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The George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Sciences (SMHS) Clinical Public Clinical Public Health program has launched an initiative focusing on Criminal Justice Health. The program is spearheaded by Dr. Newton E. Kendig, Clinical Professor of Medicine, retired Assistant Surgeon General in the United States Public Health Service and former Medical Director of the Federal Bureau of Prisons at the United States Department of Justice. GW's initiative on Criminal Justice Health comes at an important time for this often overlooked area of engagement for public health. - Every community in America is affected by criminal justice-involved (CJI) populations as millions of persons are annually released from US jails and prisons and return to their families and communities. - CJI populations are disproportionately affected with serious health issues important to public health. These include chronic addiction, infectious diseases, and serious mental illnesses. - More effectively addressing the health needs of CJI populations will help reduce health care disparities and result in healthier and safer communities. - Academic health centers can be pivotal in achieving this goal. They can lead educational efforts, the development of sound public policy, the implementation of meaningful research, and the delivery of quality health care to CJI populations. - GW SMHS seeks to improve the health of underserved individuals and populations through university cross-disciplinary collaboration and innovation. Medical Student Educational Opportunities and Resources Explore opportunities for medical students through our Introduction to Correctional Medicine, Case-based Elective in Criminal Justice Health, and Jail Patient Education Initiative. Explore GW's initiatives to integrate justice-health care into the four-year medical student curriculum detailed in "The Importance of Criminal Justice Health Education for Today's Medical Students and Strategies for Integration into Medical School Curricula," published in the Journal of Correctional Health Care, 2022;28(1):3-5. Join the Medical Students for Correctional and Justice Health (MSCJH) interest group by emailing firstname.lastname@example.com. Public Policy Initiatives Review a public policy agenda for correctional health care recommended by the American College of Physicians and authored by Dr. Kendig, "Health Care During Incarceration" in the December 2022 edition of the Annals of Internal Medicine. - In August 2018, GW convened a symposium of 27 key stakeholders to discuss the care of incarcerated transgender patients. Symposium findings were published in the Journal of Correctional Health Care, "Developing Correctional Policy Practice and Clinical Care Considerations for Incarcerated Transgender Patients Through Collaborative Stakeholder Engagement." 2019;25(3):279 Contact Us Newton Kendig Program Director Criminal Justice Health Initiative
In the ever-evolving landscape of finance, Bitcoin and cryptocurrency herald a transformative future. Beyond mere digital currencies, they embody a seismic shift towards decentralization, innovation, and financial inclusion. With the blockchain as its backbone, this emerging ecosystem promises to redefine traditional notions of value transfer, investment, and wealth management. As institutions increasingly embrace digital assets and regulatory frameworks adapt, cryptocurrencies are poised to become integral components of the global economy. Yet, amidst this rapid evolution, challenges such as scalability and regulatory uncertainty loom large, underscoring the dynamic nature of this journey into a future shaped by Bitcoin and crypto. Financial Revolution: Bitcoin and cryptocurrency spearhead a financial revolution, challenging conventional notions of money and finance. By leveraging blockchain technology, they offer decentralized alternatives to traditional currencies and payment systems, empowering individuals with unparalleled control over their finances. The immutable and transparent nature of the blockchain ensures security and trust, transcending geographical boundaries and enabling seamless global transactions. Moreover, cryptocurrencies like Bitcoin serve as store-of-value assets, attracting investors seeking protection against inflation and economic instability. As institutional adoption grows and regulatory frameworks mature, the stage is set for cryptocurrencies to redefine the financial landscape, driving innovation, inclusion, and economic empowerment on a scale never before seen. The blockchain technology underlying cryptocurrencies enables decentralized networks, empowering individuals by removing the need for intermediaries like banks or governments. Decentralization lies at the core of cryptocurrencies, epitomizing a seismic shift away from centralized control. Powered by blockchain technology, cryptocurrencies eliminate the need for intermediaries like banks or governments, enabling peer-to-peer transactions on a global scale. This decentralized structure ensures transparency, security, and resilience, as data is distributed across a network of nodes rather than stored in a single, vulnerable location. By removing barriers to entry and fostering financial autonomy, decentralization promotes inclusivity and empowers individuals to participate in a truly borderless economy. As cryptocurrencies continue to gain traction, their decentralized nature remains a fundamental pillar of innovation and progress in the digital age. Financial Inclusion: Cryptocurrencies have the potential to bring financial services to the unbanked and underbanked populations worldwide, providing access to financial tools and services previously unavailable to them. Cryptocurrencies champion financial inclusion by providing access to financial services for the unbanked and underbanked populations worldwide. With low barriers to entry and borderless accessibility, cryptocurrencies empower individuals to participate in the global economy, bridging the gap between traditional financial systems and marginalized communities. Innovation Hub: The crypto space fosters innovation with the ongoing development of new technologies, applications, and use cases, ranging from decentralized finance (DeFi) to non-fungible tokens (NFTs) and beyond. The cryptocurrency space serves as an innovation hub, constantly pushing boundaries with groundbreaking technologies and novel applications. From decentralized finance (DeFi) to non-fungible tokens (NFTs), ongoing developments fuel creativity and experimentation, shaping the future of finance, art, and beyond in unprecedented ways. Store of Value: Bitcoin, often dubbed "digital gold," has emerged as a store of value asset, with its scarcity and properties akin to precious metals attracting investors seeking to hedge against inflation and economic uncertainty. Cryptocurrencies, particularly Bitcoin, serve as digital stores of value, akin to gold in the digital realm. With fixed supplies and scarcity, they offer investors a hedge against inflation and economic uncertainty. Their growing acceptance underscores their potential as reliable long-term assets in an ever-changing financial landscape. Regulatory Landscape: As cryptocurrencies gain mainstream adoption, regulatory frameworks are evolving to address concerns such as investor protection, financial stability, and anti-money laundering measures. The regulatory landscape surrounding cryptocurrencies is multifaceted and continually evolving. Governments and regulatory bodies worldwide are navigating the complexities of digital assets, striving to strike a balance between fostering innovation and ensuring consumer protection, financial stability, and compliance with existing laws and regulations. Institutional Adoption: Increasing institutional interest and investment in cryptocurrencies signal the growing acceptance of digital assets as legitimate investment vehicles, further fueling market growth and stability. Institutional adoption of cryptocurrencies is accelerating, signaling a profound shift in the financial landscape. Major corporations, banks, and asset management firms are increasingly integrating digital assets into their portfolios, recognizing their potential for diversification, hedging, and alpha generation. This institutional influx brings liquidity, legitimacy, and mainstream acceptance to the crypto market, paving the way for broader adoption and investment opportunities. As regulatory clarity improves and infrastructure matures, institutional players are poised to play a pivotal role in shaping the future trajectory of cryptocurrencies as legitimate assets within the global financial ecosystem. Global Integration: Cryptocurrencies facilitate global integration by enabling frictionless cross-border transactions and remittances. By bypassing traditional banking systems' limitations and reducing transaction costs, digital currencies promote greater economic interconnectedness, empowering individuals and businesses to participate in the global economy irrespective of geographical boundaries. Bitcoin and cryptocurrency represent more than just digital assets; they embody the promise of a transformative future. With their disruptive potential, these technologies are reshaping the economic landscape, driving innovation, financial inclusion, and decentralization. As we navigate the complexities of tomorrow's economy, embracing the opportunities and challenges presented by digital currencies will be paramount in unlocking their full potential and shaping a more inclusive and prosperous global financial ecosystem. Digital destiny beckons—a journey into a future where Bitcoin and cryptocurrency play a central role in redefining the very fabric of our economy.
Purpose Rash is the most common side effect of epidermal growth element receptor (EGFR) inhibitors and negatively effects quality of life. of rash improvement-even when unproven or disproved therapies had been prescribed. Fourteen individuals halted their EGFR inhibitor because of rash and 11 were then able to restart. No demographic variables were able to predict rash development. Summary The observation that multiple mainly unproven anecdotal therapies are becoming prescribed to palliate EGFR inhibitor-induced rashes underscores the need for more demanding prospective palliative tests. Introduction Rash is the most common side effect of epidermal growth element receptor (EGFR) inhibitors happening in 50%-90% of individuals and primarily arising on the face and trunk. Interestingly therapeutic clinical tests suggest that those individuals who develop such a rash are likely to manifest better malignancy results.1 2 Despite this favorable prognostic effect these rashes are distressing to individuals triggering cutaneous distress and negatively impacting quality of life.3 4 A lack of evidence-based guidelines only adds to the clinical quandary of how best to control patients who develop these Odanacatib (MK-0822) rashes. Recently Melosky and others5 published rash management recommendations which describe how "A proactive multidisciplinary approach to management can help to improve pores and skin rash and Odanacatib (MK-0822) optimize medical outcomes by avoiding EGFR dose reduction or Odanacatib (MK-0822) discontinuation." In fact however only Odanacatib (MK-0822) a handful of studies possess methodically analyzed palliative interventions6-9; most have not yielded conclusively effective strategies; and many have not relied on a demanding placebo-controlled study design. This lack of evidence-based guidance raises questions about general rash characteristics particularly outside a clinical trial setting; how these rashes are currently being managed; and how they should be best dealt with in the future. Methods Overview This study was approved by the Mayo Medical center Institutional Review Table. The Mayo Medical center Tumor Registry provided information to enable the study team to retrieve the medical records of all Mayo Medical center Rochester Minnesota patients who experienced received treatment with an EGFR inhibitor in the recent past but prior to 2009. One member of the study team (B.M.S.) examined the medical records of several thousand patients based on malignancy type and based on the date the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) had approved a specific EGFR inhibitor for patients with a specific malignancy. For example all non-small-cell lung malignancy patients experienced their medical records examined from 2004 (the year of FDA approval of erlotinib) to determine if they experienced received an EGFR inhibitor. The same approach was utilized for patients with malignancy of the colorectum pancreas and head and neck. The final result was a comprehensive single-institution catalogue of all consecutive patients who had recently received a commercially available EGFR inhibitor. This catalogue served to meet the study goals explained herein. Ascertainment of data The medical records of all these patients were then examined Odanacatib (MK-0822) for age at the time of initiation of the EGFR inhibitor gender malignancy type date of malignancy diagnosis ethnicity type of EGFR inhibitor prescribed concurrent chemotherapy or radiation and date of death or last follow-up by one investigator (B.M.S.). If dates were unable to be obtained with precision from your medical record a mid-month date Odanacatib (MK-0822) was used as an estimate. Furthermore information was gleaned as to whether or not a rash occurred during EGFR inhibitor therapy; whether rash treatment or prophylaxis had been used and if so what; whether the EGFR inhibitor therapy was interrupted because of rash; and whether patients were rechallenged with an EGFR inhibitor after holding therapy and if so rash-related outcomes. Rabbit polyclonal to ADAP2. The retrospective nature of this study posed some limitations. First because extent or severity of the rash and exact time of rash onset would likely not be able to be obtained with accuracy from your medical record no attempts were made to acquire these data. Second because previous prospectively conducted studies have exhibited that rash does indeed confer a favorable prognosis and because the current study includes patients with multiple malignancy types with different malignancy stages no attempt was made to reestablish the prognostic effect of.
What's the best material to use on shower walls? A comprehensive guide… with recommendations. When I'm asked, "Mike, what's the best material to use on shower walls (or tub walls for that matter), I'll say…" "Shower wall materials are like people – they all have their own strengths and weaknesses." And while this statement is true, I know it DOES NOT help you pick what's best for your job. And while I could also say, "The best shower wall materials are the ones my company wholesales and installs, that'd be just a 'tad' self-serving, don't you think?" So, in this article – here's my goal. I'm going to analyze 8 shower wall materials along 11 criterion (and yes, I KNOW that's a lot of factors). Then I'll summarize each selection and give you my feeling of who(m) that choice is best suited for. At the end – I'd love for you to add your '2 cents worth' about these two questions. - Which of these shower materials do you love? Which do you hate? - Which do you think is best for your next project? And if you're still 'dumb-founded' (which is a funny word, isn't it?), give me your questions about these materials or others, and I'll do my best to guide you to the best shower wall selection based on what you tell me. And to not show any favoritism I'm going to evaluate them in alphabetical order. That's as fair and square way as I know, although those people whose last names end in 'Z' might not agree, as I'm sure you HATED being last for so many things when growing up…ha! ha!). Let's check out the 8 shower wall material options and figure out which is best for your project. Option #1 – Acrylic shower wall panels The popularity of acrylic shower wall panels has grown as fast as the 'one day bathroom' companies selling and installing them. They're ubiquitous (OK – that's a fancy word I used which means 'everywhere', so you'd think I was smart…is it working?). So, how do acrylic wall panels fare across our 11 criterion. - Budget – Acrylic wall panels are generally on the lower side of the price scale. However, be careful, some 'one day bathroom' companies who install acrylic wall panels will charge more than you'd think. - Look/design options – IMHO acrylic wall panels look cheap because they're a molded plastic. The design options have grown from the days of white-only panels, but the options in matte finishes are limited. - Ease of installation/DIY friendly – They're simple to install. They're glued onto moisture resistant greenboard. - Warranty – Can vary across manufacturers, but many bath in a day acrylic installation companies offer limited lifetime warranties. Acrylic panels bought through retail outlets will have shorter warranties ranging from a year to 5 years. - Durability- Although these panels are only 1/8" thick, they usually hold up well on the walls, but some acrylic shower pans ARE NOT as sturdy as the walls which are installed over backer board. - Natural/realistic looking products – This is NOT an area acrylic 'scores' high. Molded acrylic panels look plasticky and cheap (IMHO). - Cleaning/maintenance – Super easy to clean. Non-abrasives cleaners work best. - Finish/style options – Acrylic has progressed with finish/style options, but it's still limited (mostly) to glossy panels. The acrylic patterns which are molded to look like stone or tiles – won't fool many people into thinking they're the real thing. - Prone to leaks/mold – Acrylic is 100% waterproof. The only mold challenges can be the sealant around the corners or at the bottom of the panels. Now, if only someone could invent a mold-proof sealant – they'd be RICH beyond belief! - Material thickness/crackability – These panels are thin at 1/8", but not prone to cracking (except during installation). - Lead time – Acrylic panels can be bought from stock at home center stores, so you can get them quick. Who are acrylic wall panels best for? What's nice about acrylic wall panels is there are TONS of companies who install them, and they're (generally) not too expensive (if you stay away from the big franchise installation companies whose pricing has caused more than a few customers to drop off their chair). As long as style is not a big factor, they're simple to maintain and a sound choice. Option #2 – Ceramic tile shower wall surrounds Ceramic tiles have been around FOR-EVER! Ceramic tiles are a clay-based material which is simpler to cut than marble or glass tiles. As you'll see below, design options are limitless. - Budget – Professionally installed ceramic tile showers are expensive (especially if they're done with waterproof wall backer boards, by professional tile setters). DIY tile showers can be cost-effective IF you have the tools, and the time to do the job (and you view your 'free time' as 'free.' Besides, wouldn't you rather be tiling a shower than golfing or shopping? And yes, that sarcasm was intended. - Look/design options – You can get gloss finishes, matte finishes, textures, large format tiles, mosaics, you name it. Mix and match patterns to your hearts content. - Ease of installation/DIY friendly – Ceramic tile is involved and time-consuming to install. It's not usually the price of the tile which kills a remodeling budget, it's the price of the labor. If you HATE contractors (a la Eldon the Painter from the old comedy series, Murphy Brown) who are in your home FOR-EVER – this IS NOT a great option. - Warranty – Tile installation warranties range from 'non-existent' to '5 years.' This doesn't give you a lot of 'comfort' if your tile shower walls or shower base fail. In this case, you'll be on your own with an expensive repair. Learn about tile warranties by reading, "What's the warranty of your tile shower surround or grout free wall panels?" - Durability- Although ceramic tiles can last, they're also more prone to cracking (as I know personally from the ceramic tile shower I replaced in my recent bathroom remodel. Get pointers from my job by reading, 15 Lessons You can Learn from my Safer, Simpler, and More Stylish Master Bathroom. - Natural/realistic looking products – This natural clay product is the real McCoy. This is why you'll see this material in many luxury bathrooms. - Cleaning/maintenance – Tile is a PIA to clean! And generally, it's not the 'tile's fault,' it's the evil grout joint which comes with the tile. Minimize cleaning challenges by using urethane or epoxy grout or hire a 'Grout Medic/Grout Doctor' (and I think these grout cleaning franchises use 'medical references because SO MANY tile showers are on 'life support' and desperately need to be revived!) franchise to clean your tiles and grout joints for you (if you've got the disposable income…and your kids aren't eating it all up!). - Finish/style options – Almost unlimited. Gloss tiles, matte finish tiles, tiles with textures, big tiles, small tiles, you name it, it's out there. - Prone to leaks/mold – Ceramic tiles are not waterproof, they're water resistant. The 'waterproofing of a tile shower is 'behind the wall,' not in front of the wall. If you worry about a leaky shower or mold, think twice before choosing ceramic tiles. - Material thickness/crackability – Ceramic tiles are generally 3/8" thick – but are prone to cracking. However, the positive with ceramic tiles is it is possible to replace a single tile which cracks, unlike wall panels where you'll need to replace the entire sheet. - Lead time – With tile the availability depends on the specific tile you choose, and whether you can find a tile setter (which may be a bigger challenge than finding the tiles) if you're not DIYing the job. Who are ceramic tile shower surrounds best for? If you love a unique look, and are ready, willing, and able to put up with maintenance hassles (or hire someone to do it for you), then a ceramic tile shower surround can be for you. Option #3 – Fiberglass shower wall panels If you live in a home built by a production builder, you're familiar with fiberglass 'one piece' shower wall systems. They're popular with production builders because (and I'll bet you're going to guess this one correct) …. they're CHEAP. And I mean this in a positive and negative way. So, let's look at how fiberglass shower walls score along our 11 criterion. - Budget – Very budget friendly. In new construction (and especially in the kids or hall bathrooms) you'll often see 'one piece fiberglass showers' which have the base and walls built as one unit. In replacement showers, you'll find fiberglass wall surround panels made in common sizes and in stock at local home improvement stores. - Look/design options – Very limited. Fiberglass panels are molded (at scale) in white smooth or subway tile patterns, most often. You won't win any 'style points' or be featured in an interior design magazine with these wall panels! - Ease of installation/DIY friendly – Fiberglass panels are installed direct to stud – or glued over a moisture resistant greenboard. They're DIY friendly and simple to install. - Warranty – Very limited warranties. 1 to 5 years are common. - Durability- These panels are 1/8" thick (or thinner) and the shower pans in this material have NOT been known to be very durable. - Natural/realistic looking products – These panels are not natural or 'fashion-forward,' shall we say. They're molded, and cheap to manufacture. And they look molded, and cheap! - Cleaning/maintenance – Fiberglass panels, when new, are simple to wipe but can get dirt trapped in them or yellow as they age. Then they become IMPOSSIBLE to clean. - Finish/style options – Fiberglass panels are molded, usually in white high gloss panels. Style IS NOT it's middle name! - Prone to leaks/mold – Fiberglass is waterproof– however, some systems are thin, and known to crack. - Material thickness/crackability – Fiberglass shower panels (or one piece systems) are 1/8" or thinner and can crack (especially the shower pans). - Ability to customize – These panels only come in standard sizes. Customization is practically non-existent. - Lead time – Fiberglass panels are stocked in home center or building supply stores, so standard sizes are readily available. Who are fiberglass wall panels best for? If you've got a tight budget – and have a standard sized shower, and don't care about style, fiberglass panels make sense. Option #4 – Glass tile shower surrounds If you're looking for a 'show-stopping' material which makes your bathroom feel larger, glass tiles (on one or more walls) can be a solution. However, they aren't cheap. Let's look at how glass tile shower surrounds score along our 11 criterion. - Budget – Real glass tiles (and be wary of imitations) are NOT for the 'tight-wad' in the family. This is why they're often used as an accent wall, not necessarily for all the walls in the shower. - Look/design options – Sleek, contemporary, stylish are all words to describe glass tiles. They're available in gloss and matte finishes (although gloss glass tiles are more popular). - Ease of installation/DIY friendly – The hardness of this material makes it difficult to cut – and a less popular choice for DIY'ers than traditional ceramic tile. It's recommended by professional tile setters to use a white thin set which won't yellow with a glass tile installation. - Warranty – Many of the warranties I saw from glass tile manufacturers were one year. And the installation warranties on tile installations (as mentioned in option 2) can range from 'non-existent' to 5 years maximum. - Durability- Glass tiles are durable and range from 1/8" to ¾" thick. - Natural/realistic looking products – Glass tiles provide a natural, reflective surface which makes a small bathroom (with limited lighting) feel bigger. - Cleaning/maintenance – Glass tiles are simple to clean with a soft cloth and sponge. Stay away from abrasive cleaners which could scratch the surface. - Finish/style options – Glass tiles come in different sizes and in matte and gloss finishes. - Prone to leaks/mold – While the tiles themselves will not leak, be careful to use the best grout between the tiles (and proper wall backer board behind the tiles) to minimize the chance of leaks. - Material thickness/crackability – Again these tiles range from 1/8" to ¾" thick and are hard to crack. - Ability to customize – While it's not simple to cut glass tiles – they are often used in custom showers in high end homes where customization is essential. Be prepared for this installation to be even more expensive than ceramic tiles (which aren't cheap either!) due to the difficulty of cutting the material. - Lead time – With tile the availability depends on the specific tile you choose, and the availability of a tile setter (which may be a bigger challenge than finding the tiles). Who are glass tile surrounds best for? If you're looking for style, improved lighting for a smaller or darker bathroom, a contemporary look, and have a good-sized budget – a glass tile feature wall (or glass tile shower surrounds) are an impactful choice. Option #5 – Laminate shower surround panels If you're looking for an upgraded shower wall surround – which looks realistic, isn't too expensive (or too cheap), offers a lot of patterns, laminate shower panels are a smart choice. Let's see how these panels score along our 11 criterion. - Budget – Laminate shower panels are mid-priced. They'll cost more (generally) than fiberglass and acrylic wall surrounds, but less than a ceramic or glass tile project professionally installed. - Look/design options – While there's over 700 options available, since they're imported from Norway, check on what's in stock in this country. You'll find 31 popular patterns available for immediate shipment which fit a broad range of decors. - Ease of installation/DIY friendly – Since these panels click and lock together (like laminate flooring) the installation is DIY friendly. It also saves contractors, who normally install tile, a significant amount of time (and reduces project costs). - Warranty – With a lifetime residential warranty – backed by a product which was invented 41 years ago – you can rest assured this material will look nice in your shower for the long run. - Durability- Laminate shower panels are 3/8" thick and durable. They have a high pressure laminate front, applied onto a marine grade plywood backer board (the same material used on boats) with a vapor barrier in the back. They're designed for shower surrounds, tub surrounds, and bathroom walls. - Natural/realistic looking products – This is where this product has it all over fiberglass, acrylic, and solid surface (or cultured granite wall panels) IMHO. They look like the 'real thing,' yet are 100% waterproof and simple to clean. - Cleaning/maintenance – They're simple to clean with non-abrasive cleaners. - Finish/style options – You'll find gloss and matte finishes in these panels. And since they're made through a CNC (Computer Numerical Control) manufacturing process, they're up to date with today's styles because a new 'mold' isn't required to create a new pattern (like IS the case with molded panels made of acrylic, fiberglass or cultured stone). - Prone to leaks/mold – The product is waterproof through its click-lock design and has a hybrid polymer sealant used between the 2' wide x 8' tall panels. Installations with laminate wall panels have sealant in the corners and where the wall panels meet a shower pan or one level wet room floor. - Material thickness/crackability – High pressure laminate wall panels are 3/8" thick, and not prone to cracking during installation or after the product's installed. - Ability to customize – Since the panels can be cut to fit, it's as simple to build a custom shower as it is a 'standard sized' shower. Simply figure out how many 2' wide panels you need for each wall. The video shows you how to order laminate wall panels for a custom – or standard sized shower. - Lead time – There are 31 patterns available for immediate shipment. If you're looking for one of the other 670 patterns in this line, they're available for custom order – but you'll need to wait until the next container arrives (which is a 2 to 3 month lead time). Who are laminate shower surrounds best for? If you're looking for style, an updated look, a 100% waterproof panel system, ease of cleaning, at a mid-priced budget, this is where laminate panels are a sound choice. Option #6 – Optical grade high gloss acrylic shower surrounds If you LOVE, LOVE, LOVE a contemporary aesthetic (now, that's a fancy 'interior designer' word I'm using, to impress you with 'my 'designer-ness!) and have a large budget, optical grade acrylic wall panels are a fun choice. Let's see how these panels score along our 11 criterion. - Budget – These panels ARE expensive! They'll cost 2x the price of the solid surface or laminate wall panels and are 3-4 times more expensive than acrylic or fiberglass panels. - Look/design options – If you want contemporary – highly reflective walls which demand attention in your modern bathroom, this is a look you've got to see. These panels are available in high gloss colors only. - Ease of installation/DIY friendly – While these panels are simple to adhere to moisture resistant greenboard, you need to be careful cutting them. They need to be clamped when cut, or they're susceptible to cracking. - Warranty – These panels have a 10 year warranty. - Durability- Optical grade high gloss acrylic panels do have a hard top coating, but scratches can be amplified in any high gloss surface. - Natural/realistic looking products – These panels are a 'dead-ringer' for back-painted glass, and are simpler to install, and look like real glass for a smaller budget than back-painted glass. - Cleaning/maintenance – The key is to use non-abrasive cleaners. - Finish/style options – There are 8 high gloss colors, however, there's no matte finish panels available in the U.S. at this time. - Prone to leaks/mold – Since the panels are 100% waterproof they're not prone to leaks or mold and can even be used in a steam shower. - Material thickness/crackability – At 7/16" thick, you need to be careful cutting these panels – especially if you're trying to install a recessed niche or make difficult angled cuts. - Ability to customize – It's not hard to install a custom shower with high gloss acrylic panels – although you may see a seam if your shower has walls wider than 60". - Lead time – These 8 colors are available from stock through specialty distributors. Who are optical grade high gloss shower surrounds best for? If you love a modern look, have a good-sized budget, want to make your bathroom 'feel' bigger with a high gloss look – these panels are a unique alternative. Option #7 – PVC composite shower surrounds Oh, the magic of digital printing. 10 to 20 years ago these PVC composite panels would not have been a possibility, but with today's printing technology, they're a stylish – and a time-effective to install – alternative. Let's see how PVC composite shower panels score along our 11 criterion. - Budget – These panels are a mid-priced option (similar to laminate panels mentioned above, and slightly lower in cost than solid surface or cultured marble panels). They'll be more expensive than fiberglass and acrylic shower surrounds. - Look/design options – If you like a faux marble or granite look – there's plenty of choices in this line. However, if you want a (realistic looking) tile or stone tile pattern, they're not too snazzy since the panels are printed on a smooth surface, so there's no 3-dimensional quality to them. - Ease of installation/DIY friendly – These panels are super-easy to install. Use adhesive and glue them over a moisture resistant greenboard. They even have trim panels for the sides which are 3" wide. These trim pieces give you A LOT of wiggle room to mess up your cuts (and that's assuming you've EVER done that, which I'm sure your spouse or significant 'utter' will chime in has NEVER happened to you– ha! ha!). - Warranty – These panels have a 5 year warranty for a DIY installation and a lifetime warranty installed through an authorized contractor. - Durability- There is a hard-coat top surface to these panels, but they can be dented since they're made of PVC. - Natural/realistic looking products – These digitally printed panels look realistic in faux marble or granite patterns but stay away from the tile patterns (they look fake because they're printed on a flat surface). - Cleaning/maintenance – Cleaning is easy with non-abrasive cleaners. - Finish/style options – There are 22 patterns in a semi-gloss finish. Matte and high gloss finishes aren't available. - Prone to leaks/mold – Since the panels are 100% waterproof they're not prone to leaks or mold. - Material thickness/crackability – At 1/4" thick, and made of PVC, they aren't prone to cracking. - Ability to customize – These panels can be joined using trim pieces to make any custom width possible. - Lead time – These panels are available through home centers or specialty distributors in a couple of weeks. Who are PVC composite shower surrounds best for? If you love the traditional (or transitional) look of marble or granite yet can't afford the real thing and/or don't want the maintenance, PVC shower surround panels are a good choice. Option #8 – Solid surface (or cultured marble or cultured granite) shower surrounds If you love the security of a thick, solid surface – these panels are a practical choice. Let's see how solid surface (which includes cultured marble and cultured granite shower panels) score along our 11 criterion. - Budget – Solid surface shower panels range from mid-priced to the higher end of the scale (but usually not as expensive as a professional ceramic tile or glass tile installation). - Look/design options – While you can get molded solid surface and cultured granite panels in tile and stone designs, it won't take a 'crack detective' (and no, I'm NOT referring to the annoying 'butt crack shower reference' becoming famous in the new Lume commercial you'll see below) to determine they're not the real thing. Most solid surface designs are only available in gloss finishes, which aren't as popular as matte finishes (like you're seeing with matte black and brushed brass shower hardware becoming all the rage) used in today's contemporary bathrooms. - Ease of installation/DIY friendly – While these panels are heavy (and difficult to maneuver into a bathroom) – they are simply glued onto moisture resistant greenboard and are surprisingly easy to cut. - Warranty – The warranty ranges from 2 years to a lifetime warranty, depending on the manufacturer. - Durability- Solid surface and cultured stone panels are built like a rock. They're hard to break or crack once they're installed. - Natural/realistic looking products – This engineered, man-made stone looks like an engineered, man-made material. It's a 'C- 'in the looks department. They're pretty doggone bland IMHO, but boy is it durable. - Cleaning/maintenance – Solid surface is simple to clean using non-abrasive cleaners. - Finish/style options – Depending on the manufacturer, you'll find from 20 to 50 gloss finished patterns in each manufacturer's line. - Prone to leaks/mold – Since these panels are non-porous, the only place you could see mold is in a sealant joint at the corners or at the bottom of the panels (above the shower pan or tub deck). - Material thickness/crackability – At 1/4" to 3/8" thick, they're hard to crack (except during installation – where these heavy panels can snap if bent too far…. until they're put on the wall). - Ability to customize – Depending on the manufacturer these panels are available in multiple sizes and are (generally) made to order. - Lead time – Custom solid surface walls take from 4 to 12 weeks to get from a specialty distributor, however you can find standard sizes in some home centers. Who are solid surface (or cultured marble or granite) shower surrounds best for? If you want a sturdy, non-porous shower wall panel system, which is simple to maintain (but understated – 'er, that's code word for boring – to look at), and is in the mid-high price range, solid surface is a sound choice. So, which shower wall panel material is best for you? What questions can I answer about these, or other, options? I know I gave you a lot to consider in these 8 shower wall panel options – and as I stated in the beginning they ALL have their strengths and weaknesses. However, given what you've read, which do you think is best for you? Do you have questions about any of these systems (or others you're checking out, because this article IS NOT the exhaustive list of everything on the market) I can answer? And if your bathroom remodeling project (or shower wall surround selection) is already blowing your mind, I'd say to you – why put yourself through the aggravation of trying to figure it out alone? Contact a Bathroom Specialist at Innovate Building Solutions to learn about shower panels which can be supplied for a job ANYWHERE in the United States. Call 877-668-5888 or fill out a Free Estimate Form (or ask for a referral to an installing shower wall panel dealer in your town). And if you're a bathroom contractor, a kitchen and bath showroom, or multi-unit property owner (or buyer) looking to purchase shower or tub wall panels call me at 888-467-7488 or visit the wall panel dealership or multi-unit wall panel supply areas of our site. And lastly if you're looking for an Akron or Cleveland bathroom remodeling contractor call 216-531-6085. Our northeastern Ohio team would love to help. Thanks for reading and learning about shower wall material options. As selections have grown, it's tougher than ever knowing what to choose, so let us help you. And BTW – if you're an installing contractor and would like to learn about becoming a dealer of laminate wall panels manufactured by Fibo (and other bath/shower products) call me at 888-467-7488.
1. What are the best culinary experiences to be had in Maryland? 1. Maryland Blue Crab Feast: Maryland is known for its famous blue crabs, and the best culinary experience in the state is enjoying a traditional crab feast. This involves steaming or boiling large quantities of blue crabs and then picking them apart to enjoy the succulent meat. 2. Smith Island Cake: Another iconic dish in Maryland is the multi-layered Smith Island Cake. It is made with thin layers of yellow cake and chocolate fudge icing, with each layer representing a season or month. 3. Old Bay Seasoning: No trip to Maryland would be complete without trying some dishes seasoned with Old Bay. This unique blend of spices includes celery salt, mustard, paprika, and more, giving any dish a distinct flavor. 4. Seafood Boil: In addition to blue crabs, Maryland also has an abundance of other seafood such as shrimp, scallops, clams, and oysters. A seafood boil combines these fresh ingredients with corn on the cob and potatoes in a spicy broth for a delicious communal meal. 5. Pit Beef Sandwiches: This classic Baltimore dish features thinly sliced beef cooked over charcoal and served on a Kaiser roll topped with horseradish sauce and onion slices. 6. Chesapeake Bay Oysters: The Chesapeake Bay is renowned for its oysters, which are served raw or fried in various restaurants throughout the state. 7. Stone-spirit Beer: Maryland boasts several craft breweries that use local ingredients to create unique beers. One popular beer style in this region is stone-spirit beer made from roasted malted barley. 8. Bertha's Mussels: Located in Baltimore's historic Fells Point neighborhood, Bertha's serves up some of the best mussels in town. With flavors like Thai chili coconut and classic white wine garlic butter sauce, there is something for everyone to enjoy. 9 . Crab Cakes: Along with the crab feast mentioned earlier, crispy and fresh crab cakes are a must-try in Maryland. These cakes, made with lump crab meat, breadcrumbs, and various seasonings, are served as an appetizer or main course in many restaurants. 10. Wine Tasting: Maryland has a thriving wine industry, and there are numerous wineries throughout the state that offer tastings and tours. Sipping on locally made wine while taking in the scenic views is a must-do culinary experience in Maryland. 2. How has Maryland incorporated local cuisine into its tourism industry? Maryland has incorporated local cuisine into its tourism industry in several ways: 1. Promoting and highlighting local dishes: The state's tourism board actively promotes and highlights locally-grown and produced foods, such as blue crabs, oysters, and sweet corn. These foods are often featured on restaurant menus and at food festivals. 2. Collaborating with local chefs and restaurants: Maryland's tourism department works closely with local chefs and restaurant owners to create unique dining experiences that showcase the state's cuisine. This includes organizing culinary events, collaborating on promotions, and featuring these establishments in marketing campaigns. 3. Emphasizing farm-to-table dining: With its abundance of farms and agricultural products, Maryland's tourism industry places a strong focus on farm-to-table dining experiences. This allows visitors to sample fresh, local ingredients while also supporting the state's farmers. 4. Offering food tours: Food tours have become increasingly popular in Maryland's cities like Baltimore and Annapolis. These tours give tourists the opportunity to try a variety of local dishes from different restaurants while also learning about the history and culture behind the food. 5. Showcasing regional specialties: Each region of Maryland has its own unique cuisine influenced by factors such as geography, ethnicity, and historical traditions. For example, visitors can try Chesapeake Bay-inspired seafood in the Eastern Shore region or traditional Southern-style cuisine in Southern Maryland. 6. Incorporating culinary experiences into other activities: Many tourist attractions in Maryland offer food-related experiences as part of their offerings. For example, visitors can participate in an oyster shucking demonstration at a seafood market or take a cooking class featuring local ingredients at a winery. Overall, promoting local cuisine has become an important aspect of Maryland's tourism industry, allowing visitors to not only learn more about the state's culture but also support local businesses and farmers. 3. Which regional dishes can be found in restaurants across Maryland? Some regional dishes that can be found in restaurants across Maryland include: 1. Crab cakes: A popular dish made with lump crabmeat mixed with breadcrumbs, eggs, and seasonings. 2. Maryland-style chicken: Chicken marinated in a combination of Old Bay seasoning, vinegar, oil, and herbs. 3. Cream of crab soup: A rich and creamy soup made with crab meat, cream, stock, and spices. 4. Smith Island cake: A traditional cake from Smith Island made with 10-12 layers of yellow cake and chocolate frosting. 5. Pit beef sandwich: Thinly sliced slow-roasted beef served on a Kaiser roll with horseradish sauce. 6. Steamed blue crabs: Whole crabs steamed with Old Bay seasoning and served with melted butter for dipping. 7. Half-smoke sausage: Grilled or smoked spicy sausage served on a bun with chili, mustard, onions, and cheese. 8. Oyster stew: A hearty stew made with oysters, cream, milk, butter, and vegetables. 9. Fried chicken and waffles: A fusion dish of crispy fried chicken served on top of a fluffy waffle drizzled with syrup. 10. Peach cobbler: A warm baked dessert made with juicy peaches topped with a biscuit-like crust. 4. What food festivals or events should visitors attend while visiting Maryland for culinary tourism? 1. Baltimore Restaurant Week: This annual event features prix-fixe menus at some of the city's best restaurants, showcasing the diverse and delicious cuisine of Baltimore. 2. Chesapeake Bay Seafood Festival: Held in early summer, this festival celebrates Maryland's iconic seafood with live music, cooking demonstrations, and plenty of opportunities to sample fresh local oysters, crabs, and other seafood dishes. 3. Maryland Wine Festival: Each September, this festival in Westminster showcases the state's award-winning wines from over 40 wineries. Guests can also enjoy food vendors, live music, and craft vendors. 4. Taste Frederick Food Tours: Visitors can take a guided walking tour through historic downtown Frederick and sample a variety of local specialties such as crab cakes, homemade ice cream, and artisanal chocolates. 5. National Folk Festival: This annual event brings together cultural traditions from all over the country including Maryland's unique culinary heritage. Guests can sample regional favorites like pit beef sandwiches and blue crab fritters while enjoying live music and dance performances. 6. Annapolis Oyster Roast & Sock Burning Festival: Celebrate the start of boating season in Annapolis with an oyster-shucking competition, a sock burning ritual (to welcome spring), and plenty of delicious oyster dishes from local chefs. 7. St. Mary's County Crab Festival: Held in Leonardtown each year, this festival is a must for seafood lovers. Sample steamed crabs, crab soup, crab cakes and more while enjoying live entertainment on the water. 8. Maryland State BBQ Bash: Every August, Bel Air hosts one of the largest barbeque competitions on the East Coast with hundreds of contestants competing for cash prizes and bragging rights for their mouth-watering ribs, chicken, brisket and pulled pork. 9.A Taste of Somerset County: Experience authentic Eastern Shore cuisine including fresh seafood dishes at this annual event held each spring in Princess Anne. 10. International Edgar Allan Poe Festival & Awards: This literary festival in Baltimore celebrates the work and legacy of Edgar Allan Poe, a Maryland native, with food vendors offering Poe-inspired dishes and drinks. 5. How has Maryland's history and culture influenced its local cuisine? Maryland's history and culture have had a significant influence on its local cuisine. Dating back to the colonial period, Maryland was known for its agricultural economy and use of fresh, locally-sourced ingredients such as seafood, poultry, dairy products, and vegetables. The Chesapeake Bay has played a vital role in shaping Maryland's cuisine. It is home to a variety of seafood, including blue crabs, oysters, clams, and rockfish. Many of these dishes have become staples in Maryland's cuisine, including crab cakes and steamed crabs. The state's strong African American heritage has also influenced its food culture. During the 18th and 19th centuries, enslaved African Americans brought their food traditions to Maryland and incorporated them into local dishes. This includes dishes like fried chicken, cornbread, black-eyed peas, collard greens, and sweet potato pie. The state's proximity to Pennsylvania also resulted in an influence of Pennsylvania Dutch cuisine in Maryland. Dishes like scrapple (a breakfast meat made from pig parts) and shoofly pie (a molasses-based dessert) were introduced by German immigrants. In addition to these historical influences, modern-day immigrant communities have also contributed to Maryland's diverse food scene. The state is home to large populations of Hispanics, Koreans, Vietnamese, and others who have brought their own unique culinary traditions to the state. Overall, Maryland's history as an agricultural hub near the Chesapeake Bay combined with its diverse cultural influences have resulted in a rich and varied local cuisine that continues to evolve today. 6. What unique ingredients can be found in traditional dishes of Maryland? Some unique ingredients found in traditional dishes of Maryland may include blue crab, Old Bay seasoning, Chesapeake oysters, Smith Island Cake (a multi-layer cake made with yellow cake and fudge frosting), game meats such as rabbit or venison, and local fruits like peaches and blackberries. 7. What role do local farmers and producers play in Maryland's culinary scene? Local farmers and producers play a crucial role in Maryland's culinary scene. They provide high-quality, fresh ingredients that contribute to the unique flavors and dishes in the region. Many restaurants in Maryland pride themselves on sourcing their ingredients from local farms and highlighting the seasonality of produce in their menus. Additionally, local farmers' markets and farm-to-table events are popular among Maryland residents, showcasing the variety and diversity of local produce available. These events also support the local economy and promote sustainable agriculture practices. Some notable local products in Maryland include Chesapeake Bay seafood such as blue crabs, oysters, and rockfish; Maryland wine from various wineries across the state; and locally grown fruits and vegetables such as sweet corn, peaches, and Old Bay seasoning. Without the contributions of these farmers and producers, Maryland's culinary scene would not be as vibrant or distinct. 8. How does sustainable agriculture contribute to Maryland's culinary offerings for tourists? Sustainable agriculture practices help to promote local and seasonal ingredients, which in turn enhances the diversity and quality of Maryland's culinary offerings for tourists. By supporting local farmers and food producers who focus on sustainable methods, tourist destinations can offer a unique and authentic taste of the region's agricultural products. Additionally, sustainable agriculture often prioritizes the use of heirloom varieties and heritage breeds, adding to the variety of flavors available to tourists. This also allows for a deeper connection to the land and history of the region through its food. Sustainable agriculture also helps to preserve the natural landscape and resources, ensuring that tourist areas remain beautiful and accessible for future generations. This not only benefits tourists by providing them with aesthetically pleasing environments, but it also supports ecotourism initiatives that highlight the importance of environmental conservation. Furthermore, sustainable agriculture practices can lead to healthier and more nutritious foods, as they prioritize soil health and reducing or eliminating harmful chemicals. This means that tourists can enjoy fresh, high-quality meals that contribute positively to their overall health and wellness. Overall, sustainable agriculture plays a significant role in expanding and enhancing Maryland's culinary offerings for tourists by promoting local, diverse, healthy, and environmentally-friendly food options. This creates a truly unique and satisfying experience for visitors while showcasing the state's commitment to sustainability. 9. Can you take a cooking class specializing in traditional dishes of Maryland while on vacation there? Yes, there are several cooking classes in Maryland that offer courses focusing on traditional dishes of the state. Some options include:1. Baltimore Chef Shop – Located in Baltimore, this cooking school offers various classes including a "Taste of Maryland" class which features crab cakes, oyster stew, and other local favorites. 2. Chef Egg's Cooking School – Based in Baltimore and Annapolis, this cooking school has a "Chesapeake Bay Seafood" class where students can learn how to make iconic Maryland dishes like steamed crabs and Old Bay shrimp. 3. Viking Cooking School – With locations in Annapolis and Columbia, this culinary school has a class called "Southern Charm: A Taste of the Chesapeake" which highlights regional cuisine from the Chesapeake Bay area. 4. Schola Cooking School – This Baltimore-based cooking school offers a "Maryland Classics" course featuring local ingredients such as blue crabs and Smith Island Cake. 5. The Cookery – Located in Hagerstown, this cooking school offers a "Best of Maryland" class where students can learn how to cook classic dishes like crab dip and Berger cookies. With so many options available, you're sure to find a cooking class that suits your interests while visiting Maryland! 10. Where are the most highly rated farm-to-table restaurants in Maryland? Some of the most highly rated farm-to-table restaurants in Maryland include Woodberry Kitchen in Baltimore, Volt in Frederick, The Dabbling Duck in Frederick, and The Black Market Bistro in Garrett Park. 11. Are there any popular food and drink trails or routes to explore in Maryland? Yes, there are several popular food and drink trails and routes in Maryland, including: 1. The Chesapeake Wine Trail: This trail showcases the best wineries in Maryland's Eastern Shore region and features stunning views of the Chesapeake Bay. 2. The Beer Circuit: This trail highlights some of Maryland's top craft breweries, from Baltimore to Frederick to Cumberland. 3. The Ice Cream Trail: Perfect for sweet tooths, this trail takes visitors on a journey through some of the best ice cream shops in the state. 4. The Crab Cake Tour: For seafood lovers, this route travels through various towns and cities known for their delicious crab cakes. 5. The Oyster Trail: Another option for seafood enthusiasts, this trail takes visitors on a journey to some of Maryland's top oyster farms and restaurants. 6. The Maryland Jubilee Tour: This route celebrates the state's diverse culinary landscape with stops at restaurants featuring dishes from various cultural backgrounds. 7. The Chocolate Lover's Trail: For those with a sweet tooth, this tour takes visitors to some of Maryland's top chocolate shops and bakeries. 8. The Wine & Cheese Tour: This self-guided tour features stops at local wineries and creameries, allowing visitors to sample some of the state's best wines and cheeses. 9. Coastal Cuisine Trail: Focusing on Maryland's coastal regions, this trail showcases the fresh seafood and local cuisine found along the state's Atlantic coast. 10. Pizza Party Adventure Trail: Perfect for pizza lovers, this trail takes visitors to some of Maryland's best pizzerias offering unique and delicious options. 11. Toast Your Way Through Spirits Road Trip: This route explores Maryland's distilleries and craft beverage producers in various regions across the state. 12. How have food tours become a popular activity for tourists in Maryland? Food tours have become a popular activity for tourists in Maryland because they offer a unique and immersive way to explore the state's diverse culinary scene. Maryland is known for its rich history and cultural influences, which are reflected in the region's food offerings. A food tour allows tourists to sample a variety of local dishes, ranging from iconic seafood dishes like crab cakes and oysters to regional specialties like pit beef and blue crabs. These tours also provide insight into the local food culture and traditions, as well as opportunities to interact with chefs, farmers, and other food purveyors. Additionally, many food tours incorporate walking or biking through charming neighborhoods or scenic areas, making them an enjoyable and active way to experience different parts of Maryland. 13. What do visitors need to know about dining etiquette when trying out local cuisine in Maryland? 1. Tipping: It is customary to tip 15-20% for good service in Maryland restaurants. 2. Dress code: Dress codes vary depending on the restaurant, but most places have a casual dress code. Some upscale restaurants may require more formal attire. 3. Making reservations: It is always a good idea to make reservations before dining at popular restaurants, especially on weekends or holidays. This ensures that you will have a table and can avoid long waits. 4. Sharing dishes: Many local Maryland cuisines are meant to be shared, so it is common for dishes to be served family-style for everyone to sample and enjoy together. 5. Seafood etiquette: If trying out Maryland's famous seafood dishes, use the provided tools (such as shell crackers and picks) to crack open shells and remove meat properly. 6. Old Bay seasoning: Old Bay is a popular local spice blend commonly used on seafood dishes in Maryland. Don't be afraid to give it a try when offered – it adds great flavor! 7. Be mindful of dietary restrictions: If you have any dietary restrictions or allergies, inform your server before ordering so they can accommodate your needs. 8. Slow dining pace: Dining in Maryland tends to be more leisurely and relaxed, so don't be surprised if the pace of service feels slower than what you're used to. 9. Respect local traditions: Maryland has a rich food culture with many traditional dishes, such as crab cakes and blue crab boil, so be sure to try them out while respecting the local customs surrounding them. 10. No leftovers: It is not considered polite to take leftover food from someone else's plate or bring home leftovers from a communal dish without asking first. 11. Cutlery usage: Start with the utensils furthest from your plate and work your way inwards as the meal progresses. Leave utensils on your plate when finished eating – this signals that you are finished and the server may remove your plate. 12. Don't be afraid to ask questions: If you have any questions about the menu or how a dish is prepared, don't hesitate to ask your server for clarification. 13. Enjoy yourself: The most important thing to remember when trying out local cuisine in Maryland is to relax, enjoy the food, and appreciate the unique flavors and traditions of the state. 14. Does the local culture of hospitality play a role in dining experiences for visitors to Maryland? Yes, the local culture of hospitality in Maryland can have an impact on dining experiences for visitors. The state is known for its friendly and welcoming atmosphere, which often translates into the hospitality provided at restaurants and other dining establishments. Visitors can expect to be greeted with warmth and friendliness, as well as attentive service and a genuine interest in their satisfaction with the dining experience. This culture of hospitality also extends to the food itself, with many restaurants using fresh, locally-sourced ingredients and taking pride in creating delicious meals for their guests. Overall, the local culture of hospitality adds an extra level of enjoyment to dining experiences in Maryland. 15. What is the significance of certain foods to the people of Maryland, and how does that translate into the culinary experience? Certain foods play a significant role in the history and culture of Maryland, leading to a strong culinary tradition. These foods include: 1. Blue Crabs: Blue crabs are considered an iconic food of Maryland and are heavily featured in the state's cuisine. They are typically steamed or boiled and eaten with Old Bay seasoning, a blend of spices that originated in Maryland. 2. Smith Island Cake: This multilayer cake is considered the official dessert of Maryland and has been since 2008. It is made up of thin layers of yellow cake with chocolate fudge icing between each layer. 3. Oysters: Maryland's Eastern Shore is known for its oyster harvesting, making them another important food in the state's culinary scene. They are often served steamed or raw with a variety of sauces. 4. Fried Chicken: Fried chicken has been a staple in Maryland cuisine for centuries, tracing back to colonial times when it was served at large gatherings and celebrations. 5. Utz Chips: Utz chips are a popular snack food brand that originated in Hanover, Maryland in 1921. They have since become a staple in many households throughout the state. Overall, these foods have cultural significance to the people of Maryland and have become integral parts of their culinary experience. They represent the rich history and traditions of the state, while also showcasing its diverse range of flavors and ingredients. 16. Are there any Michelin-starred restaurants or chefs who have made their mark on the food scene of Maryland? Yes, there are a few Michelin-starred restaurants and chefs who have made their mark on the food scene of Maryland. Some notable examples include: 1. The Inn at Little Washington – This restaurant located in Washington, Virginia has held three Michelin stars since 2018 and is known for its modern American cuisine and beautifully crafted dishes. 2. José Andrés – The renowned Spanish-American chef has several restaurants in Maryland, including two with Michelin stars: Minibar by José Andrés and Jaleo. 3. Fish by José Andrés – Located in Baltimore, this restaurant earned one Michelin star in 2020 for its fresh seafood dishes and creative menu. 4. Volt – Led by chef-owner Bryan Voltaggio, this Frederick-based restaurant earned one Michelin star in 2019 for its New American cuisine and vibrant atmosphere. 5. Peter Chang – Chef Peter Chang is known for his authentic Sichuan cuisine and currently has several restaurants in Maryland with multiple locations earning Bib Gourmand recognition from the Michelin Guide. 6. Gravitas – This upscale bistro in Washington, D.C., just across the border from Maryland, was awarded a Michelin star in 2019 for its refined yet approachable American fare. 7. Maydan – Another D.C.-based restaurant with a Michelin star, Maydan offers Middle Eastern-inspired dishes cooked over an open hearth that have garnered critical acclaim. Overall, many talented chefs and restaurants have helped shape the diverse and dynamic food scene of Maryland. 17. How have modern influences shaped Maryland's traditional cuisine over time? Modern influences have greatly impacted Maryland's traditional cuisine over time. Some of the most significant ways in which this has occurred include: 1. Greater availability of ingredients: With advancements in transportation and distribution, Maryland now has access to a wider range of ingredients from all over the world. This has allowed for the incorporation of new flavors and techniques into traditional recipes. 2. Fusion cuisine: The blending of different culinary traditions has become increasingly popular in Maryland, resulting in the creation of new dishes and flavor profiles. For example, Asian influences can be seen in dishes like Korean BBQ tacos and sushi burritos. 3. Changing demographics: The state's growing diversity has also brought about changes in its food culture. As people from different cultures settle in Maryland, they bring with them their own food traditions which have influenced local cuisine. 4. Health and dietary trends: With more awareness around health and nutrition, there has been a shift towards healthier eating options. Traditional dishes have been modified to incorporate fresher ingredients and healthier cooking methods. 5. Restaurant scene: The rise of the foodie culture has led to an explosion of new restaurants across the state, offering a wide variety of cuisine options from different regions and cultures. This has introduced new flavors and techniques into traditional Maryland dishes. Overall, modern influences have expanded the diversity and creativity of Maryland's traditional cuisine while still preserving its roots and heritage. 18.What fusion or international cuisines can be found alongside authentic dishes in restaurants all over Maryland? In Maryland, fusion or international cuisines that can be found alongside authentic dishes in restaurants include: 1. Korean fusion – dishes such as bibimbap (mixed rice with vegetables and meat) and kimchi pancakes can be found in many restaurants. 2. Mediterranean cuisine – flavors from countries like Greece, Lebanon, and Turkey can be found in dishes like falafel, shawarma, and hummus. 3. Indian fusion – popular Indian dishes like chicken tikka masala or biryani may be served alongside other global flavors. 4. Latin American cuisine – Mexican, Peruvian, and Brazilian influences can be found in tacos, ceviche, and churrasco dishes. 5. Japanese fusion – sushi rolls with unique toppings or ramen bowls with a Maryland twist (such as crab meat) may be available in some restaurants. 6. French fusion – classic French techniques may be combined with local ingredients to create unique dishes like Chesapeake Bay bouillabaisse. 7. Thai fusion – elements of Thai cuisine such as curries and stir-fried dishes may feature locally sourced seafood or produce. 8. Caribbean cuisine – flavors from Jamaica, Cuba, and Puerto Rico can be found in jerk chicken, empanadas, and plantains on menus across the state. 9. Middle Eastern fusion – influences from countries like Israel and Iran may be incorporated into dishes like stuffed grape leaves or kebabs. 10. Italian fusion – traditional Italian recipes may feature local ingredients such as Maryland blue crab or Chesapeake Bay oysters for a unique twist on classic dishes. 19. Can you find locally made wine, beer, or spirits that pair well with regional cuisine options throughout Maryland? Yes, there are many locally made alcoholic beverages in Maryland that pair well with regional cuisine options. Some examples include:1. Crab cakes with local beer: Maryland is known for its delicious crab cakes, and they pair perfectly with a cold local beer. Some popular local breweries to try include Flying Dog Brewery in Frederick, Heavy Seas Beer in Baltimore, and Evolution Craft Brewing Company in Salisbury. 2. Oysters with Maryland-made wine: With its proximity to the Chesapeake Bay, Maryland has a thriving oyster industry. These briny bivalves pair well with a crisp bottle of local white wine. Check out Boordy Vineyards in Hydes or Linganore Winecellars in Mount Airy for some great options. 3. Old Bay-seasoned dishes with local spirits: Old Bay seasoning is a staple ingredient in many Maryland dishes, and it also pairs well with local spirits such as rum or whiskey. Try Patapsco Distilling Company's Crusta Rum from Sykesville or Baltimore Spirits Company's Epoch Rye Whiskey. 4. Smith Island Cake with local liqueur: Smith Island Cake is a famous dessert in Maryland, consisting of layered yellow cake filled with chocolate frosting. Pair this sweet treat with a shot of Baltimore-made Sloop Betty Honey Vodka from Blackwater Distilling. 5. Fried chicken and biscuits with locally brewed cider: For a classic Southern-inspired meal, try fried chicken and biscuits paired with a locally brewed cider like Millstone Cellars' Farmgate Cider from Monkton. Overall, there are numerous options for pairing locally made alcoholic beverages with regional cuisine throughout Maryland. With the state's diverse culinary offerings and booming craft beverage scene, you're sure to find the perfect match for your taste buds! 20. What makes a trip focused on culinary tourism to Maryland memorable and unique for travelers compared to other destinations? 1. Diverse and Authentic Cuisine – Maryland's cuisine offers a blend of traditional American dishes, southern comfort food, and seafood specialties. This diversity reflects the state's rich history and cultural influences from Native American, African American, and European traditions. 2. Chesapeake Bay Blue Crabs – Maryland is famous for its world-renowned blue crabs, which are caught in the Chesapeake Bay. A trip to Maryland allows travelers to taste these delicious crustaceans in various forms such as steamed, fried, or in crab cakes. 3. Local Farmers Markets – Maryland has a strong agricultural industry, and many local farmers' markets offer fresh produce, dairy products, meats, and other locally made goods. Visitors can experience farm-to-table dining by visiting these markets or participating in cooking classes using these fresh ingredients. 4. Old Bay Seasoning – This iconic seasoning is a staple ingredient in many dishes in Maryland and is known for its unique blend of spices. Travelers can find it used in everything from crab cakes to fries to cocktails. 5. Historic Food Tours – With over 400 years of history, Maryland has many historic landmarks that offer food tours with a focus on traditional dishes and their origins. These tours allow travelers to learn about the state's history while sampling some of its most beloved foods. 6. Craft Beer and Wine – Maryland has a thriving craft beer scene with over 100 breweries across the state offering unique flavors and styles. Additionally, there are numerous wineries that produce award-winning wines using locally grown grapes. 7. Seafood Festivals – Throughout the year, Maryland hosts various seafood festivals that celebrate the abundance of sea life found in the Chesapeake Bay. These festivals offer visitors a chance to try different seafood dishes from all over the state while enjoying live music and entertainment. 8. Crabcake Cook-Offs – Another popular event in Maryland is crabcake cook-offs where chefs compete for the best crabcake recipe. Travelers can sample and vote for their favorites, adding a fun and interactive element to their culinary trip. 9. Unique Culinary Experiences – Maryland offers many unique culinary experiences such as oyster shucking classes, crab picking demonstrations, and cooking workshops with renowned chefs. These experiences allow travelers to learn new skills while immersing themselves in the state's cuisine. 10. Vibrant Food Scene – From upscale restaurants offering fine dining experiences to food trucks serving up creative and delicious dishes, Maryland's food scene has something for every traveler. With its mix of traditional and modern influences, the state offers a diverse range of dining options that cater to all tastes and budgets.
Sammurtok, Nadia. To My Panik: To My Daughter. Iqaluit, Nunavut: Inhabit Media, 2022. A mother lovingly tells her daughter how much she loves her. Her eyes that look like warm flames in a stone lamp. Her ears that listen like a mother bear caring for her cubs. Her lips, her voice, her personality, and her sense of humour. All are described with comparisons to features in their Arctic environment. This inspiring picture book – illustrated by Turkish artist Pelin Turgut – is highly recommended for children three to seven years old and for parents of all ages. The Moccasins Einarson, Earl. The Moccasins. Penticton, B.C.: Theytus Books, 2004. An extraordinarily loving story – based on the author's own experiences – about a little boy whose foster mother gives him a pair of beaded moccasins to wear indoors. Many years later, when he is grown up and has a child of his own, his foster mother brings him a gift: his childhood moccasins that she'd carefully saved for him. Quietly and gently illustrated by Julie Flett, this picture book will be enjoyed by young children and treasured by adults. P.S. After reading it, think about what it is you treasure and want to safely store for the future. P.P.S. After reading it, think about what makes you feel "warm and loved." A Secret Shared MacLachlan, Patricia. A Secret Shared. New York: Katherine Tegen Books, an imprint of HarperCollinsPublishers, 2021. Thanks to the wonders of DNA testing, Norah and Ben stumble upon a secret. Their younger sister, Birdy, is adopted. Should they tell their parents what they've discovered? Should they tell Birdy? This 145-page present-tense novel, printed in a relatively large font with widely spaced lines and short paragraphs, is a wonderful story for readers 8 to 12 years old. As with all Patricia MacLachlan stories, the language flows gracefully and the ideas linger in the mind long after the book is closed. Highly recommended, of course. Dog Stories My Dog Beerus by Bhavneek Beerus was a great and affectionate dog. He was born on April 16, 2014 and was my brother's dog but he shared him with me. I loved Beerus. Beerus – a black and brown German shepherd cross – could do many tricks. Whenever I said, "paw," he would put his paw in my hand and I'd give him a treat. A dog bone. Whenever I came from school, he jumped high to lick me. Whenever we tried to cut his nails, he always pretended to be dying. Beerus did not like having a bath. Whenever we wanted to wash him, he would hide under a bed. He wanted to stay dirty. I felt sorry that he was so afraid of water. Beerus did not like sharing territory. Whenever we went for a walk together, he would pee on every bush we passed. I always wondered why he had to pee all the time. Beerus was the best dog in the world. But sadly, we had to put him down. His liver was failing due to old age. He died on October 19, 2020. I still miss him. "I loved my friend He went away from me. There's nothing more to say. The poem ends, Soft as it began- I loved my friend." – Langston Hughes My Heart Luyken, Corinna. My Heart. New York : Dial Books for Young Readers, 2019. Some days are dark and heavy. Some days are full of fear. But a broken heart can mend, and a closed heart can open again. Softly coloured illustrations – in black, white, and yellow – help tell a simple story of quiet hope and respect. A poignant picture book, useful for teaching figures of speech and recommended for readers of all ages who could use a reminder to . Buy from Hemingway's Before You Doughty, Rebecca. Before You. Boston: Houghton Mifflin Harcourt, 2016. A cheerful tribute to love and friendship, this picture book will enchant readers 4 years old and up. Giff, Patricia Reilly. Genevieve's War. New York: Holiday House, 2017. August of 1939. Summer is over. Time to leave France and go home to America. But thirteen-year-old Genevieve decides – at the last moment – to stay with her grandmother in the small Alsatian village rather than return to New York. Mere months later, Nazi soldiers arrive and life changes. This story is among the best of Giff's many novels. Who are your friends? Whom can you trust? For whom will you risk your life? All these questions are quietly and skillfully addressed in a compelling novel for readers 11 years old and up. More stories of World War 2 HERE. More stories set in France HERE. More stories of love HERE. More stories of courage HERE.
We often think about this oft-used term and wonder what is Alzheimer's disease? Alzheimer's is a progressive degeneration of one's brain that causes it to shrink in size and the brain cell's death. One of the main causes of dementia, it impacts brain functions and interferes with a person's ability to think, organise, communicate, and perform daily activities in the worst case. While the exact cause of Alzheimer's disease is still unknown, it is mostly caused due to an excessive buildup of proteins such as Amyloid and Tau, around the brain cells. These proteins lead to toxicity, plaque buildup, and tangles within the brain cells. Besides this, other Alzheimer's diseases causes may include: Alzheimer's disease progresses in three stages, known as mild, moderate, and severe, and affects everyone differently. The life expectancy averages between 4 to 8 years after the diagnosis, but some people have lived for as long as 20 years. Alzheimer's disease causes brain changes that primarily impact one's memory, reasoning, judgement capability, thinking, planning, and performing tasks. These symptoms bring about a systematic change in personality and behaviour. However, every affected person experiences different Alzheimer's disease symptoms. This depends on the condition's stage, age, and general health. Here are the stage-wise signs of Alzheimer's: Mild or early-stage Alzheimer's: At this stage of Alzheimer's, the person still functions independently and their symptoms are not very apparent. But family members and close friends may still find something to be out of place in the person's behaviour. Middle-stage or moderate Alzheimer's: This is the longest stage in which the damage to the brain cells increases. This leads to the person's symptoms becoming more palpable. Late-stage or severe Alzheimer's: This is the stage at which a person ceases to function independently and loses control of one's external environment. When a patient reaches this stage, extensive care becomes a must. Once a person is diagnosed with Alzheimer's disease through a physical and neurological examination including brain imaging tests like CT scan and MRI, PET imaging, the process of Alzheimer's disease treatment begins. Currently, there is no cure for Alzheimer's. However, there are certain medications available that reduce the impact of the symptoms temporarily. These include: The treatment can take place either at a nursing home, assisted living facility, hospital, or in the patient's home through home health care. Given the complexity of the condition, home health care is one of the best ways to approach it. This helps in getting together a trained team of experts to monitor the patient in a familiar and comfortable environment. When a patient is surrounded by familiar faces, he/she becomes easier to communicate with and responds faster to treatment. Caring for an Alzheimer's patient at home requires a specialised team who understands this complicated condition. This includes: Managing a complex condition such as Alzheimer's can be pretty stressful not just for the patient but for the immediate family too. Shifting the patient to a nursing home or hospital may not always be an option, especially when finances and personal preferences are taken into account. That's where Portea, the country's largest and the most credible home healthcare company comes in. We are adept at offering long-term care for the elderly and meeting their safety, nutritional, and medical needs through nursing attendants and other specialists. We help by: Doctor Consultation Trained Attendant Elder Care Mother & Baby Care Lab Tests Medical Equipment Speciality Pharma Critical Care
Discussion Topic: Valvoline vs Mobil 1 Oil – Which One is Better For Your Car Making the right choice of motor oil for your car can feel overwhelming. However, understanding the distinctions between Valvoline and Mobil 1 Oil can simplify the decision-making process. "So my car requires SAE 0W-20 motor oil. I initially paid $40 for 4 quarts of Honda brand, but I noticed that online prices for Valvoline and Mobil 1 brands are $20 for 5 quarts. Now, the question is: does a lower price necessarily indicate a lower quality in this case? Both oils are API certified with the SP rating, indicating excellent quality. What are your thoughts? Does cheaper Valvoline or Mobil 1 oil mean it's of inferior quality" These leading oil brands offer top-quality products that effectively enhance your vehicle's performance. To compare Valvoline vs. Mobil 1 Oil, consider vital factors like viscosity, performance, and affordability. Search terms: valvoline vs mobil 1 0w20, valvoline vs mobil 1 synthetic oil, valvoline vs mobil 1 5w30, valvoline vs mobil 1 vs castrol, valvoline vs pennzoil vs mobil 1, valvoline vs mobil 1 motorcycle oil, valvoline vs mobil 1 reddit, valvoline vs mobil 1 forum, Valvoline vs mobil 1 oil viscosity, Valvoline vs mobil 1 oil reddit Valvoline Vs Mobil 1: The Key Differences And Which Oil Is Better? While Valvoline SynPower and Mobil 1 extended performance will always be subjects of ongoing debate, it's important to consider factors beyond performance in making a decision. 1/Country of Origin Valvoline and Mobil 1 are two major motor oil brands, each with its own unique characteristics. Valvoline, an American brand established in 1866 and based in Lexington, Kentucky, offers a rich history of reliable performance. On the other hand, Mobil 1, introduced in 1974, is a synthetic motor oil brand owned by ExxonMobil, a prominent multinational oil and gas corporation headquartered in Irving, Texas, USA. The concern of price is often a deciding factor for purchasers of engine oil, as it marks one of the most noticeable distinctions between these two products. When comparing various lubricant samples, however, it can be challenging to observe a differentiation. However, upon closer examination within the same segment, it becomes apparent that Valvoline models are consistently more budget-friendly than Mobil 1. Consequently, when considering the cost of a bottle of engine oil, Valvoline lubricating oil models emerge as a highly economical choice. Nonetheless, it is important to note that exceptions to this comparison may exist. 3/Environmental Impact Environmental considerations hold significant importance in modern manufacturing processes, with both manufacturers and consumers prioritizing the environmental impacts of products more than ever. Comparing Valvoline SynPower and Mobil 1 synthetic oils, several studies indicate that Valvoline's manufacturing processes impose greater negative impacts on the environment than Mobil 1's. Although this factor has little impact on the performance of either lubricant, disregarding environmental concerns proves hazardous in today's world. If you are genuinely concerned about minimizing your environmental footprint, Mobil 1 is undoubtedly the right choice for your engine oil. Valvoline and Mobil 1, two respected oil and gas industry players, manufacture high-quality motor oils. Valvoline, owned by Ashland Inc., a global specialty chemicals company, specializes in producing products for various industries like pharmaceutical, construction, and food. Mobil 1 is produced by ExxonMobil, a multinational corporation known as one of the world's largest oil and gas companies. With both brands benefiting from the resources and expertise of their parent companies, car owners and mechanics worldwide trust their top-notch motor oils. 5/Type of Oil Valvoline and Mobil 1 specialize in producing various types of synthetic motor oils. These oils, superior in engine protection and performance, outclass conventional motor oils. Valvoline provides a range of top-quality synthetic oils, including Full Synthetic, Advanced Full Synthetic, and High Mileage Full Synthetic. Meanwhile, Mobil 1 offers its flagship Advanced Full Synthetic oil, along with specialized options like Mobil 1 Extended Performance and Mobil 1 Racing oils. Valvoline and Mobil 1 employ top-tier base oils and advanced additives in their synthetic oils. By doing so, they provide exceptional engine performance and protection. These oils aid in reducing wear, extending oil life, and enhancing fuel efficiency. 6/Oil Model Valvoline and Mobil 1 provide a wide range of oil models tailored to different engines and driving conditions. Valvoline offers Full Synthetic, Advanced Full Synthetic, and High Mileage Full Synthetic oils, delivering unrivaled engine protection and performance for modern engines, high-performance vehicles, and high-mileage engines. Mobil 1 offers Advanced Full Synthetic oil designed to excel in performance and protection across all engine types. Additionally, they provide specialized oils for high-performance vehicles, extended oil change intervals, and racing applications. Both Valvoline and Mobil 1 provide a wide range of synthetic oil viscosities to cater to diverse customer needs. Valvoline offers Full Synthetic, Advanced Full Synthetic, and High Mileage Full Synthetic oils in viscosities from 0W-20 to 10W-30. In comparison, Mobil 1's Advanced Full Synthetic oil covers viscosities from 0W-20 to 15W-50, depending on the specific product. Additionally, these companies offer specialized oils, such as Valvoline's VR1 Racing oil and Mobil 1's Racing oil, designed for high-performance vehicles. These oils possess higher viscosities to deliver superior protection in extreme conditions. Ultimately, selecting the appropriate viscosity for your engine depends on your vehicle's requirements and the driving conditions you encounter. Valvoline vs Mobile 1: Oil Leader Comparison Valvoline and Mobil 1, two prominent lubricant brands, have made significant contributions to various sponsorship endeavors. Valvoline, known for its motor oil, has sponsored noteworthy auto races such as the SCCA National Championship Runoffs and the Bommarito Automotive Group 500. In addition, Valvoline holds the naming rights to the renowned Sydney Speedway in Australia and proudly sponsors the Australian Sprintcar Grand Prix. Notably, Valvoline served as the official lubricant supplier for the Marussia F1 Team in 2014 and continued its sponsorship with the Manor Marussia F1 Team in 2015. More recently, Valvoline became a global partner and sponsor for Sevilla FC, a prominent La Liga football club, showcasing its brand logo on matchday sleeves. Similarly, Mobil 1 has a commendable sponsorship history dating back to 1978. Mobil 1 initially sponsored the F1 team Williams for an impressive 10-year period. Subsequently, they extended their involvement in F1 by sponsoring teams like Benetton, Team Lotus, McLaren, Toyota, Brawn GP, Force India, Red Bull Racing, and Scuderia Toro Rosso over the last three decades. Mobil 1's influence also stretched into the realm of football, as they sponsored the French Ligue 1 football club, Sochaux. Additionally, Mobil 1 showcased its commitment to motorsports by sponsoring the German Grand Prix from 1987 to 2006 and the French Grand Prix from 1998 to 2004. Since 2003, Mobil 1 proudly holds the title of official sponsor for NASCAR. Valvoline vs Mobil 1 Similarities Before diving into the differences between Mobil 1 and Valvoline, it is important to highlight some interesting similarities between the two. These include: - Both are fully synthetic oils. - They are compatible with various types of engines. - They are widely used in different applications. Valvoline Full Synthetic vs Mobil 1 Fully Synthetic Engine oil is a complex blend of various substances, consisting primarily of mineral base oil, semi-synthetic oil, or fully synthetic oil, along with several beneficial additives. The choice and quality of the base oil greatly influence the performance of lubricating oil. Both Valvoline and Mobil 1 share the commonality of being fully synthetic oils, showcasing their exceptional performance in today's market. Furthermore, synthetic oils offer the added advantage of acting as a cleaner, eliminating concerns about cleaning internal engine components, especially those that are difficult to clean, such as pistons. Discover the power of these high-performing oils and unleash the full potential of your engine. Valvoline Synthetic Oil vs Mobil 1 Compatibility Both Valvoline full synthetic and Mobil 1 oils offer affordable options for a wide range of vehicles, irrespective of the engine type. It is important to note that not all oil models are suitable for every engine. Some Valvoline synthetic oils are specifically designed for gasoline engines, while others cater to diesel engines. This allows for easier selection and compatibility with machines of various configurations. Choose the right oil for optimal performance. Both Mobil 1 and Valvoline offer more than just lubrication. They have unique capabilities that optimize engine performance, reduce friction in operating parts, and act as cleaning agents. These oils also help prevent and treat unpleasant plaques on the inner components. Valvoline vs Mobil 1: Which is Better? Both Valvoline and Mobil 1 oils meet industry standards for their represented oil grades. Selecting the correct oil specification for your engine will result in no issues. To compare whether Mobil 1 is better than Valvoline, or vice versa, let's delve into the key features of these lubricants. -Valvoline Key Features Valvoline lubrication products are a top choice for those seeking affordability without compromising quality. Contrary to popular belief, Valvoline is not manufactured on a budget. In fact, it is a high-grade synthetic lubricant made exclusively from premium synthetic oils. One notable advantage of Valvoline oil is its affordability, which is rarely matched by other fully synthetic oil options. This synthetic oil excels at providing excellent engine protection. Additionally, Valvoline includes a diverse range of additives to meet various needs, showcasing its versatility. Valvoline oils are not only packed with high-quality anti-wear additives but also possess high-performance antioxidants and the perfect level of detergent. This unique combination allows them to provide complete protection performance, going beyond just anti-friction. -Mobil 1 Key Features Combining modern production lines with centuries of manufacturing and production experience, Mobil 1 lubrication products showcase sheer power. Their advanced technology features uphold the values that have established their renowned product line over time. Each Mobil 1 product, across all segments, boasts long-lasting stability, often reaching up to 20000 miles of road. This significantly surpasses other lubricants on the market. With a wide operating temperature range, Mobil 1 lubricants also provide exceptional anti-friction protection for the engine's internal components. This makes them highly suitable for a variety of powerful engine lines. Discover the performance and reliability of Mobil 1 today. About Valvoline Oil Valvoline, a leading motor oil brand, has protected engines for over a century. Established in 1866 by Dr. John Ellis, the company has continued its legacy through advancements in engine lubrication technology. Valvoline's specialized formula is designed for superior engine protection, reducing friction and guarding against wear and tear. The advanced additives in the formula extend engine life while also reducing emissions. Valvoline's unique synthetic base oil blend maximizes performance in extreme temperatures. Throughout history, Valvoline has created groundbreaking products that have revolutionized the automotive industry, such as its single-grade oil, all-climate oil, synthetic blends, high-performance oil, and its famous high-mileage oil. By continuing its commitment to innovation, Valvoline remains one of the world's most reliable and respected oil manufacturers. About Mobil 1 Oil Mobil 1 is the brand behind the fully synthetic motor oil optimal for engines operating in extreme conditions. This oil is formulated with advanced additives that significantly reduce engine wear, improve fuel economy, and reduce emissions. With a range of viscosity covers, Mobil 1 suits all types of vehicles, including cars, trucks, and motorcycles. Despite being a relatively newer oil brand than some, such as Valvoline, Mobil 1 has made history in the industry through its game-changing innovations. In the late '60s, the company started producing synthetic oils that gave optimal lubrication under extreme Alaska weather conditions. Its first full-synthetic oil was introduced in 1974, providing unmatched engine protection and lubrication compared to any other lubricant. Mobil 1's impact has also been felt in motorsports, having sponsored and worked with several Grand Prix and F1 teams. In the 21st century, the company continued to make strides by developing a series of lubricants suitable for standard production sports cars. Valvoline vs Mobil 1 Oil: Which Oil Is Better? Valvoline vs. Mobil 1 offers unique advantages and disadvantages when choosing the best car oil. Although Valvoline provides a diverse range of products at a slightly lower price, Mobil 1 is known for its unrivaled performance and advanced additives. Motor oils have always sparked interesting debates among enthusiasts. People often have strong preferences for a particular brand, making it challenging to make direct comparisons. With various tests available, such as bearing crash tests, heat tests, and viscosity tests, the options can seem limitless. One plausible explanation for the existence of these indirect tests is the difficulty in noticing short-term differences. So, to answer your question, in my opinion, the distinctions between Mobil 1, Valvoline, and Honda oil are negligible. However, two essential factors to consider are ensuring the correct viscosity and using a "fully synthetic" oil if your car requires it. I'm Timothy Ballard, owner of a used car dealership in Springfield. I love just about everything automotive, but I have a special place in my heart for trucks. I'm an ASE Certified Master Technician, so I know my way around a car. In my spare time, I enjoy traveling with my family and hiking new trails.
Having your own private transportation in Australia offers flexibility and convenience. Here are the key aspects to consider when it comes to private transportation options: - Car Ownership: Owning a car in Australia provides the freedom to travel at your own pace and access areas with limited public transportation. To own a car, you'll need to consider the following: - Buying a Car: Research different car models, pricing, and dealerships. Consider factors such as fuel efficiency, safety features, and maintenance costs. - Registration and Insurance: Register your vehicle with the relevant state or territory transport authority and obtain compulsory third-party insurance (CTP). Additionally, consider comprehensive insurance coverage for protection against accidents, theft, and damage. - Driver's License: Ensure you have a valid driver's license recognized in Australia. International driver's licenses are generally accepted for temporary residents, but if you plan to stay long-term, you may need to obtain an Australian driver's license. - Bike-Friendly Cities: Australia promotes cycling as an eco-friendly and healthy means of transportation. Many cities have dedicated bike lanes, paths, and rental services. If you choose to cycle, ensure you have a suitable bike, helmet, and familiarity with local cycling rules and safety precautions. - Scooters and Motorbikes: Scooters and motorbikes offer an alternative option for getting around cities and exploring scenic areas. Ensure you have the appropriate license, safety gear, and follow the rules specific to two-wheeled vehicles. - Parking: Familiarize yourself with parking regulations in your city or area. Some areas may have time restrictions, permit zones, or paid parking. Look for designated parking areas, including street parking, parking garages, or secure parking facilities. - Maintenance and Fuel Costs: Owning a vehicle involves ongoing maintenance and fuel expenses. Regular servicing, oil changes, tire rotations, and other maintenance tasks are essential to keep your vehicle running smoothly. Consider fuel efficiency when choosing a car to minimize fuel costs. - Carpooling and Ride-Sharing: Australia has various ride-sharing services, such as Uber and Lyft, which provide convenient transportation options. Additionally, carpooling initiatives and apps allow you to share rides with others, reducing costs and environmental impact. - Road Rules and Safety: It's crucial to understand and adhere to Australian road rules to ensure your safety and the safety of others. Follow speed limits, wear seatbelts, and refrain from using mobile devices while driving. Familiarize yourself with local road signs and regulations, including rules for parking and overtaking. Having your own private transportation can enhance your mobility and exploration of Australia. Consider your needs, budget, and environmental impact when choosing between car ownership, cycling, or using two-wheeled vehicles. Enjoy the convenience and freedom that private transportation provides while being mindful of road safety and maintenance requirements.
School Menu Analysis NAEYC Standard 2a: Knowing about and understanding diverse family and community characteristics This is an individual assignment, not a group assignment. The Student will: - examine specific methods that are used for planning nutritious meals and snacks for children through elementary school - analyze menu plans in childhood settings for nutrients and inclusion of cultural foods Utilizing your textbook, school districts' websites and websites below, complete the following assignment by the due date. - Download a menu from a school district. - Choose one week from your menu that has 5 days of food - Use these resources, along with your textbook, to help you determine what is nutritionally balanced for elementary-aged children. Kid's Healthy Eating PlateLinks to an external site. https://www.mayoclinic.org/healthy-lifestyle/childrens-health/in-depth/nutrition-for-kids/art-20049335Links to an external site. - Write, in the Excel file, Menu planning with adjustment column.xlsx what a child would need to eat for a snack and dinner each night if he or she ate breakfast and lunch at school every day that week to have a nutritionally balanced meal each day. - List breakfast, lunch, a snack and dinner. - Be sure the entrée, side, beverage and dessert are listed for each meal (a snack and beverage only for "snack") - If the menu gives choices for breakfast or lunch, you decide what that choice is. - Include what 30 minutes of activity or exercise would be included in this child's routine each day to round out his or her day. (A different activity each day). This is an individual assignment, not a group assignment. The designations below are to show you for which dietary need or preference you need to change your menu.
In the automotive world, one often hears the terms 'power', 'performance', and 'efficiency'. But what do these terms really mean? To the layman, they are often shrouded in mystery, technical jargon, and a hefty dose of skepticism. In the case of 'power', it refers to the ability of a car to accelerate and maintain speed, whereas, 'performance' encapsulates several factors like brake performance, handling, and acceleration. 'Efficiency', on the other hand, boils down to how well the car uses fuel and air to make power. In this article, we will focus on improving the exhaust flow of a Volvo XC70 T6, specifically by using a larger downpipe. In the world of car modifications, the exhaust system is often one of the first components to be upgraded for improved performance. However, it's not as simple as just swapping out components, there's a science to it. The size, material, and design of the downpipe, among other factors, can have significant effects on the exhaust flow and overall engine performance. Avez-vous vu cela : What's the Ideal Setup for a Weight Distribution Hitch on a Toyota Tacoma Towing a Travel Trailer? The exhaust system of a car, like the Volvo XC70 T6, plays a crucial role in its overall performance. It begins at the engine's exhaust ports and ends at the tailpipe. This system is responsible for carrying burnt gases and other combustion byproducts from the engine to the rear of the car. It consists of several components including the manifold, oxygen sensors, catalytic converter, muffler, and the subject of our focus: the downpipe. The downpipe is the first section of the exhaust system that is directly connected to the turbo. It's where the exhaust gases from the engine first enter the exhaust system. A downpipe that is designed well will facilitate a smooth and quick exit for these gases, thereby reducing backpressure and increasing the overall efficiency and power of the engine. En parallèle : How to Install a Front Strut Tower Brace in a Subaru WRX for Improved Chassis Stiffness? Now, why does the size of the downpipe matter? Simply put, a larger downpipe allows for a greater volume of exhaust gases to be expedited from the engine, reducing the amount of backpressure. This is particularly important in turbocharged engines, like the one found in the Volvo XC70 T6. The reduced backpressure allows the turbo to spool up quicker, which means the power comes on faster. As for the overall engine performance, a larger downpipe can also lead to a small increase in horsepower. This is a big plus for many performance car likes, as it provides a noticeable improvement in acceleration and power output. The stock downpipe on most cars, including the Volvo, is typically designed with cost and emission standards in mind, usually leading to a more restrictive design. The stock downpipes are typically smaller in diameter and have catalytic converters with a higher cell count, which can restrict exhaust flow. On the other hand, aftermarket downpipes, like a performance-oriented 3-inch downpipe, have a larger diameter, providing a less restrictive path for the exhaust gases. This allows the turbo to spool up quicker and can increase the power output of the engine. This sort of upgrade is particularly popular among BMW and other performance car owners. Installing a larger downpipe on a Volvo XC70 T6 will require a certain level of mechanical expertise, but it can be accomplished with the right tools and patience. Typically, such an installation involves removing the old downpipe, fitting the new one, and securing it in place. It's critical to ensure that the new downpipe is secured properly to prevent any exhaust leaks. After the new downpipe is installed, you may notice an immediate difference in the sound of your exhaust. It might be louder and have a deeper tone. However, the real improvements will become evident once you start driving. Your turbo will spool up quicker, your throttle response will be improved, and you will notice a slight increase in power. In conclusion, if you're considering improving the performance of your Volvo XC70 T6, a larger downpipe could be a worthwhile upgrade. Not only can it improve the exhaust flow, but it can also lead to an increase in power and improved turbo response. However, always remember to check local laws and regulations about exhaust modifications before making any changes to your vehicle. In the world of performance enhancements, a wide array of options exist, ranging from brake kits and air suspension systems to exhaust upgrades. It's crucial to select the right components to achieve the desired results. Among these, a downpipe has proven to be a significant exterior upgrade that can boost the performance of your Volvo XC70 T6. When it comes to downpipes, size does matter. As previously explained, a bigger downpipe can assist in decreasing backpressure, enabling the turbo to spool up quicker. This can result in increased power and improved efficiency. However, when going larger, one must also consider the construction of the downpipe. For instance, a downpipe that includes catalytic converter can aid in reducing emissions, a feature that may be necessary to meet local regulations. Various brands offer different types of downpipes. For Volvo XC70 T6, a 3-inch cat downpipe can be a suitable choice. This particular downpipe can handle higher exhaust flow, which is a result of a turbocharged engine under full load. But remember, a larger downpipe might require additional modifications, like a custom exhaust system or a software upgrade, to reap full benefits. Therefore, it's essential to do research, read posts and received likes from other members of the Volvo community, or consult with a professional before making a choice. While a big brake kit or air suspension might get likes or posts likes from fellow enthusiasts, it's important to remember that not all modifications are legal everywhere. Different regions have different regulations regarding exhaust modifications. For example, some areas might have strict guidelines about the noise levels of modified exhausts. Others may require cars to pass an emissions test, which could be affected by a downpipe upgrade. Before you add that larger downpipe to your cart, it's important to check the local laws regarding exhaust modifications. You might need to have the new system inspected or certified by a local authority. Violations can result in fines, or worse, your car could be deemed unfit for the road. In conclusion, while a larger downpipe can improve the exhaust flow in a Volvo XC70 T6, it's not a decision to be taken lightly. The benefits, such as improved turbo response and increased power, can make a noticeable difference in the car's performance. However, the installation process requires a certain level of mechanical knowledge and the right tools. The need to potentially modify other parts of your car's exhaust system and the potential legal implications further complicate the decision. In the end, whether or not to upgrade parts like the downpipe in your Volvo XC70 T6 boils down to your personal needs, skills, and willingness to comply with local regulations. Always remember, the goal of car modifications should be to enhance the driving experience while staying within the bounds of the law.
How to respond to dementia delusions? When faced with dementia delusions, it's crucial to stay calm and avoid arguing or trying to convince the individual that their beliefs are untrue. Instead, validate their feelings, provide reassurance, and redirect their attention to a different topic or activity to help alleviate distress. Where do you put dementia patients with aggressive behavior? Dementia patients exhibiting aggressive behavior may require specialized care facilities equipped to handle their needs. These can include memory care units within nursing homes or specialized dementia care facilities that have staff trained in managing challenging behaviors while still providing a safe and supportive environment. What stage of dementia are delusions? Delusions can occur at various stages of dementia, but they are often more prevalent in the middle and later stages. As the disease progresses, cognitive decline can exacerbate confusion and lead to the development of delusional beliefs, which may include paranoia, hallucinations, or false beliefs about oneself or others. Related topics:
Chaim Trachtman After October 7th, many synagogues around the world responded to the war in Israel by expanding the regular services to add elements that enable the community to express their solidarity with the people of Israel, their hope for the safe return of the hostages, and a peaceful resolution of the conflict. These include the recitation of Avinu Malkeinu, select chapters of Tehillim, and prayers written by the Israeli Rabbinate expressing our wish for the continued wellbeing of the Israeli government leaders, combat soldiers, and those held captive by Hamas. Not every synagogue has begun reciting each of these additions, but many have adopted at least one or more of them. Shortly after October 7th, for example, Rabbi Hershel Schachter ruled that Avinu Malkeinu, typically reserved for fast days and the Ten Days of Repentance between Rosh Hashanah and Yom Kippur, should be recited on a daily basis, even on Shabbat, and many shuls have adopted this practice. There are three things to consider regarding adding extra tefillot in this time of war in Israel. 1. In addition to the daily obligation to pray incumbent on men and women alike, the Rabbis recognized the need for impromptu prayers during times of national peril. In Massekhet Ta'anit, drought and impending agricultural disaster are the paradigmatic threat, and the Mishnah outlines a steady escalation of social withdrawal, public prayer, and communal fasting on behalf of the desperately needed rainfall. But the Rabbis halt communal fasting beyond the imposing of thirteen fasts (Mishnah Ta'anit 1:7). The community remains subdued—business activity, weddings, and even inter-personal greetings are limited—but the religious focus as drought continues is more introspective and private than during the period of communal fasting. 2. The Rabbis warned the people to be on guard lest their prayer become routine and stale. Everyone is aware of the rabbinic injunction "Do not make your prayers fixed" (Pirkei Avot 2:16). The Rabbis recognized the danger that lurked if the words and rituals of prayer were to become too formulaic, because then they would be emptied of meaning. 3. Finally, Rambam repeatedly turned to medicine as a metaphor for how to understand and treat spiritual malaise. In current care, when treating most illnesses, there are two phases: an acute period of intense high-dose therapy in order to bring the newly diagnosed disease under rapid control, and, once this is accomplished, a more prolonged but less aggressive consolidation phase in which the goal of treatment is designed to eliminate the last vestiges of disease and prevent relapse. With these three considerations in mind, I have been thinking about the prayers being recited in the minyanim I attend as we near day 150 since the murderous attack by Hamas in the Negev. There has been an outpouring of a genuine desire to pray on behalf of the State of Israel and its people, even by prayer skeptics. The reasons why people want to pray, to whom they are directing their prayers, and what they hope to achieve at this moment in history, are as varied and as meaningful as the people who are praying. Yet it is clear that, for many people, there is an unexpected need to pray, and to pray together communally. The obligatory prayer services during the week, on Shabbat, and on the holidays, have been fixed for nearly two millennia. Their lexicon is complex and can sometimes seem incomprehensible and removed from present challenges. Repetition can thus foster fluency and understanding. And despite calls by some to change the format and alter the language of the prayers to be more consonant with modern sensibilities, I recognize the value of familiar texts and images to provide a safe space in times of need. In fact, many people have written poignantly about how the events of the last five months have deepened their appreciation of the daily prayer service. They see new relevance and personal meaning in the old words, confirming that the rabbinic formulations retain the power to move us. Adding pirkei Tehillim or Avinu Malkeinu responds to the impulse that, in times of crisis, prayer should be different and more intense. But the war in Israel is rapidly advancing to a more chronic stage. The politics and strategic decisions confronting the Israeli people are increasingly complex and morally fraught, as they struggle to balance national security and the wellbeing of the hostages. The battle will be a long one. Do our prayers match this ever-changing situation? I fear that our recitation of Avinu Malkeinu and the same limited number of chapters of Tehillim is becoming perfunctory, another box to be checked before ending the service. The page numbers are called out and the lines are recited, chazan first and then the community, but for some, there is now minimal emotion and little resonance to our voices. Are we just saying words? Have we let the mechanics of prayer overtake its meaning? Too much of the same good thing is not always a good thing. What begins as a "special crisis prayer" can rapidly become routine and rote. If the additional words simply become part of the set daily prayer regimen, it becomes hard to maintain one's concentration and access their intended meaning. True, the Rabbis created a reproducible ceremonial framework and format for prayer in times of drought. But there is an urgency to it, an improvisational quality with changes to the structure and content with each passing day of impending danger. First, individuals fast, then the entire community, then the fasts impose additional restrictions (Mishnah Ta'anit 1:4-7). Like a life-threatening illness, the emergent war in Israel provokes an array of painful reactions—from despair over the hostages hidden deep in the tunnels to grief over the men and women lost in defense of the country; from the dread of future terrorist attacks to the horror of children currently dying; from disgust at the brazen expression of antisemitic hatred to the fear of encroaching violence. Each of these reactions warrants its own prayerful response. Appropriate words are needed to match the unsettled state we are in as we enter the shul to pray. I suggest that we have an opportunity to use this moment in history to increase the depth of our petitionary prayer by allowing for an ongoing reformulation of what we recite when we pray on behalf of Israel and its people. There is extensive halakhic literature about the permissibility of modifying the content and structure of the mandatory daily prayers. But if we add prayers to supplement the standard morning, afternoon, and evening services at their close, they need not necessarily be bound by the format legislated by the Rabbis. In order to minimize conflict with halakhic precedent, other than Avinu Malkeinu which is being recited in its standard location before Tahanun, most communities insert the additional chapters of Tehillim outside the boundaries of the prayer service, such as after the full kaddish towards the end of Shaharit, or at the very end of Shaharit, or at the conclusion of Minhah. This approach has allowed the communal response to emerge spontaneously without challenging rabbinic authority. Many are reciting Avinu Malkeinu and select chapters of Tehillim. I suggest that we can allow, even encourage, the leader of the service to choose from a wider array of texts that express our anxiety, loss of confidence, and fear for our individual and collective safety. James Kugel, in How to Read the Bible, has written that Tehillim may have originated as a collection of liturgical poems meant to be recited on specific occasions. We can return to this model and open the entire book of Tehillim, finding inspiration to pray in response to our feelings at the moment. Tehillim, chapter 5 expresses the wish for our prayers to be heard; chapters 10, 22, and 28 articulate feelings of despair when searching for a silent God; and chapter 43 voices the hope that God will rescue people in need. That is just within the first 50 chapters. There are also chapters elsewhere in Tanakh that can be recited communally that articulate ideas and emotions that are increasingly relevant as the war in Israel persists and the human cost mounts. Communities could turn to the words of the Nevi'im, such as Hosea chapter 2, Amos chapter 1, Isaiah chapters 11 and 40, or Micah chapter 4, to be comforted or inspired to improve as individuals and as a people despite these trying times. The themes and imagery are familiar to most people. Poems by Yehuda Amichai such as "God full of Mercy" and "A Man Doesn't Have Time in His Life" combine ancient and modern images in a way that poignantly capture the heartfelt sorrow felt by those who have suffered the loss of loved ones in the initial onslaught and the ongoing war. We should and can expand the sources that we can draw upon to make our prayer more expressive. Jewish literature is so vast and so varied that it is likely that there will always be material ready at hand that captures our emotional state and that can offer spiritual support at every stage of this ever-changing crisis. Rabbis can establish a portfolio of optional prayers to be said at various stages of the ongoing crisis. Communities should be encouraged to compile a list of texts that they have used effectively as supplementary prayers, and share this knowledge with other synagogues and prayer groups. Local decisions by each community about which prayers to recite could foster a more intense connection with what is happening in Israel. Introducing singing can intensify the power of the words being recited. I have seen it work. During the week, my community recites the paragraph Aheinu Kol Beit Yisrael very quickly at the end of every service. But on Friday, at Minhah before Kabbalat Shabbat, we sing it aloud. I do not think I am the only person in the room who is moved by the harmony of the voices and who is made all the more aware of the deadly threats confronting Israel. It may sound like a cliché, but this trying time in our history may provide a genuine teaching moment. There are potential disadvantages to my proposal to expand the supplemental liturgy, because the additional chapters of Tehillim or Tanakh or poetry may be unfamiliar to some people. They may stumble over the words, let alone their meaning. Efforts could be made to ensure that the texts selected for communal recitation are not overly long. A brief introduction before the text is recited could orient the community. This background material, together with the texts, could be assembled into booklets that can be expanded as more options are added to the communal prayer library. The texts could be recited in the local language, whatever that might be. These steps would enhance communal engagement and sustain the spiritual power and emotional depth of the added prayers. By widening the scope of our prayer, we will give better expression to our changing perspective on what is happening in Israel and around the world since October 7th. By reengaging on an ongoing basis with what we recite in prayer at this critical time, we will reconnect with our need to pray, and we will reinforce the meaning of what we hope to accomplish with our prayers. I would like to thank Barry Rosen and Gordy Schatz for reading early drafts of this essay and for their thoughtful comments. I also appreciate all of the editorial suggestions and comments that helped make the final product tighter and more focused.
Press Releases Diabetes Increases the Number of Eye Disease Patients at Risk for Blindness Prevent Blindness offers new informational resource for November's diabetes-related eye disease awareness month. Published 5 years ago on October 29, 2019 By INVISION Staff Share Tweet (PRESS RELEASE) CHICAGO — According to the new "World Report on Vision" from the World Health Organization, the number of people with diabetes-related retinopathy globally is estimated to increase from 146 million in 2014 to 180.6 million in 2030. And, according to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, diabetes is the leading cause of new cases of blindness in adults in the United States. Prevent Blindness, the nation's oldest volunteer eye health non-profit organization, has declared November as Diabetes-related Eye Disease Awareness Month to educate the public on the effects of diabetes on vision, risk factors, and treatment options. Eyecare Shenanigans Eyecare Shenanigans: 2023's Top Optometry Articles in Invision Magazine INVISION Podcast Bringing Independent ECPs Into the 21st Century With the Technology Solutions a Modern Eyecare Business Needs INVISION Podcast The Making of Bespoke Eyewear, An Acetate Kitchen and Collecting Famous People's Heads Prevent Blindness recently launched a new, no-cost resource, the "Diabetes and the Eyes" educational toolkit. The resource includes downloadable fact sheets, shareable infographics for social media, and financial assistance resources to increase access to eye care. For healthcare professionals, community organizers, and more, an educator course is also available, including a PowerPoint presentation and script. These materials were made possible by funding from the Allergan Foundation. Diabetes-related eye disease refers to a group of eye problems that people with diabetes may face as a complication of the disease including diabetes-related retinopathy and diabetes-related macular edema (DME). Those with diabetes are also at greater risk for cataract and glaucoma. People with diabetes may lower their risk of developing eye disease by: Knowing their numbers to manage glucose, blood pressure, and cholesterol levels. Getting a dilated eye exam annually, or more often, as recommended by an eye doctor. Maintaining a healthy lifestyle, including regular exercise, not smoking, and following a healthy meal plan. For the second consecutive year, Oxurion NV, a biopharmaceutical company developing innovative treatments to preserve vision in patients with diabetes-related eye disease, is partnering with Prevent Blindness to raise awareness and provide education to the public as part of for November's Diabetes-related Eye Disease month. Advertisement "The longer someone has diabetes, the higher the risk for diabetes-related eye disease," said Jeff Todd, president and CEO of Prevent Blindness. "It is imperative that people with diabetes work closely with their eye doctor to take the necessary steps to help prevent significant vision loss." For more information on diabetes-related eye disease, please visit www.preventblindness.org/diabetes-resources, or call Prevent Blindness at (800) 331-2020 or visit preventblindness.org. For a free listing of organizations and services that provide financial assistance for vision care in English or Spanish, please visit https://www.preventblindness.org/vision-care-financial-assistance-information. Related Topics:diabetesPrevent Blindness click to Comment(Comment) Up Next Joe Freitag Returns to SPY in VP Role Don't Miss AAO Foundation Announces 2019 Johnson & Johnson Vision J. Pat Cummings Scholarships SPONSORED VIDEO SPONSORED BY VARILUX The Best Overall Progressive Lens, Now Powered by AI Engineered with Behavioral Artificial Intelligence and utilizing new XR-motion™ technology, Varilux XR series goes beyond prescription and eye physiology to consider the patient's visual behavior and design a progressive lens that respects how their eyes naturally move. Varilux XR series comes in two versions, Varilux® XR design and Varilux® XR track. The Varilux XR track lens provides an additional level of personalization by incorporating the exclusive Near Vision Behavior Measurement, providing up to 25% more near vision width3 according to the patient's need, so patients get the highest level of customization. Discover Varilux XR series and enjoy instantly sharp vision in motion4 and seamless transitions from near to far. For more information, visit here. 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Artificial Intelligence, or AI, is the most transformative technology of our time. It has the potential to drive breakthroughs in medical research, education, space exploration, and, yes, black drone swarm death machines. Yet AI still needs people to train it, teach it, and improve it, but the genie, many genies, are out of the bottle on AI. Remember that young kid that Zuckerberg snatched up? Project Maven is an algorithmic system that uses machine learning to identify objects in drone video footage. It provides a saving grace for America's military by reducing the number of hours they need to spend analyzing drone video footage by 95%. Project Maven promises to do more than this too. What Is Project Maven? Project Maven is an initiative with the US Department of Defense (DOD) to develop algorithmic software that the military can use to analyze drone video footage. The various drones employed by the U.S. take hours and hours of video footage on each mission that then becomes hours and hours of humans trying to process and analyze that footage, Project Maven aims to assist in the analysis of this footage to one-quarter of the time it now takes. The idea behind Project Maven is to use machine learning and artificial intelligence to identify objects in these videos that it can then flag for a human analyst to have a look at. What nobody is talking about is how this tech can be used for drone offensive warfare and the consequences of AI and drone warfare gone wild within the Department of Defense? The DoD says that drones will never operate independently of human operators that make the actual decision on whether ordnance is released on a target. Presumably, this is due to a certain distrust in the decision-making process robots might use to determine whether to unleash a missile on it and create a human chain of accountability when an error occurs. Enter the Black Swarm… This type of drone is in the shape of a fish, designed to be hard to spot on radar. The fish-shaped design is also more aerodynamic than traditional drones, making it easier for these drones to fly low and fast. Black swarm drones are equipped with cameras that allow them to fly at night without being spotted by infrared sensors.
What is mechanical digestion? In molluscs, arthropods, earthworms, birds and vertebrates, in general, which organs respectively participate in this type of digestion? 11 months ago Mechanical digestion is the fragmentation of food aided by specialized physical structures, such as teeth, previous to extracellullar digestion. The mechanical fragmentation of food helps digestive enzymatic reactions because it provides a larger total area for the contact between enzymes and their substrates. In some molluscs, the mechanical fragmentation is done by the radula (a teeth-like structure). Some arthropods, like lobsters and dragonflies, have mouthparts that make mechanical digestion of food. In earthworms and birds, the mechanical digestion is made by an internal muscular organ. In mandibulate vertebrates there are mandibles and chewing muscles to triturate food previous to the chemical digestion. Dipti KC May 24, 2023
Question from Kupkake: I have a puppy with parvo and it's throwing up a lot.I have no nausea medicin except for some for humans called ondanssetron 4 mg tablets. Can I give my puppy a piece of this tablet? Answer from AI: Understanding Parvo in Puppies Parvovirus, commonly known as parvo, is a highly contagious viral illness that affects dogs, particularly puppies. It's characterized by symptoms such as severe vomiting, diarrhea, lethargy, and loss of appetite. Due to the severity of the disease and its high mortality rate if left untreated, immediate veterinary care is crucial. Using Human Nausea Medicine for Dogs Ondansetron, a medication used to prevent nausea and vomiting in humans, is sometimes prescribed for dogs under veterinary supervision. However, it's essential to understand that not all human medications are safe for pets, and incorrect dosages can be harmful. Should You Give Your Puppy Ondansetron? No, you should not give your puppy Ondansetron or any other human medication without consulting a veterinarian first. Here's why: - Different Metabolisms: Dogs metabolize drugs differently than humans, so a safe dose for a person could be toxic for a dog. - Correct Dosage: Determining the correct dosage is complex and depends on your puppy's weight, age, and overall health condition. - Underlying Conditions: A veterinarian needs to assess whether your puppy's condition allows for the use of such medication without causing further harm. Immediate Steps to Take If your puppy has parvo and is experiencing severe vomiting, here are the steps you should take immediately: - Contact Your Veterinarian: This is the most critical step. Parvo is a life-threatening condition that requires professional medical treatment. - Hydration: Keep your puppy hydrated, but do not force water if it leads to more vomiting. Your vet may need to administer fluids intravenously. - Isolation: Parvo is highly contagious, so isolate your sick puppy from other dogs to prevent the spread of the virus. Professional Veterinary Treatment for Parvo Treatment for parvo typically involves: - IV fluids to combat dehydration - Anti-nausea and anti-vomiting medications prescribed by a veterinarian - Antibiotics to prevent secondary bacterial infections - Intensive nursing care While it's understandable to want to relieve your puppy's symptoms as quickly as possible, using human medications like Ondansetron without veterinary guidance can be dangerous. Always consult with a veterinarian for the safest and most effective treatment options for your pet's health conditions.
Blog Categories 5 Things to Know About Eyelash Extensions Eyelash extensions are individual lashes made from various materials. The procedure can be expensive and time consuming but the end result can provide certain advantages; such as providing additional emphasis to your eyes while also virtually making eye makeup unnecessary. On the flip side however, there are some disadvantages and side effects associated with this procedure such as red eyes, eye swelling and irritation or worse. So what should a person be aware of to avoid any negative outcomes? Let's take a look into 5 things everyone should know before getting eyelash extensions: - Certified Technician: When searching for someone to apply eyelash extensions it is critical to confirm that they are a certified technician. Certified technicians are trained to take the appropriate steps required to avoid or mitigate risk. Some of these steps include knowing what products to use to limit skin irritation and how to spot allergic reactions and take the appropriate precautionary steps when necessary. - Eyelash Extension Waiver: Waivers seem to be a bureaucratic nuisance to most, however when it comes to your eye health and vision you can never be too careful. When filtering through possible providers opt for the ones that have waivers. The technicians that require a waiver are usually the ones that have a firm understanding of the risks and can thoroughly explain them to you before committing to the process. - Allergic Reactions: Although allergic reactions are rare during this procedure they still do occur. Be aware of the products that they use and confirm that you have no history of allergic reactions to these products and/or chemicals. - Clean Work Environment: Make sure the technician you select for the procedure and his/her working environment is clean and sanitary. Confirm that they wash their hands, wear masks, use sanitary pillow covers, sterilize their tools, such as tweezers, and use disposable eyelash brushes. Bacterial infections can lead to conjunctivitis/pink eye and other potentially potent pathogens that can be hard to treat. - Eyelash Extension Product Quality: A Japanese web-based survey found that 26.5 percent of people that opted for eyelash extensions experienced a reaction such as irritation, swollen eyelids, and itchiness. Many of these cases relate back to the quality of product that was used, specifically the glue which contained formaldehyde. By using quality American made glues that do not contain this chemical you can decrease your chances of experiencing any of the above symptoms. There are many benefits to opting in for this procedure; however it is critical to be aware of the threats and potential risks associated with it. By taking the above precautionary steps people can enjoy their long, thick beautiful eyelashes while reducing the chances of developing unpleasant and harmful side effects. Related Articles: 6 Bridal Makeup Styles: Which Look is For You?e.l.f. Cosmetics: Is e.l.f. Makeup Good? How Rare are Green Eyes? Types of Eyes and What They Say About You \| Contact Lens King What Determines Eye Color, Is It Genetics? What Percent of People Have Blue Eyes How to Improve Your Sex Life with Contact Lenses How to Properly Apply Eyeshadow \| Contact Lens King What are the Rarest Eye Colors In The World Keto Diet to improve your health and vision Eye Color Percentages: Most Common Eye Colors In The World Eye Makeup Styles- 5 Techniques You Should Know Eye Color Chart
Date of Award Document Type Degree Name Doctor of Education (EdD) School of Education First Advisor Debi Briggs-Crispin, Ed.D. Second Advisor Jenelle Stone, Ph.D. This improvement science dissertation in practice (ISDiP) investigated the influence of universal design for learning (UDL) on student engagement and motivation in middle school classrooms at a K–8 school in Northern California. The plan-do-study-act (PDSA) framework examined the potential of UDL practices in the context of a Diocesan-wide professional development initiative and assessed if teachers' deliberate integrations of UDL strategies contributed to enhanced student engagement and motivation. The study navigated nuances of transitions to UDL practices, observing teachers as they attempted to implement strategies while students participated in UDL lessons. This process uncovered intrinsic challenges educators face—adherence to traditional teaching methods and the struggle to fully embrace required UDL pedagogical shifts. Students participated in UDL lessons, providing a practical perspective on adoption of inclusive teaching strategies. Research also scrutinized the long-term viability of UDL practices, their alignment with teachers' existing methodologies, and overall school culture. The study also yielded unexpected insights that were impactful from a leadership perspective, shedding light on the critical role of leadership in facilitating and supporting educational change, and importance of addressing emotional and professional hurdles educators encounter during such transitions. These revelations contribute significantly to ongoing discourse on how educational transformations are managed and sustained, offering a candid reflection of the intersection between theory, practice, and leadership in educational settings. This candid account holds potential to inform future educational practices, policy making, and professional development, emphasizing need for a nuanced approach to fostering an inclusive and engaging learning environment for all students. Recommended Citation Sanguinetti, Hilary, "Exploring the Implications: The Impact of Universal Design for Learning on Student Engagement and Motivation in Diverse Classroom Environments" (2024). Doctor of Education (EdD). 235.
Imagine this: the sun is setting, the grill is hot, and you're ready to sink your teeth into a juicy tomahawk steak. But before you throw it on the grill, you start to wonder – can you really just grill a tomahawk steak? It's a valid question. This cut of beef is known for its impressive size and thickness, making it intimidating for even the most experienced grill masters. But fear not. The answer is yes, you can absolutely grill a tomahawk steak. However, there are some crucial steps to take to ensure that it's cooked to perfection. From selecting the right cut of meat to nailing the seasoning and cooking techniques, there's a lot that goes into preparing this magnificent piece of meat. In this post, we'll guide you through everything you need to know about grilling a tomahawk steak. We'll cover its origins, the different types of cuts available, and our top tips for seasoning and grilling it like a pro. So whether you're planning a backyard BBQ or just looking to impress your significant other with your culinary skills, keep reading – we've got all the juicy details on how to grill the perfect tomahawk steak. Choosing the Right Tomahawk Steak The tomahawk steak is a show-stopping cut of meat that commands attention on any grill. With its thick, bone-in ribeye and impressive size, choosing the right tomahawk steak is crucial to ensure a flavorful and juicy result. Here are some key factors to consider when selecting the perfect tomahawk steak. - Marbling: A well-marbled steak is essential to keep the meat moist and tender during cooking while adding rich flavor. Look for a tomahawk steak with visible white streaks of fat running throughout the meat. - Grade: The USDA assigns grades to meat based on quality and marbling, with Prime being the highest grade and Select being the lowest. For the best taste and texture, aim for a Prime or Choice grade tomahawk steak. - Thickness: A thicker steak takes longer to cook but is more flavorful and retains its moisture better than a thinner cut. Look for a tomahawk steak that is at least 2 inches thick to ensure even cooking and juicy results. - Source: Choose your tomahawk steak from reputable sources that prioritize ethical and sustainable farming practices. While grass-fed beef may be more expensive, it's often considered more flavorful and nutritious than grain-fed beef. Once you've selected your perfect tomahawk steak, it's time to prepare it for grilling. Whether you prefer to sear first over high heat or use the reverse sear method, let your steak rest before slicing into it. This will allow the juices to redistribute throughout the meat for maximum flavor. Preparing the Steak for Grilling Preparing this cut of meat requires a bit of finesse, but with these steps, you'll be on your way to serving up a mouthwatering masterpiece. First things first, take the steak out of the refrigerator at least an hour before cooking. This allows it to come to room temperature and ensures even cooking. While you're waiting, season the steak generously with coarse sea salt and freshly ground black pepper for maximum flavor. For an extra kick, consider adding some garlic powder or smoked paprika. Now let's talk about the grill. Preheat it to high heat, around 450-500°F, and give it a thorough cleaning before starting. Don't forget to oil the grates with a high smoke point oil like canola or vegetable oil to prevent sticking. Once the grill is hot and ready, it's time to cook that steak. Sear it over high heat for about 3-4 minutes on each side to create a beautiful crust and seal in those delicious flavors. After searing, move the steak to a cooler part of the grill to continue cooking until it reaches your desired level of doneness. But wait. One of the most crucial steps is letting the steak rest for at least 10 minutes before slicing into it. This allows all those juicy flavors to redistribute throughout the meat, resulting in a more tender and flavorful steak. To recap: - Take the steak out of the fridge an hour before cooking - Season generously with coarse sea salt and freshly ground black pepper - Preheat and clean the grill thoroughly - Sear over high heat for 3-4 minutes on each side - Move to a cooler part of the grill and continue cooking until desired doneness - Let it rest for at least 10 minutes before slicing Grilling Methods for a Perfectly Cooked Tomahawk Steak Then it's time to elevate your grilling game with the perfect methods for cooking this impressive cut of meat. But first, let's start with the basics. It's crucial to ensure that your grill is clean before you start grilling. Preheat your grill to high heat and use a wire brush to scrape off any remaining residue from previous grilling sessions. This will prevent your tomahawk steak from sticking to the grill and ensure even cooking. Next, seasoning is key. Keep it simple with a combination of salt and pepper or add a dry rub or marinade of your choice. Don't forget to let your steak come to room temperature before grilling, so it cooks evenly. Now onto the grilling methods. There are two main approaches: direct heat and indirect heat. Direct heat involves placing your steak directly over the flame or hot coals, while indirect heat involves cooking your steak on a cooler part of the grill. For a perfectly cooked tomahawk steak, use the reverse sear method. This involves cooking your steak over indirect heat until it reaches your desired internal temperature (usually around 130-135°F for medium-rare), then searing it over high heat for a few minutes on each side. This creates a mouthwatering crust while retaining all the flavors and tenderness inside. But how do you know when your steak is done? It's always best to use a meat thermometer to ensure that your tomahawk steak is cooked to perfection. Let it rest for a few minutes before slicing and serving to allow the juices to redistribute throughout the meat. In summary, here are the top tips for grilling a perfect tomahawk steak: - Clean your grill thoroughly before starting. - Season your steak with salt, pepper, or your favorite marinade. - Use the reverse sear method for optimal results. - Always use a meat thermometer to check the internal temperature. - Let your steak rest before slicing and serving. The Reverse Sear Method This popular technique has taken the grilling world by storm and for good reason. The Reverse Sear Method involves slow cooking your tomahawk steak at a low temperature until it reaches the desired internal temperature, followed by a high-heat sear to give it a beautiful crust. Not only does this method ensure an even cook throughout the entire steak, but it also results in a more tender and flavorful end product. To start, season your tomahawk steak with salt, pepper, and any other seasoning of your choice. Then, set up your grill for indirect heat by heating one side of the grill and leaving the other side unheated. Place the steak on the unheated side and close the lid. Cooking at a low temperature, around 250-275°F, will slowly cook your steak until it reaches an internal temperature of around 115°F for medium-rare. Once your steak has reached the desired internal temperature, remove it from the grill and let it rest for 10-15 minutes. This crucial step allows the juices to redistribute throughout the meat, resulting in a more tender and flavorful steak. After resting, sear your steak on high heat for 1-2 minutes per side to give it a beautiful crust. The Reverse Sear Method is not just reserved for tomahawk steaks, but can be used for any thick cut of meat. It's important to monitor the internal temperature closely as cooking times can vary depending on the thickness of the meat. But with practice, you'll be able to master this technique and impress your guests with perfectly cooked steaks every time. The High Heat Sear and Move to Cooler Part of Grill Method Look no further than The High Heat Sear and Move to Cooler Part of Grill Method. This method is a favorite among grill masters and chefs alike, as it creates a deliciously juicy and flavorful steak. To start, preheat your grill to a scorching 450-500 degrees Fahrenheit. Generously season your tomahawk steak with salt, pepper, or your favorite rub. Place it directly over the hottest part of the fire and let it sear for 3-4 minutes on each side. The result will be a beautiful brown crust that will add an irresistible smoky flavor to your steak. Next, move the steak to a cooler part of the grill. This can be done by turning off one burner on a gas grill or by moving the coals to one side if using charcoal. The goal is to create indirect heat where the steak can finish cooking without burning. As you continue cooking, make sure to monitor the internal temperature of the steak. Aim for around 130-135 degrees Fahrenheit for medium-rare. You can use a meat thermometer or simply use the touch test to check for doneness. Once your tomahawk steak is cooked to perfection, remove it from the grill and let it rest for a few minutes before slicing and serving. This crucial step allows the juices to redistribute throughout the meat, resulting in a more tender and flavorful steak. In summary, The High Heat Sear and Move to Cooler Part of Grill Method is an excellent way to cook a tomahawk steak that will impress even the most discerning foodie. To recap, here are some key points: - Preheat your grill to 450-500 degrees Fahrenheit - Season your tomahawk steak generously with salt, pepper, or rub - Sear for 3-4 minutes per side over direct heat - Move the steak to indirect heat to finish cooking - Monitor internal temperature for desired doneness - Let the steak rest for a few minutes before slicing and serving Letting the Steak Rest Before Slicing Grilling the perfect tomahawk steak is an art form, and one that requires patience and attention to detail. Every step in the process is crucial, but one that is often overlooked is letting the steak rest before slicing. Why is this step so important, you may ask? Imagine cutting into a juicy, perfectly cooked steak only to have all the flavorful juices spill out onto your cutting board. The horror. By letting the steak rest for a few minutes, the juices have time to redistribute throughout the meat, resulting in a more tender and flavorful steak. But how long should you let your tomahawk steak rest? This depends on the thickness of the cut. As a general rule of thumb, a 5-10 minute resting period is recommended for most cuts. However, thicker cuts like the tomahawk steak may require up to 15 minutes for optimal results. During the resting period, it's important to note that the internal temperature of the steak will continue to rise by a few degrees. This means that it's important to take this into account when cooking to ensure that the steak reaches your desired level of doneness. To keep your steak warm during the resting period, you can tent it with aluminum foil. This will help retain some heat and moisture, leading to an even juicier and more flavorful steak. Tips and Tricks for Grilling a Tomahawk Steak Grilling a Tomahawk steak is a culinary adventure that can seem daunting, but with the right tips and tricks, it can be a delicious and enjoyable experience. Here are five sub-sections with tips on how to grill the perfect Tomahawk steak. Let the Steak Come to Room Temperature: One of the most important things to consider when grilling a Tomahawk steak is to let it come to room temperature before cooking. This allows for even cooking and prevents the steak from being too cold in the middle. Additionally, patting the steak dry with paper towels before grilling will help achieve a nice sear on the outside. Season Generously: When it comes to seasoning, less is not always more. A simple rub of salt, pepper, and garlic powder is enough to enhance the natural flavor of the steak without overpowering it. It's important to season generously on both sides of the steak and let it sit for at least 30 minutes before grilling. Sear Over High Heat: Achieving that crispy crust on your steak is essential for a delicious Tomahawk steak experience. To achieve this, sear the steak over high heat on both sides for a few minutes before moving it to a cooler part of the grill to finish cooking. This will give your steak those classic diamond grill marks and keep it juicy on the inside. Use a Meat Thermometer: Using a meat thermometer is crucial when cooking any type of meat, and this is no different for a Tomahawk steak. To check if your steak is cooked to your liking, use a meat thermometer inserted into the thickest part of the steak. For rare, aim for an internal temperature of 120-130°F, medium-rare 130-135°F, medium 135-145°F, and well-done 155°F and above. Let it Rest: After removing the steak from the grill, let it rest for at least 10 minutes before slicing into it. This will allow the juices to redistribute throughout the meat and ensure a tender and flavorful bite. Another trick is to baste the steak with butter and herbs during grilling for added flavor and moisture. Finally, be sure to slice against the grain of the meat for maximum tenderness. 9gg_jjUb-S4″ > To sum it up, grilling a tomahawk steak is not for the faint of heart, but with some know-how and expertise, you can create a culinary masterpiece that will make your taste buds sing. The secret to success lies in selecting the right cut of meat, seasoning it properly, and utilizing the correct grilling method. When choosing your tomahawk steak, opt for one that is at least 2 inches thick and has ample marbling. It's also important to purchase from reputable sources to ensure quality. To season your steak, use coarse sea salt and freshly ground black pepper or experiment with spices like garlic powder or smoked paprika. There are many grilling techniques available, such as the reverse sear method or high heat sear followed by moving to a cooler part of the grill. Whatever method you choose, be sure to keep an eye on internal temperature using a meat thermometer. After grilling your tomahawk steak to perfection, allow it to rest for at least 10 minutes before slicing. This resting period allows all those delicious juices to redistribute throughout the meat for optimal flavor and tenderness. With these tips and tricks under your belt, you'll be ready to tackle grilling a tomahawk steak like a seasoned pro.
Expand entry Added by: Franci MangravitiAbstract: This chapter begins with a discussion of humanist criticisms of scholastic logic. It then discusses the evolution of the scholastic tradition and the influence of Renaissance Aristotelianism, Descartes and his influence, the Port-Royal Logic, the emergence of a logic of cognitive faculties, logic and mathematics in the late 17th century, Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz's role in the history of formal logic, and Kant's influence on logic. Comment: Useful for a history of logic course. Familiarity with Aristotelian syllogistic is assumed. Expand entry Added by: Alison Stone, Contributed by: Simon FoktAbstract: From the SEP: Elisabeth presses Descartes on the relation between the two really distinct substances of mind and body, and in particular the possibility of their causal interaction and the nature of their union. They also correspond on Descartes's physics, on the passions and their regulation, on the nature of virtue and the greatest good, on the nature of human freedom of the will and its compatibility with divine causal determination, and on political philosophy. Comment: This chapter could be used in a history of philosophy course covering Descartes as one week's reading, covering Elisabeth's questions to Descartes about mind/body interaction. Note that the selections in Atherton's collection are adequate for a Philosophy of Mind course, but students wishing to explore the issues in more detail might benefit from reading the full text. Complimentary Texts/Resources: Lisa Shapiro, "Princess Elizabeth and Descartes: The Union of Soul and Body and the Practice of Philosophy" - Shapiro explicates Elizabeth's underlying view and objections and shows how to frame the issues in the correspondence as feminist issues and issues about philosophy and its culture. Andrea Nye, "Polity and Prudence: the Ethics of Elisabeth, Princess Palatine" - Nye explores Elisabeth's ethical views, as discovered via the correspondence. Expand entry Added by: Alison StonePublisher's Note: Between the years 1643 and 1649, Princess Elisabeth of Bohemia and René Descartes exchanged fifty-eight letters—thirty-two from Descartes and twenty-six from Elisabeth. Their correspondence contains the only known extant philosophical writings by Elisabeth, revealing her mastery of metaphysics, analytic geometry, and moral philosophy, as well as her keen interest in natural philosophy. The letters are essential reading for anyone interested in Descartes's philosophy, in particular his account of the human being as a union of mind and body, as well as his ethics. They also provide a unique insight into the character of their authors and the way ideas develop through intellectual collaboration. Philosophers have long been familiar with Descartes's side of the correspondence. Now Elisabeth's letters—never before available in translation in their entirety—emerge this volume, adding much-needed context and depth both to Descartes's ideas and the legacy of the princess. Lisa Shapiro's annotated edition—which also includes Elisabeth's correspondence with the Quakers William Penn and Robert Barclay—will be heralded by students of philosophy, feminist theorists, and historians of the early modern period Comment: This book contains the complete exchange of letters between Descartes and Princess Elisabeth. It can be used as further or supplementary reading on Descartes in a history of modern philosophy course; for example, if there was a week on Elisabeth's questions to Descartes about mind and body, this could be assigned as further reading for students wanting to go into more depth. Expand entry Added by: Alison Stone, Contributed by: Simon FoktIntroduction: The mind – body problem exposes the inconsistencies that arise when mind and body are conceived as ontologically distinct entities. Human experience clearly shows that our minds interact with our bodies. Philosophers who reject the identity of mind and body or mind and brain face the task of explaining these relations by illuminating the precise manner in which the mind moves the body and the body affects the mind. It is unsurprising, then, that the mind – body problem was first articulated as a response to René Descartes' dualistic philosophy [...] Comment: A very short piece that sets out Elisabeth's core criticisms of Descartes' mind/body dualism. Useful bibliography included. Can be used as part of a week's reading on Descartes, Cartesian dualism, and/or Elisabeth's responses to Descartes. Expand entry Added by: Clotilde Torregrossa, Contributed by: Pauline PhemisterPublisher's Note: Descartes, Spinoza and Leibniz stand out among their seventeenth-century contemporaries as the great rationalist philosophers. Each sought to construct a philosophical system in which theological and philosophical foundations serve to explain the physical, mental and moral universe. Through a careful analysis of their work, Pauline Phemister explores the rationalists seminal contribution to the development of modern philosophy. Broad terminological agreement and a shared appreciation of the role of reason in ethics do not mask the very significant disagreements that led to three distinctive philosophical systems: Cartesian dualism, Spinozan monism and Leibnizian pluralism. The book explores the nature of, and offers reasons for, these differences. Phemister contends that Spinoza and Leibniz developed their systems in part through engagements with and amendment of Cartesian philosophy, and critically analyses the arguments and contributions of all three philosophers. The clarity of the authors discussion of their key ideas including their views on knowledge, universal languages, the nature of substance and substances, bodies, the relation of mind and body, freedom, and the role of distinct perception and reason in morals will make this book the ideal introduction to rationalist philosophy Expand entry Added by: Clotilde Torregrossa, Contributed by: Alberto VanzoAbstract: I begin my discussion by considering how to relate Descartes's more general concern with the conduct of life to the metaphysics and epistemology in the foreground of his philosophical project. I then turn to the texts in which Descartes offers his developed ethical thought and present the case for Descartes as a virtue ethicist. My argument emerges from seeing that Descartes's conception of virtue and the good owes much to Stoic ethics, a school of thought which saw a significant revival in the seventeenth century. It does, however, deviate from classical Stoicism in critical ways. Towards the end of my discussion, I return to the question of the relation between Descartes's ethics and his metaphysics and epistemology, and I suggest that the Discourse on the Method for Rightly Conducting Reason and the Meditations on First Philosophy are invested with the virtue ethical considerations of moral education and the regulation of the passions, respectively. Expand entry Added by: Francesca BrunoSummary: In this paper, Shapiro aims to explore Princess Elizabeth's own philosophical position, as developed in her correspondence with Descartes. In particular, Shapiro is interested in tracing Elizabeth's own thought about the nature of the union of soul and body. Shapiro argues that Elizabeth develops her view from her early, famous objection against Descartes' notion of the union of soul and body given his substance dualism to her later (less known) objections to Descartes' neo-Stoic advice to her about regulating her passions. According to Shapiro, Elizabeth defends a unique philosophical position, one that is intermediary between substance dualism and reductionist materialism. On this view, the mind is autonomous yet it depends on the (good health of the) body to function properly. Shapiro concludes her paper by reconsidering Elizabeth's practice of philosophy in light of the lack of a systematic treatment of philosophical issue by her. Comment: This article is a nice introduction to Princess Elizabeth's own philosophical thinking, although it might require some familiarity with Elizabeth-Descartes correspondence. Lisa Shapiro aims to take Elizabeth seriously as a philosopher, focusing on her view of the nature of the union of soul and body, as set forth in her correspondence with Descartes. She also reconsiders Elizabeth's practice of philosophy: she argues that the lack of a systematic treatment of philosophical issues on Elizabeth's part does not make her any less of a philosopher. Expand entry Added by: Laura Jimenez, Contributed by: Pauline PhemisterAbstract: This new introduction to a philosophical classic draws on the reinterpretations of Descartes' thought of the past twenty-five years. Catherine Wilson examines the arguments of Descartes' famous Meditations, revealing how he constructs a theory of the mind, body, nature, and God from a premise of radical uncertainty. She discusses in detail the historical context of Descartes' writings and their relationship to early modern science, and at the same time she introduces concepts and problems that define the philosophical enterprise as it is understood today. Comment: Following closely the text of the Meditations and meant to be read alongside them, this survey is accessible to readers with no previous background in philosophy. It is well-suited to university-level courses on Descartes, but can also be read with profit by students in other disciplines.
Tule Lake National Monument: A Window into History Deep in the heart of northern California lies a national treasure, Tule Lake National Monument. With its serene landscapes and stunning vistas, it may appear as just another picturesque destination for nature enthusiasts. However, Tule Lake holds a much deeper significance. It is a place that tells the story of a dark chapter in American history – the internment of Japanese Americans during World War II. In this article, we will explore the history of Tule Lake War Relocation Center, delve into life within its barbed wire fences, and examine the cultural significance of this monument. 1) History of Tule Lake National Monument 1.1 Creation of Tule Lake War Relocation Center During World War II, the United States government, driven by fear and prejudice, ordered the forced relocation and internment of over 120,000 Japanese Americans. One of the largest and most notorious internment camps was the Tule Lake War Relocation Center. Established in 1942, Tule Lake initially housed Japanese Americans from Northern California, Oregon, and Washington. The creation of this internment camp was shrouded in controversy. Tule Lake was originally designated to be a segregation center for those deemed "disloyal" or "troublemakers" in other camps. However, due to the flawed loyalty questionnaire forced upon incarcerees, the population of Tule Lake quickly grew, reaching a peak of approximately 18,000 individuals. This caused severe overcrowding and exacerbated tensions within the camp. 1.2 Life in the Tule Lake War Relocation Center Daily life in the Tule Lake War Relocation Center was marked by the loss of personal freedom and the constant surveillance of the incarcerees. Families were uprooted from their homes, often losing everything they owned. They were forced to live in hastily constructed barracks, with multiple families crammed into each unit. Privacy was virtually non-existent. Despite the challenging conditions, the interned Japanese Americans worked tirelessly to create a semblance of normalcy. They cultivated gardens, established schools, and carried out religious ceremonies. Despite their best efforts, the invisible barriers of internment cast a shadow over their lives. The injustice of being imprisoned solely because of their Japanese ancestry loomed large in their minds. 2) Cultural Significance of Tule Lake National Monument 2.1 Japanese American Heritage Tule Lake National Monument stands as a testament to the resilience and strength of the Japanese American community. It is a place to commemorate their heritage and honor the sacrifices made by their ancestors. The monument serves as a stark reminder of the injustices committed against Japanese Americans, and it provides an opportunity for all of us to reflect upon the importance of protecting civil liberties and promoting equality. 2.2 Preservation of Memory Remembering the internment experience is crucial to prevent history from repeating itself. Tule Lake National Monument plays a pivotal role in preserving the memory of this dark period. It offers visitors the chance to engage with firsthand accounts, photographs, and artifacts, ensuring that the lessons learned from the past are never forgotten. Through education and outreach programs, the monument strives to create awareness and promote understanding, making it an essential destination for students, scholars, and anyone interested in learning about this painful chapter of American history. In conclusion, Tule Lake National Monument stands as a symbol of both resilience and remembrance. It serves as a stark reminder of the internment of Japanese Americans, shedding light on a dark chapter in American history. By exploring the history of the Tule Lake War Relocation Center, understanding daily life within its confines, and recognizing the cultural significance of this monument, we can contribute to the ongoing effort of educating ourselves and others about this historical injustice. Let us vow to remember, to learn, and to ensure that such discriminatory actions are never repeated. 3) Natural Features and Recreation at Tule Lake National Monument 3.1 Refuges and Wildlife Beyond its historical significance, Tule Lake National Monument showcases an impressive array of natural wonders. The landscape encompasses not only the internment camp ruins but also the Tule Lake National Wildlife Refuge. This refuge serves as a vital habitat for a diverse range of wildlife, making it a prime destination for nature lovers and bird watchers. Spread across 39,116 acres, the Tule Lake National Wildlife Refuge is a haven for over 250 species of birds. With its rich wetlands, meadows, and open water habitats, it provides an ideal environment for both resident and migratory avian species. The refuge is particularly renowned for its concentrations of waterfowl, including pintails, mallards, and Canada geese. Birdwatchers can make use of strategically placed observation decks and walking trails to enjoy close encounters with these magnificent creatures. 3.2 Outdoor Activities In addition to the wildlife refuge, Tule Lake National Monument offers various outdoor activities that allow visitors to immerse themselves in the natural beauty of the region. A network of hiking trails winds through the monument, providing opportunities to explore the surrounding landscape. From leisurely strolls to more challenging hikes, there are options available for every skill level. For those seeking an overnight experience, camping is available at Tule Lake. Imagine spending an evening under the starry sky, surrounded by the tranquility of nature. The camping facilities offer a chance to disconnect from the fast-paced modern world and reconnect with the simplicity of outdoor living. Whether you choose to pitch a tent or bring your RV, waking up to the sounds of birdsong and the scent of fresh pine is an experience not to be missed. 4) Importance of Tule Lake National Monument 4.1 Learning from the Past The existence of Tule Lake National Monument serves as a poignant reminder of the injustices committed against Japanese Americans during World War II. By visiting this site and learning about the internment experience, visitors have the opportunity to gain a deeper understanding of our nation's history and the impact it continues to have on individuals and communities. The lessons learned from this dark chapter in American history can inform our actions today, fostering a society that values justice, equality, and inclusivity. Educational programs and exhibits within the monument provide a platform for dialogue, ensuring that the voices of those affected by internment are heard. By sharing their stories, we can challenge stereotypes, dispel ignorance, and promote empathy. Tule Lake National Monument stands as a testament to the resilience of Japanese Americans, inspiring us to advocate for justice and safeguard the civil liberties of all. 4.2 Promoting Diversity and Inclusion Tule Lake National Monument is not just a physical space; it is a symbol of cultural tolerance and acceptance. In celebrating the heritage and contributions of Japanese Americans, the monument encourages visitors to embrace the richness that diversity brings to our society. By recognizing the profound impact of internment, we are compelled to ensure that all individuals, regardless of their background, are treated with dignity and respect. The monument stands as a rallying cry for the rejection of discrimination and the promotion of inclusion. It challenges us to confront prejudice, dismantle barriers, and work towards a society where every person can thrive irrespective of their ethnicity, religion, or national origin. In embracing the lessons and values embodied by Tule Lake National Monument, we can collectively strive for a world that eschews the mistakes of the past and embraces a future built on compassion and understanding. In conclusion, Tule Lake National Monument offers visitors a multifaceted experience. It provides an opportunity to learn about the history of Japanese American internment during World War II, honor the resilience and strength of those who endured it, and reflect upon the importance of safeguarding civil liberties and promoting equality. Moreover, the natural features of the monument, including the Tule Lake National Wildlife Refuge, offer a chance to immerse oneself in the serene beauty of the surrounding landscape. Ultimately, Tule Lake National Monument stands as a reminder of the importance of learning from the past, promoting diversity and inclusion, and working towards a more just and compassionate society. 5) Visiting Tule Lake National Monument 5.1 Visitor Information and Facilities As you plan your visit to Tule Lake National Monument, it is essential to familiarize yourself with the available facilities and services to ensure a smooth and enjoyable experience. The Tule Lake Visitor Center serves as an excellent starting point, providing visitors with valuable information, exhibits, and resources to enhance their understanding of the monument's history and cultural significance. Inside the visitor center, knowledgeable park rangers are on hand to answer questions, provide guided tours, and offer insights into the different aspects of the monument. Exhibits showcase artifacts from the internment camp era, including photographs, personal belongings, and documents, allowing visitors to gain a tangible connection to the past. These exhibits provide a sobering reminder of the injustices endured by Japanese Americans and bring to life the experiences of those who were incarcerated. To make your visit more comfortable, the Tule Lake National Monument offers various amenities, such as picnic areas and restroom facilities. These amenities allow visitors to take a break, enjoy a meal surrounded by breathtaking scenery, and reflect on the historical significance of the monument. 5.2 Events and Programs To enhance the educational experience and engage visitors in meaningful ways, Tule Lake National Monument hosts a variety of events and programs throughout the year. These events aim to deepen understanding, honor the memory of those affected by internment, and promote dialogue and healing. One of the most prominent events is the annual pilgrimage, where individuals and families gather to pay their respects and remember the experiences of their ancestors. The pilgrimage often features guest speakers, art exhibits, cultural performances, and educational workshops. It serves as a testament to the unwavering spirit of those who were interned and provides an opportunity for intergenerational exchange, fostering a sense of community and resilience. In addition to the pilgrimage, the monument organizes educational programs that cater to diverse audiences. These programs include workshops, panel discussions, and lectures that delve into the history of Japanese American internment, explore the challenges faced by those affected, and examine the impact of these events on American society as a whole. These programs offer visitors a chance to actively engage with the topic, ask questions, and gain a broader perspective. Engaging with the events and programs at Tule Lake National Monument is not only educational but also deeply emotional. Visitors will leave with a renewed appreciation for the struggles faced by Japanese Americans during internment and a commitment to ensuring that such violations of civil liberties are never repeated. In conclusion, visiting Tule Lake National Monument is a powerful and eye-opening experience. The Tule Lake Visitor Center serves as an invaluable resource, providing visitors with information and exhibits that shed light on the internment experience. Facilities such as picnic areas and restrooms make the visit more enjoyable and convenient. The monument's events and educational programs offer captivating opportunities to learn, reflect, and engage with the historical significance of Tule Lake. By participating in these events, visitors can gain a deeper understanding of the past, honor the resilience of those affected by internment, and carry these lessons forward to create a more inclusive and compassionate society. In conclusion, Tule Lake National Monument stands as a powerful reminder of the internment of Japanese Americans during World War II and the need to learn from the injustices of the past. Its historical importance highlights the resilience of Japanese Americans during these trying times, and its natural features offer a chance for visitors to connect with the surrounding landscape. Through education, events, and programs, the monument encourages reflection, empathy, and a commitment to promoting diversity and inclusion. By visiting Tule Lake, we honor the memory of those who suffered and strive to create a society that values justice and equality for all. Let us remember the lessons of the past and work together towards a future of acceptance and understanding.
My biggest fears in life include being in large groups of strange people, standing at parties by myself, and really just people in general. Drunk me didn't have to worry if I was alone at a party because drunk me didn't abide such things. Drunk me didn't worry if she belonged, or said the right thing, or had to have small talk because drunk me just handled that. I don't have that much sex, and that's more like me saying, I no longer lower my standards and sleep with just anyone because of beer goggles. Can Someone Be Considered Sober If They Use Medication-Assisted Treatment (MAT)? One big reason people feel so afraid of sobriety is because of what they see in the media, pop culture and even from people they know on social media. There's the sense that if you're not using drugs or alcohol, somehow life is boring or uninteresting. There's the misconception that if you're sober, you aren't fun, you won't be able to enjoy your life to the fullest and you'll have trouble forming relationships. Residing in sober living homes increases the likelihood that recovering alcohol and substance abusers remain sober. While most sober living homes are for short-term stays of less than a year, some provide longer-term options. Outpatient rehabs are another type of comprehensive addiction recovery treatment program. Two Years of Sober Motherhood: A Love Note To My Daughter On Her Birthday You'll enjoy general health and wellness that you can't necessarily achieve if you're drinking or using drugs. If these concerns resonate with you, remember that sobriety doesn't happen overnight—even if you try to rush it. Within the safety and supports of a trusted rehab program and sober peer community, many people come to like and love the person they are when drugs and alcohol aren't in the picture. In this sense, recovery is a bit like falling in love with yourself and then learning how to love yourself—another feel-good aspect of being sober. Inpatient rehabs provide intensive, structured treatment programs. It addresses all areas of a person's alcohol or drug addiction. Best ways to avoid intoxication - At some point in your recovery, you'll feel stressed out, whether it's major stress (like losing a job) or minor stress (like running late for an appointment). - Saving all that money means paying off debt, traveling, or finally being able to set a little aside. - I've spent the last seven years researching and understanding alcoholism, addiction, and how people get sober. - In addition to the potential harm that heavy alcohol use has on your physical and mental health, it can also negatively impact your relationships with family and friends. - Because I was a mental and emotional wreck with no sense of self-worth, it was easy to take advantage of me. Developing a structured routine can help a person stick to their sobriety goals, make healthy decisions, and reduce the likelihood of triggers and relapse. Establishing a routine with regular sleep and support group attendance can reduce stress and help you stay sober. Early sobriety may come with feelings of fatigue and the stress of dealing with challenges (people, places, and things that stimulate the urge to use). It's impossible to know how you'll react and how your life will change when getting and staying sober. As stated above, support can help the individual stick to treatment through the duration of the program. In addition, having a support network once treatment is over can ease the transition from rehab back to daily living. This support fosters the motivation and self-confidence https://rpg-zone.ru/index.php?s=2ea8c936b7ea525c4da5a6594e3ade8a&showtopic=2820&st=30 needed for sustained sobriety. It is generally the first step in a more comprehensive treatment plan. You must be ready to change in order to find the best treatment program for you. It will help prevent relapse once the formal treatment program ends. - It's one thing to recognize a need for getting sober; it's entirely another to actually do it. - An emotionally sober person no longer escapes their emotions with drugs or alcohol. - These include not only abstaining from substance use but also engaging in a holistic approach to recovery that addresses physical, psychological, and social well-being. - Evidence-based addiction treatment uses the current and best research-based evidence to make informed decisions about your rehab care. - You must be ready to change in order to find the best treatment program for you. - By Buddy TBuddy T is a writer and founding member of the Online Al-Anon Outreach Committee with decades of experience writing about alcoholism. Nevertheless, while exercise will not help to sober a person up, they may become more aware after doing some exercise. More younger Americans are shunning alcohol while embracing cannabis, ketamine and psychedelics, shaking up the field https://msestra.ru/viewforum.php?f=7&start=50 of addiction medicine. The American Society of Addiction Medicine (ASAM) states that remission from addiction where an individual is not at a greater risk of developing an addiction than a normal person takes 5 years to achieve. There are various addiction treatments available to help people achieve and maintain sobriety. An emotionally sober person no longer escapes their emotions with drugs or alcohol. This allows them to deal with challenging situations and emotions. Learn more with However, there is currently no strong evidence to suggest that exercise can help metabolize alcohol quicker. A cold shower may make a person alert for a short period, but they are still impaired. Alcohol intoxication is a temporary condition that can impair coordination, decision-making, impulse control, and other functions, which can increase the risk of harm. As such, people may want to sober up to lessen these effects and try to prevent a hangover. "Just because someone has a drinking problem doesn't mean they have a problem with every single thing," Mr. Reed said. Recovery allows you to get to know the real you and learn to love that person. - To avoid relapse and remain sober, it's important to develop healthy relationships. - In fact, your journey to sobriety will likely involve strengthening some relationships and purging others. - Keep reading to learn about steps you can take to stop drinking, take back control of your life, and how to get sober from alcohol to start the path to recovery and long-term sobriety. - Drinking plenty of water can also help people stay hydrated when consuming alcohol. - And stay in touch with your sponsor and call them if you're feeling anxious or uncomfortable. - However, there is currently no strong evidence to suggest that exercise can help metabolize alcohol quicker. He revealed that he and his friends in Hollywood "did one on the rings of Saturn, then we came home — we took it back home. I mean, cocaine was like coffee back then. Everybody was doing it all day long." Judge Cannon, who was appointed by Mr. Trump in his final days in office, has been on the bench for only four years. In other words, success is the blissful https://mybusiness.md/ru/coffee-news/item/16378-v-britanii-vypustili-rozhdestvenskij-klip-gde-santa-klaus-popadaet-v-reanimatsiyu-s-covid-19-video absence of all of the devastating consequences of a previous drug or alcohol habit. I LOVE not having to feel bad about something stupid or mean I said when drunk. There are zero alcohol-related regrets plaguing my life right now. When I got sober, it became very clear who I hung out with because I needed bar buddies and who I actually enjoyed being around.
A Beer-Tastic Toast to Cheers: Everything You Need to Know About Beer Beer has been a staple in our culture for centuries. Whether you're watching a football match, hanging out with friends, or just relaxing at home, there's always an occasion for a cold one. But how much do you really know about beer? In this article, we'll take a detailed look at its history, types, brewing process, and more. So grab a beer, sit back, and let's dive in! The Origins of Beer Beer has been around for over 5,000 years and originated in ancient Mesopotamia. The Sumerians were the first to brew beer, using bread, barley, and water, and it quickly became a popular drink. The recipe spread to Egypt and eventually Europe, where monks began brewing beer in monasteries. Today, beer is one of the most consumed alcoholic drinks in the world, with various types and flavors. The Different Types of Beer One of the greatest things about beer is the variety of styles and flavors. Here are some of the most popular types of beer: Pilsner is a light-colored, crisp beer that originated in the Czech Republic. It has a delicate flavor with a slight bitterness and is perfect for those who prefer a lighter beer. IPA (India Pale Ale) IPA is a hoppy and bitter beer that originated in England. It has a strong, bitter taste with citrus notes and is a favorite among beer connoisseurs. Stout is a dark, rich beer that originated in Ireland. It has a creamy head and a roasted, malty flavor. It's the perfect choice for those who enjoy a more full-bodied beer. Lager is a refreshing, light beer that's aged using a method called "cold conditioning." It's the most widely consumed type of beer in the world and is loved for its crisp, clean taste. The Brewing Process Brewing beer is a complex process that requires patience and skill. Here are the basic steps involved in brewing beer: Mashing involves soaking the grains in hot water to release the sugars and enzymes needed for fermentation. The mixture is boiled, and hops are added to give the beer its unique taste. The mixture is cooled and yeast is added to start the fermentation process. This can take anywhere from a few days to several weeks. The beer is aged, and carbonation is added. This is the final step before the beer is bottled or canned and ready to drink. The Health Benefits of Beer Believe it or not, beer can be good for you in moderation. Here are some of the health benefits of beer: Heart Health Moderate beer consumption has been linked to a lower risk of heart disease. The antioxidants in beer can help reduce inflammation and improve overall heart health. Bone Health Beer is a rich source of silicon, which is essential for bone health. Studies have shown that moderate beer consumption can help increase bone density. Mental Health Beer contains hops, which have been shown to have a calming effect on the brain. It can help reduce anxiety and improve mood. Frequently Asked Questions Q: Can beer go bad? A: Yes, beer can go bad if it's not stored properly or past its expiration date. It's best to consume beer within its recommended time frame. Q: Is beer gluten-free? A: Not all beer is gluten-free. However, there are gluten-free beer options available, such as those made with rice or corn. Q: How many types of beer are there? A: There are countless types of beer, ranging from light, crisp lagers to dark, rich stouts. Q: Is beer good for hydration? A: While beer does contain water, it's not the best option for hydration. It's best to consume water or other non-alcoholic beverages for proper hydration. The Bottom Line Beer is a beloved drink that has been around for thousands of years. From its humble beginnings in ancient Mesopotamia to its widespread popularity today, beer has evolved into a sophisticated drink with countless styles and flavors. Whether you prefer a light pilsner or a rich stout, there's a beer out there for everyone. Just remember to enjoy it in moderation, savoring every sip and raising a glass to cheers!
An essential factor of sex and close relationships is foreplay. It facilitates preparing and energizing both lovers for sex. Foreplay has traditionally been thought of as a means of physically preparing the body for intercourse. But it also plays a significant element in fostering mental and emotional closeness among spouses. Before the main thing, partners can develop intimacy and desire by engaging in foreplay. This article explains foreplay, why it's important, and how to improve it. What is Foreplay? The intimate and sensual behaviors that take place before sexual activity are referred to as foreplay. It entails actions that stimulate and energize both couples. Kissing, touching, massaging, talking sexily, and utilizing sex toys are a few examples. Building arousal, intimacy, and desire is the aim. While it does not entail penetration, foreplay gets the body and mind ready for sex.[1] Why Foreplay is So Important? There are several big reasons why foreplay plays a crucial role in sexual intimacy: 1. It prepares the body to have sex. Blood flow, lubrication, and physical arousal are all increased during foreplay. This prepares the genitalia for a satisfying piercing. Sexual activity can be unpleasant or uncomfortable if not sufficiently aroused beforehand, particularly for a partner who has a vagina. When foreplay arouses the vagina sufficiently, it elongates and secretes lubricant. 2. It increases closeness on an emotional level. In addition to being purely physical, foreplay fosters emotional connections between partners. The link between lovers is strengthened via intimate verbal exchanges, tender touching, and eye contact. This emotional intimacy and vulnerability increase desire. It's simpler to let go during sex when you feel emotionally wanted and safe.[2] 3. It increases satisfaction. Multiple foreplay activities lead to more enjoyable, longer-lasting sexual encounters for both parties, according to research. Arousal and desire are increased by foreplay, making the main event more enjoyable. Research suggests that partners might prolong their sexual relations by using different foreplay strategies. 4. It supports a range of stimulation. On average, men are more likely than women to become physically aroused. Before penetration, foreplay allows the "slower to warm up" partner the opportunity to equalize their partner's state of desire. This keeps one person from being ready before the other, which may cause pain or make an orgasm more difficult. Benefits of Foreplay Physical Benefits Preparing the body physically for sexual action is one of the main goals of foreplay. The pulse rate rises and blood flow is focused on the genitalia during foreplay. This increased blood flow lubricates the vagina in women, making penetration more pleasant and comfortable. For both parties to achieve optimum delight, foreplay also enables the genitals to get completely aroused and prepared for intercourse. Particularly for women, skipping foreplay can cause pain, and discomfort, and even make it more difficult to experience an orgasm. For many women, the peak of excitement required for an orgasm must be reached after a lengthier duration of arousal and stimulation. Women who participate in sufficient foreplay are more likely to experience an orgasm during sexual activity. Emotional Benefits Not only does foreplay help with physical preparation, but it is also very important for preparing the mind for sex. Through close physical contact, passionate kissing, and sexual exploration, partners develop a stronger sense of closeness and connection. People can become completely present at the moment through foreplay, which helps them let go of the pressures and cares of the day. This emotional connection heightens arousal and desire, which improves the overall satisfaction of the sexual experience. Partners are more likely to feel more satisfied and pleasurable during sex when they feel emotionally connected and present. Relational Benefits Foreplay has major relationship benefits in addition to its sexual and emotional rewards. It allows lovers to explore one other's bodies and find new erogenous zones, adding excitement and variety to their sex lives. To keep their sex experiences interesting and novel, couples might use a variety of foreplay methods, such as massage, role-playing, or using personal hygiene products. Additionally, foreplay gives lovers a chance to speak honestly with one another. Couples can talk about their preferences, boundaries, and desires during this private time, which helps them to better understand and respect one another's needs. The emotional connection between spouses is strengthened by this open conversation, which fosters intimacy and trust.[3] Not only is foreplay beneficial for couples, but it can also improve solitary sexual encounters. Through self-discovery and self-gratification practices, people can discover more about their bodies and what makes them happy. Sharing this self-awareness with partners can result in more fulfilling sex interactions. How to Improve Your Foreplay Game? Different approaches work for different couples, so there's no one-size-fits-all approach to foreplay. Open communication regarding preferences and desires should be maintained at all times. Here are some pointers: - Take your time examining each other's physique with tender touches and massages. Consider erogenous zones other than the genitalia. - Add some diversity by including things like toys, role-playing fantasies, passionate discussion, stripping, or divulging personal information about your arousal. - When you're out running errands earlier in the day, attempt some teasing touches or send flirtatious texts to build suspense. - Emphasize caresses and seductive touches on the entire body rather than just the genitalia. The largest erogenous zone is the brain. - Ask them outright what particular actions make your spouse most receptive. Describe the sensation that you get while it's happening. - Regularly check in to find out how aroused your spouse is and whether they're ready to proceed or if you need to engage in more foreplay. - Consider engaging in prolonged outercourse, which entails all sexual play and touching without penetration. Find out how long you can concentrate solely on foreplay. The Importance of Intimacy Intimate in its own right, foreplay goes beyond mere pre-sex preparation. Encouraging a sensual warm-up by slowing down results in a powerful emotional bond. You steer the interaction away from being only a sprint for orgasm and toward mutual enjoyment and giving. In a relationship, foreplay increases vulnerability, desire, and trust. A satisfying sexual encounter must include foreplay. It gets the body ready for sex, establishes an emotional bond, provides excitement and diversity, raises the possibility of an orgasm, improves solitary encounters, and encourages candid conversation between couples. Couples can increase their intimacy, discover new gratifying experiences, and ultimately have more pleasurable and satisfying sex by taking the time to participate in foreplay. Making foreplay a priority is essential to creating a fulfilling and healthy sexual life. 3 Sources We review published medical research in respected scientific journals to arrive at our conclusions about a product or health topic. This ensures the highest standard of scientific accuracy. [2] Partner intimate touch is associated with increased interpersonal closeness, especially in non-romantic partners: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7946224/ [3] The associations of intimacy and sexuality in daily life: Temporal dynamics and gender effects within romantic relationships: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/323968415_The_associations_of_intimacy_and_sexuality_in_daily_life_Temporal_dynamics_and_gender_effects_within_romantic_relationships
With a rapidly growing population and harmful agricultural practices for the planet, the future of agriculture needs a change. Vertical farming has existed for thousands of years, but it has recently become popular in the U.S. as the tech industry seeks to make it the future of farming. To be able to produce food for future generations and control climate change, soil degradation and deforestation, vertical farming provides an excellent solution. Rather than traditional and horizontal agriculture, vertical farming uses vertical surfaces. By using vertically stacked layers, farmers can use 99% less land, 98% less water, and increase production throughout the year compared to traditional farming practices. Vertical farming has been used in countries such as Japan and the Netherlands for decades, but the first example of vertical farming known today is that of the Babylonian Hanging Gardens around 2,500 years ago. Vertical farms can be integrated into buildings such as skyscrapers, warehouses, shipping containers, greenhouses, rooftops or other indoor spaces that would otherwise be unfit for farming. Vertical farms can be grown in many different structures that can be built nearly anywhere, particularly in populated urban areas or even in depleted areas. When grown in urban areas, the distance traveled between farms and grocery stores is also greatly reduced, meaning a lower carbon footprint. Vertical farming offers consistent, year-round production and increased production overall. Rather than fruits and vegetables only being available seasonally, vertical farms can produce crops year-round with little dependance on climate or weather. When done correctly, companies can grow everything from leafy greens like lettuce and kale to other common crops like herbs and tomatoes. By being able to recycle water through the system with minimal waste, vertical farms use far less water than traditional farms. By controlling the environment around crops naturally, vertical farming also has little need or even use for pesticides. While vertical farming has high initial costs, limited crop options, a higher energy consumption and higher food prices, the pros outweigh the cons. With benefits including reduced land use, increased sustainability, year-round production, fresher produce, safer growing environments and improved efficiency, there are many great reasons to adopt vertical farming techniques.
Strategies for Success on the IGCSE English Literature Exam The IGCSE English Literature exam assesses students' understanding and interpretation of literary texts, as well as their ability to analyze and evaluate themes, characters, and literary techniques. To excel on this exam, students need to develop effective strategies that will help them navigate the complexities of literary analysis and demonstrate their critical thinking skills. This article presents a comprehensive guide to strategies for success on the IGCSE English Literature exam. 1. Understand the Exam Format: Familiarize yourself with the exam format, including the structure of the paper, types of questions, and allocated marks. The IGCSE English Literature exam typically consists of two papers: Paper 1, which focuses on poetry and prose texts, and Paper 2, which covers drama and unseen texts. Understanding the format will help you allocate your time wisely and approach each section strategically. 2. Read and Annotate Texts: Before the exam, thoroughly read and annotate the literary texts that will be covered. Take notes on key themes, characters, plot points, and literary devices. Pay attention to the author's style, tone, and language choices. Annotating texts will help you engage with the material more deeply and facilitate your analysis during the exam. 3. Practice Active Reading: Practice active reading techniques while studying literary texts. Ask yourself questions as you read, such as "What is the author trying to convey?" "How do the characters develop throughout the story?" and "What literary devices are used to enhance the narrative?" Active reading will improve your comprehension and critical thinking skills, enabling you to analyze texts more effectively during the exam. 4. Master Literary Devices: Familiarize yourself with common literary devices such as imagery, symbolism, metaphor, simile, foreshadowing, and irony. Understand how these devices contribute to the overall meaning and impact of a literary work. Be prepared to identify and analyze literary devices in the texts provided on the exam, demonstrating your understanding of the author's craft. 5. Practice Essay Writing: Practice writing analytical essays on a variety of literary topics, including character analysis, thematic exploration, and comparative analysis. Pay attention to essay structure, including the introduction, thesis statement, body paragraphs, and conclusion. Practice incorporating textual evidence to support your arguments and analyzing quotes in detail. 6. Time Management: Develop effective time management strategies to ensure that you can complete all sections of the exam within the allocated time. Allocate a specific amount of time to each question or section based on the marks available. Pace yourself accordingly, and don't spend too much time on any one question. If you're struggling with a particular question, move on and come back to it later. 7. Review Sample Responses: Review sample responses and mark schemes provided by the exam board or your teacher. Pay attention to the criteria used to assess responses and identify areas for improvement. Analyze high-scoring essays to understand what makes them effective, and incorporate similar techniques into your own writing. 8. Practice Past Papers: Practice answering past exam questions under timed conditions to familiarize yourself with the exam format and style of questions. Use past papers as an opportunity to test your knowledge, refine your exam technique, and identify areas where you need additional practice. Review your answers afterward to identify strengths and weaknesses and make necessary adjustments. 9. Seek Feedback: Seek feedback from your teacher, classmates, or peers on your practice essays and exam performance. Ask for constructive criticism and suggestions for improvement. Actively engage with feedback and use it to refine your writing style, strengthen your arguments, and enhance your analytical skills. 10. Stay Calm and Confident: On the day of the exam, stay calm and confident in your abilities. Trust in your preparation and the strategies you've developed. Take deep breaths, read each question carefully, and approach each task methodically. Remember to manage your time effectively and prioritize the questions that play to your strengths. Success on the IGCSE English Literature exam requires diligent preparation, critical thinking skills, and effective exam strategies. By understanding the exam format, mastering literary analysis techniques, practicing essay writing, managing your time wisely, and seeking feedback, you can maximize your chances of achieving a high score. Remember to stay calm, focused, and confident during the exam, and trust in your ability to analyze and interpret literary texts with insight and clarity.
Official report: UN served +4.2 million in Iraq in 2021 Shafaq News/ The United Nations Country Team (UNCT) in Iraq released its annual report for the year 2021, contributing to Iraq achieving its own development goals, to build back better and to leave no one behind. The report highlights UN serving more than 4.2 million beneficiaries, including displacement affected populations, increasing access to services in priority sectors as well as implementing 629 infrastructure projects rehabilitating thousands of private and public buildings, including schools and medical centers. As a result, 51% of returnee households are now living in locations with adequate access to services and infrastructure, especially water supply. Moreover, around 152,500 refugees, IDPs, returnees, and other vulnerable groups received multipurpose cash assistance in 2021. According to the report, over 40,000 youth received technical and vocational trainings while thousands of Iraqi workers benefited from decent job opportunities in the most promising economic sectors. Other interventions include supporting Iraq's human rights through strengthening the investigative capacity of the Fact-Finding Committee to promote accountability for human rights violations and abuses, improving government services to protect women and girls from domestic and gender-based violence, and strengthening public healthcare services. In addition, the UN Iraq also facilitated 416 partnerships in sustainable development, conflict prevention, and mitigation processes, which reached 2.5 million people from vulnerable groups (women, girls, children, IDPs, refugees) in fragile settings, including nine refugee and 26 IPD camps. Eight Area Based Coordination mechanisms (ABC) have been put in place in complex areas of return to ensure effective coordination and joint planning with local government structures to facilitate returns of IDPs. More than 5 million m2 of contaminated land were cleared of explosive ordnance in the main cities of Mosul, Fallujah, and Ramadi. Also, over four million people were also reached with campaigns to boost vaccine confidence and raise awareness of the SDGs, their importance for Iraq, and current and future climate change impacts. "2021 was a challenging year for Iraq, marked by a series of negative socio-economic impacts from Covid-19 that continue to submerge the country with unprecedented challenges." "Despite all these challenges, UN Iraq continues to support the Government of Iraq's efforts in reducing poverty and improving the living conditions of vulnerable people, resolving the IDPs situation, strengthening equitable services delivery, fighting climate change, and enhancing Iraq's thrive towards achieving its own ambition towards the Sustainable Development," said Irena Vojáčková-Sollorano, UN Deputy Special Representative of the Secretary-General, Resident and Humanitarian Coordinator for Iraq.
1st Edition Cultural Politics in Contemporary America First published in 1989, Cultural Politics in Contemporary America is a radical attempt to lay out the complex ways in which the American media and American culture is powerfully interlocked. At the end of the 20th century, the media exerted an overwhelming influence on the formation of social identity through the production and consumption of images. The Hollywood Presidency of Ronald Reagan was founded on the skills of the 'Great Communicator'; Bruce Springsteen's 'Born in the USA' was used by Chrysler Corporation to assure that 'the pride is back'; feminists and right-wing militants converged to oppose pornography. The media, American culture, and political power were bound together in a gamble, the stakes of which increased daily. 'Cultural Politics' incorporates the struggles of race, gender and class; the economy of the commercial media system; the myths of hegemony and imperialism; the crises of privacy and of the intellectual; and such diverse issues as postmodernism, the American automobile, advertising as communication, and television. While political actors have changed and media technology has advanced rapidly, the outcome of this research still holds true for the 21st century and is of importance to students of media studies, cultural studies, postmodernism, postcolonial studies and political science. Acknowledgements Introduction 1. Requiem for the American Empire Gore Vidal 2. The Imperial Cannibal Bill Livant 3. American Empire and Global Communication Eileen Mahoney 4. Power, Hegemony, and Communication Theory Leslie Good 5. The Political Economy of Culture Sut Jhally 6. Advertising and the Development of Consumer Society Stuart Ewen 7. Circumscribing Postmodern Culture Ian H. Angus 8. In Living Colour: Race and American Culture Michael Omi 9. Cultural Conundrums and Gender: America's Present Past Jean Bethke Elshtain 10. Working Class Culture in the Electronic Age Stanley Aronowitz 11. Nature in Industrial Society Neil Evernden 12. Sexual Politics Ellen Willis 13. Action-Adventure as Ideology Gina Marchetti 14. Vehicles for Myth: The Shifting Image of the Modern Car Andrew Wernick 15. Advertising as Religion: The Dialectic of Technology and Magic Sut Jhally 16. The Importance of Shredding in Earnest: Reading the National Security Culture and Terrorism James Der Derian 17. Television and Democracy Michael Morgan 18. MTV: Swinging on the (Postmodern) Star Lawrence Grossberg 19. The Decline of American Intellectuals Russell Jacoby 20. The Myth of the Information Society William Leiss 21. Limits to the Imagination: Marketing and Children's Culture Stephen Kline 22. The Privatization of Culture Herbert Schiller 23. Media Beyond Representation Ian H. Angus 24. Postmodernism: Roots and Politics Todd Gitlin Notes Contributors Ian Angus and Sut Jhally
Profit maximization is often considered the ultimate goal of businesses. It involves increasing the revenue of a company while minimizing its costs to achieve the highest possible profit. Profit is the main driving force behind most corporate decision-making, as it allows businesses to grow and expand their operations. However, this approach has been criticized for its short-term focus and lack of consideration for social and environmental factors. Benefits of Profit Maximization The most obvious benefit of profit maximization is that it increases the financial health of a company. This enables businesses to expand, invest in new technologies, and create more job opportunities. Profit maximization also benefits shareholders who invest in the company, as they receive higher dividends and a higher return on their investment. Moreover, companies that focus on profit maximization are more likely to attract investors who are interested in making a profit, which further helps the company to grow. Drawbacks of Profit Maximization However, the emphasis on profit maximization has been criticized for its negative impact on society and the environment. Companies that prioritize profit over everything else may engage in unethical practices such as exploiting workers, polluting the environment, and engaging in monopolistic behavior. This can lead to long-term harm to society and the environment, which can negatively impact the reputation of the company and lead to legal or regulatory action. Moreover, such practices can also lead to a loss of trust and loyalty among customers and employees, which can have long-term consequences for the company. Alternatives to Profit Maximization To address the drawbacks of profit maximization, some companies have adopted alternative approaches such as stakeholder theory and corporate social responsibility. Stakeholder theory recognizes the importance of considering the needs and interests of all stakeholders, including employees, customers, suppliers, and the local community, in addition to shareholders. This approach prioritizes long-term sustainable growth and aims to create value for all stakeholders rather than just maximizing profits for shareholders. Corporate social responsibility involves taking actions that benefit society and the environment, even if they do not directly contribute to profits. This approach recognizes that businesses have a responsibility to contribute to the well-being of society and the environment. Profit maximization is important for businesses to achieve financial success and growth. However, it should not be the only factor considered in corporate decision-making. Companies need to balance the pursuit of profit with ethical and social responsibility to ensure long-term sustainability and success. Adopting alternative approaches such as stakeholder theory and corporate social responsibility can help companies to achieve this balance and create value for all stakeholders.
What is the Minimum Salary Needed to Qualify for a Personal Loan? Looking for a personal loan? Your monthly income plays a huge role if you wish to qualify for one. Lenders approve loans based on your income. And what does your income signify? Your ability to repay the loan. It's a simple rule — more income stability equals fewer chances of getting into bad debt. But here is one major thing! The minimum salary needed to qualify for a personal loan can significantly vary based on your lender's requirements, criteria, credit score, and the loan amount you're applying for. There is no one minimum salary bar that can help you acquire it. So, let's learn how your monthly income impacts your eligibility for a personal loan, the minimum salary needed to qualify for a personal loan, how you can improve your loan approval chances with a lower wage, and whether having someone co-sign the loan can help you get approved. How Does Your Monthly Income Impact Your Eligibility for a Personal Loan? Your monthly income is essential in order to be eligible for a personal loan. But how does your monthly income impact your eligibility for a personal loan? Let us find out! - Loan Amount: Your earnings help lenders determine the maximum loan amount you can apply for. They use the highest debt-to-income ratio (DTI) and other factors to determine how much of your earnings can be used to service loans. - Repayment Capacity: Lenders establish a borrower's repayment ability based on income. A higher income indicates you have more means to repay the loan, and your repayment capacity is evident. - Credit worthiness: Higher incomes are not linked directly to credit scores, although they can correlate. This can easily improve your chances of getting approved for a loan and also enable you to qualify for better loan terms. - Employment Stability: Lenders prefer borrowers with steady incomes from reliable sources due to many factors. A constant salary record can significantly increase your eligibility and keep you in favour of creditors. How to Improve Your Loan Approval Chances with a Lower Salary? If you have a low income, you might wonder how to improve your loan approval chances with a lower salary. There are several effective ways that can significantly improve your chances of getting a personal loan despite a low income. - Improve your Credit Score: A higher credit score can help you if you have a lower income. You must pay your bills on time and reduce your debt. Also, avoid seeking new loans before your previous debts are cleared. - Reduce your Debt: Reducing existing debts can lower the Debt-to-Income Ratio (DTI). (Based on which lenders make decisions) You should consider paying off high-interest debts or consolidating them so that your monthly payments can decrease. - Increase your Down Payment: Offering a more significant amount as a down payment can reduce the loan amount needed. This can minimise the lender's risks and show your mindful planning and commitment to the expense. - Shop Around: Loan approvals can vary largely from one lender to another. Do not forget to compare offers from multiple lenders based on your income to get one that will likely approve your application. - Provide Additional Documentation: If you have an erratic source of income or earn from various sources, ensure you provide detailed paperwork for your case. Make sure your tax returns, bank statements, and other proof of additional earnings are available. - Improve Employment Stability: As mentioned earlier, lenders look for stable employment in their borrowers. If possible, wait until you are with your current employer for an extended period before applying for the loan. Will Having Someone Co-Sign the Loan Help You Get a Loan? So the eminent question is, will having someone co-sign the loan help you get a loan?" The answer is — YES! - Higher Chance of Approval: A co-signer with a strong credit history and higher income can strengthen your loan application. It can also increase the likelihood of your loan approval. - Better Loan Terms: With a co-signer, you can also qualify for a lower interest rate or higher loan amount than you could without one. So to answer the question, your monthly income determines your eligibility for a personal loan. Almost all lenders rigorously assess your income to ensure you can comfortably repay the loan. The minimum salary bar varies, but the determinant factors remain the same. A co-signer with stable income and good credit can help seal the deal if you have a lower income. Looking for quick cash loans? mPokket is the best platform that offers students and young professionals instant loans online. You will find easy access to funds without collateral or extensive documentation. If you are looking for instant loans for low salary, mPokket provides the most lucrative offers. Download the application now!
Vitamins are crucial to human wellness. It aids the body embolisms blood and maintains the bones healthy. They are generated by exposure to the sun's ultravioletB rays. Foods abundant in vitamin D include fatty fish, egg yolks, beef liver, kiwi fruit, leafy environment-friendlies and also mushrooms. People with reduced vitamin D levels are at risk of hemorrhaging diathesis. A healthy degree of vitamin D will aid your body function usually. Water-soluble vitamins Water-soluble vitamins are those that are taken in right into the body by the body's cells. This kind of vitamin is quickly taken in right into the body's tissues, as well as excess amounts are secreted in the urine. They do not collect in the body at toxic degrees, however excess quantities can cause diarrhea. Vitamins B1 and also B2 are water-soluble vitamins and play crucial functions in the nerves and in launching power from food. These vitamins also aid in preserving healthy and balanced skin and also vision as well as are essential for the conversion of amino acids such as tryptophan to niacin. Water-soluble vitamins consist of vitamin C and the B-complex. These are important nutrients that can be gotten from enriched foods. They are also located in several veggies and also fruits. Vitamin C is a water-soluble vitamin that assists the body absorb iron and enhances the body immune system. Vitamins An and also B-complex are typically deficient in the body, yet they are not as harmful as a vitamin shortage would certainly suggest. Folic acid deficiency can cause abnormality. Although water-soluble vitamins are necessary for health and wellness as well as durability, they do not stay in the body for long. The body eliminates them through urine, so they have to be renewed consistently. Lots of people are lacking in these vitamins, specifically vegans and vegetarians. Water-soluble vitamins can be located in a range of foods and also sustain the body's major bodily features. If you are a vegetarian or vegan, you ought to attempt to integrate lots of them right into your diet regimen. Fat-soluble vitamins The Fat-soluble vitamins (Vitamins A, D, E, as well as K) are a group of necessary vitamins that are absorbed into the body together with fat. Since they are saved in cellulite, they are quicker soaked up right into the body. Fat-soluble vitamins are likewise practical for the body's capability to manage embolism and also vision. If you aren't obtaining sufficient of these nutrients in your diet regimen, take into consideration taking a nutritional supplement. Lots of people obtain sufficient of these essential vitamins from a diverse diet regimen. However, if you have a dietary adequacy or a household history of vitamin shortage, your medical professional may suggest that you take a supplement. These vitamins are vital for your total wellness and also ought to be consisted of in your everyday diet. A supplement might also help you avoid a shortage in specific vitamins, such as vitamin K. Among the most crucial vitamins is Vitamin E. It is a potent anti-oxidant, shielding the body from damage brought on by free radicals. Vitamin E is created naturally by the skin, although it can also be taken in supplement kind. Vitamin E assists to stop clotting by acting as an anti-oxidant. Vitamin E is located in foods like eggs and also avocados, and also is also a natural element of fish liver oil. You can also locate it in nuts and also whole grain foods, though the latter are low in vitamin E. If you are you looking for more in regards to see response check out the web-site. More strategies from recommended publishers:
Video Games are constantly expanding media, where its main focus is entertainment and engaging people in the new style of storytelling, where we engage as characters. During the first part of my Masters project, I want to undertake four small projects that will focus on video games. The specifics of the project will be informative and researched based as I want to explore the concept of what video games are for people and how to introduce them to newcomers. The Masters Part 1 will introduce a series of projects that will relate to the topics of video games, and I will explain each project on two-page slides in detail. The "Masters Part 1" will consist of series of small projects. Over the years, I heard many accusations in different types of media that "playing video games will make you a murderer", as referring to the infamous Grand Theft Auto series, but this is a false statement. This false accusation was a spark to create an informative piece across Masters Part One and Two to demonstrate that games are a new generation of media, like films and books. The Concept - Informative: - I will explain in detail what Video Games are and create informative media, which could be posters, video presentations, or infographics. - The Moral - Ethics: - I will explain the ethics of Video Games, what might be considered too controversial, and explain the Rating System and banned games across generations. - The Study - Comparison: - I will compare Video Games to other media of storytelling, which will include movies and books and how they compare to each other. - The Fracture - Stereotype - I will explain the portrayal of video games in modern society, as the older generations tend to associate video games with something bad. The Proposal is to create an informative design or campaign that would inform about the previously mentioned four aspects of video games across Master Part One and Two. The further explanation of the sub-project is explained within the presentation below. Bartek Wiatrek
Prognosis Stroke 1c. Tingkat Kesadaran - Perintah Perintah pertama: buka-tutup mata, kedua: kepal-lepas tangan. Melakukan 2 perintah 2. Gerakan Mata Horizontal Pasien mengikuti pulpen atau jari ke kanan dan kiri. Normal, dapat mengikuti jari atau pulpen 3. Tes Lapang Pandang Mata pasien dengan On evaluation of stroke patients early after the onset of the disease, the neurologic examination alone may give false impression about the prognosis. We'll go over the signs, symptoms, and risk factors of a thalamic stroke Stroke patients are scored on several functions in order to help predict and determine how severe the symptoms will be. These predictors are described in the stroke prognosis section that follows. Download Free Stroke Guide. Although a stroke comes with its own warning signs, they do not offer much advance warning. Strokes are usually diagnosed by doing physical tests and studying images of the brain produced during a scan. When you first arrive at hospital with a suspected stroke, the doctor will want to find out as much as they can about your symptoms. A number of tests can be done to confirm the diagnosis and determine the cause of the stroke. - Alm equity management ab - Malin åkerström - Stress sårbarhetsmodellen engelska - Fotledsoperation - Truck long or short vowel - Vårdcentralen hallsberg A common disability that results from stroke is complete paralysis on one side of the body, called hemiplegia. A related disability that is not as debilitating as paralysis is one-sided weakness or hemiparesis. There are many problems that may happen after a stroke. Most are common and will improve with time and rehabilitation. Common physical conditions after a stroke include: Weakness, paralysis, and problems with balance or coordination. Pain, numbness, or burning and tingling sensations. Still, prognostication following stroke, even when done by neurologic specialists, remains overly optimistic (1). In general, predictions of a poor outcome (death or severe disability meaning a life of complete dependence) remain relatively reliable (90% accurate in one study), but <1/2 of the predictions for a good outcome were accurate (3). Many people also experience extreme tiredness (fatigue) in the first few weeks after a stroke, and may also have difficulty sleeping, making them even more tired. 2000-10-10 A wide variety of factors influence stroke prognosis, including age, stroke severity, stroke mechanism, infarct location, comorbid conditions, clinical findings, and related complications. In addition, interventions such as thrombolysis, mechanical thrombectomy, stroke unit care, and rehabilitation can play a major role in the outcome of ischemic stroke. A, Major cardiovascular event: any recurrent ischemic stroke, myocardial infarction, acute peripheral vascular event, or vascular death; B, vascular death; C, recurrent ischaemic stroke; D, recurrent nonstroke acute vascular event: myocardial infarction, acute peripheral vascular event, or sudden cardiac death. Evidence Summary. A number of clinical decision models and scoring systems have been developed and validated to assist physicians in assessing the prognosis of patients with acute stroke. warning signs, you just might save a life from stroke. Face drooping, arm weakness, speech, time to call 9-1-1. Knowing these symptoms might save your life. A stroke is a serious life-threatening medical condition that happens when the blood supply to part of the brain is cut off. Strokes are a medical emergency and urgent treatment is essential. The sooner a person receives treatment for a stroke, the less damage is likely to happen. The prognosis for life in the elderly with the second stroke is unfavorable. Facts about leif erikson 1839-1841 Article in journal (Refereed) Published Abstract [en] Background and Purpose-Previous studies have shown heterogeneous results on predictors and rates of stroke recurrence. We will look at the prognosis and recovery from this type of stroke and the factors that determine both. 2019-03-27 · Many stroke patients experience depression. Stroke survivors may also have numbness or strange sensations. The pain is often worse in the hands and feet and is made worse by movement and temperature changes, especially cold temperatures. 16 personligheter test svenska ryska flaggan kartdavid phone number blocket fordon bilar sveriges fyra grundlagar Other "early" prognostic factors correlated with poor outcomes include age > 75, female gender, embolic stroke type, hemorrhagic conversion, onset to treatment > 2 hours, ED stay > 8 hours, failure to receive tPA, failure to receive treatment in a dedicated stroke unit, low income (except in universal healthcare systems), and poor social support. Risken att återinsjukna efter en stroke har minskat. Stora förbättringar i strokesjukvården, kan vara en orsak. Men forskning visar också på generellt minskade risker för hjärt- och kärlsjukdom. Detta enligt en ny avhandling från Umeå universitet. Momento di dipolo magnetico anmälan arbetsmiljöverket kränkande särbehandling - S-testosteron shbg-kvot kvinna - Land 35406 - Skoda praktik - Anna ryott linkedin - Mopedist - Spökhistoria gröna handen Brisa was a vibrant 32 year old living a fast-paced New York City life until one day her face swelled up and she suffered a Pons stroke. With her family by h Prognosis is constantly evolving and is affected by multiple factors, many of which Prognosis, comorbidity, disability, readmission, and the caregiver Stroke är en mycket vanlig sjukdom och idag räknar man med att det finns Titel: Long-term post-stroke outcome - the Sahlgrenska Academy Study on Ischemic Stroke. Författare: Redfors, Petra. E-post Fibrinogen concentrations predict long-term cognitive outcome in young ischemic stroke patients. Artikel i vetenskaplig tidskrift, refereegranskad. Författare. The aim of this thesis was to study the prognosis, health care utilization and health situation in stroke patients, and informal caregiver burden OBJECTIVE: To examine the incidence of, and outcome after, a stroke in patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) compared with the general population. A heat illness can progress suddenly to life-threatening heat stroke. Successful treatment depends on rapid diagnosis and cooling of the body Mazzucco S, Li L, Rothwell PM. Prognosis of Cryptogenic Stroke With Patent Foramen Ovale at Older Ages and Implications for Trials: A Population-Based Study and Systematic Review. JAMA Neurol. 2020. 2. Brisa was a vibrant 32 year old living a fast-paced New York City life until one day her face swelled up and she suffered a Pons stroke. With her family by h Strokes in the spinal cord are rare, accounting for just over 1 percent of all strokes. They can cause a variety of symptoms, including pain in the neck and back, long-term paralysis, and 2021-04-13 · The authors consider that the detection of the protein is useful in establishing a prognosis for victims of an ischemic stroke. These findings require confirmation in a separate study. 6 IAME, UMR1137, INSERM, Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France. 7 INSERM 1148, Laboratory of Vascular Translational Science, Hôpital Bichat-Claude, Paris, France. 8 Stroke Unit and Department of Neurology, Hôpital Lariboisière, Paris, France. 9 DHU NeuroVasc, Paris, France. Prognosis for a Massive Stroke. The prognosis, or long-term outlook, for a person who has a massive stroke relies very heavily on a couple of questions that are intertwined.
So you're looking to become an ethical hacker? That is definitely an excellent choice! The realm of ethical hacking presents an intriguing career path, delving into the world of cyber security through an offensive, yet ethical, lens. However, quantifying the timeline to become an ethical hacker or a junior-level penetration tester is not a cakewalk. In order to plan for your professional ethical hacking career, you must know, "How long does it take to become an ethical hacker?" This article specifically answers this question by providing a comprehensive roadmap that details the significance and complexity of estimating timelines. It also extensively details other considerations, including foundational knowledge assumptions, certification preparation, technical and soft skills, and practical experience requirements. So, without further ado, let's dive in and discover how long it takes to become an ethical hacker! Foundational Knowledge Assumptions If you want to start learning ethical hacking, you are expected to have a solid foundational knowledge of fundamental concepts of information technology (IT), operating systems, networking, and cyber security. Having prior foundational knowledge plays a crucial role in enhancing your ethical hacking capabilities and making your ethical hacking journey seamless. Following are some of the foundational skills you must master before beginning a career as an ethical hacker. - Basic IT Concepts: - Understanding of fundamental IT concepts, including hardware, software, networking, and data storage. - Operating Systems: - Proficiency in operating systems such as Windows, Linux, and macOS. - Command-line interface (CLI) familiarity, especially in Linux distributions like Ubuntu, Kali Linux, or CentOS. - Networking Fundamentals: - Knowledge of networking protocols (TCP/IP, SSH, DNS, DHCP, HTTP/HTTPS, etc.). - Understanding of network devices (routers, switches, firewalls) and their functionalities. - Ability to configure and troubleshoot network settings. - Cyber Security Basics: - Awareness of cyber security concepts, including confidentiality, integrity, and availability (CIA triad). - Awareness of security principles such as authentication, authorization, encryption, and hashing. - Knowledge of common security mechanisms like firewalls, VPNs, and intrusion detection/prevention systems. - Understanding of common cyber threats and attack vectors. - Continuous Learning Attitude: - Ethical hacking is a dynamic field; readiness to learn continuously and stay updated with the latest tools, techniques, and threats is crucial. Time Estimate for Gaining Foundational Knowledge: Note that the journey toward becoming an ethical hacker is inherently unique for each individual, and the duration required to achieve proficiency significantly relies on the existing background in technology and cyber security. This personalized trajectory is shaped by diverse factors, including prior education, professional experience, technical acumen, and familiarity with IT, networking, ethical hacking, and cyber security concepts. We do break this down in the article, "How Long Does It Take To Learn Cyber Security," which we strongly recommend reading if you're still at this stage of your career. The following courses can help you gain the foundational knowledge and practical skills that you require to begin becoming an ethical hacker: Learning Ethical Hacking Skills in Certification Preparation Once you've mastered the foundational knowledge, you can proceed to prepare for the actual ethical hacking concepts. Remember that certifications hold immense value in the realm of ethical hacking, especially for aspiring penetration testers. They serve as tangible proof of an individual's expertise, validating their skills and knowledge in various cyber security domains. Certifications not only enhance your credibility but also provide structured learning paths, ensuring a comprehensive understanding of ethical hacking methodologies, tools, and practices. Employers often prioritize candidates with relevant certifications, considering them reliable indicators of proficiency and dedication to the field. OSCP is one such certification that employers typically look for from candidates for ethical hacker and penetration tester roles. OffSec Certified Professional (OSCP): Among the plethora of certifications available, the OffSec Certified Professional (OSCP) stands out as one of the most esteemed and practical certifications for ethical hackers. Offered by OffSec, the OSCP emphasizes hands-on experience and practical skillsets crucial for penetration testers and is in high demand. The roadmap below shows us where the OSCP certification falls in terms of skills and abilities. OSCP falls into stage four of StationX's cyber security roadmap, which is "cyber security specialization." Depending on the company, this can be viewed as anywhere from entry-level to intermediate roles. Skills Required for OSCP: OSCP is a penetration testing certification designed by the creators of Kali Linux to test your real-world penetration testing knowledge and skill set. Some of these skills, as outlined in the OSCP syllabus, include: - Penetration Testing Methodologies: - Understanding and application of penetration testing methodologies like reconnaissance, vulnerability scanning, exploitation, and post-exploitation techniques. - Network Scanning and Enumeration: - Nmap: A versatile tool for network discovery, scanning, and reconnaissance. - The Harvester: Gathers information from various sources, facilitating reconnaissance and information gathering. - Network Hacking: Proficiency in network hacking concepts, including network scanning, firewall evasion, and network sniffing. - Exploitation Frameworks: - Metasploit: An essential penetration testing framework aiding in exploitation, post-exploitation, and vulnerability validation. - Web Application Testing: - Burp Suite: A comprehensive tool for web application security testing, including scanning for vulnerabilities and web application proxy. - SQL Injection: Writing SQL scripts and understanding SQL injection in addition to utilizing tools like SQLMap for database exploitation. - Password Cracking and Hash Analysis: - John the Ripper: A widely-used password cracking tool for dictionary attacks and brute forcing. - System hacking: Proficiency in endpoint or system hacking methodologies, including account takeover, privilege escalation, password attacks, etc. - Basic Scripting/Programming Skills for Tool Usage: - Scripting languages (e.g., basics of Bash and Python) for using basic ethical hacking tools for reconnaissance, scanning, exploitation, and privilege escalation. - Report Writing: - Capability to effectively document and communicate findings through detailed penetration testing reports. - Problem-Solving and Persistence: - A strong problem-solving mindset and persistence to tackle complex challenges inherent in penetration testing scenarios. OSCP Preparation and Time Estimate: Preparation for the OSCP demands a substantial investment of time and effort. Aspiring candidates typically dedicate anywhere between 200 to 400 hours to adequately prepare for the OSCP exam. This duration includes in-depth study, practical exercises, and hands-on labs to master the requisite skills. Additional Technical Skills In addition to certifications like OSCP, proficiency in various tools, concepts, and programming/scripting languages is paramount for ethical hackers and penetration testers. Mastering these technical skills enhances your ability to become an expert ethical hacker. Overview of Additional Technical Skills In addition to the skills that we discussed in the beginning, you may need additional technical and practical hands-on knowledge and skills to excel in ethical hacking. Some of the additional technical skills are: - Packet Analysis and Network Traffic Inspection: - Wireshark: A powerful packet analyzer used for network troubleshooting, analysis, and protocol examination. - Advanced Programming and Scripting: - Bash Scripting: Writing complex commands for various purposes in Linux environments. - Python: Writing advanced scripts with the versatile scripting language that is used in the majority of ethical hacking tools. - PowerShell: Useful for Windows exploitation and writing proof of concept malware files in certain scenarios. Effective in achieving system and account takeover, privilege escalation, lateral movement, etc. - Active Directory (AD) Understanding: - Mastery of Active Directory is essential for comprehending and exploiting Windows network environments. - Databases: - Basic understanding of databases and how they function. - Knowledge of SQL (Structured Query Language) and database management systems. Estimated Additional Study Hours: Achieving proficiency in these technical skills typically demands an additional 100 to 200 hours of dedicated study, practice, and hands-on experimentation. You need to allocate substantial time to familiarize yourself with these tools, explore their functionalities, and gain practical experience by simulating real-world scenarios. Gaining Real-World Experience Real-world experience is a pivotal aspect of an ethical hacker or penetration tester's journey, offering invaluable insights and practical skills that certifications and theoretical knowledge might not provide. It bridges the gap between theoretical understanding and the actual challenges encountered in securing systems and networks. Employers typically seek candidates with real-world experience, but it's not uncommon for entry-level candidates to lack this experience until they land a job. However, there are ways for a candidate to gain real-world experience. Let's see some of the ways that you can gain real-time experience that will help you land your dream job as a professional ethical hacker. Capture The Flag (CTF) Challenges: - Hands-on Application: CTF challenges simulate real-world scenarios, allowing ethical hackers to apply their knowledge in solving security-related puzzles and scenarios. - Diverse Skill Development: Ethical hackers can encounter a wide array of challenges with the CTFs, enhancing their skills in various areas of cyber security, including (but not limited to) cryptography, reverse engineering, web exploitation, and network analysis. - Collaborative Learning: CTFs often encourage teamwork, fostering collaboration and knowledge-sharing among participants. Bug Bounties: - Live Testing Ground: Bug bounty programs offer ethical hackers a platform to test their skills on real systems and applications, identifying and reporting vulnerabilities to organizations. - Incentivized Learning: Monetary rewards or recognition incentivize ethical hackers to actively hunt for vulnerabilities, enhancing their problem-solving and reconnaissance skills. Practical Scenarios: In addition, to the aforementioned, here are some of the ways that StationX can help you build the practical experience: - Moderating Focus Groups - Leading Mastermind Groups - Networking with Industry Experts - Practical Exercises and Virtual Labs - Contributing code on Github and within the StationX community - Taking up Internship, teaching assistant, or co-op opportunities Additional Hours for Real-World Practice: Gaining substantial real-world experience through CTF challenges, bug bounties, and practical scenarios typically requires an additional 100 to 200 hours of dedicated practice. The experience gained in such real-world scenarios contributes significantly to an ethical hacker's skill set and readiness to tackle security challenges in diverse environments. Meeting Job-Specific Requirements Employers often have distinct requirements tailored to their industry, the complexity of their systems, and the nature of potential threats they face. These demands can vary significantly based on the type of position you are targeting within the cyber security landscape. As you advance through your career journey, you must consider the job-specific requirements. It is imperative that you learn specialized tailored skills regardless of whether you're looking for jobs you're interested in or applying for a job that expects specific skills. Tailored Requirements: - Industry Focused Knowledge: Industries such as finance, healthcare, government, or technology might have specific compliance standards (e.g., PCI DSS, HIPAA, GDPR) that necessitate specialized knowledge and certifications. - Specialized Skills: Certain job roles might require expertise in niche areas such as industrial control systems (ICS), IoT security, or cloud security, demanding additional specialized training and knowledge. - Regulatory Knowledge: Understanding regional or industry-specific regulations and compliance frameworks becomes crucial in certain roles, influencing security strategies and risk mitigation approaches. - Tool and Technology Preferences: Some employers might emphasize proficiency in specific security tools or technologies relevant to their infrastructure, necessitating additional training to meet their preferences. - Threat Landscape Awareness: Awareness of the prevalent threats and attack vectors within a particular industry or sector is essential for developing tailored security strategies. Time Estimation for Fulfilling These Requirements: The time estimation for fulfilling these job-specific requirements typically ranges from 50 to 100 hours. This time is dedicated to acquiring specialized knowledge, training, or certifications tailored to the demands of the targeted job role. Candidates aiming for roles in specialized areas within ethical hacking often invest this time to ensure they meet the job-specific prerequisites and stand out as qualified candidates in their desired field. Soft Skills Development While technical expertise is fundamental, soft skills play an equally crucial role in the success of an ethical hacker or penetration tester. These skills enable effective communication, collaboration, and the ability to convey complex technical findings in a comprehensible manner. Communication Skills: Clear and effective communication is essential to convey technical vulnerabilities, risks, and recommendations to non-technical stakeholders. Collaboration with teams, explaining technical concepts, and articulating findings succinctly are critical aspects of an ethical hacker's role. Report Writing: The ability to document findings in comprehensive and articulate reports is crucial. This skill aids in conveying technical details, risks, and mitigation strategies to clients or stakeholders. Problem-Solving and Analytical Thinking: Strong problem-solving abilities and analytical thinking are indispensable in identifying and resolving complex security issues. Adaptability and Creativity: The ever-evolving nature of cyber security demands adaptability and creativity in devising innovative solutions to emerging threats. Personal Branding and Interview Skills: - Personal Branding: Establishing a personal brand through networking, online presence, and contributions to the cyber security community can significantly enhance visibility and credibility in the field. - Interview Skills: Effective communication during interviews, showcasing technical expertise, and articulating one's experiences and skills are pivotal in securing a job in the cyber security domain. Time Allocation for Developing These Skills: Devoting approximately 50 hours to developing soft skills is crucial for aspiring ethical hackers. These 50 hours allocated to honing soft skills complement technical expertise, making an individual a well-rounded professional capable of not only identifying security flaws but also effectively communicating and collaborating to address them. This time can be dedicated to various soft skill activities such as: - Communication Improvement: Engaging in public speaking, attending workshops, or joining Toastmasters to enhance presentation and communication skills. - Report Writing Workshops: Participating in courses or workshops focusing on technical writing and report creation. - Networking and Personal Branding: Dedication to networking events, building an online presence through social media or blogs, and contributing to cyber security forums or discussions. - Interview Preparation: Practice interview scenarios, mock interviews, and refining one's ability to convey technical knowledge effectively during interviews. Note that the combination of technical prowess and strong soft skills elevates an ethical hacker's overall impact and value within the cyber security landscape. Conclusion: How Long Does It Take To Become an Ethical Hacker? The journey to becoming a proficient ethical hacker or a junior penetration tester demands a dedicated investment of time and effort, estimated to range from 500 to 950 hours. While the estimated time to become an ethical hacker or a junior penetration tester varies, leveraging resources like the Accelerator Program by StationX can significantly optimize your learning curve, enhance skill development, and provide the support needed to thrive in the dynamic field of ethical hacking. Accelerate your journey within the cyber security realm and unlock your potential to become an ethical hacker with StationX's tailored learning experience and vibrant community connections through our Accelerator and Fast-Track Program.
Developers spend a lot of time debugging and maintaining current codebases. Understanding different methods of debugging is critical. Some developers still feel comfortable with more manual ways of debugging. There are also a lot of snapshot tools that give you a detailed report of the issues and errors after a certain part of the code runs. Both of these approaches can be beneficial but they are often focused on when the error happens. With the help of debugger tools, we can see how an error has happened. In this post, we will be examining gdbgui, an extension of gdb, with visual debugging abilities, which will help us debug compiled languages. gdb is a very handy tool for debugging compiled languages such as C, C++, Go, Rust, etc. It is available for common operating systems such as Mac, Windows, and Linux. This debugger can help us in several ways such as: While these are very helpful in our debugging effort, you still need to run the debugging commands in the terminal and might not get a good overview of the context of the program. gdbgui is another debugging tool that is built on top of gdb. The main difference is that gdbgui exposes a browser-based frontend to developers, so they can add breakpoints, view stack traces, and change the context and parameter values while the debugger is running. The library takes advantage of WebSockets. Whenever the frontend debugging tool starts, a WebSocket connection is established which is the communication channel between the browser and the backend. After each established WebSocket, the backend starts a new managed gdb subprocess for parsing the output while spawning a separate subprocess for constantly checking for the output from the other subprocess. Finally, it transports the output to the client using the same WebSocket. Let us install gdbgui on our machine. As mentioned before, gdbgui can be installed on various operating systems, but it can also run remotely. There are several ways to install gdbgui on your machine depending on your operating system, but I am going to follow the simplest and most straightforward one. Since this library is reliant on Python 3, you need to be careful in following any of the installation guides as it might interfere with your machine's global settings. The best way to install gdbgui is via pipx . This tool lets you install libraries and applications written in Python in an isolated environment while allowing you to run them via shell as globals via shell. This removes a lot of headaches that might happen because of version incompatibility. Start by running these commands: // Step 1: Install pipx python3 -m pip install --user pipx // Step 2: Add new path in user path python3 -m userpath append ~/.local/bin // Step 3: Install gdbgui pipx install gdbgui // Or you can run gdbgui without installing pipx run gdbgui Let us debug a simple C++ program using gdbgui to get familiar with its features. First, download this repository to your machine, using the dropdown on the right side of the page. Now, run these commands in the terminal: // First, enter the directory for C example cd gdbgui-master/examples/c // Second, run the command to run the debugger make After running these commands, the debugger should pop open in your browser. At first glance, we see a lot of options on this page. But one thing we need to consider is that the developers of this tool have tried to limit the number of available GUI options, as to lessen the confusion when debugging. On top of the page, we see a section called Load Binary, which we can use to load program binaries (with a relative path from where the gdbgui is running) and also pass arguments to it like we would in a command line. Please note that this section only accepts executables, so you cannot just pass current executables in your directory without expecting it to be compiled. On the right side of the page, we have a controller section which will allow developers to control the general flow of the debugging like restarting a program from the beginning, continuing until the next breakpoint, sending an "interrupt" signal to gdb process for pausing and step over, in, or out of the next functional call. There are also keyboard shortcuts for all of these controls. At the bottom of the page, you see an output section that is used to display the output of the program or gdb. It also allows you to run gdb commands in the terminal section. When you load the executable file, you see the source code with applied breakpoints in the middle of the page. Also, we see a dropdown section that shows a list of all the source files that were used to compile the executable. Although it was not a necessary thing to specify the source file in the dropdown menu, for some debugging scenarios like Rust, you might need to guide gdbgui by entering the name of the main source file in the dropdown section and select it. On the right side, you see a few panels as well. The call stack section shows where in the stack we are on a certain breakpoint (file and instruction address, which is the pointer in code pointing to the breakpoint). We can also explore the local variables related to attacked breakpoints. Additionally, by clicking on any of the locales here we can see a detailed tree view that can show complex relationships between variables in a visual format. We also have an expression section where we can watch a certain value persistently through the lifetime of a program. This will be interesting to use for a variable that is expected to change in different sequences of the program. One cool feature about the debugger is that it turns memory addresses into hyperlinks so you can click on them. When that is done, you can see all the memory addresses in a data table and recognize which character they refer to. An additional visual feature that sets this debugger apart is the ability to monitor the value of certain variables over time on a chart. If you click on the chart icon in the expression section, you will be shown a graph with both X and Y lines. If the value of the expression changes across the runtime of a debugger, you will be able to see this change visually on the graph. Finally, we can explore the settings section of the debugger which is accessible by clicking on the gear icon on the top right of the page. Many of the settings are self-explanatory like adding a breakpoint to main after loading the executable. Also if you leave the option for refreshing components when a command is sent from the terminal, then you will be able to refresh all the visual views after each command (like entering n for the next line of execution). You will also be able to set the theme of debugger here (I personally prefer the darker mode and that is why I am leaving it to be the monokai Lastly, you can check the option to print all the commands in the console. Checking this option will show not only all the commands that you run, but it will also display all the commands that gdbgui is running behind the scenes for debugging purposes. In most cases, it is better to have this option unchecked as it will make the terminal console noisy and hard to read. You can follow the instructions in this guide as well as following the official wiki for gdbgui to test a debugging flow. Such a tool can be particularly helpful for you if you do not have access to a proper IDE debugger tool and would prefer to spin up a visual debugger interface in a matter of seconds and start investigating an issue. Also, remember that C is not the only language you can debug using this tool. There is support for several languages such as Rust and Go as well. However, there might be small tweaks that you need to make in the debugger environment to make it work for those languages as well. For those scenarios, make sure to check gdbgui's official documentation to get familiar with the proper setup guide. Install LogRocket via npm or script tag. LogRocket.init() must be called client-side, not $ npm i --save logrocket // Code: import LogRocket from 'logrocket'; LogRocket.init('app/id'); // Add to your HTML: <script src="https://cdn.lr-ingest.com/LogRocket.min.js"></script> <script>window.LogRocket && window.LogRocket.init('app/id');</script> Learn how the Wasp, Web Application Specification, framework simplifies full-stack development by offloading repetitive code tasks. Browser extensions are an important part of the web ecosystem. They make our lives easier and enhance our web browsing […] Explore how Bulma CSS simplifies frontend development with its ease of use and customizable, responsive, pre-designed UI elements. Develop a React app with Python using the Mountaineer framework for building a simple app with integrated your frontend and backend database.
What is predictive maintenance? How is it better than preventive maintenance? Predictive Maintenance, or PdM for short, is a technique that uses IOT devices and data analysis techniques to detect abnormalities in machine operation. So you can fix the problem immediately. Ideally, PdM will reduce the frequency of reactive maintenance to as low as possible. And don't have too much cost associated with preventive maintenance. How does predictive maintenance work? Prior to the introduction of PdM, it was necessary to examine the working model to see how the basics of the machine worked under normal conditions. and that value will be retained by default. It will be able to compare with the original value and see the abnormalities. and every time something goes wrong The sensors are notified to the Computerized Maintenance Management System or CMMS (computer software that collects information about maintenance and facilitates maintenance management), enabling precise repairs. Implement Predictive Maintenance 1. Set baseline baseline values Find the baseline and Create conditions or limit values that require repair before attaching the sensor. 2. Install the SKF Enlight Collect IMx-1 body. Install vibration measurements at various points of the machine to be able to collect the operation of the machine comprehensively. The measurement with Vibration value can be used to detect all problems. 3. Connect Devices to Software Connect the IMx-1 to a SKF or user-owned CMMS. If users have their own software Data will be displayed in various graphs. An analysis report has already been sent from SKF, making it possible to decide early whether repairs should be made or not without having to let the set limits be reached. How is doing predictive maintenance better than doing preventive maintenance? Predictive maintenance will receive real-time information that allows you to know the working status of the machine all the time from the monitor screen. And can also tell the cause of the problem through Vibration analysis without having to hire an expert to check and analyze the cause like doing preventive maintenance Importantly, no need to stop the machine to check. increase productivity And overall, predictive maintenance minimizes the number of people involved. Reduce problems caused by people, such as cheating technicians. Corruption due to inaccurate detection The danger of technicians neglecting standard procedures
A randomised controlled trial to evaluate the effect of face-down posturing on retinal displacement and distortion following retinal detachment repair. Full description During the surgical repair of a retina detachment, a gas bubble is inserted into the eye to keep the retina flat. Following this, it is common to ask patients to adopt a certain head position for a set period of time after their operation. This is known as posturing. It is thought that by adopting a certain head position/posturing, the bubble aids re-attachment of the retina. However, when the retinal detachment involves the macula (central portion of the retina) it has been shown that the retina can shift (or displace) post-operatively, leading to distortion in the patient's vision. The purpose of this study is to investigate whether adopting different head positions following surgery for macula involving retinal detachments, can reduce retinal displacement and visual distortion. The investigators plan to recruit 368 patients. Patients will be in follow up for a period of six months. The study will be operational at two different hospitals in the United Kingdom. Inclusion criteria Exclusion criteria 262 participants in 2 patient groups Data sourced from clinicaltrials.gov Clinical trials Research sites
Conquering the Keto Challenge: A Step-by-Step Guide for Beginners Begin your keto journey confidently with our step-by-step guide to conquering the keto diet for beginners. Understanding the Keto Diet The ketogenic or 'keto' diet has gained significant attention over the past few years. This high-fat, low-carb diet has been lauded for its potential benefits in weight loss, athletic performance, and disease management. But what exactly is the keto diet, and who can benefit from it? Let's delve into the science behind the diet and understand its potential beneficiaries. The Science Behind the Keto Diet The ketogenic diet is based on the principle of ketosis, a metabolic state where the body uses fat for fuel instead of carbohydrates. Under normal circumstances, the body relies on glucose, derived from dietary carbohydrates, as its primary source of energy. However, when intake of carbohydrates is significantly reduced, as in the case of the keto diet, the body is forced to find an alternative source of energy. This is where fat comes into play. The liver begins to convert fat into ketones, a type of molecule that can be used for energy. This process, known as ketosis, is the cornerstone of the ketogenic diet. The typical macronutrient distribution for a ketogenic diet is as follows: Macronutrient \| Percentage of Total Daily Calories \| Fat \| 70-75% \| Protein \| 20-25% \| Carbohydrates \| 5-10% \| To see how these percentages translate into meals, check out our guide on keto diet meal planning. Who Can Benefit from the Keto Diet The ketogenic diet can benefit a wide range of individuals. Weight Loss Seekers: The keto diet can be a powerful tool for weight loss. By reducing carbohydrate intake and increasing fat consumption, the body can efficiently burn fat for energy, leading to weight loss. Read more about the keto diet for weight loss. Athletes: Some athletes choose the ketogenic diet to enhance performance, particularly in endurance events. By relying on fat for fuel, they can potentially tap into vast energy reserves without the need for frequent refueling. Individuals with Metabolic Issues: The keto diet may improve markers of metabolic health, including blood sugar, insulin sensitivity, and triglycerides. People with Neurological Conditions: There is evidence that the ketogenic diet may provide benefits for certain neurological conditions, such as epilepsy, Alzheimer's disease, and Parkinson's disease. Structured Diet Plan Seekers: For those who prefer a structured diet plan, the keto diet offers clear guidelines on what to eat and what to avoid. Explore our keto diet recipes for meal ideas. As always, individuals should consult their healthcare provider before starting a new diet plan, particularly if they have any underlying health conditions. It's important to remember that while the keto diet can offer numerous benefits, it may not be suitable for everyone. The key is to find a dietary approach that aligns with one's personal health goals, lifestyle, and food preferences. Starting the Keto Diet: A Step-by-Step Guide Embarking on the keto diet for beginners requires a basic understanding and a structured approach to ensure success. The steps below can guide individuals through the initial stages of the keto diet. Step 1: Preparing for the Keto Diet Before starting the ketogenic diet, it's essential to do thorough research and consult with a healthcare professional or a registered dietitian. They can provide personalized advice and assess whether the ketogenic diet is appropriate based on individual health conditions and goals. After getting the green light, individuals should familiarize themselves with foods that are keto-friendly and those that aren't. Understanding the difference between high-carb and low-carb foods is crucial in this initial stage. This knowledge will aid in making informed decisions when grocery shopping and meal planning. Step 2: Understanding Your Macros The ketogenic diet is a low-carb, moderate-protein, and high-fat diet. The general macronutrient ratio for the keto diet is approximately 70-75% fat, 20% protein, and 5-10% carbohydrates. However, these ratios can vary based on individual dietary needs and goals. Here is a simple breakdown: Macronutrient \| Percentage of Total Calories \| Fat \| 70-75% \| Protein \| 20% \| Carbohydrates \| 5-10% \| Understanding these macronutrient ratios is crucial for achieving and maintaining ketosis, a metabolic state in which the body burns fat for energy instead of carbohydrates. There are mobile apps and online calculators that can help track macros and ensure dietary adherence. Step 3: Meal Planning and Grocery Shopping Once the individual has a good grasp of what to eat on the ketogenic diet, the next step is to plan meals and shop for keto-friendly groceries. It's beneficial to create a weekly keto diet meal plan that includes a variety of foods to ensure nutritional diversity. While grocery shopping, focus on purchasing high-fat and low-carb foods. Some staples of the ketogenic diet include meat, fatty fish, eggs, full-fat dairy products, healthy oils, avocados, nuts, seeds, low-carb vegetables, and low-sugar fruits like berries. The individual should also consider meal prepping to save time during the week. Batch cooking meals and storing them in the fridge or freezer can make sticking to the keto diet much easier. For meal prep ideas, check out our article on keto diet meal prep. By following these steps, beginners can smoothly transition into the ketogenic lifestyle. The key to success on the keto diet is consistency and commitment. Remember, it's not just a diet, but a lifestyle change. For more information on the ketogenic diet, including recipes and tips, visit our keto diet for weight loss and keto diet recipes sections. Navigating Common Challenges Embarking on the journey of a keto diet for beginners may present a few challenges. However, understanding these difficulties and learning how to navigate them can lead to a successful and rewarding keto lifestyle. Keto Flu and How to Manage It A common challenge faced by beginners on the keto diet is the "keto flu." This term refers to a group of symptoms, including fatigue, headaches, and muscle cramps, that may occur as the body adapts to a state of ketosis. To manage the keto flu, it's important to stay hydrated and replenish electrolytes lost through increased urination during the initial stages of the diet. Consuming foods high in sodium, potassium, and magnesium can help alleviate symptoms. Remember, the keto flu is temporary, and the symptoms should subside within a few days to a week. If symptoms persist or become severe, it's crucial to seek medical advice. Maintaining Nutritional Balance Maintaining nutritional balance on the keto diet can also be a challenge. Since the diet restricts certain food groups, it's essential to ensure you're still getting all necessary nutrients. Focusing on a variety of nutrient-dense, low-carb foods like lean proteins, leafy greens, and healthy fats can help achieve a balanced diet. Including a range of different foods in your keto diet meal plan can also help to ensure you're meeting your nutrient needs. Overcoming Plateaus Another common hurdle on the keto diet is overcoming plateaus. After initial weight loss, progress may slow or stop. This can be discouraging, but it's a normal part of the weight loss journey. There are several strategies to overcome plateaus on the keto diet. These include reassessing your macros, increasing physical activity, and considering intermittent fasting. It's also essential to focus on non-scale victories, such as improved energy levels or better-fitting clothes. Remember, weight loss is a slow process, and patience is key. By understanding these common challenges and learning how to navigate them, individuals can maximize the benefits of the keto diet and achieve their health and wellness goals. Whether you're an athlete looking to optimize performance or someone seeking a structured diet plan for weight loss, the keto diet can offer a range of benefits once these initial challenges are overcome. Maximizing the Benefits of the Keto Diet To truly reap the rewards of the ketogenic diet, one must go beyond simply adhering to the designated food list. Integrating exercise into your routine, tracking your progress, and adapting the keto diet for long-term success are key steps for maximizing the benefits of this lifestyle change. Incorporating Exercise into Your Routine While dietary changes form the backbone of the keto diet, integrating physical activity into your routine can significantly enhance the benefits. Exercise helps to increase your metabolic rate, leading to more calories burned — even at rest. It also aids in maintaining muscle mass, which often decreases when you lose weight. Individuals following the keto diet for beginners can start with low-intensity exercises such as walking or swimming. As their fitness improves, they can gradually incorporate more strenuous activities like strength training or high-intensity interval training (HIIT). Remember, the goal is to find a balance between diet and exercise that is sustainable and enjoyable in the long term. Tracking Your Progress Monitoring your progress is crucial when undertaking the keto diet. This involves more than just stepping on the scale. Other methods such as measuring waist circumference, checking body fat percentage, and assessing energy levels can provide a more comprehensive picture of your progress. Keeping a food diary can also be helpful. Not only does it allow you to track your macronutrient intake, but it also encourages mindfulness about what and when you're eating. You can check out our keto diet meal plan for some inspiration. Measure \| Frequency \| Weigh-in \| Once a week \| Body measurements \| Once a month \| Food diary \| Daily \| Adapting the Keto Diet for Long-Term Success While the keto diet is a powerful tool for weight loss and health improvement, it's not a one-size-fits-all solution. Each person's body responds differently to the diet, and what works for one person may not work for another. The key to long-term success with the keto diet is flexibility and adaptability. This includes being open to adjusting your macronutrient ratios, incorporating cheat days or carb cycling, or even transitioning to a more moderate low-carb diet. It's also important to listen to your body and make changes if you're feeling unwell or unsatisfied. If you're unsure of how to adapt the keto diet to your lifestyle, consider seeking advice from a dietitian or nutritionist. They can provide personalized guidance based on your individual health needs and goals. Additionally, exploring keto diet recipes and keto diet meal prep ideas can help to keep your diet varied and enjoyable. In conclusion, the keto diet is more than just a set of dietary rules. It's a lifestyle that requires commitment, mindfulness, and adaptability. By incorporating exercise, tracking your progress, and adapting the diet to your needs, you can maximize the benefits and achieve long-term success. Tips for Staying Motivated Following the keto diet for beginners may seem challenging, but maintaining motivation can make a significant difference in long-term success. Here are some strategies to keep the momentum going and achieve your keto goals. Setting Realistic Goals When starting a ketogenic diet, it's crucial to set realistic goals. Instead of aiming for rapid weight loss, focus on achievable objectives like improved energy levels, better mental clarity, or reduction in cravings. These goals should be specific, measurable, attainable, relevant, and time-bound (SMART). For example, instead of setting a vague goal like "I want to lose weight," aim for a SMART goal like "I will lose 10 pounds in 2 months by following a keto diet meal plan and exercising three times a week." This approach provides a clear path and measurable outcomes, increasing the likelihood of success. Celebrating Non-Scale Victories While weight loss is a common goal for many people on the ketogenic diet, it's important to recognize and celebrate non-scale victories as well. These can include improvements in physical health (like lower blood pressure or reduced blood sugar levels), mental well-being (like enhanced focus or mood), and overall lifestyle changes (like better sleep or increased physical activity). Keep a journal to track these non-scale victories, as they can serve as powerful motivation, especially during plateaus in weight loss. Remember, the keto diet is not just about shedding pounds but also about improving health and quality of life. Finding a Supportive Community Embarking on the keto diet journey can be more enjoyable and less daunting with the support of a like-minded community. They can provide encouragement, share experiences, and offer tips and advice. Whether online or offline, these groups can be a valuable resource for beginners on the keto diet. Online forums, social media groups, or local community groups can be excellent platforms for finding support. Sharing your progress, discussing challenges, and exchanging keto diet recipes or meal prep strategies can make the journey more enjoyable and sustainable. Staying motivated on a ketogenic diet journey requires a combination of setting realistic goals, celebrating non-scale victories, and finding a supportive community. These strategies not only help maintain motivation but also contribute to a more positive and rewarding ketogenic diet experience.
In a world where health and wellness take center stage, the simplest of practices often hold profound benefits. One such practice that has gained popularity in recent years is the consumption of lemon water in the morning. This seemingly unassuming concoction has captured the attention of health enthusiasts and nutritionists alike. Advocates claim that starting your day with a glass of lemon water can provide a range of health benefits, from aiding digestion to boosting immunity. In this article, we delve into the science behind this morning ritual and explore the potential advantages it offers. The Lemon Water Ritual: A Simple Start to the Day Before we delve into the benefits, let's understand the ritual itself. Drinking lemon water involves squeezing the juice of fresh lemons into a glass of warm or room-temperature water. The recommended ratio is typically half a lemon squeezed into about 8 ounces of water. Some variations include adding a touch of honey or a sprinkle of cayenne pepper for an extra kick. Digestive Aid and Detoxification One of the primary touted benefits of lemon water is its potential to support digestion and detoxification. Lemons contain citric acid, which may stimulate the production of digestive enzymes, helping the digestive system function smoothly. Furthermore, lemon water is believed to encourage the liver to produce bile, a crucial substance for digestion and detoxification. Vitamin C Boost for Immunity Lemons are renowned for their high vitamin C content, a powerful antioxidant known to boost the immune system. Starting your day with a dose of vitamin C from lemon water may contribute to a stronger immune response, helping your body ward off illnesses and infections. Benefits of Lemon Water Is Hydration with Flavor Many people struggle to consume adequate amounts of water throughout the day. Lemon water can serve as an enticing solution, infusing a burst of flavor into plain water and encouraging increased hydration. Staying well-hydrated supports various bodily functions, including circulation, skin health, and temperature regulation. pH Balancing Act While lemons are acidic by nature, they have an interesting alkalizing effect on the body when metabolized. Some proponents suggest that lemon water can help balance the body's pH levels, creating a more alkaline environment. However, it's important to note that the body's pH is tightly regulated, and the impact of dietary choices on pH is a topic of ongoing research. Benefits of Lemon Water Support for Skin Health Vitamin C, present in lemons, plays a crucial role in collagen synthesis, which is essential for maintaining healthy and youthful-looking skin. Antioxidants in lemon water may also help combat oxidative stress, potentially contributing to skin radiance. Cautions and Considerations While the benefits of drinking lemon water are appealing, there are a few cautions to bear in mind. The citric acid in lemons could potentially erode tooth enamel, so it's advisable to rinse your mouth with plain water after consuming lemon water. Additionally, excessive consumption of lemon water might lead to gastrointestinal discomfort for some individuals, especially those prone to heartburn or acid reflux. Benefits of Lemon Water Conclusion Incorporating a glass of lemon water into your morning routine could offer a range of potential health benefits, from aiding digestion and boosting immunity to supporting skin health and hydration. While it may not be a magical cure-all, this simple and refreshing concoction can undoubtedly be a flavorful addition to a holistic approach to wellness. As with any dietary practice, it's essential to listen to your body and make adjustments based on your individual needs and sensitivities.
If each of us had a dollar for every personality clash in the workplace, we'd all be rich by now. Conflict is common, and it can often be seen as a natural result of people's passion for workplace decisions. There is no one-size-fits-all solution to the many different kinds of workplace conflict, but we have this guide to ensure your methodology for responding to conflict is lawful, practical, and easy to follow. Steps to managing and resolving conflicts in the workplace 1. Have a grievance policy; use it as your guide Before taking responsibility for solving workplace conflict, it's important to ensure you have a policy around grievances. This policy outlines how employees should report a grievance they may have. The policy should preface or outline the business's steps to resolve the dispute. This can personally affect you if you, as the employer, need to be the person managing the resolution of any conflict. The very first step (if you find it appropriate) should be that the parties involved in the dispute attempt to resolve the matter between themselves. This allows employees to take responsibility for their actions and attempt to resolve the matter. Why? Because employees may have a conflict between each other stemming from either a misunderstanding of instructions or a misinterpretation of another's tone/and or actions. If this is simply raised between the parties at their own initiative, it's likely that the dispute will be resolved quickly without the need to formalise the process. It needs to be clear, however, that if they are going to attempt to resolve things directly, they must do so in a non-confrontational manner. 2. Management need to help resolve the conflict If your employee is unable to resolve the grievance directly with the other party or parties involved, or if it is inappropriate to do so, your employee should refer their grievance in writing to management, whether that is you personally or someone else in the business. For example, your employee must advise you of details about their concern and preferred outcome. It's important to note that complainants cannot, except in extraordinary circumstances, demand anonymity because the employer cannot investigate a grievance anonymously. It's now your responsibility and that of your management team to deal with the complaint and come to a resolution. You might attempt to resolve the issue by setting up a mediation between the parties. This gives the individuals an opportunity to air their grievances out loud in a safe space where you, other appropriate management, or even an external party can step in to settle things down should the conversation get out of hand. It also allows the parties to confront the issue objectively, and you can steer the discussion by asking leading questions such as "How does everyone around the table feel about that?" or "Can we each name something to help move forward?". Mediation has its place here as well. Mediation exists to implement a solution, allowing both parties to get back to work with the issue resolved. 3. Investigation If mediation hasn't worked or was inappropriate in the circumstances, it may be appropriate to escalate the conflicting matter. Investigations can lead to consequences, and because these are not always consensual outcomes, a compliant process with protection of everyone's basic rights is very important. An investigation should be conducted by either your business's HR department or an independent third-party external consultant. The purpose of the investigation is to get to the bottom of the issue and determine on the balance of probabilities whether there is evidence to support the truth of the allegations. This will take listening to witnesses, looking at evidence and hearing both the complainant's and respondents' versions and explanations. The investigator should also provide your business with a written report outlining the findings as well as suggested recommendations. An example of this is sending your employee to a training session on appropriate workplace behaviour. When the findings are ready, you as the employer will be able to decide on what the appropriate outcome needs to be. It can't just be implemented, without a proper process. You will need to set up a meeting to propose an outcome based on the investigation report, and only determine this after consultation. This should ensure both parties can move on from the issue and continue to work positively and harmoniously. This decision may result in disciplinary action or potential termination (in serious cases). The example the employer sets of handling these issues decisively and fairly builds respect and a positive workplace culture. To resolve the conflict during the investigation stage, make sure that you: - Understand the situation. - Acknowledge the problem. - Take time to deal with the issue (don't rush it), while also placing reasonable time limits for various stages of the process to be completed. This enables parties to be involved and confident that conflict resolution is being progressed. - Focus on the problem and not the individual, using open communication. Then, you can establish guidelines for resolution. Conflicts will vary in every workplace; no two outcomes will be the same. How conflict will be dealt with may require a unique solution for each, but following the guidelines above, you should be on the right path to settle any dispute you are presented with. Conflict management is an important part of running your business and employers must get this process right every time. What you need is the right tools to respond to and manage conflict – after all, that's half the battle when it comes to handling workplace disputes. If this article has raised any questions or concerns or you'd like to learn more about how we can help your business, please reach out to our workplace relations experts via our 24/7 HR Advice Line.
Project Description This project aims to address the issue of human ingestion of microplastics by designing a special bottle cap with filtration capabilities for bottled water. Microplastics (MPs) are plastic fragments and particles with a diameter of less than 5 millimeters, released during the use of plastic products (National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration [NOAA], 2009). A global survey on drinking water quality revealed that approximately 325 microplastic particles ranging from 6.5 μm to 100 μm in size were found per liter in bottled water of various brands (Mason et al., 2018). These microplastics primarily leach into the water during the transportation process from the PET plastic bottles and HDPE bottle caps. The consumption of bottled water has become common in life. As a result, we passively ingest a certain amount of microplastics, and the part that cannot be excreted by the human body accumulates over time and breaks down into smaller nanoparticles (<100 nm). This accumulation poses health risks. Increasing research has found plastic fragments in human fluids and tissues, such as blood and placenta. MPs can j-penetrate "impermeable" barriers like the intestinal mucosal barrier and the blood-brain barrier (Cox et al., 2019). Recent research conducted by multiple universities, including the Vienna Medical University, demonstrated that specific nanometer-sized green fluorescence signals appeared in mouse brain tissue just 2 hours after gastric administration, indicating that 0.293 µm PS particles can be absorbed by the gastrointestinal tract and penetrate the blood-brain barrier (Kopatz et al., 2023). This raises concerns about increased inflammation, neurological disorders, and neurodegenerative diseases. Therefore, our team is attempting to design a novel bio-composite material to mitigate the health risks associated with ingesting microplastics. The product we are designing is a special bottle cap with both filtration and microplastic adsorption capabilities. Its simple structure involves attaching bio-engineered membrane to a rigid support structure made of organic polymers. We apply both filtration and adsorption mechanisms to maximize the reduction of microplastic content in bottled water. Ideally, the drinking water obtained through this bottle cap will contain virtually no microplastics, providing a cleaner source of drinking water and reducing passive microplastic ingestion. In the realm of biological materials, we have chosen Bacterial Cellulose (BC) as the substrate, produced by cultivating bacterial cellulose membranes (BCM) using Acetobacter xylinum. BC is a renewable material known for its non-toxicity and low environmental impact, making it widely applicable in various industrial contexts (de Oliveira Barud et al., 2016). Moreover, BC-based membranes exhibit high mechanical flexibility, chemical modification potential, and biocompatibility, making them ideal for water treatment (Wang et al., 2019). However, BC has limited adsorption active sites, resulting in lower overall adsorption capacity for microplastics (Zhang et al., 2023). Therefore, we plan to modify BCM in two steps: first, by incorporating attapulgite (APT) to create BC-APT membranes (BAM), and second, by using a Cellulose Binding Module (CBM) to enhance the pore effects and other interactions, such as hydrophobic and electrostatic interactions, between BAM and microplastics. Attapulgite (APT) is a low-cost and abundant clay mineral known for its porous, rod-shaped crystal structure, high specific surface area, and strong cation adsorption capacity. It is often used in anti-diarrheal medications (Haden et al., 1967). Studies have demonstrated that APT combined with BC can produce BAM with excellent microplastic adsorption capabilities (Zhang et al., 2023). The irregular and randomly distributed clusters formed by BC nanofibers and APT bundles in BAM increase water flux, creating abundant and uniform pore structures that are highly favorable for microplastic filtration (Figure 1). Furthermore, microplastics in water are repelled from the membrane due to their weak negative charge, preventing PS particles from entering the membrane pores while allowing solvent to pass through, maintaining high flux through BAM. Results show that BAM achieves a removal efficiency of 99.81% for microplastics with a diameter of 1 micrometer. However, further research is needed to assess BAM's effectiveness in removing microplastics with diameters ranging from 100 nanometers to 30 micrometers, which are prevalent in drinking water. In order to maximize the microplastic removal efficiency of our filtration membrane, we have chosen to use a Cellulose Binding Module (CBM). Inspired by the "triple-helix" binding mode proposed in previous research, we plan to cross-link BCM with oat proteins using CBM. Cellulose Binding Modules are specific regions on cellulase enzymes composed of amino acids with aromatic residues (tryptophan or tyrosine), which bind strongly to cellulose chains through van der Waals interactions (Perez & Samain, 2010). CBM has been extensively used in creating protein-polysaccharide composite materials and modifications (Lapidot et al., 2012). It functions by mimicking the role of natural cellulose cross-linkers, anchoring different proteins onto cellulose and producing cellulose-CBM and fused protein composite materials. Mohammadi et al. (2019) proposed a "triple-helix" combination of CBM, functional proteins, and bacterial cellulose, offering a pathway to manufacture highly tunable composite materials. By combining spider silk protein and cellulose, they obtained a novel material with high strength and toughness. Therefore, our project references this binding model but replaces the functional protein with oat proteins to achieve the desired properties. Oat proteins are globular proteins extracted from by-products of oat β-glucan processing. Due to the recent health benefits of oat β-glucan, such as cholesterol reduction and blood sugar regulation, oat proteins are added as 76 health ingredients in food and cosmetics, making them cost-effective and environmentally friendly. In a 2021 study by Wang et al., oat protein sponges were chemically cross-linked and tested for their removal efficiency of PS particles (a type of microplastic), achieving removal efficiencies ranging from 75% to 82% (Wang et al., 2021). Their model suggests that microplastic binding sites on these oat protein sponges are likely hydrophobic groups on protein side chains, capable of hydrophobic interactions with the phenyl rings on PS particles. Considering their minimal impact on protein side chains during the production of oat protein hydrogels, which is mainly achieved through chemical cross-linking and liquid nitrogen freezing followed by lyophilization, we believe that oat proteins possess the desired characteristics for microplastic adsorption and have chosen to incorporate them into our biological material. In addition to the standard components of our filter membrane, we also experimented with a variety of eco-friendly additives to enhance its performance and sustainability. Our goal was to improve the removal capacity of the membrane while maintaining its cost-effectiveness. We tried incorporating different natural materials, such as cellulose, coffee grounds, and bagasse, into the membrane matrix. These additives were chosen for their known ability to enhance filtration properties and their environmentally friendly nature. After modifying the bacterial cellulose membrane in the aforementioned two steps, we have obtained the biological filtration membrane portion of our designed bottle cap. Regarding the rigid support portion, given the uniqueness of our project design, we have opted to obtain samples of the support structure through 3D printing. By using all-cellulose ink, we are able to create lightweight, super-strong, highly elastic, and highly resilient all-cellulose support structures (Jiang et al., 2021). In conclusion, by combining the biological material and the rigid support portion, we can successfully produce the envisioned microplastic filtration bottle cap. Arthur, C., Baker, J. E., & Bamford, H. A. (2009). Proceedings of the International Research Workshop on the Occurrence, Effects, and Fate of Microplastic Marine Debris, September 9-11, 2008, University of Washington Tacoma, Tacoma, WA, USA. Cox, K. D., Covernton, G. A., Davies, H. L., Dower, J. F., Juanes, F., & Dudas, S. E. (2019). Human Consumption of Microplastics. Environmental Science & Technology, 53(12), 7068-7074. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.9b01517 de Oliveira Barud, H. G., da Silva, R. R., da Silva Barud, H., Tercjak, A., Gutierrez, J., Lustri, W. R., de Oliveira Junior, O. B., & Ribeiro, S. J. (2016). A multipurpose natural and renewable polymer in medical applications: Bacterial cellulose. Carbohydrate Polymers, 153, 406-420. Haden, W. L., & Schwint, I. A. (1967). Attapulgite: its properties and applications. Industrial & Engineering Chemistry, 59(9), 58-69. Jiang, J., Oguzlu, H., & Jiang, F. (2021). 3D printing of lightweight, super-strong yet flexible all-cellulose structure. Chemical Engineering Journal, 405, 126668. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cej.2020.126668 Jiang, Z., Wang, X., Zhao, H., Yang, Z., Zhou, J., Sun, X., Yang, H., Wang, C., & Huan, S. (2023). Micro/nano-plastic removal from wastewater using cellulose membrane: Performance and life cycle assessment. Separation and Purification Technology, 317, 123925. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.seppur.2023.123925 Yang, H., Liu, Z., Yin, C., Han, Z., Guan, Q., Zhao, Y., Ling, Z., Liu, H., Yang, K., Sun, W., & Yu, S. (2021). Edible, Ultrastrong, and Microplastic‐Free Bacterial Cellulose‐Based Straws by Biosynthesis. Advanced Functional Materials, 32(15), 2111713. https://doi.org/10.1002/adfm.202111713 Kopatz, V., Wen, K., Kovács, T., Keimowitz, A. S., Pichler, V., Widder, J., Vethaak, A. D., Hollóczki, O., & Kenner, L. (2023). Micro-and Nanoplastics Breach the Blood–Brain Barrier (BBB): Biomolecular Corona's Role Revealed. Nanomaterials, 13(8), 1404. Lapidot, S., Meirovitch, S., Sharon, S., Heyman, A., Kaplan, D. L., & Shoseyov, O. (2012). Clues for biomimetics from natural composite materials. Nanomedicine, 7(9), 1409-1423.
Harness the Earth's Energy: Geothermal Heating System Solutions Welcome to Campbell's Appliance, Heating & Air Inc., where innovation meets sustainability to provide you with cutting-edge solutions for efficient, eco-friendly heating. Geothermal heating systems harness the Earth's natural energy to create a comfortable living or working environment. Explore how our expertise in geothermal heating in Waco-Temple-Killeen, TX can transform your space while contributing to a greener future. Get services today by calling (254) 501-7318. Geothermal Heating System Overview 1. Earth's Constant Temperature: Geothermal heating systems leverage the Earth's consistent temperature beneath the surface, utilizing it to efficiently heat or cool your space. This renewable energy source minimizes reliance on traditional heating methods, reducing environmental impact and energy consumption. 2. How Geothermal Systems Work: These systems consist of a heat pump, a ground loop, and a distribution system. The heat pump extracts heat from the ground during winter and releases heat into the ground during summer. The ground loop, buried beneath the Earth's surface, facilitates heat exchange, making geothermal systems highly efficient in both heating and cooling modes. Geothermal System Installation 1. Site Assessment: Before installation, our expert technicians conduct a comprehensive site assessment to determine the feasibility and design the most efficient geothermal system for your property. Factors such as soil composition, available space, and heating or cooling requirements are considered to tailor the system to your specific needs. 2. Professional Installation: Our certified technicians are well-versed in geothermal heating system installations, ensuring precision and adherence to industry standards. From drilling boreholes for ground loops to installing the heat pump and distribution system, we handle every aspect of the installation process to guarantee optimal performance and longevity. Benefits of Geothermal Heating Systems 1. Energy Efficiency: Geothermal systems are highly energy-efficient, providing consistent heating and cooling with significantly lower energy consumption compared to traditional methods. This efficiency not only reduces utility bills but also lessens your carbon footprint. 2. Environmental Sustainability: By tapping into the Earth's renewable energy, geothermal systems contribute to environmental sustainability. They produce minimal greenhouse gas emissions, making them a cleaner and greener alternative to conventional heating systems. 3. Long-Term Cost Savings: While the initial investment in a geothermal system may be higher, the long-term cost savings are substantial. Lower energy bills, reduced maintenance costs, and potential government incentives make geothermal heating systems a financially viable and responsible choice. Maintenance and Repairs 1. Routine Maintenance: Regular maintenance is essential for the longevity and efficiency of geothermal heating systems. Our maintenance services include checking fluid levels, inspecting the heat pump, and ensuring the ground loop remains in optimal condition. Proactive measures prevent potential issues and optimize system performance. 2. Expert Repairs: In the event of system malfunctions or issues, our skilled technicians are equipped to diagnose and repair geothermal systems efficiently. Whether it's addressing problems with the heat pump, ground loop, or distribution system, we prioritize swift and effective solutions to ensure uninterrupted comfort in your space. Choose Campbell's Appliance, Heating & Air Inc. for a Sustainable Future 1. Expertise and Experience: With years of experience in geothermal heating systems, our team possesses the expertise to design, install, and maintain systems that meet the highest standards of quality. 2. Commitment to Sustainability: At Campbell's Appliance, Heating & Air Inc., our commitment to sustainability goes beyond business. We believe in providing solutions that contribute to a greener future, and geothermal heating systems align with that vision. 3. Customer Satisfaction: Your satisfaction is our priority. From the initial consultation to installation, maintenance, and repairs, we ensure a positive experience with our friendly and professional team. Call for Service Today At Campbell's Appliance, Heating & Air Inc., we invite you to embrace a sustainable and efficient approach to heating and cooling. Contact us today at (254) 501-7318, and let us harness the Earth's energy to create a comfortable and eco-friendly environment in your home or business. Your commitment to geothermal heating is an investment in a greener future.
Overview of whey protein based bioactivities (including colostrum) in gut and health promotion Overview of whey protein based bioactivities (including colostrum) in gut and health promotion The high nutritive value and diverse functional properties of milk proteins are well known. In recent years, intense scientific research focused on the identification of factors within bovine milk that may be relevant to improving human health. The best characterized whey-based bioactive proteins include alpha-lactalbumin, beta-lactoglobulin, immunoglobulins, lactoferrin, lactoperoxidase and growth factors. These proteins exhibit a wide range of biological activities that may influence the digestive function, metabolic responses to absorbed nutrients, growth and development of organs and disease resistance, as well as gut microbiota and microbiome. Some whey proteins may reduce the risks of chronic human diseases. Whey protein constituents have been reported to have functional roles in various biological processes and organ systems in geriatrics, and thus help in the management of geriatric health problems through proper nutrition. Whey components have beneficial effects on intestinal health in four areas: prebiotic effects, antimicrobial and antiviral properties, anticancer properties and gut associated lymphoid tissue. Whey proteins are good source of various bioactive peptides which are encrypted within the proteins and can be released during gastric digestion or food processing by enzymes or microbes. Whey protein-derived peptides have been shown to exert a wide range of bioactivities affecting the cardiovascular, immune and nervous systems. The efficacy of a few peptides has already been established in animal and human studies. A number of commercial whey-protein based products with potential health effects are on the market and their number is envisaged to increase on global markets. Keywords: whey protein, bioactivity, health
Melbourne Muslim Aged Care: Meeting the Cultural and Spiritual Needs of the Elderly 5 min readIntroduction As Melbourne's population ages, it is essential to ensure that aged care services are tailored to meet the diverse needs of its residents. Among the various communities in Melbourne, the Muslim population stands out as one with unique requirements for aged care. Providing culturally sensitive and spiritually enriching care for elderly Muslims is not only a matter of respect but also a critical aspect of maintaining their overall well-being. In this article, we will explore the significance of Melbourne Muslim aged care and how it can be improved to address the specific needs of this community. The Need for Muslim-Aged Care in Melbourne Melbourne boasts a vibrant and growing Muslim community, with individuals from diverse backgrounds contributing to the city's multicultural fabric. As these individuals age, it becomes essential to have specialized aged care services that understand and respect their cultural and religious practices. The needs go beyond the usual requirements of healthcare and include elements of faith, spirituality, and social connections. Importance of Halal Meals One of the primary concerns for elderly Muslims in aged care facilities is access to halal meals. Observing halal dietary practices is an integral part of their religious beliefs, and it is crucial to provide them with meals that align with their faith. Prayer and Worship Facilities Aged care facilities catering to Muslim residents should have designated prayer areas and worship facilities. The ability to continue their religious practices, such as daily prayers and Friday congregational prayers, is vital for their emotional and spiritual well-being. Language and Communication Effective communication is essential in providing quality aged care services. Having staff who can communicate in languages commonly spoken among the Muslim community, such as Arabic, Urdu, or Turkish, can significantly enhance the elderly residents' comfort and engagement. Melbourne's Muslim Community and Aging Population Understanding the demographics and statistics of Melbourne's Muslim community sheds light on the urgency of addressing their aged care needs. According to recent census data, the Muslim population in Melbourne has been steadily growing, with a significant proportion being over the age of 65. Unique Challenges Faced by Elderly Muslims Elderly Muslims may face specific challenges related to aging within the broader Australian society. Cultural and language barriers, as well as misconceptions about Islam, can contribute to feelings of isolation and a sense of not fully belonging. Existing Aged Care Services in Melbourne While there are some aged care facilities that cater to the Muslim community, they may not be sufficient to meet the increasing demand. Additionally, not all Muslim elders may choose to live in these facilities, and many opt for mainstream aged care. Islamic Aged Care Facilities Islamic aged care facilities are designed to offer culturally sensitive care in an environment that respects Islamic values and practices. These facilities often have staff who understand Islamic traditions and can provide the necessary support to residents. Mainstream Aged Care with Sensitivity Training Mainstream aged care facilities can also provide care to Muslim residents effectively if their staff receive appropriate sensitivity training. This training equips them to understand and meet the cultural and religious needs of their Muslim residents. Improving Access to Muslim Aged Care To ensure elderly Muslims have adequate access to aged care services, collaboration between various stakeholders is crucial. Collaboration with Muslim Organizations Collaboration with Muslim community organizations and religious institutions can help bridge the gap between aged care facilities and elderly Muslims. These organizations can advocate for better facilities and services for their community members. Government Support and Funding Government support and funding play a pivotal role in expanding aged care services for the Muslim community. Advocacy for culturally sensitive aged care services and securing funding can lead to improved facilities. Community Initiatives Community-led initiatives can further enhance access to aged care for Muslims. These initiatives may include volunteer programs, support networks, and educational outreach to raise awareness about aged care options. Addressing Stereotypes and Misconceptions To improve aged care services for Muslims, it is essential to address stereotypes and misconceptions about the community. Building Awareness and Education Public awareness campaigns and educational programs can help dispel myths and misconceptions about Islam and the Muslim community. Increased understanding fosters a more inclusive and supportive environment for elderly Muslims. Encouraging Cultural Exchange Promoting cultural exchange between different communities can help break down barriers and foster mutual understanding. Engaging in interfaith dialogues and events can contribute to a more harmonious society. Personal Stories and Testimonials Hearing personal stories and testimonials from elderly Muslims who have experienced positive and culturally sensitive aged care can inspire others to seek similar services. These stories can highlight the impact of aged care on individuals, families, and communities. The Future of Melbourne Muslim Aged Care With Melbourne's Muslim population projected to continue growing, the future of Muslim aged care becomes increasingly significant. Innovation and Technology in Aged Care Embracing innovation and technology can enhance the quality of aged care services for Muslims. From telehealth services to personalized care plans, technology can cater to individual needs. Integrating Tradition with Modern Services The ideal aged care services for Muslims should strike a balance between honoring traditions and incorporating modern practices. Integrating traditional customs with modern healthcare can create a holistic and enriching experience for elderly Muslims. Anticipating the Growing Need Proactive planning and anticipation of the growing need for aged care services among Muslims are essential. Collaboration between stakeholders can help ensure that aged care facilities are adequately prepared to meet the demands of an aging Muslim population. Melbourne's Muslim aged care services are crucial in providing culturally sensitive and spiritually enriching care to the elderly. By understanding the unique needs of this community, improving access to services, and addressing misconceptions, Melbourne can create an inclusive and supportive environment for its elderly Muslims. It is through collaborative efforts and a commitment to cultural understanding that the city can ensure the well-being of its diverse aging population. - Are there any Islamic aged care facilities in Melbourne? - Yes, Melbourne does have some Islamic aged care facilities that cater specifically to the Muslim community. - Can mainstream aged care facilities accommodate Muslim residents? - Yes, with appropriate sensitivity training, mainstream aged
Diagnostic tests are important in primary ciliary dyskinesia (PCD), a rare disease, to confirm the diagnosis and characterize the disease. We compared diagnostic tests for PCD between countries worldwide, assessed whether people with PCD recall their tests, and identified factors associated with the use of tests. We used cross-sectional data from COVID-PCD—an international participatory cohort study collecting information directly from people with PCD. The baseline questionnaire inquired about tests used for PCD diagnosis. Using logistic regression, we investigated factors associated with measurement of nasal nitric oxide (nNO), biopsy for electron or video microscopy, and genetic testing. We included data from 747 participants (60% females) from 49 countries worldwide with median age 27 (interquartile range 12–44). Most (92%) reported diagnostic tests for PCD. Participants reported measurements of nNO (342; 49%), biopsy samples (561; 75%), and genetic tests (435; 58%). The reported use of individual tests, such as genetics, varied between countries from 38% in Switzerland to 68% in North America. Participant recall of test type also differed between countries with lowest recall in Switzerland. One-third (232; 36%) of participants reported all three tests (nNO, biopsy, and genetics). Recently diagnosed people reported more tests [nNO odds ratio (OR) 2.2, 95% Confidence Interval (CI) 1.5–3.2; biopsy OR 3.2, 95%CI 2.1–4.9; genetics OR 4.7, 95%CI 3.2–6.9] and those with situs abnormalities fewer tests (nNO OR 0.5, 95%CI 0.4–0.7; biopsy OR 0.5, 95%CI 0.4–0.8; genetics OR 0.7, 95%CI 0.5–0.94). Our results indicate PCD diagnostic testing differed widely around the world and many patients received incomplete diagnostic work-up based only on clinical features or single tests. People diagnosed long ago and those with situs abnormalities possibly benefit from supplementary testing to refine their diagnosis as a prerequisite for personalized medicine. Citation: Schreck LD, Pedersen ESL, Cizeau I, Müller L, Kruljac C, Lucas JS, et al. (2023) Diagnostic testing in people with primary ciliary dyskinesia: An international participatory study. PLOS Glob Public Health 3(9): e0001522. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pgph.0001522 Editor: Natalia M. Rodriguez, Purdue University, UNITED STATES Received: December 30, 2022; Accepted: August 7, 2023; Published: September 11, 2023 Copyright: © 2023 Schreck et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited. Data Availability: The COVID-PCD dataset includes individual patient data of people with a rare disease and cannot be made publicly available or be uploaded to a public repository. Because of the rarity of the disease although data is pseudonymised, it may include still sensitive information which could lead to identification of participants; therefore, participants were not asked to give consent to have their data deposited or shared publicly, according to several laws such as the General Data Protection Regulation and the Swiss Federal Act on Research involving Human Beings. All aggregated data used for this analysis are made available in the manuscript itself or in supplementary information. Partial datasets for specific analyses including individual patient data and a data dictionary defining each included field, are made available upon reasonable request after consultation of the responsible ethics committee and data protection office. Requests can be made by contacting Claudia Kuehni or the PCD research team at the University of Bern by email: firstname.lastname@example.com / email@example.com. Funding: Our research was funded by the Swiss National Science Foundation (SNSF 320030B_192804/1, recipient CEK) and the Swiss Lung Association (2021-08_Pedersen, ESLP). We also received support from the PCD Foundation, United States (CEK); the Verein Kartagener Syndrom und Primöre Ciliöre Dyskinesie, Germany (CEK); the PCD Support UK (CEK); and PCD Australia, Australia (CEK). MG receives funding from the Swiss National Science Foundation (PZ00P3_185923). Study authors participate in the BEAT-PCD Clinical Research Collaboration, supported by the European Respiratory Society. The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript. Competing interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist. For people with primary ciliary dyskinesia (PCD), diagnostic tests are important to confirm the diagnosis and characterize the disease [1–3]. PCD is a rare heterogeneous genetic disease with an estimated prevalence of around 1:7,500 to 1:10,000 [4, 5]. Diagnosis relies on different tests, including measurement of nasal nitric oxide (nNO), assessment of ciliary function by high-speed video microscopy analysis (HSVA), visualisation of the ultrastructure by electron microscopy (EM) and immunofluorescence (IF), and genetic testing [6–8]. Multiple tests are usually needed to diagnose PCD; however, for a proportion of individuals, genetic testing or EM are sufficient as single tests to confirm PCD [9, 10]. Yet even among these people, a combination of different tests is important to understand associations between symptoms, defects in ciliary ultrastructure and function, and genotypes [1, 11]. Different disease phenotypes have different prognoses, they require adaptations in treatment plans and monitoring [6, 12]. Diagnostic characterization becomes increasingly important with regard to the development of personalized treatments [13] since only diagnostically well-characterized people with PCD will be eligible to participate in clinical trials and qualify for resulting treatments. We know little about diagnostic testing for this rare disease in different countries. A survey among physicians from 194 paediatric PCD centres in 2007 looked at the availability of tests for PCD and showed that larger centres and those situated in countries with higher general government expenditures on health offered more tests [4, 14]. An international patient survey performed in 2014 [15] and a study from the international PCD (iPCD) cohort that analysed data collected until 2018 [16] also evaluated diagnostic testing among patients with PCD. Both studies focused on patients with PCD in Europe. The iPCD study investigated a previously recommended test combination, but not genetic tests use [16]. Diagnostic options for PCD have improved considerably over the past decade. Yet, we lack recent studies to understand what tests are actually performed, whether people with PCD know and remember tests, and what characteristics are associated with more comprehensive testing. We analysed data from an ongoing international study of people with PCD to understand which diagnostic tests and test combinations were performed in various parts of the world, how well people with PCD recall their tests, and what factors explain using different tests. Materials and methods Study design and ethics We used cross-sectional data from COVID-PCD—an ongoing participatory cohort study collecting information directly from people with PCD (clinicaltrials.gov registration number: NCT04602481). In collaboration with PCD patient support groups worldwide, the study was set up in spring 2020 to follow people with PCD throughout the COVID-19 pandemic and study other PCD-related research questions [17]. COVID-PCD questionnaires are available in five languages (English, French, German, Italian, Spanish) and completed anonymously online. In COVID-PCD, people with PCD or their caretakers, such as parents of children with PCD, actively contribute to study design and questionnaire content. Patient support groups advertised the study and motivated members to participate. We extracted data for analysis on October 20, 2022. The Bern Cantonal Ethics Committee (Kantonale Ethikkomission Bern) in Switzerland (study ID: 2020–00830) approved the study. Participants provided informed consent when they registered for the study. We report according to Strengthening the Reporting of Observational Studies in Epidemiology (STROBE) recommendations [18]. Study procedures When participants register for the study, they complete a baseline questionnaire asking about country of residence, symptoms and clinical problems, such as situs abnormalities, and details about their PCD work-up, such as diagnostic tests, age, and year of PCD diagnosis. Participants enter data directly into a web-based database using the Research Electronic Data Capture (REDCap) platform [19], hosted by the Swiss medical registries and data linkage centre (SwissRDL) at the University of Bern. We included all COVID-PCD participants who completed the baseline questionnaire in our study and reported to have PCD. Information on diagnostic testing and participant characteristics Baseline questionnaires asked participants about diagnostic testing and use of specific tests (nNO, biopsy, and genetic testing). If participants reported biopsy, we asked whether their sample was analysed via high-speed video microscopy (HSVA), electron microscopy (EM), or both. All questions were accompanied by short explanatory texts describing test procedures. We classified missing and "I don't know" responses as "no recall". Participants also reported characteristics in the baseline questionnaire. We grouped the countries of residence Scotland, England, Wales, and Northern Ireland as the United Kingdom (UK). We combined the United States and Canada as North America since they use the same diagnostic algorithm and their PCD care is organized in a network [10]. We grouped countries with fewer than 25 participants together into either "other European countries" or "other non-European countries" (S1 Table). We categorized year of diagnosis into three periods (< = 2000, 2001–2010, > = 2011). We chose categories because of scarcity of diagnostic work-up before 2000, increased organization of PCD centres after 2010 [20], and the published consensus statement of the European Respiratory Society Task Force on PCD in children in 2009 [21]. We asked participants about organ situs. If they reported any organs in different positions, we classified this as situs abnormalities. We labelled missing values as "not reported". We provide the questions in S2 Table. Statistical analyses We described use and recall of diagnostic tests by country and region. For nNO, we only included participants aged > = 5 years—the age when this test is recommended and reliable [12]. We studied factors associated with reported tests (nNO, biopsy, and genetic testing) using multivariable logistic regression. Outcome was coded as 1 if participants reported that tests were performed; if participants answered "no","I don't know", or it was not reported, we coded as 0. Based on existing literature and expert knowledge, we included age at diagnosis, year of diagnosis, situs abnormalities, and country of residence as explanatory variables. For situs abnormalities, we combined the categories "no", "I don't know", and "not reported" as "normal situs". We performed a first sensitivity analysis excluding people who did not know or report their situs status and a second sensitivity analysis assuming the "no recall" group had the test done. To do so, we combined the "no recall" group with the group that indicated that the test was performed and compared them with people who reported no test. We used R version 4.2.0 for all analyses. Characteristics of the study population We included 747 people of whom 446 (60%) were female. The median age at survey was 27 years [interquartile range (IQR) 12–44, range 0–85 years] (Table 1). Study participants came from 49 countries, most commonly from North America (158; 21%), the UK (150; 20%), and Germany (107; 14%). The median age at diagnosis was 8 years (IQR 2–19). About half (347; 46%) of participants were diagnosed after 2010, one-third (231; 31%) before 2001, 146 (20%) between 2001–2010, and 23 (3%) participants did not report year of diagnosis. About half (345; 46%) of participants reported situs abnormalities. Reported diagnostic testing Of the 747 participants, most (690; 92%) reported diagnostic testing for PCD (S3 Table). Nasal NO had been measured in 342 of 693 participants older than age 5 (49%). Participants reported biopsy samples (561; 75%) for electron or video microscopy, and genetic tests (435; 58%) (Fig 1). Among those reporting biopsy, 325 (58%) stated their sample was visualised with HSVA and 283 (50%) told it was further analysed using EM (S3 Table). Reported tests differed between countries (Fig 2). Biopsy was the most common test in all countries except for North America and France where genetic testing dominated. For participants older than age 5, nNO measurements were reported by 66 (66%) of 100 German participants, yet only by 15 (35%) of 43 people in Switzerland and 14 (36%) of 39 in other non-European countries. Biopsy samples were taken most often from people living in Australia (29; 88%), Italy (46; 87%), and the UK (128; 85%). Genetic testing was most often performed in France (31; 70%), Germany (73; 68%) and North America (108; 68%) and least often in Switzerland (18; 38%) and other non-European countries (17; 44%). Missing responses were fewer than 5% for all diagnostic tests. Abbreviations: nNO, nasal nitric oxide. Only participants age > = 5 years are included (n = 693). Missing values and the answer category "I don't know" were classified as "no recall" (missing values: nNO: n = 16, biopsy: n = 6, genetic testing: n = 9). Abbreviations: nNO, nasal nitric oxide. Only participants age > = 5 years are included (n = 693). Recall of diagnostic testing The proportion of people who did not remember whether a test was performed varied between tests (S3 Table); it was lowest for biopsy (57; 8%) and highest for nNO (125; 18%). Although people often knew that a biopsy sample was taken, they did not know whether it was analysed using HSVA (211; 38%) or EM (266; 47%). The recall of tests also differed strongly between countries. Recall was poorest in Switzerland where 16 (37%) participants did not recall whether nNO was measured, 7 (15%) were unsure if biopsy samples were taken, and 10 (21%) did not know if genetic tests were performed. Combination of tests Among participants older than age 5 with diagnostic tests, one-third (232; 36%) reported all three tests (nNO, biopsy, and genetics), 100 (16%) reported genetic testing and biopsy, and 101 (16%) reported biopsy alone (Fig 3). 57 (9%) did not remember which tests were performed. The frequency of combinations varied between countries. Most participants from Germany (53; 59%) reported combined analyses for nNO, biopsy, and genetic testing compared with only 7 (18%) in Switzerland and 6 (22%) in Australia (S3 Table). Of children younger than age 5, 39 (72%) reported the combination of biopsy and genetic testing. Abbreviations: nNO, nasal nitric oxide. +Participants under 5 years and/or who replied that no diagnostic was performed were excluded from this analysis. Predictors of diagnostic testing Year of diagnosis and situs abnormalities were strongly associated with diagnostic testing (Fig 4). In a multivariable logistic regression, more people diagnosed after 2010 reported nNO measurement [Odds Ratio (OR) 2.2, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.5–3.2], biopsy (OR 3.2, 95%CI 2.1–4.9), and genetic testing (OR 4.7, 95%CI 3.2–6.9) compared with people diagnosed before 2000. People with situs abnormalities reported fewer tests than people with situs solitus (nNO measurement: OR 0.5, 95%CI 0.4–0.7; biopsy: OR 0.5, 95%CI 0.4–0.8; genetic testing: OR 0.7, 95%CI 0.5–0.94). When compared with people from the UK, more Germans reported nNO measurements (OR 1.8, 95%CI 1.03–3.2), all countries (except for Italy) reported fewer biopsies, and participants from North America reported more genetic testing (OR 2.1, 95%CI 1.3–3.5). Age at diagnosis was not associated with any individual test; we excluded it from the final multivariable model (S7 Table). Results from the first sensitivity analysis, which excluded 16 people who did not know or report their situs status were similar to the main analysis (S8 Table). Our results also did not change in the second sensitivity analysis, which assumed that everybody in the group "no recall" had the test done (S5 Table). Abbreviations: CI, confidence interval. nNO, nasal nitric oxide. Participants who reported that the test was performed ("yes") were compared to the group who reported either no test ("no") or did not recall the test ("I don't know" and missing). Odds Ratios are measures of associations between an exposure and an outcome. Odds ratios greater than 1 indicate that the outcome is more likely, odds ratios smaller than one that the outcome is less likely. Reading example: People who were diagnosed after 2010 have 2.2 higher odds of having nNO measured compared to people diagnosed before 2001. Odds Ratios were adjusted for all variables included in the model. *Only participants age > = 5 years are included. Summary of findings Our international study of people with PCD found a large variation in diagnostic test use between countries. Even though most (92%) participants reported diagnostic testing for PCD, the use of individual tests varied widely. For example, only one-third of respondents from Switzerland reported genetic testing, whereas in North America two-thirds did. There were also differences in recall between countries. Overall, only one-third of participants older than age 5 reported all three tests (nNO measurement, biopsy, and genetics). People with PCD diagnosed after 2010 reported more tests and people with PCD who have situs abnormalities reported fewer tests. Strengths and limitations With 747 enrolled participants, the COVID-PCD study is the largest study worldwide to collect data directly from people with PCD—it also enables comparisons between different regions of the world. The study includes the latest information about diagnostic testing among patients of all ages, including those who have not yet participated in clinical studies because they are treated by private physicians or reside in countries with decentralised PCD care. Another strength of the study is that it offers insight into what people with PCD know about their disease. However, self-reported data possibly leads to measurement bias, which is a limitation of our study. Since the study is anonymous, it was not possible to compare self-reported data with medical records. It might be participants were tested but not informed or forgot about tests. However, biopsies are uncomfortable, usually remembered procedures and genetic tests often need approval by patients and health insurance. When a nasal olive probe is inserted into one nostril during nNO measurement, it is also memorable. When we assumed tests were performed for all who reported no recall in a sensitivity analysis, the direction of the associations did not change, which strengthens the robustness of our findings. The immediate aim of the COVID-PCD study at development stage was to study how COVID-19 affected people with PCD. However, the study was set up with a broad scope to answer multiple research questions related to PCD. Therefore, the comprehensive baseline questionnaire was designed to allow collecting detailed information on diagnostic testing. The COVID-PCD study invites all people with PCD to participate. The study was advertised by patient support groups and was only available in five study languages. Participants who were not involved with support groups and those who do not speak the study languages could not be recruited. Since patients involved with support groups are usually better informed and treated than others who are not, our study may therefore have underestimated the general lack of diagnostic work-up. Due to the limited availability of study languages, our study is not representative of the target population in every country. However, the frequency of situs abnormalities and congenital heart defects (Table 1) in our study population was consistent with published data [22], suggesting participants were broadly representative in clinical terms. Comparison with other studies and interpretation Genetic tests (58%) were more often reported in our study than in previous surveys. In a 2014 patient survey, only 39% reported genetic testing [15] and in the 2007 physician survey, 30% [4, 14]. Due to the cost-effectiveness of multigene panels, genetic tests have recently become widely available. Also, the number of known disease-causing genes has steadily increased, so genetic testing can currently identify genes for more than 70% of people with PCD [12, 23]. The large variation between countries reflects historical conditions or country-specific opportunities. In North America, genetic testing has been a cornerstone of the diagnostic algorithm for years, while in many European countries, PCD diagnosis has been based primarily on EM and HSVA. Projects such as the 100,000 Genomes Project in the UK led to a local increase of genetic tests [23–25]. In other countries, availability of genetic testing is still limited for PCD diagnostics and rare diseases in general [26, 27]. In many countries, structural changes in healthcare systems would be needed to improve access to genetic testing, which is a slow process that unfortunately limits care and equal opportunities for patients with rare diseases worldwide [28]. Recall of diagnostic tests varied between countries. It was overall lowest in Switzerland—the country with the second highest health expenditure per capita in the world since 1990, after the United States [29]. PCD care in Switzerland is decentralised and many patients with PCD are treated by physicians who are not PCD specialists. Therefore, patients have insufficient information and education. For people with rare diseases, patient empowerment and shared decision-making are essential. For shared decision-making, patients must become experts as many encounter health care professionals with little expertise on their disease, particularly in emergency situations [30]. Our findings indicate respondents' knowledge about their disease is limited, which highlights the need for better information, education, and empowerment. Although we showed test use differed between countries, diagnostic testing also depended strongly on year of diagnosis and situs. Age at diagnosis was not associated with the use of tests, which suggests diagnostic work-up is not more complete in paediatric compared with adult settings—a finding that contrasts better expected PCD awareness among paediatric pulmonologists. Our results suggest only newly diagnosed people with PCD benefitted from more comprehensive testing and newer tests, such as genetics. Although people diagnosed before 2000 often only received partial diagnostic work-up, they were not later recalled for supplementary testing to confirm and refine diagnoses. The same is true for people with PCD with situs abnormalities—physicians may be satisfied with clinical diagnosis and consider PCD proven. Thus, they do not offer biopsy or genetic testing to confirm diagnosis, which is insufficient because only 20–25% of people with situs inversus have PCD [31]. We found PCD diagnostics differed markedly around the world and many people with PCD still have incomplete diagnostic work-up with diagnoses based only on clinical features or single tests. Several pre-clinical studies are developing novel molecular therapies for PCD; thus, understanding individual genotypes will become imperative for treatment. Therefore, it is important clinicians review tests and results with patients and plan further tests, if necessary. People diagnosed with PCD long ago and those with situs abnormalities possibly benefit from supplementary testing to improve diagnostic characterization as a prerequisite for personalized medicine. Supporting information S1 Table. Countries of residence of COVID-PCD participants with less than 25 participants who were grouped into other European countries and other non-European countries. S2 Table. Formulation of questions and answers from the English adult baseline questionnaire of the COVID-PCD study. S3 Table. Diagnostic tests performed in people with primary ciliary dyskinesia (PCD), by countrya (COVID-PCD study, N = 747). Abbreviations: nNO, nasal nitric oxide. CI, confidence interval. HSVA, high-speed video microscopy. EM, electron microscopy. Missing values and the answer category "I don't know" were classified as "no recall" (missing values: nNO: n = 16, biopsy: n = 6, genetic testing: n = 9, HSVA: n = 1, EM: n = 1). All characteristics are presented as n and column %, unless otherwise stated. aCountries with N≥25 displayed in table, countries with N<25 were categorised into other European countries and other non-European countries. bOnly participants age > = 5 years are included. cProportions of HSVA and EM are calculated out of people who report a biopsy. dTests combination refers to nNO, biopsy and genetics performed, only participants age > = 5 years who report any diagnostic test done were included (n = 637). S4 Table. Factors associated with nNO measurement, biopsy and genetic tests, in people with primary ciliary dyskinesia (PCD) (COVID-PCD study). Abbreviations: nNO, nasal nitric oxide. Odds Ratio (OR) and 95% Confidence Interval (CI) reported. Odds Ratios were adjusted for all variables included in the multivariable model. Performed tests: Participants who report that the test was performed ("yes") were compared to the group who reported either no test ("no") or did not recall the test ("I don't know" and missing). aOnly participants age > = 5 years are included. S5 Table. Sensitivity analysis of factors associated with performed nNO, biopsy and genetic testing in which we assumed that everybody in the group "no recall" had the test done in the COVID-PCD studya. Abbreviations: nNO, nasal nitric oxide. Adjusted Odds Ratio (OR) and 95% Confidence Interval (CI) reported. Odds Ratios were adjusted for all variables included in the multivariable model. aParticipants who report that the test was performed ("yes") and who did not recall the test ("I don't know" and missing) were compared to the group who reported no test ("no"). bOnly participants age > = 5 years are included. S6 Table. Performance of nNO measurement, biopsy and genetic tests by year of diagnosis, situs abnormalities and countries, in people with primary ciliary dyskinesia (PCD) (COVID-PCD study). Abbreviations: nNO, nasal nitric oxide. Performed tests: Participants who report that the test was performed ("yes") were compared to the group who reported either no test ("no") or did not recall the test ("I don't know" and missing). aOnly participants age > = 5 years are included. S7 Table. Factors associated with nNO measurement, biopsy and genetic tests, in people with primary ciliary dyskinesia (PCD), univariable (COVID-PCD study, N = 747)a. Abbreviations: nNO, nasal nitric oxide. Odds Ratio (OR) and 95% Confidence Interval (CI) reported. Performed tests: Participants who report that the test was performed ("yes") were compared to the group who reported either no test ("no") or did not recall the test ("I don't know" and missing). aUnivariable analysis. bOnly participants age > = 5 years are included. S8 Table. Sensitivity analysis of factors associated with nNO measurement, biopsy, and genetic tests, in people with primary ciliary dyskinesia (PCD) who answered "yes" or "no" to the question about organ situs (COVID-PCD study). Abbreviations: nNO, nasal nitric oxide. Odds Ratio (OR) and 95% Confidence Interval (CI) reported. Odds Ratios were adjusted for all variables included in the multivariable model. Performed tests: Participants who report that the test was performed ("yes") were compared to the group who reported either no test ("no") or did not recall the test ("I don't know" and missing). aOnly participants age > = 5 years are included. We thank all participants and their families, and we thank the PCD support groups and physicians who advertised the study. We thank our collaborators who helped set up the COVID-PCD study: Cristina Ardura, Yin Ting Lam, Christina Mallet, Helena Koppe, Dominique Rubi, University of Bern, and Amanda Harris, University Hospital Southampton. We thank the COVID-PCD advisory group (in alphabetical order): Sara Bellu, Associazione italiana Discinesia Ciliare Primaria Sindrome di Kartagener Onlus Italy; Isabelle Cizeau, Association ADCP, France; Fiona Copeland, PCD Support UK; Katie Dexter, PCD Support UK; Lucy Dixon, PCD Support UK; Trini López Fernández, Asociación Española de Pacientes con Discinesia Ciliar Primaria, Spain; Susanne Grieder, Selbsthilfegruppe Primäre Ciliäre Dyskinesie, Switzerland; Catherine Kruljac, PCD Australia Primary Ciliary Dyskinesia, Australia; Michelle Manion, PCD Foundation, USA; Bernhard Rindlisbacher, Selbsthilfegruppe Primäre Ciliäre Dyskinesie, Switzerland; Hansruedi Silberschmidt, Verein Kartagener Syndrom und Primäre Ciliäre Dyskinesie, Germany. We thank the editorial service of the Institute of Social and Preventive Medicine at the University of Bern for the editorial suggestions. - 1. Goutaki M, Pedersen ESL. Phenotype-genotype associations in primary ciliary dyskinesia: where do we stand? The European respiratory journal. 2021;58(2). pmid:34353866 - 2. Brennan SK, Ferkol TW, Davis SD. Emerging Genotype-Phenotype Relationships in Primary Ciliary Dyskinesia. International journal of molecular sciences. 2021;22(15). pmid:34361034 - 3. Davis SD, Ferkol TW, Rosenfeld M, Lee HS, Dell SD, Sagel SD, et al. Clinical features of childhood primary ciliary dyskinesia by genotype and ultrastructural phenotype. American journal of respiratory and critical care medicine. 2015;191(3):316–24. pmid:25493340 - 4. Kuehni CE, Frischer T, Strippoli MP, Maurer E, Bush A, Nielsen KG, et al. Factors influencing age at diagnosis of primary ciliary dyskinesia in European children. The European respiratory journal. 2010;36(6):1248–58. pmid:20530032 - 5. Hannah WB, Seifert BA, Truty R, Zariwala MA, Ameel K, Zhao Y, et al. The global prevalence and ethnic heterogeneity of primary ciliary dyskinesia gene variants: a genetic database analysis. The Lancet Respiratory medicine. 2022. pmid:35051411 - 6. Goutaki M, Shoemark A. Diagnosis of Primary Ciliary Dyskinesia. Clinics in chest medicine. 2022;43(1):127–40. pmid:35236553 - 7. Jackson CL, Behan L, Collins SA, Goggin PM, Adam EC, Coles JL, et al. Accuracy of diagnostic testing in primary ciliary dyskinesia. The European respiratory journal. 2016;47(3):837–48. pmid:26647444 - 8. Kuehni CE, Lucas JS. Toward an Earlier Diagnosis of Primary Ciliary Dyskinesia. Which Patients Should Undergo Detailed Diagnostic Testing? Ann Am Thorac Soc. 2016;13(8):1239–43. pmid:27258773 - 9. Lucas JS, Barbato A, Collins SA, Goutaki M, Behan L, Caudri D, et al. European Respiratory Society guidelines for the diagnosis of primary ciliary dyskinesia. The European respiratory journal. 2017;49(1). - 10. Shapiro AJ, Davis SD, Polineni D, Manion M, Rosenfeld M, Dell SD, et al. Diagnosis of Primary Ciliary Dyskinesia. An Official American Thoracic Society Clinical Practice Guideline. American journal of respiratory and critical care medicine. 2018;197(12):e24–e39. pmid:29905515 - 11. Shoemark A, Rubbo B, Legendre M, Fassad MR, Haarman EG, Best S, et al. Topological data analysis reveals genotype-phenotype relationships in primary ciliary dyskinesia. The European respiratory journal. 2021;58(2). pmid:33479112 - 12. Lucas JS, Davis SD, Omran H, Shoemark A. Primary ciliary dyskinesia in the genomics age. The Lancet Respiratory medicine. 2020;8(2):202–16. pmid:31624012 - 13. Paff T, Omran H, Nielsen KG, Haarman EG. Current and Future Treatments in Primary Ciliary Dyskinesia. International journal of molecular sciences. 2021;22(18). pmid:34575997 - 14. Strippoli MP, Frischer T, Barbato A, Snijders D, Maurer E, Lucas JS, et al. Management of primary ciliary dyskinesia in European children: recommendations and clinical practice. The European respiratory journal. 2012;39(6):1482–91. pmid:22282549 - 15. Behan L, Dunn Galvin A, Rubbo B, Masefield S, Copeland F, Manion M, et al. Diagnosing primary ciliary dyskinesia: an international patient perspective. The European respiratory journal. 2016;48(4):1096–107. pmid:27492837 - 16. Halbeisen FS, Shoemark A, Barbato A, Boon M, Carr S, Crowley S, et al. Time trends in diagnostic testing for primary ciliary dyskinesia in Europe. The European respiratory journal. 2019;54(4). pmid:31273043 - 17. Pedersen ESL, Collaud ENR, Mozun R, Ardura-Garcia C, Lam YT, Harris A, et al. COVID-PCD: a participatory research study on the impact of COVID-19 in people with primary ciliary dyskinesia. ERJ open research. 2021;7(1). - 18. von Elm E, Altman DG, Egger M, Pocock SJ, Gøtzsche PC, Vandenbroucke JP. The Strengthening the Reporting of Observational Studies in Epidemiology (STROBE) statement: guidelines for reporting observational studies. J Clin Epidemiol. 2008;61(4):344–9. pmid:18313558 - 19. Harris PA, Taylor R, Thielke R, Payne J, Gonzalez N, Conde JG. Research electronic data capture (REDCap)—a metadata-driven methodology and workflow process for providing translational research informatics support. Journal of biomedical informatics. 2009;42(2):377–81. pmid:18929686 - 20. Lucas JS, Chetcuti P, Copeland F, Hogg C, Kenny T, Moya E, et al. Overcoming challenges in the management of primary ciliary dyskinesia: the UK model. Paediatric respiratory reviews. 2014;15(2):142–5. pmid:23764568 - 21. Barbato A, Frischer T, Kuehni CE, Snijders D, Azevedo I, Baktai G, et al. Primary ciliary dyskinesia: a consensus statement on diagnostic and treatment approaches in children. The European respiratory journal. 2009;34(6):1264–76. pmid:19948909 - 22. Goutaki M, Meier AB, Halbeisen FS, Lucas JS, Dell SD, Maurer E, et al. Clinical manifestations in primary ciliary dyskinesia: systematic review and meta-analysis. The European respiratory journal. 2016;48(4):1081–95. pmid:27492829 - 23. Wheway G, Thomas NS, Carroll M, Coles J, Doherty R, Genomics England Research C, et al. Whole genome sequencing in the diagnosis of primary ciliary dyskinesia. BMC Med Genomics. 2021;14(1):234. pmid:34556108 - 24. Smedley D, Smith KR, Martin A, Thomas EA, McDonagh EM, Cipriani V, et al. 100,000 Genomes Pilot on Rare-Disease Diagnosis in Health Care—Preliminary Report. The New England journal of medicine. 2021;385(20):1868–80. pmid:34758253 - 25. Shoemark A, Griffin H, Wheway G, Hogg C, Lucas JS, Camps C, et al. Genome sequencing reveals underdiagnosis of primary ciliary dyskinesia in bronchiectasis. The European respiratory journal. 2022. pmid:35728977 - 26. Álvaro-Sánchez S, Abreu-Rodríguez I, Abulí A, Serra-Juhe C, Garrido-Navas MDC. Current Status of Genetic Counselling for Rare Diseases in Spain. Diagnostics (Basel, Switzerland). 2021;11(12). pmid:34943558 - 27. Robillard JM, Feng TL, Kabacińska K. Access to genetic testing for rare diseases: Existing gaps in public-facing information. World medical & health policy. 2021;13(3):518–25. pmid:34692184 - 28. Schee Genannt Halfmann S, Mählmann L, Leyens L, Reumann M, Brand A. Personalized Medicine: What's in it for Rare Diseases? Advances in experimental medicine and biology. 2017;1031:387–404. pmid:29214584 - 29. World Health Organization. Global Health Expenditure Database [cited 20 December 2022]. https://apps.who.int/nha/database/Country_Profile/Index/en. - 30. De Santis M, Hervas C, Weinman A, Bosi G, Bottarelli V. Patient empowerment of people living with rare diseases. Its contribution to sustainable and resilient healthcare systems. Annali dell'Istituto superiore di sanita. 2019;55(3):283–91. pmid:31553324 - 31. Aylsworth AS. Clinical aspects of defects in the determination of laterality. Am J Med Genet. 2001;101(4):345–55. pmid:11471158
The doctrine of the Trinity states that God is one in essence but three in person – God the Father, God the Son (Jesus Christ), and God the Holy Spirit. This can seem paradoxical – how can God be both one and three at the same time? This has led some to accuse Trinitarians of believing in three Gods, a heresy known as tritheism. However, the doctrine of the Trinity is not tritheistic when properly understood. Here is a 9,000 word explanation of how the doctrine of the Trinity is not tritheism: The key to understanding how the Trinity is not tritheism is to recognize the difference between "person" and "being" with regards to God. The three persons of the Trinity – Father, Son, and Spirit – are distinct persons, but they are all one in being. This means they share the same divine nature and essence. The Westminster Shorter Catechism summarizes the doctrine of the Trinity concisely: "There are three persons in the Godhead: the Father, the Son, and the Holy Ghost; and these three are one God, the same in substance, equal in power and glory." The three divine persons are not three distinct gods (tritheism). They all share the same essence and nature. The Father is fully God, the Son is fully God, the Spirit is fully God, but there is only one God. Each person of the Trinity relates to the others in ways that could not be true if they were separate gods. For example, Jesus repeatedly refers to himself as being one with the Father (John 10:30) and doing nothing apart from the Father's will (John 5:19). Their unity is so complete that to know one is to know the others (John 8:19, John 14:7). At the same time, the persons of the Trinity are distinct from one another in role and relation. The Father sends the Son (1 John 4:14) and the Spirit proceeds from the Father through the Son (John 15:26). The Son submits his will to the Father (Luke 22:42). These kinds of relationships show personal distinction, but not division of essence or nature. One God eternally exists as three co-equal and co-eternal persons in perfect harmony and relational unity. There are several lines of biblical evidence for the doctrine of the Trinity even though the word "Trinity" is not found in the Bible: The Father is God The person of God the Father is repeatedly presented as fully divine in Scripture. Jesus teaches his disciples to pray to the Father (Matthew 6:9) and frequently speaks of doing the Father's will (John 6:38-40). The Father has attributes of deity like omnipotence (Jeremiah 32:17), omniscience (1 John 3:20), eternality (Psalm 90:2), and holiness (1 Peter 1:15-16). He is presented as Creator of all things (Genesis 1:1) and Savior (1 Timothy 1:1). The Father is equated with God himself (John 6:27, Ephesians 4:6). The Son is God Jesus Christ is presented as fully God in Scripture. He is directly called God (John 1:1, John 20:28) and has divine names and titles like "the Alpha and Omega" (Revelation 1:8). Jesus possesses the attributes of God like omnipotence (Matthew 28:18), omniscience (John 2:24-25), eternality (John 8:58), and immutability (Hebrews 13:8). He performs divine works like creating (John 1:3), sustaining all things (Colossians 1:17), forgiving sins (Mark 2:5-12), and raising the dead (John 5:21). Jesus receives worship (Matthew 14:33, John 20:28) and is presented as equal with the Father (John 5:18). The Holy Spirit is God The Holy Spirit is also presented as fully God. He is directly called God (Acts 5:3-4) and possesses divine attributes like omnipresence (Psalm 139:7-10), omniscience (1 Corinthians 2:10-11), and eternality (Hebrews 9:14). The Spirit does divine works like participating in creation (Genesis 1:2), inspiring Scripture (2 Timothy 3:16), granting spiritual gifts (1 Corinthians 12:4-11), and sanctifying believers (Romans 15:16). The Spirit can be sinned against (Matthew 12:31), is prayer to (Acts 1:24-25), and receives worship (Revelation 1:4-5). There is only one God (monotheism) The Bible is adamant that there is only one true God (Deuteronomy 6:4, Isaiah 44:6, Romans 3:30). The Father, Son, and Spirit cannot be separate Gods because the biblical presentation of monotheism allows no room for that. Yet each person of the Trinity is fully divine and shares the same nature. This indicates plurality within the one Godhead. The persons of the Trinity relate to one another in personal ways As mentioned earlier, the Father, Son, and Spirit relate to one another in speaking, sending, submitting, proceeding, and other personal ways in Scripture. These kinds of relationships require distinction between the persons but also profound unity so that salvation history and the plan of redemption unfold perfectly. This fits with the triune nature of God. All three persons of the Trinity were involved in Jesus' baptism At Jesus' baptism in Matthew 3:16-17, all three persons of the Trinity are simultaneously active and distinct from one another. The Father speaks audibly, the Spirit descends like a dove, and the Son is baptized. This demonstrates simultaneous distinction and unity. All three persons are involved together because they share the same essence as one God. All three persons of the Trinity were involved in Jesus' crucifixion Similarly, all three persons of the Trinity are simultaneously active in the redemptive work of Christ on the cross. Jesus the Son submits to the Father's will and offers himself as a sacrifice (Hebrews 10:5-10). God the Father gives Jesus over to death (Romans 8:32). The Spirit sanctifies this self-offering (Hebrews 9:14). Once again, the action involves the unity and distinction of the Triune God. Plural pronouns are used of God in Scripture Sometimes God speaks in the plural in reference to himself (Genesis 1:26, Genesis 3:22). While this is not conclusive proof of the Trinity, it does allow for plurality within God and fits with Trinitarian theology but not strict monotheism. The plural pronouns reflect the multiplicity of persons sharing the divine nature. The Father, Son, and Spirit are closely associated together Throughout the New Testament, the Father, Son and Spirit are consistently linked together (Matthew 3:16-17, Matthew 28:19, John 14:16-17, 2 Corinthians 13:14, Ephesians 2:18, 1 Peter 1:2, Jude 20-21). Their close association indicates unity of essence and their distinction as persons. This pattern mirrors Trinitarian theology. Jesus claims equality with the Father As referenced earlier, Jesus claims to be one with the Father (John 10:30) and anyone who has seen him has seen the Father (John 14:9). The Jewish leaders recognize that Jesus is claiming equality with God (John 5:18) and seek to kill him for blasphemy. Trinitarian theology makes sense of this complete unity between Father and Son. The Holy Spirit has personal characteristics Throughout Scripture, the Spirit is described with personal attributes like mind (Romans 8:27), will (1 Corinthians 12:11), and emotions (Ephesians 4:30). He also refers to himself with personal pronouns (Acts 13:2). These indicate the personhood of the Spirit, distinct from the Father and the Son. In summary, the biblical evidence shows the simultaneous unity and distinction between Father, Son, and Spirit that requires them to share an essence equally as one God but also relate personally as Father, Son, and Spirit. This fits precisely with Trinitarian doctrine but not with tritheism. In order to guard against tritheism, it is important to remember: There is only one divine nature This nature is shared equally and fully by the Father, Son and Spirit. They are one in being/substance/essence. There are not three independent divine natures. The Trinity works inseparably While distinct in personhood, the three persons of the Trinity are completely united in their work. Creation, redemption, sanctification, and everything God does in Scripture involves the inseparable operations of the Trinity. Each person of the Trinity submits to and glorifies the other persons Within the Godhead there is an order, with the Son submitting to the Father, and the Spirit submitting to the Father and Son. This demonstrates their harmony and unity as one God. The Son is begotten and the Spirit proceeds The Nicene Creed articulates that while the Father is unbegotten, the Son is eternally begotten of the Father, and the Spirit proceeds from the Father (and Son in the filioque clause). The relations of begetting and proceeding show distinction of persons but not division of nature. Economic vs. Ontological Trinity It is important to recognize the distinction between the "economic Trinity" and the "ontological Trinity." The economic Trinity describes how God operates in the world in relation to creation. In the economic Trinity, the Father sends the Son and the Spirit proceeds from the Father and Son. The ontological Trinity describes God's being in eternity apart from creation. In the ontological Trinity, there are no roles like sending or proceeding, but only mutual indwelling of the persons. Human analogies fall short Attempts to explain the Trinity often involve analogies like the three forms of water, three-leaf clover, or an egg with yolk, white, and shell. But all of these analogies ultimately fail because there is nothing in creation that reflects the unique three-in-oneness of God. The Trinity is a mystery that cannot be fully grasped by finite human minds. In conclusion, the doctrine of the Trinity recognizes that the Father, Son, and Spirit are distinct yet unified, equal yet ordered. This allows the Bible to present God as three-in-one: fully united in will and purpose while also having personal distinctions. The doctrine is not illogical or contradictory when properly understood. Most alleged contradictions dissolve when remembering the ontological vs. economic perspective. The Trinity truthfully reflects the biblical presentation of God's nature and allows for a coherent reading of Scripture. The doctrine of the Trinity does not divide God's essence or imply that there are three separate deities. Thus, it is not tritheistic. While the Trinity is mysterious, it is the best understanding of God's self-revelation in Scripture. A robust doctrine of the Trinity upholds that there is only one God who eternally exists in three distinct but completely unified persons – Father, Son, and Spirit. This enables us to faithfully read the entirety of God's Word and conform our understanding about him to its revelation.
Home Terrier Exercise and Activities Terrier Breed Profiles Terrier Breeders Directory Terrier News and Updates Category : gwta \| Sub Category : gwta Posted on 2023-10-30 21:24:53 Introduction: In recent years, car terriers have gained immense popularity among dog enthusiasts in the United Kingdom. These adorable and energetic little creatures have captured the hearts of many with their charming personalities and unwavering loyalty. If you're considering breeding car terriers or simply want to learn more about their reproduction, this blog post is here to guide you through the process. Join us as we delve into the fascinating world of car terrier breeding and reproduction in the UK. 1. Understanding the Car Terrier Breed: Car terriers, also known as auto terriers, are a unique type of dog that possesses a deep love for cars. They have an innate fascination with anything automotive, from chasing after moving vehicles to barking joyously at the sound of a revving engine. This breed was initially developed in the UK, making it particularly popular amongst British dog lovers. 2. Responsible Breeding: Breeding car terriers requires careful planning and consideration to ensure the health and well-being of both the parent dogs and the offspring. Responsible breeders place great emphasis on selecting healthy and genetically sound adults as breeding pairs. It's essential to conduct thorough health screenings, including hip and elbow evaluations, eye examinations, and DNA testing for known hereditary issues, to minimize the risk of passing on potential health problems to the puppies. 3. Choosing the Right Breeding Pair: When selecting a breeding pair, it's crucial to assess their temperament, conformation, and compatibility. Both dogs should represent the breed standard and possess desirable traits that complement each other. It's advisable to consult with experienced breeders or a reputable breed club to gain insights into the characteristics to look for in a car terrier breeding pair. 4. The Mating Process: Dog mating is a complex process that involves natural behavior and unique physiological mechanisms. To ensure a successful mating, it's crucial to allow the dogs to build a relationship and establish trust. Breeding should take place during the female dog's heat cycle, typically around day 10 to 14. Introduce the male and female, closely monitoring their behavior, and intervene if necessary to prevent any harm to either dog. 5. Pregnancy and Whelping: The gestation period for car terriers is approximately 63 days or around nine weeks. During this time, it's essential to provide the pregnant dam with proper nutrition, regular veterinary check-ups, and a comfortable environment. As the due date approaches, create a whelping area where the dam can safely give birth and nurse her puppies. 6. Raising the Puppies: Raising a litter of car terrier puppies is an exciting and rewarding experience. Provide the puppies with a warm and stimulating environment, where they can socialize, explore, and gradually develop their own unique personalities. Be prepared to invest time and effort into their care, including regular veterinary visits, vaccinations, and education on responsible pet ownership for potential new owners. Conclusion: Breeding car terriers in the UK requires a deep understanding of the breed, careful selection of breeding pairs, and responsible breeding practices. It's an endeavor that involves dedication, time, and a commitment to the health and well-being of the dogs involved. If you're considering becoming a car terrier breeder or simply fascinated by the process, always prioritize ethics, breed standards, and the welfare of both the dogs and the resulting puppies. Remember, breeding should only be undertaken by knowledgeable individuals who are devoted to the preservation and improvement of the breed. Seeking more information? The following has you covered. http://www.mywowcar.com For additional information, refer to: http://www.cardirs.com To expand your knowledge, I recommend: http://www.qqhbo.com
For much of its early history, the Second Amendment went largely unscrutinized by the Supreme Court. The few nineteenth century cases implicating the Second Amendment established for a time that the Amendment was a bar to federal, but not state, government action,1 and the Court's only significant Second Amendment decision in the twentieth century seemed to suggest that the right protected under the Amendment was tied only to state militia use of certain types of firearms.2 In this relative vacuum, the lower federal courts and legal scholars disputed the meaning of the Second Amendment and how it applied, if at all, to an expanding universe of federal, state, and local laws governing the private possession and sale of firearms.3 By the beginning of the twenty-first century, many of the U.S. Courts of Appeals that considered the matter concluded that the Second Amendment protected a collective right tied to militia or military use of firearms,4 while some courts and commentators maintained that the Amendment enshrined an individual right to possess firearms outside the context of militia or military activity.5 In the 2008 case District of Columbia v. Heller,6 the Supreme Court held, after a lengthy historical analysis, that the Second Amendment protects an individual right to possess firearms for historically lawful purposes, including self-defense in the home.7 The Heller majority also provided some guidance on the scope of the right, explaining that it "is not unlimited" and that "nothing in [the] opinion should be taken to cast doubt" on "longstanding prohibitions" like "laws forbidding the carrying of firearms in sensitive places such as schools and government buildings," among other "presumptively lawful" regulations.8 Two years after Heller, the Court revisited the question of whether the Second Amendment applies to the states, concluding in McDonald v. City of Chicago9 that the right to keep and bear arms is a "fundamental" right that is incorporated through the Fourteenth Amendment against the states.10 In a subsequent decision in Caetano v. Massachusetts,11 the Court issued a brief, per curiam opinion vacating a Massachusetts Supreme Court decision that had upheld a law prohibiting the possession of stun guns. The Court in Caetano reiterated that the Second Amendment applies to the states and extends to "bearable arms" that "were not in existence at the time of the founding." 12 In the 2022 case New York State Rifle & Pistol Association v. Bruen,13 the Court considered the constitutionality under the Second Amendment of a portion of New York's firearms licensing scheme that restricts the carrying of certain licensed firearms outside the home. In a 6-3 decision, the Court struck down New York's requirement that an applicant for an unrestricted license to carry a handgun outside the home for self-defense must establish "proper cause," ruling that the requirement is at odds with the Second Amendment.14 In doing so, the Court recognized that the Second Amendment protects a right that extends beyond the home15 and also clarified that the proper test for evaluating Second Amendment challenges to firearms laws is an approach rooted in text and the "historical tradition" of firearms regulation, rejecting a "two-step" methodology employed by many of the lower courts.16 - 1 - United States v. Cruikshank, 92 U.S. 542 (1875); Presser v. Illinois, 116 U.S. 252 (1886); Miller v. Texas, 153 U.S. 535 (1894). The Fourteenth Amendment, through which the Second Amendment was later held to be applicable to the states, was ratified following the Civil War, in 1868. See infra Amdt14.1 Overview of Fourteenth Amendment, Equal Protection and Rights of Citizens. - 2 - United States v. Miller, 307 U.S. 174, 178 (1939) (explaining that the Second Amendment was enacted "[w]ith obvious purpose to assure the continuation and render possible the effectiveness of [militia] forces" and "must be interpreted and applied with that end in view" ). - 3 - See, e.g., Richard A. Allen, What Arms? A Textualist View of the Second Amendment, 18 Geo. Mason U. C.R. L.J. 191, 191–93 (2008) (explaining the views taken by courts and scholars following Miller); Brian L. Frye, The Peculiar Story of United States v. Miller, 3 N.Y.U. J. L. & Liberty 48, 49 & n.4 (2008) (collecting cases on both sides of the debate). - 4 - E.g., United States v. Nelson, 859 F.2d 1318, 1320 (8th Cir. 1988) (stating that cases after Cruikshank had "analyzed the second amendment purely in terms of protecting state militias, rather than individual rights," and the defendant had "made no arguments that the [challenged statute] would impair any state militia" ); Gillespie v. City of Indianapolis, 185 F.3d 693, 710 (7th Cir. 1999) ( "[T]he Second Amendment establishes no right to possess a firearm apart from the role possession of the gun might play in maintaining a state militia." ); United States v. Napier, 233 F.3d 394, 403 (6th Cir. 2000) (recognizing that as of the date of decision, the lower federal courts had uniformly held that the Second Amendment protects a collective, rather than an individual, right). - 5 - See, e.g., United States v. Emerson, 270 F.3d 203, 260 (5th Cir. 2001); Sanford Levinson, The Embarrassing Second Amendment, 99 Yale L.J. 637 (1989). - 6 - 7 - Id. at 595. - 8 - Id. at 626–27 & n.26. - 9 - 10 - Id. at 778, 791 (plurality op.); id. at 806 (Thomas, J., concurring in part and concurring in judgment). - 11 - 12 - Id. at 412. - 13 - No. 20-843 (U.S. June 23, 2022). - 14 - Id. at 62–63. - 15 - Id. at 23–24. - 16 - Id. at 8–15.
With my Countdown to the Moon project, I interview people where ever I am. I was taking tennis lessons on Saturdays last year. Sammy was the owner of the tennis club. The basic theme from the interview was "Why are we going?" "Surely there is some benefit." And this is the key thing that we have got to answer. While the benefits seem certain in space people's minds, they are theoretical to everyone else. But the costs are very, very real. "IN 2024 we are going to land the first woman and the next man" misses the mark in terms of that long term driver. What do we really hope to get from the moon? Find out what is truly there. But do you need humans to do that? Why not just send robots. Well, robots will not be able to fully appreciate nor transmit what is on the moon. They are great surgical instruments that can look for particular things. But I think humans will be able to sense and explore in ways that we can do through machines. But is that true? How to convince people of it? How to show the value? There are many reasons to go to the moon if you think humanity should go further. There are resources on the moon that we can use to enable deeper exploration. But if it does not make sense sending people into space in the first place, these reasons will not appeal to you. We need a solid story on "Why".
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Manipulation of competitions has long plagued the sport industry, affecting almost every sport over time. While sharing certain common features, the regulatory provisions and procedural responses to this phenomenon by international federations (IFs), sports' governing bodies, vary on many aspects, including the definition of the specific offence of "competition manipulation" itself, scope of application, especially in relationship to betting, categories of participants, mens rea elements such as recklessness and negligent behaviour, reporting obligations, aggravating and mitigating factors, and applicable sanctions across sports and within a sport/discipline. More nuanced items within internal disciplinary procedure also vary across federations, such as standard of proof and evidence. The purpose of this study is to offer a comparative synopsis of the regulations of 43 IFs governing Olympic and certain non-Olympic sports, to provide a critical overview of specific aspects of the above mentioned factors in the regulations and to identify areas of improvement for the future. Similar content being viewed by others Avoid common mistakes on your manuscript. 1 Introduction 1.1 Context and relevance of study Manipulation of competitions has long plagued the sport industry, affecting almost every sport over time,Footnote 1 propelled in particular by certain factors such as volume of bets and quantum of money involved, inconspicuous nature of certain leagues or matches, advent of the internet, ineffective state and other legislation and, most recently, spurred on by pandemic-related economic effects.Footnote 2 For manipulation offences in sport, primary action, whether or not in parallel with state authorities, is ordinarily initiated by the respective governing body in the sport ("sport justice") against an actor engaging in such an offence.Footnote 3 Initially, manipulation was an offence grouped with general corruption within codes of conduct or ethics, if at all—no consistent approach across federations was present. With the increase in prevalence and of its profile as a threat to integrity, as well as endeavours such as the IOC's issued studies,Footnote 4 and 2015 Olympic Movement Code on Prevention of the Manipulation of Competitions ("IOC 2016 Code") serving as a model set of regulations compliant with leading international standards codified within the Council of Europe's Macolin Convention,Footnote 5 a number of international federations ("IF"s), adopted dedicated provisions or the IOC 2016 Code itself as a whole, such provisions continuing to apply to date. Studying these IF's regulations and trends across them thus assumes immense importance, in no small part as their frequent application in the first instance often results in severe consequences in long-term ineligibility for athletes, often final or not appealed from, as seen below. The specificity of drafting within provisions has important implications, including for certainty of defining an offence and its elements (for instance, including reporting obligations or negligent behaviour); types and consistency in awarding sanctions across sports and within a sport/discipline for the same offence; as well as for more nuanced items within procedure such as evidence, notoriously problematic due to the clandestine nature of acts and limited investigative ability of sporting bodies compared to state bodies. This in turn is regularly seen to have implications within adjudication on elements such as standard of proof applicable, also increasingly codified, and when the burden of proof might shift from one party to another. 1.2 Scope This study is limited to a review of IF regulations, and specifically the definition of manipulation therein, of all IFs with disciplines currently within the Olympic or Paralympic Games (a sub-set of all the federations recognized by the International Olympic Committee ("IOC")) as well as, for completeness and based on prevalence of relevant offences, a few additional bodies' regulations, international and regional.Footnote 6 Definitions of ancillary, but connected offences usually found defined together with the "core" offence of manipulation in applicable regulations, including (illegal) betting, (dealing in) insider information, (engaging in) corrupt conduct, failing to report and cooperate are briefly looked at, without particulars of specific regulations applicable and regulating betting or reporting regulations, where present, for example. Cumulatively, 43 IFs (Olympic/Paralympic and Non-Olympic),Footnote 7 1 regional governing body's regulations (Union of European Football Associations, "UEFA") and certain other miscellaneous regulations such as the IOC 2016 Code and Tokyo 2020 Regulations are studied. All graphs include these 43 IFs studied. The study takes into account specific decisions issued by IF internal adjudicatory processes where relevant. Each sport, IF, abbreviation for each IF, respective relevant applicable regulation (and provision therein, if needed), and its source are systematically listed in the Annex to this article. The study below looks at IF regulations as effective in December 2020.Footnote 8 1.3 Analysis method Each IF's regulations (both specific to manipulation but also provisions from general procedure as would be applicable to manipulation offences) were assimilated and then comparatively analysed for elements within the definition (Part II below), parallel offences (Part III), sanctions (Part IV) and particulars of the specifically applicable dispute resolution processes (Part V). Statistical trends through noting common factors across these elements are represented as graphs to assess common features in how governing IFs regulations treat the same offences. 2 Definition of competition manipulation by International Sports Federations 2.1 Existence of specific regulations for the offence of manipulation The vast majority of IFs studied have specific regulations on the manipulation of sports competitions even if, for some of them, these specific rules are limited to a few behaviours and provide that, for the rest, the IOC's 2016 Code applies (Fig. 1). Federations that do not have specific dedicated regulations of their own generally refer to the IOC's 2016 Code, by incorporation or through adoption of its provisions verbatim either in entirety or in part (ICF,Footnote 9 FIG,Footnote 10 IHF,Footnote 11 ISSF,Footnote 12 WCF,Footnote 13 WBSCFootnote 14 and WSFootnote 15). Only four federations do not provide for any specific rules in terms of the manipulation of sports competitions (IBSF, FIL, WDSF and IFSC) – which does not mean they do not punish match fixing categorically. Of these, one (FILFootnote 16) nevertheless incorporates the IOC 2016 Code for limited purposes, another (IFSCFootnote 17) makes a reference to the IOC 2016 Code on its website as part of consent terms for athlete participation, and a third one includes certain provisions in its code of ethics (WDSFFootnote 18). Most IF regulations defer to applicable rules at a "major event" (as defined),Footnote 19 such as any edition of the Olympic or Paralympic Games or a specific sport's world cup, for governance of offences occurring at that sport. For example, at the Tokyo 2020 summer Olympic and Paralympic Games of June 2021, the issued set of "ethics" incorporated in their entirety the IOC 2016 Code,Footnote 20 this code having been first applied at the games in Rio de Janeiro in 2016.Footnote 21 Thus, a manipulation offence would be treated under definitions provided by the code, as well as procedure specified therein. 2.2 Sanctionable behaviour: the "manipulation" At the outset, it is important to note that terms such as "manipulation", "match fixing" and "competition fixing" are often used interchangeably at the international level both in legislation and academically,Footnote 22 and this further differs at the national level.Footnote 23 Generally, it has been noted by several authors,Footnote 24 but also in jurisprudence at the federation level as well as the CAS level that many different behaviours might be brought under the term "manipulation", both ratione materiae and personae,Footnote 25 including conduct which might not otherwise be illegal,Footnote 26 or simply raise presumption of commission of an offence.Footnote 27 Across IFs studied, the term "manipulation" is widely used alongside other offences, with two basic types of definitions of structures for the specific offence, whether or not termed "manipulation" can be observed, while some, and notably prominent, federations, maintain unique definitions. The first broad type reflects wording in the IOC 2016 CodeFootnote 28 and the Macolin Convention,Footnote 29 making an offence any act or omission involving (as well as complicity—aiding, abetting, encouraging, conspiring or attempting an act which could "culminate" in an offence) the alteration of the course or result of a sporting competition or a part thereof, to remove whole or part of its unpredictable nature, whether or not for or any benefit (as defined) to the actor, or to a third party, and whether or not done intentionally, negligently or fraudulently.Footnote 30 Factors not relevant to this determination are usually listed including participation/attendance in the same event, outcome of event, nature of such outcome, receipt of consideration, effect on an actor's performance and violation of any technical rules.Footnote 31 The second type of definition which many federations have typically exist within older policies encompassing all types of conduct or ethics within which manipulation can be brought, even if framed after 2016.Footnote 32 Finally, there exist miscellaneous definitions, which are important to mention as they are notably present among IFs which see a large number of cases, such as FIFAFootnote 33 and ITF,Footnote 34 certain others which have high profile,Footnote 35 and new federations such as WDSF.Footnote 36 In case of the ITF's Tennis Anti-Corruption Program, 2020 ("TACP, 2020"), the manipulation offences are laid down as instances of common occurrences within the sport of tennis based on how matches are often manipulated.Footnote 37 2.2.1 Active/passive Regulations studied contain both active as well as passive manipulation of sports competitions. Moreover, 39 of the 43 federations include omission within punishable behaviour.Footnote 38 The IOC 2016 Code also has language that includes this which has then been adopted by IFs who have incorporated the code or adopted similar language.Footnote 39 In certain instances, common language is used across disciplinary offences or other violations to include within all of them the omission or passive contributions, bringing within its ambit aiding, abetting, other complicit, encouraging, inciting, inducing, assisting or concealing behaviour.Footnote 40 2.2.2 Intention/negligence An intentional act is behaviour committed with conscience and will; conversely, negligent behaviour is committed without conscience and/or without will, while nevertheless remaining at fault through culpable improvidence that can be blamed on the perpetrator.Footnote 41 If intention is provided for by all the IFs that have regulated the manipulation of competitions (the only unclear situation being the IFSCFootnote 42), only some of them also incriminate negligent behaviours, either explicitly or through other texts (such as a code of ethics, for example) extending the scope of application to negligence (Fig. 2).Footnote 43 Among the IFs that do not expressly provide for negligence, some nevertheless provide for the punishability of negligence when certain conditions are met, such as a serious damage to the reputation of the sport or the concerned federation (IBSFFootnote 44), or by stating, for instance, that "ignorance" or "having made a mistake" are not a defence.Footnote 45 2.2.3 Result of competition/other parts of the event/course of the competition Save for one IF (IFSC) where the applicable provisions are general ones not defining manipulation,Footnote 46 all applicable federation regulations contain language which covers offences related to manipulation which affect not only the final result of the event, competition or other activity participated in or bet on, but also the course or a component of such result of events, components of events or competitions, whether affected or not.Footnote 47 2.2.4 Financial/non-financial purpose and definition of "benefit" The question arising here is whether the regulations aim to punish only those acts of manipulation that produce financial results or whether the punishability is extended to acts without immediate financial consequences. These include, for example, acts committed with the sole aim of obtaining a qualification or setting a record.Footnote 48Certain instruments, such as the Macolin Convention bring intangible benefits such as advancing in competition within "manipulation".Footnote 49 Yet, there remains is varying opinion on criminalization of acts such as tactical losses.Footnote 50 The study of IF regulations shows that both financial and non-financial objectives are in IF regulations' sights (usually present in the definition of "benefit"; Fig. 3). This aspect is usually a component of the definition of "benefit". Many IFs, particularly those having incorporated the IOC 2016 Code,Footnote 51 have definitions including the elements of (i) the direct or indirect (ii) receipt or provision of (iii) money or the equivalent.Footnote 52 Even those IFs which do not adopt the IOC 2016 Code definition strictly might still use this same definition of benefit.Footnote 53 IFs which structure their regulations more uniquely, including those whose regulations are prominently applied, may (or may not) have alternative ways to define and apply the term "benefit". FIFA, for instance, does not include the element of "benefit" within its definition of manipulation at all,Footnote 54 while the ITF's TACP, 2020 defines the more limited term "Consideration",Footnote 55 and ICC uses "Reward".Footnote 56 2.2.5 Participants, connected persons and beneficiaries (for own/for others) Across the IFs, either the term "Participants",Footnote 57 "Connected Persons"Footnote 58 or alternative termsFootnote 59 might be used for the purposes of limiting which persons (and sometimes bodies) might be brought under the scope of the respective regulation, or could commit an offence thereunder. Some use a combination thereof, where the definition of a "Participant" will include that of a "Connected Person", but be a sub-set of "Persons" as defined, which in turn might be a sub-set then of a wider term encompassing additional persons who could commit manipulation (or other integrity offences).Footnote 60 The actors which might be brought under manipulation regulations or definitions vary across IFs; whether or not an exhaustive list of entities to who the regulations are applicable, and might extend from parties ranging from continental and member federations to individual athletes, judges/referees right up to anyone authorized to "co-operate, collaborate or participate" in a sport's activities.Footnote 61 Parties that aid, abet, encourage conspiring or contribute by their behaviour are also usually included within the scope of application.Footnote 62 Finally, certain IFs have extended possibility to bring additional persons within the ambit of their provisions, such as the ICC's Excluded Persons Policy, 2021.Footnote 63 Finally, ratione personae, through adjudicated IF decisions and on appeal, have been seen to include a range of actors as noted by authors before.Footnote 64 This could include both natural and legal persons, with clubs, often held strictly liable for acts of their personnel or representatives, as seen most recently in the case of Kenyan club Zoo FCFootnote 65 and confirmed in other cases by CAS awards on appeal.Footnote 66 This distinction/categorization is also used in certain regulations to vary which sanctions are awarded for the same offence.Footnote 67 These actors, i.e. those to be proceeded against committing prohibited acts, might, or might not be "beneficiaries" of such conduct. Thus, as regards the beneficiaries of the manipulation, the question arises as to whether the act is punishable only if it brings a benefit to the perpetrator (as defined) or if it is also punishable when it is committed for the benefit of a third party. Such distinction is either found in the within the definition of the term "manipulation" itself,Footnote 68 or through the language of the provision implicitly.Footnote 69 Here again, the intention of most IFs is clearly to target both situations in their regulations (Fig. 4). Connected to the definition of a "Participant", and relevant to where/the jurisdiction in which manipulation offences take place, is the definition of what type of situation such regulations come into play. Certain IFs bring all types of activities within their purview,Footnote 70 while others limit operations of manipulation specific regulations only to certain "Competitions".Footnote 71 Finally, as also mentioned above many IFs make deference to major event rules for manipulation offences there.Footnote 72 2.2.6 Relationship to, and definition of "betting" It is observed that most IFs punish manipulation-related offences in both betting and non-betting sporting contexts (Fig. 5),Footnote 73 and usually, betting-related offences are independently defined within the same set of regulations,Footnote 74 with the act of betting itself being an independent defined term, whether termed "bets", "betting", "sports betting" or "wager".Footnote 75 In only few instances, betting specific regulations are present without there being a corresponding wider provision to define or sanction all other forms of manipulation.Footnote 76 2.3 Other offences related to the manipulation of a sport competition Under the provisions of regulations applicable to manipulation offences, most federations also define connected, overlapping or other corruption-related offences or sanctionable behaviour. In some cases, it is an overarching previous provision found within applicable regulations such as a code of ethics, prior to a specific set of regulations on competition manipulation being issued. These provisions remain most relevant in situation where no independent manipulation provision is yet defined.Footnote 77 These could include behaviour under "bringing the sport into disrepute", "serious misconduct", and similarly worded behaviour. Very notably, ITF, under the TACP and the ITF Constitution brings all connected conduct under a robust definition termed "Corruption Offences" which includes as well all the ancillary sanctionable conduct described below. Article D.1 of the TACP reads: "Corruption Offences: …d. No Covered Person shall, directly or indirectly, contrive the outcome, or any other aspect, of any Event. e. No Covered Person shall, directly or indirectly, facilitate any Player to not use his or her best efforts in any Event. f. No Covered Person shall, directly or indirectly, receive any money, benefit or Consideration on the basis of not giving their best efforts in any Event and/or negatively influencing another Player's best efforts in any Event. g. No Covered Person shall, directly or indirectly, offer or provide any money, benefit or Consideration to any other Covered Person with the intention of negatively influencing a Player's best efforts in any Event. …"Footnote 78 Usually, the offences of betting on competitions defined to be of a specific interest to the subject of the regulation (see above), corruption or corrupt conduct through the acceptance of a defined set of "benefits" whether or not connected to manipulation, and (dealing in—including using, disclosing or receiving any benefit in connection with) insider information are separately defined, over and above the above described offence of competition manipulation. To note, is the distinction made between betting in general and the specification of only certain kinds of betting as prohibited.Footnote 79 Certain federations also bring under the same regulations the prohibition of receipt of gifts or benefits by officials, often above a certain value.Footnote 80 Finally, failure to report, disclose and cooperate with investigations are also independently defined as a related offence across many federation regulations.Footnote 81 In some instances, the offence might be specific to the sport—a relevant recent example is WDSF, where the margin of subjectivity in awarding scores across disciplines is policed specifically to curb the ability for manipulation to occur, through a common applicable code of ethics, with an independent provision within the code prohibiting direct or indirect influence of the course or result of a competition as well.Footnote 82 Another example of specific provisions is the prohibition from participation in events organized by betting operators by the ISU.Footnote 83 Finally, it is worth making note of the structure under UEFA's regulations due to the sheer number of cases adjudicated under their rules as applicable to clubs.Footnote 84 Independent provisions remain present for other actors,Footnote 85 with connected liability for clubs.Footnote 86 Before 2007, manipulation was proceeded against under common disciplinary rules,Footnote 87 where a residuary provision captured all offences not specifically defined.Footnote 88 Determined to not see clubs involved in manipulation participating in the League without consequence,Footnote 89 since 2007, UEFA tied eligibility to prior involvement in fixing introducing a two-stage process: a primary administrative/eligibility measure, excluded a club for a single season of competitions;Footnote 90 and a secondary disciplinary/sanctionary measure, which has no maximum duration in sanction, the primary being awarded impact on the latter.Footnote 91 3 Sanctions 3.1 IOC's sanctioning guidelines To achieve some degree of harmonization among the very disparate IF regulations, the IOC has published in 2018 Guidelines for Sports Organizations on the Sanctioning of Competition Manipulation (the "IOC Sanctioning Guidelines").Footnote 92 This document proposes a coordinated approach on key aspects, such as factors which influence sanctions for match fixing (aggravating and mitigating), and importantly, on the level of sanctions for four key offences: betting, manipulation of sport competitions and corrupt conduct, inside information and failure to report and/or to cooperate. For example, for the "core" offence of manipulation of sport competitions and corrupt conduct,Footnote 93 the IOC Sanctioning Guidelines recommend a sanction of "approx. 4 years ban and fine" for the betting-related offence, and "approx. 2 years ban and fine" for the non-betting-related offence. Also, under the IOC Sanctioning Guidelines, recommended aggravating/ mitigating factors globally to consider are: (1) whether the Participant is betting on a competition she/he is participating in; (2) the number and size of the bets; and (3) addiction to betting or other specific personal circumstances.Footnote 94 Another offence considered in the IOC Sanctioning Guidelines is the failure to cooperate, which has two faces: (1) failure to report, meaning that the participant has failed to report, at the first available opportunity, full details of any approaches or invitations received by himself or by another participant to engage in conduct or incidents that could amount to match fixing (Article 2.5 of the IOC 2016 Code), and (2) failure to cooperate with authorities during the investigation, including obstructing such investigation (Article 2.6 of the IOC 2016 Code). For failure to report or to cooperate, the IOC generally recommends a sanction of "0–2 years ban and a fine"; however, for obstructing the investigation (including concealing, tampering with, or destroying any relevant documentation or other information), the recommended sanction is slightly more severe, i.e. "1-2 years ban and a fine". Naturally, mitigating/aggravating factors may apply. These recommendations have had an important impact on the sanctioning regime applied by Olympic and non-Olympic IFs, many of which have chosen to incorporate them in their own regulations on match fixing. This is explained in details hereinafter. 3.2 Types of sanctions in IF regulations 3.2.1 General sanctions The sanctions provided for by the various regulations of the international federations are of several kinds. They range from warning (with or without a period of probation) to exclusion for life, including reprimand, disqualification, return of award, fine, suspension,Footnote 95 among others (Fig. 6). Most include provisional suspension pending investigation.Footnote 96 Sanctions could also be categorized or listed differently for when applied to a natural person or to a legal persons/entity.Footnote 97 Fines are foreseen in almost all the IFs' regulations to sanction competition manipulation. Sometimes its amount is fixed according to the advantage received by the offender,Footnote 98 sometimes it is limited by a maximum amount (which can vary according to whether it is imposed on a natural person or a legal entityFootnote 99 and/or according to the seriousness of the act committedFootnote 100) and sometimes it is unlimited/unspecified in amount.Footnote 101 Furthermore, some regulations provide that it may be combined with other sanctions,Footnote 102 or factors like financial hardships should be factored into the amount.Footnote 103 Under the terms ban, suspension or ineligibility, one means a ban on participating in the future sporting events or administrative functions, a future that may be very limited in time but also very distant, if not unlimited.Footnote 104 All the IFs know such suspensions that can range from temporary to perpetual, including suspensions whose duration is fixed or proportionate to the fault committed, sometimes limited in terms of both their minimum and maximum.Footnote 105 These suspensions can also be total (in the sense that they apply to any activity related to the sport supervised by the federation)Footnote 106 or partial (i.e. limited to certain activities supervised by the federation).Footnote 107 Annulment of the result, deductions of points, return of awards and/or expulsion from the current competition, bans from venues or removal from held positions/membership from a body are also widely known sanctions in the regulations of the federations.Footnote 108 In addition to this, some federations now award restitution, education and rehabilitation programmes, social work, reprimands (sometimes public ones), payment of procedural costs, compensation to victims, an administrative fine (independent of the fine imposed as a penalty), etc. The most "positive" measures envisaged (in the sense that they encourage the promotion of human beings rather than their stigmatization, elimination and punishment), i.e. rehabilitation programmes, education and social work, are provided for by the FINA,Footnote 109 FIFA,Footnote 110 IBU,Footnote 111 WKFFootnote 112 and UEFA.Footnote 113 It is important to note that the type of sanction present in regulations of IFs assumes significance as it is, in most cases, deemed final even if appealed from (usually to the CAS).Footnote 114 It is not interfered with based on the rationale of IF having expertise in the field unless found to be grossly and evidently disproportionate or irrational,Footnote 115 the CAS having upheld a majority of decisions appealed to it from the IF dispute resolution mechanisms, including life bans.Footnote 116 3.2.2 Specific sanction of life bans The question of life bans assumes importance given this finality in awarding such bans. Recent (2021) manipulation-related decisions at the IF level have mostly seen life bans or very long, career ending bans—this is at least the case across the most prominent sports/IF from a match-fixing perspective being FIFA,Footnote 117 ITF (5 life bans in 2021)Footnote 118 and the ICC.Footnote 119 BWF, for example, has also awarded life bans (to a sponsor/brand representative and three athletes for coordinating and organizing the fixing) and lengthy bans (six to 12 years with fines to other involved athletes),Footnote 120 which are most certainly also career ending for an elite athlete, though similar bans for retired athletes, but who are likely to be involved in the sport as coaches, administrators in the future, could be argued to be insufficient as a deterrent. The most severe sanctions outside of sport (life terms, for example) are often awarded based on the gravity of a crime and only in the rarest of rare circumstances (or equivalent jurisdictional test)—thus the regularity of these in sport, if equivalent, may be debated, and has been applied with more nuance or limited to a range for other disciplinary offences, such as for doping, for example.Footnote 121 Further, it is noted that, from a comparative perspective, life bans are similar to certain criminal or administrative sanctions, such as the interdiction to practice one's profession or, to some extent, to lifetime detention. A lifetime ban in this context hence equals a type of "sporting death" of the respective person. However, unlike in most similar cases in criminal/administrative law, in sport there are no possibilities to periodically review the sentence with a view to reducing it and to reinserting the banned persons into their sport, nor is there a possibility to obtain grace, in exceptional circumstances. Mutatis mutandis, one may recall that, according to the jurisprudence of the European Court on Human Rights Article 3 (interdiction of torture and of inhuman or degrading treatment or punishment) of the European Convention of Human Rights must be interpreted as requiring reducibility of the sentence, in the sense of a review which allows domestic authorities to "consider whether any changes in the life prisoner are so significant, and such progress towards rehabilitation has been made in the course of the sentence, as to mean that continued detention can no longer be justified on legitimate penological grounds".Footnote 122 While potentially a stretch, this is relevant as further rights considerations are sought to be brought into IF regulations.Footnote 123 It is thus arguable that awarding a life ban (especially as a first punishment, in the absence of a gradual scale of sanction) without any concrete possibility to reduce it in the future, raises serious issues as to its proportionality and its compatibility with fundamental principles of law. Additionally, the issuance of life bans with this regularity requires consideration at the purpose of sanction in these contexts—whether retributive, deterrence or rehabilitation. Having noted the option of rehabilitative sanctions such as social work and education as well that a choice is made to issue life bans indicates a retributive and deterrent approach, which might serve the purpose of keeping such elements out of sport for such time to make sport clean (for the society), but not for assisting the individual. In such cases, the purpose of disciplinary sanctions in sport, could be seen to be different from that in the context of criminal law in society, otherwise. The question of purpose however, remains independent of the consideration of proportionality, also significant as federation decisions are often final (as noted above). This made determination of the quantum an important exercise. To this end, IF bodies may consider aggravating and mitigating factors, or other guidelines, as discussed below, if so codified. Such factors may also sometimes result in the CAS concluding differently.Footnote 124 3.3 Aggravating and mitigating factors Aggravating and mitigating factors are usually listed in connection with sanctions, independent of factors listed as relevant (or "not relevant") to establishing manipulation. Usually, these include age/youth/experience/inexperience, disciplinary record/prior violations, number of breaches, significance of benefit, potential to affect course/result, whether breach was part of a broader scheme, admission of violation/cooperation/assistance/remorseFootnote 125 (Fig. 7), and could also include, the nature of the breach(es), the degree of fault, the harm that the breach(es) has/have done to the sport, the need to deter future breaches, and other specific factors.Footnote 126 Certain guidelines on sanctioning require, for example, considerations of "level of responsibility or …equity".Footnote 127 Certain federations provide for a strict tabulated range per sanctions based on how a specific manipulation offence is committed.Footnote 128 Such factors may be seen in the regulations themselves,Footnote 129 or even specifically applied in adjudication based on fact—the ICC's ACU has taken into account cooperation, admission of breach, remorse, good prior record, lack of substantial damage to commercial value or public interest or matches and interestingly, the lack of effect on the outcome of the match concerned, in mitigating sentences.Footnote 130 Similarly, the CAS takes into account such factors should an IF decision be overturned.Footnote 131 It is interesting to note that certain federations make a distinction in their applicable codes between sanctions awarded for the same offences depending on factors involved (independent of the definition of the crime) such as—"fraud" (intentional breach), "fault" (whether or not intentional), "involvement" (indirect) and "attempting" (result agnostic) in their sections addressing sanctions.Footnote 132 Similar structure can also be observed in certain IF's sentencing guidelines applicable to all disciplinary offences specific to certain forms of cheating found in a sport such as bridge.Footnote 133 It might be contested that the myriad factors that are present for consideration across federation guidelines result in a large amount of discretion with only vague guidance on how it is to be exercised. Comparing awards within, across sports and with other processes under law providing varied outcomes, compounds this further.Footnote 134 Finally, it may also be observed that factors specified are often repetitive, with certain factors (non-cooperation, for instance) being offences unto themselves. 4 Disciplinary procedure, dispute resolution rules and procedural issues 4.1 Existence of separate dispute resolution procedure Another question is whether there are procedures specific to an IF and, more particularly, whether there is a procedure designed to deal with cases of sports competition manipulation separately. While federation-specific procedure exists in all IFs, only some of them have an independent procedure for match-fixing cases (Fig. 8). This even if some of them know certain specific details while mainly applying a common procedure to all sports offences. 4.2 Internal and external levels of regulation Sanctions for competition manipulation may intervene at different levels. First, as noted above, disciplinary sanctions are applied by sports bodies, according to their internal (private) sanctions system ("sport justice", the sanctions being based in contractFootnote 135). Second, sanctions, including criminal, may be applied by public authorities ("state justice"). Depending on the applicable national law, the latter may be of a civil, administrative/disciplinary or criminal nature.Footnote 136 These are considered complementary.Footnote 137 Because they are different in their nature, these sanctions may be applied simultaneously without violating the ne bis in idem principle.Footnote 138 Disciplinary sanctions issued in initial proceedings by federations internally (the process looked at later in this section) may be challenged in front of the sports bodies' internal jurisdictional bodies and in arbitration proceedings. The jurisdictional bodies created by sport associations around the world pursue the same goal: to settle disputes, to mediate and to guarantee the correct interpretation of sporting rules and regulations.Footnote 139 At the international level, IF bodies that have issued numerous decisions on manipulation offences include FIFA's Disciplinary Body and Appeals Body.Footnote 140 Similarly, UEFA's Control, Ethics and Disciplinary Body, and Appeals Body have issued numerous decisions.Footnote 141 Both of these sports bodies together contribute to more than 20 of around 30 to 40 cases on manipulation before the CAS (as had arisen as of the date of this study), with awards on UEFA club eligibility forming a further majority among those.Footnote 142 Outside of these, notable federations which regularly issue internal decisions include the ITF through the International Tennis Integrity Agency ("ITIA") which administers the TACP, 2020. At the time of study, the ITIA lists 23 instances of persons serving sanctions not amounting to life bans and 26 instances of persons serving life bans (one such decisions being for life bans for three persons).Footnote 143 Tennis governing bodiesFootnote 144 overall had also had three cases appealed to the CAS where two life bans and one 5-year ineligibility awarded by tennis governing bodies were upheld.Footnote 145 Finally, but not in the least, the ICC has pronounced four decisions through its internal disputes mechanism already on corruption and fixing offences in 2021.Footnote 146 More recently, 2 cases have involved awarding 8 years of ineligibility each for conduct violating many provisions of the ICC Anti-Corruption Code, including dealing in insider information.Footnote 147 Certain ICC awards are also examples of awards that have been appealed to the CAS and issued alongside ongoing state proceedings, with parallel state proceedings, each factoring in the other.Footnote 148 Among the international arbitration tribunals, the CAS was the most solicited insofar as disciplinary match-fixing proceedings are concerned, being the forum to which most federations provide for appeals from their internal disciplinary proceedings.Footnote 149 As of the time of study, the cases dealt with by the CAS concerned five different sports.Footnote 150 The CAS awards may be ultimately challenged in front of the Swiss Federal Tribunal ("SFT"), on the limited grounds enumerated the applicable provisions of the Swiss Federal Statute of Private International Law.Footnote 151 As of the time of study, the SFT had not adjudicated any case related to competition manipulation in appeal from a CAS award. 4.3 Applicable procedure within a federation At the federation level, each international federation contains a distinct dispute resolution mechanism through which disciplinary matters are processed—i.e. a manipulation offence sought to be proceeded against by any of these federations in any discipline of any Olympic sport, has a defined channel under through which it can and will be addressed. Among these, some federations have procedures unique to manipulation offences,Footnote 152 some have a combination of specific regulations and certain provisions applicable from common procedures or sanctions, or make specific exemptions. The rest have common processes for all disciplinary and/or other disputes within the federationFootnote 153. Across federations, these procedures are found in dedicated regulations addressing manipulation offences, where, for instance their [above described] definitions are located. If not, the other sources of applicable provisions are spread across (and more commonly prior to the IOC's 2016 Code) the federation's common code of ethics, or overarching statutes/constitution. Certain bodies have more specific reporting, investigation, prosecution and adjudication rules which are applicable.Footnote 154 Procedural rights are laid down across most federation regulations and include the right to be informed, right to fair timely and impartial trial, right to a written defence and the right to be accompanied and/or represented. Most federation also provide which authority is to investigate and stages of progress from investigation to adjudication, for which burden and standard of proof is then described, as well as certain specific circumstances in which burden may shift.Footnote 155 The standard of proof may range from balance of probabilities to comfortable satisfaction (sometimes specifically stated as greater than a balance of probability but less than proof beyond reasonable doubt,Footnote 156 the same as seen at the CAS) with a prevalence of the latter. Certain rules specifically address the standard of admissibility of different types of evidence, sometimes with an illustrative list, as well as whether or not ordinary judicial rules on admissibility are applicable. Keeping in line with this, certain IFs regulations, in line with certain CAS awards,Footnote 157 state categorically that applicable procedure is not intended to be subject to or limited by requirements and legal standards applicable to criminal proceedings or employment matters but was independent and autonomous.Footnote 158 Finally, limitation periods are also described ranging from as few as 3 yearsFootnote 159 to no statute of limitations on such offences,Footnote 160 with certain independent procedure for "smaller" offences.Footnote 161 5 Conclusions This research has allowed us to identify the following take-home points in IF regulations as they apply to competition manipulation. First, quantitatively, it was found that, as of the time of study, the vast majority of the 43 studied IFs have adopted regulations on the manipulation of sports competitions, either by producing their own detailed regulations or by reference to the IOC's 2016 Code. Second, on the regulations' substance, it was found that applicable provisions across the offences, as at the time of being studied, remain, in their majority, robust, relevant and updated. This may also be considered an indicator of the elaborate thought given to tackling this offence relative to others—heightened attention is seen in certain sports, such as tennis or cricket, a high profile, visible sports, with many cases and high susceptibility. Even so, within regulations, the existence, or lack thereof, of a specific set of regulations, or dispute resolution mechanism assumes relevance given, as noted otherwise in awards of the CAS, or decisions of other bodies such as FIFA's DRC that evidence within manipulation is sought to be hidden, IF investigative powers are not the same as national authorities, the offence being considered serious and the objective of preserving integrity and competition very crucial.Footnote 162 The most important variations across sports concern basic definitions of the offence, and various elements thereof, as well as the quantum of sanctions (fines and importantly ineligibility and bans), which vary vastly. In this respect, it is important to note that the prevalence of life bans is significant, particularly in the context of proportionality (certain sports having a much smaller maximum ban), impact on athlete careers and the presence of alternative sanctions rooted in rehabilitation. Yet, on a more general level, it was found that there exists disparity in detail or attention within IF regulations, which could indicate the relative significance associated by sport administration in addressing manipulation-related offences, compared to the treatment of other integrity-related offences, and in particular doping.Footnote 163 Prior opinions have called for re-prioritization of manipulation offences, which in recent times might have slipped in public conscience in the absence of "large-scale" scandals, or increased regulation.Footnote 164 Third, it was concluded that further consistency in procedural provisions across sports is desirable, aided by having uniform procedural standards applicable within a sport for various offences and across sports, given also, that sanctioning could work at various levels. This is also relevant in the light of increasing calls for protection of rights of parties and more specifically athletes, in internal IF adversarial processes. Last, as a look to the near future, it is noted that newer threats within sports would need more regulatory attention—digital currency being one such example.Footnote 165 Alongside this, growth in certain sports post new challenges. There has been a noted increase in ongoing investigations and sanctions issued across eSport,Footnote 166 and corresponding efforts to combat manipulation therein,Footnote 167 for example. The eSports Integrity Coalition and International Esports Federation regulations are regularly applied but have limited applicability amidst complex ownership, affiliation and governance structures across publishers, national bodies and players, as well as the different context of manipulation (such as through edoping). This makes encapsulating potential actions in a conventional definition challenging in this context. This research has been made possible due to the support of the Swiss National Science Foundation (SNSF-100011_192497). See the historical evolution as presented in Chappelet and Verschuuren (2019, p. 231). This was addressed more recently by UNODC, IOC and INTERPOL through their issued dossier on Preventing Corruption in Sport and Manipulation of Competitions (2020); for general causes, see INTERPOL-IOC (2016) in their Handbook on Protecting Sport from Competition Manipulation, pp. 19 and 23; on the correlation to betting in specific, see Chappelet and Verschuuren (2019, pp. 431 and 432). On the initial distinction of recourse in dispute process within sport as opposed to under national legislation, see, for example, Nafziger (1996). The Court of Arbitration for sport has held that "disciplinary sanctions imposed by associations are subject to civil law and must clearly be distinguished from criminal penalties" imposed by a state—Johannes Eder v. Ski Austria, CAS 2006/A/1102, award dated 13 November 2006 at para. 52. These studies have focused on model regulations (such as the IOC 2016 Code, infra note 9), model criminal law provisions for nations, and include reports on countries' criminalization based on studies of country-wise approaches, the latest study published in 2021, specific aspects within manipulation investigation at the IF and national level, such as reporting mechanisms [on these, see IOC-UNODC (2019) on Reporting Mechanisms in Sport]. See Preamble (clause c) of the IOC's Olympic Movement Code on Prevention of the Manipulation of Competitions (2016, "IOC 2016 Code"); see also, Council of Europe's Convention on the Manipulation of Sports Competitions, CETS No 215, having entered into force September 1, 2019, known as the Macolin Convention and also open for ratification to countries outside Europe. This includes (1) the ICC (due to the large prevalence of manipulation offences and of high profile, within cricket); (2) WB (having had a case on manipulation within bridge, one of five sports, appealed and award issued by the CAS—Fulvio Fantoni and Claudio Nunes v. European Bridge League, CAS 2016/A/4783, award dated 10 January 2018, albeit applying European Bridge League rules, and not WB rules specifically); (3) the relevant regulations as applicable to the Tokyo 2020 Olympic and Paralympic Games—the Code of Ethics and Other Texts: Prevention—Manipulation—Tokyo 2020 (2018b, the "Tokyo 2020 Regulations") across sports as is common practice among major events (to supersede IF regulations which defer to such games' rules); and (4) regionally, UEFA for the number of cases originating in those regions. A final emerging threat among international sport disciplines for manipulation is eSport, briefly addressed in Sect. 5 (Conclusion). AIBA, BWF, FEI, FIBA, FIE, FIFA, FIG, FIH, FIL, FINA, FIS, FISA, FIVB, IAAF, IBSF, IBU, ICC, ICF, IFSC, IGF, IHF, IIHF, IJF, ISA, ISAF, ISSF, ISU, ITF, ITTF, ITU, IWF, UCI, UIPM, UWW, WA, WB, WBSC, WCF, WDSF, WK, WR, WT and WS—see Annex. Save for ICC's Anti-Corruption Code and other applicable regulations which were amended in January 2021, but were effective from February 2018. Incorporated in entirety under Bylaw 4 of the Bylaws to Article 2 of ICF Statutes (2019). Incorporation by reference under Part 2: Article 1. c) of the FIG Code of Conduct and Article 1.c) of the FIG Code of Ethics (for Athletes, Judges and Officials, both of 2019). The respective provision in both codes states that "All points contained in…the Code" are to be "scrupulously observed". Further, under "Objectives" in Article 2.1 of the FIG Statutes (2019) an objective "to respect the IOC Charter and the IOC Code of Ethics including its Implementing provisions, in particular …the Olympic Movement Code on the Prevention of the Manipulation of Competitions" is stated. However, unlike other IFs, the IOC Code or its provisions are not actually reproduced in the federation's own statutes. Articles 4 and 5 of the IHF Ethics Code (2016, p. 8) incorporate the IOC 2016 Code in its entirety (Annexed as an Appendix, p. 14). ISSF Code of Ethics (Article 126.96.36.199, Annex CE) of the ISSF General Regulations (2020), governs manipulation. In its preamble, it states that "ISSF with these regulations also implements the new IOC Olympic Movement Code on the Prevention of the Manipulation of Competitions. The Definitions used in version 2016 of such IOC Code also apply to the following rules". Incorporated through adoption, through Adoption Resolution available here; see also reference in Article 8 of the WCF Code of Ethics (2016). Article 5.2 and Chapter V of the WBSC Code of Ethics 2017 make reference to the IOC 2015 Code. Item 6.A.7 under Principles (Clause 6) of the WS Code of Ethics, 2019. Manipulation finds mention in Part II (Specification of the Guidelines for Action), and Article 2 of the FIL Ethics Code ("FIL Ethics Code", 2019). Article 2.7.8 of the FIL Ethics Code makes monitoring and enforcement of certain specified provisions of the IOC 2016 Code (Articles 1, 2 and 6) the mandate of the code. Further on, these Articles, covering definitions, what constitutes a violation, factors relevant and not relevant and mutual recognition provisions, among others, are extracted in Part 7 (Other Applicable Rules and Commencement). However, general provisions from "the rules of procedure and sanctions of FIL Statutes, the FIL Law and Procedure Regulations, and the FIL Ethics Code" also apply, as do complementary procedural provisions. The following statement is found under the section on "Athletes"—"Please note that starting in 2017, the Athletes License form includes specific reference to the Olympic Movement Code on the Prevention of the Manipulation of Competition which all athletes are required to read and sign" (available at IFSC website (https://www.ifsc-climbing.org/index.php/2-uncategorised/49-athletes, March 29, 2021). Otherwise, IFSC's provisions related to manipulation offences are generally found under Article 5 bis of the IFSC Statutes (2019) which states that one of the IFSC's objectives is "To fight against competition manipulation" and "To fight against irregular or illegal betting or gambling" while the Bylaw to Article 10 (on p. 16 of the IFSC Statutes) defines the violation of "Illegal and irregular betting", but not manipulation. Under the WDSF Code of Ethics (version 1.1) as available on www.worlddancesport.org (March 29, 2021) Article 2.5, titled "Idealism" under Article 2 dealing with Fundamental Ethical Principles in Dance Sport, provides for 2 offences (Article 2.5.1 on all types of betting or wagering, and Article 2.5.2 on general manipulation). See, for example, Under Rule 37.7.2 decisions taken at major events based on similar rules would be recognized by ISAF's Betting and Anti-Corruption Code under Appendix 5 (Regulation 37) of the of the (World Sailing Regulations, "Regulations", 2020—ISAF now being called "World Sailing"). See Articles 3 and 4 of the IOC's Tokyo 2020 Regulations. See, as published on IOC's website, article titled "IOC publishes unprecedented olympic movement code for preventing competition manipulation" (2015). Diaconu et al. (2021) in Part 2 "Terminology". See report of the UNODC and IOC (2017, pp. 22–35) where terms such as "bribery in sporting contests" (United States) or "corrupt activities relating to sporting events" (South Africa) might also be used in state legislation. See Palermo and Williams (2018, p. 1). Beyond the scope of this article, see Diaconu et al. (2021) at Parts 6.1 (Ratione Materiae) and 6.2 (Ratione Personae). Vsl Pakruojo FK , Darius Jankauskas, Arnas Mikaitis, Sigitas Olberkis, Valdas Pocevicius, Alfredas Skroblas, Donatas Strockis, Diogo Gouveia Miranda, C.H. Alexandru and Taras Michailiuk v. Lithuanian Football Federation ("LFF"), CAS 2015/A/4351 on appeal from the Lithuanian Football Federation's Appeals Body, dated 13 July 2016 at paras 81(i), paras 91–92 ("Pakruojo"). Eskişehirspor Kulübü v. UEFA, CAS 2014/A/3628, award on appeal from UEFA, dated 2 September 2014 at paras 114–119. Under Article 2.2, with the rest of the same article providing independent definitions of Betting (2.1), Corrupt Conduct (2.3), Inside Information (2.4), Failure to Report (2.5) and Failure to Cooperate (2.5) of the IOC 2016 Code. Article 3 part 4 of the Macolin Convention. Note the other definitions within the Macolin Convention (e.g. on betting under Article 3 part 5) are not the same. See, for example, federations like the ICF who have adopted the IOC 2016 Code in its entirely, or others such as WS (Part II.2.C, pp. 16 and 17 of its Code of Conduct and Code of Ethics, 2019) who have used verbatim the provisions within their own drafted codes; this/similar definitions are also adopted by IAAF, BWF, AIBA, UCI, FEI, FIG, FIL, IHF, FIH, IIHF, IJF, ISSF, ISU, FIVB, IWF, UWW, ISA, WKF, WCF, WB, WBSC and WS. Article 2.7, IOC 2016 Code. It is important to note that in certain regulations, aggravating and mitigating factors are listed specific to only sanctioning and aggravating and mitigating factors are listed exhaustively independent of one another—see Articles 6.1.1 and 6.1.2 of the ICC Anti-Corruption Code (2019). See for example, Rule 3.2 of the IGF Betting and Anti-Corruption Policy, 2016 which says "Fixing or contriving in any way or otherwise improperly influencing, or being a party to fix or contrive in any way or otherwise improperly influence, the result, progress, outcome, conduct or any other aspect of an event or competition under the jurisdiction of the IGF. ...Ensuring or seeking to ensure the occurrence of a particular incident in an event or competition under the jurisdiction of the IGF which occurrence is to the Participant's knowledge the subject of a Bet and for which he/she or another Person expects to receive or has received a Benefit. ...Failing in return for a Benefit (or the legitimate expectation of a Benefit, irrespective of whether such Benefit is in fact given or received) to perform to the best of one's abilities in an event or competition under the jurisdiction of the IGF. ...Inducing, instructing, facilitating or encouraging a Participant to commit a Violation set out in this Rule (3.2)"; FIE, FIBA, FIS, WA, ITU, WT, ISAF, WR, FISA and UIPM all have similarly worded definitions, while the ITTF, for example, has both this one and another worded like the IOC 2016 Code. Article 29 of the FIFA Code of Ethics (2020). Although the language remains similar to the IOC 2016 Code, it is simplified, and structure of regulation different, notably including liability specifically for clubs, independent of definitions for "participants" or "benefits" seen below. See footnote 54 under Sect. 2.2.4 "Financial/non-financial purpose and receipt of Benefits". The ITF brings manipulation under a broader definition of "Corruption Offences" under the TACP (2020), infra note 78; Rule 43 of the ITF Constitution (2020) mandated compliance with the IOC 2016 Code as well. See FINA's definition under PMC 3.3 of the FINA Rules on Prevention of the Manipulation of Competitions ("PMC Rules", 2016) being—"Directly or indirectly contriving or attempting to contrive the outcome or any other aspect of any Competition with the goal of obtaining a Benefit for oneself or for others." Which includes broad language on altering the course or outcome of a competition or betting related offences within its Code of Ethics (undated, version 1.1). See the extracted provision from the TACP, 2021 at infra note 78. IFs such as FINA have used language under Rule 10.2 of the FINA PMC Rules to explicitly specific that "Knowingly assisting, covering up or otherwise being complicit in any acts or omissions of the type described in these Rules" was also a violation under the rules. ICF's adoption of the IOC 2016 Code under ICF's Statutes (2019)—supra note 9. The IOC 2016 Code under Article 2.7 includes the term "omissions" under the listed factors to not be taken into account when considering constitution of the crime, i.e. "e. Whether or not the Participant's effort or performance in the Competition concerned were (or could be expected to be) affected by the acts or omission in question; and f. Whether or not the result of the Competition concerned was (or could be expected to be) affected by the acts or omission in question." are irrelevant to the constitution of the offence and thus included within the definition of manipulation indirectly. See Item 166 under the FIBA Internal Regulations—Book 1—General Provisions (of 2020—Chapter 5: Code of Conduct, contains provisions in connection with manipulation), where acts or omissions amounting to attempted violations or to any type of complicity involving a violation or attempted violation, including, without limitation, aiding, abetting, inciting, inducing, instructing, facilitating, encouraging, assisting or covering up a violation or attempted violation of the Code of Conduct also was a Disciplinary Offence. For a discussion on intention, negligence and strict liability within match-fixing, see Diaconu and Kuhn (2019, p. 9). The issue of negligence in sporting disputes has been discussed across various contexts including, for instance, liability for sporting injury (more of a "civil" nature), as well as disciplinary instances such as doping violations (more akin to a sanction-worthy or even criminal offence) where strict liability has increasingly been adopted for offences committed. For the former, see, for instance, Rosenthal (2004); for the latter, see McArdle (2015), the commencement of the debate having been discussed years prior—see Rigozzi et al. (2003, p. 39). All other IFs, even those without dedicated provisions, under the potentially applicable provisions provide for acts intended to cause such offences to be sanctioned. The IFSC's applicable provisions have general language which do not imply similarly. See WR Regulations on Anti-Corruption and Betting in the WR Regulations Handbook (2016) which states under Regulation 6.3 "it is not necessary that intent, fault, negligence and/or knowing commission of an Anti-Corruption Breach on the Connected Person's part be demonstrated in order to establish that an Anti-Corruption Breach has been committed." Interestingly, neither intent nor negligence is considered necessary to demonstrate in this case. Item 5 under the IBSF's Code of Ethics. See Article 19, of the FIH Integrity Code (2020). See IFSC's provisions across the IFSC Statutes (2019) under objectives as well as general obligations making a reference to the IOC 2016 Code in athlete consent forms as present on its website. See sample definition extracted in Sect. 2.2 above. This type of manipulation has been seen in cases such as Vanessa Vanakorn v. FIS, CAS 2014/A/3832 and 3833, award dated 19 June 2015; there was held to have been manipulation under the applicable FIS provisions, where the CAS overturned the FIS Council (internal FIS appellate body's decision) finding manipulation under applicable FIS Betting and other Anti-Corruption and Violation Rules, 2009, though at both levels, the issue of there being financial gain to prove an offence under the applicable rules did not arise. Those rules have since been replaced by the FIS Rules on the Prevention of Manipulation of Competitions (2016). Explanatory Report (explanation to Article 3) to the Macolin Convention, 18 September 2014 at p. 10. See Diaconu and Kuhn (2019) in section 4.2 (p. 10) where they cite critique of the approach of criminalization of such acts and the Macolin Convention's approach therefore as seen in Chappelet (2015), at p. 1263, where it is considered to be beyond the scope of what the Macolin Convention seeks to address. See Section 2.1 of this article, supra. Including, but not limited to "bribes, gains, gifts and other advantages including, without limitation, winnings and/or potential winnings as a result of a wager, excluding prize money, appearance fees or payments by sponsors or under contracts"—under Article 1.1 of the IOC 2016 Code. See PMC 2.1 under the FINA PMC Rules. Article 18 of the FIFA Disciplinary Code (2019) and Article 29 of the FIFA Code of Ethics (2020) states, "Anyone who directly or indirectly, by an act or an omission, unlawfully influences or manipulates the course, result or any other aspect of a match and/or competition or conspires or attempts to do so by any means shall be sanctioned... If a player or official engages in behaviour described in paragraph 1, the club or association to which the player or official belongs may be sanctioned ...Persons bound by this Code must cooperate fully with FIFA at all times in its efforts to combat such behaviour and shall therefore immediately and voluntarily report to the secretariat of the Disciplinary Committee any approach in connection with activities and/or information directly or indirectly related to the possible manipulation of a football match or competition as described above. Any breach of this provision shall be sanctioned...(under Disciplinary Code)." Corruption and bribery (Article 27) and Misappropriation of Fund (Article 28) are defined independently in the Code of Ethics (2020). Under Section B.4 of the TACP, 2020 as referring to "anything of value except for money." This is used in specific offences under the broader heading of "Corruption Offences" as defined under the TACP, 2020, extracted in Section 2.3 below, sub-sections D.1.d to D.1.g describing manipulation offences in specific, where in the term "money, benefit or other Consideration" are used in lieu of "benefit" as ordinarily found across IF regulations. See Appendix—1 (Definitions) at of the ICC Anti-Corruption Code (2020, p. 28)— "A person acts "for Reward" if he/she arranges or agrees that he/she or some other third party will receive any direct or indirect financial or other benefit for that act (other than official prize money and/or contracted payments under playing, service, endorsement, sponsorship or other such similar contracts)…." The IOC 2016 Code (Article 1.4), and consequently many IFs include three categories of persons within "Participants" being—a. athletes or participants in a sports event; b. athlete support personnel being an athlete's entourage assisting them at sporting functions; c. officials being owners, shareholders, executors and staff of entities organizing and promoting sport/clubs/recognition bodies, or referees, jury or other accredited persons (residual). Per Regulation 6.3, of Regulation 6 (Anti-Corruption and Betting) in the WR Regulations Handbook (2016) "Connected Persons" may commit Anti-Corruption Offences; defined (under Regulation 6.2) as "International Player, Contract Player, International Match Official, Contract Player Support Personnel, any coach, trainer, selector, health professional, analyst, team official, administrator, owner, shareholder, director, executive, staff member and/or any other person involved with and/or engaged in relation to the Game by a Union or its National Representative Team and shall include any Union/Association/World Rugby panel of Match Officials at International Match and/or Contract Player level, Disciplinary Personnel, any Agent and/or representative of an International Player, Contract Player or Contract Player Support Personnel and/or family member and/or associate of any of the foregoing (to the extent that such family member/associate falls under the jurisdiction of a Union, Rugby Body and/or World Rugby) and/or any other individual or entity involved in the organization, administration and/or promotion of the Game at International Match and/or Contract Player level and/or the training of persons participating in the Game at International Match and/or Contract Player level." FIFA's Disciplinary Code (2019), for example does not have a defined term but merely a list of persons (under Article 3 on the Scope of Application) to whom the Code applies, including the manipulation provision. An example of this is FIBA's Code of Conduct under the FIBA Internal Regulations (Book 1—November 2020 edn. at p. 22 and 23) where the defined term applicable to manipulation offences is "Basketball Parties" (Items 145–149 on p. 38), which includes all FIBA Divisions, national federations, clubs, cities or states involved in bidding, as well as Participants, Spectators and other "Persons" as defined, whether or not engaged in related activities whether paid or unpaid (p. 25). In turn, a "Participant" for purposes limited to that Code include players, agents, representatives, support personnel, other persons named in rosters, commissioners, game officials, miscellaneous persons with responsibilities (statisticians, interpreters, etc.), persons affiliated to FIBA or organizing committees, other persons in attendance at affiliated games. A "Connected Person" would be any person with who such person has a relationship likely to appear to a reasonable person to influence their objectivity, including family, partners or close personal friends. Persons include natural persons or an organization or another entity (bodies corporate, unincorporated associations or partnerships), whether or not with a separate legal identity (p. 24). See, for example, Section I.2.C, of the WS Code of Ethics and Code of Conduct (2019) on p. 4 which lists exhaustively entities to include potentially within the realm of actors who could be liable all possible entities. Rule 3.4 of the IIHF Code of Conduct (2021) includes "Knowingly assisting, aiding, abetting, attempting, covering up or otherwise being complicit in the commission of any acts or omissions" as "General Violations" over and above a specific manipulation offence. The IOC 2016 Code includes these elements under Article 2.7.2 which exists to assist in determining by laying out elements relevant (or not relevant) to whether an offence has been made out. Under Annexure 2, para 3 to the ICC's Anti-Corruption Code for Participants (amended January 1, 2021), extending the definition of "Participants" to those who would not ordinarily fall within it but who "pose a genuine threat to the integrity of cricket"; instances of such situations are provided under para 4. For instance, Diaconu et al. (2021) in Section 6.2 (Ratione Personae) list across CAS awards, most on appeal from IF decisions and applying their regulations, which parties, including athletes, referees, clubs and their officials (and clubs due to their officials), have been convicted of manipulation. By the FIFA Disciplinary Committee for match-fixing by individual players, banning the club from the 2020–2021 season; see https://www.fifa.com/who-we-are/news/fifa-disciplinary-committee-sanctions-kenyan-club-zoo-fc-for-involvement-in-matc (May 5, 2021). Initially seen in cases such as Public Joint-Stock Company "Football Club Metalist" v. UEFA and PAOK FC, CAS 2013/A/3297 award dated 29 November 2013 under UEFA's applicable regulations for eligibility under the UEFA Champions League Regulations for the 2013–2014 season—paras 8.35 and 8.36 and Pakruojo at paras 1–19 and 26. Section I.3.B (Sanctions Applicable only to Natural Person), I.3.C (Sanctions Applicable to Legal Person) and I.4 (Level of Responsibility) of the WS Code of Conduct and Code of Ethics (2019, pp. 5 and 6). For instance, both the IOC 2016 Code under Article 2.2 and other definitions (for example, FINA's which states "…with the goal of obtaining a Benefit for oneself or for others" —under PMC 3.2 in FINA's PMC Rules (2016)). FIFA's definition of manipulation under Article 18 of the Disciplinary Code (2019), for example, as mentioned above, does away with the element of an actor having the aim of obtaining "benefit" whether for themselves for another, and is just based on the positive act of manipulation/attempting to do so—which implicitly would include acts whether or not done for one's own or for another's benefit. WS's Code of Conduct and Code of Ethics (2019) which includes it's defined manipulation offence and which incorporates the IOC 2016 Code by reference, applies to "apply to both everyday activities as well as to each and every competition, championship, cup and to any other event either staged or sanctioned by World Skate." —Section I.2.A, p. 3. The FINA PMC Rules (2016) state, in PMC 1.1. that they are applicable to only "FINA Competitions" and laws of Major Event Organizations are deferred to for Competitions of "Major Events Organizations" as defined (PMC 2.2 and 2.4 respectively) in absence of which the FINA PMC Rules apply i.e. a limited set of contexts. See for example, Rule 12 of the IAAF's Manipulation of Sport Competition Rules (2019). The two IFs where this is not the case are IWF (though definitions are the same as the IOC 2016 Code, the titles of the respective section state that they are specific to betting—Article 2 of the IWF Guidelines on Competition Fixing, 2015) and IFSC (manipulation could be brought within wider misconduct offences, or for bringing the sport into disrepute, or if betting related, under specific offences—see Article 5 bis and Bylaw to Article 10 of the IFSC Statutes (2019); under both sets of regulations the inclusion of non-betting related manipulation is thus unclear. For instance, for the IFs following the IOC 2016 Code, under Article 2.1 the definition of prohibited forms of "Betting" usually precedes that of manipulation and states that "Betting in relation either: a. to a Competition in which the Participant is directly participating; or b. to the Participant's sport; or c. to any event of a multisport Competition in which he/she is a participant." constitutes an offence. This is, for example, the case in the IOC 2016 Code and consequently the federations which have adopted it, as well as the regulations within the Code of Ethics for the Tokyo 2020 Regulations, which incorporates the code. Examples include IWF (where the IWF Guidelines on Competition Fixing applicable regulation title mentions that it is in the "Specific Context of Betting") and the IFSC (whose Disciplinary Appeals Rules, 2019 talk of "betting and gambling offences" (p. 34), as well as Article 10 of its statutes defining "illegal and irregular betting". WTF and UIPM also contain "Betting" within the title of their respective regulations. For example, Article 5 bis of the IFSC Statutes (2019) states that one of the IFSC's objectives is "To fight against competition manipulation" and "To fight against irregular or illegal betting or gambling". Bylaw to Article 10 of the IFSC Statutes defines the violation of "Illegal and irregular betting", but not manipulation itself. Article 38 refers to the IFSC Disciplinary and Appeals Rules (2007, updated 2019) which contains an independent schedule of offences, which includes, in addition to the offence above in the Statutes, a few other manipulation related offences, but does not per se have one overarching definition of fixing or manipulation. Article D.1 of the ITF's TACP, 2020. See, for example, the robust definition of "Prohibited Betting" under Regulation 6 on Anti-Corruption and Betting in the WR Regulations Handbook (2016). See, for example, Rule 5 of the IAAF Manipulation of Sport Competition Rules (2019). See, for example the ICF Statutes which incorporate the IOC 2016 Code (supra note 9) and thereby the offences connected to reporting under Article 2.5 thereunder. See Article 2.5, titled "Idealism" under Article 2 dealing with Fundamental Ethical Principles—two offences (Article 2.5.1 on all types of betting or wagering, and Article 2.5.2 on general manipulation) are provided for, and Article 3 addresses specifically officials' need to be objective in judging. Article 12 of the ISU Code of Ethics (2018). See "Integrity", UEFA, available at https://www.uefa.com/insideuefa/protecting-the-game/integrity/#legalframework (April 10, 2021); the eminence of the regulations and their evolution has been discussed in detail in Garcia Silvero (2018, p. 6). Article 12 of the UEFA Disciplinary Regulations (2020 edn.), covering manipulation and betting, the result and course of an event, for gaining an advantage for themselves or a third person, sharing insider information, reporting obligations inter alia, pp. 14 and 15. Article 8 "Responsibility" within the UEFA Disciplinary Regulations (2020 edn.) Articles 15 and 16 of the UEFA Statutes (1993 edn., "1993 UEFA Statutes"). "Unforeseen circumstances" under Article 28 of the 1993 UEFA Statutes; the case of Royal Sporting Club Anderlecht v. UEFA, TAS 98/185 was the appeal of a UEFA Executive Council decision to the CAS, who then decided that judicial functions could not be undertaken by Executive Bodies in this manner. Garcia Silvero (2018, p. 9). Then Article 50(3) on "Non-Admission" of the UEFA Statutes (amended in 2007, valid to date), states "The admission to a UEFA competition of a Member Association or club directly or indirectly involved in any activity aimed at arranging or influencing the outcome of a match at national or international level can be refused with immediate effect, without prejudice to any possible disciplinary measures". This is reflected in the regulations of each of UEFA's leagues (Champions League, Europa League and the Women's Champions League) under Articles 4.02 and 4.03 of each of their regulations. Article 4.02 states, inter alia, that "If, on the basis of all the factual circumstances and information available to UEFA, UEFA concludes to its comfortable satisfaction that a club has been directly and/or indirectly involved, since the entry into force of Article 50(3) of the UEFA Statutes, i.e. 27 April 2007, in any activity aimed at arranging or influencing the outcome of a match at national or international level, UEFA will declare such club ineligible to participate in the competition. Such ineligibility is effective only for one football season…" Articles 4.03 of each regulations state "In addition to the administrative measure of declaring a club ineligible as provided for in Paragraph 4.02, the UEFA Organs for the Administration of Justice can, if the circumstances so justify, also take disciplinary measures in accordance with the UEFA Disciplinary Regulations." IOC Guidelines for Sports organizations the Sanctioning Competition Manipulation (2018). Articles 2.2 and 2.3 of the IOC 2016 Code. IOC Sanctioning Guidelines, p. 13. See types of sanctions under Section I.3.A of the WS Code of Ethics and Code of Conduct (2019, pp. 4 and 5). These could include suspensions, the decision to video record a competition, the decision to change the referee or judges just prior to the commencement of a competition, and in certain cases where there is particular risk to the reputation of the sport. Further, they may or may not be counted toward the final sanction issued—see Article 4.1 to 4.3 of the WKF Code on Prevention of Manipulation of Competitions (2016). Similarly, FIFA's Disciplinary Code (2020—Article 48) and Code of Ethics (2020—Articles 84 and 85), provide that "necessary to ensure the proper administration of justice, to maintain sporting discipline or to avoid irreparable harm, or for reasons of safety and security" even without hearing parties, and subject to a maximum 90 days, which may be extended to aid investigations. See, for example, Section I.3.B and I.3.C of the same WS Code of Ethics and Code of Conduct (2019, p. 4). Rule 8.3 (p. 9) of the FIS Rules on the Prevention of Manipulation of Competitions on "Financial Sanctions" stating the fine is to be based on "maximum of the value of any Benefit received by the Participant, directly or indirectly, as a result of his breach of these Rules." A similar approach is seen in PMC 5.1.1 of FINA's PMC Rules (2016). Under FIBA Internal Regulations (Book 1, Nov 2020 edn., p. 41), the fines possible to imposed were up to CHF 300,000 for entities and CHF 100,000 for natural persons for manipulation offences—see Items 164.c and 165.c; the FIE (under Appendix 1 to Chapter 12, i.e. Appendix 1 to the FIE Ethical Code: Betting and Anti-Corruption Rules of FIE Statutes (2015, p. 51) under Article 7.1.4.f (p. 34) being between CHF 125 and CHF 12,500 for individuals and CHF 225 and CHF 22,500 for "entities". See for example limits based on seriousness of the offence under section 164.14 of the FEI's General Regulations (24th edn., Jan 2020, p. 39) which follow a gradation system of low end (CHF 1000 to CHF 1500), mid-range (CHF 2000 to CHF 3000), top-end (CHF 5,000 to CHF 10,000) to max (CHF 15,000); and FIH (ranging between CHF 500 and CHF 20,000). Article 25 of the FIG Code of Discipline (2019) which specifies sanctions, and is referred to under Article 5 of the FIG Code of Conduct (2019) leaves it to the discretion of the Disciplinary Authority; under Article 18.1 of the FIFA Disciplinary Code, 2019 a minimum fine of CHF 100,000, is prescribed without stating a maximum. Under the same Article 18.1 of the FIFA Disciplinary Code, 2019 the fine is prescribed but the primary sanction remains a ban from football related activities for a minimum of five years (and/or a fine). Fines should be staggered on this basis—under Article 29 of the FIH Integrity Code (2018) of which Article 9 is the FIH "Anti-Corruption Code" which includes betting and manipulation offences, to which common sanctions as present in the rest of the FIH Integrity Code apply. Proportionality of sanctions issued for disciplinary offences given these factors have been questioned in the past by practitioners and academics; see (in manipulation context) Diaconu et al. (2021) and (in the context of doping) Rigozzi and Quinn (2019); in certain cases, IFs provide guidance on life-bans—FIH, for example, states that life-bans are only to be issued where "particularly serious breach" has occurred—Article 27.1.8 of the FIH Integrity Code (2018). ITTF's Handbook (2020) under Regulation 6.9 (p. 182) tackles manipulation offences with limits on ineligibility based on the type of offence (betting, manipulation, corrupt conduct, inside information, or other violations) ranging from two years to four years (Article 126.96.36.199.2, p. 190). Article 7.1.j of the FIFA Code of Ethics (2019) allows for the option of a "ban from taking part in all football-related activities" as a disciplinary sanction. Similarly, Articles 7.1.h and 7.1.i of the same FIFA Code of Ethics (2019) allow for the issuance of a limited ban from dressing rooms/the substitute's bench or from entering a stadium. Section I.3.A of the WS Code of Ethics and Code of Conduct (2019, pp. 4 and 5). PMC 5.1.3 of the FINA PMC Rules (2016) provides for "Education and Rehabilitation" as a sanctions and a precondition to eligibility to participate after a period of ineligibility issued. Article 7.1.f of the FIFA Code of Ethics (2019) provides "social work" as a potential disciplinary sanction. Article 9.1.9 of Chapter E on Procedures for the Investigation and Prosecution of Violations of the IBU Integrity Code as part of the IBU's Integrity Code (2019) under which manipulation offences are brought, allows the Disciplinary Tribunal to prescribe "mandatory education sessions" as a potential sanction for offences. Article 5.1 of the WKF Code on the Prevention of Manipulation of Competitions (2016) lists "education" as one of the possible sanctions that might be awarded under the code and the Disciplinary and Ethics Code (2016). Community football service under Articles 6.1.r (associations and clubs) and 6.2.h (individuals) of the UEFA Disciplinary Regulations (2020 edn.). See Diaconu et al. (2021) under Section 8 on Sanctions, where it is observed that most CAS awards confirm findings of federation bodies, and particularly in manipulation offences. See, for example, the award of the CAS in Butt, infra note 148 at paras 56–57, 60, 66–69 and 74 –75. See Diaconu et al. (2021) under Section 8 on Sanctions. See FIFA sanctions available at https://www.fifa.com/who-we-are/legal/integrity/leading-cases/, including Mwamelo, infra note 124 (15 year ban), with 9 other life bans in 2019. See ITIA sanctions available at https://itia.tennis/news/sanctions/—April 27, 2021. The CAS also upheld the sanction awarded to Juan Carlos Sanchez of eight years of suspension with a fine of USD 12,500 and legal costs of CHF 3000—https://itia.tennis/news/sanctions/cas-upholds-sanction-for-juan-carlos-saez/ (April 27, 2021). Prior bans include 2020 include the life-ban awarded to Ukrainian player Mr. Stanislav Poplavsky for multiple fixing instances between 2015 and 2019—https://itia.tennis/news/sanctions/stanislav-poplavskyy-receives-lifetime-ban-tennis/ (April 27, 2021) and Algerian player Aymen Ikhlef for ten breaches of the TACP (2020) being four instances of match fixing, two instances of soliciting other players not to use their best efforts, three instances of failure to report a corrupt approach and one charge of failing to cooperate with the TIU investigation—https://www.itia.tennis/news/sanctions/algerian-tennis-player-banned-life/ (April 27, 2021). United Arab Emirates' captain Mohammed Naveed and player Shaiman Anwar Butt were awarded eight year bans from all forms of cricket in March 2021—https://www.icc-cricket.com/media-releases/2069768 (April 27, 20210), with the teammate Qadeer Ahmed Khan (banned for five years); similarly, Sri Lanka's Dilhara Lokuhettige (eight years), Nuwan Zoysa (six years) were also sanctioned in April 2021 (see https://www.icc-cricket.com/media-releases/—April 27, 2021). This is in addition to the high profile case of Zimbabwean Heath Streak (discussed below in infra note 130). See Pavitt (2021) The World Anti-Doping Agency's World Anti-Doping Code (2021), for instance, provides a ranges and factors relevant to sanctioning across the offences. See ECtHR, Vinter and Others v. the United Kingdom, judgment (Grand Chamber) of 9 July 2013, §§ 119–122. For example, as concluded in Rigozzi (2020), p. 128. See FIFA Disciplinary and Regulatory Commission decision of Mr. Boniface Mwamelo (Football Association of Zambia) under the 2009 FIFA Code of Ethics, where FIFA's life ban and fine and CHF 10,000 fine were reduced to a 15 year ban and CHF 10,000 fine by CAS (in July 2020) for engaging with convicted match-fixers over email with the aim of manipulating Zambia U-23 matches for financial gains through betting; Boniface Mwomelo v. FIFA, CAS 2019/A/6220 ("Mwamelo"); see similar ban period reduction by the CAS (award of March 2020) in Sidio Jose Mugadza v. FIFA, CAS 2019/A/9219 from 15 to seven years. See for example, Article 22.214.171.124 and 18.104.22.168 of the FIH Integrity Code (2018). Article 27.3 therein also stated that where "more than one breach has been committed, the sanction will be based on the most serious breach, and increased as appropriate depending on the specific circumstances." Article 27.1.7 of the same FIH Integrity Code (2018) as specified particularly for determining period of ineligibility. Under Item 4 "Level of Responsibility" which describes factors to be considered while issuing sanctions under the WS Code of Conduct and Code of Ethics (2019, p. 6). The IFSC Disciplinary and Appeals Rules (2019) under Article 20.1 and 20.2 provide a specific time period for bans and amount for fines for types of offences (Items 8, 9 and 11). Certain subjective unspecified "exceptional circumstances" might be considered when sanctioning as listed under Article 23. In addition to FIH above, see also, for example the Article 9 of the FIFA Code of Ethics (2020); such factors include "nature of the offence; the substantial interest in deterring similar misconduct; the offender's assistance to and cooperation with the Ethics Committee; the motive; the circumstances; the degree of the offender's guilt; the extent to which the offender accepts responsibility, and whether the person mitigated his guilt by returning the advantage received, where applicable. 2. In case of mitigating circumstances, and if deemed appropriate taking into account all circumstances of the case, the Ethics Committee may go below the minimum sanction and/or decide to hand down alternative sanctions…" Under the FIFA Disciplinary Code (2019), Article 24 specifies that "The judicial body determines the type and extent of the disciplinary measures to be imposed in accordance with the objective and subjective elements of the offence, taking into account both aggravating and mitigating circumstances… …When determining the disciplinary measure, the judicial body shall take into account all relevant factors of the case, including any assistance of and substantial cooperation by the offender in uncovering or establishing a breach of any FIFA rule, the circumstances and the degree of the offender's guilt and any other relevant circumstances. …In exercising its discretionary powers, the relevant FIFA judicial body may scale down the disciplinary measure to be imposed or even dispense with it entirely." ICC Anti-Corruption Code—in the matter of proceedings between the ICC and Mr. Heath Streak, dated March 29, 2021 available at https://resources.pulse.icc-cricket.com/ICC/document/2021/04/14/e06b37f8-65cb-4d0b-811b-d7bc0bbe3c2a/Decision-of-the-ICC-28-March-2021.pdf (April 5, 2021) at para. 33. See supra note 124 on CAS alteration (reducing) of sanctions in FIFA DRC decisions; in Mwamelo mitigating factors included comparatively small amounts, singular attempt at manipulation, a first offence, incitement by a third party, and the fact that a less harsh sentence could achieve the same purpose. Item 4.A "'Level of Responsibility" under the WS Code of Conduct and Code of Ethics (2019, p. 5 and 6) categorizes the levels of responsibility into these four categories. See WBF Sentencing Guidelines (2015), where factors specific to the sport of bridge, such as collusive cheating, obtaining information related to hands, and inadvertent cheating are all sanctioned in a specific manner under the guidelines. Discounted sentences are also similarly provided for. In light of the aforementioned numerous life-bans issued in 2021 (Sect. 3.2.2 above), the recent decision regarding a basketball player in Lithuania who admitted to instances of fixing in eight lost matches, considering severe repentance, no prior record and assessment of lack of likelihood to commit further crimes could be considered significantly less harsh—https://www.sportsintegrityinitiative.com/sports-integrity-briefs-19-may-2021/ (May 19, 2021). See generally, Swiss Federal Tribunal pronouncement in Gundel v. FEI, SFT 119 II 271, decision dated 15 March 1993. Johannes Eder v. Ski Austria, CAS 2006/A/1102, award dated 13 November 2006 where CAS made the distinction between civil sanctions issued by a sporting body and criminal sanctions by a state (para. 52). See AEK Athens and Slavia Prague v. UEFA, CAS 98/2000, award dated 20 August 1999. This has been observed multiple times, though an argument could be made on whether further thought should be given to this principle's operation across various levels of adjudication in a sport and parallel to criminal proceedings—see Diaconu et al. (2021) at p. 44; the same concerns have also been raised previously in Palermo and Williams (2018, p. 21). See Valloni and Pachmann (2013). Leading cases prosecuted by FIFA are listed here with the relevant decisions—https://www.fifa.com/who-we-are/legal/integrity/leading-cases/ (April 8, 2021). Most recently the decision issued in September, 2020 awarding a life-time ban and fine of CHF 100,000 to Marco Antonio Trovato Villalba, President of Olimpia, a Paraguayan club for manipulation and failure to cooperate under Article 18 and Article 20 respectively of the FIFA Disciplinary Code (2019) for two matches in 2018 and 2019—see https://www.fifa.com/who-we-are/news/the-fifa-disciplinary-committee-sanctions-marco-antonio-trovato-villalba-for-mat (April 8, 2021). The FIFA Appeal Committee had 3 decisions connected to manipulation in 2019/2020 (reduced number due to Covid-19)—see FIFA Disciplinary and Ethics Report 2019/2020, available at https://resources.fifa.com/image/upload/disciplinary-ethics-report-2019-20.pdf?cloudid=hnuvyrpsxcu5lllv6sxy (April 9, 2021). The cases arising from UEFA are listed chronologically under "Integrity" here, available here https://www.uefa.com/insideuefa/protecting-the-game/integrity/#cases (April 5, 2021). See Section 5 of Diaconu et al. (2021) which lists each case before the CAS. See ITIA, Sanctions, available at https://www.itia.tennis/rules/sanctions/ (April 7, 2021). Note—the page mentions that this is the list of athletes currently serving sanctions. ITF, ATP, WTA and the Grand Slam Committees, albeit not all "IFs" strictly. Life bans—Daniel Köllerer v. Association of Tennis Professionals ("ATP"), Women's Tennis Association, International Tennis Federation and Grand Slam Committee, CAS 2011/A/2490, award dated 23 March 2012 and David Savic v. Professional Tennis Integrity Officers, CAS 2011/A/2621, award dated 5 September 2012; ineligibility—Guillermo Olaso de la Rica v. Tennis Integrity Unit, CAS 2014/A/3467, award dated 30 September 2014. See ICC, ICC Anti-Corruption Code: Recent ICC Decisions available at https://www.icc-cricket.com/about/integrity/anti-corruption/acu-publications (April 14, 2021) Sanctions for offences under Articles 2.3.2, 2.3.3, 2.4.2, 2.4.4 and 2.4.7 of the ICC_ACU decision on Mr. Heath Streak (supra note 130); sanctions for offences under Articles 2.1.1, 2.1.4 and 2.4.4 of the same code—in proceedings between the ICC and Mr. Dilhara Lokuhettige available at https://resources.pulse.icc-cricket.com/ICC/document/2021/04/19/d1431a99-eb58-45bb-be30-90d2cdc5f874/ICC-v-Lokuhettige-Decision-on-Sanctions-7-April-2021-redacted-PDF.pdf (April 10, 2021). Mohammad Asif v. International Cricket Council, CAS 2011/A/2362 ("Asif"), award dated 17 April 2013 and Salman Butt v. ICC, CAS 2011/A/2364, award dated 17 April 2013 ("Butt") both had pending English Criminal Court decisions being issued along-side which factored in the parallel proceedings into sentencing—see paras 70 and 71 in Asif. See Mavromati and Reeb (2015, p. 379 onward). Diaconu et al. (2021) at p. 43. Article 190(2) provides grounds including improper arbitrator appointment or constitution of the arbitral tribunal, wrong acceptance or declination of jurisdiction, decision beyond claims or failure to decide a claim, violation of principle of equal treatment or failure to be heard, and incompatibility of the award with Swiss public policy. This approach is adopted by FIS, and among the summer federations, by IGF, IWF, WT and ITTF. FINA (certain initial procedure, and sanctions are common to all offences), WA (common bodies responsible for prosecution and sanctions common to all offences), AIBA, FEI, FIE, WKF (for these four, certain common procedural regulations are present in applicable disciplinary regulations while others are in manipulation specific regulations), ITF (TACP applicable except on the admissibility of certain evidence), WR (certain adjudication regulations which are common with other offences as well, save for when there is a conflict) and ISA (specific regulations for certain processes, sanctions issued under an independent rulebook). See, for example, IAAF's Reporting, Investigation and Prosecution Rules—Non-Doping (2019) and Disciplinary Tribunal Rules (2019). FIH's Integrity Code (2018) provides, for example, that it is a "valid defence to a charge of a breach of this Integrity Code if the Covered Person adduces sufficient credible evidence to prove, on balance of probabilities, that genuine and powerful reasons exist (or existed) to justify his conduct objectively, taking into account all the relevant circumstances. For this purpose, the right to invoke the privilege against self-incrimination is deemed to have been waived by each Covered Person." See, for example, Rule 4 of the Disciplinary Code of the FIE (Chapter 7, in FIE's Statutes, 2015). See Sport Lisboa and Benfica Futebol SAD v. UEFA and FC Porto Futebol SAD and Vitória Sport Clube de Guimarães v. UEFA and FC Porto Futebol SAD, CAS 2008/A/1583 and 1584, award dated 15 July 2008 at paras 39–41. See Rules 6.2 and 6.3 of the Disciplinary Code of the FIE (Chapter 7, in FIE's Statutes, 2015). See, for example, Rule 5.2 under Disciplinary Code of the FIE (Chapter 7, in FIE's Statutes, 2015). Article 157(d) under Appendix G (FEI Code on Prevention of Manipulation of Competitions) to FEI General Regulations (2020). Article 163 Appendix G (FEI Code on Prevention of Manipulation of Competitions) to FEI General Regulations, (2020). These factors have been noted across cases, for example in Mr. Oleg Oriekhov v. UEFA, CAS 2010/A/2172 award dated 18 January 2011. Further, even in other major event regulations, there is seen a heightened specific focus on certain offences, leaving out corruption; most recently, see the governing Regulations issued for the 30th Winter Universiade 2021 which was to have been held in Lucerne in December 2021, available at https://www.fisu.net/medias/fichiers/regulations_wu2021_lucerne_20200120.pdf, April 10, 2021). See, for example, Sir Richard McLaren's opinion in Match-fixing, not doping, poses greatest risk to sport, Reuters (2015). 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Appendix: 43 Olympic and Non-Olympic International Federations Studied Appendix: 43 Olympic and Non-Olympic International Federations Studied Sr. no. \| Sport and Federation Name \| Applicable Regulations (as effective at the time of conclusion of the study in January 2021) \| \| 1. \| Boxing (amateur): International Boxing Association ("AIBA") \| AIBA \| AIBA Code on Prevention of Manipulation of Competitions (2018) Article 8.3.1 of the AIBA Disciplinary Code (2013) (https://d21c25674tgiqk.cloudfront.net/2015/02/AIBA-Disciplinary-Code-Adopted-July-18-2013.pdf) \| 2. \| Badminton: Badminton World Federation ("BWF") \| BWF \| Section 2.4 of the BWF Statutes, i.e. the Code on Prevention of Manipulation of Competitions (2020 or "PMC") (https://extranet.bwfbadminton.com/docs/document-system/81/1466/1468/2.4%20PMC.pdf; the BWF Statutes are available at https://corporate.bwfbadminton.com/statutes/#1513733305001-7485aaef-d176) The BWF's PMC also refers to the BWF's Judicial Procedures under Section 3.1 (https://extranet.bwfbadminton.com/docs/document-system/81/1466/1469/Section%203.1%20-%20Judicial%20Procedures%20-Effective%20date%2019%20July%202020.pdf) Chapter 2—Section 2.1 of the (Code of Ethics) also defines manipulation and is subject to general procedure under Section 3.2 of the BWF's Statutes \| 3. \| Equestrianism: Fédération Équestre Internationale ("FEI") \| FEI \| Appendix G (FEI Code on Prevention of Manipulation of Competitions) to FEI General Regulations (2020) \| 4. \| Basketball: Fédération Internationale de Basketball Associations ("FIBA") \| FIBA \| FIBA Internal Regulations—Book 1—General Provisions (of 2020—Chapter 5: Code of Conduct) contains provisions in connection with manipulation (https://www.fiba.basketball/internal-regulations/book1/general-provisions.pdf) However, in many places e.g. certain webpages (here, for example—http://playershub.fiba.com/en/integrity/fair-play-and-betting/how-can-i-protect-myself-illegal-betting-and-match-fixing) make mention of Annexure 4 to Book 1 (All FIBA regulations otherwise are available here—https://www.fiba.basketball/documents#tab=b1506ff3-8ed5-4367-9cae-dc3e448a922f) \| 5. \| Fencing: Fédération Internationale d'Escrime ("FIE") \| FIE \| Appendix 1 to Chapter 12 (p. 51—Appendix 1) to the FIE Ethical Code: Betting and Anti-Corruption Rules of FIE Statutes (2015) and Chapter 7 (p. 33) being the Disciplinary Code of the FIE (https://static.fie.org/uploads/9/48811-FIE%20Statutes%20ang.pdf) \| 6. \| Football: Fédération Internationale de Football Associations ("FIFA") \| FIFA \| FIFA's Code of Ethics (2020) (https://resources.fifa.com/image/upload/fifa-code-of-ethics-2020.pdf?cloudid=upxpc0qzxqdgipiiejuj) FIFA's Disciplinary Code (2019, referred to for sanctioning purposes Article 6.1 of the Code of Ethics, reference possible to be made under Article 52.1.d of the Disciplinary Code) (https://resources.fifa.com/image/upload/fifa-disciplinary-code-2019.pdf?cloudid=twc8yxh6fn0kjkgxhe9e) \| 7. \| Gymnastics: Fédération Internationale de Gymnastique ("FIG") \| FIG \| Incorporation of the IOC 2016 Code under Part 2: Article 1. c) of the FIG Code of Conduct and Article 1.c) of the FIG Code of Ethics (for Athletes, Judges and Officials, both of 2019) (https://www.gymnastics.sport/publicdir/rules/files/en_Code%20of%20Conduct%202019.pdf and https://www.gymnastics.sport/publicdir/rules/files/en_Code%20of%20Ethics%202019.pdf) Further mention of IOC 2016 Code in "Objectives" in Article 2.1 of the FIG Statutes (2019) (https://www.gymnastics.sport/publicdir/rules/files/en_Statutes%202019.pdf) Article 5 of the Code of Ethics, Infringement of this code attracts enforcement by the Disciplinary Authority under the FIG Code of Discipline (2019) (https://www.gymnastics.sport/publicdir/rules/files/en_Code%20of%20Discipline%202019.pdf) \| 8. \| Field Hockey: Fédération Internationale de Hockey ("FIH") \| FIH \| FIH Integrity Code ("Code", 2018 of which Article 9 of the Code is title "Anti-Corruption Rules") (http://www.fih.ch/media/12943893/2018-01-15-final-approved-fih-integrity-code.pdf, which superseded (see para. 1.4 on p. 1) prior specific Anti-Corruption Regulations (2017) and Article 2 of the FIH Code of Conduct Offences, in FIH Code of Conduct, 2016) Specific procedural details are present in the FIH Dispute Resolution Regulations (http://www.fih.ch/media/8997824/fih-dispute-resolution-regulations.pdf) \| 9. \| Aquatics: Fédération internationale de natation ("FINA") \| FINA \| FINA Rules on the Prevention of the Manipulation of Competitions (2016) (https://www.fina.org/sites/default/files/fina_rules_on_the_prevention_of_the_manipulation_of_competitions_final_30.01.2016.pdf) This is the "Implementing Provision of Article V.C.4 of the FINA Code of Ethics" (as last amended in 2015) (http://fina.org/sites/default/files/fina_codeofethics.pdf) Sanctions under C 24.8 and 24.9 of the FINA Constitution (referred to also as "FINA Rules" across some FINA documents) \| 10. \| Rowing: Fédération Internationale des Sociétés d'Aviron ("FISA") \| FISA \| Regulation 6 on Anti-Corruption and Betting in the WR Regulations Handbook (2016) (https://integrity.worldrugby.org/resources/World_Rugby_Reg_6_EN.pdf; Reg. 6.1.3 states they "reflect" the IOC Code) General procedures in Regulation 18 Appendix 1 apply to any matters under Regulation 6 (https://www.world.rugby/handbook/regulations/reg-18/appendix-1) \| 11. \| Volleyball and Beach Volleyball: Fédération Internationale de Volleyball ("FIVB") \| FIVB \| The FIVB Disciplinary Regulations with Annexure A on the Prevention of Manipulations of Competitions (2020) and the FIVB Code of Ethics (2020; both available for download here—https://www.fivb.com/en/thefivb/legal) \| 12. \| Athletics: World Athletics (until June 2019, International Amateur Athletics Federation, "IAAF") \| IAAF \| IAAF Manipulation of Sport Competition Rules ("IAAF Rules", version of 2019) Rule 11 of the IAAF Rules also refers to the Reporting, Investigation and Prosecution Rules—Non-Doping ("Prosecution Rules", version of 2019—https://www.athleticsintegrity.org/downloads/pdfs/know-the-rules/en/IAAF-AIU-Reporting-Investigation-and-Prosecution-Rules-1Jan2019-Final-18.12.2018.pdf) and to the Disciplinary Tribunal Rules (2019—https://www.athleticsintegrity.org/downloads/pdfs/know-the-rules/en/IAAF-DisciplinaryTribunalRules-1Jan2019-Final-18.12.2018.pdf) \| 13. \| Canoeing: International Canoe Federation ("ICF") \| ICF \| Incorporation of the IOC's 2015 Code under Bylaw 4 under Bylaws to Article 2 of ICF Statutes (2019) (https://www.canoeicf.com/sites/default/files/icf_statutes_2019.pdf) ICF Statutes' Disciplinary Measures (Article 42) and Disciplinary Processes (Article 43) are provided in Chapter IV of the Statutes (pp. 40 and 42, respectively) \| 14. \| Climbing: International Federation of Sport Climbing ("IFSC") \| IFSC \| Objectives under Article 5 bis of the IFSC Statutes (2019) include fighting manipulation and irregular and illegal betting and gambling and Bylaw to Article 10 defined (p. 16 of the IFSC Statutes defines violation of illegal and irregular betting but not manipulation) (https://cdn.ifsc-climbing.org/images/About/2020_IFSC_Statute_Approved.pdf) Certain procedure specified in the IFSC Disciplinary and Appeals Rules ("DAR", 2007, updated 2019) (https://cdn.ifsc-climbing.org/images/ifsc/Footer/Commissions/Disciplinary_AppealsRules2019.pdf) IFSC website provides for athletes to sign an undertaking adhering to the IOC 2016 Code ("Please note that starting in 2017, the Athletes License form includes specific reference to the Olympic Movement Code on the Prevention of the Manipulation of Competition which all athletes are required to read and sign".) (https://www.ifsc-climbing.org/index.php/2-uncategorised/49-athletes) \| 15. \| Golf: International Golf Federation ("IGF") \| IGF \| IGF Betting and Anti-Corruption Policy (2016) (http://www.igfgolf.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/01/IGF-Betting-and-Anti-corruption101116.pdf) \| 16. \| Handball: International Handball Federation ("IHF") \| IHF \| Incorporation of the IOC 2016 Code under Articles 4 and 5 of the IHF Ethics Code (2016, p. 8) (https://www.ihf.info/sites/default/files/2019-06/0_0_Ethics%20Code_GB.pdf—Annexed as an Appendix, p. 14 of the pdf) Article 11, Enforcement is in accordance with IHF Statutes (2018) (https://archive.ihf.info/files/Uploads/NewsAttachments/0_01%20-%20Statutes_GB.pdf) Article 1 of the IHF Regulations Concerning Penalties and Fines (2017) states that its provisions are specifically applicable to "corruption" and "betting" offences (https://www.ihf.info/sites/default/files/2019-05/0_XIX%20Regulations%20Concerning%20Penalties%20and%20Fines_GB.pdf) Article 3 of the Ethics Code otherwise specifically states that "In the event of any inconsistency between the Code and any other IHF Regulations except for the IHF Statutes, the relevant provisions of the Code shall prevail". \| 17. \| Judo: International Judo Federation ("IJF") \| IJF \| Article 1.2.2 (Match-fixing and Competition Manipulation) and Annexure F (Disciplinary Code, p. 153) of IJF's Sport and Organization Rules ("SOR", 2019) Another reference to corruption is made in the Code of Ethics (2019, p. 153 of the same SOR document \| 18. \| Surfing: International Surfing Association ("ISA") \| ISA \| ISA's Code on the Prevention of Manipulation of Competitions is located under Section 3 (Contest Rules and Procedures Part A, subpart v—General) of Chapter 2 (ISA Event Administration), under the larger ISA Rulebook (2019) (https://www.isasurf.org/wp-content/uploads/downloads/2019/06/ISA-Rulebook_-13-June-2019.pdf) Section 3.A.v (see above), refers to a specific hyperlinked code (2019) \| 19. \| Sailing: World Sailing (until December 2015, International Sailing Federation; "ISAF") \| ISAF \| Appendix 5 (Regulation 37)—Betting and Anti-Corruption Code of the (World Sailing Regulations, "Regulations", 2020) and Appendix 6 (Regulation 25)—Disciplinary Appeals and Review Code (of the Regulations (combined document available here—https://www.sailing.org/tools/documents/2020RegulationsClean-[26381].pdf) Other sanctions from the WS Code of Ethics (2019) might also be imposed (https://www.sailing.org/tools/documents/2019CodeofEthicsPostMidYear-[25097].pdf) \| 20. \| Shooting: International Shooting Sport Federation ("ISSF") \| ISSF \| ISSF Code of Ethics ("Code", Article 220.127.116.11, Annex CE) of the ISSF General Regulations (2020), governs manipulation, the preamble stating that "ISSF with these regulations also implements the new IOC Olympic Movement Code on the Prevention of the Manipulation of Competitions. The Definitions used in version 2016 of such IOC Code also apply to the following rules" (https://www.issf-sports.org/getfile.aspx?mod=docf&pane=1&inst=465&file=ISSF%20Code%20of%20Ethics.pdf) \| 21. \| Tennis: International Tennis Federation ("ITF") \| ITF \| Tennis Anti-Corruption Program (2020) and Rule 43 of the ITF Constitution 2020 which mandates compliance with the IOC 2016 Code (https://www.itftennis.com/media/2703/2020-tennis-anti-corruption-program-english.pdf and www.teniisintegrityunit.com; https://www.itftennis.com/media/2431/the-constitution-of-the-itf-2020-english.pdf, respectively) \| 22. \| Table Tennis: International Table Tennis Federation ("ITTF") \| ITTF \| Code on the Prevention of Manipulation of Competitions in the Code of Ethics ("Code", in Chapter 6) of the ITTF Handbook (2020) (https://www.ittf.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/04/2020ITTFHandbook_v1.pdf) \| 23. \| Triathlon: International Triathlon Union ("ITU") \| ITU \| ITU Rules on the Prevention of Manipulation of Competitions ("Rules", 2016) incorporate by reference the IOC 2016 Code and make mention of the Rules and IOC 2016 Code being in compliance with the Macolin Convention under Rule 1.3. (https://www.triathlon.org/uploads/docs/ituafl_rules-preventing-manipulation.pdf) ITU Disciplinary Rules (2016) under Article 13 contain details on matters such as admissibility of evidence (https://www.triathlon.org/uploads/docs/ITU_Disciplinary_Procedures_Rules_20160708.pdf) \| 24. \| Weightlifting: International Weightlifting Federation ("IWF") \| IWF \| IWF Guidelines: Competition Fixing (2015) (https://www.iwf.net/wp-content/uploads/downloads/2015/11/IWF-Guidelines_Competition-Fixing.pdf) Certain sanctions possible to apply under IWF's Constitution and By-Laws (2017, p. 21) (https://www.iwf.net/wp-content/uploads/downloads/2017/04/IWF_ConstitutionBy-Laws__2017_pdf) \| 25. \| Cycling: Union Cycliste Internationale ("UCI") \| UCI \| Article 8.1 (Manipulation of Cycling Events) and corresponding Appendix 2 to Code of Ethics (https://www.uci.org/docs/default-source/rules-and-regulations/uci-code-of-ethics.pdf) governs manipulation (except betting) Article 1.1.088 of the UCI Cycling Regulations which defines betting (version 2020, p. 23) \| 26. \| Modern Pentathlon: Union Internationale de Pentathlon Moderne ("UIPM") \| UIPM \| Betting and Anti-Corruption Rules (2018, being Part V of the UIPM Constitutional Book) (https://www.uipmworld.org/sites/default/files/betting_and_anti_corruption_rules_uipm_2018.pdf) UIPM Code of Ethics (2018) lays down procedural guidelines, including "Procedural Rules" (Annex 1 to the Code of Ethics) (https://www.uipmworld.org/sites/default/files/code_of_ethics_uipm_2018.pdf) \| 27. \| Wrestling: United World Wrestling ("UWW") \| UWW \| Incorporation of IOC 2016 Code under Article 1 in the Code of Ethics (2018, p. 10) (https://unitedworldwrestling.org/sites/default/files/2018-12/8_code_of_ethics_eng.pdf) Additional reporting guidelines (not obligatory) under "Reporting acts against the integrity of the Sport" Procedure under Disciplinary Code and Dispute Resolution Regulations (effective 2018) \| 28. \| Archery: World Archery ("WA") \| WA \| Appendix 9 to Book 1 of the Constitution and Procedures (Betting and Anti-Corruption) (version of October 2020) (p. 43—https://rulebook.worldarchery.org/PDF/Official/2020-10-01/EN-Book1.pdf) \| 29. \| Baseball and Softball: World Baseball and Softball Confederation ("WBSC") \| WBSC \| Application/adoption of the IOC 2016 Code through Article 5.2 of the WBSC Code of Ethics ("Code", 2017) Specifically, within the Code, it is stated that the By-laws regarding Sports Betting (2017) must be applied for manipulation (presumably in addition to the Code). These regulations are worded identically to the IOC 2016 Code, with additional obligations in connection with illegal betting (and gambling—see Chapter II). Disciplinary Procedure is under Chapter III of the Code. All these provisions echo the IOC 2016 Code Presumably, the Disciplinary Regulations (2017) would also apply in addition, for procedure and sanctions. Certain sanctions also in Code. \| 30. \| Dance Sport (Breaking): World Dance Sport Federation ("WDSF") \| WDSF \| WDSF Code of Ethics (https://www.worlddancesport.org/Rule/Athlete/Code_of_Ethics#:~:text=The%20values%20and%20principles%20written,in%20particular%20its%20fundamental%20principles) Disciplinary processes under WDSF Disciplinary Council Code (https://www.worlddancesport.org/Rule/WDSF/Regulations/WDSF_Disciplinary_Council_Code) Further judicial procedure under the WDSF Internal Dispute Resolution Code \| 31. \| Karate: World Karate Federation ("WKF") \| WK \| WKF Code on the Prevention of Manipulation of Competitions (2016) (https://www.wkf.net/pdf/manipulation-of-competitions-pdf-en-236.pdf) Procedural provisions present in the WKF Disciplinary and Ethics Code (Article 3.1.3 and 3.6) (https://www.wkf.net/pdf/wkf-disciplinary-and-ethics-code_15march2016-pdf-eng.pdf) \| 32. \| Rugby Union: World Rugby ("WR") \| WR \| Appendix 8—Bylaws to Article 59—FISA Code of Ethics ("Code", p. 143) and Appendix 9—Bylaws to Article 60—Manipulation of Competition and Betting ("Manipulation Bylaws" p. 149) both in Part V—Integrity of the Sport (p. 34) and Part VI—Judicial Provisions (p. 35; all within the FISA Rule Book, of 2017) (http://www.worldrowing.com/mm//Document/General/General/13/58/39/FISArulebookEN2019web_Neutral.pdf) govern manipulation.) \| 33. \| Taekwondo: World Taekwondo ("WT") \| WT \| WT's Bylaws on Betting and Anti-Corruption (2012, "Bylaws") (http://www.worldtaekwondo.org/viewer_pdf/external/pdfjs-2.1.266-dist/web/viewer.html?file=http://www.worldtaekwondo.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/WTF-Bylaws-on-Betting-and-Anti-Corruption.pdf) \| 34. \| Skateboarding: World Skate ("WS") \| WS \| WS Code of Conduct and Code of Ethics (2019—p. 9, Section I, subsection 6.A.4 and 6.A.7 (making reference to application of IOC 2016 Code) and p. 17, Section II, subsection 2.C—definitions) Certain procedure (prosecution and investigation) is contained in the WS Bylaws under para. 8, Section C.6 (2019) (http://www.worldskate.org/about/documents/category/304-world-skate-charters.html) \| 1. \| Luge: Fédération Internationale de Luge de Course ("FIL") \| FIL \| Part II (Specification of the Guidelines for Action), and Article 2 of the FIL Ethics Code (2019); as well, the FIL website generally (https://www.fil-luge.org/cdn/uploads/fil-ethik-code-englisch.pdf) and on the FIL website in general (https://www.fil-luge.org/en/anti-doping-fairplay/prevention-of-competition-manipulation; see also and on the FIL website in general (https://www.fil-luge.org/en/anti-doping-fairplay/prevention-of-competition-manipulation) Procedure and sanctions are present FIL Statutes (2019) and the Law and Procedure Regulations specifically commencing on p. 15 (https://www.fil-luge.org/cdn/uploads/statuten-2019-komplett-english-inkl-aenderungen.pdf) \| 2. \| Skiing and Snowboarding: Fédération Internationale de Ski ("FIS") \| FIS \| FIS Rules on the Prevention of Manipulation of Competitions (2016) \| 3. \| Bobsleigh and skeleton: International Bobsleigh and Skeleton Federation ("IBSF") \| IBSF \| General provisions present in the Code of Ethics (effective September 2011, not strictly related to manipulation) (https://www.ibsf.org/images/documents/downloads/code_of_ethics_E_120712_IBSF.pdf) Code of Conduct to be signed by athletes (2018 version) before obtaining IBSF license contains provisions in connection with manipulation (https://www.ibsf.org/images/documents/downloads/Codes_of_Conduct/20180725_CoC_athletes_2018.pdf) Certain provisions under Statutes of the IBSF (2019) also allude to manipulation and adoption of the IOC 2016 Code (Article 3.15) (https://www.ibsf.org/images/documents/downloads/IBSF_Statutes_am-congress2019.pdf) \| 4. \| Biathlon: International Biathlon Union ("IBU") \| IBU \| Chapter C (Prevention of Manipulations of Competitions) of IBU Integrity Code ("Code"—of 2019, which is part of IBU's constitution, applicable to all cases where violations happen after the "Effective Date" as defined 19 October 2019); this document replaced a number of previous documents (Code of Ethics, anti-doping rules etc.) (https://res.cloudinary.com/deltatre-spa-ibu/image/upload/tziqluncgelica29obn7.pdf) \| 5. \| Ice hockey: International Ice Hockey Federation ("IIHF") \| IIHF \| IIHF Code of Conduct ("Code", 2021) See also ancillary provisions which pre-date the above Code such as Bylaw 24.1 on Manipulation of Competitions in the IIHF Statutes and Bylaws, requiring compliance with the Code of Conduct provisions on manipulations 2018–2022 and 2021–2024 \| 6. \| Ice skating: International Skating Union ("ISU") \| ISU \| Articles 7, 8, 11, 12, 13, 16 and 17 of the ISU Code of Ethics ("Code", 2018) Disciplinary Procedure and Sanctions are provided under the ISU Constitution and General Regulations (2018, referenced in Article 16 of the Code) \| 7. \| Curling: World Curling Federation ("WCF") \| WCF \| Adoption of IOC 2016 Code by incorporation through Adoption Resolution See also reference in Article 8 of the Code of Ethics (2016) Procedural provisions under Disciplinary Sanctions/Escalation/Appeals Policy (2017) (https://s3.eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/media.worldcurling.org/media.worldcurling.org/wcf_worldcurling/2019/08/05125501/Disciplinary_Sanctions_Escalation_Appeal_Policy_Sept_2017.pdf; this is to be read with other policies such as an independent available Escalation Policy (2016)—https://s3.eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/media.worldcurling.org/media.worldcurling.org/wcf_worldcurling/2019/08/05125204/Escalation_Appeals_Policy.pdf) \| 1. \| Cricket: International Cricket Council ("ICC") \| ICC \| ICC's Anti-Corruption Code for Participants (2018, amended 2021) and Minimum Standards for Players and Match-Officials' Areas at International Matches (https://resources.pulse.icc-cricket.com/ICC/document/2021/01/06/a40dd941-47d0-4dec-8798-6e2885ad0fcd/ICC-Anti-Corruption-Code-amended-with-effect-from-1-Jan-2021-Board-approved-Nov-2020-.pdf; and https://icc-static-files.s3.amazonaws.com/ICC/document/2018/12/16/f3b76dad-9668-4a64-aeb8-0e8684d8e28b/-FV-Effective-from-1-December-2018-PMOA-Minimum-Standards-CEC-approved-.pdf) \| 2. \| Bridge: World Bridge ("WB") \| WB \| Article 4 of the WB Code of Ethics (2016) incorporates the IOC 2016 Code (http://www.worldbridge.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/12/WBFCodeofEthics.pdf) Sanctions under Disciplinary Code (2016) and specific Sentencing Guidelines making it contingent on nature of offence. (http://www.worldbridge.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/06/WBFDisciplinaryCode.pdf; and http://www.worldbridge.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/11/WBFSentencingGuidelines.pdf) Anti-betting Regulation (2011) defines betting differently (http://www.worldbridge.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/11/WBFAntiBettingRegulations-1.pdf) \| 1. \| Football (Europe): Union of European Football Associations ("UEFA") \| UEFA \| Administrative (Eligibility Related): Article 4.02 of the UEFA Champions League and Article 4.03 of the UEFA Europa League Regulations (Champions League (football)—https://documents.uefa.com/r/Regulations-of-the-UEFA-Champions-League-2020/21-Online; the sport of futsal has independent regulations and Europa League—https://documents.uefa.com/r/Regulations-of-the-UEFA-Europa-League-2020/21-Online) Disciplinary Regulations (Sanctions Related): Article 12 of UEFA Disciplinary Regulations (Edition of 2020) \| Rights and permissions Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. About this article Cite this article Kuwelker, S., Diaconu, M. & Kuhn, A. Competition manipulation in international sport federations' regulations: a legal synopsis. Int Sports Law J 22, 288–313 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s40318-022-00210-9 Issue Date: DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s40318-022-00210-9
Click:288 Time:2023-03-29 Printed Circuit Board, also known as Printed Circuit Board, is a provider of electrical connections for electronic components, often serving as a functional connection carrier, and belongs to the category of electronic component components. According to the circuit board hierarchy, it can be divided into single panel, double sided board, four layer board, six layer board, and other multi-layer boards; According to the material characteristics of circuit boards, they can be divided into rigid circuit boards (RPCB), flexible circuit boards (FPCB), and rigid flexible combination circuit boards (R-FPCB); According to the development direction of circuit boards, exploration can be divided into microelectronic circuit boards, hardware electronic circuit boards, component circuit boards, and so on. The editor of Shijia Electronic Component Manufacturing Business Department is sharing hardware electronic circuit board products with you this time. We welcome electronic circuit enthusiasts to revise and optimize my ideas. The concept of hardware was born with the development of the computer industry, and is often referred to as computer hardware. It is a generic term for various physical devices (structures) composed of electronic, mechanical, and photoelectric components in a computer system. Nowadays, the concept of hardware has been widely used in electronic product terminals and is synonymous with visible components within a device. Electronic Circuit refers to a circuit composed of electronic devices and related radio components. It includes circuits such as amplification, oscillation, rectification, detection, modulation, frequency conversion, waveform conversion, and various control circuits. Widely used in various electronic devices. According to the different forms of processed signals, electronic circuits can generally be divided into two categories: analog circuits and digital circuits. The electronic circuits used to transmit and process analog signals are called analog circuits; The electronic circuit that transmits and processes digital signals is called a digital circuit. Generally, electronic circuits have product states such as connection diagrams, assembly drawings, schematic diagrams, PCB wiring diagrams, and CAM manufacturing drawings. Shijia Electronics summarizes and analyzes the development direction of semiconductor, integrated circuit IC, IDH module&module, and embedded integrated ESS. One of the breakthrough trends in the future of circuit boards is the integration of component assembly carriers into electronic circuit technology and hardware technology. Hardware Electronic Circuit Pcb refers to the research, development, manufacturing, and functional evaluation process of integrating analog or digital circuit functional modules that need to be implemented into conventional circuit boards through hardware electronic design and circuit board manufacturing process design. The final step is still the processing of component carriers and electrical connectors. Two relatively easy to implement product models: circuit board manufacturing technology embedded in electronic circuit functional modules, and circuit board manufacturing technology simulating functional circuits. Hardware electronic circuit boards effectively coordinate the problem points between hardware electronic EDA engineers and circuit board CAM engineers. The fusion technology compresses the accessory space, reduces some product costs, increases the difficulty of technical copying, shortens the R&D and manufacturing cycles of electronic products, and provides semiconductor designers with alternative manufacturing directions. Shijia electronic circuit board manufacturing technology is embedded in electronic circuit functional modules, and the precipitated products are as follows: Anti interference circuit (including shielding film, wave absorbing material, etc.) module placement, anti detection/anti disassembly MESH security module placement, patch resistor/capacitor placement, eSE security module placement, RFID electronic label placement (such as NFC-TAG), etc. Shijia electronic circuit board manufacturing technology simulates functional circuits, and precipitates the following products: Conventional planar inductance/capacitance/resistance circuit simulation, NFC antenna coil circuit simulation, WPC-QI wireless charging circuit simulation, RFID antenna coil circuit simulation, WIFI/Bluetooth antenna circuit simulation, anti detection/anti disassembly MESH circuit simulation, anti interference EMI circuit simulation, anti electrostatic ESD circuit simulation, planar transformer circuit simulation, etc. The editor believes that the current stage is an era of resource integration, and of course, the era of single technology and single product management has gradually become the past. It is inevitable for business platforms to explore diversified technology/product models. Shenzhen Shijia Electronics Co., Ltd. originated from PCB design and expanded its circuit board factory. At this stage, it has made a breakthrough in the direction of integrated component manufacturing, fully responding to the transformation trend of the circuit board industry chain structure, and fully supporting the development strategy of the national industrial revolution. Hardware electronic circuit board is a technology, a product, and a function. It is one of the hopes for the development of the circuit board industry at this stage. Next: 没有了
Significant Causes of World War 1 While the children fell asleep to the sound of their mother's voice, their father's slept to the sound of the firing of bombs and guns. World War 1 took place in France, Italy, Russia and Turkey, from 1914-1919. The war was between Britain, France, Russia, Germany, Italy, Austria, and Turkey. In total, the amount of people killed was around 20,000,000. Some weapons they used where tanks, airplanes, gas, trenches, machine guns, etc… All in all, World War 1 had a few significant underlying causes. The 3 most important underlying causes of World War 1 are militarism, imperialism, and alliances. The most significant out of the 3 courses is alliances. Militarism was one of the main causes of the Great War (aka Underlying Cause of WWI The war had numerous claimed reasons for the cause of World War 1. People claimed these three reasons, Militarism, Alliances, and Imperialism for having created this extensive conflict. Multiple individuals have declared that Militarism, Alliances, and Imperialism were the foremost options people viewed as the dispute cause. What Caused World War One World War One was a war that is engraved in history. The war brought terror and death, but it also brought new technology and medicine. Before it even started it had Tragic events that led up to it; The imperialism that was going on during that time caused tensions between nations, like Austria-Hungary demanding Serbia to take action and remove propaganda from their country, or the alliances that were formed at the start making the war unavoidable, for example, the two secret alliances that had high tensions from the start, And the high amount of militarism in Europe that led mobilizations of infantries around Europe and caused tensions to reach their limit. Austria-Hungary had many huge tensions with Serbia after their prince got assassinated. Austria -Hungary was disappointed Connor Larson & Lucas Turnis Mrs. Ross AP European History 25 April 2023 Causes of World War I Prior to World War I, a power struggle between the Ottoman Empire and Russia spiraled into involving Britain and France: the Crimean War. The conditions set for a major shift in power caused by Italian and German unification. This unification brought many new leaders of great power such as Victor Emmanuel II and Otto Von Bismarck. With newfound land, power, and wealth, Bismarck felt invincible and began to seek war and form alliances. World War 1 was an atrocious war that caused millions of deaths and hundreds of billions of dollars in reparations. World War 1 lasted from 1914 to 1919 and rudimentarily, was the fight between the Allied powers and the Central powers. The Allied powers consisted of France, Great Britain, Russia, and Belgium while the Central powers consisted of Germany, Austria-Hungary, and the Ottoman Empire. All countries had some participation and damage done throughout World War 1, and the countries who started the war may be obscure. However, there are some countries that can especially be picked out for their contribution and cause for the war. After World War 1, the effects on people were tremendous. It has affected the people's minds and hearts physically and mentally. A things lot of our culture and society has changed today because of it. Many people may not know why we do the things we do was because of the Great War. Caused by a group of people that we might see as today funny and out of context, but these are actual historical events that takes a big part in our lives. It started on July 28, 1914 and ended Novembre 11, 1918. What was the underlying cause of this tragedy? There were three basic causes of world war I: alliances, militarism, and imperialism. Out of these three causes, imperialism was the underlying cause. Alliances one of the main causes of World War I. Alliances was a big part that contribute to the war. grow in both military and economic status. World War 1 began in 1914 in Sarajevo, Bosnia which was ruled by Europe. The background behind the war involved five major things. It involved imperialism and competition, disputes in Europe, many countries having military alliances, jingoism, and different ideologies about government and economic structure. Austria-Hungary sent its military to Serbia and in result led to Russia declaring war of Austria-Hungary. Causes of World War I World War I was the bar fight of all bar fights and was expected to end quickly. Unfortunately, the treacherous battle field held soldier's longer than expected. At first, Europe had been flourishing with colonies worldwide and had developed in technology greatly. There were a variety of underlying causes in World War I. They were militarism, alliances, nationalism, and a mix of imperialism. Before the war Nations started to build up their arms (DBQ: What Were the Underlying Causes of World War 1, 2010, Doc 7) making a competition for dominance, and alliances are formed making powerful armies. Nations produced propaganda infuriating the citizens and giving the pride in their nation which led to nationalism. Nationalism is a patriotic feeling for your nation, causing new literature relating to the war, for example this poem "When Britain first at Heaven's command Arose from out the azure Main; This was the charter of the land, And guardian angels sand this strain;... Causes of World War I World War I was one of the worst battles in history. The number of money spent and deaths are unbelievable. Nations spent millions on the war. WW1 is known as the first modern war because it saw the incorporation of mechanical weapons. The Central Powers and Allies both used a variety of weapons such as machine guns, chemical weapons , clothing, biplanes, artillery, tanks, grenades, and rifles. These weapons were state of the art for the early 20th century. These weapons caused casualties to skyrocket as the Allies and the Central Powers were in a stalemate. The four main causes of World War I, imperialism, nationalism, militarism, and alliances, in my opinion, the one that takes the most blame for the war is alliances. The reason why is because it is what got most of the world involved. When the Archduke was assassinated on June 28, 1914, it started the war. The allies of the sides fight with each other which were the Central Powers and the Allies. Then because some of the allies support imperialism, they compete for colonies and an example of this is France and Germany both wanting colonies in Asia as well as Africa. There are many causes of World War I. The immediate cause of the war was the assassination of the Archduke Francis Ferdinand, the heir of the Austria-Hungary throne, but the inchoations of the war date back further and involve national politics, cultures, economics, and coalitions between The causes of World War I The many different causes of World War 1 were quite brief with excruciating fatalities. There were many innocent people who were just living a regular life didn't know what was about to hit them. People like to say that there were five different causes of World war 1. Those causes were nationalism, imperialism, militarism, alliancism, and assassination. Being involved in a war is something that many countries are known for. Overall 108 million or more people are killed in wars dating back to the 20th century. If you think about how many people in all human history have died in some sort of war, it ranges from 150 million to 1billon. There has been a total of two huge wars alone in the 20th century. These wars are called World Wars because they involved most of the biggest countries in the world.
Improving the Senior Dry Eye Care Environment: Tips and Techniques Stop Your Dry Eye Now. You're here because you have eye irritation or dryness, right? Well, you can stop having that problem. The iTear100 stops your dry eye in just seconds per use, AND you'll need it less as you use it! Visit iTear100.com to learn more! Table of Contents [ ] - Senior Dry Eye Care Environment - Welcome to our Supportive Space for Eye Health - Protecting Eyes from the Digital World - Embracing Outdoor Environments with Care - Tackling Seasonal Dry Eye Challenges - A Well-Rounded Approach to Eye Comfort - Taking Action with Olympic Ophthalmics - Ready to Revitalize Your Eye Health? Get in Touch! Senior Dry Eye Care Environment Welcome to our Supportive Space for Eye Health As we age, our eyes often tell the tales of life's experiences: joyful moments squinting in the sunlight, hours of concentration studying fine print, to glances shared with a loved one. But they also bear the brunt of less joyful experiences like dry eye symptoms. That's where the environment plays a pivotal role in senior dry eye care, and we, at Olympic Ophthalmics , are on a quest to create environments that nurture eye health for our seniors. Venturing beyond mere treatment, our focus on environmental fine-tuning is part of our holistic approach. Changes in our surroundings can significantly influence the comfort and health of our eyes-especially as we reach our golden years. That's why we are excited to share the benefits of the iTEAR100 device, developed by our partners at Olympic Ophthalmics, which champions the importance of intuitive self-care in the comfort of one's home. Understanding Dry Eye in Seniors Many seniors face the annoyance of dry eyes. It's not just an irritant; it's a signal from our body hinting at the need for a change-perhaps in lifestyle, healthcare, or even in the air we breathe. iTear100 understands that dry eye is more than discomfort; it's a quality of life issue. To tackle this head-on, environmental control becomes essential. This means regulating indoor humidity, minimizing exposure to wind and smoke, and considering the lighting set-up at home. Small steps, big difference-that's our philosophy at Olympic Ophthalmics . The Role of Home Environment When our home becomes a haven for eye health, coping with dry eye syndrome becomes much easier for seniors. With the iTEAR100 device in hand, complemented by an environment tailored to alleviate dry eye symptoms, many seniors find comfort and relief. And we're here to guide you through creating such an environment. Adjusting your living space to better serve your ocular needs is a task we treat with the care it deserves. We aim to make sure that your surroundings are not just liveable, but also amiable to your eyes. Introducing iTEAR100 Among the environmental elements that we advocate for is the use of the cutting-edge iTEAR100 device. It's about giving seniors autonomy over their eye health. Without relying on medications or artificial tears, the iTEAR100 stimulates the body's natural tear production in just a few seconds. The device could be a game-changer for you or a loved one struggling with dry eye symptoms. And acquiring it is straightforward: a simple discussion with a doctor, an uploaded prescription, and our convenient delivery service will have you managing your eye health like never before. For more information, don't hesitate to reach out to us at 650-300-9340 . Protecting Eyes from the Digital World In this digital age, our eyes are tasked with processing the constant barrage of screens. As a trusted ally for seniors navigating this landscape, iTear100 offers strategies to protect your sight. The right environment can make all the difference in mitigating the harsh effects of digital strain. It's not about withdrawing from the digital world but creating a digital space that respects our eyes. Adjusting screen brightness, embracing anti-glare settings, and taking regular breaks are just some of the simple yet effective means to safeguard seniors" eyes. Combatting Screen Time with Better Habits Building a better digital habit can be as easy as following the 20-20-20 rule: every 20 minutes, take a 20-second break to look at something 20 feet away. It's an effortless mantra that can put your eye health on a pedestal. We promote small habits that yield a big impact. And with the iTEAR100 by your side, you can face the digital glare with newfound confidence. Remember, we're a call away at 650-300-9340 to assist you in navigating these new rituals. Tailoring Lighting for Comfort Lighting is not just about visibility; it's a vital environmental factor that contributes to eye comfort. Therefore, we encourage seniors to optimize lighting conditions, whether it's dimming lights in the evening or ensuring adequate, but not excessive, brightness during the day. At Olympic Ophthalmics , we believe that good lighting can be a senior's best friend in the fight against dry eye. And when you need a break from the lights, the iTEAR100 is there to rejuvenate your eyes naturally. Setting Up a Senior-Friendly Workspace A workspace should be more than functional-it should be considerate of your needs, especially your visual health. iTear100 offers insights on creating a workspace that caters to the senior's eye care requirements, blending ergonomics with tailored environmental adjustments. With the right setup, seniors can enjoy productivity without the penalty of eye strain. Imagine a desk where technology, comfort, and the iTEAR100 coexist in harmony-this is the vision that Olympic Ophthalmics seeks to realize for each of our customers. Stop Your Dry Eye Now. You're here because you have eye irritation or dryness, right? Well, you can stop having that problem. The iTear100 stops your dry eye in just seconds per use, AND you'll need it less as you use it! Click the image above - get relief now, and finally be free of dry eye issues for good! Stop Your Dry Eye Now. You're here because you have eye irritation or dryness, right? Well, you can stop having that problem. The iTear100 stops your dry eye in just seconds per use, AND you'll need it less as you use it! Click the image above - get relief now, and finally be free of dry eye issues for good! Embracing Outdoor Environments with Care Let's step outside and breathe in the fresh air! The outdoors can be a source of healing and vitality for our eyes, but it's often overlooked when discussing senior dry eye care. iTear100 invites seniors to embrace nature while being mindful of the elements that can exacerbate dry eye conditions. Whether it's wearing protective sunglasses or finding shade during the brightest times of the day, outdoor environments can and should be enjoyed safely. And with the portable iTEAR100 at hand, seniors are prepared for the elements. The Sun's Role in Eye Health Sunlight provides essential vitamins and improves our mood, but it also demands respect for our eye's sake. Olympic Ophthalmics advocates for sun smarts: shielding your eyes with a hat, sunglasses, and being selective with the times you choose to indulge in sunny pursuits. The iTEAR100 device serves as a loyal companion for days spent outdoors, ensuring that natural tear production is on your side, whatever the weather. It complements a sun-wise lifestyle and reinforces our mission to foster healthier, happier eyes. Friendly to Eyes Indoor Plants Plants are not just decorative; they can enhance indoor air quality and add moisture to our surroundings, which is beneficial for dry eyes. iTear100 curates a list of indoor plants that serve as allies in creating an eye-friendly environment. From the peace lily to the snake plant, these green buddies are more than just pretty faces-they're partners in sustaining comfort for our eyes. And with the iTEAR100 device within arms" reach, seniors are equipped to handle the dry spells too. Natural Air Quality and Ventilation Clean air is like a fresh canvas for our eyes-essential for comfort and clarity. Olympic Ophthalmics pays special attention to the aspect of air quality and ventilation in senior homes to combat the effects of indoor air pollutants that can aggravate dry eye symptoms. From air purifiers to proper ventilation strategies, we're committed to clear airways for your eyes. And with the easy-to-use iTEAR100, seniors have a constant ally to maintain eye moisture in any environment. Want to breathe easier? Give us a ring at 650-300-9340 . Tackling Seasonal Dry Eye Challenges As the seasons turn, so do the challenges for our eyes. iTear100 knows that each season packs its punch when it comes to dry eye care for seniors. Preparing and adjusting for these fluctuations is key to maintaining comfort and eye health year-round. From the dryness of winter to the allergens of spring, having an adaptable game plan, like leveraging the iTEAR100 device, makes it easier to weather the seasonal changes with ease. We don't just offer tools; we offer support through every season of eye care. Winter Woes and Dry Eyes When winter whispers its chilly tales, dry, indoor heat can take a toll on our eyes. Olympic Ophthalmics suggests strategies like using a humidifier and being mindful of direct heat sources to keep the moisture in the air-and in your eyes. Couple that with the convenience of the iTEAR100, and seniors can enjoy the coziness of winter without sacrificing eye comfort. Because iTear100 believes that no one should have to choose between staying warm and keeping their eyes healthy. Spring Allergies and Eye Care Spring blooms beauty but also brings an assortment of allergens that can leave our eyes feeling less than stellar. Olympic Ophthalmics highlights the importance of cleanliness and allergy management to help seniors navigate this vibrant yet challenging season. From regular cleaning to using the iTEAR100 when allergens attack, our seniors can celebrate the season of renewal with clear, comfortable vision. And remember, we're a phone call away at 650-300-9340 if you need extra support. Summer Sunshine and Eye Protection The summer sun beckons with promises of long days and starry nights, but also demands our respect for eye safety. iTear100 encourages seniors to embrace the warmth while taking steps to protect their eyes from harsh UV rays and dehydration. Whether it's staying hydrated or using your iTEAR100 before a beach day, prevention is the best approach to enjoying the summer sunshine safely. And at Olympic Ophthalmics , we envelop care with comfort to ensure your summer memories are void of eye troubles. A Well-Rounded Approach to Eye Comfort In our journey for wellbeing, often our eyes beg for a moment of reprieve. At Olympic Ophthalmics , we deliver more than just products; we provide a well-rounded approach to eye comfort for seniors, considering all aspects of life and environment that touch upon eye health. Whether it's adapting to seasonal changes, tweaking the home environment, or balancing the digital with the natural, the iTEAR100 device remains a cornerstone of our care plan-a testament to our commitment to comprehensive senior dry eye care. Diet and Hydration for Healthy Eyes You are what you eat" rings particularly true when it comes to maintaining healthy eyes. iTear100 stresses the importance of a balanced diet rich in omega-3 fatty acids and proper hydration in supporting natural tear production. Pair a healthy diet with the iTEAR100, and you have a fortifying combo that can help seniors keep those pesky dry eye symptoms at bay. At Olympic Ophthalmics , nourishing your eyes from within is just as important as the care we provide from the outside. Regular Eye Check-ups and Monitoring Like all aspects of health, maintaining good eye health requires regular check-ups and monitoring. Olympic Ophthalmics encourages seniors not to skip those ophthalmologist visits-early detection and management can make all the difference. The iTEAR100 complements regular eye care by providing relief between visits, but it's not a substitute for professional medical advice. So, let's stay vigilant together in caring for those windows to the soul. Support Networks and Community Eye care goes beyond the individual; it encompasses support networks and communities. At iTear100 , we recognize the power of shared experiences and the comfort that comes from talking to others who understand what you're going through. From sharing tips on using the iTEAR100 to discussing daily triumphs over dry eye, our community is here to uplift and assist. And we're always here, too-ready to lend an ear or offer a helping hand at 650-300-9340 . Taking Action with Olympic Ophthalmics We"ve covered a lot of ground, from optimizing environments to embracing the iTEAR100 for its innovative dry eye relief. Now, it's time to take that crucial first step towards better eye health. Whether you need guidance on how to enhance your living space for eye comfort or you're ready to bring the iTEAR100 into your life, iTear100 is here to assist. Caring for your eyes shouldn't be a feat-it should be a natural extension of the care you afford yourself every day. Reach Out for Personalized Assistance Every senior's eye care journey is unique, and we honor that by offering personalized assistance. Whether it's a question about adapting your environment or inquiring about the iTEAR100, we're ready to help. Connect with us today, and we'll provide the compassionate, tailored support you deserve. Don't hesitate to pick up the phone and call 650-300-9340 . Your eyes have served you well-let us help you care for them in return. Ordering Your iTEAR100 Today If you're ready to embrace the benefits of the iTEAR100, the process is simple. Have a chat with your doctor, upload your prescription, and our team will handle the rest, delivering the device straight to your door. A brighter, clearer world awaits you with every use of the iTEAR100. At Olympic Ophthalmics , we're committed to ensuring your journey to enhanced eye health is seamless and satisfying. Joining Our Mission for Better Eye Health Join us on our mission to support seniors in living their best lives with healthy, comfortable eyes. Let's make dry eye care a manageable, everyday routine, not a challenge that stands in the way of enjoying life's visual pleasures. Connect with Olympic Ophthalmics , and together, we can ensure that your eyes are cared for, comforted, and cherished. Remember, a call to 650-300-9340 is all it takes to step into a world where eye health is priority and care is always within reach. Ready to Revitalize Your Eye Health? Get in Touch! Senior eye care shouldn't be daunting, and with Olympic Ophthalmics , it never will be. We are dedicated to simplifying the care process, from personalizing your surroundings to advocating the use of the drug-free iTEAR100 device. Eye health has never been so accessible and straightforward. Contact us today at 650-300-9340 , and let us help you embrace a future where every blink is one of comfort and clarity. Because at Olympic Ophthalmics , we don't just look after eyes-we look out for you. Previous Page
Boiling Point at Altitude Calculator Table of contents What is the boiling point?Boiling point of water at sea levelBoiling point elevation equationHow to calculate the boiling pointThis boiling point at altitude calculator can help you find the boiling point of water. Not surprisingly, the temperature at which water starts boiling is not constant and depends on pressure, which in turn is dependent on altitude. In this article, we will present you with the boiling point elevation equation and explain in detail how to calculate the boiling point of water at any altitude. What is the boiling point? It is simply the temperature at which water starts boiling — in other words, it changes its state from liquid to gas. This temperature is dependent on pressure and the substance type. Hence, you can be sure that each sample of clear water will start boiling at the same temperature at a given terrain elevation. 🙋 Learn more about the physics behind substances changing state in the latent heat calculator. Boiling point of water at sea level You don't have to use our boiling point at altitude calculator to determine the boiling point of water at sea level. It is always the same — 100 °C, or 212 °F. Actually, the formula for boiling point uses this value as the basis of calculations. Similarly, the freezing point of water at sea level is a constant value — 0 °C or 32 °F. Boiling point elevation equation Remember that the boiling point of water depends solely on pressure. This boiling point calculator finds the pressure at altitude assuming that the pressure at sea level is constant and equal to 1013 hPa (1.013 bar). This approximation is sufficient for this kind of calculations. If you want to find more precise results, check out our air pressure at altitude calculator. The formulas for boiling point are: boiling point = 49.161 × ln(pressure) + 44.932 pressure = 29.921 × (1 - 0.0000068753 × altitude)^ 5.2559 Note that these formulas use specific units: boiling point is in degrees Fahrenheit (°F);pressure is expressed in inches of mercury (inHg); andaltitude should be put into the equation in the imperial unit — feet (ft). However, when using this boiling point at altitude calculator, you can use a wide range of units for each variable. How to calculate the boiling point Let's assume you went on a hiking trip to Machu Picchu. You wonder what temperature you will need to boil water there. Let's calculate it… Check the altitude at Machu Picchu (before your departure to Peru). It is located at 2430 meters (7970 ft) above sea level. Input this altitude (in imperial unit) to the formula for pressure: pressure = 29.921 × (1 - 0.0000068753 × 7970)^ 5.2559 = 22.25 inHg Now, input this pressure into the boiling point equation: boiling point = 49.161 × ln(22.25) + 44.932 = 197.44°F Congratulations! Now you know the boiling point of water at Machu Picchu.
ChatterBank6 mins ago Life begins at four-X: Forty Q. So, what's with forty A. That old saw about life beginning at forty is just one of the many examples of the use of two-score in English. However, most instances of forty have more to do with the suggestion of a large number, and a fair few instances of its use in this sense are found in the scriptures. Q. It's a Biblical thing, then A. Examples from both the Old and New Testaments are that that Moses spent 40 days and 40 nights up on the mountain when receiving the Ten Commandments; the prophet Elijah was fed by ravens for 40 days; the rain which caused the great Flood fell for 40 days and another 40 passed before Noah opened up the ark; Jesus fasted for 40 days in the Wilderness and he was seen once again 40 days after the Resurrection. The fact that it appears with some frequency in the Bible has given the number a special status in secular life, too. Q. And in English law A. Old-English law took the special standing of the number and applied it to various legal matters. For instance, the period within which a fine for manslaughter should be paid was 40 days; the privilege of the right of sanctuary - which allowed fugitives to seek sanctuary on church land - was 40 days; a widow was allowed to remain in her deceased husband's house for 40 days; and a stranger had 40 days to be enrolled in a tithing. Q. Tithing A. A system of self-regulation introduced into England by King Canute (c. 995-1035), whereby all free men and boys over the age of 12 should join a tithing, a group of 10 all of whom bore responsibility for the good behaviour of the other members of the group. Q. And quarantine A. The term comes from quaranta, the Italian for forty, and it originally referred to a period of 40 days, the length of time which any ship suspected of carrying an infectious disease was obliged to lie outside the harbour. Now, of course, the term can be applied to any period of isolation. Q. What about the Roaring Forties A. This is a sailor's term for the stormy latitudes between 40 and 50 degrees south, where strong westerly winds prevail. Q. '...Viking, North Utsire, South Utsire, Forties...' A. Familiar to many from the Shipping Forecast, Forties is an area of sea between north-east Scotland and south-west Norway, so-called because the depth of water is over 40 fathoms. Q. What's Eurospeak for forty, then Danish: fyre Dutch/Flemish: veertig Finnish: nelj�kymment� French: quarante German: vierzig Greek: seranda Italian: quaranta Portuguese: quarenta Spanish: cuarenta Swedish: fyrtio Q. And elsewhere in Europe Albanian: kat�rdhet� Bulgarian: chet�redeset Czech: ctyricet Estonian: nelik�mmend Hungarian: negyven Latvian: cetrdesmit Lithuanian: keturiasde'imts Norwegian: firti Polish: czterdziesci Romanian: patruzeci Russian: s�rok Serbo-Croat: cetrdeset Turkish: kirk and Esperanto (just in case): kvardek For more on Phrases & Sayings click here By Simon Smith
Two different Oenococcus oeni lineages are associated to either red or white wines in Burgundy: genomics and metabolomics insights Oenococcus oeni is the bacterium most often associated with spontaneous malolactic fermentation (MLF) of wine. During MLF, malic acid is transformed into lactic acid and several metabolites are modified, modulating wine's total acidity and improving its sensory properties. Previous works have suggested that certain genetic groups of O. oeni strains are associated to different kinds of products. In the present study we have spotted two groups of strains isolated mainly from Burgundy wines, one associated to red wines and the other to white wines. Sequencing 14 genomes of red and white wine strains revealed that they share a common ancestor that probably colonised two different substrates –red and white wine-associated environments–, diverging over time and disseminating to various regions. Their capacity to perform MLF and modify the volatile profile of wine was determined by fermenting a chardonnay wine and analysing its volatile fraction with a non-targeted metabolomics approach by GC-MS. The strains had a different impact on the volatile composition depending on their group of origin. These results show for the first time a correspondence between the product of origin of the strains and the volatile profile of the wines they produce. Furthermore, the genetic features that might be implied in these different phenotypes are examined. Microorganisms have, for millennia, played a central role in the discovery and development of fermented food by humans. It has been observed that the biogeography of microorganisms is influenced by human practices, as microorganisms have been domesticated to different food matrices that are produced in different regions (Legras et al., 2007; Douglas and Klaenhammer, 2010). Even for foods and beverages that are made nearly worldwide such as bread and wine, in which species are not always specific to a region or product, local variations in the biogeography of microorganisms have been observed in the form of genomic traces (Legras et al., 2007; Almeida et al., 2015). Even if Saccharomyces cerevisiae is the main yeast species responsible for the fermentation of wine, the contribution of the microbiological signature of non-Saccharomyces genera to the development of typical wine aroma has already been studied (Capozzi et al., 2015). The complexity of the ecosystem associated to oenological environments leads to a discussion about the possible existence of the so-called microbial terroir (Gilbert et al., 2014). Evidence suggests, at least for wine, that soil microbiome influences the grapevine-associated microbiota and that this microbial signature might be partially responsible for differential wine phenotypes (Bokulich et al., 2014; Zarraonaindia et al., 2015; Knight et al., 2015). Oenococcus oeni is the main species responsible for the malolactic fermentation (MLF) of wine, which normally follows the alcoholic fermentation (AF) produced by yeasts (Davis et al., 1986). Multilocus sequence typing analyses have revealed that the population of O. oeni is composed of a great diversity of strains that cluster in at least three main genetic groups, named A, B and C and a number of subgroups that sometimes correlate with their region (Chile, South Africa, Eastern France) or product of origin (cider, red and white wines, champagne) (Bilhère et al., 2009; Bridier et al., 2010). Genomic studies based on sequences of a few tens of strains have confirmed these genetic groups and they have suggested that ancestral O. oeni strains associated with fruits have been progressively domesticated to develop in cider and in wine, the strains of group A being presumably the best-adapted to wine (Borneman et al., 2012; Campbell-Sills et al., 2015). Recently, analysis of nearly 200 genomes, mostly from Australian isolates, showed that more than 60% of Australian isolates cluster in a closely-related group (a subgroup of A), suggesting that strains of this group may out-compete the other strains during fermentation or that they are well suited to Australian winemaking conditions (Sternes and Borneman, 2016). During MLF O. oeni converts malic acid into lactic acid and CO2, which makes wine softer in taste (Lonvaud-Funel, 1999). It also produces or degrades numerous secondary metabolites that can modify the fruity, vegetal or smoked aromas and contribute to the overall complexity of wine aroma (de Revel, 1999; Bartowsky, 2005; Vallet et al., 2008; Antalick et al., 2010; Antalick et al., 2012). Several studies have been made regarding the impact of different strains of O. oeni and other LAB in the composition of wine after MLF, both in primary and secondary metabolites (Pozo-Gayón et al., 2005; Ugliano and Moio, 2005; Lee et al., 2009a; Lee et al., 2009b; Hernandez-Orte et al., 2009; Costello et al., 2013; Sumby et al., 2013; Malherbe et al., 2013). However, it is still unknown whether strains of the same group have similar impacts on the quality of wines. In a recent survey of lactic acid bacteria present during MLF in wines and ciders produced in diverse regions of France, we have collected nearly 3000 isolates of O. oeni, whose genotyping revealed 514 strains clustered into 43 genetic groups (El Khoury et al., 2017). Most groups contain strains collected in different regions or different types of wines. Conversely, each regional wine, including those of Burgundy, contains strains that cluster in several different genetic groups. Nevertheless, two peculiar groups were detected from Burgundy wines. Group A5 contained 17 strains isolated almost exclusively from white wines of this region and group A2.8 included 28 strains from the region's red wines. The present study aimed at analysing the specificities of these groups. We have analysed strains of both groups at the genomic level in order to confirm their clustering and to determine their phylogenetic position within the O. oeni species. We have also compared their capacity to perform MLF in both types of wines and their impact on the volatile compounds. The results suggest that these two groups of strains have evolved to adapt to the two types of wines found in Burgundy and other regions and that the presence of strains from one or the other group during MLF modulates differently the quality of wines. Materials and methods 1. O. oeni strains and culture conditions O. oeni strains were obtained from the Biological Resources Center Oenology (CRBO) of ISVV (Villenave d'Ornon, France). Strains CRBO_14194, CRBO_14195, CRBO_14196, CRBO_14198, CRBO_14200, CRBO_14202 and CRBO_14203 were isolated from Chardonnay wines of Burgundy and strains CRBO_14205, CRBO_14206, CRBO_14207, CRBO_14210, CRBO_14211, CRBO_14212 and CRBO_14213 from Pinot noir wines of Burgundy. Strain CRBO_11105 was isolated from a red wine of Aquitaine and strain CRBO_14214 from red wine of Val de Loire. All the strains were propagated at 26 °C in a grape juice medium containing 25% commercial grape juice, 5 g/L of yeast extract and 0.1% tween80, adjusted to pH 4.8 with KOH. Commercial strains PN4TM and VP41TM were obtained from Lallemand SAS in their commercial format. 2. Wine and malolactic fermentation conditions MLF trials were performed in a Pinot noir (12.6% alcohol, pH 3.15, titratable acidity 4.90 g/L and malic acid 3.6 g/L) and a Chardonnay wine (12.8% alcohol, pH 3.02, titratable acidity 5.10 g/L and malic acid 3.1 g/L) from Burgundy region. They were filter sterilised progressively at 3 µm, 0.8 µm and 0.2 µm. Filtered wines were stocked in 70 mL tubes at 4 ºC until inoculation. Four strains of each group A5 and A2.8 were propagated in grape juice medium, collected by centrifugation and inoculated to 2·106 cells/mL in wine to start MLF. Lyophilised commercial strains were used according to the manufacturer's instructions (Lallemand SAS) and were inoculated at 2·106 cells/mL. MLF were carried out at 20 °C in 20 mL flasks with a minimum of contact with air. Trials were performed in triplicate and MLF progression was followed twice per week in only one of the replicates in order to limit the contacts with air for the two other replicates. MLF progression was monitored by determining malate concentration using the Roche L-Malic acid kit according to the manufacturer's recommendations (r-Biopharm). 3. Genomic DNA purification, DNA sequencing and assembly Microbial DNAs used for genome sequencing were extracted using the wizard genomic DNA purification kit according to manufacturer's recommendations (Promega). The genomic DNAs were sequenced by Illumina MiSeq technology with paired-end reads and read length of 250bp at the Genomic and Transcriptomic Facility of Bordeaux. The obtained reads were cleaned with trim_galore v. 0.4.0 and extended with FLASH v1.2.11 (Magoc and Salzberg, 2011). Genomes were assembled de novo with Minia v. 1.0.6 (Chikhi and Rizk, 2013). Each genome was assembled either from the clean reads, either from the clean and extended reads, with kmer lengths of 25, 37 and 49, giving a total of 6 independent assemblies per genome. Assembly statistics were calculated using homemade scripts and the best of the six assemblies for each genome was kept based on their assembly statistics (N50, N90, largest contig size, shortest contig size). 4. Phylogenomic trees The distances between genomes were calculated using ANIm algorithm with JSpecies v. 1.2.1 software (Richter and Rosselló-Móra, 2009). The obtained similarity matrix was transformed into a distance matrix and parsed into the format required by MEGA using homemade scripts. Phylogenomic trees were reconstructed by the neighbour joining method with MEGA v. 6.06 (Tamura et al., 2013). 5. Genomes annotation and subsystems classification Genomes were annotated on the RAST platform with Classic RAST annotation scheme, RAST gene caller and FIGfam Release70 (Aziz et al., 2008). Frame shifts fixing was turned on. The features of the genomes annotated by RAST were systematically classified in subsystems as part of the annotation pipeline and data mining was facilitated through the SEED environment (Overbeek et al., 2014). A matrix containing the quantity of genomic features classed into each subsystem category was built for each strain. For cluster analysis, the matrix was normalised with the formula log1p(x-min(x)), where x represents the number of features. The clusterisation was performed using Canberra distances and Ward clustering method using pheatmap R package. Since Canberra distances computation does not admit vectors composed of only 0's, the normalised categories composed of only 0's were replaced by 1's; it doesn't have any effect in the clusterisation given that they represent non-informative categories (i.e. all the strains have the same number of features for the same category, hence they do not contribute to their discrimination). 6. Chemicals Ethanol (≥99.9%) was obtained from Merck (Damstadt, Germany). Ethyl butyrate-4,4,4-d3 (>99%), ethyl hexanoate-d11 (>98%), ethyl octanoate-d15 (>98%) and ethyl trans-cinnamate-d5 (phenyl-d5) (>99%) were obtained from Cluzeau (Sainte Foy la Grande, France). Sodium chloride (norma pure) was purchased from VWR Chemicals (Fontenay-sous-Bois, France). 7. Chromatography conditions (HS-SPME-GC/MS) A method was adapted from Antalick et al. (2010). 5 μL of internal standard solution (ethyl butyrate-4,4,4-d3, ethyl hexanoate-d11, ethyl octanoate-d15 and ethyl trans-cinnamate-d5 (phenyl-d5) at 200 mg/L in ethanol) was added to 5 mL of wine, then introduced into a 20 mL standard headspace vial filled with 3.5 g of sodium chloride. The solution was homogenized with a vortex shaker and then loaded onto a Gerstel autosampling device. The program consisted of swirling the vial at 500 rpm for 2 min at 40 °C, then inserting the fibre into the headspace for 30 min at 40 °C as the solution was swirled again, then transferring the fibre to the injector for desorption at 250°C for 15 min. The fibre used was polydimethylsiloxane 100 µm (PDMS-100) (Supelco, Bellefonte, PA, USA). It was conditioned before use as recommended by the manufacturer. Gas chromatographic analyses were carried out on an Agilent 7890A GC system coupled to an Agilent 5975C quadrupole mass spectrometer and equipped with a Gerstel MPS2 autosampler. Injections were in the splitless mode for 0.75 min, using a 2 mm I.D. non-deactivated direct liner. A BP21 capillary column (50 m x 0.32 mm, 0.25 µm film thickness, SGE, Courtaboeuf, France) was used and the carrier gas was helium N55 with a column-head pressure of 8 psi. The oven temperature was programmed at 40 °C for 5 min then raised to 220 °C at 3 °C/min and then held at that temperature for 30 min. The mass spectrometer was operated in electron ionization mode at 70 eV with selected-ion-monitoring (SIM) and SCAN mode. 8. Untargeted metabolomics analysis by PARAFAC All raw chromatogram files were exported from Agilent Chemstation version D.03.00.611 (Agilent Technologies) as netCDF-files and imported into MATLAB version 8.0 (The MathWorks Inc., Natick, MA, USA) using built-in functions. In-house written and PLS-Toolbox functions have been used for further data processing in MATLAB. Preprocessing of the multi-way array was done using the nprocess.m function of the N-way toolbox. Prior to the mathematical transformations useless parts of the chromatogram at the beginning and at the end were removed. The data analysis approach has been reported recently (Vestner et al., 2016). The methodology consists of the segmentation of full scan GC-MS chromatograms along the retention time axis (corrected by an internal standard) and mathematical transformations including the calculation of sums of squares and cross product (SSCP) matrices of segments. The result of the segmentation and mathematical transformation is a three-way array with the dimensions number of samples × number of samples × number of segments (first and second mode are identical) which can be decomposed using parallel factor analysis (PARAFAC). Loadings of the first and second mode (sample mode) of the PARAFAC model can be interpreted in the same way as PCA scores, while the loadings of the third mode (segment mode) are represented as congruence loadings which represent the contribution ('correlation') of a segment on the corresponding PARAFAC component. Segments with high congruence loadings (> 0.75) are considered to 'highly correlate' with the corresponding component and therefore, as important to explain systematic differences among samples which are represented by this component in the sample mode loadings ('scores'). Important segments are deconvoluted and peak profiles are integrated using AMDIS (Stein, 1999) and corrected by an internal standard. All peaks that are significantly different (Student's t-test, alpha = 0.5) between the two groups of lactic acid bacteria are compiled in a peak table. The identification of peaks is done by comparing their spectra against the NIST database. 1. Genomic features and phylogenomic distribution of strains Six and eight strains of groups A5 (white wine) and A2.8 (red wine), respectively, were selected to produce and compare their genomes. They were sequenced by the Illumina method and assembled to produce drafts of 127 to 287 contigs (table 1). All the reported genomes have a size of around 1.8 Mb, which is consistent with previous reports for O. oeni (Mills et al., 2005; Borneman et al., 2010; Borneman et al., 2012; Campbell-Sills et al., 2015). The number of protein encoding genes (PEG) that were detected and annotated by RAST fall in the order of ~1800, which is also comparable with data reported in the literature (Mills et al., 2005; Borneman et al., 2010; Borneman et al., 2012; Campbell-Sills et al., 2015; Sternes and Borneman, 2016). To determine their phylogenetic distribution, a phylogenomic tree was reconstructed with these 14 newly sequenced genomes and 50 additional ones reported on NCBI (Borneman et al., 2012, Campbell-Sills et al., 2015). The tree was calculated from ANIm distances and reconstructed by the neighbour joining method. Figure 1 confirms that all the new strains belong to the genetic group A as suggested previously (El Khoury et al., 2017). They cluster in two separate groups that most likely represent subgroups A5 and A2.8. Surprisingly, the tree also revealed that the two groups are closely related and that they are more distant from all other genomes. This suggests that they have diverged from a common ancestor strain fairly recently, at least more recently than their separation from all other groups of strains. In addition, four strains isolated from champagne (IOEB_B16, IOEB_0205, AWRIB422 and AWRIB548) cluster together with white wine strains of group A5 and group A2.8 has two strains isolated from red wines of Aquitaine (CRBO_11105) and Val de Loire (CRBO_14214). The clustering of these strains is not inconsistent because although they come from different regions, they were isolated from wines that have comparable physicochemical properties as those of the white and red wines of Burgundy. Table 1. Assembly and annotation statistics of the sequenced strains Group \| Strain \| Sequence coverage (X) \| Accession \| Genome size (bp) \| Number of contigs \| PEGs \| 38 \| 1786610 \| 196 \| 27411 \| 18 \| 4263 \| 82 \| 1847 \| 71 \| 1789621 \| 127 \| 49436 \| 13 \| 7354 \| 49 \| 1853 \| 48 \| 1798795 \| 208 \| 27547 \| 23 \| 5901 \| 77 \| 1862 \| 88 \| 1789795 \| 174 \| 28822 \| 19 \| 6019 \| 73 \| 1850 \| 90 \| 1789801 \| 167 \| 39836 \| 13 \| 5457 \| 64 \| 1847 \| 48 \| 1807672 \| 131 \| 40244 \| 15 \| 7105 \| 55 \| 1874 \| 48 \| 1793882 \| 200 \| 28533 \| 23 \| 4638 \| 81 \| 1830 \| 66 \| 1729210 \| 225 \| 23427 \| 21 \| 3884 \| 93 \| 1772 \| 63 \| 1738384 \| 202 \| 25660 \| 21 \| 4438 \| 86 \| 1790 \| 40 \| 1779011 \| 251 \| 24022 \| 23 \| 4989 \| 81 \| 1806 \| 64 \| 1830066 \| 202 \| 28303 \| 19 \| 5172 \| 81 \| 1893 \| 46 \| 1775057 \| 287 \| 13491 \| 39 \| 3274 \| 139 \| 1822 \| 102 \| 1814591 \| 137 \| 38947 \| 15 \| 7291 \| 55 \| 1901 \| 50 \| 1754584 \| 271 \| 15632 \| 33 \| 3074 \| 130 \| 1786 \| Figure 1. Phylogenomic tree of the sequenced strains. The newly sequenced strains have been placed in the phylogenomic tree reported by Campbell-Sills et al. (2015) by the ANIm method. The cluster composed of mainly Burgundy strains is shown, strains isolated from red wine (A2.8) are highlighted in red, strains from white wine (A5) are highlighted in yellow. The distance is expressed in dissimilarity percentage. 2. Cluster analysis of subsystems Genome annotations were analysed in order to investigate the main genetic differences between the two groups of strains. The hierarchy of the functional roles of genes permits to classify the genetic functions into four levels: categories, subcategories, subsystems and roles, starting from the most general up to the most specific (Overbeek et al., 2005). All the protein encoding genes (PEGs) of groups A5 and A2.8 strains, as well as those of the reference strain PSU-1, were classified according to this hierarchy, making a total of 22 categories, 74 subcategories, 241 subsystems and 796 roles. A cluster analysis based on the 74 subcategories confirmed that the strains form two different groups and revealed the functional categories that contribute to distinguish each group (figure 2). The cluster analysis revealed that genes of the subcategories "phages", "di- and oligosaccharides", "monosaccharides", "cell wall and capsule" are more represented in group A5 strains. In exchange, genes of the "sugar alcohols", "oxidative stress" and "periplasmic stress" subcategories are more abundant in group A2.8 strains (t-test p-val < 0.0001). A preliminary analysis of the roles in these subcategories indicated the presence of fructose specific components and absence of mannitol specific components in group A5 strains, which is consistent with the same observation made for two of the analysed strains of champagne (AWRIB422 and AWRIB548) (Borneman et al., 2012; Cibrario et al., 2016). All the strains of this also group also contain a glucan synthesis gene producing a free or cell-bounded extracellular dextran, which was previously detected in champagne strains (Dimopoulou et al., 2014). Among the specific genes of group A2.8 strains, we have detected those for mannitol and ß-glucoside utilisation and several genes involved in the stress response such as an organic hydroperoxide resistance protein, a ferroxidase and an iron-binding ferritin-like antioxidant protein that were previously reported in a variable genomic region present in different strains such as O. oeni PSU-1 (Bon et al., 2009). Figure 2. Cluster analysis of the subsystems of the annotated strains. The numbers inside the cells indicate the number of features that fall into each subsystem category. Colour scale indicates from less abundant features (blue) to more abundant (red) in each category. Colour boxes in the upper dendrogram indicate the group of strains as indicated in the legend. 3. Metabolomics analysis Strains of both groups were used to carry out MLF in a red wine of Pinot noir and a white wine of Chardonnay in order to determine if the resulting wines differ according to the type of strains. Four strains from each group were propagated in a laboratory medium and inoculated in wines to 2·106 cells/mL. Two commercial strains were used as positive control and a non-inoculated wine used as negative control. MLF was monitored during sixty days after inoculation. Strains of group A2.8 could achieve MLF in the Pinot noir wine with performances comparable to that of commercial strains, but A5 strains failed to start MLF in the same matrix (not shown). It is likely that these strains have a low tolerance for red wine as they also failed to start MLF in other trials performed in Pinot noir and Gamay wines (not shown). In the Chardonnay wine, group A5 strains were able to completely deplete malic acid (table 2) and so did the commercial strains used as positive control, while A2.8 strains had an heterogeneous behaviour. Table 2. Quantitation of malic acid at day 60 after inoculation Group \| Strain-repetition \| Malic acid (mg/L) \| <0.01 \| <0.01 \| <0.01 \| <0.01 \| <0.01 \| <0.01 \| <0.01 \| <0.01 \| <0.01 \| <0.01 \| 0.553 \| 0.52 \| 0.066 \| 1.597 \| 1.805 \| 2.051 \| Commercial \| 0.009 \| 0.137 \| Lalvin VP41™-A \| <0.01 \| Lalvin VP41™-B \| <0.01 \| Control \| Control-A \| 2.363 \| Control-B \| 2.24 \| The A2.8-group strains had an opposite behaviour. While they all completed MLF in red wine, only one completely degraded malic acid in the white wine and the other three had consumed only 10 to 80%. After the same period, malic acid was not degraded in a non-inoculated control wine. Since strains of group A5 failed to initiate MLF in red wine, the comparison of volatile compounds produced by the strains of the two groups during MLF was only performed in white wines. The resulting MLF samples were characterised by HS-SPME-GC and analysed under an untargeted metabolomics pipeline based on a PARAFAC model following the method proposed by Vestner et al. (2016). One sample (CRBO_14212A) was discarded since it represented an outlier according to the algorithm of Filzmoser, Maronna and Werner. Segmentation of the chromatograms resulted in a total of 86 segments. 24 segments containing only baseline or artefact peaks such as siloxane peaks from column bleeding were excluded from the data set. The three-way array obtained from mathematical transformations of the remaining 61 segments had the dimensions 19 × 19 × 61 (number of samples × number of samples × number of segments) including duplicates of each sample. PARAFAC models with 2 to 15 components were built to examine the optimal number of components. Core consistency diagnostic, residuals, captured variance and interpretability of loadings were examined to find an appropriate PARAFAC model which explains the variation among samples the best. An 11 component PARAFAC model gave the best interpretable results by explaining 81.6 % of the total variation in the dataset. PARAFAC components two (16.1 % explained variation), seven (6.6 % explained variation) and eleven (4.5% explained variation) contain information on systematic differences between the two groups of samples (figure 3), while the other components reflect only unsystematic differences in the chromatograms. The segments 48 and 57 on component 2, the segments 15, 23 and 39 on component 7 and the segments 23 and 39 on component 11 are responsible for the differentiation of the two groups of samples. These segments are considered to be 'highly correlated' with the raw data (congruence loadings > 0.75). Only peaks from these 5 segments were deconvoluted and integrated using AMDIS. All integrated peaks were checked for differences between mean values of the two groups of samples using Student's t-test with alpha = 5%. Five peaks showed significant differences between the two groups of samples. Figure 3. PARAFAC model of the MLF wine samples. Two modes of PARAFAC are superposed: the samples mode (dots) and the loadings mode (arrows). The colours of the points and polygons indicate the group of the strains, either 'white wine' (yellow), 'red wine' (red) or commercial strains (black). Of the five significant peaks identified by PARAFAC, two could be identified: they correspond to diethyl succinate and butyl ethyl succinate. A comparison of the peak areas of these compounds reveals that they are present at comparable concentrations in the wines fermented with white wine strains and the control wine, while it is present at about twice the concentration in wines fermented with red wine strains (table 3). Table 3. Significant peaks areas. Strain \ RT (min) \| 15.256 \| 19.201 \| 28.633 \| 32.934 \| 37.184 \| Tentative identification \| - \| - \| - \| Diethyl succinate \| Butyl ethyl succinate \| In this study we delved into the biological and oenological significance of a monophyletic clade composed of two groups of O. oeni strains previously detected in red and white wines of Burgundy, throughout a genomics/metabolomics analysis. The two groups do not contain all the strains that develop in the red and white wines produced in this region, but they are remarkable because each of them contains strains that have been isolated from a single type of wine, suggesting that they are specifically adapted to develop either in red or in white wines (El Khoury et al., 2017). Our phylogenomics analysis of 14 new genome sequences produced from these strains confirms their clustering and also reveals two unanticipated features. First, strains derived from champagne wines cluster together with strains of group A5 isolated from white wines. The group of champagne strains was previously detected by multi-locus sequence typing (Bridier et al., 2010) and comparative genomics (Campbell-Sills et al., 2015). Although it was initially thought that these strains were specific to champagne wines, their new position in group A5 clearly indicates that they are present in wines of different regions. Nevertheless, champagne wines are white wines and they share some physicochemical properties with those produced in Burgundy, especially a low pH. Therefore, it is not surprising that these strains group together. On the contrary, this supports the hypothesis that group A5 strains are specifically adapted to this type of wine. The second new information revealed by the phylogenomic analysis is that the two groups of strains A5 and A2.8 are phylogenetically very close. This was unanticipated because all the O. oeni strains sequenced to date split into a large number of lineages which are more or less close to each other. The most distant wine strains reported to date are those of groups A and B, but even in group A the diversity is very important (Campbell-Sills et al., 2015; Sternes and Borneman, 2016). Therefore the close proximity of two groups of strains that are supposedly associated with either red or white wines might have a special significance. It is likely that these two groups derive from a common ancestor and it is tempting to speculate that they split in the region of Burgundy, since the vast majority of strains were isolated from wines of this region (El Khoury et al., 2017). However, a different scenario is possible. The two groups could have split in another region and, because the strains have capacities to develop in white or red wines, they were able to colonise those produced in Burgundy. Although the objective of this study was not to compare the fermentation capacities of the two groups of bacteria, they were tested in different types of wines (red and white) to perform MLF. The strains of group A5 proved unable of initiating MLF in the red wine, whereas they performed well in white wine and conversely, those in group A2.8 achieved MLF in the red wine, but not always completely in the white wine. The results suggest that the origin of the strains correlates well with their fermentation capacities. However, the wines used in these trials were sterile filtered before inoculating the bacteria, which is not normal winemaking conditions and could have made the wines more difficult to ferment. Interestingly, even if the strains performed MLF in the white wine more or less efficiently, they produced wines whose volatile fractions were different according to the group of strains. Previous studies have shown that different strains have different impacts on the volatile fraction of wines (Pozo-Gayón et al., 2005; Ugliano and Moio, 2005; Lee et al., 2009a; Lee et al., 2009b; Hernandez-Orte et al., 2009; Costello et al., 2013; Sumby et al., 2013; Malherbe et al., 2013), but this is the first time that this impact is correlated to the genetic proximity of the strains. The fact that the two groups of strains show differences in the volatile fraction of the fermented wines shed a new light on the existence of microbiological component associated with given wines and on the possible repercussions of the highlighted microbial diversity on the typical quality traits of regional wines, which is a field of considerable economic importance (Capozzi and Spano, 2011). It is still difficult and speculative to correlate the genetic differences observed between the genomes of the two groups of strains and their possible adaptation to a type of wine or their capacity to produce volatile compounds during MLF. Nevertheless, since the two groups of strains are phylogenetically close, the sub-systems analysis revealed a limited number of specific genes in each group of strains, whose functions are particularly interesting. For instance, white wine strains carry the fructose specific components of the PTS, while red wine strains have the mannitol specific components. The features of PTS provide bacteria a system to assure optimal utilisation of carbohydrates in complex environments (Kotrba et al., 2001) and variations in the PTS enzyme II sugar transporters have already been observed for a large collection of O. oeni strains (Sternes and Borneman, 2016). Several sugars are present in wine after alcoholic fermentation, especially fructose and pentoses such as ribose, arabinose and xylose (Ribéreau-Gayon et al., 2012). LAB can use fructose as an e- acceptor to produce mannitol during heterolactic fermentation, which permits the generation of ATP (Hornsey, 2007; Lahtinen et al., 2011). It has been reported that O. oeni can use the mannitol pathway in fructose fermentation due to limiting redox regeneration capacity of the ethanol pathway and that the choice of the fermentation pathway between mannitol and fructose is tightly regulated in O. oeni in order to maintain the equilibrium of NAD(P)H (Richter et al., 2003a; Richter et al., 2003b; Cibrario et al., 2016). It is not surprising then that the presence of the mannitol specific PTS components in red wine strains correlate with the presence of genes of oxidative stress response, as there are specific stressors characterizing red wines with respect of white ones. This is not the only function found in this study that might be related to the stress adaptation of O. oeni: a Dps protein that is lost in white wine strains, but present in red wine strains, has been observed to correlate with fitness in red wine (Bon et al., 2009). In effect, another study has shown that E. coli over-expressing this gene has gained resistance to wine, copper and ferric ions (Athané et al., 2008). Exopolysaccharydes are very important for the adaptation of O. oeni to its ecological niche (Dimopoulos et al., 2014). All the white wine strains carry the gtf gene, which is absent in all the red wine strains. The presence of this gene is correlated to an increased resistance to several stresses occurring in wine (alcohol, pH, SO2) (Dols-Lafargue et al., 2008). In particular, among this stressors, in the case of champagne and white wines of Burgundy the acidity is higher when compared to other wines. In the study by Dols-Lafargue et al. (2008), 7 out of 8 strains carrying the gtf gene had been isolated from white wine or Champagne. Just as for the genes of sugar utilisation, the presence of the gtf gene is not only a matter of survival for O. oeni, but might also have consequences at the organoleptic level since it is sometimes associated to a ropiness phenotype in wine (Dols-Lafargue et al., 2008; Dimopoulos et al., 2014). Succinate and its derived esters are normally present in wine (Ribéreau-Gayon et al., 2012). The formation of diethyl succinate during MLF carried out by O. oeni has been reported several times (Pozo-Bayón et al., 2005; Ugliano et al., 2005; Izquierdo Cañas et al., 2008). Succinate, one of the precursors of diethyl succinate, can be combined with L-homoserine by the enzyme homoserine O-succinyltransferase (HSST), coded by the gene metA, in the reversible reaction succinyl-CoA + L-homoserine ⇌ CoA+ O-succinyl-L-homoserine. The HSST enzyme is also the first step in one of the three possible pathways of L-methionine biosynthesis from L-homoserine (Liu et al., 2008), with succinate being re-released in one of the intermediary reactions catalysed by the enzyme Cystathionine gamma synthase (CGS) (Rowbury and Woods, 1964a; Rowbury and Woods, 1964b; Liu et al., 2008). Although O. oeni does not carry the CGS enzyme, it does carry the cystathionine gamma lyase (CGL) enzyme, that has been reported to be able to produce α-ketobutyrate and succinate from O-succinyl-L-homoserine (Knoll et al., 2011). The transcription of the gene coding for HSST is repressed by L-methionine (Saint-Girons et al., 1988). A comparison against the genomes reported in Campbell-Sills et al. (2015) shows that all the white wine strains carry a frameshift mutation on the metA gene coding for the HSST enzyme, probably inactivating it. The gene coding the CGL enzyme, in exchange, is intact in all the strains. Our results suggest a link between the mutation of this enzyme in all the strains from white wine and the low levels of diethyl succinate produced, although the exact mechanism remains unknown. The fact that white wine strains could achieve MLF suggests that they are most probably obtaining L-methionine by other means; this is not surprising, since previous studies on 4 O. oeni strains determined that they were auxotroph for methionine (Remize et al., 2006). This preliminary exploration of the genetic features of these groups of strains probably explains only part of their adaptability to white and red wines, as well as their differences in the production of volatile compounds during MLF. Further genomics and gene expression studies are in progress with the aim of identifying all their differences. Nevertheless, these results show that the diversity of strains encountered in different wines and regions is not entirely random. There are strains lineages that are genetically better suited to develop and perform MLF in certain types of wines, as they possess different enzymatic equipment that impacts on the volatile fraction of wines. The study of two genetic groups of O. oeni strains associated with wines of Burgundy and other regions, throughout a genomics/metabolomics analysis offers biological insights on the possible genetic determinants of O. oeni adaptation to white and red wine associated environments, confirming the increasing interest in the examination of microbial diversity associated with fermented foods as possible general models in microbiology. Furthermore, we shed a new light on the existence of microbiological component associated with a given terroir and on the possible implications on the typical quality traits of regional wines. Further studies, including other non-volatile important metabolites and more strains of distant genetic groups, will give more clues on the impact of these variations at the organoleptic quality of wine. This work was supported in parts by the European commission (FP7-SME project Wildwine, grant agreement n°315065) and the French Ministry of Agriculture (project CASDAR LevainsBio 2012-1220). Genomic DNA sequencing was performed at the Genomic and Transcriptomic Facility of Bordeaux (grants from the Conseil Regional d'Aquitaine n°20030304002FA and 20040305003FA and from the European Union, FEDER n°2003227 and from Investissements d'avenir, Convention attributive d'aide N°ANR-10-EQPX-16-01). - Almeida P., Barbosa R., Zalar P., Imanishi Y., Shimizu K., Turchetti B., Legras J.-L., Serra M., Dequin S., Couloux A., Guy J. Bensasson D., Gonçalves P. and Sampaio J.P., 2015. A population genomics insight into the Mediterranean origins of wine yeast domestication. 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Ocean Rider Seahorse Farm and Tours \| Kona Hawaii › Forums › Seahorse Life and Care › Gas Bubbles › Re:Gas Bubbles Dear Kathryn: Your seahorse is suffering from a condition known as Gas Bubble Disease (GBD) or Gas Bubble Syndrome (GBS). Those gas-filled bubbles on his tail are known as subcutaneous emphysema, and are often referred to as simply "tail bubbles" for obvious reasons. This form of GBD can be treated quite successfully using carbonic anhydrase inhibitors such as acetazolamide, and seahorse keepers have found that 250 mg tablets of acetazolamide (brand-name Diamox) is the most convenient form of the medication to use. The following link will take you to a discussion thread on this forum that explains all about external GBD or subcutaneous emphysema in great detail and provides step-by-step instructions on how to treat it. At the end of the thread, there is also a good discussion of how to prevent problems with gas bubble syndrome in the future, so please check out the information as soon as possible: Click here: Seahorse.com – Seahorse, Sea Life, Marine Life, Aquafarm Sales, Feeds and Accessories – Re:Gas bubble disease — p Unfortunately, Kathryn, the medication you need to treat your seahorse's affliction is a prescription drug, which can make it hard to come by. Obtaining Diamox (the tablet form of acetazolamide) can often be a Catch-22 situation for hobbyists. It is a prescription drug often used for treating glaucoma, hydrocephaly, epilepsy, congestive heart failure, and altitude sickness in humans so you have to get it from your Vet or perhaps your family doctor. Unfortunately, Veterinarians are often unfamiliar with Diamox — it's very much a people med and unless you find a Vet that works with fish regularly, he or she will probably never have heard of gas bubble disease or treating it with carbonic anhydrase inhibitors. Many pet owners are on very good terms with their Vets, who are accustomed to prescribing medications for animals, so it's often best to approach your Vet first about obtaining Diamox despite the fact they may never have heard of it until you brought it to their attention. Your family doctor, of course, will be familiar with such medications and have Diamox on hand but it can sometimes be difficult to get your MD to jump that final hurdle and prescribe it for a pet. Either way, it can be tough to get the medication you need under these circumstances. However, I would exhaust those possibilities first before I considered an online source for the Diamox. Print out some of the pertinent information on GBD I referred you to that explains about the affliction and how it's treated using Diamox and present that to your family veterinarian and/or your family practitioner. Bring photographs of your seahorse and be prepared to bring the seahorse in for a visit in and aerated plastic bucket with an airstone, if necessary. (Veterinarians are prohibited by law from prescribing medications to treat an animal they have not personally seen and examined. If you have had a close personal relationship with your vet over a period of years, they are often willing to bend that rule in the case of fish, but you may well have to bring your seahorse in for a quick checkup to get the desired results.) If not — if neither your Vet or family physician will prescribe Diamox — please let me know right away and we can discuss other options. Best of luck resolving your stallion's problems with GBD, Kathryn! Subcutaneous emphysema or tail bubbles are the easiest forms of GBD to cure and respond very well to treatment with Diamox, so if you can obtain the medication, your seahorse should be feeling much better soon. Pete Giwojna
Why Alternative Healthcare Needs a New Narrative In the complex world of healthcare, there continues to be a distinction between what is deemed 'conventional medicine' and alternative healthcare. Often synonymous with Western medicine, the former is the go-to for most healthcare systems, underpinned by rigorous scientific testing and medical school teachings. Alternative healthcare services are often associated with traditional healing practices from around the globe, which are frequently relegated to the sidelines, sometimes labeled as untrustworthy, unproven, or even dangerous. But what if this narrative were not only oversimplified but also completely opposite of the truth? The Historical Backdrop of Medicine The Once and Future Medicine Medicine, as we recognize it today, did not suddenly materialize with the advent of scientific rigor and evidence-based principles. In fact, for much of human history, medical practices were holistic, incorporating the influences of spiritual beliefs, dietary guidelines, and a range of therapies not so dissimilar to what is now termed alternative healthcare. Alternative forms of healthcare are found in ancient civilizations — from Egyptian to Indian, Chinese to Mesoamerican — developed sophisticated medical systems that combined botanical knowledge, physical therapies, and intricate understanding of the body's energy or life force. These practices were not viewed as alternatives; they were the conventional medicine of their time, continually evolving through research, observation, trial, and error. The Renaissance and Beyond The dawn of the modern era brought significant advancements across various fields, including medicine. Western medicine, with its emphasis on scientific inquiry and systematic investigation, led to crucial discoveries in anatomy, physiology, and pathology, shaping the way we understand and approach health. However, this period also witnessed the historic partition between spiritual and scientific knowledge. Practices that didn't conform to the emerging standards were shunned, paving the way for what we now call conventional medicine. Meanwhile, alternative healthcare practices persisted on the peripheries. Modern Validation of Alternative Medicine A Paradigm of Pain The contemporary view tends to cast the conversation as one of Western Medicine versus Alternative Medicine with Traditional Chinese Medicine, Naturopathy, and Homeopathy all thrown in the mix. This thinking dismisses centuries of empirical evidence that underpins many alternative practices. Yet, today, there is an increasing body of peer-reviewed research that supports their efficacy. Acupuncture, once maligned by the medical orthodoxy, now has a place in the management of chronic pain. Herbal remedies, often passed over in favor of pharmaceuticals, are being investigated for their potential to combat diseases including cancer. Stress is recognized as one of the biggest contributors to illness with the best management in Western and alternative medicine recognized as yoga and meditation. These practices were once considered far outside the realm of medical intervention, are now being embraced to manage stress and mental health conditions. Bridging the Gap The dichotomy between alternative and conventional medicine is not clinically meaningful, and it is often not in the best interests of patients. A more holistic understanding of health encourages the examination of a broader range of treatment modalities. Many patients are already integrating these approaches into their healthcare regimens, often without their physician's knowledge. Bridging this gap officially could lead to better-informed treatments, better patient outcomes, and a more patient-centric healthcare system. The Spectrum of Evidence It is essential to recognize that "evidence-based" should not be synonymous with "peer-reviewed clinical trials." The diversity of evidence varies across different practices. In the case of immunotherapy, a common treatment for cancer in allopathic Western medicine builds up the patient's immune system and ability to fight and destroy cancer cells. However, immunotherapy has been the 'standard of care' for alternative healthcare for centuries. Vitamins and herbs have been administered to strengthen the patient's constitution and overall health making way for the kill-off of cancer cells. Even though large-scale, double-blind studies may be limited, the discipline can draw upon centuries of patient feedback and observational data. By broadening our definition of evidence, we can connect conventional medicine with the best of what 'alternative' practices have to offer. Challenging the Dichotomy The Language of Healing The nomenclature "alternative medicine" is, at its core, misleading. It implies a secondary or even rebellious status. Given that many so-called 'alternative' practices predate modern medicine, the label itself is anachronistic. This seemingly innocuous language reinforces a hierarchy that doesn't always reflect patient needs or preferences. Shifting our terminology to describe these practices as complementary and alternative healthcare may seem trivial but reflect a profound change in perspective, placing all therapeutic options in a more balanced framework. Reshaping Policy and Education Medical schools and healthcare policy play a critical role in shaping the next generation of healthcare providers and the systems they work within. Since naturopathic practices have thousands of years of history, there are no patents for drug companies to earn and this has impacted many areas of their use. By integrating training on alternative therapies, institutions can offer a more comprehensive and adaptable education. Similarly, policymakers must work towards regulatory frameworks that allow these therapies to be integrated safely and effectively. The challenge is to create a system that is both open to new treatments and holds them to an appropriately high standard. Overcoming the Stigma There is, undeniably, a stigma attached to alternative medicine. Sometimes this is warranted, as practices may lack rigorous scrutiny or may be marketed with unsubstantiated claims. However, not all alternative treatments are created equal, just as not all conventional treatments are flawless. By focusing on outcomes, safety, and patient education, we can begin to redefine the conversation around alternative medicine, seeing it as part of a continuum rather than a separate category. The Path to Integration The Holistic Hospital Some forward-thinking healthcare institutions are already incorporating alternative therapies into their care models. This ranges from offering acupuncture in cancer centers to using aromatherapy for pain management. The holistic hospital of the future should be a beacon of integrative care, seamlessly blending the best of both worlds to provide individualized treatment plans for each patient. Provider Perspectives Bringing alternative and conventional healthcare providers to the same table can facilitate a sharing of expertise. Medical practitioners need not become experts in alternative therapies, but understanding their potential benefits and risks is crucial. This can lead to a more collaborative approach to patient care, where knowledge is shared and patients are not forced to choose one path over the other. Research and Regulation For alternative medicine to be fully integrated into the healthcare mainstream, we need rigorous research that evaluates their effectiveness and safety. This requires significant investment and a shift in priorities within the healthcare and research communities. Furthermore, clear regulatory standards can help ensure that patients have access to safe, effective treatments, regardless of their origin. Patient Empowerment Ultimately, the patient must be at the center of their healthcare decisions. By empowering individuals with information about the full spectrum of treatment options, patients can be partners in their care. This shared decision-making process acknowledges the complexity of healthcare and the numerous factors that influence the healing process. In conclusion, the framing of 'alternative' medicine as unconventional does a disservice to the healthcare community as a whole. The time has come for a more open and inclusive approach that values all effective treatments and their long historical lineages. By working to integrate these diverse practices, Sunridge Medical embraces a healthcare system that truly meets the needs of our diverse patient population. The health of our patients, after all, is not served by allegiance to any particular healthcare philosophy but by a commitment to the thoughtful and equitable application of all knowledge that can alleviate suffering and save lives. For answers and to make an appointment, call toll-free 800-923-7878 to speak with our Patient Care Team. Recover your vitality, reclaim your energy, and rediscover your health.imm
Let's take a look at the two most popular types of asphalt shingles and see how they stack up. Three Tab Shingles Three-tab shingles have been the standard in roofing since the beginning of the twentieth century. Also known as asphalt shingles, they get their name from the evenly divided tabs, which create the appearance of rectangular shingles. What Are Three Tab Shingles? Three-tab shingles are made from asphalt, which is coated with mineral granules to enhance their durability and aesthetic appeal. The asphalt base provides flexibility, weather resistance, and protection against UV rays. The granules also serve as a protective layer against the elements and help to enhance the shingle's color and texture. Three-tab shingles are relatively easy to install, making them a popular choice for do-it-yourself homeowners. They typically come in standardized sizes and can be nailed directly onto the roof deck, reducing installation time and labor costs. While three-tab shingles are not as thick or heavy as some other roofing materials, they still provide reliable protection against the elements. Overall, three-tab shingles are the minimum roofing protection that you can get for your home. Architectural shingles, or composite or laminate shingles, are also made of asphalt, but they're a step up from the older three-tab style shingle. Architectural Shingles vs. Traditional Shingles Architectural shingles, also known as laminate shingles or composite shingles, were invented in the 1970s. They're now the standard recommended roofing material for houses. But what makes them so much better than traditional three-tab shingles? What Are Architectural Shingles? Architectural shingles are a type of roofing material that is designed to mimic the look of other roofing materials, such as wood shakes, slate, or tile while providing the benefits of asphalt shingles. They're made from a combination of various materials, including fiberglass, asphalt, and recycled materials, which is why they're sometimes referred to as composite or laminate shingles. Architectural Shingles are known for their durability and resistance to the elements. The combination of fiberglass reinforcement and asphalt makes them stronger and more weather resistant than three-tab shingles. In fact, architectural shingles can withstand high winds and heavy rain, providing reliable protection for the roof and the structure beneath it. Architectural shingles are the best of both worlds for someone who wants the look of tile or slate shingles since composite shingles are much lighter in weight. Architectural shingles are also easier to install, and they reduce the overall weight on the home's structure. Many architectural shingles are designed with energy efficiency in mind. They often have reflective properties that help to reduce heat absorption, keeping the roof and the interior of the house cooler. This can lead to energy savings by reducing the need for air conditioning in hot climates. Architectural or Three Tab Shingles While three-tab shingles have been widely used in the past, architectural shingles have gained popularity in recent years due to their enhanced durability and aesthetic appeal. Although architectural shingles are generally more expensive initially than 3-tab shingles, their extended lifespan, rugged construction, and energy savings must be taken into consideration. Architectural or composite shingles are often considered a step up from three-tab shingles in terms of longevity and visual impact. Let Volpe Enterprises give you a free consultation and help you choose the best roofing materials for your home. Locally owned and operated, we've been specializing in roofing for over 50 years.
What is a Wallpaper Calculator (Yards)? A "Wallpaper Calculator (Yards)" is a tool used to estimate the amount of wallpaper needed to cover a specific wall area in yards. It calculates the wallpaper yardage based on the dimensions of the wall to be wallpapered and the roll size of the wallpaper. Why use a Wallpaper Calculator (Yards)? Using this calculator is important for several reasons: - Material planning: It helps ensure that you purchase the correct amount of wallpaper, avoiding excess or shortages. - Cost estimation: It aids in budgeting for the right quantity of wallpaper. - Project efficiency: Accurate yardage calculations are essential for successful wallpapering projects.
Heinrich Rippler Heinrich Rippler (born November 8, 1866 in Kempten (Allgäu) , † February 7, 1934 in Berlin ) was a German writer , journalist and politician ( DVP ). Life and work After attending elementary school and graduating from high school in Kempten , Rippler began studying economics, history and German at the Ludwig Maximilians University in Munich , which he did not graduate. During his studies in 1887 he became a member of the Association of German Students in Berlin . In the meantime and after completing his studies, he worked as an editor in Kempten (Allgäu) , Munich and Augsburg . Rippler worked as a freelance writer in Berlin from 1891 and in 1892 became editor of the Daily Rundschau located there . From 1896 to 1922 and again from 1924 to 1928 he acted as editor of the national liberal newspaper. He was also chairman of the Berlin Press Association for several years and chairman of the Reich Association of the German Press from 1919 to 1923 . Together with Gustav Stresemann he founded the time in 1922 . He was buried in Trinity Cemetery II in 1934 . Political party Rippler was a member of several national associations and board member of the Fleet and Defense Association. After the November Revolution he joined the national liberal DVP. Rippler was elected to the German Reichstag in the Reichstag elections in June 1920 , to which he belonged until May 1924. Individual evidence - ↑ Louis Lange (Ed.): Kyffhäuser Association of German Student Associations. Address book 1931. Berlin 1931, p. 185. Web links - Heinrich Rippler in the database of members of the Reichstag - Short biography in the files of the Reich Chancellery personal data \| \| SURNAME \| Rippler, Heinrich \| BRIEF DESCRIPTION \| German writer, journalist and politician (DVP), MdR \| DATE OF BIRTH \| November 8, 1866 \| PLACE OF BIRTH \| Kempten (Allgäu) \| DATE OF DEATH \| February 7, 1934 \| Place of death \| Berlin \|
Creating a DataFrame From Arrays and Lists A pandas DataFrame can be created in a number of ways, let's see how we can do it. We'll cover the following Create a DataFrame from a Numpy ndarray Since a DataFrame is similar to a 2D Numpy array, we can create one from a Numpy ndarray You should remember that the input Numpy array must be 2D, otherwise you will get a ValueError. If you pass a raw Numpy ndarray , the index and column names start at 0 by default. You can also assign different column names to your data which will be discussed in a later lesson. import pandas as pdimport numpy as npd = np.random.normal(size=(2,3))print("The original Numpy array")print(d)print("---------------------")s = pd.DataFrame(d)print("The DataFrame ")print(s) A Numpy ndarray is created on line 4 , which is a matrix of size 2*3. Line 9 shows how to create a DataFrame object from a Numpy ndarray by passing the ndarray object to pd.DataFrame Create a DataFrame from a dictionary of lists We have already learned how to create a pandas Series from a dictionary. We can also create a DataFrame object from a dictionary of lists . The difference is that in a series, the key is the index whereas, in a DataFrame, object, the key is the column name. When you are trying to specify an index for each column value, only the rows with the same index value will be joined. Otherwise, a new row is created, and its columns are filled by if the type isint Of course, you can specify an index for each column value by nesting a dictionary in another dictionary. The example code below shows both single and multi-level indexing in the DataFrame. import pandas as pd# example 1: init a dataframe by dict without indexd = {"a": [1, 2, 3, 4], "b": [2, 4, 6, 8]}df = pd.DataFrame(d)print("The DataFrame ")print(df)print("---------------------")print("The values of column a are {}".format(df["a"].values))# example 2: init a dataframe by dict with different indexd = {"a": {"a1":1, "a2":2, "c":3}, "b":{"b1":2, "b2":4, "c":9}}df = pd.DataFrame(d)print("The DataFrame ")print(df) A Python dict is created on line 4 , then is passed to pd.DataFrame to create a DataFrame object. In line 12 , a nested Python dictionary is created, then is passed to pd.DataFrame to create a DataFrame object on line 13
Vein exposure is a popular aesthetic for many people. Whether it's for bodybuilding competitions, medical procedures, or simply personal preference, boosting capillary visibility can be attained through numerous methods. In this write-up, we will certainly explore different techniques and also way of life adjustments that can help make your capillaries show. Recognizing Capillary Presence Blood vessel presence is affected by multiple aspects, consisting of skin tone, body fat portion, hydration degrees, and genetics. Blood vessels are most likely to be noticeable in people with lighter skin tones and also lower body fat percents. Additionally, dehydration can make blood vessels show up less popular, while appropriate hydration can enhance their exposure. While genetics play a significant duty in vein exposure, there are actions you can take to optimize their appearance. By complying with the ideas supplied in this overview, you can possibly improve blood vessel presence and achieve the desired appearance you're going for. Way Of Life Adjustments to Boost Vein Exposure 1. Lower Body Fat Percentage: Keeping a lower body fat percent can assist veins become more max skin perfector in hindi visible. Taking part in normal cardiovascular exercises, such as running, swimming, or cycling, can help in lowering overall body fat. In addition, including strength training works out into your routine can help build lean muscular tissue, better improving capillary visibility. 2. Hydration: Proper hydration is key cardioton capsule to promoting capillary presence. Objective to drink an ample quantity of water throughout the day to guarantee your body is well-hydrated. When the body is dried out, veins can show up much less popular. Conversely, when the body is properly moistened, veins are most likely to reveal, providing a much more pronounced appearance. 3. Rise Muscular Tissue Definition: Structure muscular tissue can likewise add to capillary visibility. By taking part in resistance training exercises that target specific muscular tissue groups, you can enhance total muscle mass interpretation, making veins much more popular. Integrate exercises such as bicep swirls, tricep dips, and calf bone raises to develop and define muscle mass teams in the limbs. - POINTER: To attain ideal outcomes, consult with a personal trainer or health and fitness specialist that can design an exercise strategy tailored to your goals and purposes. 4. Cold Exposure: Exposing your body to cold temperature levels can cause capillaries to restrict as well as end up being more visible. This can be attained with different techniques, such as taking chilly showers, applying cold pack to target areas, or taking part in cold water immersion therapy. Focus on safety as well as prevent severe cold direct exposure to prevent any type of possible health dangers. Enhancing Vein Visibility via Natural Solutions 1. Improve Blood Circulation: Enhancing blood circulation can aid veins come to be more visible. Incorporating tasks such as routine cardio workout, yoga exercise, or massage treatment can assist in promoting blood flow throughout the body. Improved blood circulation can add to blood vessel expansion and also increased presence. 2. Usage Compression Clothes: Compression garments, such as sleeves or socks, can provide external pressure and also support to the blood vessels, enhancing their exposure. These garments help in enhancing blood circulation, reducing swelling, and promoting blood circulation. Consult a healthcare expert to establish one of the most appropriate compression garment for your certain needs. 3. Apply Topical Solutions: Topical solutions, such as lotions or gels consisting of ingredients like caffeine or retinol, can momentarily enhance capillary visibility. These products function by constricting capillary and also minimizing skin puffiness, leading to a lot more noticable veins. Nonetheless, it's important to utilize these items as directed and consult with a dermatologist if you have any type of worries or pre-existing skin disease. Preventative measures and Considerations While striving to enhance vein exposure, it is vital to focus on health and wellness. Right here are some crucial safety measures and also factors to consider to keep in mind: - Seek advice from a health care specialist before making significant lifestyle changes, specifically if you have pre-existing clinical problems. - Stay clear of extreme cool exposure as well as constantly prioritize your well-being when practicing cool immersion methods. - Do not exhaust on your own throughout exercise or toughness training. Progressively raise strength and look for guidance from a qualified physical fitness specialist. - Always adhere to item directions as well as speak with a dermatologist prior to utilizing topical services, particularly if you have sensitive skin or allergic reactions. Keep in mind, vein presence is affected by multiple factors, and every person's body is unique. It's important to accept and value your body's natural attributes while looking for secure as well as healthy and balanced means to boost blood vessel exposure. By applying the way of life adjustments and natural solutions talked about in this short article, you can possibly maximize blood vessel visibility as well as accomplish the desired visual appeal.
Come Follow Me Lessons & Activities for Kids Lesson 21 \| May 20-26 \| Mosiah 18-24 Though Abinadai was gone, his words were the spark of bringing many to repent. His teachings of Jesus Christ resulted in Alma and Limhi both leading their people in righteousness. Because of their newfound faith, they were eventually delivered from the hands of the Lamanites. These chapters of the Book of Mormon also contain restored gospel principles, such as additional meaning to baptism and putting your trust in the Lord. We learn that following Jesus Christ requires being able to "bear one another's burdens" (Mosiah 18:8), covenanting that we will always find ways to inspire faith in others. Reading these teachings are both essential preparation for baptism and a reminder to those who have already promised to "stand as witnesses of God at all times and in all things" (Mosiah 18:9). Access inspiring lessons that teach straight from the scriptures and include everything you need to make Come Follow Me a joy for your kids. Join our membership for only $10 a month, and you'll gain access to a treasure trove of resources to strengthen your family's spiritual foundation and growth. Try Now for $5 with code WELCOME Already a member? Login here to access your files. Elementary Bundle Lessons & Activities The elementary bundle is a treasure trove for kids aged 4-11, featuring activities that instill key principles. Let's explore three highlights: Alma Mini Book Scripture Study Help your children learn the story of Mosiah 24 with the "Alma Relies on the Lord" mini book. We recommend printing one book for each child and allow them to color as you read the story. Or, if you have older children, let them help read the story. Baptism Activities! Go & Do Activity After Alma fled from King Noah's servants, he repented of his sins. Even though his life was in danger, he wanted others to learn about Abinadi's teachings, so he privately taught others and many believed his words. Many were baptized. Have every family member make a "Baptismal Covenant Bookmark" and then play "Baptismal Covenant Pictionary" to learn what Alma taught about Alma's teachings on baptism. See lesson for details. Knitting Finger Project Hands-on Activity Read Mosiah 18:21 and discuss how you can be "knit together in unity and love" in your ward and communities. As a family, talk about things you can do to create this unity and love. Then do one of those things this week. Make the Finger Knitting project together to help your children see how working together is helpful for everyone. Ready to jump in and get immediate access to these activities and so much more? We're excited to have you join the Come Follow Me FHE family. Subscribe now for only $10/month. Already a member? Login here to access your files. Toddler Bundle Lessons & Activities For kids ages 1-4 at home and in nursery or sunbeams. The toddler bundle Includes a full lesson plan with THREE activities that align with scripture written by an early childhood educator. These include a coloring page, another printable activity, and a movement activity that helps young children understand the scriptures. Here are a couple of highlights from this week's lesson. God Never Breaks His Promises Hands-on Activity Teach your family a powerful principle with a fun object lesson. Begin by teaching Mosiah 18 in your own words. In these verses, the people made covenants or promises with God at baptism. Read about these covenants in Mosiah 18:9-10 and briefly explain each covenant in simple terms for your toddler so they can understand. Afterwards, complete the object lesson. This lesson will help your children understand that when we make promises with Heavenly Father He will not break them. Just like the candle never gets blown out, or because of challenges or mistakes of life, God will never break His promises with us (see lesson for details and be sure to not let your children touch the candle as it is burning). The toddler bundle includes a lesson plan and three activities every week. Grab the toddler bundle in our subscription. Already a member? Login here to access your files. Teen Bundle Lessons & Activities The Teen Bundle includes a study page with four thoughtful questions each week that align with a scripture from Come Follow Me, an applicable challenge to accept each week, and an awesome video done by a current seminary teacher that brings a topic from the study to life for teens. Plus: each week comes with a scripture print to hang on their bathroom mirror, in their locker, etc. Check out this week's Book of Mormon-themed teen bundle now! Ready to jump in and get immediate access to these activities and so much more? We're excited to have you join the Come Follow Me FHE family. Subscribe now for only $10/month. Already a member? Login here to access your files.
Note: Do not rely on this information. It is very old. Chrysotype, a photographic process, introduced by Herschel, and employed for the production of a "positive" print from a "negative." Paper is washed with a solution of ferric ammonium citrate, and dried. To obtain a print it is sufficiently exposed to light beneath a negative, and then "developed" by a solution of gold chloride and well washed. By the action of light the ferric salt is reduced to a ferrous, and this acts upon the gold chloride with formation of metallic gold which forms the image, which is of a blue colour. The action of ferrous salts may be represented by the equation 3FeCl2 + HnCl3 = 3FeCl3 + Hn.
Venus-Mars Conjunction: According to Vedic Astrology, planetary transits refer to the movement of planets from one zodiac sign to another. These transits occur when planets move at different speeds and cross over one another. The position of planets at the time of birth of an individual determines their personality, character, and future. However, planetary transits affect our lives by influencing our emotions, behavior, and actions. To Know More About This Transit, Talk To The Best Astrologers Conjunctions, on the other hand, occur when two or more planets are in the same zodiac sign. This phenomenon is also known as planetary alignment, and it is believed to intensify the effects of these planets on an individual's life. One such conjunction will take place in the month of May, directly impacting each of the twelve zodiac signs. Venus, the planet of love and beauty, will make two transits during the month of May, one of which is going to be more significant for us. On May 30th, Venus will transit into Cancer and form a conjunction with Mars, affecting all of the twelve zodiac signs. This special blog by AstroSage will tell you everything about the Venus-Mars Conjunction in Cancer and its impact on a few lucky zodiac signs. So without wasting any further time, let us start with the blog! Also Read: Horoscope 2023 Venus and Mars As Per Vedic Astrology Venus, also known as Shukra in Sanskrit, is associated with love, beauty, and luxury. It is the planet of creativity, art, and aesthetics. Venus is also known as the planet of relationships, as it represents the female energy and governs romantic relationships, marriage, and partnerships. In Vedic astrology, Venus is considered a benefic planet and is associated with the zodiac signs Taurus and Libra. The placement of Venus in a person's birth chart can provide insight into their romantic and creative nature. If Venus is well placed, it can indicate a person who is artistic, charming, and attractive to others. On the other hand, if Venus is poorly placed, it can indicate a person who may struggle in relationships or have difficulty expressing themselves creatively. Mars, also known as Mangal in Sanskrit, is associated with energy, passion, and drive. It is the planet of action and represents masculine energy. In Vedic astrology, Mars is considered a malefic planet and is associated with the zodiac signs Aries and Scorpio. The placement of Mars in a person's birth chart can provide insight into their energy levels, assertiveness, and drive. If Mars is placed in a favorable position, it can indicate a person who is confident, assertive and has strong willpower. On the other hand, if Mars is placed in an unfavorable position, it can indicate a person who may struggle with anger issues or have low energy levels. Also Read: June Horoscope! Venus-Mars Conjunction Lucky Zodiac Signs The Venus-Mars Conjunction will increase the interest of the Aries natives towards auspicious activities and result in financial gains. The period is conducive to good health and brings happiness related to children. The students of Aries are likely to get successful in competitive exams and education will also bring benefits, People born under Cancer can expect to gain financially from the Venus-Mars conjunction. They will experience a cheerful mindset, and have a good chance of success in their work. Additionally, those who are preparing for competitive exams will also likely succeed. Worried About Your Career, Order CogniAstro Report Now! The natives of Virgo will become more interested in religion due to the conjunction of Venus and Mars. They will gain financial benefits and triumph over their enemies. They will feel mentally happy and experience a rise in their social status. The Capricorn natives may receive a new position due to the Venus-Mars Conjunction. They will defeat their enemies and gain profit in their business during this period. They will feel mental peace and happiness, and there is a possibility of success in their work as well. Natives of Aquarius will receive financial benefits from the Venus-Mars conjunction. They will feel happy and content due to their success, and good news will come from all directions. They have opportunities for desired progress, and their love for their life partner will grow. Additionally, they will receive praise from their relatives, and their dominance will increase during this time. Also Read: Today Lucky Colour! The Pisceans will experience financial gains due to the Venus-Mars conjunction. They will gain specific advantages in activities that involve speech. Students will achieve success, and there are possibilities of benefits from their close relatives. Frequently Asked Questions Ans. Yes, the Venus-Mars conjunction is considered good. Ans. Venus rules over Libra and Taurus. Ans. Venus will transit into Cancer on 30th May, 2023, where Mars is already present, creating a conjunction. For Astrological Remedies & Services, Visit: AstroSage Online Shopping Store! We hope you liked our blog. For more interesting blogs, stay connected with us!
The Ultimate Guide To Heat Treatment For Bed Bugs The Ultimate Guide To Heat Treatment For Bed Bugs Blog Article Indicators on Heat Treatment For Bed Bugs You Need To Know Table of ContentsOur Heat Treatment For Bed Bugs IdeasSee This Report on Heat Treatment For Bed BugsExamine This Report about Heat Treatment For Bed BugsAll About Heat Treatment For Bed BugsHeat Treatment For Bed Bugs Fundamentals ExplainedThings about Heat Treatment For Bed Bugs Editors pick a handful of short articles just recently published in the journal that they think will be particularly fascinating to readers, or essential in the respective research study area - Heat Treatment for Bed Bugs. The objective is to offer a snapshot of a few of the most amazing job released in the various research study locations of the journalCushion headboards and structures can be painted with a number of coats seal these concealing areas. Any type of fractures or crevices on walls or along walls need to be repainted or caulked with an appropriate sealer. This can prevent bed insects from entering wall surface gaps, where they can migrate to other places in the structure. Plastic covers will certainly not be work if they are ripped or torn, and need to be completely secured for optimum performance. More costly choices consisted of fabric-based full cushion coverings. Good coverings contain a tightly woven textile that inhibits bed insect movement, and consist of a protected zipper system that avoids bed pests from entering or out. Our Heat Treatment For Bed Bugs Ideas Covers are best used after a mattress is treated for bed bugs. This will protect against outside populaces from getting involved in the seams and folds up, and will maintain any kind of freshly hatched bed insects on the mattress from going out and preying on owners. Covers need to be left on the cushion for a minimum of one year unless otherwise advised by a parasite control expert. While there have been reports of physical distortion of structures and interior components, entire space and structure warm treatments are typically considered safe, and supply the added benefit of getting rid of other pests that could be on the premises. Constantly speak with an educated bug control professional trained to utilize heat therapies and discuss their method carefully prior to contracting their solution. One area where expert know-how is not required is laundering plagued linens or garments (Heat Treatment for Bed Bugs). Passengers can wash these items in warm water with cleaning agent, adhered to by warm drying out for at least 20 minutes in a garments dryer on high heat, will certainly eliminate all stages of bed bugs. This is a reliable approach, yet will certainly not prevent reinfestation of these things A new industrial innovation utilizes liquid co2 (CARBON DIOXIDE), kept at very cool temperatures, to deposit a super-cooled "snow" on materials that kills bed insects and various other parasites by rapid cold. This snow vaporizes into a gas, and does not leave any kind of deposit. Similar to warm treatment, cold does not provide long-term control as the effects are immediate, so reinfestation may end up being a concern. The Ultimate Guide To Heat Treatment For Bed Bugs Business vapor cleansers must normally be used to produce the temperatures necessary to rapidly eliminate bed bugs. These devices commonly operate at temperature levels well in extra of 180 F, and can position a scalding danger to the driver if used poorly. Smaller sized heavy steam heads and those outfitted with brushes need to typically be prevented as the vapor stress and bristles may inadvertently dislodge bed insects from the surface product onto the flooring. Nevertheless, these may be proper when the location is also tiny for a bigger head to adequately tidy. Steam therapy rate will certainly vary; nonetheless, general suggestions are to pass the heavy steam head across the surface area at the rate of 1 foot (30 centimeters) every 10 to 15 seconds. Currently, most non-chemical items and techniques do not quickly or effectively eliminate established bed pest populaces. In many instances, the sensible application of a chemical by a licensed pest control specialist is required. However, bed bugs have actually developed an extraordinary resistance to a lot of classes of pesticides. This suggests that a chemical just method is inadequate. Any type of pesticide made use of should be identified especially for bed insect control and, where essential for usage on personal belongings such as bed mattress and furniture. Numerous non-prescription aerosol items are not labeled for bed pest control, and need to not be used find out here now only on personal belongings or surface areas as specifically specified on the pesticide tag. Not known Facts About Heat Treatment For Bed Bugs Misapplication is an infraction of the regulation, and can cause unneeded exposure that can endanger the health and safety of passengers, or regulative fines and suits. Exact placement of an accordingly labeled, registered and created residual chemical pesticide is still a practical bed pest control. Efficient insecticide treatments consist of using indoor sprays or dirts to surfaces that bed bugs get in touch with, in addition to and to cracks and gaps where they relax and hide. Vermins are pests that feed upon the blood of pets and humans. Adult insects are reddish-brown, wingless, and about the size of an apple seed. They are level with oval-shaped bodies. Youthful insects, or nymphs, are smaller and can show up transparent or yellow-colored in color. If fairies have actually not been recently fed, because of their coloring, they can be nearly impossible to area. ApartmentsSheltersHotelsRooming housesDorm roomsCruise shipsBusesTrainsAn adultbedbug is approximately 5 to 7 millimeters lengthy or regarding the size of Abraham Lincoln's head on a cent. Vermins are found all over the globe. While you might consider vermins as a problem in only establishing parts of the world, you can discover bedbugs in the U.S., Canada, and the U.K. Some Known Details About Heat Treatment For Bed Bugs Bedbugs can make their means almost anywhere. Bed pests can live in hotels, apartment or condos, furniture, cruise liner, buses, trains, and extra. Image credit: Dmitry Bezrukov/Dreamstime Adult insects have level bodies regarding the dimension of an apple seed. After feeding, however, they swell and transform a red shade. Their flattened bodies make it possible for them to match tiny rooms, regarding the density of a charge card. Under positive conditions, the pests can create totally in just a month and generate three or more generations per year. They can live from about 10 months to a year long. Bedbugsusually get involved in your home from an additional place that's ravaged with them. If you reside in an apartment or condo or condo, they can take a trip from an additional device in your structure. Or you could carry them know travel luggage or a handbag that you put down in an area that has bedbugs. They're tiny and great at concealing throughout the day, so it's easy for them to get involved in your home without you recognizing it. Vermins' squashed bodies make it feasible for them to suit extremely little spaces. All about Heat Treatment For Bed Bugs If you scrape an insect bite enough to damage the skin, it might lead to an infection. Some people are allergic to the attacks. The first indicator of vermins may be small, itchy bites on your skin, go frequently on your arms or shoulders. Bedbugs have a tendency to leave clusters of attacks instead of single bites below and there. But for some individuals, vermin bites don't cause any type of marks or itching. You might also see: Blood spots on your sheets or mattressTiny pale yellow eggs or eggshellsBedbug poop, black dots concerning the dimension of a period The bedbugs' shed skin, which looks a great deal like the pests themselvesWhite, oblong eggs that are around as large as an apple seedA wonderful, stuffy odor around your bedActual vermins in your bed If you presume you might have bedbugs, inspect your cushion and bed thoroughly, especially have a peek at this site in the crevices. Report this page
Love triangles. They sound exciting and adventurous, like something straight out of a romantic movie. But what many young people in-love fail to realize is the potential impact it can have on their health, both physically and mentally. In this article, we will explore the consequences of love triangles and shed light on the importance of making informed choices when it comes to matters of the heart. What is a love triangle Love triangle refers to a complex relationship dynamic involving three individuals, typically where one person is romantically involved with two others simultaneously. This situation can lead to emotional turmoil, stress, and anxiety for all parties involved. The constant juggling of emotions and loyalties can have detrimental effects on mental health, causing feelings of insecurity, jealousy, and inadequacy. Moreover, the stress from such a situation can manifest physically, impacting overall health and well-being. It's crucial to address and resolve love triangles promptly to prevent further harm to individuals' mental and physical health. Impact of love triangles on health Let's start with the physical aspect. One of the most significant risks associated with love triangles is the increased likelihood of contracting sexually transmitted diseases (STDs). When multiple partners are involved, the chances of exposure to infections rise significantly. It is crucial to remember that unprotected sexual encounters can have severe consequences, not only for those directly involved but also for any unsuspecting partners who may become involved later on. In addition to the physical risks, love triangles can also take a toll on mental health. Jealousy, insecurity, and constant emotional turmoil are common themes in such situations. Feelings of inadequacy or fear of abandonment can lead to anxiety and depression. The constant need to compete for attention and affection can create a toxic and unhealthy environment for all parties involved. It is important for young people in-love to recognize the potential consequences of love triangles and to prioritize their health and well-being. Here are a few tips to navigate these complex situations: - Honest Communication: Open and honest communication with all parties involved is crucial. It is essential to establish boundaries and expectations from the beginning. Clear communication can help avoid misunderstandings and minimize emotional distress. - Practice Safe Sex: If you choose to engage in sexual activities with multiple partners, it is imperative to use protection consistently. Condoms and regular testing for STDs are essential to protect yourself and others involved. - Self-Reflection: Take the time to reflect on your own emotions and motivations. Are you truly happy in this situation? Are you comfortable with the potential risks? Understanding your own feelings can help you make informed decisions and prioritize your well-being. - Seek Support: Love triangles can be emotionally challenging. Reach out to friends, family, or even professional counselors who can provide guidance and support during difficult times. Having a strong support system can make a significant difference in navigating these complex emotions. In conclusion, love triangles may seem thrilling and enticing, but they come with potential risks that should not be ignored. It is essential for young people in-love to prioritize their health and well-being by practicing safe sex, engaging in open communication, and seeking support when needed. Remember, your emotional and physical well-being should always be the top priority when it comes to matters of the heart.
- Region and Country - North of Africa The Trust Fund in Libya is building on the strategic lines set out in the Joint Communication 'Managing flows, saving lives' and the Malta Declaration to foster and support a migration management and asylum system in Libya that is consistent with the main international standards and human rights. In this respect, and given the dire situation in which migrants and displaced populations are stranded in Libya, the EUTF for Africa pays particular attention to protection and assistance to migrants and their host communities in the country in order to increase their resilience. It also provides, as essential life-saving measures, voluntary humanitarian repatriation for migrants and humanitarian evacuations for people in need for international protection. Finally, the EUTF for Africa supports the national authorities to foster their capacity to counter migrant smuggling and trafficking in human beings and a more efficient integrated border management. Check out the following factsheet to learn more about the EU support on migration in Libya: the EUTF Libya factsheet Check out the following factsheet to learn more about the EUTF's response to COVID-19 in Libya: The EUTF Libya COVID-19 factsheet Related links National programmes The specific objectives are to: 1) improve reception of migrants upon disembarkation; 2) ensure minimum decent living standards in targeted detention centres; 3) improve and scale up voluntary humanitarian return (VHF) and reintegration; 4) strengthen migration data and communication on migration... The specific objectives of the programme are to: 1) improve access of refugees, migrants, asylum seekers, IDPs and host communities to basic services including protection9, health and psychosocial support, which enables them become more resilient and allows moving towards durable solutions; and 2).. The proposed action responds to the effects of the ongoing instability and difficult socioeconomic conditions of migrants, refugees and host communities in Libya. It aims to respond to current concerns with regards to protection of vulnerable populations in Libya, especially migrants and refugees... The specific objectives of the project are: 1) to enhance operational capacity of the competent Libyan authorities in maritime surveillance, tackling irregular border crossings, including the strengthening of SAR operations and related coast guard tasks; 2) to set up basic facilities in order to... This new programme will support the capacities of local public authorities and administrations in providing basic services – health, education, water and sanitation as well as social services – while improving timely and quality access to these services, in particular for the most vulnerable people. The overall objective of this programme is to reinforce protection, assistance and resilience of migrants and host communities (including Internally Displaced Persons and returnees) in Libya while supporting improved capacities for migration management along the migration routes in the country. The Overall Objective of the programme is to develop the overall capacity of the relevant Libyan authorities and strengthen institutional reform in the areas of land and sea border control and surveillance; addressing smuggling and trafficking of human beings; Search & Rescue at sea (SAR);... The overall objective of this Action is to strengthen protection and resilience of vulnerable migrants and migrants at risk, refugees and host communities (including Internally Displaced Persons (IDPs) and returnees) in Libya, while supporting efforts to improve migration management along the... The Overall Objective is to improve the living conditions and resilience of vulnerable populations (including migrants, refugees, IDPs, returnees and host communities), in particular in the municipalities most affected by migratory flows and/or damaged by the conflict. In line with the EUTF-NoA priorities, the Overall Objective of this action is to contribute to the community stabilization efforts in Libya through improving local governance in the framework of the implementation of the decentralization policy, and an improved access for vulnerable children... The overall objective of the action is to save lives and improve the resilience of vulnerable migrants, migrants at risk, asylum seekers, refugees and host communities (including IDPs and returnees) in Libya and to increase social cohesion among these groups. In order to generate more complete and coherent stabilization impacts, the proposed RSSD 2 programme will go beyond the prevailing service delivery scope of RSSD 1. The emphasis will lie on economic development at the local level (decent job creation, sustainability) while fostering social cohesion This Action will be structured through three main outcomes, namely: i) Support to coordination mechanisms, detection and surveillance; ii) Preventive measures to decrease risks and support most vulnerable groups and iii) Public health response to the health crisis and humanitarian needs. Regional programmes Specific objectives: 1) Ensure sustainable systems/programmes are established and enhanced to effectively deliver inclusive services, support social cohesion, and address potential tensions between host and displaced communities; 2) provide members of migrant and host communities with greater... The overall objective of the programme is to contribute to improved, rights-based migration governance at local level in cities of the 5 Countries of the North of Africa region and two cities from Middle East16, notably through partnership with cities in Europe, with a specific focus on... The specific objectives are to: 1) implement a coherent, measurable and impact-oriented cooperation framework for the EUTF NOA;2) provide technical assistance on formulation of Actions, requiring ad hoc technical expertise, and strengthen the use of standard tools, in particular the Result... The specific objectives are to improve protection and enable the assisted voluntary return of stranded migrants and migrants in transit in North Africa; to support targeted countries to enhance the sustainability of reintegration through an integrated approach addressing economic, social, and... The overall objective will be achieved through: 1) enhanced detection and interception capacities of front-line officers and agencies at selected border crossing points and key hub cities along smuggling routes; 2) strengthened identification and investigation capacities of first responders... The overall objective of this Action is to strengthen resilience of those in need (in line with Priority Action III and Strategic Objective III of the EUTF – NOA: To strengthen protection and resilience of those in need), including migrants, refugees, IDPs, returnees and host communities. The overall objective (expected impact) of this action is: to contribute to the strengthening of migrant protection and sustainable reintegration systems in North Africa _(contributing to Strategic Objective 5 ("Mitigating vulnerabilities arising from irregular migration and to combat irregular. The overall objective is to improve the protection and expand access to sustainable solutions for unaccompanied and separated children (UASC) and youth along the Central Mediterranean The action aims to increase the effectiveness of the EUTF Africa North of Africa Window (EUTF-NOA) programmes in addressing the root causes of migration and forced displacement in West and North Africa. Cross-window programmes The specific objective is to conduct, synthesize, disseminate and make use of new and existing research on the drivers and dynamics of the root causes of instability, insecurity, irregular migration and forced displacement in West and North Africa and migration routes, and the most successful policy... The overall objective is to increase the efficiency of the Trust Fund, through gender-and-rights-responsive technical assistance for the identification, formulation, evaluation, monitoring of and communication on trust fund interventions, including audits, evaluations/communication actions for this... The overall objective of the Action is to contribute to strengthen the governance of migration in the region and provide protection and sustainable solutions for migrants and refugees along the Central Mediterranean route. The overall objective of the action is to promote sustainable development and ultimately contribute to poverty reduction by increasing the availability of trained and qualified high-level professional manpower in West Africa and the Horn of Africa. News & Stories - News article Pour accompagner les entrepreneurs des diasporas africaines en France et en Europe, Expertise France, avec le soutien financier de l'Union européenne et de l'Agence Française de Développement, et en partenariat avecla GIZ (Gesellschaft für Internationale Zusammenarbeit) et Anima Investment Network... - 5 min read - News article Grâce à la contribution du Fonds fiduciaire d'urgence de l'Union européenne pour l'Afrique (FFU), le HCR renforce la capacité des Unités d'orientation et d'assistance juridique d'assurer un accès régulier à l'assistance juridique pour tous les réfugiés et demandeurs d'asile. - 4 min read - News article À l'occasion du #WorldFoodDay célébré par la FAO qui vise à rendre les systèmes alimentaires plus résilients face aux changements climatiques et qui appelle à la solidarité mondiale afin d'aider toutes les populations, notamment les plus vulnérables, à se relever de la crise sanitaire, des actions... - 1 min read - News article Emmanuelle et Adiam, 23 ans, respectivement originaires du Nigeria et de l'Erythrée, ne partagent pas grand-chose à première vue, seulement leur jeune âge. - 2 min read - News article C'est dans une ambiance jeune et conviviale que la mise en place d'une structure d'incubation dédiée à la diaspora tunisienne a été officiellement lancé le mardi 26 mars à AFKAR. - 1 min read - News article IOM, the UN Migration Agency, announced on 13/03 that it has assisted 10,171 migrants to return home safely from Libya with support from the European Union, African Union, and the Libyan Government since the scale up of Voluntary Humanitarian Return (VHR) from the country started on 28 November last... - 4 min read
Bryce DeWitt Bryce DeWitt \| \| Born \| Carl Bryce Seligman January 8, 1923 Dinuba, California, U.S. \| Died \| September 23, 2004 (aged 81) Austin, Texas, U.S. \| Alma mater \| Harvard University (PhD) \| Known for \| \| Spouse \| \| Children \| 4 \| Awards \| Scientific career \| \| Fields \| Theoretical physics \| Institutions \| \| Doctoral advisor \| Julian Schwinger \| Doctoral students \| Bryce Seligman DeWitt (born Carl Bryce Seligman; January 8, 1923 – September 23, 2004) was an American theoretical physicist noted for his work in gravitation and quantum field theory.[1] Personal life[edit] He was born Carl Bryce Seligman, but he and his three brothers, including the noted ichthyologist, Hugh Hamilton DeWitt, added "DeWitt" from their mother's side of the family, at the urging of their father, in 1950. In the early-1970s, this change of name so angered Felix Bloch that he blocked DeWitt's appointment to Stanford University and DeWitt and his wife Cecile DeWitt-Morette, a mathematical physicist, accepted faculty positions at the University of Texas at Austin.[2] DeWitt trained in World War II as a naval aviator, but the war ended before he saw combat. He died September 23, 2004, from pancreatic cancer at the age of 81. He is buried in France, and was survived by his wife and four daughters.[3][1] Academic life[edit] He received his bachelor's (summa cum laude), master's and doctoral degrees from Harvard University. His Ph.D. (1950) supervisor was Julian S. Schwinger. Afterwards, he held a postdoctoral position at the Institute for Advanced Study in Princeton, New Jersey, worked at the Lawrence Livermore Lab (1952-'55), and then held faculty positions at the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill (1956-'72) and, later, the University of Texas at Austin (1973-2004). He was awarded the Dirac Prize in 1987,[4] the Pomeranchuk Prize in 2002, and the American Physical Society's Einstein Prize posthumously in 2005,[5] and was a member of the National Academy of Sciences.[6] He pioneered work in the quantization of general relativity and, in particular, developed canonical quantum gravity, manifestly covariant methods, and heat kernel algorithms. DeWitt formulated the Wheeler–DeWitt equation for the wave function of the universe with John Archibald Wheeler and advanced the formulation of Hugh Everett's many-worlds interpretation of quantum mechanics.[1] With his student Larry Smarr, he originated the field of numerical relativity.[7]: 25–35, 37 - Bryce DeWitt, Dynamical theory of groups and fields, Gordon and Breach, New York, 1965 - Bryce DeWitt, R. Neill Graham, eds., The Many-Worlds Interpretation of Quantum Mechanics, Princeton Series in Physics, Princeton University Press (1973), ISBN 0-691-08131-X. - S. M. Christensen, ed., Quantum theory of gravity. Essays in honor of the 60th birthday of Bryce S. DeWitt, Adam Hilger, Bristol, 1984. - Bryce DeWitt, Supermanifolds, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 1985. - Bryce DeWitt, The Global Approach to Quantum Field Theory, The International Series of Monographs on Physics, Oxford University Press, 2003, ISBN 978-0-19-851093-2. - Bryce DeWitt, Sopra un raggio di luce, Di Renzo Editore, Roma, 2005. - Bryce DeWitt, Bryce DeWitt's Lectures on Gravitation, Steven M. Christensen, ed., Springer, 2011. - ^ a b c Weinberg, Steven (2008). "Bryce Seligman DeWitt 1923-2004: Biographical Memoir" (PDF). nasoline.org. Retrieved October 7, 2023. - ^ "UTPhysicsHistorySite". Archived from the original on June 20, 2019. - ^ Family Obituary - ^ Dirac Prize citation, International Centre for Theoretical Physics - ^ Einstein Prize citation, American Physical Society - ^ "DeWitt, Bryce S. (Bryce Seligman), 1923-2004". history.aip.org. Retrieved October 7, 2023. - ^ DeWitt-Morette, Cécile (2011). "Quantum Gravity". The Pursuit of Quantum Gravity: Memoirs of Bryce DeWitt from 1946 to 2004. Springer. pp. 51–117. ISBN 978-3-642-14270-3. Further reading[edit] - Deutsch, David; Isham, Christopher; Vilkovisky, Gregory (March 1, 2005). "Bryce Seligman DeWitt". Physics Today. 58 (3): 84–84. doi:10.1063/1.1897570. - DeWitt-Morette, Cécile (2011). The Pursuit of Quantum Gravity: Memoirs of Bryce DeWitt from 1946 to 2004. Springer. doi:10.1007/978-3-642-14270-3. ISBN 978-3-642-14270-3. - University of Texas obituary Archived May 11, 2008, at the Wayback Machine - Oral history interview transcript with Bryce DeWitt and Cecile DeWitt-Morette on February 28 1995, American Institute of Physics, Niels Bohr Library & Archives - 1923 births - 2004 deaths - Harvard University alumni - Deaths from pancreatic cancer in Texas - 20th-century American physicists - American relativity theorists - Fellows of the American Physical Society - University of Texas at Austin faculty - Members of the United States National Academy of Sciences - Jewish American physicists
Closing the Gap: Addressing Wage Disparity in Professional Basketball In the world of professional basketball, the discrepancy in wages between NBA and WNBA players has long been a topic of debate and contention. Recently, the case of Caitlin Clark, the standout player in women's college basketball and the no. 1 pick in the WNBA draft, has brought this issue to the forefront once again. Despite Clark's undeniable talent and the immense viewership she attracted during the March Madness final game, where she brought in a record-breaking 18 million+ viewers, her salary pales in comparison to that of her male counterparts in the NBA. This begs the question: why do the figures not reflect the impact and popularity of women's basketball? One argument often put forth is the disparity in revenue between the NBA and WNBA. While it's true that the NBA generates billions in revenue compared to the WNBA, it's essential to delve deeper into this argument. Yes, the NBA boasts higher revenue, but it's also worth noting that there are NBA teams operating at a loss, supported by revenue sharing. For example, last year, the Cleveland Cavaliers lost money on an operating basis and declined by about 4% in value to $1.28 billion, according to Forbes. Another important component of the NBA's finances is its revenue-sharing system. Like other major sports leagues, the NBA shares non-basketball related revenue between teams in order to address inequalities across different markets around the country. All teams pool their eligible revenue together to redistribute it from teams with higher revenues to those with lower. Each team then receives revenue equal to the salary cap for that year. In 2017, 14 teams were reported to be operating at a loss and were propped up by the revenue sharing. TV revenue is also crucial to the NBA's financial success. Players like Caitlin Clark, who will attract new viewership, particularly in markets where the NBA has been struggling (especially with younger demographic), are invaluable. If these players can bring in new fans and increase television ratings, it's clear that investing in women's basketball is not only the right thing to do morally but also financially beneficial for the league. If the NBA can invest in some of the teams that operate losses and prioritize TV revenue, why not invest in the WNBA, which has shown potential for growth and increased viewership? Historically, the NBA has enjoyed significant investment and support, whereas the WNBA has not received the same level of attention. The WNBA, established in 1996, is relatively young compared to the NBA, which has been around since the 1940s. This discrepancy in tenure has contributed to the disparity in resources and opportunities between the two leagues. However, the narrative that the WNBA doesn't make money is misleading. Rather, it hasn't been given the same level of investment and resources as the NBA. With proper investment and promotion, women's basketball has the potential to thrive, as evidenced by the growing excitement and viewership surrounding players like Caitlin Clark. So, why isn't the NBA investing more in the WNBA? It's a question that requires introspection from league officials and fans alike. Women's basketball is not just a game; it's an investment in equality and opportunity. By supporting the WNBA, the NBA can showcase its commitment to gender equality and pave the way for future generations of female athletes. If you're displeased with the wage disparity faced by players like Caitlin Clark, there are actions you can take. Buy a jersey, purchase a league pass, and show the NBA that the WNBA is worth investing in. Every dollar spent on women's basketball is a vote of confidence in its future and a step towards closing the wage gap. Addressing the wage disparity in professional basketball requires a concerted effort from all stakeholders. By acknowledging the value and potential of the WNBA, we can work towards a more equitable future for athletes of all genders. It's time to level the playing field and ensure that talent and hard work are rewarded, regardless of gender.
The new Republic of Texas asked to join the United States as early as 1837. Presidents Andrew Jackson and Martin Van Buren took no action for two reasons. First, the question of Texas joining divided the North and South. Up to the 1840s, trans-Mississippi expansion had extended Southern society: Louisiana, Arkansas, and Missouri were all slave states. Texas would be another, and Northerners who disliked slavery and Southern political power imagined that the Texas territory could become as many as 11 new slave states with 22 new proslavery senators. Texas joining the U.S was certain to arouse Northern and antislavery opposition. President John Tyler, who supported the South, tried to annex Texas in 1844 but was defeated by congressional Northerners and by some Southern members of the anti-Jacksonian Whig Party. The second reason was that Mexico still considered Texas its own territory. Texas joining the U.S would create a diplomatic crisis, and perhaps lead to war. At midnight It did not annex Texas. The vote in congress to annex Texas They were afraid it would get them into a war with Mexico. Texas was giving land away Nine years later, Texas joined the Union. Congress voted to annex Texas document 21 Oregon and Texas. The US annexed Texas from Mexico in 1844 after James K Polk won the presidential election. The republic of Texas They feared Texas would join Britain and declare an end to slavery.
I recently wrote about wounded parts, those inner parts that provoke intense emotions in us, those parts that censor us, hold us back, frustrate us. It's difficult to step back from these emotions, to zoom out and become aware of what's really happening in those moments. To look inside oneself instead of projecting blame onto others or circumstances. It takes time to change our habits, the default settings of our brain, our reflexes. At first, it may take years before we become aware of what was behind a situation we repeatedly experienced, but the more we intend to have awareness, the quicker we can do it. Of course, it's very difficult to have perspective right when something is happening, especially when we're overwhelmed by our inner parts and their emotions, but being aware of it a few hours or days later can already change our experience of the situation. Having someone to explore this with is a real gift, someone who won't judge the external but will ask us the right questions to extract ourselves from the situation and get to the heart of the problem. It's much easier for someone who isn't overwhelmed by emotions to see and identify what's happening beneath the surface. If you like detective games, that's perfect, bring out your magnifying glass and delve into the depths of the unconscious! I wish you to find your compassionate Sherlock to help you untangle your problematic situations by doing inner work, gently, with kindness. In the meantime, I'd like to say: Before anything else, compassion. I know how frustrating and irritating it can be to feel stuck in a situation, in a repetitive pattern, or with difficult emotions. We can end up blaming ourselves, judging ourselves, feeling ashamed, lowering ourselves, hating ourselves, getting enraged, etc. I'd like to suggest changing perspective. Instead of thinking about our wounded parts and saying "they annoy me, I'm fed up with them ruining my life", let's take a moment to become aware of their presence and what's happening within us. When a child experiences trauma, how do you think they would feel if we were to yelled at them that they're annoying us, ruining our lives, that they should calm down and stop having disproportionate reactions that aren't warranted? If you've experienced childhood trauma, you know that you needed the exact opposite. A reassuring presence, a space to express your emotions, to be seen, heard, believed, understood, accepted, reassured. So, when we experience strong emotions or repetitive patterns, perhaps it would be better not to follow the automatic response of starting an external war (with the people involved or the circumstances) or an internal war (with our wounded parts expressing themselves). What about we open a safe space for our inner parts instead? What if we told them, yes, okay, I hear you, I feel what you feel so I know. I know. I know what you're going through right now. I'm not going to let you explode at people, but come, let's sit down for a minute and I'll listen to you. He did this, she said that? Okay. You are angry? Yes, I understand. You want to scream at them? Well, come on, let's write it to them on paper. It sounds silly and simplistic, but writing down everything we feel on paper opens up a space for our inner parts to express themselves. When they feel seen and heard, they express themselves less loudly and believe me, that's already something! Don't censor yourself, even if you feel like you're writing horrors, even if you don't believe what you're writing, let it ALL pour. Don't judge these parts, let them have free rein. Don't hesitate to reread later and highlight what repeats the most, there lies a key to the origin of the wound that this part of you carries. It's just one way to support our inner parts. They're stuck in a difficult memory, let's accompany them instead of blaming them. Let's accompany ourselves. What I really want to tell you is, please, be gentle with yourself. Stop the inner war. Speak to yourself with gentleness, compassion, understanding. Be the kind and reassuring presence you would need. This can also involve speaking to your other inner parts: those that are strong, that have dreams, projects, convictions, that are grounded, centered. The inner war can take place between you and your wounded parts but also between your strong parts and your wounded parts. It pulls in both directions inside you and you feel torn. I want to go but I'm too scared. I want to do this but I can't. I have this project but I'm not capable. It's time to invite your strong parts to be kind and supportive of your wounded parts. We have a thousand emotions so it's easy not to have the reflex to bring consciousness to everything happening within us, but guess what? The conductor is us! We feel, we hear, we understand, we know, but we decide. Us. We can choose not to listen to an inner part, but let's do it gently, accompanying them in the process, to soothe them instead of making them even more intense. A little game to better understand and support ourselves: how many inner parts can you discern within you? Sending you my thoughts Look at the picture and feel..
Holidays Calendar for May 16, 2020 SPLA Day is a public holiday in South Sudan celebrated annually on May 16. It commemorates the formation of the Sudan People's Liberation Army (SPLA). Culture Freedom Day is celebrated every year on the third Saturday in May. This international observance was initiated by the Digital Freedom Foundation in 2012. International Ezerjó Day is observed annually on May 16 to raise the profile of a lesser known Hungarian white wine grape variety that is prized locally but is very hard to find outside of Hungary. Biographer's Day is an informal celebration that honors authors who write accounts of other people's lives. It is observed on May 16. But why was this date set aside for celebration? Teachers' Day in Malaysia is held annually on May 16. Although it is not an official school holiday, celebrations are typically held in schools throughout the country. If May 16 falls on a Saturday or Sunday, it is observed on the preceding Friday. Border Guard Day (Święto Straży Granicznej) in Poland is an official professional holiday celebrated on May 16 every year. It was established in 1995 by the Sejm of the Republic of Poland (the lower house of the Polish parliament). Science Day in Ukraine is celebrated on the third Saturday in May. It was officially established by President Leonid Kuchma in 1997 and has been celebrated annually ever since. The third Saturday in May is Armed Forces Day in the USA. The holiday finishes the Armed Forces Week, that starts on the second Saturday of May. Kalmyk Tea Day is celebrated annually on the third Saturday of May in Kalmykia, a constituent republic of the Russian Federation. It was established in 2011 by the People's Khural (parliament) of the Republic of Kalmykia to preserve and revive Kalmyk folk traditions. The holiday was first celebrated on May 19, 2012. Mass Graves Day is an annual remembrance day in Iraq held on May 16. It commemorates the victims of Saddam Hussein's regime. The Indian state of Sikkim celebrates its Statehood Day on May 16. On this day in 1975, Sikkim became the 22nd state of the Indian Union. Some historic counties in the United Kingdom have a special observance set aside to celebrate their history and cultural heritage. Most often, county days either coincide with the observance of their patron saint's day or commemorate an important historic event. For example, Middlesex Day, observed on May 16, marks the anniversary of the Battle of Albuera. May 16 is National Coquilles St. Jacques Day. If you adore French cuisine and want to make something delicious, begin with scallops. World Whisky Day is an annual celebration of "water of life", taking place on the third Saturday in May. This renowned event exists since 2012. Barbecuing is a favorite summer pastime in many countries, including the United States. If you're a fan of barbecue, fire up your grill on May 16 to celebrate National Barbecue Day. National Mimosa Day is observed annually on May 16. It celebrates a signature brunch cocktail that is easy to make and immensely popular in many countries of the world. On December 8, 2017, the United Nations General Assembly adopted a resolution declaring May 16 the International Day of Living Together in Peace. The International Day of Light is an annual UN observance that was officially established in 2017. It was created by UNESCO in order to promote international cooperation in the key fields of modern science that are one way or another connected with light and light technology. In December 2018, members of the Kyiv City Council voted in favor of adding a new holiday to the Ukrainian capital's holiday calendar. Neighbor Day in Kyiv is celebrated on the third Saturday of May, coinciding with Europe Day in Ukraine. Festivals on May 16, 2020 - ILA Berlin Air Show in Berlin, Germany - International Short Film Festival Oberhausen in Oberhausen, Germany - Canadian Tulip Festival in Ottawa, Canada - Prague Spring International Music Festival in Prague, Czech Republic - Festival Accès Asie in Montreal, Canada - World Amigurumi Exhibition in New York, USA This Day in History - 2014 Two improvised explosive devices were detonated in the Gikomba market in Nairobi, Kenya. At least 12 people were killed in these attacks. - 2013 Died: Heinrich Rohrer, Swiss physicist who was awarded the 1986 Nobel Prize in Physics, along with Gerd Binning and Ernst Ruska. - 2012 Died: Chuck Brown, American singer-songwriter, guitarist, and record producer who is often referred to as the "Godfather of Go-go". - 2007 Nicolas Sarkozy officially took office as President of France. He was the sixth president of the Fifth Republic and the 23th president in the history of France. - 2003 Died: Mark McCormack, American lawyer, sports agent, and author primarily remembered as the founder of International Management Group. - 1999 Born: Jayden Revri, English actor best known for his roles as Noah in The Lodge, Devin in Fate: The Winx Saga, and Charles Rowland in Dead Boy Detectives. - 1997 Mobutu Sese Seko, the President of Zaire (now the Democratic Republic of the Congo), fled the country after being overthrown by Laurent-Désiré Kabila. - 1993 Born: Johannes Thingnes Bø, Norwegian biathlete. He is the second most successful male biathlete of all time in the World Cup with 85 individual World Cup victories, including at the Winter Olympics. - 1990 Died: Sammy Davis Jr., American singer, tap dancer, actor, and musician. In 2001, he was posthumously awarded the Grammy Lifetime Achievement Award. - 1990 Died: Jim Henson, American puppeteer, film director and producer, screenwriter, actor, and cartoonist. He is best known as the creator of The Muppet Show. - 1990 Born: Thomas Brodie-Sangster, English actor best known for his roles in Love, Actually, Game of Thrones, the Maze Runner film series, Wolf Hall, The Queen's Gambit, and The Artful Dodger. - 1986 Born: Megan Fox, American actress whose breakout role was as Mikaela Banes in Transformers, which she reprised in its sequel Transformers: Revenge of the Fallen. - 1984 Died: Irwin Shaw, American dramatist, screenwriter, novelist, and short story writer whose best known works include The Young Lions and Rich Man, Poor Man. - 1977 Born: Melanie Lynskey, New Zealand actress whose credits include Two and a Half Men, Castle Rock, Mrs. America, Candy, Yellowjackets, The Last of Us, and more. - 1975 Japanese mountain climber Junko Tabei became the first woman to reach the summit of Mount Everest. In 1992, she also became the first woman to complete the Seven Summits. - 1973 Born: Tori Spelling, American actress and author who is best known for her role as Donna Martin on Beverly Hills, 90210 created by her father. - 1969 Born: David Boreanaz, American actor and producer known for his roles as Angel on Buffy the Vampire Slayer and its spin-off Angel and as Seeley Booth on Bones. - 1966 Born: Janet Jackson, American singer-songwriter, actress, dancer, and record producer. She is the youngest child of the famous Jackson family. - 1961 Park Chung-hee and his allies carried out a military coup d'état in South Korea, overthrowing the Second Republic. The legacy of this coup is controversial. - 1955 Born: Olga Korbut, Soviet gymnast who won four gold and two silver Olympic medals. She was the first woman to perform a backflip on bars. - 1953 American journalist William N. Oatis was released after spending 22 months in a Czechoslovakian prison. He had been charged with espionage. - 1953 Died: Django Reinhardt, French guitarist and composer of Romani ethnicity. He is considered to be the first important European jazz guitarist. - 1953 Born: Pierce Brosnan, Irish actor and film producer best known as the fifth actor to play the role of James Bond. He appeared in four James Bond films. - 1944 Born: Danny Trejo, American actor known for his roles in From Dusk Till Dawn, Once Upon a Time in Mexico, the Spy Kids franchise, and other films and TV series. - 1943 The Warsaw Ghetto Uprising ended when SS-Brigadeführer Jürgen Stroop personally pushed a detonator button to demolish the Great Synagogue of Warsaw. - 1929 The first Academy Awards presentation was held at the Hollywood Roosevelt Hotel. 15 statuettes were awarded during a fifteen-minute ceremony. - 1923 Born: Merton Miller, American economist who was awarded the 1990 Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences, sharing it with two other economists. - 1920 Pope Benedict XV canonized Joan of Arc, the Maid of Orleans. Her feast day is May 30; it is widely celebrated by many Catholics, especially in France. - 1905 Born: Henry Fonda, American stage and film actor, the patriarch of a family of famous actors. His prolific acting career spanned over five decades. - 1830 Died: Joseph Fourier, French mathematician and physicist who is best known for his investigation of Fourier series. He is credited with the discovery of the greenhouse effect. - 1818 Died: Matthew Lewis, English novelist and playwright. His best known work is the Gothic novel The Monk: A Romance, first published in 1796. - 1770 14-year-old Marie Antoinette of Austria married 15-year-old Louis-Auguste, Dauphin of France, who would later become King Louis XVI. - 1718 Born: Maria Gaetana Agnesi, Italian mathematician and philosopher. She is remembered for her study of the curve known as the Witch of Agnesi. - 1703 Died: Charles Perrault, French author who laid the foundation for a new literary genre, the fairy tale. He is known for his interpretations of folk tales.
Medicine:Urinary incontinence Urinary incontinence \| \| Other names \| Involuntary urination \| Anatomy of the lower urinary tract and genital system. The top diagram shows the female urinary system, and the bottom shows the male urinary system. \| \| Specialty \| Urology, gynecology \| Urinary incontinence (UI), also known as involuntary urination, is any uncontrolled leakage of urine. It is a common and distressing problem, which may have a large impact on quality of life.[1] It has been identified as an important issue in geriatric health care.[2] The term enuresis is often used to refer to urinary incontinence primarily in children, such as nocturnal enuresis (bed wetting).[3] UI is an example of a stigmatized medical condition, which creates barriers to successful management and makes the problem worse.[4] People may be too embarrassed to seek medical help, and attempt to self-manage the symptom in secrecy from others. Pelvic surgery, pregnancy, childbirth, and menopause are major risk factors.[5] Urinary incontinence is often a result of an underlying medical condition but is under-reported to medical practitioners.[6] There are four main types of incontinence:[7] - Urge incontinence due to an overactive bladder - Stress incontinence due to "a poorly functioning urethral sphincter muscle (intrinsic sphincter deficiency) or to hypermobility of the bladder neck or urethra"[8] - Overflow incontinence due to either poor bladder contraction or blockage of the urethra - Mixed incontinence involving features of different other types Treatments include pelvic floor muscle training, bladder training, surgery, and electrical stimulation.[9] Behavioral therapy generally works better than medication for stress and urge incontinence.[10] The benefit of medications is small and long term safety is unclear.[9] Urinary incontinence is more common in older women.[11] Urinary incontinence can result from both urologic and non-urologic causes. Urologic causes can be classified as either bladder dysfunction or urethral sphincter incompetence and may include detrusor overactivity, poor bladder compliance, urethral hypermobility, or intrinsic sphincter deficiency. Non-urologic causes may include infection, medication or drugs, psychological factors, polyuria, hydrocephalus,[12] stool impaction, and restricted mobility.[13] The causes leading to urinary incontinence are usually specific to each sex, however, some causes are common to both men and women.[citation needed] The most common types of urinary incontinence in women are stress urinary incontinence and urge urinary incontinence. Women that have symptoms of both types are said to have "mixed" urinary incontinence. After menopause, estrogen production decreases and, in some women, urethral tissue will demonstrate atrophy, becoming weaker and thinner, possibly playing a role in the development of urinary incontinence.[5] Stress urinary incontinence in women is most commonly caused by loss of support of the urethra, which is usually a consequence of damage to pelvic support structures as a result of pregnancy, childbirth, obesity, age, among others.[14] About 33% of all women experience urinary incontinence after giving birth, and women who deliver vaginally are about twice as likely to have urinary incontinence as women who give birth via a Caesarean section.[15] Stress incontinence is characterized by leaking of small amounts of urine with activities that increase abdominal pressure such as coughing, sneezing, laughing and lifting. This happens when the urethral sphincter cannot close completely due to the damage in the sphincter itself, or the surrounding tissue. Additionally, frequent exercise in high-impact activities can cause athletic incontinence to develop. Urge urinary incontinence, is caused by uninhibited contractions of the detrusor muscle, a condition known as overactive bladder syndrome. This type of urinary incontinence is more commonly seen in women of older age.[16] It is characterized by leaking of large amounts of urine in association with insufficient warning to get to the bathroom in time.[citation needed] Urge incontinence is the most common type of incontinence in men.[17] Similar to women, urine leakage happens following a very intense feeling of urination, not allowing enough time to reach the bathroom, a condition called overactive bladder syndrome. In men, the condition is commonly associated with benign prostatic hyperplasia (an enlarged prostate), which causes bladder outlet obstruction, a dysfunction of the detrusor muscle (muscle of the bladder), eventually causing overactive bladder syndrome, and the associated incontinence.[17] Stress urinary incontinence is the other common type of incontinence in men, and it most commonly happens after prostate surgery.[18] Prostatectomy, transurethral resection of the prostate, prostate brachytherapy, and radiotherapy can all damage the urethral sphincter and surrounding tissue, causing it to be incompetent. An incompetent urethral sphincter cannot prevent urine from leaking out of the urinary bladder during activities that increase the intraabdominal pressure, such as coughing, sneezing, or laughing. Continence usually improves within 6 to 12 months after prostate surgery without any specific interventions, and only 5 to 10% of people report persistent symptoms.[17] - Age is a risk factor that increases both the severity and prevalence of UI - Polyuria (excessive urine production) of which, in turn, the most frequent causes are: uncontrolled diabetes mellitus, primary polydipsia (excessive fluid drinking), central diabetes insipidus and nephrogenic diabetes insipidus.[19] Polyuria generally causes urinary urgency and frequency, but does not necessarily lead to incontinence. - Neurogenic disorders like multiple sclerosis, spina bifida, Parkinson's disease, strokes and spinal cord injury can all interfere with nerve function of the bladder.[20] This can lead to neurogenic bladder dysfunction - Overactive bladder syndrome. However, the etiology behind this is usually different between men and women, as mentioned above. - Other suggested risk factors include smoking, caffeine intake and depression The body stores urine — water and wastes removed by the kidneys — in the urinary bladder, a balloon-like organ. The bladder connects to the urethra, the tube through which urine leaves the body.[21][citation needed] Continence and micturition involve a balance between urethral closure and detrusor muscle activity (the muscle of the bladder). During urination, detrusor muscles in the wall of the bladder contract, forcing urine out of the bladder and into the urethra. At the same time, sphincter muscles surrounding the urethra relax, letting urine pass out of the body. The urethral sphincter is the muscular ring that closes the outlet of the urinary bladder preventing urine to pass outside the body. Urethral pressure normally exceeds bladder pressure, resulting in urine remaining in the bladder, and maintaining continence.[22] The urethra is supported by pelvic floor muscles and tissue, allowing it to close firmly. Any damage to this balance between the detrusor muscle, urethral sphincter, supportive tissue and nerves can lead to some type of incontinence .[citation needed] For example, stress urinary incontinence is usually a result of the incompetent closure of the urethral sphincter. This can be caused by damage to the sphincter itself, the muscles that support it, or nerves that supply it. In men, the damage usually happens after prostate surgery or radiation,[17] and in women, it's usually caused by childbirth and pregnancy.[23] The pressure inside the abdomen (from coughing and sneezing) is normally transmitted to both urethra and bladder equally, leaving the pressure difference unchanged, resulting in continence. When the sphincter is incompetent, this increase in pressure will push the urine against it, leading to incontinence.[citation needed] Another example is urge incontinence. This incontinence is associated with sudden forceful contractions of the detrusor muscle (bladder muscle), leading to an intense feeling of urination, and incontinence if the person does not reach the bathroom on time. The syndrome is known as overactive bladder syndrome, and it's related to dysfunction of the detrusor muscle.[24] Urination, or voiding, is a complex activity. The bladder is a balloon-like muscle that lies in the lowest part of the abdomen. The bladder stores urine and then releases it through the urethra, which is the canal that carries urine to the outside of the body. Controlling this activity involves nerves, muscles, the spinal cord and the brain.[citation needed] The bladder is made of two types of muscles: the detrusor and the sphincter. The detrusor is a muscular sac that stores urine and squeezes to empty. Connected to the bottom or next of the bladder, the sphincter is a circular group of muscles that automatically stays contracted to hold the urine in. It will automatically relax when the detrusor contracts to let the urine into the urethra. A third group of muscles below the bladder (pelvic floor muscles) can contract to keep urine back.[citation needed] A baby's bladder fills to a set point, then automatically contracts and empties. As the child gets older, the nervous system develops. The child's brain begins to get messages from the filling bladder and begins to send messages to the bladder to keep it from automatically emptying until the child decides it is the time and place to void.[citation needed] Failures in this control mechanism result in incontinence. Reasons for this failure range from the simple to the complex.[citation needed] The pattern of voiding and urine leakage is important as it suggests the type of incontinence. Other points include straining and discomfort, use of drugs, recent surgery, and illness.[citation needed] The physical examination looks for signs of medical conditions causing incontinence, such as tumors that block the urinary tract, stool impaction, and poor reflexes or sensations, which may be evidence of a nerve-related cause.[citation needed] Other tests include:[25] - Stress test – the patient relaxes, then coughs vigorously as the doctor watches for loss of urine. - Urinalysis – urine is tested for evidence of infection, urinary stones, or other contributing causes. - Blood tests – blood is taken, sent to a laboratory, and examined for substances related to causes of incontinence. - Ultrasound – sound waves are used to visualize the kidneys and urinary bladder, assess the capacity of the bladder before voiding, and the remaining amount of urine after voiding. This helps know if there's a problem in emptying. - Cystoscopy – a thin tube with a tiny camera is inserted in the urethra and used to see the inside of the urethra and bladder. - Urodynamics – various techniques measure pressure in the bladder and the flow of urine. People are often asked to keep a diary for a day or more, up to a week, to record the pattern of voiding, noting times and the amounts of urine produced. Research projects that assess the efficacy of anti-incontinence therapies often quantify the extent of urinary incontinence. The methods include the 1-h pad test, measuring leakage volume; using a voiding diary, counting the number of incontinence episodes (leakage episodes) per day; and assessing of the strength of pelvic floor muscles, measuring the maximum vaginal squeeze pressure. Main types There are 4 main types of urinary incontinence: - Stress incontinence, also known as effort incontinence, is essentially due to incomplete closure of the urinary sphincter, due to problems in the sphincter itself or insufficient strength of the pelvic floor muscles supporting it. This type of incontinence is when urine leaks during activities that increase intra-abdominal pressure, such as coughing, sneezing or bearing down.[26] - Urge incontinence is an involuntary loss of urine occurring while suddenly feeling the need or urge to urinate, usually secondary to overactive bladder syndrome. - Overflow incontinence is the incontinence that happens suddenly without feeling the urge to urinate and without necessarily doing any physical activities. It is also known as under-active bladder syndrome. This usually happens with chronic obstruction of the bladder outlet or with diseases damaging the nerves supplying the urinary bladder. The urine stretches the bladder without the person feeling the pressure, and eventually, it overwhelms the ability of the urethral sphincter to hold it back.[27] - Mixed incontinence contains symptoms of multiple other types of incontinence. It is not uncommon in the elderly female population and can sometimes be complicated by urinary retention. Other types - Functional incontinence occurs when a person recognizes the need to urinate but cannot make it to the bathroom. The loss of urine may be large. There are several causes of functional incontinence including confusion, dementia, poor eyesight, mobility or dexterity, unwillingness to use the toilet because of depression or anxiety or inebriation due to alcohol.[28] Functional incontinence can also occur in certain circumstances where no biological or medical problem is present. For example, a person may recognize the need to urinate but may be in a situation where there is no toilet nearby or access to a toilet is restricted. - Structural incontinence: Rarely, structural problems can cause incontinence, usually diagnosed in childhood (for example, an ectopic ureter). Fistulas caused by obstetric and gynecologic trauma or injury are commonly known as obstetric fistulas and can lead to incontinence. These types of vaginal fistulas include, most commonly, vesicovaginal fistula and, more rarely, ureterovaginal fistula. These may be difficult to diagnose. The use of standard techniques along with a vaginogram or radiologically viewing the vaginal vault with instillation of contrast media.[29] - Nocturnal enuresis is episodic UI while asleep. It is normal in young children. - Transient incontinence is temporary incontinence most often seen in pregnant women when it subsequently resolves after the birth of the child.[30] - Giggle incontinence is an involuntary response to laughter. It usually affects children. - Double incontinence. There is also a related condition for defecation known as fecal incontinence. Due to involvement of the same muscle group (levator ani) in bladder and bowel continence, patients with urinary incontinence are more likely to have fecal incontinence in addition.[31] This is sometimes termed "double incontinence". - Post-void dribbling is the phenomenon where urine remaining in the urethra after voiding the bladder slowly leaks out after urination. - Coital incontinence (CI) is urinary leakage that occurs during either penetration or orgasm and can occur with a sexual partner or with masturbation. It has been reported to occur in 10% to 24% of sexually active women with pelvic floor disorders.[32] - Climacturia is urinary incontinence at the moment of orgasm. It can be a result of radical prostatectomy. Yearly screening is recommended for women by the Women's Preventive Services Initiative (WPSI) and people who test positive in the screening process would need to be referred for further testing to understand how to help treat their condition.[33][34] Screening questions should inquire about what symptoms they have experienced, how severe the symptoms are, and if the symptoms affect their daily lives.[33] (As of 2018), studies have not shown a change in outcomes with urinary incontinence screenings in women.[35] Treatment options include conservative treatment, behavioral therapy, bladder retraining,[36] pelvic floor therapy, collecting devices (for men), fixer-occluder devices for incontinence (in men), medications, and surgery.[37] Both nonpharmacological and pharmacological treatments may be effective for treating UI in non-pregnant women.[38] All treatments, except hormones and periurethral bulking agents, are more effective than no treatment in improving or curing UI symptoms or achieving patient satisfaction.[38][39] Behavioral therapy, physical therapy and exercise Behavioral therapy involves the use of both suppressive techniques (distraction, relaxation) and learning to avoid foods that may worsen urinary incontinence. This may involve avoiding or limiting consumption of caffeine and alcohol. Behavioral therapies, including bladder training, biofeedback, and pelvic floor muscle training, are most effective for improving urinary incontinence in women, with a low risk of adverse events.[40][41][42] Behavioral therapy is not curative for urinary incontinence, but it can improve a person's quality of life. Behavioral therapy has benefits as both a monotherapy (behaviorial therapy alone) and as an adjunct to medications (combining different therapies) for symptom reduction.[43] Time voiding while urinating and bladder training are techniques that use biofeedback. In time voiding, the patient fills in a chart of voiding and leaking. From the patterns that appear in the chart, the patient can plan to empty his or her bladder before he or she would otherwise leak.[38] Biofeedback and muscle conditioning, known as bladder training, can alter the bladder's schedule for storing and emptying urine. These techniques are effective for urge and overflow incontinence.[44] Avoiding heavy lifting and preventing constipation may help with uncontrollable urine leakage. Stopping smoking is also recommended as it is associated with improvements in urinary incontinence in men and women.[45] Weight loss may also be helpful for people who are overweight to improve symptoms of incontinence.[46][47][41] Physical therapy can be effective for women in reducing urinary incontinence.[48] Pelvic floor physical therapists work with patients to identify and treat underlying pelvic muscle dysfunction that can cease urinary incontinence. They may recommend exercises to strengthen the muscles, electrostimulation, or biofeedback treatments.[49][50] Exercising the muscles of the pelvis such as with Kegel exercises are a first line treatment for women with stress incontinence.[46] Efforts to increase the time between urination, known as bladder training, is recommended in those with urge incontinence.[46] Both these may be used in those with mixed incontinence.[46] Small vaginal cones of increasing weight may be used to help with exercise.[51][52] They seem to be better than no active treatment in women with stress urinary incontinence, and have similar effects to training of pelvic floor muscles or electrostimulation.[52] Biofeedback uses measuring devices to help the patient become aware of his or her body's functioning. By using electronic devices or diaries to track when the bladder and urethral muscles contract, the patient can gain control over these muscles. Biofeedback can be used with pelvic muscle exercises and electrical stimulation to relieve stress and urge incontinence. The evidence supporting the role for biofeedback devices in treating urinary incontinence is mixed.[53] There is some very weak evidence that electrical stimulation that is low in frequency may be helpful in combination with other standard treatments for women with overactive bladder condition,[54] however, the evidence supporting a role for biofeedback combined with pelvic floor muscle training is very weak and likely indicates that biofeedback-assistance is not helpful when included with conservative treatments for overactive bladder.[53] Preoperative pelvic floor muscle training in men undergoing radical prostatectomy was not effective in reducing urinary incontinence.[18] Alternative exercises have been studied for stress urinary incontinence in women.[55] Evidence was insufficient to support the use of Paula method, abdominal muscle training, Pilates, Tai chi, breathing exercises, postural training, and generalized fitness.[55] Individuals who continue to experience urinary incontinence need to find a management solution that matches their individual situation. The use of mechanical devices has not been well studied in women, as of 2014.[56] - Collecting systems (for men) – consists of a sheath worn over the penis funneling the urine into a urine bag worn on the leg. These products come in a variety of materials and sizes for individual fit. Studies[57] show that urisheaths and urine bags are preferred over absorbent products – in particular when it comes to 'limitations to daily activities'. Solutions exist for all levels of incontinence. Advantages with collecting systems are that they are discreet, the skin stays dry all the time, and they are convenient to use both day and night. Disadvantages are that it is necessary to get measured to ensure proper fit, and in some countries, a prescription is needed. - Absorbent products (include shields, incontinence pads, undergarments, protective underwear, briefs, diapers, adult diapers and underpants) are the best-known product types to manage incontinence. They are widely available in pharmacies and supermarkets. The advantages of using these are that they barely need any fitting or introduction by a healthcare specialist. The disadvantages with absorbent products are that they can be bulky, leak, have odors and can cause skin breakdown due to the constant dampness. - Intermittent catheters are single-use catheters that are inserted into the bladder to empty it, and once the bladder is empty they are removed and discarded. Intermittent catheters are primarily used for urinary retention (inability to empty the bladder), but for some people they can be used to reduce or avoid incontinence. These are prescription-only medical devices. - Indwelling catheters (also known as foleys) are often used in hospital settings, or if the user is not able to handle any of the above solutions himself/herself (e.g. severe neurologic injury or neurodegenerative disease). These are also prescription-only medical devices. The indwelling catheter is typically connected to a urine bag that can be worn on the leg or hung on the side of the bed. Indwelling catheters need to be monitored and changed on a regular basis by a healthcare professional. The advantage of indwelling catheters is that because the urine is funneled away from the body, the skin remains dry. However, the disadvantage is that it is very common to incur urinary tract infections when using indwelling catheters. Bladder spasms and other problems can also occur with long-term use of indwelling catheters.[58] - Penis clamp (or penis compression device), which is applied to compress the urethra to compensate for the malfunctioning of the natural urinary sphincter, preventing leakage from the bladder.[59] This management solution is only suitable for light or moderate incontinence. - Vaginal pessaries for women are devices inserted into the vagina. This device provides support to the urethra which passes right in front of it, allowing it to close more firmly. A number of medications exist to treat urinary incontinence including: fesoterodine, tolterodine and oxybutynin.[60] These medications work by relaxing smooth muscle in the bladder.[61][62][63] While some of these medications appear to have a small benefit, the risk of side effects are a concern.[60] Medications are effective for about one in ten people, and all medications have similar efficacy.[60] Medications are not recommended for those with stress incontinence and are only recommended in those with urge incontinence who do not improve with bladder training.[46] Injectable bulking agents may be used to enhance urethral support, however, they are of unclear benefit.[64][65] Women and men that have persistent incontinence despite optimal conservative therapy may be candidates for surgery. Surgery may be used to help stress or overflow incontinence.[7] Common surgical techniques for stress incontinence include slings, tension-free vaginal tape, bladder suspension, artificial urinary sphincters, among others.[7] It is not clear if antibiotics taken prophylactically after surgery are helpful at decreasing the risk of an infection after surgery.[66] The use of transvaginal mesh implants and bladder slings is controversial due to the risk of debilitating painful side effects such as vaginal erosion.[67] In 2012 transvaginal mesh implants were classified as a high risk device by the US Food and Drug Administration.[68] Urodynamic testing seems to confirm that surgical restoration of vault prolapse can cure motor urge incontinence. Traditional suburethral sling operations are probably slightly better than open abdominal retropubic colposuspension and are probably slightly less effective than mid-urethral sling operations in reducing urinary incontinence in women, but it is still uncertain if any of the different types of traditional suburethral sling operations are better than others.[69] Similarly, there is insufficient long term evidence to be certain about the effectiveness or safety of single-incision sling operations for urinary incontinence in women.[70] Traditional suburethral slings may have a higher risk of surgical complications than minimally invasive slings but the risk of complications compared with other types of operation is still uncertain.[69] Laparoscopic colposuspension (keyhole surgery through the abdomen) with sutures is as effective as open colposuspension for curing incontinence in women up to 18 months after surgery, but it is unclear whether there are fewer risk of complications during or after surgery.[71] There is probably a higher risk of complications with traditional suburethral slings than with open abdominal retropubic suspension.[71] The artificial urinary sphincter is an implantable device used to treat stress incontinence, mostly in men. The device is made of 2 or 3 parts: The pump, cuff, and balloon reservoir connected to each other by specialized tubes. The cuff wraps around the urethra and closes it. When the person wants to urinate, he presses the pump (implanted in the scrotum), to deflate the cuff, and allow the urine to pass. The cuff regains pressure within a few minutes to regain continence.[72] The European Association of Urology considers the artificial urinary sphincter as the gold standard in surgical management of stress urinary incontinence in men after prostatectomy.[73] Globally, up to 35% of the population over the age of 60 years is estimated to be incontinent.[74] In 2014, urinary leakage affected between 30% and 40% of people over 65 years of age living in their own homes or apartments in the U.S.[75] Twenty-four percent of older adults in the U.S. have moderate or severe urinary incontinence that should be treated medically.[75] People with dementia are three times more likely to have urinary incontinence compared to people of similar ages.[76][77] Bladder control problems have been found to be associated with higher incidence of many other health problems such as obesity and diabetes. Difficulty with bladder control results in higher rates of depression and limited activity levels.[78] Incontinence is expensive both to individuals in the form of bladder control products and to the health care system and nursing home industry. Injury-related to incontinence is a leading cause of admission to assisted living and nursing care facilities. In 1997 more than 50% of nursing facility admissions were related to incontinence.[79] Bladder symptoms affect women of all ages. However, bladder problems are most prevalent among older women.[80] Women over the age of 60 years are twice as likely as men to experience incontinence; one in three women over the age of 60 years are estimated to have bladder control problems.[74] One reason why women are more affected is the weakening of pelvic floor muscles by pregnancy.[81] Men tend to experience incontinence less often than women, and the structure of the male urinary tract accounts for this difference. Stress incontinence is common after prostate cancer treatments.[citation needed] While urinary incontinence affects older men more often than younger men, the onset of incontinence can happen at any age. Estimates around 2007 suggested that 17 percent of men over age 60, an estimated 600,000 men in the US, experienced urinary incontinence, with this percentage increasing with age.[82] Incontinence happens less often after age 5: About 10 percent of 5-year-olds, 5 percent of 10-year-olds, and 1 percent of 18-year-olds experience episodes of incontinence. It is twice as common in girls as in boys.[83] The management of urinary incontinence with pads is mentioned in the earliest medical book known, the Ebers Papyrus (1500 BC).[84] Incontinence has historically been a taboo subject in Western culture. However, this situation changed some when Kimberly-Clark aggressively marketed adult diapers in the 1980s with actor June Allyson as spokeswoman. Allyson was initially reticent to participate, but her mother, who had incontinence, convinced her that it was her duty in light of her successful career. The product proved a success.[85] The case Hiltibran et al v. Levy et al in the United States District Court for the Western District of Missouri resulted in that court issuing an order in 2011. That order requires incontinence briefs funded by Medicaid to be given by Missouri to adults who would be institutionalized without them.[86][87] The effectiveness of different therapeutic approaches to treating urinary incontinence is not well studied for some medical conditions. For example, for people who experience urinary incontinence due to stroke, treatment approaches such as physical therapy, cognitive therapy, complementary medicine, and specialized interventions with experienced medical professionals are sometimes suggested, however it is not clear how effective these are at improving incontinence and there is no strong medical evidence to guide clinical practice.[20] See also - Diaper - Fecal incontinence - Stress incontinence - ↑ Nursing diagnosis handbook : an evidence-based guide to planning care (9th ed.). Maryland Heights, Mo: Mosby. 2010. ISBN 9780323071505. - ↑ Taber's cyclopedic medical dictionary. Philadelphia: F.A. Davis. 2013. ISBN 9780803629776. - ↑ "Enuresis". medicaldictionaryweb.com. http://www.medicaldictionaryweb.com/Enuresis-definition/. - ↑ "My bladder and bowel own my life." A collaborative workshop addressing the need for continence research.. Guts UK. 2018. https://gutscharity.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2018/08/Continence-needs-report-C402-August-2018.pdf. - ↑ 5.0 5.1 "Urinary incontinence fact sheet". Womenshealth.gov. July 16, 2012. https://www.womenshealth.gov/publications/our-publications/fact-sheet/urinary-incontinence.html. - ↑ "Medicinewise News". NPS MedicineWise. http://www.nps.org.au/health_professionals/publications/nps_news/current/nps_news_66_managing_urinary_incontinence_in_primary_care. - ↑ 7.0 7.1 7.2 Mayo Clinic internal medicine concise textbook. Rochester, MN: Mayo Clinic Scientific Press. 2008. p. 339. ISBN 9781420067514. https://books.google.com/books?id=YJtodBwNxokC&pg=PA339. - ↑ Pelvic Floor Disorders: Surgical Approach. Milan: Springer. 19 November 2013. pp. 58. ISBN 978-88-470-5441-7. OCLC 863638540. https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/863638540. - ↑ 9.0 9.1 "Nonsurgical Treatments for Urinary Incontinence in Adult Women: Diagnosis and Comparative Effectiveness". Comparative Effectiveness Reviews. AHRQ Comparative Effectiveness Reviews (Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (US)). April 2012. PMID 22624162. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmedhealth/PMH0042108. - ↑ "Pharmacologic and Nonpharmacologic Treatments for Urinary Incontinence in Women: A Systematic Review and Network Meta-analysis of Clinical Outcomes". Annals of Internal Medicine 170 (7): 465–479. April 2019. doi:10.7326/M18-3227. PMID 30884526. - ↑ "Urinary Incontinence in Older Adults". https://www.nia.nih.gov/health/urinary-incontinence-older-adults. - ↑ "Chronic hydrocephalus in adults". Brain Pathology 14 (3): 325–336. July 2004. doi:10.1111/j.1750-3639.2004.tb00072.x. PMID 15446589. - ↑ "American Urological Association - Medical Student Curriculum: Urinary Incontinence". http://www.auanet.org/education/auauniversity/medical-student-education/medical-student-curriculum/urinary-incontinence. - ↑ "Urinary incontinence - Causes" (in en). 2017-10-23. https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/urinary-incontinence/causes/. - ↑ "Prevalence of postpartum urinary incontinence: a systematic review". Acta Obstetricia et Gynecologica Scandinavica 89 (12): 1511–1522. December 2010. doi:10.3109/00016349.2010.526188. PMID 21050146. - ↑ Balk, Ethan; Adam, Gaelen P.; Kimmel, Hannah; Rofeberg, Valerie; Saeed, Iman; Jeppson, Peter; Trikalinos, Thomas (2018-08-08). Nonsurgical Treatments for Urinary Incontinence in Women: A Systematic Review Update (Report). Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ). doi:10.23970/ahrqepccer212. https://effectivehealthcare.ahrq.gov/topics/urinary-incontinence-update/final-report-2018. - ↑ 17.0 17.1 17.2 17.3 "Urinary Incontinence in Men". UptoDate. 3 January 2022. https://www.uptodate.com/contents/urinary-incontinence-in-men. - ↑ 18.0 18.1 "Effectiveness of preoperative pelvic floor muscle training for urinary incontinence after radical prostatectomy: a meta-analysis". BMC Urology 14 (1): 99. December 2014. doi:10.1186/1471-2490-14-99. PMID 25515968. - ↑ "Pathophysiology of Polyuria". Merck Manual. December 2022. http://www.merck.com/mmpe/sec17/ch226/ch226i.html. - ↑ 20.0 20.1 "Interventions for treating urinary incontinence after stroke in adults". The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2019 (2): CD004462. February 2019. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD004462.pub4. PMID 30706461. - ↑ "Urinary bladder contraction and relaxation: physiology and pathophysiology". Physiological Reviews 84 (3): 935–986. July 2004. doi:10.1152/physrev.00038.2003. PMID 15269341. - ↑ "Anatomy and physiology of urinary continence". Clinical Obstetrics and Gynecology 33 (2): 298–307. June 1990. doi:10.1097/00003081-199006000-00014. PMID 2190733. - ↑ "The pathophysiology of stress urinary incontinence in women and its implications for surgical treatment". World Journal of Urology 15 (5): 268–274. 1997-10-01. doi:10.1007/BF02202011. PMID 9372577. - ↑ "Overactive Bladder (OAB): Symptoms, Diagnosis & Treatment". Urology Care Foundation. https://www.urologyhealth.org/urologic-conditions/overactive-bladder-(oab). - ↑ "Evaluation of Females with Urinary Incontinence". 2 August 2023. https://www.uptodate.com/contents/evaluation-of-females-with-urinary-incontinence. - ↑ "Urinary incontinence: MedlinePlus Medical Encyclopedia" (in en). MedlinePlus. U.S. National Library of Medicine. https://medlineplus.gov/ency/article/003142.htm. - ↑ "Overflow Incontinence". Michigan Medicine. https://www.uofmhealth.org/health-library/uh1227. - ↑ "Functional incontinence". Australian Government Department of Health and Ageing. 2008. http://www.health.gov.au/internet/main/publishing.nsf/Content/continence-what-functional.htm. - ↑ "Ureterovaginal fistula detected by vaginogram". JAMA 246 (12): 1339–1340. September 1981. doi:10.1001/jama.246.12.1339. PMID 7265431. - ↑ "Stress urinary incontinence in pregnant women: a review of prevalence, pathophysiology, and treatment". International Urogynecology Journal 24 (6): 901–912. June 2013. doi:10.1007/s00192-013-2061-7. PMID 23436035. - ↑ "Prevention of urinary and fecal incontinence in adults". Evidence Report/Technology Assessment (161): 1–379. December 2007. PMID 18457475. - ↑ "Female Urinary Incontinence During Sexual Intercourse (Coital Incontinence): A Review". The Female Patient. http://www.femalepatient.com/html/arc/sig/uroG/articles/034_08_032.asp. - ↑ 33.0 33.1 "Screening for Urinary Incontinence in Women: A Recommendation From the Women's Preventive Services Initiative". Annals of Internal Medicine 169 (5): 320–328. September 2018. doi:10.7326/M18-0595. PMID 30105360. - ↑ "Urinary Incontinence: Screening Recommendation from the WPSI" (in en-US). American Family Physician 99 (3): 194. February 2019. PMID 30702263. https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2019/0201/p194.html. - ↑ "Screening for Urinary Incontinence in Women: A Systematic Review for the Women's Preventive Services Initiative". Annals of Internal Medicine 169 (5): 311–319. September 2018. doi:10.7326/M18-0225. PMID 30105353. - ↑ "Bladder retraining". Interstitial Cystitis Association. http://www.ichelp.org/page.aspx?pid=368#how. - ↑ "Clinical audit of the use of tension-free vaginal tape as a surgical treatment for urinary stress incontinence, set against NICE guidelines". Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology 24 (5): 534–538. August 2004. doi:10.1080/01443610410001722590. PMID 15369935. - ↑ 38.0 38.1 38.2 Nonsurgical Treatments for Urinary Incontinence in Women: A Systematic Review Update (Report). Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ). 2018-08-08. doi:10.23970/ahrqepccer212. PMID 30516945. - ↑ "Conservative interventions for treating urinary incontinence in women: an Overview of Cochrane systematic reviews". The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2022 (9): CD012337. September 2022. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD012337.pub2. PMID 36053030. - ↑ "Adverse Events Associated with Nonsurgical Treatments for Urinary Incontinence in Women: a Systematic Review". Journal of General Internal Medicine 34 (8): 1615–1625. August 2019. doi:10.1007/s11606-019-05028-0. PMID 31062225. - ↑ 41.0 41.1 "Conservative interventions for treating urinary incontinence in women: an Overview of Cochrane systematic reviews". The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2022 (9): CD012337. September 2022. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD012337.pub2. PMID 36053030. - ↑ "Lifestyle interventions for the treatment of urinary incontinence in adults". The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2015 (12): CD003505. December 2015. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD003505.pub5. PMID 26630349. - ↑ "Urinary Incontinence: What Pharmacists Should Know". DrugTopics 162 (2): 24. February 2018. - ↑ Beaumont Health. "Treatment for Incontinence". https://www.beaumont.org/treatments/incontinence-treatment. - ↑ "Practical aspects of lifestyle modifications and behavioural interventions in the treatment of overactive bladder and urgency urinary incontinence". International Journal of Clinical Practice 63 (8): 1177–1191. August 2009. doi:10.1111/j.1742-1241.2009.02078.x. PMID 19575724. - ↑ 46.0 46.1 46.2 46.3 46.4 "Nonsurgical management of urinary incontinence in women: a clinical practice guideline from the American College of Physicians". Annals of Internal Medicine 161 (6): 429–440. September 2014. doi:10.7326/m13-2410. PMID 25222388. - ↑ "Weight loss with bariatric surgery or behaviour modification and the impact on female obesity-related urine incontinence: A comprehensive systematic review and meta-analysis". Clinical Obesity 11 (4): e12450. August 2021. doi:10.1111/cob.12450. PMID 33955687. - ↑ "Effectiveness of Physiotherapy Treatment for Urinary Incontinence in Women: A Systematic Review". Journal of Women's Health 28 (4): 490–501. April 2019. doi:10.1089/jwh.2018.7140. PMID 30575448. - ↑ "Pelvic floor physical therapy in the treatment of pelvic floor dysfunction in women". Current Opinion in Obstetrics & Gynecology 31 (6): 485–493. December 2019. doi:10.1097/GCO.0000000000000584. PMID 31609735. - ↑ "Pelvic floor involvement in male and female sexual dysfunction and the role of pelvic floor rehabilitation in treatment: a literature review". The Journal of Sexual Medicine 4 (1): 4–13. January 2007. doi:10.1111/j.1743-6109.2006.00393.x. PMID 17233772. - ↑ Chelsea (September 4, 2012). "How to Use Vaginal Weights". National Incontinence. http://www.nationalincontinence.com/blog/how-to-use-vaginal-weights/. - ↑ 52.0 52.1 "Weighted vaginal cones for urinary incontinence". The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2013 (7): CD002114. July 2013. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD002114.pub2. PMID 23836411. - ↑ 53.0 53.1 "Biofeedback-assisted pelvic floor muscle training and pelvic electrical stimulation in women with overactive bladder: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials". Neurourology and Urodynamics 41 (6): 1258–1269. August 2022. doi:10.1002/nau.24984. PMID 35686543. - ↑ "Electrical stimulation with non-implanted devices for stress urinary incontinence in women". The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2017 (12): CD012390. December 2017. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD012390.pub2. PMID 29271482. - ↑ 55.0 55.1 "There is not yet strong evidence that exercise regimens other than pelvic floor muscle training can reduce stress urinary incontinence in women: a systematic review". Journal of Physiotherapy 59 (3): 159–168. September 2013. doi:10.1016/S1836-9553(13)70180-2. PMID 23896331. "There is not yet strong evidence that alternative exercise regimens can reduce urinary leakage in women with stress urinary incontinence.". - ↑ "Mechanical devices for urinary incontinence in women". The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 12 (12): CD001756. December 2014. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD001756.pub6. PMID 25517397. - ↑ "Randomized, crossover study evaluating patient preference and the impact on quality of life of urisheaths vs absorbent products in incontinent men". BJU International 108 (2): 241–247. July 2011. doi:10.1111/j.1464-410X.2010.09736.x. PMID 20950307. - ↑ "Urinary catheter management". American Family Physician 61 (2): 369–376. January 2000. PMID 10670503. - ↑ "A historical perspective and evolution of the treatment of male urinary incontinence". Neurourology and Urodynamics 37 (3): 1169–1175. March 2018. doi:10.1002/nau.23429. PMID 29053886. - ↑ 60.0 60.1 60.2 "Benefits and harms of pharmacologic treatment for urinary incontinence in women: a systematic review". Annals of Internal Medicine 156 (12): 861–74, W301-10. June 2012. doi:10.7326/0003-4819-156-12-201206190-00436. PMID 22711079. - ↑ "Oxybutynin Chloride Monograph for Professionals" (in en). https://www.drugs.com/monograph/oxybutynin-chloride.html. - ↑ "Tolterodine Tartrate Tablets - FDA prescribing information, side effects and uses" (in en). https://www.drugs.com/pro/tolterodine-tartrate-tablets.html. - ↑ "Fesoterodine Tablets - FDA prescribing information, side effects and uses" (in en). https://www.drugs.com/pro/fesoterodine-tablets.html. - ↑ "Urethral injection therapy for urinary incontinence in women". The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2017 (7): CD003881. July 2017. doi:10.1002/14651858.cd003881.pub4. PMID 28738443. - ↑ "The efficacy and safety of urethral injection therapy for urinary incontinence in women: a systematic review". Clinics 71 (2): 94–100. February 2016. doi:10.6061/clinics/2016(02)08. PMID 26934239. - ↑ "Prophylactic antibiotics for preventing infection after continence surgery in women with stress urinary incontinence". The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2022 (3): CD012457. March 2022. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD012457.pub2. PMID 35349162. - ↑ "Vaginal Mesh & Bladder Sling Complications and Lawsuits". Lieff Cabraser. https://www.lieffcabraser.com/injury/devices/vaginal-mesh/. - ↑ "What does pelvic mesh do and why are women suing over it? – explainer". 2017-08-31. https://www.theguardian.com/society/2017/aug/31/vaginal-pelvic-mesh-explainer. - ↑ 69.0 69.1 "Traditional suburethral sling operations for urinary incontinence in women". The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 1 (1): CD001754. January 2020. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD001754.pub5. PMID 31990055. - ↑ "Single-incision sling operations for urinary incontinence in women". The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2023 (10): CD008709. October 2023. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD008709.pub4. PMID 37888839. - ↑ 71.0 71.1 "Laparoscopic colposuspension for urinary incontinence in women". The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2019 (12): CD002239. December 2019. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD002239.pub4. PMID 31821550. - ↑ "Recent advances in surgical management of urinary incontinence". F1000Research 8: 1294. 2019-07-31. doi:10.12688/f1000research.16356.1. PMID 31448082. - ↑ "EAU Guidelines on Urinary Incontinence in Adults". European Association of Urology. https://uroweb.org/wp-content/uploads/EAU-Guidelines-on-Urinary-Incontinence-2018-large-text.pdf. - ↑ 74.0 74.1 "A community-based epidemiological survey of female urinary incontinence: the Norwegian EPINCONT study. Epidemiology of Incontinence in the County of Nord-Trøndelag". Journal of Clinical Epidemiology 53 (11): 1150–1157. November 2000. doi:10.1016/S0895-4356(00)00232-8. PMID 11106889. - ↑ 75.0 75.1 "Prevalence of Incontinence Among Older Americans". June 2014. https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/series/sr_03/sr03_036.pdf. - ↑ "Continence, dementia, and care that preserves dignity". NIHR Evidence. 21 June 2022. doi:10.3310/nihrevidence_51255. https://evidence.nihr.ac.uk/themedreview/continence-dementia-and-care-that-preserves-dignity/. - ↑ "First diagnosis and management of incontinence in older people with and without dementia in primary care: a cohort study using The Health Improvement Network primary care database". PLOS Medicine 10 (8): e1001505. August 2013. doi:10.1371/journal.pmed.1001505. PMID 24015113. - ↑ "Urinary incontinence and depression in middle-aged United States women". Obstetrics and Gynecology 101 (1): 149–156. January 2003. doi:10.1016/s0029-7844(02)02519-x. PMID 12517660. - ↑ "Medically recognized urinary incontinence and risks of hospitalization, nursing home admission and mortality". Age and Ageing 26 (5): 367–374. September 1997. doi:10.1093/ageing/26.5.367. PMID 9351481. - ↑ "How widespread are the symptoms of an overactive bladder and how are they managed? A population-based prevalence study". BJU International 87 (9): 760–766. June 2001. doi:10.1046/j.1464-410x.2001.02228.x. PMID 11412210. - ↑ "An 'Emotional Burden' Rarely Discussed". New York Times. July 29, 2014. http://newoldage.blogs.nytimes.com/2014/07/22/an-emotional-burden-rarely-discussed/. - ↑ "Chapter 6: Urinary Incontinence in Men". Urologic Diseases in America Report. (US) National Institutes of Health. 2007. - ↑ Pediatric incontinence - Franco - 2015 - Wiley Online Books - Wiley Online Library. 2015. doi:10.1002/9781118814789. ISBN 9781118814789. - ↑ Urinary and fecal incontinence : an interdisciplinary approach; with 89 tables. Berlin [u.a.]: Springer. 2005. p. 232. ISBN 978-3540222255. - ↑ "Now Splinter Free: How Marketing Broke Taboos". Pirate Radio. CBC Radio One. 8 June 2017. http://www.cbc.ca/radio/undertheinfluence/now-splinter-free-how-marketing-broke-taboos-1.4149558. - ↑ "Recent Cases - Olmstead Rights". https://www.olmsteadrights.org/advocacytools/recent-cases/. - ↑ Hiltibran et al v. Levy et al, 793 U.S. (United States District Court Western District of Missouri 24 June 2011). External links Classification \| \| External resources \| - Urinary incontinence at Curlie - Patient-centered information from the European Urological Association - Independent continence product advisor
Engineered For Challenging Applications Nitinol, a portmanteau of Nickel Titanium Naval Ordnance Laboratory, refers to a unique alloy composed primarily of nickel and titanium. This alloy is renowned for its distinctive properties, including shape memory effect (SME) and superelasticity. Nitinol has found a wide range of applications, particularly in the medical field, due to its ability to undergo reversible deformation and recover its original shape under specific conditions. Key Properties Of Nitinol 1. Shape Memory Effect (SME): Nitinol exhibits a remarkable shape memory effect, allowing it to "remember" a particular shape and return to that shape when subjected to a certain temperature change. This property is particularly useful in various applications, including medical devices like stents. 2. Superelasticity: Nitinol displays superelastic behavior, meaning it can undergo substantial deformation and recover its original shape when the stress is removed. This property is advantageous in applications such as orthodontic wires, eyeglass frames, and vascular stents. 3. Biocompatibility: Nitinol is biocompatible, making it suitable for use in medical implants and devices. It is well-tolerated by the human body, reducing the risk of adverse reactions or complications. 4. Corrosion Resistance: Nitinol exhibits good corrosion resistance, ensuring its durability and longevity, particularly in applications within the human body or other corrosive environments. 5. Temperature Sensitivity: The transformation temperature, known as the "transition temperature," is a critical factor in Nitinol's behavior. It defines the temperature range within which the shape memory effect and superelasticity occur.
Practical Permaculture Institute of Kenya A permaculture training site in Kenya becomes a Garden of Eden and a hub of commerce. In collaboration with Seven Ravens Permaculture Academy and Balitah Ravens Farm, All Points Land Design was contracted to teach for Seven Raven's 8 week Permaculture Design Certificate. With 4 weeks education in Canada followed by 4 weeks in Kenya, I worked with students to conceive of the training centre's design, then oversaw installation. Sponsored by Lift The Children Foundation, Lush Cosmetics and multiple donors, this project built upon Michael Nickel's (Seven Ravens Permaculture Academy) ongoing 25 years of work in Kenya working with farms and local primary schools. A local primary school teacher, Josephat Barasa (JB), worked on the ground to liaison with local contractors. In 18 days the students, JB, Michael Nickels and I produced a design and built the major infrastructure of the site: 30 person dorm, classroom, 3 ponds and a rainwater system, tree nursery, composting toilet, kitchen, bath house, fencing and plantings. The region faces extreme economic hardship, a high rate of HIV infection, and very limited access to amenities and utilities. Generally arid with heavy rains characteristic of a semi-monsoon climate, the land is highly eroded with low soil nutrient levels. Theft in the area and suspicion of outside help create social challenges. Finally, typical for the Old World tropics, termites are ubiquitous and can eat through a fencepost in 2 years while destroying wooden structures in the interim. This project leveraged relationships developed over 5 years of collaborations between Seven Ravens Academy and Balitah Raven Farm's Joseph Barasa. Their success working in local schools to grow food security had highlighted the remaining need for local, affordable food and a diversity of crops outside of the standard corn monoculture. On a personal level, people were looking for inspiration and greater empowerment through working collaboratively with outside sources. Key Elements - Rainwater system harvests all run-off from off major road and buildings, using compacted tranches as in-ground gutter system - Silt traps within a 3-pond system provides the sole water source for banana production and field crops - Bore-hole well (55 ft) used only for tree nursery, which produces 1-2k trees each year for income and planting - Classroom and dorm hosts up to 30 people - Local on-site kitchen uses appropriate indigenous technologies - Tree nusery producing 5000 plus trees per year - Showering facility - Two large ponds producing up to 1k tilapia/year for consumption - Installed first composting toilet in area - success produced local adoption of technology - To combat termite challenges, living fence species were planted in concert with fence construction - Local labour and resources were used as much as possible, paying slightly above local wages The site generates ample nutrients, fuel and timber, tree crops for indigenous foods, and income. Five days after construction, the first Permaculture Design Certificate for 31 people was held, with between 3-6 courses per annum since then. Within a year, it became income positive, allowing the school to expand by purchasing additional land. The site has spun off multiple businesses in the area, and even become a local shopping hub carrying produce, goods and services from town. The site is bountiful with food average 600 lbs of tipalia per year and dozens of Permaculture Design Courses focused on primary school teachers. More projects El Pilar Farm Terraces and Water Management Theft and hurricanes plague this semi-urban farm; the answer was a food de-fence. Farm Scale Hugelkultur A simple technique at farm scale helps a cooperative of farmers boost their productivity. Conservation Hugelkultur Case Study A workshop and installation of a hugelkultur with a 'truth window' into an urban demonstra… Read more » Urban Food Production Hugelkultur Local abundant food production right out front for an inner urban city lot on the coast. Cowichan Green Community Food Forest A food forest appears on a steep slope between two parking lots. Berry and Fruit Terrace Orchard Prolific berry and fruit production on terraces provides income and farm status.
Mozambique, a hidden gem in southeastern Africa, offers travelers an enchanting experience with its pristine beaches, vibrant culture, and diverse wildlife. Planning a trip to Mozambique can be an exciting adventure, but it's essential to consider the cost. In this article, we aim to provide you with the best tips for saving money without compromising on quality. From finding affordable accommodations and delicious local cuisine to navigating the transportation system and discovering budget-friendly activities, we've got you covered. So, let's dive into the trip to Mozambique cost and explore how you can make the most of your travel budget. When it comes to the cost of a trip to Mozambique, it's crucial to consider various aspects. For a round-trip ticket, flights to Mozambique can range from approximately $600 to $1,500, depending on the season and departure location. Accommodation costs vary greatly, with budget hotels or hostels starting at around $20 per night, while luxury hotels can go up to $300 or more. The country's public transportation system is relatively limited, so renting a car or hiring a driver might be necessary, which can cost around $50 to $100 per day. As for food, dining at budget restaurants can cost as little as $5 per person, while mid-range restaurants may range from $10 to $20 per meal. For budget travelers, it's possible to explore Mozambique on a daily budget of approximately $50 to $70. This includes staying in budget accommodations, eating at local eateries, and engaging in free or low-cost activities. On the other hand, mid-range travelers can expect to spend around $100 to $150 per day, enjoying more comfortable accommodations, dining at mid-range restaurants, and participating in additional paid activities. It's essential for travelers to plan ahead, research activities and costs, and create a budget that aligns with their preferences and financial capabilities. How much does it cost for 2 nights and 3 days when traveling to Mozambique? Planning a trip to Mozambique? Wondering how much it will cost you for a 2-night, 3-day adventure in this beautiful country? Well, the cost can vary depending on various factors such as your travel style, choice of accommodation, transportation, and activities. But fret not, we've got you covered with a rough estimate of the cost for a budget traveler. Flights: Let's start with the most crucial aspect of your trip - flights. The cost of a round-trip ticket to Mozambique from major cities around the world can range anywhere from $500 to $1500, depending on the season and availability. Accommodation: Now, let's talk about where you'll be resting your weary head at night. Budget hotels in Mozambique can cost you around $30 to $80 per night. So, for 2 nights, you can expect to spend approximately $60 to $160 on accommodation. Transportation: Getting around in Mozambique is relatively affordable. A one-way subway or train ticket can cost you around $1 to $5, depending on the distance. For 3 days of transportation, you can expect to spend around $6 to $30. Food and drinks: Mozambique offers a variety of culinary delights that won't break the bank. A meal at a budget restaurant can cost you anywhere from $5 to $15 per person. If you're looking for even cheaper options, street food and convenience store meals can cost you even less. As for drinks, prices can vary depending on the type and location, but expect to spend around $1 to $5 per drink. For 3 days of food and drinks, you can budget around $60 to $180. Sightseeing and activities: Mozambique is a treasure trove of natural beauty and cultural experiences. There are several attractions that won't cost you a penny or may require a small entrance fee of around $1 to $5. Some popular free or low-cost attractions include the stunning beaches, local markets, and historical sites. If you're willing to splurge a bit, there are other attractions that may cost you a bit more, such as scuba diving or boat tours, which can range from $50 to $200 per person. For 3 days of sightseeing and activities, you can expect to spend around $10 to $200. So, for a budget traveler looking for a 2-night & 3-day trip to Mozambique, the estimated cost would be around $200 to $600. However, please note that these are rough estimates and actual costs may vary depending on your travel style, activities, and other expenses. How much does it cost for flights when traveling to Mozambique? Planning a trip to Mozambique? One of the first things you'll want to consider is the cost of flights. However, it's important to note that the cost can vary depending on several factors. These factors include your departure location, the time of year you plan to travel, the airline you choose, and the availability of flights. When it comes to booking flights to Mozambique, there is no one-size-fits-all answer. The cost will depend on where you are departing from and the class of ticket you choose. Let's take a look at some general ranges of flight costs in US dollars from major cities around the world to Mozambique. If you are departing from a major city in the United States, such as New York or Los Angeles, you can expect to pay anywhere from $800 to $1500 for a one-way ticket to Mozambique. For a round-trip ticket, the cost can range from $1500 to $3000. Keep in mind that these prices are subject to change and may vary based on the time of year and airline you choose. For travelers departing from European cities like London or Paris, the cost of a one-way ticket to Mozambique can range from $700 to $1200. Round-trip tickets typically range from $1200 to $2500. Again, these prices are approximate and can fluctuate based on various factors. If you are flying from cities in Asia, such as Tokyo or Beijing, you can expect to pay around $1000 to $1800 for a one-way ticket to Mozambique. Round-trip tickets from these destinations usually range from $1800 to $3500. It's important to remember that these prices are just estimates and can change depending on the time of year and airline availability. Additionally, prices may vary for different classes of tickets, such as economy, business, or first class. When planning your trip to Mozambique, it's always a good idea to compare prices from different airlines and use online travel platforms to find the best deals. Keep in mind that booking in advance and being flexible with your travel dates can also help you secure more affordable flights. So, if you're dreaming of exploring the stunning beaches and vibrant culture of Mozambique, start by considering the cost of flights. With a bit of research and planning, you can find a flight that fits your budget and embark on an unforgettable adventure. How much does it cost for hotels when traveling to Mozambique? Planning a trip to Mozambique and wondering about the cost of hotels? Well, the price of accommodations in this beautiful country can vary depending on a few factors. From the location and season to the type of accommodation you're looking for, these elements play a significant role in determining the cost of your stay. When it comes to major cities like Maputo, Beira, and Nampula, you can expect the hotel prices to be on the higher side. These bustling urban centers offer a wide range of amenities and attractions, making them popular among tourists. However, if you're looking to save some money, consider exploring smaller cities or rural areas. Places like Vilanculos or Inhambane can offer more affordable options without compromising on the experience. Now, let's talk numbers. In major cities, the cost of a mid-range hotel room per night can range from approximately $80 to $150. If you're looking for a touch of luxury during your stay, be prepared to spend anywhere between $200 and $400 per night for a high-end hotel room. Remember, these prices are just an average range, and they may vary depending on the specific location and season. As for other cities and smaller towns in Mozambique, the hotel prices tend to be more budget-friendly. You can find mid-range hotel rooms for around $50 to $100 per night, while luxury accommodations may range from $150 to $300 per night. These options provide a great opportunity to explore the local culture and immerse yourself in the natural beauty of Mozambique without breaking the bank. So, whether you're planning to stay in a vibrant city or venture into the lesser-known corners of Mozambique, there are accommodation options to suit every budget. Keep in mind the factors that influence the cost, and you'll be able to find the perfect place to stay during your trip to Mozambique. How much does it cost for food when traveling to Mozambique? Planning a trip to Mozambique? One of the important factors to consider is the cost of food and dining. Just like any other destination, the cost of food in Mozambique can vary widely depending on various factors. So, let's dive into the details and find out what you can expect when it comes to satisfying your taste buds in this beautiful country. When it comes to food in Mozambique, you'll find a range of options to suit your preferences and budget. The cost of food can be influenced by factors such as the type of food you choose, the location of the restaurant, and the level of formality or luxury it offers. Let's break it down for you. Here's a general idea of the price range you can expect per meal in Mozambique: - Street food or fast food: $2 - $5 - Casual dining or local restaurants: $5 - $15 - Mid-range restaurants: $15 - $30 - High-end or luxury restaurants: $30 and above As you can see, there are options available for every budget. If you're looking for more affordable options, you can also explore convenience stores and supermarkets where you can find a variety of snacks and ingredients to prepare your own meals. This can be a great way to save some money while still enjoying delicious food. Now, let's talk about tipping. In Mozambique, tipping is not mandatory, but it is appreciated. If you receive good service, it's customary to leave a tip of around 10% of the bill. However, it's always a good idea to check if a service charge has already been included in the bill before deciding on the tip amount. So, whether you're a foodie or someone who simply enjoys exploring new flavors, Mozambique has something to offer for everyone. From affordable street food to luxurious dining experiences, you can find it all. Just remember to plan your budget accordingly and savor the culinary delights this vibrant country has to offer. How much does it cost for souvenirs when traveling to Mozambique? Well, let me tell you, the cost of souvenirs in Mozambique can vary as much as the colors of a chameleon. It all depends on what you're looking for, where you're shopping, and the quality of the item. Whether you're after a traditional wooden mask, a vibrant fabric, a handcrafted piece of jewelry, or a unique piece of artwork, you'll find a wide range of prices to fit your budget. For instance, a wooden mask can cost anywhere from $20 to $200, while a beautiful fabric can range from $10 to $50. If you're in the market for some exquisite jewelry, be prepared to spend between $50 and $500. And if you're an art enthusiast, you can expect to pay anywhere from $100 to $1000 for a stunning piece. Keep in mind that while many souvenir shops in tourist areas have fixed prices, there may be some room for negotiation in other types of stores, such as flea markets or antique shops. So, don't be afraid to haggle a little and snag yourself a great deal. Just remember, the price you pay for a souvenir is not just a reflection of its monetary value, but also a token of the memories and experiences you've had during your trip to Mozambique. How much does it cost for transportation when traveling to Mozambique? Planning a trip to Mozambique? One important aspect to consider is the cost of transportation. Whether you're exploring the bustling streets of Maputo or venturing into the stunning landscapes of the Bazaruto Archipelago, knowing the expenses involved in getting around can help you budget your trip effectively. So, let's dive into the various modes of transportation and their associated costs in Mozambique. The cost of transportation in Mozambique varies depending on the mode of transportation and the distance traveled. Let's take a closer look at some popular options: 1. Train: Train travel in Mozambique is an affordable and scenic way to explore the country. Prices for train tickets can range from $5 to $20, depending on the distance and class of travel. 2. Subway: Unfortunately, Mozambique does not have a subway system at the moment. 3. Bus: Buses are a common mode of transportation in Mozambique, offering both intercity and intracity services. The cost of a bus ticket can range from $1 to $10, depending on the distance and the type of bus. 4. Taxi: Taxis are readily available in major cities like Maputo and Beira. The cost of a taxi ride starts at around $2 and can go up to $10, depending on the distance and negotiation skills. 5. Rental Car: Renting a car gives you the freedom to explore Mozambique at your own pace. Prices for rental cars can vary, starting from $30 per day for a basic car. However, it's important to consider additional costs such as fuel and insurance. Now, you might be wondering if Mozambique offers any transportation passes or discount tickets for visitors. Well, the good news is that there are options available! For instance, the Mozambique Travel Pass allows unlimited travel on buses and trains within a specific time frame. Prices for these passes start at around $50 for a week and can go up to $200 for a month. If you plan to do a lot of traveling in a short period, these passes can be a great value for money. In conclusion, the cost of transportation in Mozambique varies depending on the mode of transportation and the distance traveled. From affordable train rides to convenient taxi services, there are options to suit every traveler's budget. Additionally, considering transportation passes or discount tickets can help you save money if you plan on exploring Mozambique extensively. So, pack your bags and get ready to embark on an unforgettable adventure in this beautiful African country! How much does it cost for sightseeing when traveling to Mozambique? Planning a trip to Mozambique? One of the key factors to consider is the cost of sightseeing. Exploring this beautiful country can be a truly enriching experience, but it's essential to have an idea of the expenses involved. In this article, we will delve into the various factors that influence the cost of sightseeing in Mozambique, providing you with valuable insights to plan your budget accordingly. When it comes to sightseeing in Mozambique, the cost can vary widely depending on several factors. The location, attraction, and activity you choose to indulge in will all play a significant role in determining the expenses you'll incur. Let's take a look at some of the popular tourist attractions in Mozambique and their corresponding cost ranges in US dollars: - Gorongosa National Park: Entrance fees range from $10 to $20, depending on the season. - Quirimbas Archipelago: A boat tour to explore the stunning islands can cost anywhere from $50 to $150 per person. - Tofo Beach: Enjoy snorkeling and diving in this picturesque location for approximately $30 to $80. - Bazaruto Archipelago: A day trip to this idyllic paradise can cost between $100 and $200, including activities like snorkeling and dune boarding. - Maputo: Explore the vibrant capital city with a city tour that ranges from $20 to $50. - Inhaca Island: Discover the island's natural beauty with a boat trip costing around $30 to $70. - Vilanculos: Embark on a fishing excursion in this coastal town, with prices starting from $50 and going up to $150. - Ilha de Mozambique: Immerse yourself in the island's rich history with a guided tour costing approximately $10 to $30. While these attractions offer incredible experiences, it's worth noting that there are also numerous free or low-cost sightseeing options in Mozambique. You can explore the local markets, wander through charming neighborhoods, or simply relax on the pristine beaches without spending a fortune. So, whether you're on a tight budget or ready to splurge, Mozambique has something to offer for every type of traveler. Plan your itinerary wisely, considering both the paid attractions and the cost-effective alternatives, to make the most of your trip without breaking the bank. How much does it cost for Wi-Fi & communication when traveling to Mozambique? When planning a trip to Mozambique, it's essential to consider the cost of Wi-Fi and communication to ensure you stay connected during your travels. The options for accessing Wi-Fi in Mozambique are varied, and the cost range is dependent on the method you choose. One option is to rent a Wi-Fi router, which can be obtained through various rental companies. The cost of rental will depend on the specific company and the plan you select. Another option is to purchase a SIM card, which allows you to access data on your smartphone or tablet. The cost of a SIM card will vary depending on the data plan and provider you choose. Additionally, there are free Wi-Fi options available in Mozambique. Some hotels and accommodations offer complimentary Wi-Fi for their guests, so it's important to check before booking your stay. Furthermore, certain smartphone apps, such as XYZ and ABC, provide access to free Wi-Fi hotspots throughout Mozambique, ensuring you can stay connected without incurring additional costs. It's important to note that the cost of Wi-Fi in Mozambique can vary depending on the method of access and the data plan you choose. However, with the multitude of options available, travelers have ample opportunities to stay connected while exploring this beautiful country. So, whether you opt for a rental Wi-Fi router, a SIM card, or take advantage of the free Wi-Fi options, you can ensure a seamless and connected trip to Mozambique. How much does it cost for a visa when traveling to Mozambique? Planning a trip to Mozambique? Well, before you pack your bags and set off on your African adventure, it's important to know the cost of obtaining a visa. The price range for visa applications in US dollars can vary depending on your country of citizenship and the type of passport application. Let's break it down for you, mate. For example, if you're a citizen of the United States and applying for a tourist visa, you can expect to pay around $160. However, if you're from the United Kingdom, the cost jumps up to approximately $190. Crikey! But don't worry, there are some lucky folks who can enter Mozambique visa-free, like citizens of South Africa and Swaziland. So, if you're from one of these countries, you can save yourself some cash. Keep in mind, though, that visa fees can vary depending on your country of citizenship and the type of application. And hey, some countries may even require additional fees for visa applications or other travel documents. So, it's always a good idea to check with your local embassy or consulate for the most up-to-date information on passport and visa requirements and fees. Better safe than sorry, right? How much does it cost for insurance when traveling to Mozambique? The cost of insurance for a trip to Mozambique can vary depending on several factors. These factors include your age, the length of your trip, the type of coverage you need, and the insurance provider you choose. To give you a general idea of travel insurance costs, here are some guidelines: For a single trip, the cost range of travel insurance can be anywhere from $50 to $200. This range is influenced by factors such as the duration of your trip and the level of coverage you require. It's important to note that these prices are in US dollars. If you are a frequent traveler and plan to visit Mozambique multiple times within a year, an annual travel insurance policy might be a more cost-effective option. The cost range for an annual policy can range from $200 to $500, depending on the coverage and duration of your trips. If you want comprehensive coverage that includes not only medical expenses but also trip cancellation, baggage loss, and other potential risks, the cost range for a comprehensive travel insurance policy can be between $100 and $300. When looking for travel insurance, it's crucial to compare policies from different providers to find the coverage that best suits your needs and budget. Take the time to read the policy details carefully and understand what is and isn't covered, as well as any deductibles or exclusions. Additionally, some credit cards and travel booking sites offer travel insurance as a benefit or add-on, so exploring those options is worth considering. Comparing different travel insurance policies will help you find the best coverage for your trip to Mozambique. Remember to carefully review the policy details and understand the coverage, deductibles, and exclusions. By doing so, you can ensure that you have the necessary protection for your travels. How much does it cost for family, couples or single when traveling to Mozambique? The cost of traveling to the country can vary widely depending on a number of factors, such as the length of the trip, the type of accommodation, the level of luxury, the activities planned, and the number of travelers. Here are some estimated costs for a trip to the country: Airfare: The cost of airfare to the can vary depending on the departure city and the time of year. You can expect to pay anywhere from a few hundred to several thousand dollars for a round-trip ticket from the United States to Mozambique per person. Accommodation: When it comes to finding a place to stay, Mozambique offers a range of options to suit different budgets. For those on a tight budget, budget hotels or hostels can cost as low as $20 per night. If you're looking for a bit more comfort and luxury, mid-range hotels, luxury hotels, and ryokans can range from $100 to $500 per night. Food and drink: The cost of dining out in Mozambique can vary depending on your taste and preferences. For budget travelers, a meal at a local restaurant can cost around $5 to $10 per person. If you're looking for a more upscale dining experience, a mid-range meal can range from $15 to $30 per person. Transportation: Getting around in Mozambique can be an adventure in itself. A single metro or train ticket can cost around $1 to $2, while a long-distance bullet train ticket can range from $10 to $50. Taxis and car rentals are also available, but they can add to the overall transportation costs. Overall, the cost of traveling to Mozambique can range from a few hundred to several thousand dollars per person, depending on your travel style and preferences. Whether you're traveling as a family, a couple, or a single traveler, it's important to plan your budget accordingly. Expect to spend anywhere from $500 to $5000 for a trip to Mozambique, taking into account the factors mentioned above. Methods to Save Money When Traveling to Mozambique Planning a trip to Mozambique can be an exciting adventure, but it's important to keep an eye on your budget. By implementing a few savvy strategies, you can make your journey to this beautiful country more affordable without compromising on the experience. Here are some tips to help you save money during your trip to Mozambique. First and foremost, consider booking your flights and accommodations in advance. This will not only give you more options but also allow you to take advantage of early bird discounts. Additionally, be flexible with your travel dates as prices may vary depending on the time of year. Another way to cut down on expenses is by opting for local transportation. Instead of relying solely on taxis or rental cars, try using public transportation such as buses or trains. Not only will this save you money, but it will also give you a chance to immerse yourself in the local culture. When it comes to dining, explore local eateries and street food stalls. Not only are they more affordable than fancy restaurants, but they also offer a chance to savor authentic Mozambican cuisine. Don't be afraid to try new dishes and flavors! Furthermore, consider staying in budget-friendly accommodations such as guesthouses or hostels. These options not only provide a comfortable place to rest but also allow you to connect with fellow travelers and share valuable tips on saving money. Lastly, take advantage of free or low-cost activities and attractions. Mozambique is known for its stunning beaches and natural wonders, so make the most of them without breaking the bank. Whether it's snorkeling, hiking, or simply enjoying a sunset, there are plenty of opportunities to create unforgettable memories without spending a fortune. By following these methods, you can make your trip to Mozambique cost-effective while still enjoying all that this incredible country has to offer. So pack your bags, embrace the adventure, and get ready for an unforgettable journey! Tips for Traveling to Mozambique Are you planning a trip to Mozambique? Well, you're in for a real treat! This vibrant country, located in southeastern Africa, offers a plethora of breathtaking landscapes, rich cultural experiences, and mouthwatering cuisine. But before you embark on your adventure, it's essential to be well-prepared. So, here are eight valuable tips to ensure your journey to Mozambique is nothing short of extraordinary: 1. Pack Light, Pack Right: Mozambique's tropical climate calls for lightweight and breathable clothing. Don't forget to include a hat, sunglasses, and sunscreen to protect yourself from the scorching sun. 2. Embrace the Local Lingo: While English is widely spoken, learning a few basic phrases in Portuguese, the official language, will go a long way in connecting with the friendly locals. 3. Dive into the Delights of the Sea: Mozambique boasts some of the world's most stunning coral reefs. Snorkeling or scuba diving in the crystal-clear waters will unveil a mesmerizing underwater world teeming with colorful marine life. 4. Sample the Savory Seafood: Mozambique is renowned for its delectable seafood dishes. Indulge in mouthwatering prawns, crayfish, and grilled fish, all prepared with a unique Mozambican twist. 5. Explore the Enigmatic Islands: Mozambique is home to a string of breathtaking islands, such as the Quirimbas Archipelago and the Bazaruto Archipelago. These idyllic paradises offer pristine beaches, azure waters, and a tranquil atmosphere. 6. Immerse Yourself in the Local Culture: Mozambique's cultural heritage is diverse and vibrant. From traditional dance performances to visiting local markets, make sure to engage with the warm-hearted Mozambicans and learn about their customs and traditions. 7. Stay Aware of Safety: While Mozambique is generally a safe country to visit, it's always wise to take precautions. Keep an eye on your belongings, avoid walking alone at night, and stay informed about the current situation in the areas you plan to visit. 8. Capture Memories, Leave Footprints: Mozambique's natural beauty is truly awe-inspiring. Don't forget to bring your camera and capture the breathtaking landscapes, vibrant markets, and friendly faces you encounter along the way. And remember, always be respectful of the environment and local communities. * All user reviews in this article have been translated by machine. * The information above is subject to change at any time. For the latest information, please check the websites of hotels and attractions.
In the world of combat sports, two giants stand shoulder to shoulder, commanding the respect of millions of fans around the globe. Boxing, known as the 'sweet science', with its strategic footwork, precise punches, and emphasis on technique, has produced legendary champions like Muhammad Ali and Floyd Mayweather. On the other side, Mixed Martial Arts (MMA) combines various disciplines such as Brazilian Jiu-Jitsu, Muay Thai, and wrestling, creating a dynamic and multifaceted fighting style. Fighters in MMA, like Conor McGregor and Amanda Nunes, showcase a blend of striking, grappling, and ground skills, making it a thrilling and unpredictable sport to watch. Despite sharing the combat sports arena, boxing and MMA differ significantly in their rules, training methods, and overall approach to fighting. This article will delve deeper into the nuanced distinctions between these two captivating disciplines. Historical Context Boxing, with its roots in ancient Greece and the early Olympic Games, is as old as athleticism itself, a raw and brutal test of strength and skill. It became the billion-dollar industry we know today throughout the 20th century, particularly with the emergence of iconic fighters like Muhammad Ali and Mike Tyson. Conversely, MMA is a relative newcomer, taking its first steps in the 1990s with the Ultimate Fighting Championship (UFC) as a contest to determine the most effective martial art. Unlike the codified rules of boxing, early MMA matches were little more than brawls. In the ensuing years, MMA professionalised, with fighters developing a blend of techniques to become well-rounded martial artists. The Backbone of Combat Sports Boxing is characterised by its simplicity – two opponents, a square ring, and Marquess of Queensberry rules that dictate gloved punches above the waist. Fights are comprised of up to 12 rounds, each 3 minutes long, separated by a brief rest period. In contrast, MMA encompasses a variety of grappling and striking techniques, including boxing, kickboxing, wrestling, and Brazilian Jiu-Jitsu. The Unified Rules of Mixed Martial Arts provide a framework for a more dynamic fight, determining what is and isn't allowed in combat. Rounds typically last 5 minutes. Fighting Styles: Form Follows Foundation Boxing is founded on the principles of the English Queensbury rules – the use of the fists alone in striking. Styles within boxing vary, from the elusive 'Peek-a-boo' style to the orthodox 'stick and move'. Footwork, jabbing, and head movement are key. MMA, on the other hand, demands adaptability. While a base in boxing is common among fighters, it is complemented by a diverse range of fighting styles. Muay Thai, Judo, Taekwondo; these and more can be seen utilised in the octagon. MMA fighters are often dubbed 'mixed martial artists' because of their proficiency across a range of styles. Health and Safety Both sports share the inherent risk of physical injury; however, MMA typically sees a wider variety of injury types due to the broader array of allowed techniques. Conversely, the cumulative head trauma in boxing is a major point of concern, leading to more cases of chronic traumatic encephalopathy (CTE). Athlete safety is taken seriously in both sports. Fighters undergo rigorous medical testing before and after fights, and referees play a critical role in stopping bouts when necessary to prevent excessive damage. Global Domination vs. Rising Star Boxing has a rich tradition steeped in history, with a massive global following that extends across continents, notably in Europe, Latin America, and North America. This sport has given rise to legendary figures whose names resonate worldwide, and the most significant bouts can transcend borders to become global cultural phenomena. On the other hand, the growth of MMA has been nothing short of explosive, with the UFC leading the charge. This combat sport appeals to a younger demographic and is steadily solidifying its foothold on the global stage, particularly in regions like Asia and North America. The art of narrative storytelling surrounding fighters, coupled with the spectacle of the events themselves, further contributes to MMA's widespread popularity. The Financial Arena The financial landscape of boxing and MMA tells a story of traditional revenue models clashing with modern entrepreneurial spirit. Boxers often receive larger purses for their matches, particularly at the elite level, driven by pay-per-view sales, ticket sales, and broadcast rights. This financial model has been built over decades, with top fighters earning tens of millions per bout. MMA, while newer, has rapidly evolved its revenue streams through merchandise sales, online streaming, and sponsorship deals, reflecting a more diverse business model that caters to a digital-first audience. Training Regimens: A Tale of Two Disciplines The training approach for boxers and mixed martial artists diverges significantly due to the nature of their sports. Boxers focus intensely on improving their punching power, speed, and agility, spending hours on techniques like shadowboxing, mitt work, and sparring, in addition to cardiovascular conditioning. MMA fighters, however, must divide their time among various disciplines, learning the intricacies of grappling, striking from different martial arts, and ground fighting. Nutrition and weight management play crucial roles for fighters in both sports, amidst the rigorous physical demands of their training. Cultural Impact and Perception The cultural perception of boxing and MMA reflects the evolution of society's appetite for combat sports. Boxing, with its rich heritage, has been immortalised in numerous films, literature, and media, often seen as a path to overcoming adversity. MMA's narrative is one of relentless innovation and breaking traditional boundaries, appealing to a sense of modernity and diversity. Both sports, in different ways, have contributed significantly to discussions around discipline, resilience, and the human spirit, engaging with audiences far beyond just the world of sports enthusiasts. In conclusion, while boxing and MMA share the common thread of pugilism, they each weave a unique tapestry of tradition and technique. Boxing, with its roots dating back to ancient Greece and Rome, focuses on the art of punching with precision and strategy. On the other hand, MMA, a relatively modern combat sport, encompasses a wide range of fighting styles, from striking to grappling. Whether you're a fan of science or a devotee of the art of eight limbs, one thing is certain – both sports offer an unparalleled display of athleticism and human spirit. The dedication and discipline required in mastering these combat sports not only showcase physical prowess but also mental fortitude and strategic acumen. It's not about choosing sides; it's about appreciating and understanding the distinctive essence that each brings to the table.
Is your car overheating, leaking coolant, or showing signs of radiator damage? If so, it might be time to replace your radiator. AutoZone, a trusted retailer of automotive parts and accessories, offers a wide selection of radiators at competitive prices. In this comprehensive guide, we'll explore everything you need to know about radiator replacement costs at AutoZone. See also: What Time Does Autozone Open? Understanding Radiator Replacement: The radiator is a critical component of your vehicle's cooling system, responsible for dissipating heat generated by the engine to prevent overheating. Over time, radiators can deteriorate due to corrosion, leaks, or other factors, leading to reduced cooling efficiency and potential engine damage. When a radiator fails, it's essential to replace it promptly to avoid costly repairs and ensure the continued reliability of your vehicle. Factors Affecting Radiator Replacement Costs: Several factors can influence the cost of replacing a radiator, including: - Vehicle Make and Model: The price of a radiator can vary depending on the make, model, and year of your vehicle. Some vehicles may require specialized radiators, which can be more expensive to replace. - Radiator Material: Radiators are available in different materials, such as aluminum, copper, or plastic. The material of the radiator can affect its durability, cooling efficiency, and cost. - Brand: AutoZone offers radiators from various brands, ranging from economy options to premium brands. The brand of the radiator can impact its quality, warranty coverage, and price. - Cooling Capacity: Radiators come in different sizes and cooling capacities to accommodate vehicles with different engine sizes and cooling requirements. Larger radiators with higher cooling capacities may cost more than smaller ones. Average Cost of Radiators at AutoZone: While radiator prices can vary depending on the factors mentioned above, here's a general price range you can expect to find at AutoZone: - Economy Options: Economy radiators, typically made of aluminum or plastic, can cost anywhere from $50 to $150, depending on the vehicle make and model. - Mid-Range Options: Mid-range radiators, which offer a balance of quality and affordability, range in price from $100 to $250. - Premium Options: Premium radiators, often made of high-quality materials such as copper or brass, can cost $200 or more, depending on the brand and cooling capacity. Benefits of Choosing AutoZone for Radiator Replacement: - Wide Selection: AutoZone offers a vast selection of radiators to fit various makes and models of vehicles, ensuring you can find the right radiator for your vehicle's specific requirements. - Quality Assurance: AutoZone carries radiators from reputable brands known for their quality and reliability, giving you peace of mind that your replacement radiator will perform as expected. - Expert Advice: AutoZone's knowledgeable staff members can provide expert advice and guidance to help you select the right radiator for your vehicle and assist with any questions or concerns you may have. - Convenient Options: Whether you prefer to purchase a radiator in-store or online, AutoZone offers convenient shopping options to suit your preferences and schedule. See also: What time does AutoZone close? When it comes to replacing your radiator, AutoZone is your one-stop shop for quality parts at competitive prices. With a wide selection of radiators to fit various vehicles and budgets, expert advice from knowledgeable staff members, and convenient shopping options, AutoZone makes it easy to keep your car's cooling system in top condition. Whether you're a seasoned DIY mechanic or seeking professional assistance, AutoZone has everything you need to tackle radiator replacement with confidence. Visit your nearest AutoZone store or shop online to explore radiator options and get back on the road with peace of mind.
It introduces readers to the 15th Gen Intel Release Date and its significance in computing. This section provides an overview of Intel's history of innovation and the evolution of its processor technology. Overview of the 15th Generation Intel Processors It provides an overview of Intel's plans for the 15th generation of its processors, including expectations for performance improvements, efficiency gains, and new features. This section discusses the anticipated impact of the 15th-generation processors on various computing devices, from laptops and desktops to servers and data centers. Development and Production Timeline They were exploring the development and production timeline of the 15th-generation Intel processors, including research and development efforts, manufacturing processes, and quality assurance measures. This section provides insights into Intel's approach to bringing new processor technologies to market and ensuring their reliability and performance. Rumors and Speculations We are discussing rumors and speculations surrounding the release date of the 15th-generation Intel processors, including leaks from industry insiders, benchmark results, and unofficial announcements. This section explores the potential features and specifications of the upcoming processors based on available information and analysis. Official Announcement and Launch Date It provides updates on Intel's official announcement and launch date for the 15th-generation processors, including product naming, branding, and availability details. This section highlights any official press releases, events, or presentations from Intel regarding the launch of its new processor lineup. Implications for Computing and Technology We discussed the potential implications of the 15th-generation Intel processors for the computing industry and technological innovation. This section explores how advancements in processor technology can drive improvements in performance, efficiency, and user experience across a wide range of applications and use cases. It summarized vital points discussed in the article and highlighted the significance of releasing the 15th-generation Intel processors for the future of computing. This section encourages readers to stay updated on Intel's latest news and developments to learn more about its upcoming processor lineup. This detailed overview provides readers with valuable insights into the release date and implications of the 15th-generation Intel processors, covering their development timeline, rumors, official announcement, and potential impact on computing and technology. Whether you're a technology enthusiast, professional, or industry insider, this guide has everything you need to know about Intel's latest processor innovations.
Cats are one of the most common family pets, and many families choose to raise their new cat from when it is a kitten. Today, our New York vets will discuss caring for a newborn kitten and when you can expect them to open their eyes. Raising and caring for kittens is an adventure. When they are born, their eyes are closed, and their ears may still be folded. They are unable to stand or walk and are quite helpless. However, with proper love and care from their mother or caretakers, they are sure to grow up healthy and happy. When Can You Expect Your Kitten to Open Their Eyes? Kittens develop at differing rates depending on several factors, but most newborns will begin opening their eyes between the ages of 2-16 days. Their vision slowly improves during this time, though the two eyes may not fully open at the same rate. At about 2 weeks of age, both eyes are usually dilated, and by 3 weeks old, many kittens are able to focus with both eyes. All newborn kittens have blue eyes, and the eye color will change as the kitten ages, usually settling on the true color at about 8 weeks old. How to properly care for the eyes of your newborn kitten It's important to keep very young kittens away from bright lights that could potentially harm or damage their developing eyes. If the kitten doesn't have a mother or isn't being well cared for by their mother, it's your responsibility to ensure that the newborn kittens are kept clean and healthy. Use a warm, damp washcloth to keep their faces clean and remember to never try to force a kitten's eyes open before the lids open naturally on their own. Patience is key. When you should be concerned about your newborn kitten's eyes Newborn kittens can develop a crust on their eyes that prevents them from opening. This is a common problem that a bacterial or viral infection can cause; yet another reason to ensure that your kittens' bedding and shared areas are clean and hygienic to stop infections from reoccurring or spreading to littermates. If kittens' eyes develop this matted crust, try gently cleaning their eyes with a cotton ball dampened with warm clean water. Avoid soap entirely! If your kittens' eyes show no improvement or worsen, call your vet right away to ensure that they receive care. How to Care For Your Newborn Kitten Newborn kittens, much like human babies, spend most of their time sleeping and wake up only for feeding and care. They rely on their sense of warmth and smell to find their mother's belly and need milk and warmth for their growth. Newborn kittens sleep for about 22 hours a day, while older kittens and adult cats need less sleep. At about two weeks old, kittens start to crawl, and their teeth begin to come in. By four weeks, they can walk, jump, and play more confidently. This is also the time when they become more mischievous, as they are curious and adventurous—and often eager to practice climbing Raising a Kitten Kittens are adorable and lovable household pets. However, they have specific needs that must be taken care of. These needs vary for each stage of their life. If something goes wrong or is missed, it can impact their overall health and longevity. Here, we will discuss how you can care for your new furry friend during their kitten years. 0-4 Weeks Old When a kitten is 0-4 weeks old, they are considered newborns. They are still learning how to meow, walk, and even regulate their body temperature. If they have a mother, she will be able to do most of the work, including feeding. All you would have to do is make sure the mother is in good health and that they are in a warm and safe environment. Ensure the floor of their crate/area is covered with a blanket, and they have a warm bed to lay on. If the newborn kitten does not have a mother, the first thing you should do is take them to see a vet. Your veterinarian will be able to determine the health of the kitten and provide you with detailed instructions on how to meet the needs of your tiny little friend. 5-11 Weeks Old Around 5 to 10 weeks old, kittens should gradually transition from bottle feeding or nursing from their mothers to consuming high-protein meals about 3 to 4 times a day. You can introduce this by pouring the formula into a food bowl and possibly adding a bit of softened hard food or canned soft food to help with the transition. At this stage, their motor skills will be improving, and they will become more adventurous, so it's important to keep a close eye on them to ensure they don't get into trouble. Kittens between 2-4 months old require a lot of supervision and hands-on playtime. Note: The advice provided in this post is intended for informational purposes and does not constitute medical advice regarding pets. For an accurate diagnosis of your pet's condition, please make an appointment with your vet.
In 1967, USA Volleyball developed a volleyball skills contest in response to the United States Olympic and Paralympic Committee's challenge to sports groups. The contest was later updated by the YMCA of the USA with the help of USA Volleyball staff during their volleyball centennial celebrations. The purpose of this contest is to offer a fun alternative for people of all ages to assess their volleyball skills and foster a lasting connection with the game. Who Should Participate? Boys, girls, men, and women of different age categories can participate in the contest: Bạn đang xem: USA Volleyball Skills Contest - Diggers: 9-11 - Setters: 12-14 - Blockers: 15-17 - Spikers: 18-34 - Servers: 35+ Running the Contest Xem thêm : Stanford Claims 8th NCAA Women's Volleyball Title The skills contest can be organized at any time, allowing for a special event atmosphere. Proper training for scorers is recommended. It is encouraged for everyone to participate, regardless of their playing ability. The Skills Purpose: Develop precision in placement Competition: Participants serve five balls into each of six zones on the other side of the net, a total of thirty serves. Bonuses are awarded for perfect scores. Sitting volleyball players follow modified rules. Purpose: Develop confidence, accuracy, and height Competition: Each contestant sets five balls from three positions, totaling fifteen sets. The target is a basketball goal set at ten feet above the floor. Passing (Bump) Purpose: Develop confidence, accuracy, and height Competition: Pass the ball to oneself one hundred times on the fly, ensuring each pass goes higher than the height of the volleyball net. Vertical Jump/Reach Purpose: Determine jumping ability Competition: Participants measure their vertical jump by making a mark on a tape measure on the wall. Sitting players must keep one cheek on the floor when measuring their reach ability. Knowledge of Rules Purpose: Encourage an understanding of volleyball rules and game strategies Competition: Participants answer ten true or false statements related to volleyball. For detailed instructions on conducting and scoring the contest, including serving and vertical jump instructions, please visit Alpinetgheep.com. Q: What is the purpose of the USA Volleyball skills contest? A: The contest aims to provide a fun alternative for people of all ages to assess their volleyball skills and foster a lasting connection with the game. Q: Who can participate in the skills contest? A: Boys, girls, men, and women of various age categories can participate, including diggers, setters, blockers, spikers, and servers. Q: When can the skills contest be organized? A: The contest can be run at any time. It is recommended to make it a special event and encourage everyone to participate, regardless of their playing ability. Xem thêm : USA Volleyball Courage Award – Recognizing Bravery and Courage in Volleyball The USA Volleyball Skills Contest is a fantastic opportunity for volleyball enthusiasts of all ages to showcase and enhance their skills. With different categories based on age and specific skills, participants can engage in serving, setting, passing, vertical jump/reach, and a knowledge quiz to test their understanding of the game. By running this contest, USA Volleyball aims to promote the sport and encourage a lasting connection between players and volleyball. Join the contest, unleash your potential, and have a great time on the court! Visit Alpinetgheep.com for more details and instructions on conducting and scoring the contest. Nguồn: https://www.alpinetgheep.com Danh mục: Volleyball
Survey of Earned Doctorates ranks ASU No. 20 in nationwide census Visual and performing arts degrees chart at the top of the list Arizona State University ranked No. 20 in the nation for the number of recipients of research doctorates — up from 21 last year as reported by the Survey of Earned Doctorates (SED). This annual census, conducted by the National Center for Science and Engineering Statistics, collects data on individuals who have received doctoral degrees from accredited institutions throughout the United States. The survey questions focused on demographics, previous educational experiences and career trajectories post-graduation. Since the late 1950s, this data collection has provided a comprehensive assessment of degree trends and characteristics of the doctoral population. ASU has risen in the past several years from No. 42 in 2019 to the current ranking of No. 20, ahead of Yale, Johns Hopkins and Duke universities. The Chronicle of Higher Education in Washington, D.C., analyzed the survey results to find that the number of earned doctorates nationwide has been declining. Since the pandemic, there were 3,000 fewer PhDs awarded overall compared with the previous academic year. Despite those results, the outlook is not entirely negative. When looking at the numbers across disciplines, ASU stands out among the ranks, coming in at No. 1 of 20 in visual and performing arts, ahead of UCLA, Harvard, and Yale, and No. 4 of 20 in interdisciplinary PhDs. ASU also was high-performing in non-sciences and business, ranking at Nos. 11 and 16, respectively. "Last academic year, ASU awarded 614 doctoral degrees,'' said Elizabeth Wentz, vice provost and dean of the Graduate College. "Our improved ranking reflects what our students and faculty are doing to advance groundbreaking research and discovery. This is important because these data are often relied upon by universities and government agencies when developing new programs and allocating resources to current programs." Review the full rankings and the executive summary on the SED website. More Arts, humanities and education Students connect with cultural history through digital humanities Digital humanities is a field that applies innovative digital tools to traditional humanities disciplines, such as art,… Annual symposium to explore fundamentals of trauma-informed education When it comes to fostering positive and safe classroom communities, teachers are on the front lines every day. And, as society… An ASU-led rare book find Aaron Pratt began to look through the 1587 copy of "Holinshed's Chronicles." It was mid-morning, March 1, and Pratt, the…
Are you tired of constantly having to buy pads and tampons every month? If so, it might be time to switch to a menstrual cup. But what exactly is a menstrual cup, you might be wondering? A menstrual cup is a small, flexible cup made of rubber or silicone that is worn inside the vagina during menstruation to collect menstrual fluid. They are an alternative to pads and tampons, and they can be worn for up to 12 hours at a time. There are several reasons why you might want to consider using a menstrual cup. One of the biggest advantages is that they are much more comfortable to wear than pads and tampons. Because they are inserted into the vagina, there is no bulk or pressure on your lower abdomen like there can be with pads. Additionally, because they are made of soft, flexible materials, they move with your body and are less likely to cause irritation or discomfort. Another great reason to try a menstrual cup is that they are much more convenient than other menstrual products. Because they can be worn for up to 12 hours, you don't have to worry about changing them as frequently as you would a pad or tampon. This can be especially helpful if you are traveling or don't have access to a bathroom. In addition to being comfortable and convenient, menstrual cups are also much more eco-friendly than disposable pads and tampons. Because they can be reused for several years, you'll be generating significantly less waste by using a menstrual cup. This can help reduce your carbon footprint and do your part to protect the environment. Finally, another reason to consider using a menstrual cup is that they are generally less expensive in the long run. While they do have a higher upfront cost than disposable pads and tampons, you'll save money in the long run because you won't have to constantly buy new menstrual products every month. Give Menstrual Cups a Try Overall, there are many compelling reasons to try a menstrual cup. Whether you're looking for a more comfortable, convenient, or eco-friendly menstrual product, a menstrual cup might be the perfect choice for you. So why not give it a try and see if it works for you?
Roof Cleaning Amesbury Wiltshire (SP4): Your property is the largest investment you will make throughout your life and whilst it's said that a building is only as good as its foundations, there are also problems related to allowing the maintenance of your roof slip too. It doesn't matter whether you've got a semi, a mid-terrace or even a detached cottage in the country; you should preserve and clean your roof to stop additional issues from affecting your property in Amesbury. It's sensible to set up a regular cleaning and maintenance program for your roof, and although a short-term outlay is involved it will probably save you money down the road as pricey repairs can be avoided, especially if you employ a roof cleaning service in Amesbury. It's far easier to identify possible issues such as broken or cracked roofing tiles and other means by which water can seep into the interior of your building, by making sure that your roof is free from build-ups of dirt and moss. By prioritising routine maintenance, you not only extend the lifespan of your roof but also erect an impenetrable barrier against water damage incursions, safeguarding your home from potential disasters. A roof cleaning service in Amesbury is typically needed to remove the accumulation of dirt, lichen, moss and algae. These types of natural occurrences cannot really be avoided, and at some stage, every roof in Amesbury will face issues like this. You could elect to try and clean your roof by yourself using a jet washer, but you must proceed with caution since this can damage roofing tiles and can result in a considerable mess over yours and your neighbour's property if you are not extremely careful. A naturally occuring, flowerless plant, moss creates a thick layer of stems across the area where it grows. It grows quite quickly, and spreads through the distribution of spores which drop onto surrounding surfaces. Slate, cement and clay tiles can easily be compromised by moss if left, by harming their weatherproof layer and causing pitting to their surfaces. Cracks and splits can develop from this pitting, which can prevent your property in Amesbury from being adequately waterproof. Lifting the moss off by hand is the technique that is normally used by roof cleaning specialists in Amesbury. The waste materials generated by this process are easily collected as a result of this low impact method. Your whole roof can be washed down with a special cleansing solution, when all of the moss waste has been removed. To kill off any moss spores that remain on your roof tiles, a special treatment will be applied after this has dried. If you've got any damp sections of roof that are out of full sunlight they may be impacted by algae and lichen - these will also be eradicated when this chlorine bleach biocide treatment is applied. The term "soft washing" is usually given to this whole treatment, although it can also refer to cleaning your roof without first removing the moss and other accumulations. If you didn't use this biocide spray, you will likely notice some re-growth of moss on your roof just a few months after having it cleaned. With an application of the chlorine bleach biocide treatment you should get a roof surface that is free from moss, algae and lichen for around 3 to 4 years, and if it is retreated every 2 to 3 years or so (as is usually suggested by a roof cleaning specialist in Amesbury), you should have very little trouble in the future. When the roof cleaning process is finished, a quality roof cleaning company in Amesbury will also clear your guttering system of any loose debris, to help stop future blockages and allow rainwater to flow freely into your downpipes. If your roof or tiles have been in any way damaged, or your property in Amesbury is older, a roof cleaning specialist will usually advise against the use of jet washing. The reason for this is that a high pressured jet of water can easily penetrate the tiles, damage the waterproof membrane and enable water to get into your home, creating more problems than it resolves. Although you will pretty quickly find whether your roof has any leaks, it's not recommended that you do this without expert guidance. It's also possible that the water jet from a pressure washer will cause damage to guttering, flashings, pointing, fascias and soffits on your property's roof structure. At a minimum, you could remove the weatherproof coating on your tiles and substantially reduce their expected lifespan by using a non-professional standard of pressure wash on your property's roof. So, we've looked at the negatives of pressure washing your roof, let's now think about where this process might be possible, and maybe even advantageous. The most effective plan for getting your roof clean will be decided after a roof cleaning specialist in Amesbury has completed a survey of your roof. If they decide your tiles are up to being power washed, this may well be the cheapest and most tenable option to clean your roof. The pressure washers used by an established roof cleaning company in Amesbury have got adjustable pressures for water flow. This helps to ensure that your tiles won't be damaged while the area is being cleaned. To prevent further re-growth of moss and algae and keep your roof looking great for a few more years, there'll be a separate biocide treatment, as is the case with hand cleaning (as mentioned earlier). In relation to roof cleaning you should always watch out for rogue traders and cowboys, therefore if anybody appears at your door unannounced offering to pressure wash your roof in Amesbury, you must make sure that they have proper insurance cover, and it's also sensible to ask to see references from former customers they have worked for. Under no circumstance whatsoever should a thatched roof be power washed. If a roof cleaning "specialist" in Amesbury, recommends cleaning your thatched roof using a jet washer, you should decline their offer and send them packing! If you are particularly looking for a "green" alternative for cleaning your roof in Amesbury, then steam cleaning is the greenest option that is available to you. No chemicals or strong cleaning products are applied during the procedure and all lichens, algae and moss are killed off by the heat of the steam. In today's times, enlightened and responsible homeowners favour the use of products that don't harm the environment, and a number of biocide solutions have recently become available that are sustainable and eco-friendly. One such product is Bioxide, which can be used on any kind of surface and is environmentally safe, non-toxic. This is an anti-fungal treatment that's applied after steam cleaning a roof. When compared to power washing, steam cleaning a roof uses a much lower pressure. Which means it is highly unlikely that your roof will be damaged. The unfortunate fact is that with regards to cleaning your roof in Amesbury, the steam cleaning alternative is the priciest one. Roof cleaning can be a very messy business, and whichever one of the aforementioned strategies you choose, one of the most important jobs that must be done is the layout of protective sheeting around your home to capture any moss or debris that tumbles from your roof. If needed, scaffolding will also have to be erected, and any drainpipes covered over, to ensure they do not get blocked by loosened debris and muck. Fully capable personnel should be supplied by any good quality Amesbury roof cleaning service, and all Health and Safety practices should be followed in regards to the safe use of chemicals, not damaging the environment, the use of protective gloves & goggles and work at height best practice. Trade organisations, for instance EduPro UK, the Roof Cleaning Institute and the "BWCA" (British Window Cleaning Academy), hold details of trusted and certified roof cleaning services, and also provide training and accreditation for individuals wishing to enter the industry. To ensure you're hiring a trusted and reliable business in Amesbury when obtaining quotations from local roof cleaning companies ask for any references, professional memberships and relevant certification. Any decent roof cleaning specialist in Amesbury should have no problem in providing such information and in many cases will have it available to find on their website or printed brochure. You should have no issues finding roof cleaning companies in Amesbury, and adjacent places such as: South Newton, Figheldean, Idmiston, Salterton, Ratfyn, Countess, Larkhill, Netton, Great Durnford, Rollestone, Newton Tony, Porton. Postcode areas like SP4 7FL, SP4 7HD, SP4 7HN, SP4 7NT, SP4 7EW, SP4 7HF, SP4 7LS, SP4 7JJ, SP4 7GS, and SP4 7LF can also be covered. If they've got the telephone code 01980 and the postcode SP4, it's probable that they operate in Amesbury or someplace nearby. This might be one of the things to confirm if you want to make sure that you hire locally based roof cleaning. Amesbury residents have the use of these roof cleaning services at any time they need them. If you'd like to obtain roof cleaning details for your area, click the "QUOTE" form or banner. Roof Cleaning Tips Roof cleaning is an important element of maintaining the functionality and longevity of your roof in Amesbury. Putting off regular cleaning can lead to an accumulation of mould, debris, and other harmful substances that can cause damage with time. The following are some tips to help keep your roof clean and in excellent condition. - Schedule Professional Cleaning: Regular cleaning by a professional can make sure that your roof is properly cleaned and inspected for any damage. This can help to prolong the life of your roof and avoid costly repairs. - Use a Soft-Bristled Brush: When cleaning your roof, it's vital to use a soft-bristled brush to avoid damaging the roofing material. A gentle scrub with a solution of soapy water can help remove any dirt or debris. - Steer Clear of Chemical Cleaners: Chemical cleaners are usually harsh and damaging to your roof surfaces. Instead, use a mixture of soapy water for cleaning, or consider environmentally friendly cleaning solutions. - Avoid Pressure Washing: When done by the inexperienced, pressure washing can cause damage to your roof surface and where possible should be avoided. Instead, opt for a careful scrubbing with a soft-bristled brush and a cleaning solution. - Remove Debris Regularly: Debris such as twigs, branches and leaves can accumulate on the roof and hold moisture, which can lead to the growth of mould and mildew. Removing this debris on a regular basis will help keep your roof clean and dry. By following these tips, you can help keep your roof clean and in good condition. Regular cleaning and maintenance will help increase the lifespan of your roof and avoid expensive repairs later on. Fascia and Soffit Cleaning Soffits and fascias are vital elements of the waterproofing system of your house in Amesbury. They can be made from uPVC, wood or aluminium but they all gather grime and dirt through the years. This build-up of grime is a natural occurrence of exposure to the elements and can't be stopped, however it can be successfully removed by a reliable roof cleaning specialist. There are various techniques for cleaning your facia and soffit panels and the roof cleaning specialist will pick the safest and correct, way to accomplish this. This may involve the use of a telescopic water-fed pole system to spray high pressure jets from ground level, or could mean a full scaffolding set-up may be required, dependent on the dimensions of your house and the difficulty of the project. In many cases your roof cleaning specialists in Amesbury will use ladders and personal protection equipment to undertake the task. (Tags: Soffit Cleaning Amesbury, Fascia & Soffit Cleaning Amesbury, Soffit and Fascia Cleaning Amesbury, Fascia Cleaning Amesbury, Cleaning Soffits & Fascias in Amesbury)... READ MORE. Roof Cleaning Near Amesbury Also find: Larkhill roof cleaning, Great Durnford roof cleaning, Figheldean roof cleaning, Ratfyn roof cleaning, Idmiston roof cleaning, Rollestone roof cleaning, Countess roof cleaning, Porton roof cleaning, South Newton roof cleaning, Netton roof cleaning, Salterton roof cleaning, Newton Tony roof cleaning and more. All these places are serviced by companies who do roof cleaning. To maintain your roof and extend its life, improve visual appeal, and avert damage from the buildup of debris, moss or algae, roof cleaning is crucial. Your investment and its aesthetic appeal are protected when you connect with local contractors to guarantee that your roof receives the attention it needs to remain in tip-top condition. Local residents can obtain roof cleaning quotes by clicking here. More Amesbury Trades: Home improvements in Amesbury will frequently require the expertise of various different tradespeople, and block pavers in Amesbury, an electrician in Amesbury, a carpenter & joiner in Amesbury, scaffolding in Amesbury, tree surgery in Amesbury, pond maintenance in Amesbury, decking fitters in Amesbury, a painter in Amesbury, a cleaner in Amesbury, patio cleaning in Amesbury, a gutter specialist in Amesbury, garden designers in Amesbury, a general builder in Amesbury, waste removal in Amesbury, an aerial specialist in Amesbury, fence fitters in Amesbury might be required although you are currently attempting to find a roof cleaning specialist in Amesbury, Wiltshire. Click on the links to get free quotes for all types of home improvement project. Amesbury Roof Cleaning Tasks There are a variety of tasks that can be completed by a local roof cleaning service in Amesbury, and we have listed some examples of them here: industrial roof cleaning, garage roof cleaning, graffiti removal in Amesbury, conservatory cleaning, EPDM roof cleaning, pressure washing in Amesbury, roof tile cleaning, bespoke roof cleaning Amesbury, jet washing Amesbury, power washing Amesbury, slate roof cleaning Amesbury, exterior building cleaning, biocide roof treatment, roof sealing, moss removal, roof cleaning services, roof coating, brushed roof cleaning Amesbury, roof moss removal Amesbury, asphalt roof cleaning in Amesbury, soft washing in Amesbury, tiled roof cleaning, brick cleaning in Amesbury, gutter cleaning, thermatech cleaning in Amesbury, eco-friendly roof cleaning. Listed are just a few of the duties that are accomplished by those installing roof cleaning. Amesbury professionals will tell you about their full range of services. If there happen to be other Amesbury roof cleaning requirements that you want but don't see here, you can easily list them on the QUOTE FORM provided. We'll be in touch with details as soon as we can. Cheap Roof Cleaning Amesbury - Roof Cleaning Services Amesbury - Power Washing Amesbury - Residential Roof Cleaning Amesbury - Soft Washing Amesbury - Roof Cleaning Near Me - Roof Cleaners Amesbury - Landlord Roof Cleaning Services Amesbury - Roof Cleaning Estimates Amesbury
"If I hadn't joined this photoshoot, I don't think I would have seen the no-go zone with my own eyes. I live in nearby Koriyama, but I didn't know how devastated this area was until today." – Mana Ujiie After the massive earthquake and tsunami, the Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Plant suffered three major hydrogen explosions over three days. The devastating chain of events caused an unknown number of deaths, totaling into the thousands. More than 100,000 people were forced to evacuate their homes in the Fukushima Daiichi area. French photographers Carlos Ayesta and Guillaume Bression were on the ground in the Tōhoku region of Japan in March of 2011, documenting the horrific events that followed the biggest nuclear disaster since Chernobyl. Ayesta and Bression spent the following four years trying to answer one question: "What would happen if the nuclear evacuees all returned home at once?" Their multi-year photography project, and the 2016 book Retracing Our Steps: Fukushima Exclusion Zone that was produced as a result of their work, asked former residents or inhabitants from the Fukushima region, and in some cases, the actual owners of certain properties, to join them inside what was then the "no-go zone" and open the doors to the ordinary, but unfriendly, places. The two French photographers asked some of the 80,000 nuclear refugees forced to evacuate areas near Fukushima to return to the places they once knew, obtaining official permits to actually take them there. "Facing the camera, they were asked to act as normally as possible – as if nothing had happened. The idea behind these almost surreal photographs was to combine the banal and the unusual. The fact of the historical nuclear accident gives these images a real plausibility," the artists said in a statement, released when their book was originally published in September 2016. Many returning residents had felt compelled to return to their homes, schools, and businesses over the years. But once there, they struggled to recognize places once been so familiar to them. Damage from the earthquake and tsunami of March 2011, years of decay from human absence, and the weathering from the elements and animals had rendered the buildings practically unrecognizable. Now 8 years later, following the 2024 Noto Earthquake, the COVID-19 pandemic, and other man-made disasters around the world, the Retracing Our Steps photographic project deserves revisiting. The haunting visuals stand as a reminder of the fragility of life, and the very long road – perhaps an impossible one – to a recovery that ultimately is only a shadow of the days once considered a "normal" time. Hiroyuki Igari lives in Iwaki City, 25 miles south of the Fukushima Daiichi nuclear power plant, and runs a café with his wife. Most of his close friends used to live in the off-limits zones. He is at a Japanese restaurant which was managed by his childhood friend. This restaurant is located 500 yards from the coastline, 5.5 miles from the nuclear plant, and close to Tomioka Station. In 2014, when this photo was taken in Namie, 4.3 miles from the Fukushima power station, the products in this supermarket had been left in place since the disaster. A native of Koriyama, 37 miles away from the nuclear power station, Midori Ito came to report on the state of the no-go zone. "My husband and I owned a hairdressing salon in Tomioka, 6 miles away from the power station, until we had to evacuate. Every time I come back here I have the strange feeling that somebody's come into my place and moved something." – Keiko Morimatsu "I'm used to it now, but at first I couldn't even stay an hour here, in my old printing shop. I didn't know how to react. I think I thought it wasn't a place to come back to, even less a place where we could live again. It was a commercial district here. But all my neighbors bought a house somewhere else and nobody plans to return. There are more than 100 million Japanese and more than 10 million inhabitants in Tokyo. In a system where the majority decides, the people from the Fukushima evacuated zone don't tip the scale. The little town of Namie is a scrap of nothing and nobody would be really worried if it vanished." – Shigeko Watanabe This Japanese noodle restaurant is located in the town of Namie, 6 miles away from the nuclear power station. Mangas are piled up on the counter in the foreground. "I come from the town of Futaba, just 1.2 miles away from the nuclear power station, and I've always had a house there. But I'll never go back to live there. I've stayed in the region for work, though, because I manage several supermarkets here. But my whole family left to live north of Tokyo. Like many families from Fukushima, my family has been separated since the disaster." – Ryoetsu Okumi "I think my son remembers this house, but my daughter was too young at the time to be able to remember. My wife has only come once or twice since the nuclear accident, as she's very worried about radioactivity. The first time we returned to our old home, we didn't say a word to each other. I looked at my wife kneeling on the floor, trying to find things relating to our children, and it broke my heart. That time, the house wasn't really a mess. But when we came back the second time, the door had been smashed in by a wild boar and the inside of the house had been ravaged. At that moment I thought it'd be impossible for me to come back and live here. Before the nuclear accident, there were no wild boar or monkeys in the region, but since then we often notice these kinds of wild animals every time we visit." – Shinichi Yamada "We made tatamis and futons at this house. Three people worked there. I was here when the earthquake struck. The next morning, March 12, we had people walking around our house in radiological protection suits, it was really bizarre. The police said to us, 'Please evacuate immediately by order of the Prime Minister,' but they didn't say where to go. When we evacuated, we thought it would only be for a few days. So we just took medications and blankets. That was all. We came back for the first time on the eve of the total closure of the zone, on April 21, 2011. Back then, we were really scared of radioactivity. When we came back for the first time, I only stayed in the house for 10 minutes. In 10 minutes, in this mess, we had to find everything we valued, it was difficult. There was a strange feeling because the dosimeter was beeping all the time."– Ikuko Suzuki Mr. Yasushi Ishizuka is in a pachinko parlor in Tomioka-machi. The building, which was severely damaged from the earthquake disaster, has been left deserted since the accident. "The main problem is that there are no longer any nurses in the region. They all knew a certain amount about radiology. Most of them evacuated very quickly after the nuclear power station accident and they don't want to come back. People need to understand that it won't be the way it was anymore. Elderly people won't get the support of the younger generation, as was the case before the accident, because there are no more young people in the region. What's going to become of them without young people in the region? In particular, all the nurses have left and nobody intends to come back … So, will the children come back? One thing is certain, the people coming back today are 70 years old on average, which means they'll be 80 or 90 in 10 years' time. If the children don't come back, we can't really be talking about revitalization." – Katsumi Sato "Before the disaster, I owned a beauty salon in Okuma, 5 km away from the nuclear power station, but I come from the neighboring town of Namie, where this photo was taken. On the day of the seism, I was looking after a client from the Philippines. She was talking to me in perfect Japanese up until the moment the earth began to shake. At that point she began screaming in English, out of panic." – Rieko Matsumoto "My grandfather opened this toy store 70 years ago. My family is an important family in the town. There were about 50 of us living in Namie or Odaka and we are all nuclear refugees now. The government reopened the town of Namie in 2017, decontaminating some but not all of the houses. I always worried what would happen if a child went playing around an untreated area …? What the government's has done did not make any sense for a long time." – Yuzo Mihara "After March 11, 2011, proprietors complied with the evacuation order by leaving animals in their enclosures. In the beginning, I didn't dare set foot on this farm. But three weeks later, I was too worried and I came in. Almost all the cows were already dead or in the throes of agony." – Naoto Matsumara "I was born here in Namie, 6 miles away from the nuclear power station, and of course I'd like to go back. Despite the evacuation, I've kept my permanent address in Name because, deep down, I'm a resident of Namie, no matter where I go. But as the years have gone by, I've ended up telling myself that it's time to move on because the town will never be the same, everybody's in the process of buying houses elsewhere." – Keiko Suzuki "My father began working as a florist 60 years ago. I inherited it. If there had just been a seism and not a nuclear accident, we would have easily started up our company again, but that's not the case…" – Toyataka Kanakura "We are seniors. If anyone decided to come home to the no-go zone, a hospital nearby would be the most important thing for us. Even outside the no-go zone, where we're refugees, I have to get up at 5 in the morning, the line is so long to see a doctor. If the hospitals don't reopen in the zone, nobody will come back." – Tamotsu Hayakawa "Even if I decided to resume work at the factory, there would be no more activity in my field here. So it would be pointless to come back. I can't predict the future, but I have the feeling that Namie will become a ghost town where nobody will come back to live. When a survey was first conducted in Namie, only 20% of the people questioned indicated they wanted to come back. As time goes by, this number risks dropping from 20% to 10% and so on. My fear is that Namie could vanish." – Katsuyuki Yashima "I remember waiting a long time to get authorization to come home, in the Fukushima no-go zone. There was a long waiting list. When I came back for the first time, I wanted to take lots of things, but because of the radioactivity, we weren't allowed to take away much. Now I don't want to come back because it makes me sad to see what my house has become. Before the disaster, I thought my town was the best place to live in, I had everything I needed. Today, I've lost all my will to live, I feel so empty. Every time I come here, I feel depressed. I've been advised not to come back again. Now I wouldn't care if somebody robbed my house. There's not much to steal here, anyway." – Ayako Hayakawa This veterinarian set up a business in a bar in the town of Okuma, 3 miles away from the Fukushima power station. "I left Japan to live in Brazil when I was 30. After March 11, seeing the aftermath of the accident, I decided to come back to help breeders in the Fukushima no-go zone, especially those who had refused to have their livestock slaughtered as the authorities had ordered." – Toshio Saito 3.11 Exploring Fukushima - Journey to Japan: A photojournalist's diary from the ruins of Tōhoku 13 years later - Timeline of Tragedy: A look back at the long struggle since Fukushima's 2011 triple disaster - New Year's Aftershock: Memories of Fukushima fuels concern for recovery in Noto Peninsula - Lessons for future generations: Memorial Museum in Futaba marks 13 years since 3.11 Disaster - In Silence and Solidarity: Japan Remembers the thousands lost to earthquake and tsunami in 2011 - Fukushima's Legacy: Condition of melted nuclear reactors still unclear 13 years after disaster - Seafood Safety: Profits surge as Japanese consumers rally behind Fukushima's fishing industry - Radioactive Waste: IAEA confirms water discharge from ruined nuclear plant meets safety standards - Technical Hurdles for TEPCO: Critics question 2051 deadline for decommissioning Fukushima - In the shadow of silence: Exploring Fukushima's abandoned lands that remain frozen in time - Spiral Staircase of Life: Tōhoku museums preserve echoes of March 11 for future generations - Retracing Our Steps: A review of the project that documented nuclear refugees returning home - Noriko Abe: Continuing a family legacy of hospitality to guide Minamisanriku's recovery - Voices of Kataribe: Storytellers share personal accounts of earthquake and tsunami in Tōhoku - Moai of Minamisanriku: How a bond with Chile forged a learning hub for disaster preparedness - Focus on the Future: Futaba Project aims to rebuild dreams and repopulate its community - Junko Yagi: Pioneering a grassroots revival of local businesses in rural Onagawa - Diving into darkness: The story of Yasuo Takamatsu's search for his missing wife - Solace and Sake: Chūson-ji Temple and Sekinoichi Shuzo share centuries of tradition in Iwate - Heartbeat of Miyagi: Community center offers space to engage with Sendai's unyielding spirit - Unseen Scars: Survivors in Tōhoku reflect on more than a decade of trauma, recovery, and hope - Running into history: The day Milwaukee Independent stumbled upon a marathon in Tokyo - Roman Kashpur: Ukrainian war hero conquers Tokyo Marathon 2024 with prosthetic leg - From Rails to Roads: BRT offers flexible transit solutions for disaster-struck communities - From Snow to Sakura: Japan's cherry blossom season feels economic impact of climate change - Potholes on the Manga Road: Ishinomaki and Kamakura navigate the challenges of anime tourism - The Ako Incident: Honoring the 47 Ronin's legendary samurai loyalty at Sengakuji Temple - "Shōgun" Reimagined: Ambitious TV series updates epic historical drama about feudal Japan - Enchanting Hollywood: Japanese cinema celebrates Oscar wins by Hayao Miyazaki and Godzilla - Toxic Tourists: Geisha District in Kyoto cracks down on over-zealous visitors with new rules - Medieval Healing: "The Tale of Genji" offers insight into mysteries of Japanese medicine - Aesthetic of Wabi-Sabi: Finding beauty and harmony in the unfinished and imperfect - Riken Yamamoto: Japanese architect wins Pritzker Prize for community-centric designs MI Staff (Japan)
Weekly Newsletter April 15 – April 19, 2024 Thanks to all the parents who registered for the Dinner Auction and signed up to set up and clean up. If you still need to register for the Auction NOW is the time.The final numbers are due on Monday. STARS Parent Association Please join us in celebrating our amazing staff and teachers by sending $20 (cash or check) to the office by Friday, April 26. Also, please consider sending a personal note from you or your student by Wednesday. All School Mass Please join us for our last all-school Mass – Monday, April 22, at 1:45 p.m.! These students have roles in the Mass: Isaac West, Samantha Cox, Lily Gilberg, Grant Liebig, Allison Zigaitis, John Paul Lagos, Kenny Stethem, Lena Buckholtz, Ms. Lewis' class and Ms. Hansen's class. We also have a musician to lead us in song. Academy of St Louis Clubs This is the last week for the Culture and Yearbook Club. Sign-Up Genius for Field Day The BIG DAY is fast approaching! Field Day is less than four weeks away, on Friday, May 17. This year, we are asking parents to help make this year's Field Day even more awesome! We are asking for (4) parents to help prepare lunch (BBQ burgers and hot dogs, which will be provided by the school). We also need (8) parents to help organize and run our afternoon stations. Field Day cannot be successful unless many parents assist at the various stations. Don't worry if you can only help half the day; we will not turn anyone away! The only thing that I ask is that you do not bring younger siblings because your attention is needed at the stations and on the students. Thank you in advance for volunteering on this fun day!!! Upcoming Events - Monday, April 22- All School Mass, 1:45 p.m. - Tuesday, April 23- Skyhawks Sports, 2:45 p.m. – 3:45 p.m. - Wednesday, April 24- Yearbook Club 2:45 p.m.- 3:45 p.m. - Thursday, April 25-Culture Club 2:45 p.m.- 3:45 p.m. - Saturday, April 27- Academy of St. Louis Annual Dinner Auction 6:00 p.m. - Monday, April 29- NO SCHOOL - May 6-10-Staff Appreciation Week - Friday, May 10- May Crowning at 10:30 a.m. - May 13-15- Parent Teacher Conference - Friday, May 17- Field Day - Monday, May 20- Graduation at 6:30 p.m. ALL FAMILIES WELCOME TO COME - Wednesday, May 22- Last Day of School Dismissal at 11:30 a.m. Although we all have different things we are working on, we also have many unique gifts we bring that we share. This week, we read a wonderful picture book called All the Ways To Be Smart. This is a book that celebrates how every child is unique. It shares an inspiring message that there are many ways to be smart. After reading the book, we were able to think about our strengths and how we can use those strengths to help one another. We are beginning to use pictures to write stories about what is happening in our classroom. We are learning to use capitalization and punctuation as we write complete sentences. This week, we will highlight Faith's story. This week, Mrs. Lewis and I made sets of ten with my Goldfish. We made a picture to show my mom. There were fifty-one. We had fun! -Faith Young This week in reading, our class worked on using context clues and understanding how prefixes manipulate word meanings to help us understand unfamiliar words and increase our comprehension of a text. We continued to work on reading and interpreting various types of graphs and data this week as we wrapped up our graphing unit. In science, the students learned about the needs and makeup of plants. This week, we wrapped up our social studies unit on American symbols and monuments. Keep up the hard work, Intermediate Room! You are all doing awesome. This week, we began our American Romanticism Poetry with an immersive experience with Emily Dickinson. We covered four of her well-known poems relating to birds and nature. Students observed the sounds and mannerisms of birds in their natural setting. We discussed her use of metaphors, similes, and symbolism, as she was known for her profound meaning within simplistic language. Everyone participated in writing their own Bird Poem for our poetry book, which will be available for bid at the auction next week! We are taking a turn towards the darker side of this period starting Monday as we explore the mind frame of Edgar Allen Poe in a careful selection of his poems from the 19th century. In Science, students began learning about the Marine Biome. We discussed the different zones of the ocean and the types of life that can be found in various depths of the sea. We will cover the Freshwater Biomes next week as we wrap up Chapter Five. The final exam for groups 1 and 2 will cover all of Chapter 5, and students will receive their study guide next Friday, April 26th. Group 3 will be working on creating a model of their very own biome for their end-of-the-year project. Details will be sent home on Friday, April 26th as well. In our history class, we've been delving into the Constitution, with a particular focus on the Bill of Rights. This week, students had the opportunity to apply their knowledge of the first ten amendments to various scenarios. This practical exercise helped them gain a deeper understanding of the rights that are protected by these amendments, making the subject matter more relatable and engaging. In history, we continued learning about the American Revolution, reviewing Thomas Paine's Common Sense and the Declaration of Independence In writing this week, we continued to work on typing.com and worked in our writing folder. In Independent living, we are still studying nutrition and its importance. We also each made a menu and shared it with the class. In Math class this week, we worked on our individualized worksheets from our math folder. We also worked on the individualized programs in IXL. Interview at City of Manchester On April 17, four students participated in a group interview with the Parks Department of the City of Manchester. Kathryn Anzilotti, Jayden Buchanan, David Gibson, and Kenny Stethem met with Mrs. Kathryn Schien, Director. These students participate in the Pre-Employment Transition Services program sponsored by the University of Missouri. They meet monthly to discuss self-advocacy, work-based learning, workplace readiness, job exploration, and post-secondary counseling. Our group met with Mrs. Schien and learned about the seasonal jobs and upcoming volunteer events available with the City of Manchester. The City of Manchester under the leadership of Mayor Mike Clement is very excited to include our students in future interviews for volunteer and possible hiring opportunities. Academy of St. Louis students dropped off the items that were collected for Our Lady's Inn. What a gift to be able to assist young mothers in need.
Over the past 10 years of my career, I have found that much of the basic services of what an architect performs for clients remains unknown to the general public. It can be understood that almost a century of architecture has created an image of an architect drawing plans over a drafting board. But what is really known of how those plans get developed in collaboration with a client or a consultant? What is really known of all the effort and time spent before the plans become inked? The architect is trained through academia, and the profession is to provide five basic services to any client. These include schematic design, design development, construction documents, bidding and procurement, and construction administration. The general public really only imagines based on what culture has epitomized of an architect, which is only 20% of the actual services that we provide. The following is a list of those services, and a basic understanding of what they mean if you see them in a contract. I know that not all architects will provide these services for every project or for every client and that it is important to understand why and when they are required. The definition of being 'required' is flimsy, but know that if your project should have one of these services and does not, then the quality of that project could be in jeopardy. Schematic Design is one of the first basic services an architect can provide on a project. It is the initial phase where architects explore and develop conceptual ideas for the project, translating the client's requirements into rough sketches and diagrams. Design Development follows Schematic Design and it involves refining these concepts into more detailed plans, incorporating structural, mechanical, and other essential systems into the design. Once Design Development drawings have been approved by the client, an architect will move into Construction Documents. Construction Documents involve creating comprehensive drawings and specifications that serve as the blueprint for contractors to execute the project, ensuring accuracy and adherence to building codes and regulations. Bidding and Procurement is a phase that comes after Construction Documents are created. This is a phase dedicated to assisting contractors and owners in the bidding of the project. Architects assist in answering questions and comparing bids after contractors have been asked to get involved. Lastly, when the project is under construction architects will provide Construction or Contract Administration for the owner. It is the stage where architects collaborate closely with contractors, subcontractors, and other stakeholders to ensure that the project is executed according to the design intent and specifications. Interested in learning more about the basics of architectural services? Be sure to check out our Youtube channel: https://youtu.be/ygCX6-eebGM?feature=shared for more details. Written by Andrew Goodwin
Unleash your inner gentlemen by learning timeless manly skills. Subscribe now for your daily dose of refinement. Are you feeling the weight of the world on your shoulders? Are the pressures of work taking a toll on your mental well-being? In today's fast-paced and competitive workplace, it's all too common for men to experience work-related stress. However, by acknowledging and addressing this issue head-on, you can regain control and find balance in your professional life. In this article, we will explore the unique challenges that men face in the workplace when it comes to their mental health. From societal expectations to the pressure to succeed, we understand how overwhelming it can be. By recognizing the signs of work-related stress and implementing effective strategies for managing it, you can prevent burnout and maintain a healthy mind. We will also delve into promoting work-life balance and healthy coping mechanisms as essential tools for combating stress. With resources and support available specifically tailored for men's mental health in the workplace, you don't have to face this battle alone. It's time to break free from the stigma surrounding mental health and start having open conversations about our well-being. Together, let's overcome work-related stress and prioritize our mental health! You're probably unaware of the immense pressure that comes with being a man in the workplace, but it's time to acknowledge and address the unique challenges you face. Men's mental health is an important issue that often goes unnoticed or overlooked in the workplace. While everyone experiences work-related stress to some degree, men face specific challenges that can have a significant impact on their mental well-being. One of the main workplace challenges for men is the expectation to always be strong and stoic. Society often expects men to suppress their emotions and not show vulnerability. This can create a constant internal struggle as men try to navigate their emotions while maintaining a tough exterior. Another challenge is the pressure to provide for their families and succeed professionally. Men may feel obligated to work long hours, take on excessive responsibilities, and prioritize career advancement above all else. This relentless pursuit of success can lead to burnout and neglecting other aspects of life that contribute to overall well-being. Furthermore, societal norms around masculinity can create additional stressors in the workplace. Men may feel pressured to adhere to traditional gender roles, which can limit their ability to express themselves fully or seek help when needed. It's crucial for employers and coworkers alike to be aware of these unique challenges faced by men in order to create a supportive environment that promotes positive mental health. By fostering open conversations about emotions, promoting work-life balance, and encouraging help-seeking behaviors, we can begin addressing these issues and supporting men's mental well-being in the workplace. Feeling overwhelmed and under pressure can sometimes lead to a state of emotional strain, particularly for individuals in professional settings. When it comes to work-related stress in men, recognizing the signs is crucial in order to prevent further negative impact on their mental health. Men may exhibit various signs of work-related stress, such as increased irritability, mood swings, and difficulty concentrating. They may also experience physical symptoms like headaches or stomachaches. It's important to understand that work-related stress can have a significant impact on men's mental well-being. Persistent stress can lead to burnout, anxiety, and even depression if left unaddressed. Recognizing these signs early on allows for timely intervention and support. Employers should create an environment where employees feel comfortable discussing their mental health concerns without fear of judgment or repercussions. Encouraging open communication and providing resources for stress management are vital steps towards promoting men's mental health in the workplace. Additionally, individuals themselves need to be proactive in managing their own well-being by practicing self-care techniques such as exercise, meditation, and setting boundaries between work and personal life. Seeking help from professionals or participating in support groups can also be beneficial. By acknowledging the signs of work-related stress in men and taking appropriate measures to address them, we can create healthier workplaces where men feel supported and valued both personally and professionally. Tackle work-related stress head-on by implementing effective strategies that empower you to take control of your well-being and find balance in your professional life. Work-life integration is crucial for managing work-related stress, as it allows you to create harmony between your personal and professional responsibilities. By prioritizing self-care and utilizing stress management techniques, you can reduce the negative impact of stress on your mental health. To help you get started, here are some strategies for managing work-related stress: Set boundaries: Establish clear boundaries between work and personal life. Create designated times for work and relaxation, allowing yourself time to recharge outside of working hours. Practice mindfulness: Incorporate mindfulness exercises into your daily routine, such as meditation or deep breathing exercises. These techniques can help reduce anxiety and increase focus. Seek support: Don't hesitate to reach out to a trusted friend, family member, or mental health professional for support when needed. Talking about your feelings can provide valuable perspective and guidance. Time management: Prioritize tasks based on importance and deadline. Break larger projects into smaller, manageable tasks to avoid feeling overwhelmed. Take breaks: Regularly schedule short breaks throughout the day to rest and recharge. Engaging in activities you enjoy during these breaks can boost productivity and overall well-being. Remember, finding a balance between work and personal life is essential for maintaining good mental health. Implementing these strategies will empower you to effectively manage work-related stress while striving towards a healthier work-life integration. Strategies for Managing Work-Related Stress \| 1.Set boundaries \| 2.Practice mindfulness \| 3.Seek support \| 4.Time management \| 5.Take breaks \| Find ways to prioritize your well-being and create a healthy work-life balance that leaves you feeling fulfilled and at peace. It's important to take care of yourself both mentally and physically in the workplace. To promote work-life balance, try setting boundaries between work and personal life. Establish specific times for work-related activities and make sure to disconnect during your non-work hours. This will help prevent burnout and allow you to recharge. In addition, explore workplace wellness programs or mental health initiatives that your company may offer. These programs can provide resources such as stress management workshops, counseling services, or even flexible work arrangements. Take advantage of these opportunities as they are designed to support your overall well-being. Another helpful coping mechanism is finding activities outside of work that bring you joy and help reduce stress. Engaging in hobbies or spending quality time with loved ones can help create a sense of balance in your life. Remember, it's okay to ask for help when needed. Reach out to trusted colleagues, friends, or family members who can offer support during challenging times. Taking care of yourself is not selfish but rather essential for maintaining good mental health. By prioritizing your well-being and taking steps towards creating a healthy work-life balance, you can better manage work-related stress while promoting overall mental wellness in the workplace. Take a moment to pause and recognize the importance of seeking out available resources and support specifically tailored to men's mental well-being in the workplace, as it can provide a lifeline during challenging times. When it comes to overcoming work-related stress, mental health workshops and employee assistance programs are valuable tools that can make a significant difference. Mental health workshops offer a safe space for men to learn effective coping strategies, manage stress, and improve their overall well-being. These workshops provide education on topics such as mindfulness techniques, stress reduction exercises, and healthy communication skills. By attending these workshops, you can gain valuable insights into managing work-related pressures while maintaining good mental health. Employee assistance programs (EAPs) are another crucial resource for men's mental health in the workplace. EAPs offer confidential counseling services where you can discuss any concerns or challenges you may be experiencing. Whether it's work-related stress or personal issues affecting your performance, EAPs provide professional guidance and support. Remember, reaching out for help is not a sign of weakness but rather an act of strength. Taking advantage of mental health workshops and employee assistance programs demonstrates your commitment to self-care and personal growth. Together with these resources and support systems in place, you can navigate work-related stress more effectively and prioritize your mental well-being in the workplace. When it comes to breaking the stigma surrounding mental health in the workplace, promoting a culture of support and understanding is crucial. By educating employers and colleagues on men's mental health, we can create an environment that encourages open conversations and provides resources for those who may be struggling. Sharing personal stories and experiences can also play a significant role in inspiring others to seek help and prioritize their mental well-being. Creating a workplace culture that fosters support and understanding is essential for addressing men's mental health in the office. It's important to create an environment where employees feel safe and comfortable discussing their mental health concerns without fear of judgment or stigma. By promoting open conversations about mental health, employers can help break down barriers and encourage individuals to seek support when needed. Providing mental health training can also be beneficial in equipping managers and coworkers with the tools they need to recognize signs of distress and offer appropriate assistance. This training can help create a more compassionate work environment where individuals feel understood and supported. By prioritizing mental well-being, companies can contribute to reducing work-related stress among men while fostering a healthier workplace overall. Now that we've discussed the importance of promoting a culture of support and understanding in the workplace, let's move on to the next step: educating employers and colleagues on men's mental health. This is crucial in ensuring that everyone understands the unique challenges men face when it comes to their mental wellbeing. By providing education and raising awareness about men's mental health, employers can create a more inclusive and supportive work environment. This can be done through workshops, training sessions, or even informational resources provided to employees. By doing so, employers can help reduce stigma surrounding mental health issues and encourage open conversations about it. Additionally, educating colleagues about men's mental health enables them to provide better support and understanding for their male coworkers. It allows for increased empathy and fosters an environment where individuals feel comfortable seeking help when needed. Overall, by educating employers and colleagues on men's mental health, we can promote a workplace that prioritizes mental wellbeing for all employees. Sharing personal stories and experiences can be a powerful way to inspire others and foster a sense of connection and understanding in the workplace. By opening up about your own struggles with work-related stress, you can help break down the stigma surrounding men's mental health. It takes courage to share your vulnerabilities, but doing so can create an environment where others feel safe to do the same. Seeking professional help is crucial when dealing with work-related stress. Encourage your colleagues to reach out to mental health professionals who specialize in men's mental health issues. Emphasize that seeking help is not a sign of weakness, but rather a proactive step towards improving their overall well-being. Additionally, highlight the importance of self-care. Remind others that taking care of oneself is essential for maintaining good mental health. Encourage them to prioritize activities that bring joy and relaxation into their lives, such as exercise, hobbies, or spending time with loved ones. By sharing personal stories and discussing the importance of seeking professional help and practicing self-care, we can support one another in overcoming work-related stress and promoting men's mental health in the workplace. Seeking Professional Help \| Importance of Self-Care \| Benefits of Sharing Stories \| Reach out to specialists who understand men's mental health issues \| Prioritize activities that bring joy and relaxation \| Inspire others by opening up about your struggles \| Seek therapy or counseling services \| Take breaks when needed for rest and rejuvenation \| Foster connection and understanding in the workplace \| Normalize professional help-seeking behaviors \| Set boundaries between work life and personal life \| Break down stigma surrounding men's mental health \| Common causes of work-related stress in men include long working hours, excessive workload, lack of control over their work, poor relationships with colleagues or superiors, job insecurity, and insufficient support from the organization. These factors can have a significant impact on men's mental health. To effectively communicate your stress and concerns to your superiors, start by finding a quiet and private space. Clearly express how you're feeling, using specific examples. Be open to their feedback and suggestions for support. Remember, your mental health matters in the workplace too. To effectively manage work-related stress, try implementing proven coping mechanisms and self-care strategies. Explore activities like exercise, mindfulness, and relaxation techniques. Prioritize your mental health by setting boundaries and seeking support from friends, family, or professionals. Yes, there are legal protections in place to support men's mental health in the workplace. These include workplace accommodations and policies that ensure a safe and supportive environment for employees. To create a supportive and inclusive work environment for men's mental health, focus on creating a culture of support where employees feel comfortable seeking help. Breaking stigma through open communication and resources is crucial.
Supply Chain Execution (SCE) Tags: Glossary The ability to move the product out of the warehouse door is a critical capacity and one that only brick-and-mortar firms bring to the B2B table. Dot-coms have the technology, but that's only part of the equation. The need for Supply Chain Execution (SCE) is what is driving the Dot-coms to offer equity partnerships to the wholesale distributors. What is Supply Chain Execution (SCE)? Supply Chain Execution (SCE) refers to the process of efficiently and effectively managing the movement of products from the warehouse to the customer's doorstep. It is a critical capacity that traditional brick-and-mortar firms possess, which sets them apart from online businesses. While dot-coms have the advantage of advanced technology, they often lack the physical infrastructure required for the execution of supply chain operations. This is where SCE comes into play. It encompasses the coordination and management of various activities involved in the delivery of products, such as order processing, inventory management, transportation, and logistics. The ability to move products out of the warehouse door is crucial for businesses engaged in business-to-business (B2B) transactions. Wholesale distributors, who act as intermediaries between manufacturers and retailers, play a significant role in this process. Dot-coms recognize the importance of SCE and are increasingly seeking equity partnerships with wholesale distributors to leverage their expertise in supply chain execution. SCE involves the integration of technology, processes, and people to ensure the smooth flow of goods throughout the supply chain. Advanced software systems, such as warehouse management systems (WMS) and transportation management systems (TMS), are utilized to streamline operations and optimize efficiency. These systems enable real-time tracking of inventory, accurate order fulfillment, and effective route planning for transportation. Efficient supply chain execution offers several benefits to businesses. It enhances customer satisfaction by ensuring timely and accurate delivery of products. It also helps in reducing costs by minimizing inventory holding, optimizing transportation routes, and improving overall operational efficiency. Moreover, SCE enables businesses to respond quickly to changing market demands and adapt their supply chain accordingly. In conclusion, Supply Chain Execution (SCE) is a critical aspect of logistics management that focuses on efficiently moving products from the warehouse to the customer's doorstep. While dot-coms possess advanced technology, they often lack the physical infrastructure required for effective supply chain execution. By partnering with wholesale distributors, dot-coms can leverage their expertise in SCE to enhance their operations and meet customer expectations. Through the integration of technology, processes, and people, businesses can achieve efficient supply chain execution, resulting in improved customer satisfaction and cost savings.
3 essential considerations for winter workplace safety at your facility Scott Cormier January 23, 2024 Even in regions that traditionally experience milder winter weather conditions, changing climate patterns are leading to deep freezes and snowstorms that disrupt operations and lead to increased safety risks. Read More AIHA issues new public policy priorities addressing noise, thermal stress January 12, 2023 The association's goal is to leverage the vast technical expertise of members to positively influence public policy that better safeguards worker health and safety.Read More Winter is here. Are you ready? Follow these tips to prevent cold stress and winter-related injuries Rick Pedley December 20, 2022 Employers are responsible for protecting their workers from cold stress and other winter injuries. Learn how to keep workers safe when working in freezing temperatures.Read More Develop a cold stress prevention plan before temperatures drop Alsie Nelson October 9, 2017 Heat may get the headlines, but a study from the London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine found that cold weather is 20 times as deadly as hot weather. That study corroborates a U.S. study that found cold kills more than double the number of Americans as heat does.Read More How to prevent cold stress among workers November 28, 2016 The National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) offers the following tips for both employers and employees about avoiding cold stress when working in frigid environments.Read More What do you know about degloving injuries? October 3, 2016 With unprotected nip and pinch points being prevalent in many workplaces, it comes as no surprise that many workers suffer hand injuries. Hand injuries range from minor scratches and fractures to catastrophic injuries such as amputation, loss of digits, or degloving accidents.Read More Prevent cold stress by layering, choosing correct garments Alsie Nelson November 3, 2015 In 2014, prolonged exposure to cold killed 43 people in the U.S., nearly double the 2013 number.Read More Ergodyne launches new foot warmers for workers on the cold shift September 25, 2015 Just in time for winter, Ergodyne announced today the launch of the N-Ferno®Disposable Foot Warmer (Model 6995). This disposable, one-size-fits-all foot warming pack will help workers work well and comfortably in any indoor or outdoor jobsite where the thermometer knows only one reading: cold.Read More Learning to survive wicked winter weather February 13, 2015 Winter weather creates a variety of hazards that can significantly impact everyday tasks and work activities. These hazards include slippery roads/surfaces, strong winds and environmental cold. Learning how to prepare for work during the winter, protect workers from the cold and other hazards that can cause illnesses, injuries, or fatalities, is essential to maintaining a safe work environment and completing tasks successfully.Read More Weekly news round-up Combustible dust rule to take a step forward January 11, 2014 OSHA steps on toes with its grain bin safety initiative, demolition specialist exposes employees to asbestos and the year ends with an upsurge in U.S. mining deaths. These are among the top EHS-related stories featured on ISHN.com this week: Read More
Emergency Dentistry If you have a toothache, give us a call. If we are able, we will see you today. Dr. Weiss and Dr. Goldwater want your emergency taken care of promptly. And while you may be needing an extensive procedure, just getting you out of pain or taking care of the immediate problem temporarily is usually a quick appointment.And we hope you aren't nervous. our doctors have a reputation for gentle dentistry. If you haven't been to the dentist in a while, they won't lecture you. They just want to help!We make time in our schedule for dental emergencies, and we will do our best to see you as soon as possible. Often it's just a simple, quick procedure to get you out of pain, and then we can talk about a long-term solution to your dental problem.Here are some common dental emergency situations and what to do about them:A toothache. A toothache can come from a large cavity, but there are other causes. A crack in a tooth can allow bacteria to enter and the tooth to become infected. Sometimes a small amount of decay under an old filling is enough to infect a tooth. An infected tooth will need a root canal treatment, but don't expect to get that treatment when you come in. If that is your problem, the doctor will do a simple treatment to get you out of pain and will probably refer you to an endodontist (root canal specialist) for the root canal.A crown that has come off. Even if it doesn't hurt, please come in right away. If it isn't re-cemented promptly the teeth on either side may drift, closing the space and making it impossible to re-fit the crown.A lost filling. Losing a filling can allow the sensitive dentin of your tooth to be exposed to the air and in some cases can be quite painful. Replacing the filling can be a simple procedure.A chipped or broken front tooth. A broken front tooth may not hurt, but it may affect your appearance to the extent that we would call it an aesthetic emergency, and we will want to see you promptly. You're in particularly good hands with our doctors for this problem.A front tooth that is knocked out. Come in as fast as you can. If it is replanted within half an hour, there is a good chance of saving it. Handle it delicately. The tiny ligament fragments attached to the tooth must be left undisturbed. Don't even rinse it off. Some experts advise transporting the tooth in a glass of milk. While milk is helpful for keeping those ligaments alive, don't spend time hunting for some milk. Instead, get a damp cloth (not a dripping wet cloth) or paper towel, wrap it gently, and get here quickly. Dental Health As dental professionals it is our priority to provide quality dental care you can trust.
Home > Blog > Physiotherapy > Conditions > Shoulder Pain > Left Shoulder Pain > Bankart Lesion Physiotherapy A Bankart lesion (medically termed as a glenoid labrum tear), typically happens when the shoulder dislocates anteriorly (forwards), and this ends up damaging the lower part of the special cartilage that lines the shoulder socket. Most of the time, it affects mainly young athletes. Damage to the labrum makes the shoulder more risk to shoulder instability and there is a high risk of further shoulder dislocation without appropriate treatment. Bankart lesions are named after English orthopedic surgeon Dr Arthur Sydney Blundell Bankart, who lived between 1879-1951, who first described the injury and the surgical repair process. In this article we will look at the common causes, the associated injuries, the symptoms and the treatment options, both surgical and non surgical, for a typical Bankart lesion labrum tear. To fully understand Bankart lesions, we need to first understand the structure of the human shoulder. Our shoulder is a ball and socket joint, similar to our hip joint. The top of the arm bone (head of the humerus) forms the "ball" part of the shoulder joint and the front part of the shoulder blade (glenoid fossa) forms the "socket" part of the joint. To allow for the large range of mobility that the shoulder needs to move the arm in multiple directions, what ends up is that the socket part of the shoulder joint becomes/is very shallow. To visualize, you can imagine by You'd see that the joint is fairly shallow and can be easily dislocated/damaged. Around the rim of the socket is a special band of cartilage known as the glenoid labrum. This labrum is made of fibrocartilaginous material and what it does is that specificly deepens the shoulder socket to improve the connection of the joint and improving stability without compromising or restricting A Bankart lesion happens typically when there is damage to the lower portion of the glenoid labrum, causing it to break and tear away from the bony socket. Usually this happens when the shoulder dislocates forward, meaning the head of the humerus is forced forwards and is pushed/popped out anteriorly of the glenoid socket. As it is forced forwards, it will/may damage the labrum, causing it to tear. A vast majority of shoulder dislocations are anterior dislocations (over 95%) and are usually caused by: 1) Trauma A fall onto an outstretched arm, particularly if the arm is This is the most common cause of anterior shoulder dislocations in older patients. Road traffic accidents (RTAs) are another cause of traumatic shoulder dislocations. 2) Sports And Sporting Injuries Contact injuries such as football, soccer, water polo or rugby tackles, particularly when the arm is above the head and the elbow is pushed backwards. movements above the head such as can also cause this injury. This is the most common cause of a glenoid labrum tear in younger and more active or sporty patients. With forward anterior shoulder dislocations, on top of suffering from a labrum tear, in some cases, patients may also experience damage to one of the shoulder bones. These all increase the risk of further shoulder instability. Common symptoms of a Bankart lesion include: 1) Recurrent Dislocations Repeated episodes of shoulder dislocation are fairly common with a Bankart lesion, particularly in younger patients. It can affect up to 80% of people under the age of 30. This frequency reduces with age to around 30% over time. 2) A Feeling of Looseness And/Or Instability Patients report their shoulder may feel weak and as if it is going to dislocate again, with actions such as throwing or lifting and moving. A common complaint is "my shoulder feels loose and can pop out any time or especially certain angle" 3) Pain Our shoulder patients with a glenoid labrum tear often complain of an aching pain which tends to be diffuse (generalized pain over a location) rather than in one spot 4) Catching/Locking Sensations Patients may experience unusual sensations when moving the arm with a labrum tear, such as tingling pain or burning sensations etc There are two treatment options for Bankart lesions, surgical and non-surgical. The right treatment will depend on factors such as severity, age, activity levels and levels of instability. 1) Surgical Treatment Surgery tends to be the treatment of choice for younger patients with a Bankart lesion, especially with patients who play sports, as there is a high risk of the shoulder dislocating again. This is because the glenoid labrum tear often fails to heal properly, the reason is: So when the glenoid labrum doesn't provide the extra depth to the socket that is needed, it reduces the stability and increases the risk of further (recurrent) shoulder dislocation. A Bankart lesion repair is usually carried out arthroscopically (hey hole surgery) under general anaesthetic. The labral tear surgery aims to repair and tighten overstretched and damaged Suture anchors are placed in the bone and the torn glenoid labrum is reattached to the glenoid fossa. Typically patients can go home same-day or one day after shoulder surgery like this. You will need to wear a protective sling, even when you sleep to protect the shoulder for the first few weeks and allow it to heal in the correct position. Shoulder physical therapy with our senior physiotherapists will be started almost immediately to You will be given a shoulder exercise and rehab program to follow, which gradually progresses to more challenging exercises over It usually takes around 4-6 months to recover completely and be able to return to contact sports. Fortunately, Bankart shoulder repair surgery has an approximately 85-90% success rate, with most of our shoulder pain patients returning to their pre-injury activity levels. Outcome tends to be slightly better when surgery is carried out soon after the initial labrum tear, rather than further down the line. 2) Non-Surgical Treatment For older patients, or those who are less active, conservative non-surgical treatment is recommended for a Bankart lesion. The painful shoulder and arm is immobilized in a sling for a few weeks, usually with the arm resting across the front of the body in internal rotation (turned inwards) and a small pillow under the armpit to hold the arm slightly away from the body (slight abduction). Patients are then referred to our senior physiotherapists for intensive shoulder physical therapy to regain the of the affected shoulder. One of the problems with this treatment method is that in this rest position, the glenoid labrum tends to heal in slightly the wrong place, so the socket depth is reduced, making the shoulder more prone to recurrent dislocations. Except for young athletes, the advice is often to try non-surgical therapy first. If the shoulder does re-dislocate, then corrective shoulder surgery would be advised. Physiotherapy interventions may include:References
Reliquary of Saint Teresa Madrid, Francisco Pecul, 1804. Gilded silver and silver. Despite the controversy raised in the 17th century between Saint James and Saint Teresa due to the patronage of Spain, there was always an important devotion to this saint in the cathedral. This devotion increased in the central years of the 18th century, leading to the foundation of a convent of the Carmelite Order in the city and, later on, the arrival at the cathedral of a relic of Saint Teresa for which, in 1804, an image was commissioned to the Compostela silversmith Francisco Pecul, of French origin but settled in Madrid. The relic, a tooth of the saint, is kept in the oval medallion that the figure wears on the chest. It is a piece that suggests a lot of movement and represents a moment of inspiration for Saint Teresa as she prepares to write on the open book that she holds in her left hand.
Decoding the Dilemma: How Much to Charge for a Basic Website Setting the right price for a basic website is vital for client-developer collaboration. The website's success hinges on this crucial factor. If the price is too high, potential clients may be deterred from investing in a website, while if the price is too low, the developer may not be able to cover their costs and provide a quality product. Therefore, finding the right balance between cost and quality is essential. Understanding the Factors that Affect Website Development Costs Several factors can affect the cost of website development. These factors include design, functionality, and content. A website with complex design elements and advanced functionality will require more time and resources to develop, thus increasing the cost. Additionally, if the website requires extensive content creation or integration with other systems, this can also impact the overall cost. The complexity of the project also plays a role in determining the cost. A basic website with a few pages and simple functionality will generally be less expensive than a complex e-commerce website with multiple product categories and payment gateways. It is important to consider these factors when setting the price for a basic website to ensure that both the client's needs are met and the developer's costs are covered. The Role of WordPress in Building a Basic Website WordPress is a popular platform for building websites, and it offers a range of features and customisation options. It is user-friendly and allows even those without coding knowledge to create and manage their own websites. With WordPress, developers can choose from a wide variety of pre-built templates and plugins to customise the design and functionality of a website. WordPress also offers flexibility in terms of scalability. As a business grows, its website can easily be expanded and modified to accommodate new features or content. This scalability makes WordPress an attractive option for businesses looking to build a basic website that can grow with their needs. Comparing the Costs of Building a Website from Scratch vs. Using WordPress Building a website from scratch can be more expensive than using WordPress. When building a website from scratch, developers need to create all the design elements and functionality from the ground up. This requires more time and resources, which can drive up the cost. On the other hand, WordPress offers pre-built templates and plugins that can save time and money. These templates provide a starting point for the design of the website, and plugins offer additional functionality without the need for custom development. This can significantly reduce the cost of building a basic website. The Pros and Cons of Using WordPress for Website Development Using WordPress for website development has several advantages. One of the main pros is its ease of use. With its intuitive interface, even those without technical skills can create and manage their own websites. This makes it an attractive option for small businesses or individuals who want to have control over their online presence. Another advantage of using WordPress is its flexibility. The platform offers a wide range of themes and plugins that allow for customisation and expansion of a website's design and functionality. This flexibility makes it easy to adapt a website to changing needs or trends. However, there are also some cons to using WordPress. One of the main drawbacks is limited customisation options. While WordPress offers a wide variety of themes and plugins, there may still be limitations in terms of design or functionality. For businesses or individuals with specific requirements, this can be a disadvantage. Another potential drawback is security vulnerabilities. As a popular platform, WordPress is often targeted by hackers. However, by keeping the platform and plugins up to date and implementing security measures, these vulnerabilities can be mitigated. How to Determine the Right Price for a Basic Website Built with WordPress To determine the right price for a basic website built with WordPress, it is important to consider the factors that affect website development costs. This includes the design, functionality, and content requirements of the website. By understanding these factors, developers can accurately estimate the time and resources required for the project and set a fair price. Researching industry standards and competitor pricing can also help in determining the right price. By understanding what other developers are charging for similar projects, developers can ensure that their pricing is competitive and in line with market expectations. Tips for Negotiating Prices with Clients When negotiating prices with clients, it is important to be transparent about pricing and the value of your services. Clearly communicate what is included in the price and any additional costs that may arise during the project. This will help manage client expectations and avoid any misunderstandings. Offering different pricing packages to accommodate different budgets can also be beneficial. By providing options, clients can choose a package that best suits their needs and budget. This can help attract a wider range of clients and increase the chances of closing a deal. Common Mistakes to Avoid When Pricing a Basic Website There are several common mistakes to avoid when pricing a basic website. One of the main mistakes is underestimating the time and resources required for the project. It is important to accurately estimate the amount of work involved in order to set a fair price. Underestimating can lead to financial losses or rushed work, which can negatively impact the quality of the website. Another mistake to avoid is overpromising on features and functionality. It is important to be realistic about what can be achieved within the given budget. Overpromising can lead to disappointment and dissatisfaction from clients if expectations are not met. The Future of Website Development Costs and the Role of WordPress The cost of website development is likely to continue to decrease as technology advances and tools become more accessible. With platforms like WordPress offering pre-built templates and plugins, developers can save time and money on basic website development. This trend is expected to continue, making website development more affordable for businesses and individuals. WordPress is expected to remain a popular platform for building websites in the future. Its user-friendly interface and flexibility make it an attractive option for those looking to create and manage their own websites. As the platform continues to evolve and improve, it is likely to become even more powerful and versatile. Finding the Right Balance Between Cost and Quality in Website Development Setting the right price for a website requires finding the right balance between cost and quality. It is important to consider the factors that affect website development costs, such as design, functionality, and content requirements. By accurately estimating the time and resources required for the project and researching industry standards, developers can set a fair price. WordPress can be a cost-effective option for building basic websites without sacrificing quality. Its ease of use, flexibility, and range of customisation options make it an attractive choice for businesses and individuals looking to create their own websites. By understanding the pros and cons of using WordPress and avoiding common pricing mistakes, developers can ensure that they are providing value to their clients while also covering their costs.
Are you heading to Yellowstone in May and unsure of what to expect? It is safe to say that May is a favorite month to visit Yellowstone National Park. The interior roads open to all, newborn wildlife can be found in every corner and the sights and sounds of the start of spring in the Rocky Mountains dazzle all who visit. While not everything is open and accessible for most of May, the adventure opportunities. May is the 5th most visited month for Yellowstone and is the start of the true busy season. The deeper into the month we get, the more busy it becomes. By the end of the month, it will begin to feel more like summer. While it may be spring where you live, the month of May is far from wildflower blooms and lush grasses. It will snow in the park in May, many trails will be snow-covered the entire month, and some roads will not be open until mid-month. With so much change occurring in Yellowstone National Park during May, I will try to help you navigate it all as best as possible in the following sections. If anything is missing or you want more information, please do not hesitate to contact me. Apologies for the length of this, but this is one of the only places you'll find all of this information in one spot. Open Yellowstone National Park Amenities for May So I was going to write a long list of when things open all around the park, but I was told that it would make this post too long and unreadable. Instead, I made that information accessible on its own page, which can be found by clicking here. On the page, you'll find the dates that restaurants, lodges, campgrounds, and even horseback riding tours start in Yellowstone. Please know that specific dates may vary, so it's advisable to check for the most up-to-date information before planning your trip. Yellowstone Road Opening Dates in May To start the month of May, the only roads open in Yellowstone National Park are found on the north and west sides of the park. West Yellowstone is open, letting you drive to Old Faithful, Canyon, Mammoth, and out to Lamar Valley. The north entrance in Gardiner is also open, as it is all year long, year-round, you can take this road and drive out to Lamamr Valley and Cooke City. In May, you can also now drive down to Norris and over to Canyon, or down to Norris and Old Faithful. You can also find this information on the Yellowstone Park Road's site. On May 3rd, 2024, the road from Canyon down to Fishing Bridge is scheduled to open, as is the east entrance to the aforementioned open areas of the park. A week later, the south entrance is scheduled to open, as are all the remaining park roads except for Dunraven Pass. Dunraven is currently slated to open on May 24th. The Beartooth Highway is scheduled to open on Memorial Day weekend if the weather cooperates. "The Plug," which connects Cooke City to Wyoming and the Chief Joseph Highway is scheduled to open sometime in May. I will update this if/when they announce a day. What is Yellowstone's Traffic Like in May There is a myth that if you visit Yellowstone before June or after August, you'll have a mostly empty park. While that may have been true a decade or two ago, when you visit in May, you will encounter backups in the park and even lines to enter the park. The earlier in May you arrive, the less the crowds in and out of the park will be. Weekdays will also be better than weekends. By mid-month, bear jams and bison jams can snarl traffic for an hour or two. On the weekends, especially in the morning, the entrance at West Yellowstone can take over an hour to go through. To properly maneuver in a bison jam, please read this article. Yellowstone Wildlife Watching in May May is hands-down one of the best months for wildlife watching in Yellowstone. The wildlife potential is beyond belief, with once-in-a-lifetime wildlife-watching moments found with ease at pullouts and along the road. However, please know that both stopping your car on the road to take pictures and exiting your vehicle to approach an animal is against park rules. Baby bison, called red dogs, will dot the landscape, frolicking in the prairie. Newborn bear cubs will be climbing trees near their mom, while aggressive male bears will be trying to find a mate. Newborn elk and pronghorn will also be seen, as will coyote pups, and badgers with kits. You'll also have a chance to see wolves near their dens, with a potential for glimpses and glances of pups experiencing the wilds of Yellowstone for the first time. You'll also see hawks and eagles, pelicans and swans, and countless other gorgeous birds. I could go on and on about what you might see, but instead of doing that here, I strongly recommend picking up my wildlife-watching guidebook to Yellowstone National Park. It is based on my decades of searching for and finding animals in the park. Hiking in Yellowstone During May Chances are, you are going to be coming from someplace that is not the Rocky Mountains when visiting Yellowstone. The reason it is important to note this is because most places around the country are snow-free in May and the hiking season is in full swing. Not in Yellowstone. Here, the average elevation is 8,000 feet above sea level and more often than not, most non-boardwalk trails are not snow-free until June. You'll also need to always carry bear spray with you on any and every trail in the park. Even the short boardwalk paths. Always have it easily accessible and know how to use it. Do not put it inside your backpack, as you will not have time to get it out if you need to use it. Here is a handy website about bear spray. You can still walk most of the trails in the geyser basins without snow, but please still expect less-than-ideal conditions. In 2023, the Norris Geyser Basin boardwalks and trails didn't open until June, due to too much snow. The snowpack in 2024, as of the time of publication, is not nearly as high, but that doesn't mean it won't dump snow well into May. For trail conditions, please check the backcountry situation report on the Yellowstone National Park website, or reach out to me directly and ask about a trail you are considering. I am out on the trails every single week. If you would like to have a guide on a hike, you have come to the right place. I offer a myriad of guided hiking tours in Yellowstone National Park and will be stoked to show you around. Click here to see what I am currently offering. If you'd rather find your own hike, I have also written a guidebook of my favorite trails in and around Yellowstone. You can pick that up here. Typical Weather for May May is a month when the weather is hard to predict. It is not as chaotic as April, but it still is wild. It can snow, rain, thunderstorm, and be sunny and super warm all on the same day. The park is also huge, so the weather in one area or another will vary drastically. Because of the wild weather swings possible each day, you'll need to pack for a little bit of everything. May is also one of the wetter months for the park, averaging 12 days of precipitation. This can fall in rain, snow, hail, or all of them. Because of the chance of snow, please know that the park may temporarily close roads if conditions are too bad. These closures rarely last longer than 12 hours. Highs are generally between 60 and 40 degrees Fahrenheit but can have swings of 10 or 20 degrees on either side of that. It will also get cold at night, with temperatures often dropping to the 30s or 20s Fahrenheit. The good news is that temperatures in the single digits and temperatures below zero Fahrenheit are extremely rare. Camping in Yellowstone in May The following are the campground operating dates for 2024. Please note that rules and regulations vary from campground to campground. Please visit the Yellowstone National Park Campground website for more details. Bridge Bay Campground: Opens May 17th, 2024, and closes September 2nd, 2024 Canyon Campground: Opens May 31st, 2024, and closes September 14th, 2024 Fishing Bridge RV Park: Opens May 10th, 2024, and closes October 12th, 2024 Grant Village Campground: Opens June 7th, 2024, and closes September 7th, 2024 Indian Creek Campground: Opens June 14th, 2024, and closes September 8th, 2024 Lewis Lake Campground: Opens June 15th, 2024, and closes October 14th, 2024 Madison Campground: Opens May 3rd, 2024, and closes October 19th, 2024 Mammoth Campground: Opening Date TBD Norris Campground: Closed for 2024 Pebble Creek Campground: Closed for 2024 Slough Creek Campground: Opens June 15th, 2024, and closes September 2nd, 2024 Tower Campground: Closed in 2024 Gateway Communities May is the start of real tourist season for the gateway towns surrounding Yellowstone, but mainly toward the end of the month. Amenities are slow to open, as many of the places in and around the park are staffed by college students or other seasonal workers. Because of this, do not expect all the restaurants to be open in the gateway towns in May. Some might be open, others will be closed. Places will also close early, often at 8 pm. Gardiner and West Yellowstone both have markets and grocery stores to pick up food, but they also close relatively early. Hotels will start to fill up, so do not assume you'll be able to find a room at the last moment, especially as the month progresses. The same goes for established campgrounds outside of the park. Yellowstone is one of the most visited places in America during the summer and finding a place to stay can be a challenge without planning ahead. Finally, before booking a place to stay, check the dates of your stay with the opening of roads. It would be a shame to have a room in Cody, Wyoming, and not be able to enter the park yet.
Lighting plays a crucial role in shaping the ambiance and mood of a space. It has the power to influence our emotions, productivity, and overall well-being. One often overlooked aspect of lighting design is color temperature, which refers to the warmth or coolness of light emitted by a bulb. Understanding how to use different color temperatures can transform your living and working spaces into inviting and functional areas. In this blog post, we will explore the significance of color temperature and how to utilize it effectively in various settings. 1. The Basics of Color Temperature: Color temperature is measured in Kelvin (K) and typically falls into three categories: Warm White (2700K-3500K), Neutral White (3500K-5000K), and Cool White (5000K-6500K). Lower Kelvin values produce warm, yellowish light, reminiscent of candlelight, while higher values emit cooler, bluish light akin to daylight. 2. Warm White (2700K-3500K): Perfect for Relaxation and Comfort: Warm white lighting is ideal for spaces where relaxation and comfort are paramount, such as bedrooms, living rooms, and dining areas. The soft, cozy glow creates a welcoming atmosphere, promoting rest and intimacy. Accentuating Natural Materials: In spaces with wooden furniture, exposed brick, or warm-colored walls, warm white lighting complements and enhances these natural materials, providing an inviting and homely vibe. 3. Neutral White (3500K-5000K): Balanced Illumination for Productivity: Neutral white lighting strikes a balance between warm and cool tones, making it suitable for workspaces, offices, and kitchens. It promotes focus and concentration, making it easier to read, study, or engage in detailed tasks. Showcasing Artwork: When displaying artwork or decorative pieces, neutral white light helps reveal accurate colors and textures, allowing the artwork to shine without distortion. 4. Cool White (5000K-6500K): Enhancing Task Performance: Cool white lighting mimics natural daylight, making it ideal for areas where precise tasks are performed, such as workshops, garages, and study rooms. It boosts alertness and can help improve productivity and performance. Brightening Small Spaces: Using cool white lighting in smaller rooms can create an illusion of more space by making the room feel brighter and airier. 5. Combining Color Temperatures: Don't be afraid to mix and match different color temperatures within your home or workspace. For instance, consider using warm white lights in the living room for a relaxing ambiance, while opting for neutral white lights in the adjacent study corner to facilitate work. 6. Consider Dimmers and Smart Lighting: To further enhance the versatility of your lighting, incorporate dimmers and smart lighting systems. Dimmers allow you to adjust the intensity of the light, while smart lighting enables you to change color temperatures remotely through mobile apps or voice commands, catering to different moods and activities. Understanding and utilizing different color temperatures can significantly impact the overall atmosphere and functionality of various spaces. By selecting the appropriate color temperature for each room, you can create an environment that complements its purpose, fosters well-being, and enhances your daily experiences. So, next time you embark on a lighting project, remember to choose wisely and let the colors set the mood! We hope this guide has been helpful in shedding light (pun intended) on the importance of using different color temperature lights for different spaces.

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