability has a well-established history in tort and contract law.228Foreseeable harm is considered in a variety of tort and contract claims, such as harmful battery, see Battery, Legal Info. Inst.: Wex, https://www.law.cornell.edu/wex/battery [perma.cc/Q8KN-PZXF]; intentional and negligent infliction of emotional distress, see Intentional Infliction of Emotional Distress, Legal Info. Inst.: Wex, https://www.law.cornell.edu/wex/intentional_infliction_of_emotional_distress [perma.cc/Q7RK-3J83], and Negligent Infliction of Emotional Distress, Legal Info. Inst.: Wex, https://www.law.cornell.edu/wex/negligent_infliction_of_emotional_distress [perma.cc/FWW6-TM8R]; and for determining when a party that breaches a contract is liable for consequential damages. Hadley v. Baxendale, 156 Eng. Rep. 145 (Ex. 1854). Specifically, in the First Amendment context, foreseeability is considered for determining the characterization of "fighting words" and incitement. Gersh v. Anglin, 2018 WL 4901243, at 3 (D. Mont. May 3, 2018). Notably, Gersh was decided after Alvarez and referenced Alvarez in its discussion of exceptions to the First Amendment right to free speech. Id. (quoting Alvarez, 567 U.S. at 717). Notably, though the reasonable person standard advocated for here is not the same as the reasonable person standard incorporated into current deepfake laws, it is still a form of the reasonable person standard. In fact, it simply flips the current standard on its head. Rather than asking if a reasonable person—the viewer—would be deceived by the deepfake, my proposal asks whether a reasonable person—this time, the publisher or sharer of the deepfake—would have known that harm would result.229For a discussion of a similar approach to assigning liability in defamation cases, see Alex B. Long, All I Really Need to Know About Defamation Law in the Twenty-First Century I Learned from Watching Hulk Hogan, 57 Wake Forest L. Rev. 413, 459 (2022) (discussing how the Texas Supreme Court in the case of New Times, Inc. v. Isaacks, 146 S.W.3d 144, 162 (Tex. 2004), asked if "the publisher either kn[e]w or ha[d] reckless disregard for whether the article could reasonably be interpreted as stating actual facts"). This Note argues that, in the context of politically oriented deepfakes, the Texas Supreme Court's analysis should take the next step to exclude the requirement of a reasonable viewer so long as the publisher could themselves reasonably foresee the harm to follow. This version of the reasonable person standard is meant to ascertain whether "an ordinary person in [the] same circumstance would have reasonably acted in the same way."230Foreseeability, Legal Info. Inst.: Wex, https://www.law.cornell.edu/wex/foreseeability [perma.cc/PMX6-MHRU]. It is an evaluation of the tortfeasor's behavior, rather than a measure of the victim's susceptibility. Current laws, which ask if the deepfake would deceive a reasonable viewer, are aligned with the common features of harassment claims, which ask if the defendant's conduct would have made a reasonable person feel harassed.231See, e.g., Harris v. Forklift Sys., Inc., 510 U.S. 17, 21 (1993) (reaffirming the standard that, to be actionable, workplace discrimination must be both subjectively and objectively "hostile or abusive" (citing Meritor Sav. Bank v. Vinson, 477 U.S. 57, 64–65, 67 (1986))). Harm arising from a deepfake, however, is distinguishable from harassment claims and should not be governed by the same liability standard. In harassment cases, in addition to determining whether the claimant actually found the conduct offensive, courts ask whether a reasonable person would have found the conduct offensive.232See Harassment, Legal Info. Inst.: Wex, https://www.law.cornell.edu/wex/harassment [perma.cc/K847-5GGK]. On the other hand, when determining a deepfake's harm under a reasonable foreseeability standard, we would not ask whether the viewer—the deceived—was reasonably offended. Nor would it matter whether the deceived reasonably feared a future harm to themselves, which is a part of establishing an assault claim (another type of tort that utilizes the equivalent of a reasonable viewer, rather than reasonable perpetrator, standard).233Assault, Legal Info. Inst.: Wex, https://www.law.cornell.edu/wex/assault [perma.cc/NH9Z-WQ8V]. We still consider future harm in the deepfake context when assessing whether the deception of the viewer harmed a candidate's reputation or unduly influenced an election. But this is not harm to the deceived. Rather, the deceived is used as an agent to harm a candidate or the election process. The deceived is not seeking redress for themselves. Instead, the person whose reputation was harmed, or who was impacted by an election interference scheme, is seeking redress for the harm done to them by the perpetrator—using the deceived as an agent. Thus, whether the deceived was a reasonable person should not impact liability; either way, the ultimate victim, the subject or target of the deepfake, was still harmed. So, much like Justice Breyer's impersonation and infringement examples, courts should be asking if the perpetrator acted reasonably—if they should have foreseen the result of their actions regardless of the reasonableness of the deepfake viewers. Another important distinction is that, in harassment and assault, we must consider whether a reasonable person would feel harassed or threatened to determine if there was an injury; otherwise, people could make a claim at any time and subject defendants to punishment. In the deepfake context—much like incitement to crime234Foreseeable harm is also a recurring test in criminal law. For example, those states that determine coconspirator liability under the Pinkerton v. United States standard ask whether the harm was "reasonably foreseen as a necessary or natural consequence" of their actions. Pinkerton v. United States, 328 U.S. 640, 647–48 (1946). Likewise, when considering whether a subsequent event severs the causal link from a defendant's actions to the harm suffered, we ask whether the intervening cause was reasonably foreseeable to the defendant at the time of their misconduct. See, e.g., People v. Rideout, 727 N.W.2d 630, 633 (Mich. Ct. App. 2006) (citing People v. Schaefer, 703 N.W.2d 774 (Mich. 2005)).—the injury is not dependent on the viewer's feelings being reasonable. Whether the deceived viewer was reasonable or not, the victim was harmed. Therefore, just as we ask whether a defendant charged with incitement should have foreseen the consequences of their words,235Herndon v. Lowry, 301 U.S. 242, 262-63 (1937). we should ask whether a deepfake creator or distributor foresaw the harm, instead of asking whether the deception was reasonable. The proposed House bill does contemplate a form of the foreseeable harm requirement. In the case of a deepfake depicting a deceased person, one of the requirements for liability is that the deepfake is "substantially likely to either further a criminal act or result in improper interference in an official proceeding, public policy debate, or election."236DEEPFAKES Accountability Act, H.R. 5586, 118th Cong. § 1041(n)(1) (2023). However, this provision is limited to one narrow category of deepfakes, and the proposed bill also retains several of the aforementioned troublesome elements, including the reasonable viewer standard.237Id. Even within this narrow category of deepfakes subject to the foreseeable harm standard, the bill speaks to foreseeable harm in terms of election interference, but not in terms of reputational harm to a candidate or campaign.238Id. Though the House's proposed language differs from this Note's solution, it demonstrates that Congress is aware of and open to a foreseeable harm test for deepfake liability down the road. As deepfake technology continues to develop and cases percolate in the courts, there must be an effective, workable, and constitutional approach to assigning liability for the detrimental effects of politically oriented deepfakes. In place of the current patchwork system of often ill-fitting and potentially unconstitutional rules, a foreseeable harm, totality-of-the-circumstances test will allow for flexibility without unnecessarily curtailing protected First Amendment speech. Using foreseeable harm as the standard is both more narrowly tailored than current statutes and grounded in existing Supreme Court precedent. The House of Representatives' proposed bill to address deepfakes takes the first steps toward a foreseeable harm standard, with, hopefully, a more full-scale adoption of this approach still yet to come. J.D. Candidate, May 2024, University of Michigan Law School. I would like to thank my parents and siblings for their support throughout the writing process, Professor Don Herzog for pushing me to think critically about this problem and my proposed solution, and the many people that I discussed this idea with or that helped edit the piece. Any remaining mistakes are my own.
Car insurance rates depend on various factors, some within your control (like age and driving history) while others beyond it. While you can take steps to lower your rate by improving your credit score or purchasing an inexpensive vehicle, there may be other unknown influences affecting it which you are unaware of. Insurify's team of data scientists and content specialists have studied which factors impact car insurance rates across Delaware and nationally and have identified which insurers offer optimal balance of affordability and service quality across all demographics. MoneyGeek research indicates that drivers in Delaware pay around 6% more than the national average for car insurance, at an estimated annual premium of $1,622. Cost differences across Delaware can be due to driver characteristics, risk profiles and policy type selection decisions; which ultimately results in wide variations across cost for policies within this state. Young drivers typically pay the highest car insurance rates because of their less experienced driving and greater likelihood of collisions. Furthermore, young drivers typically drive cars that are more costly to repair or steal and thus pose greater risks for insurance companies. Being a young driver in Delaware can cause your premiums to jump 2.2x; to lower them further it's essential that you find an affordable car that can be insured while improving driving habits to save on car insurance costs in Delaware as much as possible. Credit scores play an integral role in car insurance rates in Delaware. People with poor credit tend to file more claims, so insurance companies charge them more. People in Delaware with credit scores in the lowest tier can expect to pay about 50% more for car insurance than those with exceptional scores. Your driving history also plays a crucial role in your Delaware car insurance premiums. Any conviction for DUI or misdemeanor can significantly increase rates; minor incidents like speeding tickets may have less of an effect than more serious violations; therefore it's wise to shop around and compare quotes as switching providers could save a considerable amount. Minimum car insurance coverage in Delaware includes bodily injury liability for other drivers; property damage liability coverage to pay for repairs on another's car; and personal injury protection. Those looking for fuller coverage might also consider adding collision and comprehensive insurance, though additional costs might make that prohibitive for some. With ValChoice's car insurance calculator we can show how much each option costs as well as compare prices of different policies.
Building leadership skills across the board in a small business is crucial for fostering a strong team, driving innovation, and ensuring sustainable growth. A business owner or senior leader's role is to champion this development, creating an environment where leadership qualities are nurtured in everyone with leadership responsibilities. In the dynamic and often close-knit environment of a small business, effective leadership can be the difference between thriving and merely surviving. Below we look at why leadership skills are so important, and at 10 practical strategies to build them. Why leadership skills matter in a small business In small businesses, the impact of leadership is magnified due to the close working relationships and flatter organisational structures. Here's why developing leadership skills is particularly crucial: - Driving vision and direction: Leaders set the course for the future. They communicate the vision and inspire their team to strive towards shared goals, ensuring everyone is rowing in the same direction. - Fostering a positive culture: Leadership sets the tone for the workplace culture. Effective leaders build a culture of trust, respect, and collaboration, which is vital for job satisfaction and retention. - Enhancing team performance: Good leaders know how to motivate their team, play to each member's strengths, and manage weaknesses, leading to improved performance and productivity. - Adaptability to change: Small businesses must be agile. Leaders who can navigate change, make quick decisions, and steer their team through uncertain times are invaluable. - Attracting and retaining talent: Talented individuals want to work for leaders they admire and from whom they can learn. Strong leadership can help attract and retain the best people. - Building resilience: Distributed leadership equips the business to better handle challenges and uncertainties, as more people are capable of making informed decisions. - Supports succession planning: Developing leaders within ensures a pipeline for future senior leadership, essential for long-term sustainability. Practical tips and strategies 1. Invest in leadership training programmes Offering leadership training programmes to your employees may be expensive (although not necessarily as much as you might think) but can be a game-changer. These programmes should cover a range of skills, from emotional intelligence and effective communication to strategic planning and decision-making. Consider bringing in external experts for workshops or seminars to provide fresh perspectives and specialised knowledge. 2. Create leadership development plans Work with your employees to create personalised leadership development plans. These plans should identify specific leadership skills each individual needs to work on, with clear goals and timelines. Regular check-ins on these plans keep everyone accountable and ensure progress is being made. 3. Foster a mentoring culture Pairing emerging leaders with more experienced mentors can accelerate leadership development. Mentors can offer guidance, feedback, and support based on their own experiences, helping mentees navigate their leadership journey more effectively. 4. Encourage cross-functional projects Give your potential leaders the opportunity to lead cross-functional projects. This exposes them to different aspects of the business, encourages collaboration across departments, and develops their ability to manage diverse teams and projects. 5. Promote continuous learning Encourage your leaders to be lifelong learners. This can be through formal education, attending industry conferences, or simply keeping up with relevant books and podcasts. Consider creating a learning library or offering a stipend for educational materials and courses. 6. Implement leadership feedback mechanisms Feedback is crucial for growth. Implement 360-degree feedback mechanisms where leaders can receive constructive feedback from their peers, superiors, and direct reports. This feedback should be used to refine leadership development plans and focus on areas needing improvement. 7. Recognise and reward leadership growth Make it a point to recognise and reward improvements and achievements in leadership. This can be through public acknowledgment, promotions, or other incentives. Recognition not only motivates the individual leader but also signals to the rest of the organisation the value placed on leadership development. 8. Model the leadership behaviours you want to see As a business owner or senior leader, you set the tone for leadership within your organisation. Demonstrate the behaviours and qualities you want to see in your leaders. Your commitment to integrity, continuous learning, and respect for others will serve as a powerful example. 9. Encourage risk-taking and innovation Create an environment where leaders feel safe to take calculated risks and innovate. This means accepting that failure is part of the learning process and not penalising well-intentioned efforts that don't pan out. Encouraging this mindset fosters creativity and resilience among your leaders. 10. Build a supportive leadership community Finally, encourage your leaders to support each other. Whether through regular leadership meetings, retreats, or informal gatherings, creating a sense of community among leaders allows them to share challenges, successes, and learnings, strengthening the leadership fabric of your business. Cultivating leadership skills across all levels of your small business is not a one-time effort but an ongoing process. By implementing these strategies, you not only enhance the leadership capabilities within your organisation but also contribute to a culture of empowerment, collaboration, and resilience that can adapt and thrive in the face of any challenge. If you'd like further advice on building leadership skills within your business, do get in touch.
Get Help on Florida Bankruptcy Forms with the Help of a Bankruptcy Lawyer Many things should be taken into consideration prior to a bankruptcy petition. While you might be familiar with its concepts, facing it yourself can be daunting. The first step to achieving debt relief is understanding the bankruptcy filing procedures in Brandon, FL. The process of bankruptcy – regardless of the chapter – is highly stressful and complicated so you'll need all the help you can get! Bankruptcy isn't a magic pill that cures all your financial troubles. While it provides some relief for individuals and businesses, attaining debt relief has its limitations. Still, filing for bankruptcy is a smart way to get rid of debts legally. Furthermore, you no longer will have to deal with abusive collecting practices as you won't be directly in contact with any creditors while under bankruptcy protection. Quick Summary Here's a brief overview of the important things you need to know about bankruptcy forms: - The bankruptcy filing procedure in Florida involves consulting with a bankruptcy attorney, gathering financial information, filing official forms, attending a creditors' meeting, and completing the bankruptcy process. - There are two main types of bankruptcy: Chapter 7 (liquidation) and Chapter 13 (reorganization), depending on your financial situation and goals. - Specific bankruptcy forms are required for each chapter, and additional forms may be necessary based on individual circumstances. - Accurate bankruptcy forms are crucial for the court to process cases and ensure fair treatment of creditors. - Consultation with a bankruptcy attorney is essential to navigate the complex bankruptcy process and complete forms correctly. Our attorneys at the Golden Law Group focuse in bankruptcy law services to give you the best-case scenario and ensure Florida bankruptcy forms are filled out precisely. To take the first step in getting out of a life awash in debt, give our law office a call today to avail of a free consultation! What is the Bankruptcy Filing Procedure? Bankruptcy is a federal legal process by the United States government aimed at helping individuals and groups clear a significant amount of debt. Contrary to popular belief, bankruptcy does not negatively affect your credit in the long run. Bankruptcy works by acting as a safety net for people who need protection from abusive creditor behaviors. The two common bankruptcy chapters most individuals file for; Chapter 7 and Chapter 13. - Chapter 7 Bankruptcy-Also known as the liquidation chapter, Chapter 7 bankruptcy allows individuals to discharge most of their debts and start fresh. In Chapter 7, a trustee appointed by the bankruptcy court will gather and sell all non-exempt assets to pay off creditors. - Chapter 13 Bankruptcy– Also called the wage earner's bankruptcy, Chapter 13 is a type of bankruptcy designed for individuals or small business owners who have a regular income but are struggling to pay off their debts. In Chapter 13, the debtor proposes a repayment plan to the court to repay their debts over a period of three or five years. If you need more information about what happens during Chapter 7 bankruptcy and Chapter 13 bankruptcy, our attorneys at Golden Law Group are ready to assist. To begin the journey of breaking free from your money troubles, give our law office a call and get a free consultation today! What are the Bankruptcy Filing Procedures for Chapter 7? Here is the summary of what bankruptcy filing procedures in Brandon, FL you must follow during Chapter 7: - Analyze your debt by knowing which ones can be discharged (credit card dues, hospital bills, personal loans, and utility bills) and which cannot be (child and spousal support, recent tax debt, and most student loans). - Know your exemptions to determine which of your properties can be excluded from liquidation. These typically include home appliances, furniture, personal clothing, medical equipment, and some home and car equity. - Take a Chapter 7 Means Test as this helps check if your monthly income is low enough to be eligible to file under this chapter. If you don't pass the means test, the bankruptcy court might recommend that you file Chapter 13 instead. - Undergo a credit counseling course in person, by phone, or online within 180 days prior to submitting your petition. - Fill out all required bankruptcy forms truthfully and accurately. - Submit documents necessary for your petition to the Chapter 7 trustee assigned to your case. - Attend the 341 creditors meeting in person or virtually. Your Brandon bankruptcy attorney attends this meeting in your place if you choose to. - When necessary, file any objections and motions to dispute any creditor claims or to eliminate Chapter 7 liens. - Complete a debtor education program before officially receiving your bankruptcy discharge. Make sure to do this on time to prevent the bankruptcy court from dismissing your case. Before diving head-first into a bankruptcy case, talk to a bankruptcy lawyer first about the bankruptcy filing procedures in Brandon, FL to ensure that you get everything right. A smooth-sailing process is key to making your bankruptcy journey's outcome a favorable one. Bankruptcy filing procedures for Chapter 13 The following items provide an overview of what the bankruptcy filing procedures Brandon FL are during Chapter 13: - Complete the mandatory credit counseling course given by an approved credit counseling agency within 180 days before submitting your petition. - Fill out all required Chapter 13 bankruptcy forms truthfully and accurately. - Submit all paperwork necessary for your petition to the Chapter 13 trustee assigned to your case. - Attend the 341 creditors meeting in person or virtually. - Start your Chapter 13 plan payments during the month after you submitted the petition. - Have your Chapter 13 repayment plan confirmed by the bankruptcy court while giving the trustee and the creditors a chance to make their objections. - Make all necessary payments according to the confirmed repayment plan while being up to date with other obligations such as alimony and child support. - Complete a debtor education program before officially receiving your bankruptcy discharge. Are you dealing with bankruptcy at the moment? Before going straight for it, be sure you are aware of the bankruptcy filing procedures in Brandon, FL. Talk to a skilled Brandon, FL bankruptcy attorney who can guide you throughout the entire bankruptcy process. What Forms Do I Need to File Bankruptcy in Florida for Chapter 7? The following are the forms that you need to file for Chapter 7 bankruptcy in Florida: - Voluntary Petition for Individuals Filing for Bankruptcy (Form B101) - Statement of Financial Affairs (Form B107) - Schedules A/B: Property (Form B106A/B) - Schedule C: The Property You Claim as Exempt (Form B106C) - Schedule D: Creditors Who Hold Claims Secured By Property (Form B106D) - Schedule E/F: Creditors Who Have Unsecured Claims (Form B106E/F) - Schedule G: Executory Contracts and Unexpired Leases (Form B106G) - Schedule H: Your Codebtors (Form B106H) - Schedule I: Your Income (Form B106I) - Schedule J: Your Expenses (Form B106J) - Summary of Your Assets and Liabilities and Certain Statistical Information (Form B106) - Certificate of Credit Counseling - Means Test Calculation (Optional) - Application for Waiver of Filing Fee (Optional) You may also need to file additional forms depending on your specific circumstances. For example, if you have a spouse or domestic partner who is not filing bankruptcy with you, you will need to file additional forms to disclose their financial information. You can find all of the bankruptcy forms on the website of the United States Courts. It is important to note that the bankruptcy process is complex and it is important to consult with a bankruptcy attorney to ensure that you are filing the correct forms and that your bankruptcy is filed correctly. What Forms Do I Need to File Bankruptcy in Florida for Chapter 13? Chapter 13 bankruptcy allows you to keep your property if you can pay off your debts in installments over 3 to 5 years. To file for Chapter 13 bankruptcy in Florida, you need to fill out the following forms: - B 101: Voluntary Petition for Individuals Filing for Bankruptcy - B 106 Declaration: Declaration About an Individual Debtor's Schedules - B 106 Summary: Summary of Your Assets and Liabilities and Certain Statistical Information - B 106A/B: Property - B 106C: The Property You Claim as Exempt - B 106D: Creditors Who Hold Claims Secured by Property - B 106E/F: Creditors Who Have Unsecured Claims - B 106G: Executory Contracts and Unexpired Leases - B 106H: Your Codebtors - B 106I: Your Income - B 106J: Your Expenses - B 107: Your Statement of Financial Affairs for individuals Filing Bankruptcy - B 113: Chapter 13 Plan - B 121: Your Statement About Your Social Security Numbers - B 122C-1: Chapter 13 Statement of Your Current Monthly Income and Calculation of Commitment Period - B 122C-2: Chapter 13 Calculation of Your Disposable Income - B 423: Certification About a Financial Management Course - B 2010: Notice Required by 11 U.S.C. §342(b) for Individuals Filing for Bankruptcy You also need to provide the court with a Creditor Matrix in the format specified by the Florida bankruptcy court. The forms may be different for non-individuals (corporations or groups). If you have any questions about the forms, please consult with a Florida bankruptcy attorney. Why Do I Need a Brandon, FL Bankruptcy Attorney? A huge benefit of knowing the bankruptcy filing procedures Brandon FL for Chapter 7 and Chapter 13 is being aware of what to expect. If you decide to work with us, a skilled Florida bankruptcy lawyer will examine your case thoroughly and guide you through every single step. Here's what you will get from availing of Golden Law Group's legal services: - Personalized debt relief assistance - Compassionate legal advice for each client - Proactive problem-solving techniques that can help clear your debt - Dedicated legal counsel from beginning to end For legal advice on which bankruptcy chapter best fits your situation and dependable information on bankruptcy filing procedures Brandon FL, get in touch with our law firm now for a free consultation! Call our Florida Bankruptcy Attorney Now! Given how stressful and exhausting it can be, deciding to try getting rid of your debt through bankruptcy is a courageous move for anyone. This makes having a knowledgeable bankruptcy attorney on your side all the more important; it helps instill confidence in knowing that someone who works for you is capable of getting you out of this mess! We at Golden Law Group know everything about Florida bankruptcy law and also provide great legal assistance on student loans, garnishment defense, and other debt solutions. Once you're ready to work on your petition, give us a call right away and get a free consultation!
The keto diet is a plan where you eat a lot of fats, and your body uses these fats for energy instead of sugars. This can lead to benefits such as a faster metabolism, increased muscle, better blood pressure, and weight loss. However, maintaining this state, called ketosis, is challenging. It requires a diet mainly of meat, eggs, nuts, and fish while avoiding fruits, sugary foods, beans, and starchy vegetables. To help maintain ketosis, you might consider products like keto gummies, which contain exogenous ketones. However, do keto gummies really work? While your body naturally produces ketones from what you eat, keto gummies provide additional ketones, but it's crucial to understand that they don't initiate ketosis but can help sustain it if you're already in it. Before using keto gummies or similar products for weight loss, it's worth exploring their potential benefits and risks to decide if they're right for you. What are keto gummies made of? Most keto gummies mainly contain D-beta-hydroxybutyrate (D-BHB) ketones. These are ketones that can be added to supplements and are also naturally produced by the liver as an alternative energy source when blood sugar and insulin levels drop. In supplements, these might be called BHB ketone salts, such as calcium BHB, magnesium BHB, and sodium BHB. Keto gummies also have: - Sugar - Sugar alcohols like sorbitol, maltitol, and xylitol - Medium-chain triglycerides (MCTs) - Coconut oil - Apple cider vinegar - Ginger extract - Organic pomegranate juice powder - Organic beet juice powder - Natural flavorings Ingredients such as BHB ketones, apple cider vinegar, and MCT oil are included in keto gummies to supposedly help with weight loss, support digestion, and maintain a ketogenic state. However, the effectiveness and long-term effects of keto gummies are not well-researched, and they are not strictly regulated by the FDA. Potential Benefits of Keto Gummies Keep in mind that keto gummies and similar supplements are not regulated by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA). So, dietitians say there's no way to say that keto gummies are safe. According to experts, the possible benefits of these supplements are: - They might help you lose weight. - They could improve your athletic performance. - They may reduce your hunger. However, it's not clear from research if keto gummies or other keto supplements really help keep you in ketosis. Also, one study points out that these supplements might raise the level of ketones in your body too much. Normally, your body tries to keep ketone levels balanced. If ketone levels go too high, your liver might slow down its own production of ketones, which could make it tougher to stay in ketosis. What are the side effects of ACV keto gummies? Are keto gummies safe? Before you try them, you should be aware of some possible risks, including: - Nausea and vomiting. - Stomach problems, like diarrhea. - Low blood sugar. If the keto gummies contain sorbitol, which acts as a laxative, you might face stomach issues. If you decide to try them, start slowly to see how your body reacts. People with Type 2 diabetes, high blood pressure, or kidney issues might be thinking about trying the keto diet, but it might not be a good idea to add keto gummies. Both the keto diet and keto gummies can lower your blood sugar too much, which might lead to hypoglycemic reactions. Should you try keto gummies? Before trying keto gummies, dietitians recommend looking at your diet if you're having trouble staying in ketosis. Think about why it's not working. Are you eating too many carbs? Are you tired of your current meals? Are you still feeling hungry? Try changing your keto diet to make sure you're getting enough calories and fiber. This could be a healthier approach than turning to keto gummies. But if your keto diet is going well and you just want to boost your weight loss, then trying keto gummies might be an option for you. What are alternatives to keto gummies? Whole foods are generally a better and safer choice than keto gummies for people following a ketogenic diet. Foods like avocados, nuts, seeds, and lean proteins, which are high in healthy fats, can help you stay in ketosis without the risks linked to processed supplements. For losing weight, eating a balanced diet and getting regular exercise often work better and are safer than depending on supplements. The best way to lose weight and stay healthy is to eat a well-rounded diet full of nutrient-rich foods. If you're on a keto diet, opting for whole foods like avocados, nuts, seeds, and low-carb vegetables is a good substitute for keto gummies. Understanding if Keto Gummies Work with Expert Insights Consider all your options carefully before determining if keto gummies really work. If you're on a keto diet and thinking about adding supplements like keto gummies, it's crucial to weigh the potential benefits against the risks. Always check your diet first, as making adjustments can be a more natural and safer way to maintain ketosis and support your health goals. Remember, whole foods tend to offer more reliable benefits without the uncertainties of processed supplements.
Bug reports play a crucial role in the software development process. They provide developers with valuable information about issues and glitches that need to be addressed. Writing detailed bug reports is essential for effective communication between testers and developers, as it helps to identify, reproduce, and resolve bugs efficiently. One of the key benefits of writing detailed bug reports is that it saves time and effort for both testers and developers. When a bug is reported with all the necessary information, developers can easily understand the issue and start working on a solution right away. On the other hand, if a bug report lacks important details or is unclear, developers may have to spend additional time trying to reproduce the bug or gather more information, which can delay the resolution process. Moreover, detailed bug reports help in maintaining a clear and organized record of all the issues encountered during the testing phase. This allows developers to prioritize and address bugs based on their severity and impact on the software. It also helps in tracking the progress of bug fixes and ensures that no issues are overlooked or forgotten. Key Takeaways - Writing detailed bug reports is important for effective communication with developers - Reproducing the bug is the first step in writing a detailed bug report - Collecting relevant information such as browser version and device type is crucial - Including screenshots and videos can help developers understand the bug better - Providing steps to reproduce the bug and suggesting possible solutions can speed up the resolution process Step 1: Reproducing the Bug Reproducing a bug is an essential step in writing a detailed bug report. It helps to validate the issue and ensures that developers can experience the same problem as the tester. Reproducing a bug allows developers to understand its root cause and find an appropriate solution. To reproduce a bug effectively, testers should provide clear and concise steps that lead to the issue. It is important to include all the necessary details such as specific actions taken, input values used, and any relevant system configurations. Testers should also mention any specific conditions or prerequisites required to reproduce the bug. Additionally, testers should try to reproduce the bug multiple times to ensure its consistency. This helps in identifying any intermittent or sporadic issues that may not be immediately apparent. By providing accurate steps to reproduce the bug, testers can help developers save time and effort in understanding and resolving the issue. Step 2: Collecting Relevant Information Collecting relevant information is crucial when encountering a bug. Testers should gather all the necessary details that can help developers understand and resolve the issue effectively. This includes information such as the software version, operating system, hardware specifications, and any other relevant system configurations. Testers should also collect any error messages or log files generated when the bug occurred. These can provide valuable insights into the root cause of the issue and help developers in their debugging process. Additionally, testers should note down any specific actions or inputs that triggered the bug, as well as any other relevant observations or patterns noticed during testing. There are several tools available that can assist testers in collecting relevant information. These include screen recording software, network monitoring tools, and log analyzers. Testers should familiarize themselves with these tools and use them to gather accurate and comprehensive information about the bug. Step 3: Describing the Bug in Detail Describing the bug in detail is essential for effective communication between testers and developers. It helps developers understand the issue and its impact on the software. Testers should provide a clear and concise description of the bug, including its symptoms, expected behavior, and actual behavior observed. When describing a bug, testers should avoid using technical jargon or ambiguous language. They should use simple and precise language that can be easily understood by developers. Testers should also provide any additional context or background information that may be relevant to understanding the bug. Furthermore, testers should mention any specific conditions or scenarios under which the bug occurs. This can help developers in identifying any underlying patterns or dependencies that may be causing the issue. By providing a detailed description of the bug, testers can ensure that developers have all the necessary information to resolve it effectively. Step 4: Including Screenshots and Videos Including screenshots and videos in bug reports can greatly enhance their effectiveness. Visual evidence helps developers understand the issue more clearly and reduces the chances of misinterpretation. Screenshots and videos provide a visual representation of the bug, making it easier for developers to reproduce and resolve the issue. When taking screenshots, testers should capture the relevant parts of the software interface that are affected by the bug. They should also annotate the screenshots to highlight the specific areas or elements that are causing the issue. This helps developers focus on the relevant parts and saves time in understanding the problem. Similarly, when recording videos, testers should demonstrate the steps to reproduce the bug and clearly show the issue occurring in real-time. They should provide a narration or commentary to explain what is happening and any observations or insights they have regarding the bug. This helps developers gain a better understanding of the issue and its impact on the software. Step 5: Providing Steps to Reproduce the Bug Providing clear and concise steps to reproduce the bug is crucial for effective bug reporting. Developers need to be able to follow these steps exactly in order to experience the same problem as the tester. Clear and accurate steps help developers understand the issue quickly and start working on a solution right away. When providing steps to reproduce a bug, testers should be specific and detailed. They should mention each action or input required, as well as any specific conditions or prerequisites needed. Testers should also avoid using ambiguous or subjective terms, and instead use precise language that leaves no room for interpretation. Additionally, testers should try to keep the steps as simple as possible. Complex or convoluted steps can make it difficult for developers to follow and reproduce the bug accurately. Testers should also consider providing alternative steps or variations that may lead to the same issue, as this can help developers identify any underlying patterns or dependencies. Step 6: Identifying the Impact of the Bug Identifying the impact of a bug is crucial for prioritizing and addressing issues effectively. Testers should assess the severity and consequences of the bug and communicate them clearly to developers. This helps developers understand the urgency and importance of resolving the issue. When identifying the impact of a bug, testers should consider factors such as the frequency of occurrence, the number of users affected, and the potential consequences or risks associated with the bug. Testers should also consider any dependencies or cascading effects that the bug may have on other parts of the software. By providing a clear assessment of the impact, testers can help developers prioritize their work and allocate resources accordingly. This ensures that critical bugs are addressed promptly and prevents any further damage or disruption to the software. Step 7: Suggesting Possible Solutions Suggesting possible solutions in a bug report can be helpful for developers in resolving the issue. Testers, being familiar with the software and its functionalities, may have insights or ideas on how to fix the bug. By suggesting possible solutions, testers can contribute to the problem-solving process and help developers find an appropriate resolution. When suggesting possible solutions, testers should be mindful of their expertise and limitations. They should provide suggestions based on their understanding of the issue and its root cause. Testers should also consider any potential side effects or implications that their suggested solutions may have on other parts of the software. Furthermore, testers should clearly communicate that their suggestions are just recommendations and that they defer to the expertise and judgment of the developers. Testers should also encourage developers to provide feedback or alternative solutions if they have any. Submitting the Bug Report Submitting a bug report is the final step in the bug reporting process. It is important to ensure that all the necessary information has been included and that the report is clear, concise, and well-organized. Testers should review their bug report before submitting it to ensure its accuracy and completeness. When submitting a bug report, testers should follow any specific guidelines or procedures provided by the development team or organization. They should also consider the preferred format or template for bug reports, if any. Testers should provide their contact information in case developers need further clarification or additional information. Additionally, testers should keep track of their bug reports and follow up on their progress. They should be proactive in providing any additional information or insights that may be required by developers. By actively participating in the bug resolution process, testers can contribute to the overall quality and stability of the software. Owltics: Using Analytics to Improve Bug Reporting and Resolution Owltics is a powerful analytics tool that can greatly enhance the bug reporting and resolution process. It provides valuable insights and metrics that help testers and developers identify patterns, trends, and areas of improvement in the software. Owltics collects and analyzes data from bug reports, including information such as bug severity, frequency, resolution time, and impact on the software. It provides visualizations and reports that help testers and developers understand the overall quality and stability of the software. By using Owltics, testers can identify common issues or recurring bugs that need to be addressed. They can also track the progress of bug fixes and ensure that no issues are overlooked or forgotten. Owltics helps testers prioritize their work and allocate resources effectively. Developers can use Owltics to gain insights into the root causes of bugs and identify areas of improvement in the software. They can track the effectiveness of their bug resolution efforts and make data-driven decisions to improve the overall quality of the software. In conclusion, writing detailed bug reports is essential for effective communication between testers and developers. It saves time and effort, maintains a clear record of issues, and ensures that bugs are addressed promptly. By following the steps outlined in this article and using tools like Owltics, testers can contribute to the overall quality and stability of the software. If you're interested in streamlining your workflow and improving your bug tracking process, you may also find the article "Streamline Your Workflow with Issue Tracking Software: A Comprehensive Guide" helpful. This comprehensive guide explores how issue tracking software can help you manage and track bugs more efficiently, ultimately improving your team's productivity. Check out the article here for more information.
Public Interest Journalism funded through NZ on Air A Pacific researcher is on a mission to understand why there is a high burnout among Pacific peoples, not knowing when to draw boundaries due to cultural expectations. Asetoa Sam Pilisi is a proud central Aucklander and hails from the Niuean villages of Alofi and Avatele, as well as the Samoan villages of Vailoa Palauli and Sato'alepai. Asetoa is currently pursuing a Doctorate of Philosophy (Health Science), exploring Pacific perceptions and experiences of wellbeing, self-care and burnout. "My research question is asking New Zealand-born Pacific people, 'is it selfish to look after yourself?' "We often place our energy, resources, love and time into various areas, and from a strength-based point of view, we do it with the collective in mind because we are community-driven and family-driven." Asetoa discusses the purpose of his research as well as the Pacific Media Association Hub's assistance in his journey as a PhD candidate. Asetoa explains that the context for his research topic stems from his interest in our lived experiences as Pacific people, as well as how their worldview shapes how they selflessly serve in various areas of their lives. "Our superpower is serving our families and communities, but it is easy to forget about ourselves and fill our own cups. "So my interest in this topic stems from personal experiences of wanting to be useful for my family and communities while also feeling stretched at times." Asetoa hopes that he can highlight the importance of self-care and normalise conversations about burnout. "I'm essentially asking the awkward question of what our relationship is with ourselves and figuring out ways in which we can advocate for smarter and better ways of living. "My early ideas are trying to create a framework for understanding wellbeing, selflessness, selfishness and burnout, and possibly using that as a self-assessment tool. "There's a lot to consider, and I am especially grateful for the financial support from the Knowledge Hub. "I am grateful for my opportunities and feel obligated to work with Pacific people and champion progress through this research." About 150 people have participated to date. Asetoa is aiming for 1000 respondents. To consider participating, visit Pilisi's page here.
Antiparasitic practices in dogs refer to various treatments and measures taken to protect dogs from parasites and to protect their health. Parasites are parasitic organisms that can cause serious health problems and even death in dogs. For this reason, dog owners should care about regular antiparasitic practices to protect the health of their pets. Here are some examples of commonly used antiparasitic practices in dogs: Medicines against lice and fleas: Various spot-on drops, shampoos, sprays or collars are used to protect from lice and fleas, which are the most common external parasites in dogs. These medications help kill lice and fleas and prevent future infestations. Medicines for ticks: Ticks are dangerous parasites that can cause serious illness in dogs. Spot-on drops, oral tablets or anti-tick sprays are used to keep ticks away and protect them from the diseases they carry. Medicines against internal parasites: Worms and other internal parasites can settle in the dog's digestive tract, absorbing nutrients and harming the immune system. De-worming (worm treatment) is done regularly to protect dogs from internal parasites. Preventive treatments for heartworms: Heartworms are a type of parasite that can be fatal in dogs. Preventive treatments against heartworms (monthly heartworm preventatives) are regularly prescribed by the veterinarian. Please note that the use of antiparasitic treatments may vary depending on the breed, age, size and health of the dog. Therefore, it is important for dog owners to choose the appropriate antiparasitic treatment for their dogs in consultation with a veterinarian. In addition, it is important to use the products correctly and to comply with the recommended doses in order to protect the health of the dog.
Answer: You can change the color of stamped work once it has been placed by applying different types of stains, tints, or dyes. How do you fix mismatched concrete? When color mismatch is severe, a surface applied coloring agent may be the solution. Secondary coloring products, such as Brickform Cem-Coat, are quickly applied yet resilient. They can be used on one or both slabs for a matching color without altering finish or texture. Can you change concrete pattern color? Yes it is totally possible to change the colour of your concrete. You would first need to remove the old sealer using the Stripping solution (link below), then apply the Solid colour stain. If you want to just have it one colour then you can finish here by applying a sealer over the top. Can you color concrete after its dried? The answer is: yes, you can acid stain old concrete. The process for acid staining old concrete is not all that different from staining new concrete with a few exceptions. Below, we will walk you through how to stain old concrete and the differences from how to stain new concrete. Can you repaint stamped concrete? For best results, apply several very thin coats of primer and paint by hand. Take care to fill the grooves evenly, and spread several thin coats on the elevated, stamped surface as well. For very large areas, paint the grooves by hand and apply paint with a paint roller in several very thin layers. Can you change the color of stamped concrete? You can change the color of stamped work once it has been placed by applying different types of stains, tints, or dyes. The type of coloring method you use will depend on the look desired and amount of color change needed. What causes concrete to dry different colors? Discoloration on the surface of new concrete can be from several factors including inconsistent mixtures, too much or not enough water, low quality materials, poor workmanship, the use of calcium chloride, environmental issues, or issues created during the pore or during the curing process. How do you color stamped concrete? Most stamped concrete has two colors: a base color and an accent color. There are two ways to create the base color for new concrete: integral color and color hardener. With either method the end result of your stamped concrete will emphasize this color. Integral color is mixed into the concrete in the truck. How do you color imprint concrete? Quote from the video: Quote from Youtube video: It's applied with a trowel if. There are areas of exposed concrete pretreat them with a concentrated mix of sealer. And color tint. Once the damage is repaired and resealed it's barely noticeable. How do you fix stenciled concrete? Follow this step-by-step guide of how to paint over stencil concrete. - Step 1: Clean the area. … - Step 2: Remove the existing paint. … - Step 3: Put masking tape on the edges. … - Step 4: Apply the first layer of texture primer. … - Step 5: Place the stencil sheets. … - Step 6: Apply one more layer of texture primer. … - Step 7: Apply paint. Can you paint over colored concrete? Over time concrete floors stain from heavy use, accidents and exposure to various substances. Unfortunately, stains that penetrate deep into the concrete are almost impossible to remove. When this happens, you can paint the floor to cover them up and beautify the look of the room. Can you pressure wash stamped concrete? Never use a pressure washer to clean your stamped concrete. Over time the high pressure breaks down the sealer and reduces the protection, the shine and expected life of the sealer. Always use a gentle cleaner when washing stamped concrete. How can I change the color of my concrete patio? To change the color of concrete before it is poured, add a tint or dye to the mix. People who want to use concrete in their landscaping often ask how they can change the color. If the concrete has already been poured your best option is applying a stain to the surface. Can you stain concrete a different color? The short answer is, yes. Acid stain will work on any concrete, colored or gray. The big difference will be the final color. With plain gray concrete, you can more accurately predict what the final color will be. How do you add color to concrete? In a small container, mix the concrete coloring pigment with water, and then add to the concrete, according to the instructions on the bag. Tip: The more pigment you add, the more intense the color will be. Add a little more warm water than usual to the mix so it will pour easier into the bottle. Can you colour concrete mix? Concrete can be colored either integrally into the mix or by applying color after the concrete has cured. Each method has its own benefits and there are a couple of handfuls of concrete crafts pigments that can be used. What can I use to color cement? Quote from the video: Quote from Youtube video: I decided to use a vase made from a plastic bottle to test the concrete coloring I use quikrete countertop mix in white as the base. And quikrete liquid cement color in red for the pigment cutting an Can you color concrete with mica powder? OUR MICA PIGMENT IS EXCELLENT FOR MAKING beautiful concrete countertops, metallic flooring, use in vertical concrete work to simulate real stone, also it's great as a Cosmetic Grade Colorant for Makeup, Soap Making, Use in Epoxy Resin to make beautiful Epoxy Jewelry, Epoxy Art, DIY Crafting Projects. How do you color concrete cheaply? For a really inexpensive way to add unexpected interest and color to concrete, press objects such as marbles, bits of colorful tile, colored fibers, tumbled beach glass, coins or bottle tops into wet concrete just as it is being poured.
Stadiums are one of the most iconic and popular structures in the world. From the biggest and best-known stadiums to those used just for football matches, they are a staple of many people's lives. But what happens when these stadiums need maintenance or repair? Or when they need to be replaced altogether? That's where stadium engineering comes in. Stadium engineering is the process of designing, constructing, and managing sports venues. It encompasses everything from design planning to construction management and even post-construction management. So if you're passionate about sports or architecture, chances are you'll be interested in learning more about stadium engineering. In this blog article, we will showcase one of the world's most impressive stadium complexes and give you a glimpse into what goes into its design and construction. The Stadium Cape Town Stadium is a multi-purpose stadium in Cape Town, South Africa. It is currently used mostly for football matches and it also has a capacity of 58,000 people. The stadium was also the home ground of South African club Cape Town City from 2007 to 2014. In March 2015, it was announced that the stadium would be sold to consortiums led by Sanlam Group for R1.4 billion. The stadium is located in the Gardens district of Cape Town and its construction began in 2006 at a cost of R550 million. It was officially opened on 5 February 2007 by then-president Thabo Mbeki. The first match played at the new stadium was between South Africa's top two clubs Ajax Cape Town and Kaizer Chiefs, which ended in a 1–1 draw. The first goal scored at the stadium was by Chiefs' midfielder Billy Motha during their 3–2 victory over Vasco da Gama on 15 February 2007. On 12 July 2014, it was announced that due to financial difficulties faced by Cape Town City, the club would not be able to use the stadium anymore and that it would be sold back to its original owners, who had leased it out since 2006 for an annual rent of R4 million per year. The consortium led by Sanlam Group announced that they had agreed to purchase the stadium for R1.4 billion with an initial four-year lease starting from 1 January 2015 until 30 June 2019; the option How it was built The Cape Town Stadium was built in 1995 and is located in the city's central business district. The stadium has a capacity of 54,000 spectators and is home to both the Cape Town Blitz and the Cape Town City FC. The construction of the stadium was a joint venture between the City of Cape Town and South African Football Association. The stadium was designed by architects HOK Sport, who used a modular system to allow for quick assembly if necessary. The stadium was officially opened on 10 October 1995 with a match between Cape Town City FC and Kaizer Chiefs. The original supporters' group, Red Devils, were formed shortly after the stadium's opening and are still active today. What it can hold The Cape Town Stadium can seat up to 60,000 spectators. It has been built with a retractable roof which can be opened in under 15 minutes in the event of an emergency. The stadium is also wheelchair accessible and has a dedicated children's area. How to get tickets If you're looking to get tickets to a game in Cape Town, the best way to go about it is through the official website of the stadium. They usually have very good deals on tickets and they ship them right to your door! How to watch the game If you're in Cape Town, South Africa and want to watch the game, there are a few options available. The Independent Stadium is the most centrally located option, and it's also where Champions League games will be played this season. It's about a 15-minute walk from the city center. The Old Port Stadium is another good option if you're looking for a more suburban experience. It's about a 25-minute drive from the city center. Tickets can be bought online or at various locations in the city. If you'd like to attend the game, tickets can also be bought at one of several stadium box offices. The most popular box office locations are at Camps Bay and Table View in Cape Town, but they're also open at stadiums in Bloubergstrand and Paarl. An overview of the stadium The Cape Town Stadium is a stadium that is located in Cape Town, South Africa. The stadium was opened in February, 2006 and has a seating capacity of 62,500. The stadium is used mostly for rugby union matches and it also hosts some football matches. The design and construction of the stadium When it was time for the construction of the new Soccer City stadium in Cape Town, South Africa, there were many challenges that had to be faced. Firstly, the stadium had to be built adjacent to the city's busiest railway station so that transportation was not a problem. Secondly, it had to be able to accommodate a large and diverse crowd, including both international and local football matches. Finally, it had to be environmentally friendly so as not to damage the city's environment. The stadium was designed by Dutch architects Fiete van der Zee and Buro Happold and was constructed by Dutch contractor Bouwfonds 2008 over a period of three years. The stadium has a seating capacity of 62,000 spectators and is divided into four zones: an upper concourse for VIPs and sponsors; an arena bowl; lower concourse; and terraces on either side of the pitch. The grandstand on one side of the pitch can hold 10,000 spectators while the other has 8,000 seats. There are also 6800 standing places. The stadium is made from weathering steel reinforced concrete with a polycarbonate roof that protects it from the sun and rain. It is also equipped with air conditioning, lighting, sound system and roller shutters that can be opened in case of inclement weather. In order to minimise environmental impact, recycled water is used for irrigation and waste is recycled or composted. The use of LED lighting in the stadium LED lighting has revolutionized the way stadiums are operated and look. Not only is the energy consumption reduced, but LEDs also have the ability to emit a wider spectrum of light which is ideal for sport lighting applications. This allows for a brighter and more consistent display of images on the pitch, as well as enhancing spectators' viewing experience. The first LED stadium was introduced in Japan in 2002 and since then, LED technology has become widely adopted both in sport and non-sport venues worldwide. Across Africa, many football stadiums are now equipped with LED lighting systems to improve atmosphere and player visibility at night games. The Cape Town Stadium is one such example, having been recently upgraded with state-of-the-art LED lighting technology. The Cape Town Stadium's new LED lighting system uses over 8,000 individual LEDs that produce an intense beam of light that can be seen up to 50km away. This system not only enhances spectator visibility but also creates an impressive visual impact on game day. With its striking blue hues and shimmering effect, the new LED system is sure to create a buzz on match days! The usage of natural cooling techniques in the stadium Fans of sports can attest to the fact that stadiums can be very hot places. In order to combat the heat, stadium managers often rely on air conditioning or fans blowing air onto themselves. However, many fans also know about natural cooling techniques that can be used in stadiums. One such technique is rain. When it rains outside, it cools down the atmosphere and makes people feel cooler. Stadium managers can take advantage of this by having umbrellas available for fans to use if it starts to rain during a game. Another natural cooling technique is misting. When water is sprayed into the air, it creates a mist that absorbs the heat from the sun and then dissipates it as vapor. This can be used in conjunction with air conditioning or fans blowing air onto themselves to help reduce overall temperatures in a stadium. Natural cooling techniques like these are important because they don't use any electricity or other resources that may not be available in a crisis situation. They also tend to be more environmentally friendly than using air conditioning or fans blowing air onto themselves, which is another reason why they are preferred by many stadium manager Thank you for reading our article on the Stadium in Cape Town, South Africa. Our team has put together a detailed guide that will help you plan your trip and navigate the stadium when you are there. We hope that this guide has helped answer any questions that you may have had, so please feel free to leave us a comment below or contact us if you need any more assistance.
Food, an essential element of human existence, transcends mere sustenance to become a cornerstone of culture, a source of nourishment, and an avenue for pleasure. In its vast and diverse landscape, food encompasses a myriad of flavors, textures, and aromas, reflecting the rich tapestry of human civilization. Cultural Tapestry of Food One cannot delve into the realm of food without encountering its deep-rooted connection to culture. From the intricate spices of Indian curry to the delicate artistry of Japanese sushi, every cuisine tells a story of its people, history, and traditions. The act of preparing and sharing meals serves as a communal experience, fostering bonds and transmitting heritage from one generation to the next. Moreover, food acts as a cultural ambassador, bridging gaps and fostering understanding between diverse communities. Through culinary exchange, individuals can explore the world without leaving their kitchens, gaining insight into different customs and ways of life. Nutritional Nexus Beyond its cultural significance, food serves as the primary source of nourishment for the human body. Each morsel contains a complex array of nutrients essential for growth, repair, and overall well-being. From protein-rich meats to vitamin-packed fruits and vegetables, a balanced diet is crucial for maintaining optimal health. However, the modern food landscape is fraught with challenges, including processed foods high in sugars, salts, and unhealthy fats. As a result, nutritional education and awareness play a pivotal role in promoting healthy eating habits and combating diet-related diseases. Pleasure Principle In addition to its cultural and nutritional dimensions, food offers a realm of sensory pleasure unparalleled by any other experience. The sight of a beautifully plated dish, the aroma of freshly baked bread, the sizzle of food on a grill—each sensation tantalizes the senses and ignites a deep-seated pleasure response. Moreover, the act of eating itself can be a source of joy and comfort, evoking memories of cherished moments and experiences. Whether indulging in a favorite childhood treat or savoring a gourmet meal, food has the power to uplift spirits and create lasting moments of happiness. In conclusion, food is far more than sustenance; it is a multifaceted entity that encompasses culture, nutrition, and https://modoweinspiracje.com/ https://sportyzespolowe.pl/ https://boiskoipilka.pl/ https://pieniadzesawazne.pl/ https://technologicznyblog.pl/ https://niegrzecznemysli.pl/ http://biznespieniadze.pl/ https://mojprzemysl.pl/ https://zdrowiejestwazne.pl/ https://empresainteresante.es/ https://budowaiogrod.pl/ https://inwestycjeoszczednosci.pl/ https://madrerodzicielstwo.pl/ pleasure. By exploring the intricate tapestry of culinary traditions, embracing the principles of healthy eating, and savoring the sensory delights of food, individuals can forge deeper connections with themselves, their communities, and the world at large. As we continue on our culinary journey, let us savor each bite and celebrate the boundless joys that food brings to our lives.
Opioid Use Disorder (OUD) is a medical condition characterized by a problematic pattern of opioid use that leads to significant impairment or distress. Opioids are a class of drugs that include prescription pain relievers like oxycodone, hydrocodone, morphine, and illegal drugs like heroin. Individuals with OUD often exhibit symptoms such as: - Strong cravings for opioids. - Difficulty controlling opioid use. - Continued use of opioids despite negative consequences, such as health problems or relationship issues. - Tolerance, meaning they need higher doses of opioids to achieve the desired effects. - Withdrawal symptoms when not using opioids. Opioid Use Disorder can have severe consequences, including overdose and death. Treatment typically involves a combination of medication (such as methadone, buprenorphine, or naltrexone) and behavioral therapies to help individuals manage cravings, avoid relapse, and address underlying issues contributing to their substance use. SAMHSA's National Helpline SAMHSA's National Helpline is a free, confidential, 24/7, 365-day-a-year treatment referral and information service (in English and Spanish). Call 1-800-662-HELP (4357) or visit the website. Get the Facts on Opioid Use Disorder Johns Hopkins Medicine This website contains Opioid Use Disorder information provided by Johns Hopkins Medicine. Good Samaritan Law The Good Samaritan Drug Overdose Act of 2015 prevents punitive actions against health professionals and any person who administers naloxone or calls 911 to assist someone who may be overdosing on opiates. It also provides immunity to persons seeking medical treatment for an opioid overdose for themselves or someone else. American Psychiatric Association This website includes opioid use disorder information and resources for patients and families from the American Psychiatric Association (APA). Tools & Resources Medications for Addiction Treatment (MAT) Resource Library The MAT Resource Library is supported by the Los Angeles County Health Agency and Department of Public Health, Substance Abuse Prevention and Control. The site provides practical information on Medications for Addiction Treatment (MAT) for providers across health systems (e.g., physical health, mental health, and substance use disorder systems), as well as for patients. SAMHSA's National Helpline The Opioid Guide: A Resource Guide for Practicing Psychologists A guide from the American Psychological Society with information for practicing psychologists on opioids, their use, and effective treatments. Wound Care & Medical Triage for People Who Use Drugs and the Programs That Serve Them This comprehensive guide provides information and recommendations regarding general health, safer use practices, common viral, fungal, parasitic, and other injection-related infections, overdose and overamp, tapering, withdrawal, medications for opioid use disorder, and seeking medical care. Screening Tools There are a number of screening tools available that can be self-administered via pen and paper, computer and tablet, or conducted by an interviewer. Each screening tool has pros and cons and a program should decide which screening tool is best for their agency based on population served with consideration to which substances are being used as well as state/regional billable terms for utilization of specific screening forms. Adopt SBIRT offers training and technical assistance on the use of screening assessments. Never Use Alone Toll-free national overdose prevention, detection, life-saving crisis response and medical intervention services for people who use drugs while alone. Never Use Alone's peer operators are available 24-hours a day, 7 days a week, 365 days a year. Medication for Opioid Use Disorder (MOUD) Tool Kit for Peer Recovery Specialists This toolkit is a resource for Peer Recovery Specialists (PRSs) to feel equipped to discuss MOUD with providers, people seeking recovery, and others with questions about this treatment option. Northern Nevada HOPES (HOPES) The mission of Northern Nevada HOPES (HOPES) is to provide affordable, high-quality medical, behavioral health, and support services for all. The Medication Assisted Treatment (MAT) program at Northern Nevada HOPES offers caring, team-based treatment to give you hope and improve your life as you work toward recovery. HOPES accepts Medicaid, most major health plans, and, for those without insurance, has a sliding fee scale that adjusts cost based on what you can afford. If you're interested in receiving medication-assisted treatment, the first step is to become a HOPES patient by calling 775-786-4673. Fast Facts About Substance Use Disorders: What Every Nurse, APRN, and PA Needs to Know (Book) This resource is the first to provide evidence-based information and strategies for APRNs and PAs who work with individuals with substance use disorders (SUDs). Written in a concise, bulleted style for easy access to critical information, the reference addresses often-undiagnosed medical and psychiatric conditions which may accompany SUDs and the ethical considerations of working with affected patients and families. Opioid Use and Opioid Use Disorder in Pregnancy: A Joint Opinion of the ACOG's Committee on Obstetric Practice and ASAM The Society of Maternal–Fetal Medicine endorses this document. This Committee Opinion was developed by the American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists' Committee on Obstetric Practice in collaboration with committee members Maria A. Mascola, MD, MPH; Ann E. Borders, MD, MSc, MPH; and the American Society of Addiction Medicine member Mishka Terplan, MD, MPH. Opioid Use Disorder Dydyk AM, Jain NK, Gupta M. Opioid Use Disorder. [Updated 2024 Jan]. In: StatPearls [Internet]. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing; 2020 Jan. This activity focuses on the critical evaluation and management of opioid use disorder (OUD), a pervasive condition significantly diminishing patients' quality of life and contributing to a widespread epidemic in the United States. Evidence-Based Strategies for Preventing Opioid Overdose: What's Working in the United States There are strategies that can assist community leaders, local and regional organizers, non-profit groups, law enforcement, public health, and members of the public in understanding and navigating effective ways to prevent opioid overdose in their communities. Use this information as a reference for evidence-based practices that have been successfully implemented in the U.S. Heroin, Fentanyl, & Other Opioids: A Comprehensive Resource for Families with a Teen or Young Adult Struggling with Opioid Use Fueled by drugs like heroin, fentanyl and the misuse of prescription pain pills, the opioid epidemic in our country has impacted countless families. To help address this, the Partnership for Drug-Free Kids created a new eBook — Heroin, Fentanyl & Other Opioids: A Comprehensive Resource for Families with a Teen or Young Adult Struggling with Opioid Use. Parents and families need to be prepared with the knowledge and skills to identify opioids, spot early use and take action effectively. Posters & Infographics Opioid Trifold Brochures Prevent Addiction Fact Sheet Opioid Use Disorder Treatment and Recovery Fact Sheet Medications for Opioid Use Disorder (MOUD) Infographic Webinars & Online Learning The Medicated Assisted Treatment recorded ECHO series focuses on supporting providers, staff, and administrators at facilities providing Medication-Assisted Treatment (MAT) services. By bringing together a team of MAT experts based at Northern Nevada HOPES and Center for Behavioral Health, the goal was to provide a platform for collaborative discussion and case review. This recorded webinar from the PS ROTA-R provides an overview on the impact of stimulant use on non-metropolitan rural communities. This recorded webinar from the PS ROTA-R provides an overview on the impact of stimulant use on non-metropolitan rural communities. In this video, scientists from the National Institute on Drug Abuse answer common questions about drug use and addiction. The episode What Is Addiction? introduces viewers to the brain's reward pathway, brain development and how addiction science continues to advance treatment and prevention of substance use disorder. Current News & Research Project AMPED Drug overdoses involving methamphetamine increased 3.6-fold from 2011 to 2016 – surpassing the increase in heroin-related deaths during that period. Rates of cocaine-related deaths also doubled from 2011 to 2016. Methamphetamine use is largely concentrated in the Western US, and Nevada and New Mexico have been disproportionately burdened by the opioid epidemic and high rates of methamphetamine use. This is a multi-year, mixed methods study in Nevada and New Mexico is examining the patterns, reasons for, and health concerns related to methamphetamine use and opioid use. Published Papers - Harding, R.W., Wagner, K.T., Fiuty, P., Smith, K.P., Page, K., Wagner, K.D., (2022) ""It's called overamping": Experiences of overdose among people who use methamphetamine". Harm Reduction Journal. 19(1): 1-11. https://link.springer.com/article/10.1186/s12954-022-00588-7 - Rhed, B.D., Harding, R.W., Marks, C., Wagner, K.T., §Fiuty, P., Page, K., Wagner, K.D. (2022) Patterns of and rationale for the co-use of methamphetamine and opioids: Findings from qualitative interviews in New Mexico and Nevada. Frontiers Psychiatry, 13. https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/psychiatry/articles/10.3389/fpsyt.2022.824940/full - Wagner, K.D., Marks, C., §Fiuty, P., Harding, R.W., Page, K. (2023) A qualitative study of interest in and preferences for potential medications to treat methamphetamine use disorder. Addiction Science & Clinical Practice. 18:47 https://doi.org/10.1186/s13722-023-00401-1 - Wagner, K.D., Fiuty, P., Page, K., Tracy, E.C., Nocera, M., Miller, C.W., Tarhuni, L.J., Dasgupta, N. (2023). Prevalence of fentanyl in methamphetamine and cocaine samples collected by community-based drug checking services. Drug and Alcohol Dependence. 252: 110985 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2023.110985 - Erinoso, O., Daugherty, R., Kirk, M.R., Harding, R.W., Etchart, H., Reyes, A., Page, K., Fiuty, P., Wagner, K.D. (accepted 9 May 2024) Safety Strategies and Harm Reduction for Methamphetamine Users in the Era of Fentanyl Contamination: A Qualitative Analysis. International Journal of Drug Policy. (COMING SOON) Opioid Use Disorder Assessment Tools and Drug Screening Ducharme J, Moore S. Opioid Use Disorder Assessment Tools and Drug Screening. Mo Med. 2019 Jul-Aug;116(4):318-324. PMID: 31527982; PMCID: PMC6699803. Opioid use disorder risk assessment tools cannot be used in isolation. In combination with standardized clinical examination, and, when indicated, urine drug screening, a validated risk assessment tool, improves the ability to detect opioid misuse. Even though no single tool has been shown to have both high interobserver reliability and high sensitivity, the standardized approach has still been shown to be superior to subjective care giver assessment. This article will provide a global approach to risk assessment in addition to reviewing the available tools. The Opioid Epidemic's Toll on Children This article from the Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health discusses the opioid epidemic's toll on children. The Mobile Emergency Recovery Intervention Trial (MERIT) The Mobile Emergency Recovery Intervention Trial (MERIT) is a grant-funded research study that is evaluating the effectiveness and long-term outcomes of an ER-based intervention for opioid overdose patients treated in Nevada's Emergency Departments (EDs). The research is currently ongoing. Published Papers: - Wagner, K.D., Oman, R.F., Smith, K.P., Harding, R., Dawkins, A.D., Lu, M., §Woodard, S., Berry, M.N., Roget, N.A. (2019). "Another tool for the tool box? I'll take it!": Feasibility and acceptability of mobile recovery outreach teams (MROT) for opioid overdose patients in the emergency room. Journal of Substance Abuse Treatment. 108:95-103 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsat.2019.04.011 - McGuire, A., Ray, B., Watson, D., Carter, J., Wagner, K., Powell, K., Smith, K., Robinson, L., Cooperman, N., Treitler, P. (2019) Emergency department-based peer support for opioid use disorders: Emergent functions and forms. Journal of Substance Abuse Treatment. 108:82-87 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsat.2019.06.013 - Wagner, K.D., Mittal, M.L., Harding, R.W., Smith, K.P., Dawkins, A., Wei, X., §Woodard, S., Roget, N.A., Oman, R.F. (2020) "It's gonna be a lifeline": Findings from focus group research to investigate what people who use opioids want from peer-based post-overdose interventions in the emergency department. Annals of Emergency Medicine. 76(6): 717-727 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.annemergmed.2020.06.003 - Smith, K.P., Oman, R.F., Lu, M., Dawkins, A.D., Harding, R.W., Hepworth, K., Wagner, K.D. (2021). The Mobile Emergency Recovery Intervention Trial (MERIT): Protocol for a 3-Year Mixed Methods Observational Study of Mobile Recovery Outreach Teams in Nevada's Emergency Departments. Plos ONE. 16(10): e0258795. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0258795 - Kirk, M.R., Dawkins, A.D., Wei, X., *Ajumobi, O., §Lee, L.C., Oman, R., §Woodard, S., Wagner, K.D. (2023) What makes a peer? Characteristics of certified peer recovery support specialists in an emergency department-based intervention. PlosOne (Accepted July 31, 2023, e-pub December 7, 2023). https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0289920
Haslet Medicare Advantage Medicare Advantage Made Easy Medicare was designed to help you, the Medicare Beneficiary, with your healthcare costs; however, it was not designed to cover all your healthcare costs. Therefore, there is a cost-share that is passed onto you which includes premiums, co-pays, coinsurances, and deductibles. In addition, there are two main choices in which you can get your Medicare coverage: Original Medicare or a Medicare Advantage Plan. You can get your Saginaw Medicare benefits through Original Medicare, or you can choose a Medicare Advantage Plan. With Original Medicare, the government pays for your Medicare benefits when you get them. Medicare Advantage Plans, the Part C of Medicare are offered by private companies that have been approved by Medicare. Medicare pays these companies to administer your Medicare benefits. Medicare Advantage Plans combine coverage for hospital (Part A) and doctor (Part B) visits all in one plan and are required to offer all the benefits included in Original Medicare (except hospice care which continues to be covered by Part A). However, many Medicare Advantage (Part C) plans also include prescription drug coverage and routine eye and dental care coverage not offered by Original Medicare. If you join a Texas Medicare Advantage Plan, the plan will provide all of your Medicare Part A (Hospital Insurance) and Medicare Part B (Medical Insurance) coverage. They are completely different than a Medicare Supplement Insurance (Medigap) policy. There are several types of Texas Medicare Advantage Plans: Health Maintenance Organization (HMO) plans: In most HMOs, you may only go to doctors, other health care providers, or hospitals that are in the plan's network, except in an emergency or urgent situation. You probably also need to get a referral from your primary care doctor for diagnostic tests or to see other doctors or specialists. Preferred Provider Organization (PPO) plans: With a PPO, you pay less if you use doctors, hospitals, and other health care providers that belong to the plan's network. You generally pay more if you use doctors, hospitals, and providers outside of the network. Private Fee-for-Service (PFFS) plans: PFFS plans are like Original Medicare in that you can generally go to any doctor, other health care provider, or hospital if they agree to accept the plan's payment terms. The plan will determine how much it will pay doctors, other health care providers, and hospitals, and how much you must pay when you get care. Special Needs Plans (SNPs): SNPs provide specialized and focused health care for specific groups of people, like those who have both Medicare and Medicaid, live in a nursing home, or have certain chronic medical conditions. HMO Point-of-Service (HMOPOS) plans: These are HMO plans that may allow you to get some services out-of-network for a higher copayment or coinsurance. Medical Savings Account (MSA) plans: These plans combine a high-deductible health plan with a bank savings account. Medicare will deposit money into the account (usually less than the deductible). You can use the money to pay for your health care services throughout the year. MSA plans do not offer any Medicare drug coverage. If you want drug coverage, you must join a Medicare Prescription Drug Plan, Part C of Medicare. To qualify for a Medicare Advantage Plan you must live in the plan's service area, have Part A and Part B, and not have end-stage renal disease (some exceptions may apply). If you join a Medicare Advantage Plan, you may get your prescription drug coverage through that plan. If you join a PFFS Plan that does include prescription drug coverage, or if you join a PPO or HMO plan whether these plans include prescription drug coverage, you may not join a stand-alone Part D (Prescription Drug Plan): joining a stand-alone Part D will cause an automatic dis-enrollment from your Medicare Advantage Plan and return you to Original Medicare. However, if you join a PFFS Plan that does not include prescription drug coverage, you may join a stand-alone Part D. To qualify for a stand-alone Prescription Drug Plan, you must live in the plan's service area, and you must be entitled to Medicare in Part A and/or enrolled in Part B. You must continue to pay your Part B premium and generally pay one monthly premium for the services included in a Medicare Advantage Plan. Each Medicare Advantage Plan has different premiums and costs for services, so it's important to compare plans in your area and understand plan costs and benefits before you join. Some may have a $0 premium. Texas Medicare Advantage Plans must cover all the services that Original Medicare covers except for hospice care. Original Medicare will cover hospice care even if you are in a Medicare Advantage Plan. In all types of Medicare Advantage Plans, you will always be covered for emergency and urgent care. Medicare Advantage Plans must offer emergency coverage outside of the plan's service area (but not outside the U.S.). Many Medicare Advantage Plans also offer extra benefits such as dental care, eyeglasses, or wellness programs. Most Medicare Advantage Plans include Medicare prescription drug coverage (Part D). In addition to your Part B premium, you usually pay one monthly premium for both the plan's medical and prescription drug coverage. Remember, plan benefits can change from year to year. Make sure you understand how a plan works before you join.
He littering is a term that refers to the act of intentionally throwing garbage or other waste anywhere other than a trash can or container. This action does not depend on anyone, only the citizen himself, he is responsible for carrying out this type of action. This is where each person's education comes in, there are people who don't even think about what they are doing; They simply throw it on the ground because they have been taught it and they have always done it that way. What consequences does littering have on society? Greater budget in waste management The greater the amount of garbage to be cleaned, the greater the number of people to be hired and therefore, the greater the financial expense. People who practice littering may be sanctioned with significant fines. The amount of these varies depending on each community. Tourism drop Tourism is a source that generates great income in cities. The fact that a potential tourist's destination is dirty will cause him to modify his trip or change his itinerary. The accumulation of garbage generates pests that can often cause diseases. How can we avoid it? Ecoembes has launched a campaign You dropped it! where it tries to raise awareness among citizens about the abandonment of waste. Through this video, what they are looking for is to see the reactions of citizens when a person throws an object on the ground. This initiative aims raise awareness about environmental catastrophe which is causing the abandonment of waste. The project revolves around an audiovisual piece that simulates a hidden camera, available on different social platforms, which compares the reactions of citizens to both situations. And how would you behave if someone in front of you threw waste on the ground? will you tell us?
In this post, Java Interview Questions and Answers are discussed, which are helpful for Java beginners and Experienced persons. When you go for Selenium Test Automation Interview, you can expect similar kind of questions. 141. Why to use nested classes in java? - Grouping of related classes Classes which are not reusable can be defined as inner class instead of creating inner class. For example : We have a submit button upon click of submit button we need to execute some code. This code is related only to that class and cannot be reused for other class . Instead of creating a new class we can create inner class - To increase encapsulation : Inner class can access private members of outer class.so by creating getter and setter methods for private variables , outside world can access these variables. But by creating inner class private variables can be accesed only by inner class. - Code readable and maintainable : Rather than creating a new class we can create inner class so that it is easy to maintain. - Hiding implementation : Inner class helps us to hide implementation of class. 142. Explain about static nested classes in java? When a static class is defined inside a enclosing class we define that as nested class. Static nested classes are not inner classes. Static nested classes can be instantiated without instance of outer class. A static nested doesnot have access to instance variables and non static methods of outer class. 143. How to instantiate static nested classes in java? We can access static members and static methods of outer class without creating any instance of outer class. Syntax for instantiating Static nested class : OuterclassName.StaticNestedClassName ref=new OuterclassName.StaticNestedClassName(); 144. Explain about method local inner classes or local inner classes in java? Nested classes defined inside a method are local inner classes. We can create objects of local inner class only inside method where class is defined. A local inner classes exist only when method is invoked and goes out of scope when method returns. 145. Explain about features of local inner class? - Local inner class does not have any access specifier. - We cannot use access modifiers static for local inner class. But we can use abstract and final for local inner class. - We cannot declare static members inside local inner classes. - We can create objects of local inner class only inside method where class is defined. - Method local inner classes can only access final variables declared inside a method. - Method local inner classes can be defined inside loops(for,while) and blocks such as if etc. 146. Explain about anonymous inner classes in java? Inner class defined without any class name is called anonymous inner class. Inner class is declared and instantiated using new keyword.The main purpose of anonymous inner classes in java are to provide interface implementation. We use anonymous classes when we need only one instance for a class. We can use all members of enclosing class and final local variables. When we compile anonymous inner classes compiler creates two files - EnclosingName.class - EnclsoingName$1.class 147. Explain restrictions for using anonymous inner classes? - An anonymous inner class cannot have any constructor because there is no name for class. - An anonymous inner class cannot define static methods, fields or classes. - We cannot define an interface anonymously. - Anonymous inner class can be instantiated only once. 148. Is this valid in java ? can we instantiate interface in java? Runnable r = new Runnable() { @Override public void run() { } }; Runnable is an interface.If we see the above code it looks like we are instantiating Runnable interface. But we are not instantiating interface we are instantiating anonymous inner class which is implementation of Runnable interface. 149. Explain about member inner classes? Non static class defined with in enclosing class are called member inner class. A member inner class is defined at member level of class. A member inner class can access the members of outer class including private members. Features of member inner classes : - A member inner class can be declared abstract or final. - A member inner class can extend class or implement interface. - An inner class cannot declare static fields or methods. - A member inner class can be declared with public, private, protected or default access. 150. How to instantiate member inner class? OuterClassName.InnerclassName inner=new OuterClassReference.new InnerClassName(); We cannot instantiate inner class without outer class reference 151. How to do encapsulation in Java? Make instance variables private. Define getter and setter methods to access instance variables . 152. What are reference variables in java? Variables which are used to access objects in java are called reference variables. Ex : Employee emp=new Employee(); In the above example emp is reference variable. Reference variable can be of only one type. A reference variable can point to any number of objects. But if a reference variable is declared final it can't point to other objects. A reference variable can be declared either to a class type or interface type. If a reference variable is declared with interface type it points to the class that implements the interface. 153. Will the compiler creates a default constructor if I have a parameterized constructor in the class? No compiler won't create default constructor if there is parameterized constructor in the class. For example if I have a class with no constructors, then compiler will create default constructor. For Example : public classCar { } In the above Car class there are no constructors so compiler creates a default constructor. public classCar { classCar(String name) { } } In this example compiler won't create any default constructor because already there is one constructor in the Car class. 154. Can we have a method name same as class name in java? Yes we can have method name same as class name it won't throw any compilation error but it shows a warning message that method name is same as class name. 155. Can we override constructors in java? Only methods can be overridden in java. Constructors can't be inherited in java. So there is no point of overriding constructors in java. 156. Can Static methods access instance variables in java? No.Instance variables can't be accessed in static methods. When we try to access instance variable in static method we get compilation error. The error is as follows: Cannot make a static reference to the non static field name 157. How do we access static members in java? Instance variables and instance methods can be accessed using reference variable . But to access static variables or static methods we use Class name in java. 158. Can we override static methods in java? Static methods can't be overridden. If we have a static method in superclass and subclass with same signature then we don't say that as overriding. We call that as 159. Difference between object and reference? Reference and object are both different. Objects are instances of class that resides in heap memory. Objects does'nt have any name so to access objects we use references. There is no alternative way to access objects except through references. Object cannot be assigned to other object and object cannot be passed as an argument to a method. Reference is a variable which is used to access contents of an object. A reference can be assigned to other reference ,passed to a method. 160. Objects or references which of them gets garbage collected? Objects get garbage collected not its references.
The aluminum die casting process stands as a cornerstone in modern manufacturing, facilitating the creation of intricate designs with impeccable precision. At the heart of this process lies the design phase, where the foundation for efficient production is laid. This guide delves into the fundamentals of aluminum die casting design, placing a significant emphasis on the principles of Design for Manufacturing (DFM) while imparting invaluable insights to elevate part production standards. Understanding Aluminum Die Casting Dating back to 1884, aluminum die casting revolutionized manufacturing by harnessing high pressure to inject molten metal into meticulously crafted molds. This technique enables the creation of parts with unparalleled intricacy and consistency. Aluminum's reign as the preferred material persists due to its exceptional versatility and a myriad of inherent benefits. From its remarkable strength-to-weight ratio to its corrosion resistance, aluminum emerges as the go-to choice for diverse applications across industries. Importance of DFM in Aluminum Die Casting Design for Manufacturing (DFM) emerges as a pivotal aspect in optimizing the aluminum die casting process. By proactively addressing manufacturing challenges during the design phase, DFM significantly enhances production efficiency and cost-effectiveness. RapidDirect, a leading provider, offers complimentary DFM analysis services, enabling the identification and mitigation of potential issues upfront. This proactive approach ensures the preservation of product quality while simultaneously curbing unnecessary expenditures. Key Design Considerations for Aluminum Die Casting Material Selection The choice of material in aluminum die casting holds paramount importance in determining the success and longevity of the final product. Opting for aluminum alloys such as A380, A383, or A413 proves instrumental, as these alloys offer a balanced combination of desirable properties including exceptional strength, high thermal conductivity, and commendable corrosion resistance. By meticulously evaluating the specific requirements of the intended application, designers can pinpoint the ideal alloy that aligns seamlessly with the desired performance criteria, ensuring optimal functionality and durability. Wall Thickness Maintaining consistent wall thickness stands as a cornerstone principle in aluminum die casting design, exerting a profound impact on both the structural integrity and manufacturability of the part. Uniform wall thickness throughout the component fosters enhanced casting integrity by mitigating the occurrence of defects such as porosity and shrinkage. Moreover, uniformity in wall thickness facilitates uniform cooling rates during the solidification process, thereby averting the risk of uneven cooling and subsequent deformation. By adhering to stringent guidelines pertaining to wall thickness, designers pave the way for the seamless production of parts characterized by impeccable dimensional accuracy and mechanical reliability. Parting Line The strategic placement of the parting line emerges as a pivotal consideration in aluminum die casting design, wielding a significant influence on production efficiency and component quality. Minimizing complexities associated with parting lines is imperative to streamline the manufacturing process and mitigate the risk of potential defects. By judiciously positioning features away from parting lines, designers can circumvent intricate geometries that may impede mold separation or necessitate additional machining operations. This proactive approach not only expedites the production timeline but also enhances overall cost-effectiveness by minimizing post-processing requirements. Through meticulous attention to detail and strategic foresight, designers can optimize parting line configurations to facilitate seamless mold ejection and uphold the integrity of the final product. Draft Angles The incorporation of adequate draft angles stands as a fundamental aspect of aluminum die casting design, wielding a profound impact on both manufacturing efficiency and part quality. Draft angles serve to facilitate the smooth ejection of the part from the mold cavity by minimizing frictional resistance and preventing undue damage to the die. By strategically integrating draft angles into the design, designers ensure that the part can be effortlessly released from the mold without compromising dimensional accuracy or surface finish. This proactive approach not only expedites the production process but also safeguards against potential defects such as drag marks or surface scratches, thereby upholding the overall integrity of the final product. Ejector Pins Proper positioning of ejector pins emerges as a critical consideration in aluminum die casting design, exerting a significant influence on the efficacy of part ejection and the longevity of the mold. Ejector pins serve as pivotal components in the mold assembly, facilitating the uniform release of the part from the cavity upon completion of the casting process. By strategically positioning ejector pins at key locations within the mold, designers can ensure consistent and controlled ejection, thereby minimizing the risk of part distortion or damage. Additionally, meticulous attention to ejector pin placement enables designers to optimize mold longevity by mitigating the occurrence of premature wear or deformation. Through judicious placement and thoughtful design, ejector pins contribute to the seamless execution of the aluminum die casting process while preserving the integrity of both the part and the mold. Fillets and Radii The strategic incorporation of fillets and radii emerges as a crucial design consideration in aluminum die casting, serving to enhance both metal flow characteristics and structural integrity. Fillets and radii are utilized to smooth out sharp edges and transitions within the part geometry, thereby minimizing stress concentrations and potential failure points. Particularly at intersecting surfaces, the implementation of fillets and radii serves to promote uniform metal flow during the casting process, reducing the likelihood of defects such as air entrapment or incomplete filling. Furthermore, fillets and radii play a pivotal role in enhancing the overall aesthetic appeal of the part while simultaneously improving its mechanical properties. By integrating fillets and radii into the design, designers can effectively optimize both manufacturability and performance, resulting in aluminum die cast components characterized by superior quality and functionality. Minimizing undercuts represents a pivotal strategy in aluminum die casting design, offering multifaceted benefits ranging from streamlined production processes to cost-effective manufacturing. Undercuts, characterized by recessed or protruding features within the part geometry, pose significant challenges during mold ejection and can substantially increase tooling complexity. By strategically minimizing undercuts within the design, designers not only facilitate smooth part ejection but also reduce the intricacy of the mold assembly, consequently curtailing production costs. This proactive approach ensures seamless execution of the casting process while optimizing both efficiency and affordability, ultimately contributing to the overall success of the manufacturing endeavor. The design of bosses holds immense significance in aluminum die casting, with careful consideration required to ensure both manufacturability and functional integrity. Bosses, commonly utilized to accommodate fasteners or provide structural reinforcement, necessitate meticulous attention to detail in their design to facilitate optimal molten metal flow and enhance manufacturing efficiency. By incorporating adequate drafts and fillets into the design of bosses, designers can mitigate the risk of defects such as air entrapment or incomplete filling, thereby safeguarding part quality and dimensional accuracy. Furthermore, thoughtful design of bosses not only expedites the production process but also contributes to cost-effectiveness by minimizing the occurrence of scrap or rework. Through strategic optimization of boss geometry, designers can unlock enhanced manufacturability and performance, resulting in aluminum die cast components characterized by both reliability and efficiency. The judicious use of ribs represents a cornerstone principle in aluminum die casting design, offering a means to reinforce parts without compromising structural integrity or increasing stress concentrations. Ribs serve to distribute loads evenly across the component, enhancing stiffness and minimizing deflection under operational conditions. However, the indiscriminate incorporation of ribs can inadvertently lead to undesirable outcomes such as sink marks or flow restrictions during the casting process. By carefully evaluating the structural requirements of the part and strategically positioning ribs in areas of anticipated stress, designers can effectively enhance mechanical performance while maintaining optimal manufacturability. Moreover, the implementation of ribs allows for material savings and weight reduction without sacrificing strength or durability, thereby further optimizing the overall design and functionality of aluminum die cast components. Holes and Windows The meticulous design of holes and windows stands as a crucial aspect of aluminum die casting, exerting a profound influence on both manufacturability and part performance. Careful consideration must be given to the size, placement, and orientation of holes and windows to optimize casting integrity and mitigate potential challenges during part ejection. By strategically incorporating features such as draft angles and fillets, designers can facilitate smooth metal flow during the casting process, thereby minimizing the risk of defects such as voids or incomplete filling. Furthermore, thoughtful design of holes and windows enables efficient removal of cores or inserts post-casting, streamlining assembly processes and enhancing overall productivity. Accounting for shrinkage represents a critical consideration in aluminum die casting design, necessitating proactive measures to ensure dimensional accuracy and part functionality. During the solidification process, molten metal undergoes contraction as it transitions from a liquid to a solid state, resulting in predictable shrinkage effects that must be carefully accounted for in the design phase. By incorporating metal-saving cores, thinner sections, and strategically placed ribs, designers can effectively minimize the impact of shrinkage while optimizing material utilization and structural integrity. Furthermore, the implementation of advanced simulation tools enables designers to predict shrinkage patterns and anticipate potential areas of concern, empowering informed decision-making and proactive design optimization. Assembly Options The selection of appropriate assembly techniques emerges as a critical consideration in aluminum die casting design, offering designers a multitude of options to accommodate varying part complexities and functional requirements. Whether it be threading, fastening, welding, or adhesive bonding, each assembly method presents unique advantages and considerations that must be carefully evaluated in the context of the specific application. By leveraging advanced CAD software and simulation tools, designers can explore various assembly scenarios and identify the optimal solution that strikes a balance between performance, efficiency, and cost-effectiveness. Additionally, collaboration with manufacturing partners early in the design process facilitates seamless integration of assembly considerations, ensuring compatibility with production capabilities and minimizing downstream challenges. Mastering the intricacies of aluminum die casting design is paramount to achieving excellence in part production. By meticulously considering factors such as material selection, geometry optimization, and assembly techniques, designers can unlock the full potential of the die casting process, yielding superior quality components characterized by both functionality and efficiency. With a proactive approach to design optimization and a commitment to continuous improvement, manufacturers can capitalize on the numerous benefits offered by aluminum die casting, driving innovation and excellence in manufacturing. BOYI: Your Partner in Aluminum Die Casting Excellence BOYI stands as a trusted industry leader in aluminum die casting services, offering unparalleled expertise and resources to support your manufacturing endeavors. Our comprehensive suite of services encompasses everything from initial design consultation to final production, ensuring seamless execution and exceptional results at every stage of the process. With a dedicated team of experienced professionals and state-of-the-art facilities, BOYI is uniquely positioned to transform your design concepts into high-quality, precision-engineered products that meet the most demanding specifications. We'd love to hear from you Let's Start A New Project Today Get Instant Quote Reach us through - No.23, Anshan 5th Road, Qingdao, China, qingdao, shandong 266000, CN - +86 19862621237 - email@example.com
A study of selected variables of school construction costs TR Number Journal Title Journal ISSN Volume Title This study investigated the relationship of selected building descriptors, district characteristics, and finance, to the per pupil cost of new school construction. Variables selected were: Financial--assessed value, local effort in facility construction, state and federal funds, and the educational expenditures of the district; Building descriptors--the length of construction time, the percentage of instructional space, and the type of facility; district characteristics--geographic location, urban/rural, and net enrollment. The data were gathered from the West Virginia State Department of Education, the State Tax Department, and various architects who designed the 128 new schools constructed under the West Virginia Better School Buildings Amendment of 1972. Analyses utilized the multiple regression procedure to examine the relationship of the variables to construction costs. The results indicated a significant relationship between per pupil construction cost and three financial variables: (1) the assessed value of the district, (2) the amount of local effort put into facility construction and improvement, and (3) the amount of state funds utilized in the project. None of the district characteristics contributed significantly to the variance and the only descriptive variable to yield a significant contribution was the type of facility being constructed--elementary, secondary, or vocational-technical. The study implied need for the standardization of assessed values in West Virginia, equalization of local fiscal effort in school construction, and legislation to inject additional state money in capital outlay. It was recommended that a funding formula for facility construction and improvement be instituted utilizing money from two sources: a local effort fund, accrued and administered at the state level, to which each county would contribute on an equalized basis; and state appropriations designated on a yearly basis. These funds would eliminate the need for local bond issues and special levies for this purpose. It was recommended that further study be done to clarify the relationship between per pupil cost and federal funds, as well as instructional space.
If my 5yr old is an exceptional liar, should I expect that she will continue lying as she gets older? DCook's answer is heading in the right direction, but it's at it from the wrong end. Don't ask your daughter if she did something wrong, not because she might lie to you, or she might not lie to you, ... Why don't children know why they do things? "I don't know why" could mean a number of things: The answer is something that will make my parent annoyed if I'm honest. It's not an outright lie to say "I don't know", but it's a dodge to avoid ... How to deal with a 6 year old who was "caught" cheating? You may not like this answer, but bear with me for a moment, please. So first, let's recap what happened. Your son checked the answers for a test, during the test, in order to correct possible ... If my 5yr old is an exceptional liar, should I expect that she will continue lying as she gets older? My daughter, a few years older than yours, is also a skillful liar when she chooses to be. My best advice is "trust but verify." Children are good at knowing what works, and if lying is a reliable, ... Is it ok for parents to kiss and romance with each other while their 2- to 8-year-old child watches? From everything that I can find online, it is a positive thing to show affection in front of your kids. It models affection to your children, and it makes them feel more secure https://www.... What's an appropriate age to involve kids in life changing decisions? I have to challenge your entire premise, which may get this post deleted, but I hope you get a chance to read this before it is deleted. In simple terms this is a case of, Majoring in the minors and ... What can I tell and what can I ask of a 2nd grade teacher, about my child's health? Ask yourself: If you were the teacher, would you rather be warned or find yourself suddenly facing a 2nd grader with a full-blown asthma attack? I don't think your request is unreasonable. And you ... What's the motivation behind school uniforms {or} Why can't my daughter wear a dang princess on her shirt? I wore a school uniform (very similar to what you describe) from ages 10 - 17. There were some benefits to it such as not having to waste time figuring out what to wear and not feeling "judged" by my ... Why is technology bad for children? First, setting some baselines. The American Academy of Pediatrics recommends limited, but not zero, screen time for most children above 2. Under 2, and in particular under 18 months, no screen time ... How to explain intravenous drug abuse to a 6-year-old? Just be truthful. While the details about chemical addiction may fly over a 6 year old's head, the general idea is really not that hard to understand. Tell them that drugs are chemicals that can make ... How best for a trans/non-binary person to respond to their 6-year-old cousin asking if I'm a girl or a boy? Six years old is old enough to understand gender in a general sense, and it's definitely old enough to have an intelligent conversation about the complexities of gender. So my answer is to be honest ... Why don't children know why they do things? I think it's not surprising a seven year old doesn't know exactly why he does what he does. I often don't know why I do things that I know I shouldn't, not really - at least, until I spend a lot of ... 5 yr old's toy taken by a another kid This is a great teachable moment, both for your daughter and the other child. First - talk with her about the risks of bringing things she cares about to school. I would usually not recommend having ... What action should I take upon learning that boys are wolf-whistling girls in my daughter's class? I agree that 5 yo boys who wolf whistle are probably just proud to show off a skill they've imitated to the level of mastery. They would probably turn a shade of green if they understood all the ... What's an appropriate age to involve kids in life changing decisions? Whatever you and your spouse decide to do, please please do not ask your kids to decide who their primary guardian will be or what their living arrangements will be. I found this approach terrible ... Giving a gift: require that it stays in good condition, or let the child figure it out? There's a middle ground between requiring the card to be protected, and saying nothing, and that's to inform the child what makes the card special, but then let the child choose what to do with the ... Teacher telling 4th grade student "I hate you" The remark your child told you about is deeply painful and disturbing, and anger is a justified response. However, please consider that you weren't there. You cannot know with absolute certainty what ... How to explain intravenous drug abuse to a 6-year-old? My general approach is that it's not a good idea to hide the world from your children. Of course I wouldn't go into the gruesome details of drug addiction, but my view is that when I explain this to ... What's the motivation behind school uniforms {or} Why can't my daughter wear a dang princess on her shirt? Lots of reasons. Keeps kids on level ground, economically. Uniforms are generally pretty cheap and no one gets ridiculed for their choice of clothes. Keeps kids safe. Have you ever tried to herd a ... Do I enforce a punishment/retribution promised some time ago? There are a lot of unanswered questions in my mind. Where were the parents during the visit? Do they agree with your desire to have authority over the child? Will they be there for this visit? Will ... Teaching a 7yo responsibility for his choices Sounds to me that you are teaching him responsibility for his choices. You let him make a choice, and then let him bear the consequences of that choice. It won't be instant that he stops complaining ... If my 5yr old is an exceptional liar, should I expect that she will continue lying as she gets older? Well firstly know that despite what people want reality to be, lying is a developmental skill. It needs to happen. You need to learn how to deceive. It's an actual survival skill for humans. I am ... Five year old lying I wouldn't go too hard on him. He is five after all. Going super hard on him now has the potential to just make him stick to his guns in the future about a lie. This sounds like a first mistake. Treat ... Why don't children know why they do things? It may surprise you to know that you don't know why you did things. Recent research suggests that contrary to the common paradigm of "stimulus -> reason -> plan -> act" that we believe we operate on, ... How to stop my 6 year-old son from running away and crying when faced with a homework challenge? Find out why The first thing to do is to find out why he's running away and crying. I am deeply concerned that no-one in your family has apparently even thought to ask him that. If you had, then I ... Giving a gift: require that it stays in good condition, or let the child figure it out? Buy him a set of sleeves. Sleeves for trading cards are cheap, and basically every adult who plays trading card games uses them - and when decks for these games can cost hundreds of dollars, they have ... Is it ok for parents to kiss and romance with each other while their 2- to 8-year-old child watches? If anything I believe it would be positive, although I don't know of any studies on the subject. Children learn how to be adults from the adults around them, so seeing what real romantic relationships ... How to stop my 6 year-old son from running away and crying when faced with a homework challenge? Your child is six years old, and what you're describing is a normal, developmentally appropriate reaction. Your job as the parent is to help him learn how to approach difficult tasks, by being ... What's an appropriate age to involve kids in life changing decisions? I will address only one issue: At roughly what age levels is it appropriate for the kids to have what levels of say in their upbringing? At every age, a child should have a voice about their ... Only top scored, non community-wiki answers of a minimum length are eligible Related Tags primary-schooler × 556behavior × 114 discipline × 94 school × 51 pre-schooler × 38 development × 31 education × 31 age-appropriate × 31 communication × 29 middle-childhood × 23 social-development × 22 emotional-well-being × 20 teaching × 19 violence × 18 parents × 16 potty-training × 14 relationships × 14 fears × 13 friends × 13 motivation × 13 toddler × 12 siblings × 12 tantrums × 12 reading × 12 step-parents × 12
Safely manage wasp and bee nests and hives with effective control measures. Use professional pest control services for safe removal and relocation. Avoid disturbing nests/hives, wear protective clothing outdoors, and seal potential entry points. Educate yourself about species' behavior and seek expert advice to ensure the safety of both humans and pollinators. In this guide, we will explore the best practices for safely managing nests and hives using active voice. Whether you are dealing with a small hive or a large colony, we will provide you with effective solutions to help you keep these pesky insects at bay. So, let's dive in and learn how to take control of your outdoor space! Importance of Wasp and Bee Control As much as we appreciate the role of bees and wasps in pollinating our plants and flowers. It's vital that we keep their populations in check to avoid potential problems. Bees and wasps can sometimes pose a threat to humans as they can sting. They cause pain and potential allergic reactions. Having an effective and efficient strategy for controlling bee and wasp populations. It is crucial for ensuring the safety of people and pets. They can cause structural damage to buildings, disrupting natural habitats, and impacting agriculture production. It's imperative to take proactive measures to prevent a potential infestation by implementing environmentally friendly approaches. Thus, to prevent an unwanted increase in population, we must carry out regular inspections, and seal off cracks. Lastly, remove sources of food that may attract these insects. Non-Lethal Wasp and Bee Control Methods When it comes to pest control, the options can seem overwhelming. However, for those who want to avoid using lethal means to manage a wasp or bee problem. There are non-lethal options available. Non-lethal wasp and bee control methods have become increasingly popular as people strive to find more sustainable and eco-friendly ways to deal with these pests. These methods offer an effective, humane, and sustainable way to manage wasps and bees and can be a great option for those who want to protect their home and the environment. Natural deterrents and repellents Effective and humane wasp and bee control methods can be achieved through natural deterrents and repellents. These non-lethal options provide a safe and effective way to keep insects at bay without impacting the environment or harming these vital pollinators. Popular natural repellents such as citronella, eucalyptus oil, or garlic have been shown to be effective in repelling wasps and bees. Additionally, a variety of deterrents such as fake wasp nests, decoys, or sticky traps can trick insects into thinking an area is already occupied or dangerous, keeping them at a safe distance. Traps and bait stations These methods target pests without putting humans and other animals at risk. This is especially important for those with allergies or sensitive immune systems. Traps are designed to lure wasps or bees with bait and trap them inside, preventing them from stinging anyone nearby. Bait stations, on the other hand, provide a food source that attracts the pests away from people and places where they may cause harm. Both methods are active control methods that work well when deployed properly. When it comes to sustainable pest management, it's smart to consider eco-friendly options that don't harm the environment or threaten the safety of people and pets. Physical nest removal techniques When it comes to wasp and bee control, physical nest removal techniques are one option for those looking to avoid using toxic chemicals or insecticides. These non-lethal methods involve physically removing the nest from its location and relocating it to a more suitable spot, such as a beehive box or a natural habitat away from human activity. This can be done manually using protective gear and special tools or with the help of a professional pest control service. While physical nest removal can be a time-consuming and potentially risky process, it is often considered a more humane and environmentally friendly approach to managing wasp and bee populations. Professional Wasp and Bee Control Services As the weather warms up, so does the activity level of wasps and bees. While these insects may seem harmless, their stings can pose a serious threat to those who are allergic. That's why it's important to enlist the help of professional wasp and bee control services. These experts are trained to identify the species of the insects and determine the best method of removal. They have the proper equipment and protective gear to safely and effectively eliminate the infestation. Finding a reputable pest control company When it comes to finding a reputable pest control company for your wasp and bee control needs, it is important to do your research. You want to make sure that you are choosing a company that has the expertise and experience necessary to safely and effectively eliminate the pests on your property. Look for a company that is licensed and insured, as this ensures that they are operating legally and taking safety precautions. Additionally, read reviews and ask for referrals from friends or family to ensure that you are choosing a reputable and reliable pest control company. Costs and considerations Professional pest control services can help eliminate these pests safely and effectively, but the costs can vary depending on the size of your property and the severity of the infestation. It's important to consider the long-term costs of doing nothing, as a serious infestation can cause damage to your property or even pose a threat to your health. Working with licensed and insured professionals who use safe and eco-friendly methods can give you peace of mind knowing that your pest problem is being taken care of in a responsible manner. DIY Wasp and Bee Control Tips When it comes to dealing with wasps and bees, the first step is to stay calm. Attempting to swat or run away can actually increase the odds of getting stung. Fortunately, there are a few do-it-yourself tips that can help to decrease the likelihood of an encounter altogether. From homemade traps to preventative measures, taking proactive steps to control these stinging insects can be accomplished with a bit of foresight and planning. Homemade solutions and traps With summer comes the rise of wasps and bees, and with it, the potential for painful stings. While commercial insecticides are readily available, there are homemade solutions and traps that can be just as effective. One solution is to mix dish soap and water and spray it directly onto the insects to suffocate them. Another is to place a bowl of sugar water near their nest to distract them from other areas. For a trap, cut a plastic bottle in half, fill the bottom with a sweet liquid, and invert the top half into the bottom, creating a funnel. The insects will enter through the funnel and drown in the liquid. Safe removal techniques for small nests or hives When dealing with small nests or hives in your home or yard, it's essential to remove them safely and effectively. Wasp and bee control require a professional and proactive approach to protect yourself and those around you from potential harm. Before attempting to remove the nest or hive, ensure that you have the right tools and protective gear, such as gloves, long sleeves, and pants. It's essential to approach the nest or hive slowly and calmly, without making any sudden movements or loud noises. Use a pesticide spray designed for the specific type of insect, and apply it directly to the nest or hive. Leave the area immediately and wait several hours or overnight before removing the nest or hive. Always read the instructions on your pesticide spray before use, and dispose of the nest or hive properly. In Conclusion Managing wasp and bee nests can be a daunting task, but with the right tools and knowledge, it can be done safely and effectively. It's important to identify the type of bee or wasp. Also, understand their behavior patterns before attempting to remove their nests. Always wear protective clothing and use caution when approaching the nest or hive. It's best to call a professional if the nest is located in a hard-to-reach area or if you have an allergy to bee or wasp stings. Avoid using pesticides as they can harm beneficial pollinators and contaminate the environment. With a little awareness and care, we can coexist safely with these important insects.
STS-28 was the thirtieth space shuttle mission, the fourth dedicated to the Department of Defence and the eigth of the Space Shuttle Columbia. The Space Shuttle is a retired, partially reusable low Earth orbital spacecraft system operated from 1981 to 2011 by the U.S. National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) as part of the Space Shuttle program. Its official program name was Space Transportation System (STS). Five complete Space Shuttle orbiter vehicles were built and flown on a total of 135 missions from 1981 to 2011. Space Shuttle Columbia (Orbiter Vehicle Designation: OV-102) was the first space-rated orbiter in NASA's Space Shuttle fleet. It launched for the first time on mission STS-1 on April 12, 1981, the first flight of the Space Shuttle program. Over 22 years of service, it completed 27 missions before disintegrating during re-entry near the end of its 28th mission, STS-107 on February 1, 2003, resulting in the deaths of all seven crew members. Space Shuttle Details Date of Birth: May 16, 1945 Age: 79 Date of Birth: Aug. 24, 1946 Age: 77 Date of Birth: March 3, 1946 Age: 78 Date of Birth: Nov. 18, 1951 Age: 72 Date of Birth: May 6, 1949 Age: 75 The National Aeronautics and Space Administration is an independent agency of the executive branch of the United States federal government responsible for the civilian space program, as well as aeronautics and aerospace research. NASA have many launch facilities but most are inactive. The most commonly used pad will be LC-39B at Kennedy Space Center in Florida.

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