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Durga Chalisa is a devotional hymn dedicated to Goddess Durga, which consists of forty verses in praise of the deity. It is believed that reciting the Durga Chalisa can bring blessings, protection, and prosperity to the devotee. As a source of divine energy and strength, many worshipers chant the hymn regularly to seek the Goddess's blessings. Here, we will explore the significance of Durga Chalisa, its benefits, and provide information on how to download a PDF version in Hindi for free. What is Durga Chalisa? Durga Chalisa is a forty-verse prayer that glorifies Goddess Durga, who is considered the supreme goddess of power, righteousness, and protection in Hindu mythology. Chanting the Chalisa is believed to invoke the blessings of the Goddess and seek her protection from negativity and evil forces. Significance of Durga Chalisa The recitation of Durga Chalisa is a powerful way to connect with the divine energy of Goddess Durga. It is said to bring peace, positivity, and strength to the devotee. By chanting the verses with devotion and faith, one can overcome obstacles, fears, and challenges in life. Benefits of Reciting Durga Chalisa - Protection: Durga Chalisa is believed to offer protection from harm and negative influences. - Strength: Regular chanting can provide inner strength and courage to face difficulties. - Blessings: Seeking the blessings of Goddess Durga through the Chalisa can bring prosperity and success. - Removal of Obstacles: The hymn is often recited to overcome obstacles and hurdles in life's path. Download Durga Chalisa PDF in Hindi for Free If you are looking to download a PDF version of the Durga Chalisa in Hindi for free, there are several websites and online platforms where you can find it. Here are some steps to help you get the PDF: - Search Online: Use search engines like Google to look for websites offering downloadable versions of the Durga Chalisa in Hindi. - Visit Reliable Websites: Choose reputable websites that offer authentic and accurate versions of the hymn. - Check for Authenticity: Ensure that the PDF you download is a legitimate and properly formatted version of the Durga Chalisa. - Save and Store: Once you find a reliable source, download the PDF to your device for easy access and use. By following these steps, you can easily access and download a PDF copy of the Durga Chalisa in Hindi for free and begin your devotional practice with Goddess Durga. FAQs (Frequently Asked Questions) - Is Durga Chalisa only recited during Navratri? No, Durga Chalisa can be recited at any time to seek the blessings and protection of Goddess Durga. How many times should I recite Durga Chalisa for maximum benefits? You can recite Durga Chalisa as per your convenience, but chanting it regularly with devotion is recommended. Can non-Hindi speakers chant Durga Chalisa in Hindi? Yes, non-Hindi speakers can chant the Chalisa by learning the verses phonetically or using translations in their preferred language. Are there specific rules or rituals to follow while reciting Durga Chalisa? While there are no strict rules, it is advised to maintain cleanliness, devotion, and focus during the recitation. Can children recite Durga Chalisa? Yes, children can recite Durga Chalisa under the guidance of adults to seek divine blessings and protection. Are there any audio versions available for Durga Chalisa recitation? Yes, there are many audio recordings and online videos available for listening and learning the recitation of Durga Chalisa. Is it necessary to understand the meaning of each verse while reciting Durga Chalisa? While understanding the meaning can enhance the devotional experience, sincere recitation with faith is also considered beneficial. Can Durga Chalisa be recited for specific intentions or wishes? - Yes, devotees often recite the Chalisa for specific intentions such as health, prosperity, protection, and success in endeavors. In conclusion, Durga Chalisa is a revered hymn that holds immense significance in Hindu tradition. By reciting this prayer with devotion and faith, one can seek the blessings and protection of Goddess Durga. Downloading a PDF version in Hindi can help you easily access and chant the verses to experience the divine energy and grace of the Goddess in your life.
The more than 15-meter-long monster sharks that once roamed the world's oceans were apparently already born as large fish, according to a study: Megalodons gave birth to young animals about two meters tall, according to analysis results of the growth lines of a fossil vortex . The features also suggest that the sea predators could possibly reach an age of up to 100 years. As the researchers explain, the considerable size at birth was probably made possible by the cannibalistic diet of the young in the womb, which is also found in some of today's viviparous shark species. Finds of hand-sized teeth and a few vertebrae bear witness to a gigantic shark that swam through the seas of the earth until about three million years ago. The size of the sharp walkers suggest that Megalodon (Otodus megalodon) was more than twice the size of the up to seven meters long great white shark (Carcharodon carcharias). Who the monster shark once chased is clear from bite marks on fossil whale bones: Large marine mammals were apparently on its menu. Why the probably largest shark of all time died out remains largely unclear. The smaller but more adaptable great white shark may have ousted him. Based on comparisons of the tooth structures, it is assumed that megalodons were probably not a direct ancestor of the great white shark. Like him, however, he also belonged to the family of jack sharks (Lamnidae). A characteristic of this shark family is that none of today's representatives lay eggs, but rather give birth to comparatively well-developed young animals. Megalodon vortices with growth lines Although its existence is well documented by the numerous dental finds, megalodon remains a mysterious predator of the past. Because hardly any other fossil body parts of these cartilaginous fish have been preserved that give more precise information about their anatomy and biology. There is only one exception: A few fossil eddies were found that are attributed to the mega-shark. The researchers led by Kenshu Shimada from DePaul University in Chicago have now devoted an investigation to three megalodon vortices from the collection of the Royal Belgian Institute for Natural Sciences in Brussels. Using CT scan technology, the researchers were able to reveal the lines in the vertebrae, which, similar to tree rings, have formed annually in the animal as it grew. The vertebrae were found to have 46 growth lines. That means: The animal died at the age of 46. From the diameter of the vertebrae of up to 15 centimeters, comparisons with counterparts of great white sharks show that this megalodon was about nine meters long. The features of the growth lines suggest that the animal had reached this length at an average rate of about 16 centimeters per year. As part of their study, the researchers also developed a growth curve model that allows an assessment of the life expectancy of megalodons. With reference to the maximum size of around 15 meters, the animals reached an age of 88 to 100 years, according to the researchers' calculations. Cannibalism in the womb As they further report, their analysis results also allowed conclusions to be drawn about how big the shark was when it was born: They came to a length of about two meters. The record giants apparently gave birth to the largest shark babies of all time, say the scientists. "It is noteworthy that megalodon babies were already larger than adults of many of today's shark species," says co-author Matthew Bonnan Stockton University in Galloway. It can be assumed that the offspring evidently developed similarly to today's representatives of the mackerel sharks in the womb: They were fed by a cannibalistic diet called oophagia or intrauterine cannibalism. Embryos that hatch early begin to eat neighboring eggs. At least in today's sand tiger shark, they even eat other hatched siblings. The result of this strategy is that few embryos survive and develop, but they grow to be significant in size at birth. Obviously, when the megalodon was reproduced, class was more important than mass: "With this strategy, the bottom line is that more young animals survive if they are already born as highly developed fish, as they are less likely to be eaten by other predators and are more competitive", explains Shimada. Co-author Michael Griffiths from William Paterson University of New Jersey in Wayne concludes with the study results: "Overall, the information presented in this work has now greatly expanded our understanding of the biology of the megalodon," emphasizes the scientist. Source: Taylor & Francis, Articles: Historical Biology, doi: 10.1080 / 08912963.2020.1861608
Building Summer Bridges: Two Ways State Leaders Can Set Students Up For College Success Brandon Bond was set to become the first member of his family to attend college. By the time he walked across his high school graduation stage, he was already looking forward to studying at the University of Michigan-Ann Arbor (U-M). While Brandon has always considered himself adaptable to new challenges or environments, at the time, he was unsure of who and what kinds of resources on campus could support him in navigating higher education. "As a first-generation student, I didn't really know what to expect or what I should be setting goals toward or anything of that nature. I was somewhat worried," explained Brandon. Fortunately, U-M offers a Summer Bridge Scholars Program (SBSP) to help students make successful transitions to college. Brandon enrolled in this program and took three courses—CSP 100 (Seminar in Academic Engagement), CSP 105 (Writing and Culture Seminar), and MATH 103 (Foundations in Quantitative Reasoning and Literacy)—to ensure he was academically prepared and built connections with other students who would soon be enrolling alongside him. In addition, Brandon received mentorship from an on-campus Residential Advisor during the summer and, as a Bridge Scholars PLUS participant, a Peer Academic Coach during his first academic year. Indeed, participating in SBSP before the start of his freshman year helped ensure that Brandon was set up for success. Not all students are as fortunate as Brandon. Every year, one in five graduates who have earned admission to college and intend to matriculate never show up on campus, a phenomenon known as "summer melt." A myriad of obstacles can disrupt students along their postsecondary education journey; a recent study on students who decided not to pursue or complete a two-year or four-year college program found that 38 percent had fears about the cost of college and amassing debt and 25 percent felt uncertainty about their career trajectories and what they wanted to study. One intervention that has emerged across colleges and universities to address summer melt and boost matriculation is summer bridge programming—like the one that helped Brandon transition to U-M. Originally established as a remedial alternative for underprepared learners, these programs have evolved to encompass a throughline of support during the summer months to ensure students successfully enroll in the fall. There is increasing evidence that students in summer bridge programs are more likely to successfully transition into their postsecondary education institution in the subsequent fall semester. In addition to facilitating the transition to the rigors of postsecondary coursework, summer bridge programs also support participants in establishing a robust campus network and building a sense of belonging. These programs can play a critical role in forging relationships among summer bridge students, faculty, staff, and peers through an array of programming components, such as coursework, workshops, and peer-to-peer mentorship. While many individual colleges and universities have implemented their own programs, to increase the number of students served and to promote quality, state agencies and institutional systems leaders have an important role to play in leading a statewide approach to summer bridge. When launching a state-level summer bridge program, there are two primary implementation models to consider: the institution-led model and the statewide model. Institution-led Model An institution-led model for summer bridge programs is one in which the state's colleges and universities each run an institution-specific summer bridge program funded by the state. States launch a grant to fund their public and private colleges and universities that wish to host summer bridge programs for their incoming students. Running an institution-led summer bridge program affords each institution the flexibility to customize its program structure and curriculum to cater to its student body. Leveraging the resources at each institution, an institution-led summer bridge program model would require less launch time and capacity. Statewide Programs On the other hand, a state may choose to centrally operate and manage its summer bridge program. In these cases,coursework is often delivered in a virtual or hybrid model in order to ensure consistent quality and to reach significantly more students at scale. The state agency or intermediary can then partner with districts and institutions to provide additional relational and navigational supports to help students successfully transition, such as campus visits, tutoring, cohort events, and mentorship. Which Summer Bridge Model is Right for My State? Each model has its own set of benefits and potential challenges. In determining which implementation model is best, agency leaders will need to consider factors including the barriers to student success that the program will address, state agency and its partners' staff capacity, and funding. Whether supporting institutions to lead their own programs or launching a statewide program, implementing high-quality summer bridge programs can be a valuable strategy for states to bolster enrollment and retention. Importantly, these programs can have a marked impact on individual students like Brandon Bond. "I feel like SBSP was 100 percent fundamental for my development. It's difficult to make goals when you don't know what opportunities are out there, and I think having exposure points through SBSP helped with creating a more expansive vision for what I can do." After completing his undergraduate education, Brandon went on to obtain two master's degrees in Public Health and Social Work and now works as a Mental Health and Well-Being Student Advocate at U-M. Check out our latest brief, Bridging the Gap: A State Leader's Guide to Implementing Summer Bridge Programs, to see how Kentucky, Texas, and Hawaii each designed their state-wide Summer Bridge programs and to access program components and an implementation checklist for each distinct model.
Browsing by Author "Pent, Gabriel J." Now showing 1 - 20 of 33 Results Per Page Sort Options - Animal Performance on Toxic Tall Fescue During The SummerPent, Gabriel J.; Fike, John H. (Virginia Cooperative Extension, 2018-09-19)Discusses toxic ergot alkaloids that are sometimes produced by bacteria living within many tall fescue varieties, and the effects these toxins have on livestock, particularly cattle. - Behavior and Physiological Responses of Livestock Under Different Grazing SystemsPoudel, Sanjok (Virginia Tech, 2022-04-14)Animal welfare is a major concern among livestock producers in the U.S. Heat stress, particularly, compromises animal welfare and productivity, causing >$2B annual economic loss to producers. The presence of toxic alkaloids within tall fescue (Schedonorus phoenix syn Lolium arundinaceum, syn Festuca arundinacea) plants induces a complex of disorders collectively known as fescue toxicosis. Summer slump, a reduction in animal performance due to heat stress, is common and evident of the symptoms. Various techniques for assessing animal physiological and behavioral responses to heat stress were explored in this dissertation, with particular emphasis on fescue toxicosis and its mitigation strategies. In the first study, the physiological and behavioral responses of heifers was evaluated when grazing either toxic tall fescue with wildtype endophyte (WE) or tall fescue with a novel endophyte (NE). Heifers (n = 24) were assigned to either WE or NE pastures for a 56-d grazing study during the summers of 2020 and 2021. Heifer average daily gain (ADG), intravaginal temperature, and degree of hair shedding were recorded during the grazing period. Blood samples were collected through coccygeal venipuncture and hair was collected from the left rump for cortisol analysis. Ear, tail, and hoof temperatures were collected for each heifer using an infrared thermal imaging camera. In 2020, heifers that grazed NE tall fescue had greater (P = 0.0160) ADG over the season (0.22 vs. 0.12 kg day-1). Hair retention score was greater (P = 0.0029) for heifers that grazed WE tall fescue compared to heifers that grazed NE tall fescue across both years. Heifers that grazed WE tall fescue had decreased ear skin temperature (P = 0.0001), tail skin temperature (P = 0.0058), and hoof surface temperature (P = 0.0075) compared to heifers that grazed NE. Heifers that grazed WE had 0.3-0.9 ºC hotter intravaginal temperatures than heifers that grazed NE, especially during daytime. Hair cortisol levels of heifers that grazed WE tall fescue were greater (P < 0.0001) compared to hair cortisol levels of heifers that grazed NE tall fescue. From 1200h-1700h each day, heifers that grazed WE tall fescue spent 1.5 more (P = 0.0003) hours standing and 0.9 fewer (P = 0.0402) hours lying down compared to heifers that grazed NE tall fescue. These results suggest that heat stress and other physiological changes in heifers grazing WE tall fescue could be mitigated by renovating pastures with NE tall fescue that does not impose any negative effects on grazing animals. The second study explored the potential benefits of consuming condensed tannins as a means of negating the effects of toxic alkaloids in tall fescue. Twelve fall-born steers were assigned to one of the two diet supplement treatments - sericea lespedeza pellets (LES) or sericea lespedeza pellets mixed with polyethylene glycol (LES+PEG) for 12 weeks during the summers of 2020 and 2021. The LES+PEG treatment served as a positive control since polyethylene glycol binds tannins, rendering them inactive in the gastrointestinal system. Animal body weight (BW), hair retention score (HRS), rectal temperature, and thermographic images were collected every 4 weeks. Hair and blood samples were also collected for cortisol analysis. Fecal and urine samples were collected and analyzed for total ergot alkaloid (TEA) concentration. Steers on LES had greater (P = 0.0033) ADG compared to steers on LES+PEG in 2021, but not in 2020 (P = 0.8707). In 2021, HRS was greater (P < 0.05) for steers fed LES+PEG compared to steers fed LES. In 2020, ear skin temperature (P < 0.0001) and hoof surface temperature (P = 0.0382) was greater in steers on LES compared to steers on LES+PEG. Rectal temperatures were lower (P = 0.02905) for steers fed LES compared to steers fed LES+PEG in 2021. Plasma cortisol levels did not differ (P ≥ 0.1566) between LES and LES+PEG treatments for both years. In 2020, hair cortisol levels did not differ (P = 0.8295) between treatments while in 2021, the hair cortisol level of steers on LES+PEG was greater (P = 0.0221) compared to hair cortisol levels of steers on LES. This study indicated some changes in animal physiology in response to dietary supplements containing condensed tannins, but results were inconsistent and further studies are needed to better understand the potential benefits of tannins in reducing the effects of toxic alkaloids consumption. In the third study, behavioral and physiological responses of ewes that grazed either mid-stage hardwood silvopastures or open pasture (OP) were compared. The study site consists of 0.27-ha of black walnut (Juglans nigra; BSP) and honeylocust (Gleditsia triacanthos; HSP) silvopastures and open pasture treatments, each replicated three times. During the summers of 2020 and 2021, thirty-six Katahdin ewes were assigned to one of the treatments for a 6-week summer grazing trial. Ewe weights were recorded for two consecutive days at the beginning and end of the study and intravaginal temperatures were recorded for two consecutive days at every 3-week intervals. Trail cameras captured animal behavior. Blood was collected via jugular venipuncture. Hair grown during the trial was collected from the loin region. Blood and hair cortisol concentrations were determined by ELISA. Ewe ADG was greater in HSP compared to OP (P = 0.0456) but did not differ with BSP (P = 0.4686) across both years. Ewes on OP had hotter (P ≤ 0.0343) intravaginal temperatures than ewes on both silvopasture treatments between 1100h-1700h. Plasma cortisol level was lower in ewes on BSP compared to ewes on OP (P = 0.0400) but did not differ with ewes on HSP (P = 0.6954) across both years. Ewes that grazed OP had greater hair cortisol levels compared to ewes on silvopasture treatments both in 2020 and 2021 (P < 0.0001). In 2020, ewes on BSP spent about 20% more time grazing than ewes on OP (P = 0.0054) while in 2021 ewes on BSP spent about 36% more time grazing than ewes on HSP (P = 0.0014). Ewes on OP spent 400% more time standing than ewes on BSP (P < 0.0001) and 750% more time standing than ewes on HSP (P < 0.0001). Ewe on OP spent 20% less time lying down compared to ewes on BSP (P < 0.0001) and 33% less time lying down compared to ewes on HSP (P < 0.0001). Hair cortisol measures and intravaginal temperature sensors can be utilized as reliable and relatively non-invasive techniques for measuring heat stress response in livestock managed in extensive grazing systems. - Can Beef Be Bee-Friendly? Using Native Warm-Season Grasses and Wildflowers in Pastures to Conserve BeesWagner, Jennie Faith (Virginia Tech, 2020-05-29)Over the past several decades, native and managed bee populations have decreased in the United States and worldwide. Although bee decline is attributable to several factors, habitat loss is the primary driver. Simultaneously, cattle producers in the eastern U.S. rely primarily on cool-season forages that peak in biomass production in late spring, leading to a lack of forage in the summer months and increasing the costs of cattle production. Seeding pastures with a mix of native warm-season grasses and native wildflowers could increase forage availability while also increasing available resources for bees. In this study, a mix of three native warm-season grasses (NWSGs) and 15 wildflower species was planted at the Virginia Tech Shenandoah Valley Agricultural Research and Extension Center (SVAREC). The objectives of this project were to document the establishment and species composition of NWSG + wildflower pasture mixtures, compare the attractiveness of wildflowers and weedy species to bees, and compare the bee community between NWSG + wildflower pastures and more typical cool-season grass pastures. The wildflowers in the NWSG + wildflower pastures dominated over grasses. All wildflower species that established were attractive to bees, as were some weedy species. The NWSG + wildflower treatments had the highest abundance of bees collected, with an average of 14.8 bees collected per pasture per sampling date in 2018, and an average of 12.4 bees collected per pasture per sampling date in 2019. These results indicate that with modification of establishment methods so that more grasses are present, this pasture system could be beneficial from both a cattle production and bee conservation standpoint. - Clipping Heifer Hair Coats Can Briefly Reduce Fescue Toxicosis SymptomsBeard, Christopher T.; Pent, Gabriel J.; Swecker, Terry; Abaye, Azenegashe Ozzie (Virginia Tech, 2022-11-10)A substantial challenge for many beef cattle producers is developing beef heifers into mature, productive cows in a timely and profitable manner. At the Shenandoah Valley Agricultural Research and Extension Center (SVAREC), fall-born replacement heifer candidates are artificially inseminated (AI) in December at 14-15 months of age with a target weight of 350-380 kg. Achieving this level of weight gain through the summer months has been difficult due to heat stress and the utilization of toxic endophyte-infected tall fescue. Tall fescue is the predominant species of forage found at SVAREC. The purpose of this project was to determine if clipping the hair coats of beef heifers would reduce the heat stress that the heifers experience during the summer months. Heifer hair coats were scored in the spring when they were approximately 9 months old and had an average weight of 200 kg in year one and 256 kg in year two. Heifers were scored on a five-point ranked scale, with a score of 1 indicating complete shedding of hair and a score of 5 indicating that no shedding has occurred. Heifers with a hair coat score of 4 or 5 were utilized for this project. The selected group of heifers scoring a hair coat score of 4 or 5 (32 in year one and 23 in year two) were randomly assigned to a control cohort and a clipped cohort. The heifers in the clipped treatment group were sheared with variable speed clippers along the body of the heifer, but not from under the belly or along the legs. Heifer hair coats were scored again at the end of the study on day 113. Vaginal temperature loggers were used to record core body temperatures every ten minutes during several sampling periods. At the conclusion of these 16-week trials, most of the control heifers retained their hair coats while the heifers that had been clipped regrew their hair coats. There was significant period by treatment interaction for the response of heifer average daily gains to clipping (P=0.0002). Average daily gains of the clipped heifers (0.4 kg/day) exceeded the average daily gains of the control heifers (0.1 kg/day) only in the first four-week period of each year (P<0.0001), but there were no differences in total seasonal average daily gain (0.3 kg/day; P=0.1631). There was significant treatment by hour interaction in the analysis of heifer vaginal temperatures (P<0.0001), with clipped heifers cooler than control heifers through most of the night and morning hours, but not in the afternoon. In conclusion, clipping heifers resulted in only short-term benefits to weight gains for heifers stocked on toxic endophyte-infected tall fescue pastures, but clipping did result in reduced core body temperatures throughout the summer months. Additional work could explore the effects of clipping heifers at regular intervals during periods of high temperatures and humidity, such as at monthly intervals. - Condensed Tannins Attributes: Potential Solution to Fescue Toxicosis?Poudel, Sanjok; Zeller, Wayne E.; Fike, John H.; Pent, Gabriel J. (MDPI, 2023-03-14)Tall fescue (Schedonorus arundinaceous (Schreb.) Dumort. nom. cons. Lolium arundinaceum (Schreb.) Darbysh.) toxicosis results from the consumption of alkaloids released by wild-type endophytes (Epichloe coenophiala) that live in symbiosis with the plant. Alkaloid consumption causes significant production and reproductive losses which cost the U.S. beef industry approximately $2 billion every year. Incorporating species that contain condensed tannins (CTs) into forage systems may be an effective strategy to reduce the effects of fescue toxicosis in livestock. It has been hypothesized that stable complexes formed between CTs and toxic alkaloids could help reduce their absorption through the gastrointestinal epithelia, thus reducing their toxic effects. However, it is not yet clear whether CTs are effective in reducing the effects of fescue toxicosis in grazing systems. A comprehensive literature search was carried out using Google Scholar to identify studies relevant to the research question, from which the cited articles were selected. This review covers the value and issues of tall fescue employed as useful forage, summarizes the impact endophyte-infected tall fescue can have on cattle, and sets out the current management strategies implemented to minimize fescue toxicosis. The review continues with a brief summary of tannin structure and the well-documented benefits that CT-containing forages can contribute to the productivity and sustainability of ruminant agriculture. Finally, a summary of the potential forage sources, mechanisms, and benefits of CTs in reducing the negative post-ingestion effects of fescue alkaloids in livestock is provided. - Converting pastures to native warm season grasses: forage for drought in Bedford countyPent, Gabriel J.; Daniel, J. B. (Virginia Cooperative Extension, 2020)Warm season grasses are most productive during summer months and have the potential to fill a large forage production gap in the southeastern US, known as the "summer slump." Native warm season grasses are well adapted to theis region's climate and soils, maintaining high productivity even in the summer months and with minimal inputs. Their deep rooting potential also has value for carbon sequestration. - Converting pastures to native warm season grasses: Summer forage and wildlife habitat in Caroline CountyPent, Gabriel J.; Daniel, J. B. (Virginia Cooperative Extension, 2021-03-01)Native grasses can provide forage for cattle and habitat for wildlife. This publication provides a farmer's perspective on converting a tall fescue pasture to native warm season grasses. - Creating silvopastures – Some considerations when planting trees into pasturesFike, John H.; Downing, Adam K.; Munsell, John F.; Frey, Gregory E.; Mercier, Kelly; Pent, Gabriel J.; Teutsch, Christopher D.; Daniel, J. B.; Fisher, K. Jason; Adams, Miller; Groh, Todd (Virginia Cooperative Extension, 2017)Silvopastures — integrated tree-forage-livestock production systems — have the potential to boost farm resource use and income. These systems take advantage of the beneficial interactions among system components, add biodiversity, and increase animal comfort. The intentional and careful combining of trees and livestock in time and space can yield both short-and long-term returns and have positive environmental outcomes. In well-managed silvopasture systems, trees can reduce livestock stress by protecting them from inclement weather or by reducing ambient temperatures and radiation. They can provide marketable timber and nontimber products and improve environmental quality by reducing water runoff and capturing nutrients and by reducing animal use of surface waters. - Creating Silvopastures: Some Considerations When Thinning Existing Timber StandsFike, John H.; Downing, Adam K.; Munsell, John F.; Daniel, J. B.; Teutsch, Christopher D.; Mercier, Kelly; Pent, Gabriel J. (Virginia Cooperative Extension, 2016-09-30)Discusses the concept of silvopastures, the inclusion of trees with forage and livestock production in a rotational grazing system. This system can improve forage production, animal comfort, increase farm resource use efficiency, increase farm income, and reduce environmental costs. This system is also more sustainable. - Effect of silvopasture system on fearfulness and leg health in fast-growing broiler chickensPaneru, Bidur; Pent, Gabriel J.; Nastasi, Shawna; Downing, Adam K.; Munsell, John F.; Fike, John H.; Jacobs, Leonie (2023-02)A silvopasture system intentionally integrates trees, forages, and livestock, allowing dual land use. These systems can provide high-quality habitat for broiler chickens; however, such systems have not been widely adopted by the broiler industry in the United States. The objective of this study was to examine the effect of silvopasture versus open pasture access on fearfulness and leg health in fast-growing broiler chickens. A total of 886 mixed-sex Ross 708 chicks in Experiment 1 (Exp 1) and 648 chicks in Experiment 2 (Exp 2) were housed in coops and had access to 16 (Exp 1) or 12 (Exp 2) 125m2 silvopasture plots (x̄ = 32% canopy cover) or open pasture plots (no canopy cover) from day 24 of age. Fearfulness was measured using a tonic immobility test (tonic immobility duration), and leg health was assessed by quantifying footpad dermatitis, hock burns, gait, and performing a latency-to-lie test on days 37-39 of age. Birds in the silvopasture treatment were less fearful than birds in the open pasture treatment. Overall, birds in both silvopasture and open pasture systems had excellent leg health. Silvopasture birds had lower footpad dermatitis scores than open pasture birds. Silvopasture birds tended to have worse gait than open pasture birds in Exp 1, but not in Exp 2. Hock burn scores and latency-to-lie did not differ between treatments in Exp 1 or Exp 2. Raising birds in silvopasture reduced fear and improved footpad health compared to birds raised in open pastures, which indicates that silvopasture systems provide some benefits for affective state and leg health in fast-growing broilers. - The effects of endophyte-infected tall fescue on production and reproductive performance parameters of beef cattle and calvesAnderson, Amber A. (Virginia Tech, 2019-12)Beef cattle production records from two Virginia Department of Corrections herds from 2012- 2019 were analyzed to determine how the cultivar of tall fescue – toxic endophyte-infected or novel endophyte-infected – impacted cattle productivity metrics. Parameters compared were artificial insemination pregnancy rates, calving rates, body weights, and body condition scores of cows and birth weights and weaning weights of calves. The experimental design was a randomized completed block design with year as the replication. Samples of tall fescue were collected from the farm locations and tested for total ergot alkaloid concentrations. The samples from the farm with toxic endophyte-infected tall fescue all contained toxic levels of ergot alkaloids while the samples from the farm with novel endophyte-infected tall fescue indicated that half of the pastures at this location did not have toxic levels of total ergot alkaloids. Artificial insemination pregnancy rates were greater (P = 0.0011) for cows on novel endophyte-infected tall fescue (52 ± 1%) than for cows on toxic endophyte-infected tall fescue (43 ± 1%). Cows on novel endophyte-infected tall fescue had greater calving rates (94 ± 1%) than cows on toxic endophyte-infected tall fescue (89 ± 1%; P = 0.0243). Body condition scores and body weights at pre-breeding were greater for the cows on novel endophyte-infected tall fescue (P=0.0153 and P=0.0456, respectively). Birthweights were reduced for calves on toxic endophyte-infected tall fescue (34 ± 0.9 kg.) than for calves on novel endophyte-infected tall fescue (38 ± 1.4 kg.; P = 0.0257). Calves on novel endophyte-infected tall fescue had greater weaning weights (278 ± 5.9 kg.) than calves on the toxic endophyte-infected tall fescue (254 ± 5.9 kg.; P = 0.0217). Cattle production was improved on the farm with novel endophyte-infected tall fescue compared to cattle production on the farm with only toxic endophyte-infected tall fescue. - Effects of fescue cultivar on performance of beef cows grazed on summer stockpiled tall fescue pasturesLangford, Taylor Andrew (Virginia Tech, 2020-06-09)This 2-yr experiment evaluated productivity of wild-type, endophyte-infected tall fescue (E+) and novel endophyte-infected tall fescue (NE) summer stockpiled (SS) pastures and the performance of fall-calving beef cow/calf pairs stocked on each cultivar. Fescue cultivars used were KY-31 and MaxQ for E+ and NE treatments, respectively. Pregnant Simmental x Angus cows (128 total, 64 each yr) were stratified by BW, BCS, and expected calving date and then allotted to 1 of 10 pasture groups within each yr (20 groups total, 10 per treatment). Forage growth was stockpiled from April until the initiation of strip-grazing on August 31 of 2017 and 2018. Cows grazed treatment pastures for 52 d from 23 ± 14 d prepartum to 29 ± 14 d postpartum, and calved on treatment pastures. Forage quadrats were clipped from the grazed and ungrazed portions of each pasture to determine weekly forage mass. Total ergot alkaloid (TEA) concentrations were analyzed for all pastures at the beginning of the experiment and every subsequent 2 wk for E+ tall fescue. Cow BW was recorded on 2 consecutive d and BCS determined at the start and end of the experiment. In yr 2, ultrasound 12th rib fat thickness (FT) was measured at the beginning and end of the treatment period Milk production was estimated using the weigh-suckle-weigh technique at 29 ± 14 d postpartum. Initial TEA concentrations for NE (Yr. 1 = 112 µg/kg; Yr. 2 = 632 µg/kg) were decreased (P ≤ 0.01) compared to E+ (Yr. 1 = 1831 µg/kg; Yr. 2 = 2903 µg/kg). TEA concentrations for E+ pastures did not differ (P < 0.23) by sample date. However, average TEA concentrations were greater for yr 2 than yr 1(P ≤ 0.01). Fescue cultivars were not different (P ≥ 0.06) in forage CP, Ash, Ether Extract, and grazed or ungrazed forage mass. However, differences were observed (P ≤ 0.02) for ADF, NDF, and TDN by fescue cultivar. Cow BW, BCS, and FT at the beginning and end of grazing were not different (P ≥ 0.41) by treatment. Milk production was greater (P < 0.01) for cows grazed on E+. Calving date, calf BW, calf ADG were not different (P ≥ 0.65) by treatment. Neither AI nor overall conception rates differed (P ≥ 0.23) between cultivars. Performance of fall-calving cows pre-exposed to E+ was not hindered when grazed on E+ relative to NE in a SS system. - Establishing and protecting trees in pasturesPent, Gabriel J.; Downing, Adam K.; Fike, John H. (The Virginia Forage and Grassland Council, 2019-03)Also includes information about the 2019 Virginia Forage and Grassland Council Winter Forage Conferences, position announcement for an Applied Forage Systems Specialist, and Fescue Field Day 2018. - Evaluating Different Methods to Establish Biodiverse Swards of Native Grasses and Wildflowers for PasturelandsKubesch, Jonathan O. C.; Greiner, Scott P.; Pent, Gabriel J.; Reid, J. Leighton; Tracy, Benjamin F. (2024-05-14)Many cool-season pastures in the southeastern U.S. are dominated by a competitive cool-season grass, tall fescue (Schedonorus arundinaceus), and lack substantial plant diversity. Planting native warm-season grasses (NWSGs) and wildflowers (WFs) into these pastures could provide summer forage for cattle and more floral resources for pollinators. This paper summarizes field experiments designed to evaluate different spatiotemporal planting arrangements of NWSGs and WFs to improve their establishment success. The study was conducted from April 2021 to October 2023 in central Virginia (USA). Planting treatments included NWSG and WF mixtures planted: (1) together in the same space, (2) spatially separated in space (i.e., side by side), or (3) temporally separated where NWSGs and WFs were planted in difference sequences. Results showed few differences in forage mass, floral production, and botanical composition as well as stand density in 2021 and 2022. In 2023, NWSG abundance was greater where grasses were planted first or mixed with WFs. Similarly, the WF component was favored when they were planted before NWSGs. Overall, planting NWSG and WF mixes separately, either spatially or temporally, favors successful establishment and could offer more flexibility for using selective herbicides to suppress the heavy weed pressure that often accompanies these plantings. - Evaluating native warm-season grass and wildflower mixtures for beef cattle production in the Mid-AtlanticKubesch, Jonathan Omar Cole (Virginia Tech, 2023-12-20)Tall fescue grasslands are the dominant form of grasslands in the North American transition zone, however, warm-season forages provide necessary forage for livestock in the summer. Pollinators require steady forage availability in the same fashion as cattle. Native warm-season grasses (NWSG) and wildflowers (WF) could be incorporated into tall fescue (TF) grasslands to improve pollinator resources within agricultural landscapes without sacrificing livestock production. This balance of ecosystem services can be considered bee-friendly beef. Previous establishment experiments suggests that bee-friendly beef is a possibility, although establishment and persistence of NWSG-WF stands warrants additional research. Three small plot experiments were conducted to evaluate different planting methods designed to optimize establishment of NWSG-WF stands. Additionally, a grazing study examined whether NWSG-WF pasture enhancement could improve animal performance in TF grazing systems. The small plot experiments experienced extreme weed competition in the establishment year, although plots with higher NWSG content had fewer weeds over time. Floral production was comparable across treatment, which suggests lower WF seeding rates can generate comparable pollinator resources. Major findings from these experiments suggested that spatial or temporal separation of NWSGWF was unnecessary to generate successful establishment, varying the ratio of NWSG-WF in seed mixtures produced similar establishment outcomes, and that adding companion crops to NWSG-WF mixtures did not improve establishment success appreciably. In the grazing experiment, animal performance was improved in the biodiverse grazing systems when heifers 3 had access to the NWSG. Biodiverse and shaded grazing systems modified animal behavior and reduced body temperature relative to control grazing systems, although only biodiverse grazing systems improved animal performance. Native WF species failed to establish within the biodiverse grazing system, but white clover provided all subsequent floral production. Establishing WF in pastures is challenging and warrants additional study on more effective weed control strategies and systems to ensure establishment success. Selecting WF for agronomic performance or breeding such plant material will be necessary to improve emergence and establishment dynamics. Ideally trait data can identify the optimal WF species for specific grazing systems. Biodiverse NWSG-WF can be highly effective at improving summer weight gain in beef cattle. Future studies should focus on finding a more optimal balance of NWSG, WF, and TF that can benefit beef cattle production, pollinator services, and ecosystem services regarding soil and water quality, as well as pasture resiliency to dynamic conditions. - Hair Cortisol as a Measure of Chronic Stress in Ewes Grazing Either Hardwood Silvopastures or Open PasturesPoudel, Sanjok; Fike, John H.; Pent, Gabriel J. (MDPI, 2022-06-29)Hair cortisol is a relatively non-invasive and reliable measure of chronic stress, but it has received limited use, especially in pasture systems. A two-year study was carried out to compare behavioral and physiological (intravaginal temperature, hair, and blood cortisol) responses of ewes (Ovis aries) that grazed black walnut (Juglans nigra) silvopasture (BSP), honeylocust (Gleditsia triacanthos) silvopasture (HSP), or open pastures (OP) treatments. Ewe weights and intravaginal temperatures were recorded once for every 4-week interval. Plasma and hair cortisol concentrations were determined by ELISA. Trail cameras detected animal behavior. Ewe average daily gain was greater in HSP compared with OP (p = 0.0456) but did not differ with BSP (p = 0.4686) across both years. Ewes on OP had higher (p < 0.0001) hair cortisol concentrations than ewes on silvopasture treatments both summers. Ewes on OP had ≥ 0.4 °C higher (p ≤ 0.03) intravaginal temperatures during portions of the afternoon than ewes managed in silvopasture treatments. Ewes on OP spent 500–700% more (p < 0.0001) time standing and 125–150% less (p < 0.0001) time lying down compared with ewes on silvopasture treatments. Hair cortisol measures could be an effective and relatively non-invasive technique for determining long-term chronic stress in grazing animals. - Is livestock producers' interest in silvopasture related to their operational perspectives or characteristics?Wilkens, Philadelphia; Munsell, John F.; Fike, John H.; Pent, Gabriel J.; Frey, Gregory E. (2021-08-24)Livestock producers' operational perspectives and characteristics are known to be associated with silvopasture adoption, but findings in the literature are mixed and contradictory. To study whether characteristics or perspectives more closely relate to silvopasture interest, 307 livestock producers enrolled in cost-share programs in Virginia, United States of America were surveyed. One hundred and thirty-nine producers responded (rate = 45%). Interest in silvopasture was measured using a Likert-type ordinal scale. Respondents reported the following operational characteristics: size in hectares, type and number of livestock, and primary or secondary occupation. Twelve Likert-type ordinal scales were used to measure the following operational perspectives: financial emphasis, cultural importance, and attitudes pertaining to operational diversification using trees. Multivariate cluster methods were used to group respondents into two classification sets, one based on operational characteristics and the other operational perspectives. Tests for significant differences in silvopasture interest between classifications in each set were conducted using non-parametric Kruskal-Wallis rank sums (alpha = 0.05). Silvopasture interest differed significantly among classifications based on operational perspectives, but not operational characteristics. Cross-tabulations of the two sets and Cramer's V test indicated that the two classification sets are unrelated. Findings suggest silvopasture interest cuts across operation type and is more closely tied to producers' perspectives, particularly views related to diversification. Technical transfer programs and stakeholder engagement should focus on matching perspectives to practice regardless of operational scale and scope. - Lamb performance in hardwood silvopastures, I: animal gains and forage measures in summerPent, Gabriel J.; Greiner, Scott P.; Munsell, John F.; Tracy, Benjamin F.; Fike, John H. (Oxford University Press, 2019-09-13)The integration of trees into pasture systems can have variable effects on forage and animal growth. Some reports of these systems have indicated that animal gains are similar or better even when tree presence lowers forage yield. Forage production and animal performance were compared in black walnut (Juglans nigra L.)-based and honeylocust (Gleditisia triacanthose L.)-based silvopasture systems and open pastures in a randomized complete block design with three blocks over three summers. Cool season-based, mixed grass pastures were rotationally stocked with four to seven lambs depending on available forage. A rising plate meter was used to estimate pre- and post-graze forage mass. Forage samples of the mixed sward were collected and analyzed for nitrogen (N) and neutral detergent fiber (NDF) concentrations. Species percent cover was estimated using a modified Daubenmire approach at the same 12 points within each experimental unit every 4 wk during the study. Pre-graze herbage mass was similar (P = 0.0717) in honeylocust silvopastures (5020 ± 30 kg·ha⁻¹) and open pastures (4930 ± 30 kg·ha⁻¹) and lowest (P < 0.0001) in the black walnut silvopastures (3560 ± 30 kg·ha⁻¹). Forages in the black walnut and honeylocust silvopastures had similar (P = 0.4867) N concentrations (23.3 ± 0.4 and 23.9 ± 0.4 g·kg⁻¹, respectively), which was greater (P ≤ 0.0003) than that of the forages in the open pastures (21.0 ± 0.4 g·kg⁻¹). Forages in the honeylocust silvopasture had lower (P ≤ 0.0042) NDF concentrations (507 ± 3 g·kg⁻¹) than forages in the black walnut silvopasture and open pastures (mean = 525 ± 3 g·kg⁻¹). Forage species present in the black walnut silvopastures differed from those present in the open and honeylocust systems, which had similar composition. Despite differences in stocking rates, total lamb weight gains per system did not differ (P ≥ 0.7592) among black walnut, honeylocust, and open pasture systems (10 ± 2, 12 ± 2, and 10 ± 2 kg·d⁻¹, respectively). Silvopasture practices can improve land productivity when incorporated into cool season forage pastures. - Lamb performance in hardwood silvopastures, II: animal behavior in summerPent, Gabriel J.; Greiner, Scott P.; Munsell, John F.; Tracy, Benjamin F.; Fike, John H. (Oxford University Press, 2019-11-25)Integrating trees into pastures, a practice known as silvopasture, may benefit livestock in the summertime through the provision of shade. The purpose of this project was to compare the behavioral patterns of sheep grazing in silvopastures and open pastures. Black walnut (Juglans nigra L.) and honeylocust (Gleditisia triacanothose L.) based silvopasture systems were compared with open pastures in a randomized complete block design with three blocks over two summers. Behavior measures were recorded within a replicate within a week, and these measures were taken sequentially within three experimental periods. Ewe lambs (n = 3) within each experimental unit were equipped with a wideband audio-recording device to detect prehension events. Time-lapse cameras documented sheep behavior every 60 s. In the silvopastures, the lambs spent over 90% of daylight hours within shade from trees. Lambs in silvopastures spent more time lying down than animals in the open pastures (P ≤ 0.01), while lambs in the open pastures spent more than 2 h longer each day standing (P < 0.0001). Lambs in the black walnut silvopastures spent more time grazing (488 ± 14 min · d⁻¹) than lambs in the honeylocust silvopastures (438 ± 14 min · d⁻¹; P = 0.0493) and lambs in the open pastures (417 ± 14 min · d⁻¹; P = 0.0026). There was no difference in grazing time for lambs in the latter two systems (P = 0.5597). Spectral analysis of the imagery revealed that the lambs in the black walnut silvopastures grazed more frequently than the lambs in the other systems for both years. The acoustic analysis, though limited by recorder durability to 47 complete recordings, revealed no difference in total bites taken per day (P ≥ 0.7222) or in the morning (P ≥ 0.2069), afternoon (P ≥ 0.5816), and evening periods (P ≥ 0.9337). Silvopastures provide an opportunity to improve lamb comfort in the summer. - Lamb performance, behavior, and body temperatures in hardwood silvopasture systemsPent, Gabriel J. (Virginia Tech, 2017-03-29)Trees in silvopastures may provide forage-livestock systems with multiple goods and services, including shade, shelter, and browse. Reports of forage and animal productivity from these systems indicate that, in some cases, animal gains are similar or better despite lower forage yield. The relationship between grazing system, body temperature, grazing behavior, and animal performance was explored in this study. Black walnut and honeylocust-based silvopasture systems were compared with open pastures in a randomized complete block design (r = 3) over three summers. Pastures were rotationally stocked with 5-7 lambs depending on forage availability. Lambs were weighed every four weeks. Behavior measures were recorded within a replicate within a week, and these measures were taken sequentially within three experimental periods. Ewe lambs (n = 3) were equipped with a vaginal temperature sensor (3 days) and an audio recording device (1 day) to detect prehension events. Cameras documented lamb behavior every 60 seconds. Forage measurements taken with a rising plate meter indicated greater productivity in the honeylocust silvopasture (5020 ± 30 kg · ha⁻¹ ) compared to the open pasture (4930 ± 30 kg · ha⁻¹ ; P = 0.0281), though forage availability in the black walnut silvopastures (3560 ± 30 kg · ha⁻¹ ) was lower than within the other treatments (P < 0.0001). There was no difference in animal gains between systems (P ≥ 0.4813), though gains were highest in the honeylocust silvopastures (25.6 ± 3.4 kg · period⁻¹ ), followed by the gains of the black walnut silvopastures (22.3 ± 3.4 kg · period⁻¹ ), and the gains of the open pastures (22.2 ± 3.4 kg · period- 1 ). Lambs in silvopastures spent more time lying down than animals in the open pastures (P ≤ 0.01), while lambs in the open spent more than two hours longer each day standing (P < 0.0001). During the hottest part of the day, ewes in the open pasture were 0.4 °C hotter than ewes in the black walnut silvopastures (P ≤ 0.0202). Lambs in the black walnut silvopastures grazed more (488 ± 14 minutes · day⁻¹ ) than lambs in the honeylocust silvopastures (438 ± 15 minutes · day⁻¹ ; P = 0.0192) and the open pastures (417 ± 14 minutes · day⁻¹ ; P = 0.0009), with no difference between the latter two systems (P = 0.3073). There was no difference in daily bites taken (P ≥ 0.7222), though lambs in the silvopastures grazed more frequently than lambs in the open pastures. In one six week winter grazing study, animal performance in the honeylocust silvopastures was compared with the productivity of lambs grazing the open pastures and the black walnut silvopastures. The objective of this study was to determine the effect of these pods on lamb growth when animals grazed stockpiled tall fescue (Schedonorus arundinaceus). Preand post-graze forage mass was estimated with a double sampling technique using a rising plate meter. Treatment pastures were rotationally stocked with three (walnut) or six lambs per experimental unit depending on forage availability. Fescue grab samples were collected every other rotation. Crude protein (CP), neutral detergent fiber (NDF), acid detergent fiber (ADF), and total digestible nutrients (TDN) were estimated with a robust equation using NIR spectroscopy. Pre- and post-graze pod mass per hectare was estimated using randomly placed quadrats. Lambs were naïve to pods and did not readily consume the fodder until four weeks into the trial, and the methods for estimating pod intake were not sufficient to detect pod differences in pre- and post-graze pod mass. Forage availability in the honeylocust silvopastures (5130 ± 90 kg · ha⁻¹ ) and open pastures (5050 ± 90 kg · ha⁻¹ ; P=0.7580) was greater (P < 0.0001) than forage availability in the black walnut silvopastures (3790 ± 90 kg · ha⁻¹ ). Treatment had no effect (P = 0.3763) on average daily gains across the six weeks of the study. However, lambs within the honeylocust silvopastures had greater (P = 0.0251) average daily gains in the final period (0.12 ± 0.02 kg · day⁻¹ ) than lambs within the open pastures (0 ± 0.02 kg · day⁻¹ ), and lambs were observed consuming the pods. These data suggest that honeylocust pods may support greater gains of lambs, but that previous exposure and longer study periods in pasture settings may be necessary to see their nutritional benefit when grazing high quality forages.
When your youth who has a disability turns 18, there are a lot of legal decisions they will need to make. As parents we must consider how to best support our youth in making informed decisions. We should explore all alternatives to guardianship including Supported Decision Making. Supported Decision-Making (SDM) allows individuals with disabilities to make choices about their own lives with support from a team of people they choose. Individuals with disabilities choose people they know and trust to be part of a support network to help with decision-making. Here are some resources to help you make an informed decision about the most appropriate option for your young adult. Guardianship should be a last resort. - Turning 18 with a Disability: Do I need to get guardianship? (Spanish version) - Alternatives to Guardianship & Conservatorship may include: - Supported Decision Making - Professional Assistance - Power of Attorney - Decide Kansas Supported Decision Making 4-24 FTI - National Resource Center for SDM - Kansas University on Developmental Disabilities
Learn about how binaural beats work and how you can use them for greater well-being. Binaural beats are what happens when two equally loud sounds, at just slightly different frequencies (or tones), are presented at the same time, one sound to each ear (Goodin et al., 2012). So how does this affect your brain? There are brain waves of varying frequencies occurring in your brain at all times. When two tones that are close in frequency are presented simultaneously to you, as happens with binaural beats, then waves of a certain frequency – the distance in frequency between the two tones, to be exact – are generated. To use our example, hearing tones at 300 Hz and 310 Hz will generate waves with a frequency of 10 Hz. These waves, being the same frequency as some of the brain waves already happening in your head, can influence how you think and feel (Goodin et al., 2012). Since certain frequencies of brain waves are associated with certain states of mind and emotions, listening to binaural beats may cause our brains to shift toward those states of mind and emotions. "No other sound can match the healing power of the sounds of nature." ― Michael Bassey Johnson The scientific evidence thus far suggests that binaural beats have immediate effects, even if you have never been exposed to them before (Mahajan et al., 2021). But how do you know which binaural beats to listen to when? Certain frequencies can calm you down, while others can invigorate you and help you focus. Here is a quick summary of the four brainwave frequencies and their ranges – this can help you know what kind of effect each you might get from a particular binaural beats video or audio track. 1) Delta waves. Waves that occur most prominently when you are in a state of deep sleep. Their frequency ranges from 1.5 Hz to 4 Hz. 2) Theta waves. These waves occur when you are transitioning into or out of a state of rest or meditation, so listening to them may help you start meditating or fall asleep. Their frequency ranges from 5 Hz to 7 Hz. 3) Alpha waves. Ranging from 8 Hz to 12 Hz, alpha waves characterize the times when you are both alert and also relaxed, such as during meditation or a contemplative activity like yoga. 4) Beta waves. These waves are the fastest brainwaves, ranging from 13 Hz to 40 Hz. Listening to them can help with cognitive functioning, as they are the brainwaves that are most involved in your executive functioning. Binaural beats may have an effect on our sleep patterns. Binaural beats can be generated that have a frequency similar to that of delta waves, the brain waves that are most prominent when we sleep deeply. They can also be used to mimic theta waves, which are associated with lighter sleep stages. Although there is more research on other outcomes of binaural beats, there is early data to suggest that listening to certain kinds of binaural beats can improve people's ability to fall asleep, as well as their sleep quality (Dabiri et al., 2022; Lee et al., 2019). There are now several studies indicating that listening to binaural beats can improve one's focus (Basu & Banerjee, 2022). For example, one study found that people who listened to binaural beats for fifteen minutes experienced less mind wandering afterward than people who did not listen to the beats (Kirk et al., 2019). Binaural beats can also induce more cognitive flexibility (Hommel et al., 2016), more sustained attention, and improved performance on memory tasks (Basu & Banerjee, 2022). It is also well-established that binaural beats can help reduce people's anxiety (Garcia-Argibay et al., 2019). Specifically, listening to theta or delta-level frequencies in binaural beats seems to lessen the anxiety that people feel. This effect seems to increase the longer one listens to binaural beats – up to a point – and can be experienced in one's first exposure to binaural beats (Garcia-Argibay et al., 2019). Binaural beats are not just another fad, something people claim can change their lives with little evidence to prove it. While more research remains to be done, it is clear from what already exists that listening to binaural beats, whether on their own or within a musical track (Garcia-Argibay et al., 2019), can positively affect your thinking and mood. That said, keep in mind that which kind of beats you listen to, how long you listen to them, and the situation you are in are all important pieces of the puzzle. There is no clear scientific consensus about which beats to listen to when, whether listening longer is always better, or how loud or soft to listen to these beats. Consider them a low-stakes option for gently changing your mood or improving your ability to focus, one you can try on your own without a medical professional, but also not something to expect to radically transform your life. ● Basu, S., & Banerjee, B. (2022). Potential of binaural beats intervention for improving memory and attention: insights from meta-analysis and systematic review. Psychological Research, 1-13. ● Dabiri, R., Monazzam Esmaielpour, M. R., Salmani Nodoushan, M., Khaneshenas, F., & Zakerian, S. A. (2022). The effect of auditory stimulation using delta binaural beat for a better sleep and post-sleep mood: A pilot study. Digital Health, 8, 20552076221102243. ● Garcia-Argibay, M., Santed, M. A., & Reales, J. M. (2019). Efficacy of binaural auditory beats in cognition, anxiety, and pain perception: a meta-analysis. Psychological Research, 83(2), 357-372. ● Goodin, P., Ciorciari, J., Baker, K., Carry, A.-M., Harper, M., & Kaufman, J. (2012). A high- density EEG investigation into steady state binaural beat stimulation. PLoS One, 7(4), 1-9. ● Hommel, B., Sellaro, R., Fischer, R., Borg, S., & Colzato, L. S. (2016). High-frequency binaural beats increase cognitive flexibility: evidence from dual-task crosstalk. Frontiers in Psychology, 1287. ● Kirk, U., Wieghorst, A., Nielsen, C. M., & Staiano, W. (2019). On-the-spot binaural beats and mindfulness reduces behavioral markers of mind wandering. Journal of Cognitive Enhancement, 3(2), 186-192.
- VIVA/M Ali Wafa VIVA – The territory of Indonesia has two types of seasons, namely the rainy season and the dry season. In this rainy season, it is usually believed to be one of the factors people can get sick. According to data from the Ministry of RI's health crisis center, the rainy season has a connection with several diseases such as flu, cough, influenza, diarrhea, dengue fever, and other. Pain can happen at any time. However, during the rainy season, the body tends to be sick. Well, here's the reason why someone can get sick easily during the rainy season. 1. Virus Lives Longer in Humid and Cold Temperatures According to research published in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America in 2015, mice exposed to lower temperatures experienced a decreased immune response to the virus. One of these is the rhinovirus, a type of virus that causes the flu, which can replicate more efficiently at temperatures lower than 37°C, such as the average core body temperature in humans. While the temperature inside the nasal cavity is around 33°C which can make it an ideal breeding ground for rhinoviruses. In addition to rhinoviruses, more than 150 viruses are circulating at any given time, such as the rainy season, which can cause fever and cough. For example, the influenza virus that causes the flu can also survive and spread more easily in cold air. Research shows that the ideal temperature for the spread of the influenza virus is 5°C. 2. More Sensitive Body During the rainy season, there are extreme temperature changes. The human body is very sensitive to changes in temperature, especially at the change of seasons. Primary Care Doctor of Northwestern Medicine, Winston, dr. D. Rajendram also said that viruses thrive in low-temperature environments. In addition, during the rainy season, the air temperature is relatively cold. When cold air enters the nose, the body becomes ineffective against viruses so that viruses such as the common cold, flu, and even Covid-19 are more easily spread in the rainy season. During the rainy season, sunlight also rarely appears. Finally, the sun exposure that hits our bodies is reduced. Sunlight is also needed for the manufacture of vitamin D. So, the body's immune system works effectively. 3. Minimal Physical Activity Usually, cold and cloudy weather makes people lazy to do physical activity. Regular physical activity is significant for body health. Based on data from the US National Library of Medicine, being active can help remove disease-causing bacteria from the lungs. It can lower the risk of developing diseases related to the air and respiratory system. An unhealthy lifestyle causes the body to become less healthy and susceptible to disease, especially during the rainy season.
Breaking Down Penché With Alicia Graf Mack There is nothing quite as beautiful as a smooth and perfectly cantilevered penché. "I love the idea of what penché represents," says Alicia Graf Mack, dean and director of the dance division at The Juilliard School. "It is one of the largest iterations of a simple idea, which starts with a tendu to the back and then continues into this incredible, superhuman position." During her esteemed career with Dance Theatre of Harlem and Alvin Ailey American Dance Theater, Graf Mack was known for her long limbs and high extensions. "I loved adagio," she says. "Penché allowed me to show the expansiveness of my body." But while it's easy to place value on creating a 180-degree split, Graf Mack says the integrity of your arabesque position should take precedence. Below, Graf Mack discusses four tips for perfecting penché. To Infinity and Beyond… Graf Mack likes to use the word "attenuation" when describing penché. "Attenuation means you take a line and stretch it into infinity," she says. "Finding that sense of attenuation in the body is really beautiful and important." This can start from your established arabesque line: Imagine that it extends out from the tip of your third finger on your extended hand and all the way out through your pointed toe. "Elongate that line into infinity so that it has no choice but to rise." Initiate From the Back Foot A common mistake Graf Mack sees dancers make is to begin penché by first lowering the front arm and upper body. "Your back toe initiates the tipping," says Graf Mack. This helps your back stay engaged and preserves your arabesque shape. Once you've reached the height of your penché, initiate its return by reaching through the front fingertips. Respect Your Arabesque Line Many dancers prioritize achieving a 6 o'clock split, but Graf Mack says that's misguided. "Think of your arabesque as a Nike swoosh," she says. "As you tip forward, maintain the integrity of that arch." In other words, don't let your body flatten out just to get your leg higher. Stay square as you lower, too—allowing your back leg or torso to open creates an "à la sebesque" line and will be harder to control. Imagine achieving the penché within a narrow hallway, says Graf Mack. "Make sure the leg or body doesn't flag out." Staying square will also create more stability in the standing leg, which brings us to her next point… Stay Placed Over the Standing Leg Graf Mack often sees dancers sit back into their supporting heel and lose their pelvic placement as they tip forward—something she herself struggled with. "I am very hypermobile, so keeping my weight over my standing leg was always an issue, because it was so easy to pull back," she says. "Especially in center." Instead, keep your standing leg engaged and your weight forward on your foot as you tip into penché. "Again, it is about prioritizing the integrity of your arabesque position over a 180-degree split."
Online access is now Free. If you have an existing subscription click here for more information Published 01 September 2023 The government wants social housing developers to cut construction costs by ten per cent a year. But will the whole process simply repeat the mistakes of the 1960s? Rosalind Bayley reports on the Egan revolution There are two schools of thought about the way that events happen. Pessimists believe that history repeats itself. The more optimistic believe that sometimes you get a second chance. The story of the redevelopment of the Nightingale estate in Hackney, London could be taken to illustrate the first view. A new concrete building system is imported after local decision makers are taken on an expenses-paid visit abroad. The experimental technology is adopted as part of a government-sponsored programme of innovation, designed to make building faster and cheaper. You begin to get the picture. Is this the 1960s all over again and is Samuel Lewis Trust's millennium showcase likely to be up for re-redevelopment 30 years from now? Has the government's Egan agenda for rethinking the construction industry learned the lessons of the past or will they be repeated? A closer look at the Nightingale estate, which is a high-profile Egan demonstration project, immediately dispels any obvious parallel with the 1960s, beyond the fact that the new houses on the estate are being built of concrete. First that trip abroad. Yes, a group did go to the Netherlands, but the crucial members of the visiting team were residents. Residents' leader Alice Burke went into one of the homes built using a system of concrete construction called tunnel form. 'It was a lovely house. It was warm and you couldn't hear what was going on in the next room. The couple had divided their loft space to make a beautiful double bedroom and a utility room,' she says. Concrete was no problem for her – but then she has lived happily in a concrete flat on the Nightingale since the 1960s. Tunnel form involves casting the concrete party walls and floors of each storey of the house as a single unit on a single day, and then fixing factory-made panels for the front and back walls. This construction method gives flexibility. None of the internal walls are load bearing and the whole of the roof space can be used as the roof panels sit on concrete gables. The Nightingale visitors discovered that tunnel form and other pre-fabrication systems have been used for Dutch houses for years. After hitting problems with industrial buildings in the 1960s, the Dutch and other mainland Europeans, set about putting right the problems rather than running away from the concept. Tunnel form has also been used to build hotels in the UK. The Nightingale re-development is not just a trial of a new form of construction. Innovation was the key theme for Samuel Lewis in its centenary project, but it was primarily innovation in the process of development, as it is for Egan. So partnering – one of the key Egan concepts – is central. Client, designers, contractors and suppliers worked out the contract together, allowing a relationship of trust and of mutual problem solving to replace the previous culture of blame and buck-passing. It was quite a job. The partners included Dutch, French and Belgian suppliers as pre-fabrication is still in its infancy here. Around 20 people had to gather for partnership meetings, and language, and more significantly, cultural, barriers had to be overcome. But the result was 'very lengthy but fruitful meetings', according to architect Alistair Walker of Watkins Gray International. Consultation has also been integral to the Nightingale redevelopment process, an Egan principle conspicuously lacking in the 1960s. But if the Nightingale is not the 1960s all over again, what about Egan itself? The similarities are striking. Government – primarily the Treasury through the DETR – is pushing a programme of construction innovation on a not-altogether-enthusiastic industry, though a minority have embraced the agenda with vigour. In the house-building sector, developers get most of their profits from land values, so there is less pressure to keep costs down. Bad experience with system building in the 1960s has equated 'non-traditional' with 'problem' in the minds of the public, and probably helped to institutionalise a deep conservatism among house builders and buyers. To get round this road block, the government has decided to use the Housing Corporation to bring about change. The corporation has ring-fenced £40 million from next year's approved development programme (ADP) for schemes using pre-fabrication. This is what must send a few alarm bells ringing. If the private market doesn't want to do it, is it wise to force the social sector to do so? Chartered Institute of Housing (CIH) policy officer Merron Simpson believes nothing like the 1960s is likely to happen again, but says: 'I would be very worried if the public sector leads and the private sector simply does not follow.' An answer to that question probably depends on the weight given to the other factors within the Egan agenda. Savings on construction costs from new technologies are just one of the seven areas where government wants to see improvement. For the moment, apart from the £40 million of ADP, the corporation is pushing for signs that associations are thinking differently about their construction processes rather than setting numerical targets for outcomes. corporation technical development adviser Clive Clowes believes the culture change partnering represents is a big undertaking in an industry where professionals and building workers come out of college steeped in the adversarial relationship. National Housing Federation head of regeneration and investment Abena Nsia also suggests most associations will need time and a lot of training to change the culture in development departments significantly. Merron Simpson of the CIH believes this process has not been helped by the fact that there has been no consultation through the normal housing policy channels. The then corporation chief executive Anthony Mayer was on the task force, but decisions concerning the approved development programme were made without the involvement of other interested parties. 'This cannot be a good start for successful implementation of the programme,' she said. Local government too has been largely bypassed, even though there is plenty of scope for Egan principles within the growing local authority stock refurbishment programmes, as the demonstration projects are showing. But will rethinking the process actually deliver? So far, the corporation has made the case that any cost savings will take years to come through – costs may actually rise initially because of a shortage of suppliers of new components. 'We have to be positive. We have to believe that Egan is correct,' Clowes says. But that magic figure of ten per cent savings a year (see box) will create new Treasury pressure on the ADP eventually. The Council for Mortgage Lenders believes that consideration of customer preferences has come rather late to the Egan agenda – despite the paper commitment to user and supplier involvement. A national consumer customer satisfaction survey is now being developed. Yet new building systems in the private sector will only take off if purchasers are willing to buy, and lenders lend on, properties that are not built in the traditional way – though even the most innovative still tend to come clad in brick. So are we about to see the dawning of a new age of construction? Those on the frontline suggest that the good things within Egan – and everyone stresses that there are many good things – will be realised, provided the agenda does not become too dominated by cost cutting. Involvement, quality and sustainability must remain powerful and there must be checks to prevent over-cosy relationships developing between associations and contractors through partnering. It seems unlikely that we will once again see an orgy of non-traditional design. But then, back in the early 1950s, who would have predicted what was to come?
Everything You Need to Know About Innovative Rackmount Servers by ERacks System eRacks Open Source SystemsA rack-mounted server or rack server is a computer designed to work as a server and to be mounted in a framework known as a Rack. This system has multiple slots of mounting, called bays, each developed to grip a hardware unit held in place with rivets. The Rackmount Servers have a low-profiled insertion, unlike tower serves which are developed into an erect, unconnected cabinet. see one of the best examples of rackmount servers in commercial, industrial and military applications. These high-powered, hot-swappable and slidable rugged systems are supreme for punitive environments and line-ups that accentuate space conversation, expandability, upgradability and scalability. this article, we discuss more what is a rack server, its uses and how to choose the right one for your application, keep reading! we have mentioned earlier, a rack mount server is a computer, developed to be placed in a framework known as a server rack. benefits of a server rack consist of better space conversation, maximized airflow, improved scalability when united with a cooling system and affluence of regular computer upkeep and diagnostics—their designs let operators and technicians competently side servers in and out of them. rackmount/ Enterprise Servers are used for? all servers, a rackmount server provides a particular service and data to clients. You can easily find them in data centers—they're commonly loaded with hundreds and even thousands of rackmount servers. special type of server, known as a rugged rack server is often found in industrial and military applications. to choose a server rack? highly depends on the requirements of the industry and the type of operations or program. You're required to check the number of Rackmount Servers your project will need, along with the width and RUs (height) of the server. Compare these factors with the width and height of your servers to pick the perfect size of the rack. rack server is best for your business? server that is perfect for your operation or program will depend on the variable host such as power (SWaP), weight, and size along with the upgradability, expandability and scalability. the bigger the rackmount server, the more storage and expansion options you'll have. Apart from it, you can also get in touch with experienced Open Source Systems Consultants to find what is right for your industry. Sponsor Ads Created on Apr 26th 2022 00:21. Viewed 191 times.
The article below first appeared on bitcoin.nl on July 6, 2018 Contrary to popular belief, Bitcoin did not just appear out of thin air. At nakamotoinstitute.org you can find an extensive overview of all literature that contributed to the invention of Bitcoin, the various texts provide a lot of insight into the ideas behind the development of digital money. More than a spontaneous hobby project The history of Bitcoin is unknown to many, but very interesting if you are interested in how it all came about. The invention of bitcoin came at a time when all the puzzle pieces fell into place. There had been many attempts to create digital scarcity in the form of a digital currency as early as the 1980s, but it was not until 2008-2009 that the idea was successfully implemented with the implementation of Bitcoin. Satoshi Nakamoto points out in a forum post on bitcointalk.org that Bitcoin is an implementation of Wei Dai's 1998 "b-money" and Nick Szabo's "bitgold" of 2005. Both proposals predate the announcement of Bitcoin and are similar in many ways to Bitcoin in design and philosophy. For example, Wei Dai's proposal describes distributing the ledger to all participants in a distributed network, with everyone adjusting the current version when a new transaction is made. In addition, like Bitcoin, b-money should use public keys to link amounts to. Nick Szabo's proposal already describes the use of proof-of-work, similar to Adam Back's hash -cash principle, for making the transaction history tamper-proof. The various texts (more than 80+) on nakamotoinstitute.org provide a lot of insight into the ideas behind the development of digital money and how it came together over the years to the system we know today as Bitcoin. Definitely worth reading if you want to know more about Bitcoin's history. Start with the texts of Nick Szabo, Wei Dai, David Chaum and Adam Back and soon enough you'll get lost in a reading about the origins of money. In addition to an overview of literature, nakamotoinstitute.org also provides an overview of all forum posts made by Satoshi Nakamoto after the announcement of Bitcoin. Bitcoin was not forged in a vacuum. These works serve to contextualize Bitcoin into the broader story of cryptography and freedom. nakamotoinstitute.org
The artwork titled "Portrait of Giulia Bellelli" is an oil on canvas painting created by the renowned artist Edgar Degas between 1858 and 1859. As a work of art from the Impressionist movement, this portrait exemplifies the artist's skill in capturing human likeness and emotion. The genre of the artwork is a portrait, and it is currently held within a private collection. The artwork portrays a young girl with an intense gaze that commands the viewer's attention. Her face is rendered with soft, delicate features, yet there is a somber expression in her eyes and the set of her mouth, suggesting a depth of emotion or contemplation beyond her years. Degas has masterfully captured a moment of stillness, possibly evoking the internal world of the subject. The choice of dark attire and the stark contrast with the lighter background accentuate the subject's face, focusing all attention on her expression. The artist's use of light and shadow, a characteristic technique of the Impressionists, adds dimensionality to the face and enriches the overall texture of the canvas.
Cricket Bat Images – A cricket bat is a specialized piece of equipment used by batsmen in the sport of cricket to hit the ball, usually consisting of a cane handle attached to a willow wood blade with a flat face. It can also be used by a batsman who is making a hit to avoid running away, holding the bat and touching the ground with it. The length of the club must not exceed 38 inches (96.5 cm) and the width must not exceed 4.25 inches (10.8 cm). Its use was first mentioned in 1624. Since 1979, a change in the law has stipulated that cricket bats can only be made of wood. The blade of a cricket bat is a block of wood that is usually flat on the hitting side and with a ridge on the back(s) that compresses the wood in the center where the ball is primarily hit. The bat is traditionally made of willow wood, more precisely from a variety of white willow called cricket willow (Salix alba var. caerulea), treated with raw (uncooked) linseed oil, which has a protective function. This variety of willow is used because it is very strong and resistant to impact, does not significantly damage or disintegrate when hit by a cricket ball at high speed, and is also light in weight. Users often cover the face of the bat with a protective film. In 1900, Percy Stuart Surridge developed a reinforced toe. Cricket Bat Images The blade is connected to a long cylindrical barrel handle by means of a coupling, similar to that of a mid-20th century tennis racket. The handle is usually covered with a rubber grip. The boats have a wooden spring construction where the handle meets the blade. The current design of a cane shaft joined to a willow blade through a conical joint was an invention in the 1880s by Charles Richardson, a student of Brunel and the first chief engineer of the Severn Railway Tunnel. Top 5 Best Cricket Bat Manufacturers in the World Jointed handles were used before this, but they broke at the common corner. The taper allows a more gradual transfer of load from the club blade to the shaft and avoids this problem. The edges of the blade closest to the shaft are known as the shoulder of the club, and the bottom of the blade is known as the toe of the club. Bats are not always this form. Before the 18th century, sticks had a shape similar to modern hockey sticks. This may be a legacy of the game's supposed origins. Although the earliest forms of cricket are unclear, it is possible that the game was first played with shepherd's balls. The bat that is generally recognized as the oldest bat still in existence dates back to 1729 and is on display in the Sandham Hall at the Oval in London. Cricket Bat Fung Transparent Images Free Download When first purchased, most bats are not ready for immediate use and have to be inserted to allow the soft fibers to hit the new hard cricket ball without damaging the bat and allowing full power to be transferred to the hit. Slamming involves hitting the surface with an old cricket ball or a special mallet. This compacts the soft fibers in the bat and reduces the risk of the bat breaking. The bat may also need raw linseed oil, which fills the spaces between the fibers. Raw linseed oil is used, not cooked linseed oil, since the raw form is also a dry oil, but "dry" very slowly, so the surface remains sticky. With regular application, this has a protective effect on the wood and makes it less sensitive to changes in humidity in the atmosphere, which can cause warping or cracking. Another important factor is that it increases the friction of the surface of the ball on the surface of the club, giving better control of the shot. The player may notice a worn surface, which means relubrication is required. Law 5 of the Laws of Cricket states that the length of the bat must not exceed 38 inches (965 mm), the width must not exceed 4.25 inches (108 mm), the overall depth must not exceed 2.64 inches (67 mm) and the edge must not exceed 1.56 in (40 mm). Appendix B of the Cricket Act sets out more precise specifications. The 2017 law update did not change the maximum length of the club, which is still 38 inches / 96.52 cm, but the new specification says that the edge of the club cannot exceed 1.56 inches / 4 cm, while the depth cannot be greater than 2.64 inches. / 6.7 cm. SG Scoop Th 1200 Hard Tennis Ball Cricket Bat Referees are now provided with a stick meter so they can check the legality of a stick at any time. Bats are available in different sizes, and some manufacturers offer unique variations. Children's sizes from 0 to 6, Harrow youth size, and adult size are often found. SH (short handle) is the most common size for adults, while long handle and long blade options are also available. The size of the child increases in breadth and width as the size increases. Although most adult bats have the maximum width allowed (4.25 inches), no commonly available cricket bat has a maximum length of 38 inches and very few exceed 35 inches. Over the years, different companies have tried new forms that conform to the laws of the game to make a name for themselves and improve sales. In the 1960s, the first backless bats appeared from Slazger. This allowed more of the weight to be redistributed to the "sweet spot" of the blade, providing more power to each stroke, while still having good balance and a light "elevator". This style of batting made Lance Cairns' famous sixes in a match played in 1983. In the 1970s, Warsop Stebbing's double-sided clubs appeared. With the advent of Twty20 cricket, two-sided bats are experiencing a resurgence of interest. Kahuna Light Cricket Bat In 1974, the first GN100 Scoop was released; this was the first bat to be shaped on the head by removing the wood from the center of the back of the bat. By removing this wood, the bat has become lighter, its point increased and its reception is better. Although there is less material, strong shots are still possible if the time is right. It allows weaker players to play many shots that they would otherwise leave out of their repertoire. This bat quickly became a bestseller and since then Gray-Nicolls has released a variety of scoops such as the GN500, Dynadrive and Viper, including a re-edition of the Scoop itself for the big 2012 season. The removal of the wood from the back has been copied by many other companies without much critical acclaim. In 1979, Australian cricketer Dennis Lillee briefly used the ComBat aluminum metal bat. After speaking with the referees and after the glish team's complaint that it was damage to the ball, which later turned out to be false, Australian captain Greg Chappell urged him to return to the wooden bat because Chappell believed that it did not provide the same amount of power to the ball as a standard wooden bat. Best Cricket Bat 2022: Wood Bats From Top Sports Gear Brands The rules of cricket were changed soon after, stating that the bat blade must be made of wood. In the 1980s, Stuart Surridge & Co developed the Turbo. Designed by John Surridge, the club is made of two pieces of willow to reduce flex and increase power transfer. The bat was used by Graham Gooch for his record 333 against India in 1990. In 2005, Kookaburra released a new type of bat that had a carbon fiber reinforced polymer supporting the spine. It was placed on the club to provide more support to the spine and blade of the club, thus extending the life of the club. The first player to use this new bat in international cricket was Australia's Ricky Ponting. It was withdrawn by the Kookaburra after the ICC received advice from the MCC that it was illegal under Law Six. In 2005, Newbery created a carbon fiber handle, the C6 and C6+, which weighed 3 ounces / 85 grams less than a standard laminated barrel and rubber handle. It was used by Newbery and Puma for three years before the concept was copied by Gray Nicolls with a hollow plastic tube. In any case, it has caused the MCC to change the law on materials in the middle of fears that the new technology will lead to an increase in the distance that the ball is hit. Now only 10% of the volume of the trunk can be other than cane. Hand Made Cricket Bats and Equipment Also in late 2008, SABFats created a cricket bat with an offset edge. The edge change allowed for an extended center, better swing weight and increased performance without compromising the balance of the cricket bat. In 2004, Newbery created the Uzi, with a shortened blade and elongated handle for the new Twty20 format of the game. This change allowed more wood to be placed in the middle, as more attacking shots were played in the shorter version of the game. In 2009, Mongoose released an extreme version of the Newbery Uzi shape called the Mi3. It's the design
The theory that dark matter could be composed of tachyons is aspeculative idea in physics. Tachyons are hypothetical particles that, unlike normal matter, always travel faster than light. According to current understanding of physics, they violate the laws of causality and have yet to be observed. As for Dark matter, that's a mysterious substance that makes 85% of the universe's mass. It's effects are obderved through gravitational lensing and its affect on stellar orbits in a galaxy. It interacts with gravity but not light, making it difficult to detect directly. Tachyons, with their unique properties, are proposed as a candidate… Category: Astrophysics Latest on Dark Matter Our current understanding suggests dark matter should be fairly uniform throughout the universe. However, there are some interesting ideas scientists are exploring to explain potential variations: It's important to note that these are all areas of active research, and there isn't yet definitive evidence for any variations in dark matter properties. However, future observations and experiments might shed light on whether dark matter is truly uniform or if there are some intriguing galactic variations.
Replacing Faulty Laptop Motherboard Capacitors with Precision Soldering Are you experiencing issues with your laptop motherboard? Is it not functioning properly or not turning on at all? One possible cause of these problems could be faulty capacitors on the motherboard. Replacing these capacitors using precision soldering techniques can help restore the functionality of your laptop motherboard. When it comes to laptop motherboard repair, precision soldering is crucial. It involves carefully removing the damaged capacitors and replacing them with new ones that match the exact specifications. This process requires attention to detail and skilled soldering techniques to ensure a successful repair. The first step in this process is identifying the faulty capacitors. One common sign of a faulty capacitor is bulging or signs of leakage. By inspecting the motherboard closely, you can identify any visible abnormalities. Once the defective capacitors are identified, they need to be carefully removed from the motherboard. The removal process involves heating the solder at the junction points and gently pulling the capacitors away. It is essential to take precautionary measures to avoid damaging the surrounding components. Also, cleanliness is crucial. Any excess solder or debris needs to be cleaned from the motherboard holes before inserting the new capacitors. Next, the new capacitors with the correct polarity and specifications are inserted into the cleaned holes. They are secured in place by applying fresh solder at the junction points. Finally, excess wiring is clipped off, resulting in a neat and functional repair. By following these precision soldering techniques, you can successfully replace faulty capacitors on your laptop motherboard. This process can save you the cost of purchasing a new motherboard and restore the performance of your laptop. When attempting laptop motherboard repair, it is important to have the necessary skills, knowledge, and tools. If you are not confident in your abilities, it is recommended to seek professional assistance. Signs of a Faulty Capacitor A faulty capacitor on a laptop motherboard can exhibit signs such as a bulge or leakage. A bulging capacitor may not always be easily detectable and requires careful inspection. Leaking capacitors are a clear indication of a problem. It is important to identify the faulty capacitor accurately before proceeding with the replacement process. "The signs of a faulty capacitor can vary, but the most common indicators are bulging and leaking. These visual cues often point towards a capacitor that has reached the end of its lifespan." Identifying a Bulging Capacitor A bulging capacitor may not always be easy to spot at first glance. It requires a close inspection of the motherboard, focusing on the cylindrical capacitors present. These capacitors should have a smooth, flat top. However, if the capacitor is defective, its top may appear swollen or rounded, indicating an internal failure. - Inspect the motherboard: Carefully examine the surface of the motherboard, looking for any capacitors with a bulging top. - Compare with functional capacitors: If unsure, compare the questionable capacitor with others on the board. Functional capacitors should have a flat top, while a bulging top suggests a problem. Recognizing Leaking Capacitors Leaking capacitors are a more evident sign of a faulty component. When a capacitor leaks, its electrolyte material seeps out, often leaving a visible residue around the base or on the surrounding components. - Look for residue: Examine the motherboard for any signs of sticky or crusty residue around the capacitors. - Inspect nearby components: Check adjacent components for any discoloration or corrosion caused by the leaked electrolyte. Identifying these signs of a faulty capacitor is crucial for a successful repair. It ensures that the correct component is replaced, avoiding unnecessary damage or wasted time. The Replacement Process When it comes to replacing a faulty capacitor on a laptop motherboard, a careful and precise process is required. This section will guide you through the steps involved in capacitor removal, cleaning the motherboard holes, and inserting a new capacitor. Capacitor Removal - Locate the faulty capacitor on the motherboard by visually inspecting for signs of damage, such as bulges or leakage. - Heat the solder at the junction points of the capacitor using a soldering iron until it becomes molten. - Gently pull the damaged capacitor away from the motherboard, ensuring not to damage the surrounding components. Cleaning Motherboard Holes After removing the faulty capacitor, it's crucial to clean the holes on the motherboard before inserting the new capacitor. - Heat the leftover solder in the holes using a soldering iron to make it molten. - Use a desoldering pump to remove any excess solder from the holes, ensuring they are clear and ready for the new capacitor. Inserting a New Capacitor Once the holes are clean, it's time to insert the new capacitor with the correct polarity. - Select a new capacitor that matches the specifications of the old one, including capacitance, voltage rating, and capacitor type. - Insert the legs of the new capacitor into the corresponding holes on the motherboard, making sure they fit securely. - Clip off any excess wiring from the legs of the new capacitor. - Apply fresh solder at each junction point to secure the legs of the new capacitor to the motherboard, ensuring a strong connection. By following these steps, you can effectively replace a faulty capacitor on a laptop motherboard and restore its functionality. Remember to exercise caution and precision throughout the process to avoid any further damage to the motherboard or its components. Continue reading to the next section for considerations and tips to keep in mind when replacing capacitors on a laptop motherboard. Considerations and Tips When replacing capacitors on a laptop motherboard, several important considerations and tips should be kept in mind to ensure a successful repair process. - Assess the overall condition of the board: Before investing time and effort into replacing capacitors, evaluate whether the motherboard is worth repairing. If the board has extensive damage or missing components, it may be more cost-effective to consider a replacement. - Choose the right replacement capacitors: Selecting the correct replacement capacitors is crucial for a successful repair. It is essential to choose capacitors with a voltage rating equal to or greater than the originals. Additionally, consider factors such as polarity, capacitance, and capacitor type to ensure compatibility and optimal performance. - Handle delicate circuitry with care: Working with delicate circuitry requires caution to avoid further damage. Always wear an antistatic wrist strap to prevent static discharge that can harm sensitive components. Use a precision soldering iron with a fine tip for accurate soldering and minimize the risk of damaging nearby parts. - Troubleshoot dead boards carefully: Troubleshooting dead boards should be approached with care. Before attaching the CPU, test the Vcore voltage using a multimeter. This step helps identify potential issues that may cause the board to remain non-functional even after replacing capacitors. Remember, different techniques may be necessary when it comes to cleaning the holes on the motherboard or handling difficult boards. Adapt your approach based on the specific requirements of the laptop motherboard you're working on. Expert Tip: Prolonging the Life of Laptop Motherboard Capacitors "To ensure the longevity of your laptop motherboard capacitors, consider implementing proper cooling measures. Excess heat can significantly impact the lifespan of capacitors, leading to premature failure. Adequate airflow and regular cleaning of the cooling system can help prevent heat buildup and extend the life of the capacitors." Successfully repairing a faulty laptop motherboard through capacitor replacement is achievable with the implementation of precision soldering techniques. By carefully identifying and eliminating the defective capacitor, cleansing the motherboard holes, and delicately inserting a new capacitor, the motherboard's functionality can be reinstated. It is crucial to prioritize safety precautions, consider the overall condition of the motherboard, and meticulously choose appropriate replacement capacitors. By adhering to these guidelines and utilizing the correct approach, a faulty laptop motherboard can be effectively repaired, allowing for the seamless restoration of its full functionality.
In today's digital age, online reviews play a vital role in shaping a business's reputation and success. Among the plethora of review platforms available, Google Reviews stand tall as a powerful tool that can unlock new opportunities for businesses. Not only do they influence a company's search engine optimization (SEO) rankings, but they also hold significant weight in building customer trust. Understanding the impact of Google Reviews on both these fronts is crucial for businesses looking to thrive in the competitive online landscape. In this article, we will delve into the depths of how Google Reviews can propel your business forward. We will explore how these reviews can enhance your SEO rankings, attract more customers, and ultimately, contribute to your overall success. So, let's dive in and unlock the true power of Google Reviews – a game-changer for businesses in today's digital world. The Importance of Online Reviews for Businesses Online reviews have become a vital part of the consumer decision-making process, with customers relying on them to assess the quality and credibility of products and services. Trust in online reviews is high, with studies showing that consumers place as much trust in them as they do in personal recommendations. Positive reviews serve as social proof, validating a business's offerings and enhancing its credibility. Conversely, negative reviews can harm a business's reputation and steer potential customers away. It is crucial for businesses to actively manage their online reviews, particularly on Google Reviews, which hold significant importance due to Google's dominance as a search engine. Google often displays a business's star rating, review snippets, and total number of reviews in search results, influencing users' perceptions and actions. Businesses with more positive reviews are more likely to attract clicks, website visits, and conversions. Additionally, Google Reviews impact a business's SEO rankings, making them an essential aspect of digital marketing strategies. How Google Reviews Impact SEO Rankings Google's search algorithms are evolving to prioritize user-generated content, like online reviews, in determining search rankings. Businesses that actively engage with customers through Google Reviews have a higher chance of ranking higher in organic search results. Review snippets, concise summaries of customer reviews, can be displayed in search results, providing valuable information about a business's overall rating and specific aspects customers appreciate. These snippets increase visibility and serve as a trust signal for users. Managing and acquiring positive Google Reviews is crucial for businesses to improve their SEO rankings and attract more customers. Factors That Influence Google Review Rankings When it comes to Google Review rankings, several factors come into play. While the exact algorithm used by Google is not publicly disclosed, there are certain key factors that have been observed to have a significant impact on a business's review rankings. These factors include: - Review Quantity: The total number of reviews a business has is an important factor. A higher number of reviews indicates a greater level of customer engagement and can positively impact a business's rankings. - Review Quality: The quality of reviews, in terms of the ratings and sentiments expressed, also plays a crucial role. Positive reviews with higher ratings are more likely to boost a business's rankings, while negative reviews can have a detrimental effect. - Review Velocity: The rate at which a business acquires new reviews is another factor considered by Google. A consistent flow of new reviews signals ongoing customer engagement and can positively impact a business's rankings. - Review Diversity: Google takes into account the diversity of reviews, including both positive and negative feedback. A balanced mix of reviews indicates authenticity and can positively influence a business's rankings. - Review Relevance: The relevance of reviews to a business's offerings and industry is also considered. Reviews that provide specific and detailed feedback related to a business's products or services are more likely to contribute to higher rankings. Understanding these factors can help businesses devise effective strategies to improve their Google Review rankings and, in turn, enhance their overall online visibility. Strategies for Acquiring Positive Google Reviews Acquiring positive Google Reviews requires a proactive approach that encourages satisfied customers to share their experiences. Here are some strategies that can help businesses generate more positive reviews: - Provide exceptional customer experiences: The first and most important step towards acquiring positive reviews is to consistently deliver exceptional customer experiences. By exceeding customer expectations and providing outstanding service, businesses can increase the likelihood of customers leaving positive reviews. - Make it easy for customers to leave reviews: Simplify the process of leaving reviews by providing clear instructions and direct links to your Google Review page. Include a call-to-action on your website, email signatures, and social media profiles, encouraging customers to share their feedback. - Follow up with customers: After a purchase or engagement with your business, follow up with customers to ensure their satisfaction. Send a personalized email or message, expressing your gratitude and kindly requesting them to leave a review if they had a positive experience. - Incentivize reviews: Consider offering small incentives, such as discounts or exclusive offers, to customers who leave reviews. However, be cautious to adhere to Google's guidelines and avoid any practices that may be considered unethical or against the terms of service. - Leverage offline interactions: If your business has a physical location, train your staff to encourage customers to leave reviews. Display signage or provide printed materials that highlight the importance of reviews and guide customers on how to leave them. By implementing these strategies, businesses can increase their chances of acquiring positive Google Reviews, ultimately improving their SEO rankings and attracting more customers. How to Respond to Google Reviews Responding to Google Reviews is an essential aspect of managing your online reputation and building customer trust. It demonstrates that you value customer feedback and are committed to addressing any concerns or issues. Here are some best practices for responding to Google Reviews: - Acknowledge and thank: Start by acknowledging the customer's feedback and expressing your gratitude for taking the time to leave a review. A simple "Thank you for your review" goes a long way in showing appreciation. - Personalize your response: Craft personalized responses that address the specific points raised by the customer. This shows that you have taken the time to understand their concerns and are genuinely interested in resolving them. - Apologize and take responsibility: If the review highlights a negative experience, apologize for any inconvenience caused and take responsibility for the issue. Assure the customer that their feedback will be used to improve your products or services. - Offer resolutions or next steps: Depending on the nature of the review, offer appropriate resolutions or next steps to address the customer's concerns. This could involve providing a refund, offering a replacement, or inviting them to contact you directly for further assistance. - Maintain professionalism: It's important to maintain a professional tone in your responses, regardless of the nature of the review. Avoid getting defensive or engaging in arguments, as this can further damage your reputation. Remember, your responses are not only for the reviewer but also for potential customers who may come across the reviews. By demonstrating your commitment to excellent customer service and genuine engagement, you can build trust and credibility with both existing and future customers. Building Customer Trust Through Google Reviews Google Reviews play a pivotal role in building customer trust. They provide potential customers with valuable insights into the experiences of previous customers, helping them make informed decisions. Here are some ways businesses can leverage Google Reviews to build trust: - Prominently display your Google Reviews: Showcase your positive reviews on your website, social media platforms, and other marketing materials. This serves as social proof and reassures potential customers of your credibility. - Respond to reviews promptly and professionally: As mentioned earlier, responding to reviews in a timely and professional manner shows that you value customer feedback and are committed to providing excellent service. This responsiveness can instill trust in potential customers. - Encourage customers to leave reviews: Actively encourage satisfied customers to leave reviews by highlighting the importance of their feedback. This not only increases the number of reviews but also demonstrates a culture of transparency and openness. - Share positive reviews on social media: Amplify the positive feedback by sharing selected reviews on your social media platforms. This not only showcases your satisfied customers but also encourages others to leave reviews. - Address negative reviews constructively: When responding to negative reviews, address the concerns constructively and demonstrate a willingness to rectify any issues. This shows potential customers that you are committed to resolving problems and delivering exceptional service. By following these strategies, businesses can establish a strong foundation of trust with their target audience, ultimately leading to increased customer loyalty and growth. Tools and Resources for Managing Google Reviews Managing Google Reviews effectively requires the right tools and resources. Here are some recommended tools and resources that can streamline the process: - Google My Business: The Google My Business platform provides businesses with a centralized hub for managing their online presence, including Google Reviews. It allows businesses to respond to reviews, update business information, and gain insights into customer engagement. - Review monitoring tools: Several tools, such as ReviewTrackers and Brand24, can help businesses monitor and track their online reviews across various platforms, including Google Reviews. These tools provide real-time notifications, sentiment analysis, and reporting features to effectively manage and analyze customer feedback. - Review generation platforms: Platforms like Podium and BirdEye offer solutions for actively generating and managing online reviews. These platforms automate the review acquisition process, making it easier for businesses to collect and showcase positive reviews. - Google's Review guidelines: Familiarize yourself with Google's guidelines for reviews to ensure compliance and ethical practices. These guidelines provide valuable insights into what is acceptable and what is considered spam or fake reviews. By leveraging these tools and resources, businesses can streamline their review management process, gain valuable insights, and maximize the impact of their Google Reviews. Indeed, Google Reviews have emerged as a game-changer for businesses. They not only influence a company's SEO rankings but also play a crucial role in building customer trust. By actively managing and leveraging Google Reviews, businesses can enhance their online visibility, attract more customers, and ultimately, achieve long-term success. From acquiring positive reviews to responding to feedback and building trust, every aspect of Google Reviews contributes to a business's reputation and growth. So, embrace the power of Google Reviews and unlock new opportunities for your business in the digital world.
Crafting your own homemade crossbow can provide a versatile tool for hunting and protection. Unlike firearms, a DIY crossbow allows for silent hunting and defense, making it ideal for scenarios where bullets may not be readily available or appropriate. With minimal expense and no ongoing costs, a wooden crossbow can be constructed for off-grid living or as a supplement to traditional hunting methods. Whether you're living off-grid or simply enjoy the sport of hunting, mastering the art of crossbow hunting can enhance your self-sufficiency and provide for your family during hunting seasons. 5- Wood and Aluminum If you're looking for a lightweight and efficient crossbow design, the classic wood and aluminum combination is a great option. This DIY crossbow design by motherearthnews provides you with the perfect balance of durability and accuracy. With these free plans, you can build a crossbow that looks and performs like an expensive store-bought model. The front bead design ensures that you get an accurate shot on the target every time. So, if you want a crossbow that won't weigh you down while on a hunt, consider building this wood and aluminum crossbow. 1- Survival DIY Crossbow A homemade crossbow can be a valuable tool for hunting and protection in survival situations. By following detailed instructions, you can build a strong and effective crossbow that meets your survival needs. Websites like Instructables offer free crossbow plans that can guide you through the construction process. Mastering the art of crossbow construction can also provide you with valuable knowledge and skills that can be used for bartering in times of need. In addition to providing food and security, game meat, pelts, and fish harvested with a DIY crossbow can serve as valuable commodities for trade and negotiation. As you become proficient in building and using homemade crossbows, you empower yourself to navigate survival situations with confidence and resourcefulness. The image above shows an example of a homemade crossbow that can be built with the right instructions and materials. 4- Bicycle Wheel Crossbow Crafting your own crossbow can be a fun and resourceful way to create a practical hunting weapon. Thanks to Gianni Pirola GP DIY on YouTube, you can learn how to make a crossbow using recycled materials such as an old bicycle wheel. This method is not only creative, but it also promotes self-sufficiency and sustainability by repurposing items that would otherwise end up in landfills. The step-by-step instructions provided in the YouTube video make it easy for you to transform a bicycle wheel into a hunting weapon. Once completed, the DIY crossbow can be used for hunting small game, taking down dangerous predatory animals, or for target practice. It's a versatile tool that can be used for a variety of outdoor activities. By embracing the concept of using what you have, you can create a practical and unique hunting weapon that's both cost-effective and good for the planet. So why not try your hand at crafting a bicycle wheel crossbow and see what you can create? 6- DIY Wooden Crossbow Crafting your own crossbow can be a fun and rewarding experience. With the help of step-by-step instructions found on websites like Instructables, even beginners can create a powerful and accurate wooden crossbow. To make your own crossbow, you will need basic materials such as wood, rope, and a few simple tools. By following the detailed instructions provided, you can create a hunting weapon that is both effective and unique. Remember to always handle your crossbow with care and follow proper safety guidelines. 20- DIY Longbow Transformation Transforming an old longbow into a DIY crossbow is a clever way to repurpose it. You can find a helpful video on YouTube by Scott's Place that demonstrates how to do just that. A crossbow is lighter and more compact, making it convenient for hunting trips. It's also effective for gathering food. A sturdy crossbow like this one proves to be a valuable and versatile tool, whether you're hunting small game or safeguarding your homestead. It's worth considering for anyone interested in self-sufficiency or outdoor activities. With a little bit of DIY effort, you can transform your old longbow into a useful crossbow. 7- Monster Crossbow Are you a seasoned hunter looking for a formidable weapon to take down large game animals such as caribou or elk? Look no further than the DIY monster crossbow with a pull power of 1,000 pounds. Crafted from wood and metal, this heavy-duty crossbow is not for the faint of heart. The free plans provided by wideopenspaces offer step-by-step guidance to construct this impressive weapon. But be warned, handling such a powerful weapon demands respect and caution. Even experienced hunters should approach it with care and precision to ensure maximum performance and safety. Video instructions make the building process straightforward and accessible, but it's essential to pay close attention to each step to avoid any potential risks associated with handling such a formidable weapon. In summary, the monster crossbow is a top choice for serious hunters seeking a reliable and effective weapon to bring down sizeable prey. But remember, crafting and handling such a powerful weapon requires knowledge, skill, and respect for its immense power. 10- Repeating Crossbow If you are looking for a homemade crossbow that can handle like a rifle and shoot five arrows at once without reloading, the 10-Repeating Crossbow by vintageprojects is a great option. This vintage design has stood the test of time and can hit a target 40 yards away in the hands of a skilled hunter. You can access free plans for this crossbow in a downloadable PDF file, which will guide you through the step-by-step building process. With its repeating feature, this crossbow is perfect for hunting or target shooting. 8- Homemade Crossbow If you're looking to improve your hunting skills or teach someone new, making your own crossbow at home is an option worth considering. Big arrows and hay bales can be used for safe target practice. One example of a homemade crossbow is the design by woodgears. While it may resemble a toy crossbow, it is not a toy and should be treated with caution and respect. With practice, you can become skilled at aiming and increase your accuracy. 21- Crossbow Pistol Looking for a small but accurate crossbow pistol that is easy to carry with you on your next hiking trip? Look no further than the DIY build by Instructables. With free plans available on their website and a video tutorial on how to shoot it, this compact crossbow pistol is simple to make and use. The trigger allows for precise aiming, ensuring that your arrow hits the intended target. While small in size, this crossbow pistol is powerful enough to take down small game. 9- Automatic Crossbow This new homemade crossbow design by Popular Mechanics has revolutionized the traditional crossbow. Unlike the original design, this fully automatic crossbow is made of wood and can hold multiple arrows at once, significantly reducing the reload time. With its smooth and accurate arrow shooting, this weapon is capable of taking down multiple game animals at once or stopping an attack from a pack of wild predators threatening you or your livestock. The automatic crossbow provides a reliable and efficient option for hunting and self-defense. 12- Crossbow Revolver If you're in need of a weapon that combines both speed and accuracy, a crossbow revolver might be the perfect solution for you. This type of crossbow can fire arrows at an incredibly fast rate, making them difficult to see without slow motion. Additionally, some crossbow revolvers even have a unique feature that allows them to fire up to four arrows without the need for reloading. With its simple design and impressive capabilities, a crossbow revolver is definitely worth considering for your next hunting or target shooting trip. 19- Homemade Crossbow Fishing Looking for a way to supplement your diet with fresh fish? Consider making your own homemade crossbow for fishing. With this lightweight and easy-to-carry DIY crossbow, you can harvest fish from any nearby lake, stream, or river. Using a crossbow for fishing is a great alternative to traditional fishing methods like nets and rods, especially in areas where those methods may not be effective. This strong crossbow is built specifically for fishing and can handle both large and small fish. Fresh fish is a great source of nutrients and protein and is available year-round, making it an excellent addition to any diet. Check out the video on YouTube to learn how to make your own crossbow for fishing and start harvesting your own fresh fish today. 3- Powerful Crossbow Looking for a reliable hunting tool to put meat on the table? Look no further than this powerful crossbow. With its ability to take down small to medium sized game, it's perfect for any survivalist lifestyle. Thanks to free video instructions from instructables, you can easily build your own homemade bow and arrows. Not only will this save you money, but it will also give you the skills to replenish your arrow supply whenever needed. Don't let a lack of firearms hold you back – try building your own crossbow today. 13- Crossbow Made From All Wood If you're looking for a reliable hunting tool or just enjoy archery, making a DIY crossbow entirely out of wood might be the perfect project for you. This homemade crossbow is not only fun to make, but it's also super accurate and effective. Whether you're practicing your aim or going on a hunting trip, this crossbow is a great choice. With arrow by arrow, you'll see just how simple and efficient this all-wood crossbow can be. 14- Medieval Crossbow Learn how to create a functional replica of a medieval crossbow with these free plans. Crossbows were popular weapons during warfare because they were easy to use and carry. Compared to traditional longbows, crossbows required less physical strength, making them ideal for soldiers of all sizes and strengths. The replica crossbow is made to be lighter and smaller, just like its historical counterpart. The detailed instructions provided will guide you through the process of creating a functional medieval crossbow. With your new crossbow, you'll be able to experience the thrill of medieval warfare. 2- DIY Crossbow Pistol If you're looking for a fun and easy DIY project, consider making your own crossbow pistol. This project is perfect for novice woodworkers or young hunters looking to practice their aim. The crossbow is made from a strip of poplar lumber and is designed to shoot small projectiles like wine corks, bottle caps, and small rocks. While not intended for hunting large game like deer, this DIY crossbow is powerful enough to take down small game. To create your own crossbow pistol, follow these detailed instructions from Instructables. The finished product is sure to provide hours of entertainment and target practice. Check out the image above to get an idea of what your finished crossbow could look like. 15- Pocket Crossbow Looking for a fun and creative craft to do on a rainy day? Look no further than this pocket crossbow by Instructables. Made from popsicle sticks and a paper clip, it's a great way to practice your DIY skills. Keep in mind that this is not a real weapon, but rather a practice craft. Check out the free video tutorial to learn how to build your own pocket crossbow. 16- Pistol Crossbow If you're interested in creating your own crossbow, you can also make a pistol crossbow using similar methods. Not only is it great for shooting arrows, but it can also be used for various projectiles, making it perfect for off-grid living and hunting without relying on expensive ammo. The pistol crossbow is a smaller version of the traditional crossbow, making it easier to handle and perfect for target practice. Creating a pistol crossbow is relatively simple and cost-effective. You can find free plans online to make one yourself. With reusability and ease of crafting arrows, this inventive solution could save you a significant amount of money typically spent on ammunition. It's also a great option for protecting livestock without relying on bullets. The pistol crossbow is a versatile and useful tool for anyone interested in hunting, off-grid living, or target practice. Check out the free plans and start crafting your own today! 17- Wooden Crossbow If you're interested in building your own crossbow, the free plans available on Wikihow can be a helpful resource. These plans provide guidance on constructing a wooden crossbow that is suitable for both hunting and recreational use. One of the benefits of a wooden crossbow is its versatility. It can be used for hunting small game or for target practice. Additionally, the design of a wooden crossbow can be customized to fit your specific needs and preferences. When constructing your own wooden crossbow, it's important to follow the plans carefully and use quality materials. A well-built crossbow can provide years of enjoyment and use. When it comes to hunting and survival, a homemade crossbow can be a valuable tool. With the right materials and knowledge, you can create a crossbow that is both effective and reliable. It is important to follow safety guidelines and local laws when building and using a crossbow. With practice and patience, a homemade crossbow can provide a unique and rewarding hunting experience.
To ready the chasers for antisubmarine warfare required designing, testing, and producing listening devices. This photo, from a folio of Submarine Signal Company photographs, shows the K Tube hydrophone and compensators, built at the Nahant facility, complete and ready to ship. The three main components of the K Tube were a triangular frame with microphones mounted on it and a float to keep it at a fixed distance under water; a reel of cord, also with floats; and the compensator device (the stacks of wooden boxes on the right contain the compensators) for determining the direction of the sound. During a listening period, the frame was put in the water and the line reeled out. A listener turned a hand wheel on the compensator, which adjusted the length of the air passage from each of a pair of recievers to each ear. Once the sound level had been tuned to be the same in each ear, the listener could view on a scale how much the hand wheel had been turned, and use this measurement to determine the angle of bearing of the sound source. For a detailed description and photos of the compensator and crewmen using it on deck, see my book, starting on page 39 (Chapter 2 covers the ASW equipment on chasers).
The Fascinating History Behind Gujiya, a Holi Favourite That May Have Turkish Connection In India, the festival of Holi and gujiyas [sweet dumplings] have gone hand in hand for ages. But some theories suggest that this Indian delicacy may have a Turkish connection. Learn more! Several delicacies are prepared in the Indian kitchen during the festival of colours. But Holi is incomplete without savouring gujiya — one of the most loved traditional North Indian sweets. Dry fruits and sweet khoya (thickened milk solids) stuffing makes these dumplings crispy, flaky and delicious. There are many theories that reflect what led to the origin of these dumplings. One of them suggests there is a Turkish connection to the delicacy that has been relished by Indians for ages. The earliest mention of it dates back to the 13th century when a jaggery-honey mixture was covered with wheat flour and then, sun-dried. So it is assumed that guijiya may have been derived from Turkey's baklava — a layered buttery flaky dessert soaked in honey and sugar. This puff pastry is filled with tender pistachios stuffed between layers of dough. The Turks considered baklava a dessert for the wealthy, and the Sultan considered it a special gift. Another theory suggests that gujiya could be a sweet replica of samosa, a fried spicy snack widely relished in the country today. These stuffed triangles or sambuca reached India through the Middle East. Interestingly, when you look at the moon-shaped and deep-fried delicacy with its sweet stuffing of dry fruits, the above theories seem true. And so, it could be fair to say that the humble gujiya has traversed a long way through centuries and different countries before it became famous in the Indian kitchen. Meanwhile, in India itself, several regional cuisines feature dishes similar to this Holi delicacy, but with different fillings. In Bihar, it's known as pedakiya, ghughra in Gujarat, karanji in Maharashtra, somas in Tamil Nadu, garijalu in Telangana, kajjikayalu in Andhra Pradesh, karjikayi or karigadubu in Karnataka. If you too want to relish this sweet during Holi, here's a tempting recipe of mawa gujiya that serves four persons. Gujiya Recipe Khoya crumbled – 2/3 cup Refined flour – 1 cup Ghee – 3 teaspoons Dried figs chopped – 1/2 cup Seedless dates chopped – 1/2 cup Cashewnuts chopped – 10 Almonds chopped – 10 Walnuts chopped – 10 Oil to deep fry Step 1 To make the pastry, sift the flour into a bowl. Rub in the ghee with your fingertips till the mixture resembles breadcrumbs. Now, add one-fourth cup and one tablespoon of cold water and knead it into a stiff dough. Cover the dough with a damp muslin cloth and set aside for 15 minutes. Step 2 To make the filling, heat a non-stick pan. Add the khoya and saute for 3 minutes or till the fat separates. Now, set aside the mixture to cool. Add the figs, dates, cashew nuts, almonds, and walnuts to the mixture. Step 3 Divide the dough into twelve equal portions and shape it into circular balls. Flatten these balls using a rolling pin and board. Step 4 Place one portion of the stuffing on one half of the flattened dough, lightly moisten the edges, and fold the other half over the stuffing. Press the edges to seal. Pinch the edges to make a design. Step 5 Heat sufficient oil in a non-stick pan, and gently slide in a few gujiyas at a time. Deep-fry for five to six minutes till they turn golden brown. Step 6 Take the deep-fried gujiyas out from the pan, and drain the extra oil on absorbent paper. Store them in an airtight container when completely cold. Enjoy the scrumptious gujiyas, but try not to overeat…Happy Holi! (Edited by Pranita Bhat) The Story Behind Gujiya, A Popular Sweet Eaten On Holi: by Anuj Tiwari, Published on 17 March 2022. Holi 2022: History Of Gujiya And Its Turkish Connection: by Aanchal Mathur, Published on 2 March 2023. How to make Mawa Gujiya by Sanjeev Kapoor. If you found our stories insightful, informative, or even just enjoyable, we invite you to consider making a voluntary payment to support the work we do at The Better India. Your contribution helps us continue producing quality content that educates, inspires, and drives positive change. Choose one of the payment options below for your contribution- By paying for the stories you value, you directly contribute to sustaining our efforts focused on making a difference in the world. Together, let's ensure that impactful stories continue to be told and shared, enriching lives and communities alike. Thank you for your support. Here are some frequently asked questions you might find helpful to know why you are contributing? This story made me - 97 - 121 - 89 - 167
Your parents or grandparents will tell you that checks used to take a while to clear through bank accounts. As early as the 1950s, Americans were negotiating in excess of 28 million checks every day, and those checks were processed by hand. A check written and presented to a merchant on a Friday might not clear the bank customer's account until days later. Therefore, the bank account holder had a few days to come up with the money to back the check when it was presented for clearance. Check Kiting Because of this antiquated system, a practice that became known as check-kiting began and gained in popularity. Check-kiting entailed writing a check from one bank account and depositing it in another bank account. Then, a check would be written from the second bank account and a few days later deposited into the first bank account. This kind of circular check kiting could–if done correctly–rapidly and significantly create false checking account balances that a skilled check kiter might later drain. Sometimes, consumers would write a bad check to buy a major appliance a few days before payday and then rush to the bank with the payday funds to cover the transaction. A restaurant owner might write a check from his account at one bank to an account at a second bank and use the weekend's sales to cover the transaction. No More All of the above indiscretions could work because checks were cleared slowly. As computers took over check processing, however, float times were minimalized, and check-kiting was no longer a feasible thing to do. Check Washing During the COVID-19 pandemic, people everywhere were suffering great financial losses. As a result, several stories of check washing arose. Envelopes from mailboxes that looked like they contained checks would be taken. Using readily available chemicals, ink on the checks could be erased, and the check's rewritten. This would then make the check-washer the new payee. Many times, the check amount was increased from the original amount that it was written for. Then, a check could be taken to a currency exchange or deposited into an ATM. For an example of how check-washing works, a Chicago Southwest Side resident recently mailed a $30 check. The check was intercepted, the name of the payee was changed, and the amount of the check was raised. Three days after the check was mailed, the resident went online and saw that the check had cleared with a different payee and for the inflated amount. The resident notified her bank, and the financial institution claimed it would take months to rectify the situation. However, after being contacted by a local news organization, the bank quickly settled the issue. Common Occurrence Check-washing is such a common occurrence that someone placed a sign outside of the Harwood Heights Post Office stating that postal customers should not put checks in mailboxes. The sign suggested that mail should be taken to the post office facility to help avoid theft. If You Have a Problem Sometimes, cash-strapped consumers try to bend the law, and they end up with legal difficulties. If you have been charged with a financial crime, it is imperative to speak with a qualified attorney before you do anything. If you need representation for a criminal charge in Cook County, Glasgow & Olsson is uniquely qualified to help. When you need an attorney experience matters, contact us today to learn how our experience can get you the results you deserve.
Clinical evaluation utilizing the escape room game is recognized as a novel method for assessing the team-oriented performance of learners. It is a tool for evaluating teamwork skills in clinical settings, which can boost student motivation and learning. This study aimed to investigate the effect of clinical evaluation through escape rooms and feedback provision through the PEARLS approach on pre-internship nursing students' satisfaction, learning, and preparedness to practice as interns in the Faculty of Nursing and Midwifery, Zahedan University of Medical Sciences. The current research is a quasi-experimental quantitative study conducted with a census sample of 42 sixth-semester undergraduate nursing students at Zahedan University of Medical Sciences in 2022. The escape room method was utilized to evaluate entry preparedness into the clinical field. Reliable and valid researcher-made questionnaires were administered to assess the impact of the intervention on learning, satisfaction, and preparedness. The data were analyzed in SPSS version 26 using descriptive and inferential tests. The significance level was considered to be less than 0.05. 26 males and 16 females constituted the 42 participants (mean age: 23.46 years). The clinical evaluation method of the escape room game was deemed satisfactory or highly satisfactory by 80% of students. From their perspective, escape rooms were definitely or highly effective in shaping their preparedness to enter the clinical field. Comparing the students' mean learning scores (self-assessment of clinical skills) before and after the test revealed that their post-test scores were significantly higher than their pre-test scores (p < 0.001). Considering the satisfaction of nursing students with the clinical evaluation using the escape room game and its impact on student learning, it is recommended that this method be implemented in all medical education departments.
Laser machines are a type of industrial equipment used for cutting, welding, marking, and engraving a variety of materials. They are highly precise tools and are used in a wide array of industries including automotive, aerospace, medical, electronics, and more. With laser machines, businesses can quickly and efficiently produce intricate parts and components with a high level of accuracy. Laser machines including medical laser machines for sale and laser machine for construction. are also well suited for marking, engraving, and drilling on a wide range of materials, including metals, plastics, rubber, and glass. The laser machine China made ty are an excellent choice for any business looking to increase efficiency and reduce costs.
Cultivating Resilience: Sense of Safety and Belonging in Higher Education Higher education, sense of safety, sense of belonging, resilience Hammond, Jennifer L. Taking into consideration a decline in value of the higher education experience, this research was done in order to determine alternative ways to assess value of higher education. Use of Maslow's Theory of Human Motivation as the framework, as well as a thorough literature review, highlights the importance of sense of safety and belonging in higher education. The literature review revealed a lack of research on sense of safety and belonging through a shared experience. The purpose of this study was to determine whether or not there was a relationship between participation in extra-curricular activities and sense of safety, and/or if there was a relationship between extra-curricular activities and depression/anxiety and/or substance abuse. Secondary data collected through the Vermont Department of Health's College Health Survey was analyzed using multivariate logistic regression. Sample data (n=2,174) was chosen based on the participants experience with a traumatic event within the last 12 months. Data was analyzed for statistical significance (p=<.05), regression coefficient to show negative/positive correlation with standard error, odds ratio for magnitude, and a 95% confidence ratio. Data analysis did not result in statistical significance of the relationship between independent and dependent variables, however, controlling for the dependent variable highlighted the importance of a representative survey for generalizability, the importance of a reliable survey tool, proper survey creation, and distribution processes.
00.0 ℃ Today's UV index in Vaduz, Liechtenstein will be up to 6.7, indicating a high level of sun exposure for the average person. Check the annual sun radiation in the city and our tips for today to make sure you're safe in the sun. With Vaduz's UV index reaching 6.7, protect your skin from harm by staying in shade, wearing protective clothing, and applying SPF 30+ sunscreen every 2 hours between 10 a.m. and 4 p.m., when UV rays are strongest. The UV index in Vaduz, Liechtenstein typically ranges from low to high. In winter, the index is usually low, while during summer months, it can reach high levels. It's always a good idea to check the UV index before planning outdoor activities. Vaduz experiences four distinct seasons. Spring brings mild temperatures and blooming flowers, while summer is generally warm and sunny, with occasional rainfall. Autumn sees cooler temperatures and colorful foliage, and winter is cold with regular snowfall, making it ideal for winter sports. Compared to its region and neighboring countries, Vaduz has a milder climate. While the nearby Alps can be very cold, Vaduz is protected by them, resulting in a more temperate climate. Neighboring Switzerland and Austria often have harsher winters and cooler summers than Liechtenstein's capital city. The chart below displays the average Shortwave Radiation Sum (MJ/m²) for each month of the last year in Vaduz. It's designed to provide you with a better understanding of the yearly weather and sun exposure.
Make your Own Sea Salt This article is taken from Five Gallon Ideas, which features over 100 uses for 5 gallon buckets with more being added all the time. Creating sea salt from ocean water is an ancient practice almost completely lost to us today. In the foodie bible The 100-Mile Diet, the very last food the authors found locally after a year of eating regionally, was a bag of pure sea salt from the Pacific Northwest oceans. If like most humans you live close to one of the planet's seven seas, you can participate in this ancient craft. It starts off with a 5 gallon bucket. Making Sea Salt in a Nutshell Once you've got your 5 gallons of pure seawater, you'll need about a full day to process it and several more for the final drying. After you filter it through a basic cloth dishcloth, you need to boil it down. At first you want to use the highest heat your stove is capable of. Once you've cut your 5 gallons of liquid roughly in half, you'll want to gradually turn your burner lower and lower to prevent your salt from scorching. The more you boil your salt down, the more you'll want to stir it. Once your salt is the consistency of wet sand, let it air dry in shallow pans. To speed air drying up, you can turn your oven to the lowest temperature setting and keep your salt pans in there. This final drying stage can take anywhere from a few days to a few weeks, depending on how much water is left in your salt and how much surface area is open to the air. Your final salt product can be stored in mason jars, salt shakers, or a bucket if you've gone all the way with your salt production. More on Making Sea Salt This tutorial is a summary of the excellent How to Make Sea Salt published by Ben Fahrer on Instructables. If you're interested in making your own sea salt, visit his article for much more detail into the sea salt process and pictures of every step. The pictures shown here are also courtesy of his article. For many more ways to use 5 gallon buckets for self sufficiency, visit Five Gallon Ideas. When citing this article, please link to Source: http://fivegallonideas.com/sea-salt/ Anyone can join. Anyone can contribute. Anyone can become informed about their world. "United We Stand" Click Here To Create Your Personal Citizen Journalist Account Today, Be Sure To Invite Your Friends. Please Help Support BeforeitsNews by trying our Natural Health Products below! Order by Phone at 888-809-8385 or online at https://mitocopper.com M - F 9am to 5pm EST Order by Phone at 866-388-7003 or online at https://www.herbanomic.com M - F 9am to 5pm EST Order by Phone at 866-388-7003 or online at https://www.herbanomics.com M - F 9am to 5pm EST Humic & Fulvic Trace Minerals Complex - Nature's most important supplement! Vivid Dreams again! HNEX HydroNano EXtracellular Water - Improve immune system health and reduce inflammation. Ultimate Clinical Potency Curcumin - Natural pain relief, reduce inflammation and so much more. MitoCopper - Bioavailable Copper destroys pathogens and gives you more energy. (See Blood Video) Oxy Powder - Natural Colon Cleanser! Cleans out toxic buildup with oxygen! Nascent Iodine - Promotes detoxification, mental focus and thyroid health. Smart Meter Cover - Reduces Smart Meter radiation by 96%! (See Video).
Portland, Oregon • Heat Shrink Tubing Manufacturer Portland is the largest city in the state of Oregon and is the county seat of Multnomah County, Oregon. Portland is a major port in the Willamette Valley region of the Pacific Northwest. Portland has an estimated population of 639,863 residents as of 2016 which makes Portland the 26th most populated city in the United States. Portland Oregon is named after Portland, Maine and began to be populated in the 1830s near the end of the Oregon Trail. Portland is operated by a commission-based government guided by a mayor and four commissioners as well as Metro. Metro is the only directly elected metropolitan planning organization in the United States. Portland is notable for its land-use planning and investment in public transportation. The city of Portland is recognized as one of the world's most environmentally conscious cities because of its high walkability, large bike community, and farm-to-table dining. It also has a very extensive network of public transportation.
One of the key questions for mortgage borrowers is whether to pay for discount points or not. Buying points will lower your mortgage rate, but you have to pay a fairly substantial fee to do so. So what to do? This Mortgage Points Calculator can help guide you in that decision. Based on your loan amount and how much you can reduce your mortgage rates, it will show you how much you can save in interest costs over any length of time and help you calculate the "break-even point" where your interest savings and equity exceed the cost of the points themselves. Mortgage Points Break-Even Calculator Using the Mortgage Points Break-Even Calculator This mortgage points calculator assumes that you'll roll the cost of your points into the mortgage. Enter the total cost of the mortgage with points in the box marked "Mortgage amount." The calculator will determine the size of the loan without points for comparison. - "Term in years" is the length of the mortgage. - Enter the number of points under "Discount points" – note that you can enter negative points as well, to reduce your closing costs in return for a higher rate. Fractional points can also be entered manually, though the slider will only reflect whole numbers. - Under "Points rate" enter the reduced rate you will pay with discount points. - Under "Interest rate" enter the standard rate you would pay with no points. . - "Years in home" is how long you expect to stay in the home. Based on this figure, the calculator will determine how much your will save or it will cost you to pay for points. - To find your break-even point, use the green triangle slider to adjust "years in home" to find the point you go from costs to savings. - "View report" will provide you with an amortization schedule comparing the loan with and without points. This will allow you to compare interest savings over time as well as the rate at which you're paying down loan principle, so you can project your home equity at any point in the loan. About Mortgage Discount Points Discount points are a common feature of mortgages, but they can be confusing for many borrowers. Just how do they work? Discount points are a type of pre-paid interest. So by paying part of your interest up front, you can get a lower rate. And what you save in interest over the long haul can be a lot more than what you paid for the points up front. The question is, will you save enough to make it worth the initial cost? The key is to calculate the break-even point – how long it will take for your interest savings from a lower mortgage rate to exceed what you paid for your discount points. If you can recoup your costs in five years or so, that's often a good deal. A big consideration is how long you expect to have the mortgage. If you sell the home or refinance the mortgage before reaching your break-even point, you'll have lost money. Or if you do so only a year or two after reaching it, your savings might not be enough to make it worthwhile. Discount points work best for someone who expects to stay in their home and not refinance for a long time. Over 20-30 years, the savings can be substantial – in the tens of thousands of dollars. However, if it takes a long time to reach your break-even point, say 10-15 years, you have to ask yourself whether the small savings you'll realize each month are worth the trouble, even if you expect to stay in the home longer than that. Because discount points are prepaid interest, they can also be deductible as mortgage interest on your tax return if you itemize deductions. However, fewer borrowers are itemizing these days due to recent changes in tax laws. This mortgage points break-even calculator can help you determine how much you'll save each month, when you'll reach your break-even point and what your interest savings or costs will be for any point in the loan. How much do discount points cost? The price for discount points is always the same, regardless of lender: 1 percent of the loan amount for each point. That's where the name comes from – in financial terminology, 1 percent is commonly referred to as a "point." So if you have a $300,000 loan, one point will cost $3,000. How much a discount point will reduce your rate varies from lender to lender, but is often between one-eighth to one-quarter of a percent. So buying one point might reduce a 5 percent rate to 4.875 percent or 4.75 percent, for example. You can buy multiple points, fractions of a point and even negative points (more on that later). How many you can buy depends on the lender and your loan. Some lenders may let you buy 3-4 points; others may limit you to only one or two. That's something you want to check into when shopping for a mortgage and comparing offers. You can pay for discount points up front if you wish, but they're often rolled into the loan. So you start with a somewhat higher balance but the lower rate means your monthly payments are less. Calculating the break-even point Determining your break-even point isn't just a matter of figuring how long it will take your monthly savings from a lower rate to exceed the cost of the points. You also want to take into account how it will affect your loan amortization, or how quickly you build home equity. That's money in your pocket as well. This mortgage points calculator does that for you. It takes into account not only your monthly interest savings but also how much faster you're paying down loan principle to determine your overall savings and help you calculate your break-even point. About negative points and fractional points Negative discount points are an option a lender may offer to reduce closing costs. They work just opposite of positive discount points – instead of paying money to receive a lower rate, you are essentially given money (to cover costs) in return for a higher rate. These are often a feature of "no closing cost" mortgages, where the borrower accepts a higher rate in return for not having to pay closing costs up front. This Mortgage Points Calculator allows you to use either positive or negative discount points. Fractional points are commonly used by lenders to round off a rate to a standard figure, such as 4.75 percent, rather than something like 4.813 percent. Mortgage rates are typically priced in steps of one-eighth of a percent, like 4.5, 4.625, 4.75, 4.875 percent, etc., but the actual pricing is more precise than that. So lenders may charge or credit a fractional point, like 0.413 points or 1.274 points to produce a conventional figure for the mortgage rate.
Aspirin is a widely available over-the-counter medication that shows substantial effects at promoting survival and reducing risk of many types of cancer, plus reducing inflammation and managing pain due to inflammation. Are you a health professional? This section does not replicate the other information on this topic but provides additional details or context most relevant to professionals. Modes of action: platelet activity and the NF-κB pathway Aspirin reversed or inhibited the activity of platelets promoting colorectal or pancreatic cancer cell proliferation and metastasis.1Mitrugno A, Sylman JL et al. Aspirin therapy reduces the ability of platelets to promote colon and pancreatic cancer cell proliferation: implications for the oncoprotein c-MYC. American Journal of Physiology. Cell Physiology. 2017 Feb 1;312(2):C176-C189; Patrignani P, Patrono C. Aspirin, platelet inhibition and cancer prevention. Platelets. 2018 Dec;29(8):779-785. Aspirin's inhibition of cyclooxygenases inhibits tumor growth through modulation of the NF-κB pathway.2Chen J, Stark LA. Aspirin prevention of colorectal cancer: focus on NF-κB signalling and the nucleolus. Biomedicines. 2017 Jul 18;5(3). pii: E43. Preclinical evidence Notable preclinical evidence is presented here. Clinical evidence is summarized in How can aspirin help you? What the research says › Improving treatment outcomes - Ovarian cancer: phosphatidylcholine-associated aspirin (aspirin-PC) showed anticancer effects in cells and reduced ovarian cancer growth by 50 percent to 90 percent in animals, with no detectable gastrointestinal toxicity; the effect was enhanced in combination with bevacizumab (Avastin) or B20.3Huang Y, Lichtenberger LM et al. Antitumor and antiangiogenic effects of aspirin-PC in ovarian cancer. Molecular Cancer Therapeutics. 2016 Dec;15(12):2894-2904. Body terrain (immune function) - Improved antitumor immune response and tumor eradication with aspirin combined with anti-PD1 monoclonal antibody in preclinical studies4Fong W, To KKW. Drug repurposing to overcome resistance to various therapies for colorectal cancer. Cellular and Molecular Life Sciences. 2019;76(17):3383–3406; Zelenay S, van der Veen AG et al. Cyclooxygenase-dependent tumor growth through evasion of immunity. Cell. 2015 Sep 10;162(6):1257-70. Keep reading about aspirin Learn more Health professional comment We invite health professionals to contribute expertise or send us questions. "*" indicates required fields
Ahead of a potential referendum on the UK's membership of the European Union, politicians and business leaders gathered in Guildhall this month to debate whether a UK exit would be beneficial or damaging for the City. Despite some claims that the UK's EU membership is of little interest to the majority of voters, almost a thousand Londoners listened and contributed to the discussion, which considered an issue crucial to the UK's economic and political future. A link to the full debate is available at the bottom of this post. UK access to the Single Market was identified by the Lord Mayor as an important advantage for UK financial and professional services, and remained a key theme of the debate, with Vince Cable and Sir Martin Sorrell highlighting EU membership as a key determinant of the UK's position as the third largest inward investment recipient, and 60% of senior decision-makers locating here to access this important market. The Japanese government's submission to the UK's Balance of Competences review made it clear that leaving the EU would put the 130,000 UK jobs created through Japanese FDI at risk. Our EU membership also facilitates UK trade internationally; free trade agreements with over 37 countries, including important emerging markets like Mexico and South Korea, have reduced global barriers to trade, and the current negotiation of a US-EU trade deal could boost the UK economy by £10bn. Of course there are two sides to every debate, and supporters of EU exit Jesse Norman MP and entrepreneur Luke Johnson argued London's development as an international financial centre, attributed to factors like its time zone, talented labour pool and stable legal framework, has not been dependent on EU membership. Norway and Switzerland were cited as examples of countries which have prospered outside of the EU, although as our research into Switzerland's engagement with the EU showed, the country achieves access to the Single Market through a complex set of bi-lateral trade agreements and significant financial contribution. EU-level regulation does present challenges for the UK's financial services industry and the wider economy, particularly bonus cap regulation and the financial transaction tax, with our latest research estimating the tax would increase the cost of finance for UK businesses, and create an additional cost on UK government borrowing of almost £4bn. Despite not signing up to the tax, non-participating Member States are likely to suffer higher costs than those 11 Member States who have signed up, and the legality of the tax's extra-territorial impacts is currently being challenged by EU lawyers. We're also looking at how the tax will affect households and consumers across the EU in upcoming research. However as Vicky Pryce argued, in order to maintain the competitiveness of the financial services industry and its key contribution to the UK economy (valued at over £132bn or 9.8% of total GDP by our latest figures), it's important the City and the UK continues to engage in EU policy-making, rather than seeking to withdraw altogether. Closing the debate, the Chairman of Policy and Resources Mark Boleat, reflected on the government's continued success in seeking UK-appropriate implementation of EU directives, and this week the Treasury announced that it would challenge EU bonus caps in view of stringent pay rules already imposed by the Prudential Regulation Authority and the Financial Conduct Authority. As a key voice in the debate around the UK's engagement with the EU, the City of London plays an important role through working in partnership with organisations like the Evening Standard and Centre for London, and acting as a host for informed discussion on issues affecting the City and the UK's financial and professional services. We also commission independent research to inform and support our work on the EU and financial services regulation, as part of our wider research programme. If you're interested in finding out more please visit the City of London's economic research page. To watch the debate in full visit the 'The City in Europe' page. By Sandra Jones - Ramidus Consulting Think City of London and many people think of a monolithic monoculture - all big banks and bonuses. But this research, commissioned by the City of London and launched at MIPIM, shows that to be inaccurate. Taking Stock is an in-depth study of the City's built stock and occupiers – it barely left a stone unturned and it highlighted the diversity of the City economy. Consider this: 48% of the City 's office stock is occupied by the financial sector but turn that around and we can say that more than half is not occupied by the financial sector. In fact there are 12 key occupier sectors in the City of which finance is only one. In units under 10,000 sq ft, 70% of the space is occupied by the other 11 sectors. Or this: there are 3,600 office occupiers over 1,000 sq ft in the City of London, and 85 of them occupy more than 100,000 sq ft. Considering the amount of time, cost and creative energy that is invested to design space for these big users, it is a pretty thin market. On the other hand, there are 1,878 businesses occupying between 1,000 sq ft and 5,000 sq ft within the Corporation boundary and another 2,192 in adjoining boroughs on the City fringe. In fact, our research showed that, since 1997, buildings have grown bigger but the average size of an occupier has shrunk, which means it is critical that large buildings are designed to allow multiple occupation. Small businesses are a vital part of the City's ecosystem: they generally serve the needs of large businesses and sometimes they grow into large businesses themselves, a growth which can, in the new economy, be very rapid indeed. And that leads to the other big theme flagged up by the research - the propensity of the City economy to change and adapt to new circumstances. The rise of the internet entrepreneur and the focus of the tech and creative sectors around Old Street roundabout have put the City in the position of being one of London's most productive seed-beds for new business formation and rapid business growth. This is just one catalyst for change. So the big message to take from this research is that the City needs to have an office stock with the scale and range to meet the needs of a highly diverse and changeable occupier base. We launched the study at MIPIM in a lively session with panel members: Gerald Kaye, Helical Bar; Clive Bush, Exemplar; Matthew Elliott, Deloitte and Mark Swetman, Hines. On how well the market provides for a diverse range of occupiers, the view of the panel was that the market 'responds well' and they were broadly in agreement that the standard institutional or BCO specification is still appropriate for the new economy. Opinions also converged on the value of good public realm: it matters. But what was understood by public realm varied, from the presence of a coffee shop to pop-up, meanwhile uses and cycling facilities, which is probably a fair reflection of the range of things that fall under this heading. The common factor is that they are places that people share and therefore they enable a more collaborative working culture to evolve. Campus London, Google's hub in Bonhill St is a mecca for Tech City types with excellent high-speed wifi. Anyone can register to use the coffee shop and I sometimes work in there between meetings. I was struck by parallels with the London Pavilion at MIPIM. Both are busy, vibrant and buzzing with conversations about funding, design and collaboration. There's a different dress code and demographic of course but the energy is tangible in both. All this talk of shared spaces and public realm left me wondering if there is a place in the heart of the City where people can exchange ideas, in a learning environment and just be in a different kind of workspace – with excellent high speed wifi. It seems that when we think City of London in future, small businesses might spring easily to mind - all collaboration and coffee shops. About Sandra Jones Sandra Jones is a consultant for Ramidus Consulting and one of the authors of Taking Stock. Hello from the Economic Research team at the City of London. We work with research partners to produce original research into issues that affect London and the Square Mile, the businesses that operate there and its communities. This blog will be a chance for us and our guest writers to share some personal and topical views on issues affecting the City. We held our annual research reception yesterday at the Guildhall, hosted by the City of London's Policy Chairman, Mark Boleat. This event is the City of London research team's annual opportunity to get together with some of the organisations working in related fields of economic research in London and UK-wide, to say thanks to everyone we've worked with over the last 12 months, to meet new people, and to discuss ideas for co-working in the coming year. The roll of honour of our partners over the the last twelve months is at the bottom of this post, and looking around the room, we were proud to be able to say that we've collaborated with such a wide range of experts in their fields on topics as diverse as the development of the social enterprise sector, the economic outlook for London, the tax contribution of UK financial services, the internationalisation of the RMB, and the economic impact of the City's arts and culture offer. Perhaps more importantly than looking back at past work, last night's event was a chance to swap notes about new areas of interest, and to germinate new ideas for themes, partnerships and projects for the year ahead. New perspectives were shared on some perennial themes such as London's relationship with emerging markets, supporting growth among SMEs, the City's competitive offer, and the challenges of maintaining London's infrastructure. But there was also interest in specific areas of EU regulation in relation to the City, the impact of visa and immigration policy on London's ability to compete, and the growing importance of social enterprise. We expect to be discussing all of these areas in some depth over the coming year, on this blog and through our research programme. Independent research Another theme that emerged from many of our conversations over the evening was the noticeable move towards outsourcing research. Despite smaller in-house budgets available, organisations' appetite for high quality research insights is undiminished. But there can be major advantages to using independent research consultancies. It's a model that City of London research programme has been using since its inception, and the benefits that it brings are the flexibility to cover topics with a far wider reach, according to ever shifting areas of policy and market need. By finding the best partners for the job – agencies and experts with industry experience, local insights or wide networks of contacts and who bring their own expertise and perspective – our experience has been that deeper insights or new and significant dimensions to research are often the result. The value of independently produced research in providing an evidence base for policy making cannot be overstated – and respect for this independence is a principle that is shared with all of our partners. We'd like to take another chance to thank our long list of partners over the last year or so and ongoing - Bourse Consult, Big Society Capital, the Big Lottery Fund, Bone Wells Urbecon, BOP Consulting, the British Standards Institute, the Cabinet Office, Centre for London, Cicero, City Property Association, Cityforum, CSFI, the Department for Work and Pensions, Experian, GHK, Ian Keen Associates, International Regulatory Strategy Group, Jones Lang LaSalle, Llewellyn Consulting, London Economics, London First, London Metropolitan University, LSE Enterprise, Mercer, ADM Advisory, NHS North East London and the City, Oxford Economics, PHAST CIC, PwC, Ramidus, South East Economics, Stephen Jones and Associates, TheCityUK, Trusted Sources, University of Kent, Worthstone, Wragge & Co, York Aviation, Z/Yen, and all of our internal partners in the City of London. Judging from the buzz at last night's reception, the next twelve months promise to be even more exciting than the last, and we hope to see you here to share thoughts, perspectives and to debate ideas.
In recent years, tonic wines have been capturing the attention of history enthusiasts and curious eaters. Often known for their unique tastes and potential medicinal benefits, tonic wines have a lengthy, illustrious history. In this blog, we will uncover the world of tonic wine, exploring its production method, ingredients, and market value. Tonic wines and fruit wines refer to a category of alcoholic beverages that are produced by adding herbs and spices to fortified wine. Due to the addition of these herbal ingredients, these wines are usually considered as a medicinal tonic. These wines have a different taste profile that combines the rich, fruity essence of wine and extracts from plants, providing health benefits. A variety of flavors are available, like mead, which was first built more than 3,000 years ago from fermented honey apricot or rhubarb wines. Buckfast and Wincarnis are two of the most popular brands first created in the late 19th century. Health Benefits of Tonic Wines - Boosts the digestive system - Improves blood pressure regulation - Stimulates relaxation - Promote better sleep quality - Provide antioxidant effects Key Market Dynamics The global tonic wine market was valued at USD 1,790.21 million in 2022 and is expected to witness USD 3,049.24 million with a CAGR of 5.5% during the forecast period. Effective marketing and branding strategies are primarily driving the market growth. Innovative marketing strategies, product endorsements, and partnerships have raised public awareness of and interest in tonic wines, which has led to increased sales and tonic wine market growth. For instance, in celebration of Scotland's fondness for tonic wine, Vault City Brewery has launched Blackberry Buckie Sesh Sour, a special beer. Rising consumer interest in health and wellness is also fueling the tonic wine market growth. Health-conscious consumers are seeking natural and functional beverages, and thus tonic wine is gaining popularity. Buckfast Tonic Wine The Buckfast Abbey-produced tonic wine has a well-established brand and is well-known. The company has a long history and has developed a devoted following, especially in some areas. Its unique packaging and logo make it easily recognizable, supporting the market growth. It has grown significantly in popularity and has a consumer fan base of buyers, particularly in places like Scotland and some of Ireland. Regional Presence Based on geography, APAC is expected to dominate the market growth during the forecast period. Changing customer tastes and rising demand for distinctive and healthy beverages. Due to the use of plant extracts and botanical elements, tonic wine has a distinctive flavor and is frequently promoted as having potential health advantages. Nations in the region, like India, are showing rising wine industries. The demand for tonic wine has grown as people in the area become more health-conscious and look for novel and unusual drinking experiences. Moreover, the rising trend of urbanization coupled with the influence of Western lifestyles is contributing to the market demand in the region. Consumers are more likely to spend money on distinctive, high-quality beverages that provide a differentiated flavor experience as their disposable incomes increase. Recent Developments In September 2022, A new tonic wine is set to be introduced in Scotland. This new beverage, King William Fortified Wine, is expected to rival Buckfast's popularity in western Scotland. Tonic wine market continues to evolve, with innovative marketing strategies and collaborations between leading brands which has led to increased sales and market expansion. Whether you are a seasoned wine aficionado or a curious explorer, the world of tonic wines is waiting to be discovered. The internet and social media have also helped tonic wine become more well-known. On social media sites like Instagram and Facebook, users can post their experiences and discoveries, raising awareness of and interest in tonic wine.
HyperMorph: Amortized Hyperparameter Learning for Image Registration We present HyperMorph, a learning-based strategy for deformable image registration that removes the need to tune important registration hyperparameters during training. Classical registration methods solve an optimization problem to find a set of spatial correspondences between two images, while learning-based methods leverage a training dataset to learn a function that generates these correspondences. The quality of the results for both types of techniques depends greatly on the choice of hyperparameters. Unfortunately, hyperparameter tuning is time-consuming and typically involves training many separate models with various hyperparameter values, potentially leading to suboptimal results. To address this inefficiency, we introduce amortized hyperparameter learning for image registration, a novel strategy to learn the effects of hyperparameters on deformation fields. The proposed framework learns a hypernetwork that takes in an input hyperparameter and modulates a registration network to produce the optimal deformation field for that hyperparameter value. In effect, this strategy trains a single, rich model that enables rapid, fine-grained discovery of hyperparameter values from a continuous interval at test-time. We demonstrate that this approach can be used to optimize multiple hyperparameters considerably faster than existing search strategies, leading to a reduced computational and human burden as well as increased flexibility. We also show several important benefits, including increased robustness to initialization and the ability to rapidly identify optimal hyperparameter values specific to a registration task, dataset, or even a single anatomical region, all without retraining the HyperMorph model. Our code is publicly available at http://voxelmorph.mit.edu. Deformable Image Registration Hyperparameter Tuning Deep Learning Amortized Learning.1 Introduction Deformable image registration aims to find a set of dense correspondences that accurately align two images. Classical optimization-based techniques for image registration have been thoroughly studied, yielding mature mathematical frameworks and widely used software tools [2, 4, 8, 48, 52]. Learning-based registration methods employ image datasets to learn a function that rapidly computes the deformation field between image pairs [7, 46, 50, 54, 56, 57]. These methods involve choosing registration hyperparameters that dramatically affect the quality of the estimated deformation field. Optimal hyperparameter values can differ substantially across image modality and anatomy, and even small changes can have a large impact on accuracy. Choosing appropriate hyperparameter values is therefore a crucial step in developing, evaluating, and deploying registration methods. Tuning these hyperparameters most often involves grid or random search techniques to evaluate separate models for discrete hyperparameter values (Figure 1). In practice, researchers typically perform a sequential process of optimizing and validating models with a small subset of hyperparameter values, adapting this subset, and repeating. Optimal hyperparameter values are selected based on model performance, generally determined by human evaluation or additional validation data such as anatomical annotations. This approach requires considerable computational and human effort, which may lead to suboptimal parameter choices, misleading negative results, and impeded progress, especially when researchers might resort to using values from the literature that are not adequate for their specific dataset or registration task. In this work, we introduce a substantially different approach, HyperMorph, to tackle registration hyperparameters: amortized hyperparameter learning for image registration. Our contributions are: Method. We propose an end-to-end strategy to learn the effects of registration hyperparameters on deformation fields with a single, rich model, replacing the traditional hyperparameter tuning process (Figure 1). A HyperMorph model is a hypernetwork that approximates a landscape of registration networks for a range of hyperparameter values, by learning a continuous function of the hyperparameters. Users only need to learn a single HyperMorph model that enables rapid test-time image registration for any hyperparameter value. This eliminates the need to train a multitude of separate models each for a fixed hyperparameter, since HyperMorph accurately estimates their outputs at a fraction of the computational and human effort. In addition, HyperMorph enables rapid, accurate hyperparameter tuning for registration tasks involving many hyperparameters, in which computational complexity renders grid-search techniques ineffective. Properties. By exploiting implicit weight-sharing, a single HyperMorph model is efficient to train compared to training the many individual registration models it is able to encompass. We also show that HyperMorph is more robust to initialization than standard registration models, indicating that it better avoids local minima while reducing the need to retrain models with different initializations. Utility. HyperMorph enables rapid discovery of optimal hyperparameter values at test-time, either through visual assessment or automatic optimization in the continuous hyperparameter space. We demonstrate the substantial utility of this approach by using a single HyperMorph model to identify the optimum hyperparameter values for different datasets, different anatomical regions, or different registration tasks. HyperMorph also offers more precise tuning compared to grid or sequential search. 2 Related Work Image Registration. Classical approaches independently estimate a deformation field by optimizing an energy function for each image pair. These include elastic models [6], b-spline based deformations [48], discrete optimization methods [16, 22], Demons [52], SPM [3], LDDMM [8, 13, 29, 44, 58], DARTEL [2], and symmetric normalization (SyN) [4]. Recent learning-based approaches make use of convolutional neural networks (CNNs) to learn a function that rapidly computes the deformation field for an image pair. Supervised models learn to reproduce deformation fields estimated or simulated by other methods [35, 46, 50, 57], whereas unsupervised strategies train networks that optimize a loss function similar to classical cost functions and do not require the ground-truth registrations needed by supervised methods [7, 15, 26, 34, 54]. Generally, all these methods rely on at least one hyperparameter that balances the optimization of an image-matching term with that of a regularization or smoothness term. Additional hyperparameters are often used in the loss terms, such as the neighborhood size of local normalized cross-correlation [5] or the number of bins in mutual information [53]. Choosing optimal hyperparameter values for classical registration algorithms is a tedious process since pair-wise registration typically requires tens of minutes or more to compute. While learning-based methods enable much faster test-time registration, individual model training is expensive and can require days to converge, causing the hyperparameter search to consume hundreds of GPU-hours [7, 26, 54]. Hyperparameter Optimization. Hyperparameter optimization algorithms jointly solve a validation objective with respect to model hyperparameters and a training objective with respect to model weights [21]. The simplest approach treats model training as a black-box function, including grid, random, and sequential search [9]. Bayesian optimization is a more sample-efficient strategy, leveraging a probabilistic model of the objective function to search and evaluate hyperparameter performance [10]. Both approaches are often inefficient, since the algorithms involve repeated optimizations for each hyperparameter evaluation. Enhancements to these strategies have improved performance by extrapolating learning curves before full convergence [19, 32] and evaluating low-fidelity approximations of the black-box function [30]. Other adaptations use bandit-based approaches to selectively allocate resources to favorable models [28, 36]. Gradient-based techniques differentiate through the nested optimization to approximate gradients as a function of the hyperparameters [38, 40, 45]. These approaches are computationally costly and require evaluation of a metric on a comprehensive, labeled validation set, which may not be available for every registration task. Hypernetworks. Hypernetworks are networks that output weights of a primary network [25, 33, 49]. Recently, they have gained traction as efficient methods of gradient-based hyperparameter optimization since they enable easy differentiation through the entire model with respect to the hyperparameters of interest. For example, SMASH uses hypernetworks to output the weights of a network conditioned on its architecture [12]. Similar work employs hypernetworks to optimize weight decay in classification networks and demonstrates that sufficiently sized hypernetworks are capable of approximating its global effect [37, 39]. HyperMorph extends hypernetworks, combining them with learning-based registration to estimate the effect of hyperparameter values on deformations. 3 Methods 3.1 HyperMorph Deformable image registration methods find a dense, non-linear correspondence field between a moving image and a fixed image , and can employ a variety of hyperparameters. We follow current unsupervised learning-based registration methods and define a network with parameters that takes as input the image pair and outputs the optimal deformation field . Our key idea is to model a hypernetwork that learns the effect of loss hyperparameters on the desired registration. Given loss hyperparameters of interest, we define the hypernetwork function with parameters that takes as input sample values for and outputs the parameters of the registration network (Figure 2). We learn optimal hypernetwork parameters using stochastic gradient methods, optimizing the loss (1) \| where is a dataset of images, is a prior probability over the hyperparameters, and is a registration loss involving hyperparameters . For example, the distribution can be uniform over some predefined range, or it can be adapted based on prior expectations. At every mini-batch, we sample a set of hyperparameter values from this distribution and use these both as input to the network and in the loss function for that iteration. Unsupervised Model Instantiations. Following unsupervised leaning-based registration, we use the loss function: (2) \| where represents warped by , . The loss term measures image similarity and might involve hyperparameters , whereas quantifies the spatial regularity of the deformation field and might involve hyperparameters . The regularization hyperparameter balances the relative importance of the separate terms, and . When registering images of the same modality, we use standard similarity metrics for : mean-squared error (MSE) and local normalized cross-correlation (NCC). Local NCC includes a hyperparameter defining the neighborhood size. For cross-modality registration, we use normalized mutual information (NMI), which involves a hyperparameter controlling the number of histogram bins [53]. We parameterize the deformation field with a stationary velocity field (SVF) and integrate it within the network to obtain a diffeomorphism, which is invertible by design [1, 2, 15]. We regularize using . Semi-supervised Model Instantiation. Building on recent learning-based methods that use additional volume information during training [7, 26, 27], we also apply HyperMorph to the semi-supervised setting by modifying the loss function to incorporate existing training segmentation maps: (3) \| where is a segmentation similarity metric, usually the Dice coefficient [18], weighted by the hyperparameter , and and are the segmentation maps of the moving and fixed images, respectively. 3.2 Hyperparameter Tuning Given a test image pair , a trained HyperMorph model can efficiently yield the deformation field as a function of important hyperparameters. If no external information is available, optimal hyperparameters may be rapidly tuned in an interactive fashion. However, landmarks or segmentation maps are sometimes available for validation subjects, enabling rapid automatic tuning. Interactive. Sliders can be used to change hyperparameter values in near real-time until the user is visually satisfied with the registration of some image pair . In some cases, the user might choose different settings when studying specific regions of the image. For example, the optimal value of the hyperparameter (balancing the regularization and the image-matching term) can vary by anatomical structure in the brain (see Figure 7). This interactive tuning technique is possible because of the HyperMorph ability to efficiently yield the effect of values on the deformation . Automatic. If segmentation maps are available for validation, a single trained HyperMorph model enables hyperparameter optimization using (4) \| where is a set of validation segmentation maps and , as before. We implement this optimization by freezing the learned hypernetwork parameters , treating the input as a parameter to be learned, and using stochastic gradient strategies to rapidly optimize (4). 3.3 Implementation The hypernetwork we use in the experiments consists of four fully connected layers, each with 64 units and ReLu activation except for the final layer, which uses Tanh activations. The proposed method applies to any registration network architecture, and we treat the hypernetwork and the registration network as a single, large network. The only trainable parameters are those of the hypernetwork. We implement HyperMorph with the open-source VoxelMorph library [7], using a U-Net-like [47] registration architecture. The U-Net in this network consists of a 4-layer convolutional encoder (with 16, 32, 32, and 32 channels), a 4-layer convolutional decoder (with 32 channels for each layer), and 3 more convolutional layers (of 32, 16, and 16 channels). This results in a total of 313,507 convolutional parameters that are provided as output by the hypernetwork. We use the ADAM optimizer [31] during training. 4 Experiments We demonstrate that a single HyperMorph model performs on par with and captures the behavior of a rich landscape of individual registration networks trained with separate hyperparameter values, while incurring substantially less computational cost and human effort. We test models with one or two registration hyperparameters. Next, we illustrate considerable improvements in robustness to initialization. Finally, we demonstrate the powerful utility of HyperMorph for rapid hyperparameter optimization at validation — for different subpopulations of data, registration types, and individual anatomical structures. Datasets. We use two large sets of 3D brain magnetic resonance (MR) images. The first is a multi-site dataset of 30,495 T1-weighted (T1w) scans gathered across 8 public datasets: ABIDE [17], ADHD200 [43], ADNI [55], GSP [14], MCIC [24], PPMI [42], OASIS [41], and UK Biobank [51]. We divide this dataset into train, validation, and test sets of sizes 10,000, 10,000, and 10,495, respectively. The second dataset involves a multi-modal collection of 1,558 T1w, T2-weighted (T2w), multi-flip-angle, and multi-inversion-time images gathered from in-house data and the public ADNI and HCP [11] datasets. We divide this dataset into train, validation, and test sets of sizes 528, 515, and 515, respectively. All MRI scans are conformed to a 256256256 1-mm isotropic grid space, bias-corrected, and skull-stripped using FreeSurfer [20], and we also produce automated segmentation maps for evaluation. We affinely normalize and uniformly crop all images to 160192224 volumes. Evaluation. For evaluation, we use the volume overlap of anatomical label maps using the Dice metric [18]. Baseline Models. HyperMorph can be applied to any learning-based registration architecture, and we seek to validate its ability to capture the effects of hyperparameters on the inner registration network . To enable this insight, we train standard VoxelMorph models with architectures identical to as baselines, each with its fixed set of hyperparameters. 4.1 Experiment 1: HyperMorph Efficiency and Capacity We aim to evaluate if a single HyperMorph is capable of encapsulating a landscape of baseline models. Setup. We first assess how the accuracy and computational cost of a single HyperMorph model compare to standard grid hyperparameter search for the regularization weight . We separately train HyperMorph as well as VoxelMorph baselines using the similarity metrics MSE (scaled by a constant estimated image noise) and NCC (with window size ) for within-modality registration and NMI (with 32 fixed bins) for cross-modality registration, for which we train 13, 13, and 11 baseline models, respectively. We validate the trained networks on 100 random image pairs for visualization. For hyperparameter optimization after training, we use a subset of 20 pairs. Additionally, we assess the ability of HyperMorph to learn the effect of multiple hyperparameters simultaneously. We first train a HyperMorph model treating and the local NCC window size as hyperparameters. We also train a semi-supervised HyperMorph model based on a subset of six labels, and hold out six other labels for validation. In this experiment, the hyperparameters of interest are and the relative weight of the semi-supervised loss (3). Training baselines requires a two-dimensional grid search on 3D models and is computationally prohibitive. Consequently, we conduct these experiments in 2D on a mid-coronal slice, using baselines for 25 combinations of hyperparameter values. Results. Computational Cost. A single HyperMorph model requires substantially less time to convergence than a baseline-model grid search. For single-hyperparameter tests, HyperMorph requires times fewer GPU-hours than a grid search with baseline models (Table 1). For models with two hyperparameters, the difference is even more striking, with HyperMorph requiring times fewer GPU-hours than the baseline models. Performance. Figures 3 and 4 show that HyperMorph yields optimal hyperparameter values similar to those obtained from a dense grid of baseline models despite the significant computational advantage. An average difference in the optimal hyperparameter value of only across single-hyperparameter experiments results in a negligible maximum Dice difference of (on a scale of to ). Similarly, multi-hyperparameter experiments yield a maximum Dice difference of only . In practice, fewer baselines might be trained at first for a coarser hyperparameter search, resulting in either suboptimal hyperparameter choice or sequential search leading to substantial manual overhead. Overall, a single HyperMorph model is able to capture the behavior of a range of baseline models individually optimized for different hyperparameters, facilitating optimal hyperparameter choices and accuracy at a substantial reduction in computational cost. We emphasize that the goal of the experiment is not to compare HyperMorph to a particular registration tool, but to demonstrate the effect that this strategy can have on an existing registration network. Robustness (init SD) \| Runtime (total GPU-hours) \| \|\|\|\|\| HyperMorph \| 1.97e-1 \| 2.46-1 \| 146.9 32.0 \| 4.2 0.6 \| \|\| Baseline \| 5.50e-1 \| 5.32e-1 \| 765.3 249.1 \| 44.0 4.6 \| 4.2 Experiment 2: Robustness to Initialization Setup. We evaluate the robustness of each strategy to network initialization. We repeat the previous, single-hyperparameter experiment with MSE and NMI, retraining four HyperMorph models and four sets of baselines each trained for five values of hyperparameter . For each training run, we re-initialize all kernel weights using Glorot uniform [23] with a different seed. We evaluate each model using 100 image pairs and compare the standard deviation (SD) across initializations of the HyperMorph and baseline networks. Results. Figure 5 shows that HyperMorph is substantially more robust (lower SD) to initialization compared to the baselines, suggesting that HyperMorph is less likely to converge to local minima. Across the entire range of , the average Dice SD for HyperMorph models trained with MSE is times lower than for baseline SD, and for NMI-trained models, HyperMorph SD is times lower than baseline SD (Table 1). This result further emphasizes the computational efficiency provided by HyperMorph, since in typical hyperparameter searches, models are often trained multiple times for each hyperparameter value to negate potential bias from initialization variability. 4.3 Experiment 3: Hyperparameter-Tuning Utility Setup. Interactive Tuning. We demonstrate the utility of HyperMorph through an interactive tool that enables visual optimization of hyperparameters even if no segmentation data are available. The user can explore the effect of continuously varying hyperparameter values using a single trained model and choose an optimal deformation manually at high precision. Interactive tuning can be explored at http://voxelmorph.mit.edu. Automatic Tuning. When anatomical annotations are available for validation, we demonstrate rapid, automatic optimization of the hyperparameter across a variety of applications. In each experiment, we identify the optimal regularization weight given 20 registration pairs and use 100 registration pairs for evaluation. First, we investigate how differs across subpopulations and anatomical regions. We train HyperMorph on a subset of image pairs across the entire T1w training set, and at validation we optimize separately for each of ABIDE, GSP, PPMI, and UK Biobank. With this same model, we identify separately for each of 10 anatomical regions. Second, we explore how differs between cross-sectional and longitudinal registration; for HyperMorph trained on both within-subject and cross-subject pairs from ADNI, we optimize separately for validation pairs within and across subjects. Results. Figures 6 and 7 show that varies substantially across subpopulations, registration tasks, and anatomical regions. For example, PPMI and ABIDE require a significantly different value of than GSP and the UK Biobank. Importantly, with a suboptimal choice of hyperparameters, these datasets would have yielded considerably lower registration quality (Dice scores). The variability in the optimal hyperparameter values is likely caused by differences between the datasets; the average age of the ABIDE population is lower than those of other datasets, while the PPMI scans are of lower quality. Similarly, cross-subject and within-subject registration require different levels of regularization. Finally, Figure 7 illustrates that varies by anatomical region, suggesting that regularization weights should be chosen by users depending on their tasks downstream from the registration. On average, the automatic hyperparameter optimization takes just minutes using 20 validation pairs. The vast majority of existing registration pipelines assume a single hyperparameter value to be optimal for an entire dataset, or even across multiple datasets. Our results highlight the importance of HyperMorph as a rapid, easy-to-use tool for finding optimal hyperparameters, interactively or automatically, for different subpopulations, tasks, or even individual anatomical regions, without the need to retrain models. 5 Conclusion The accuracy of deformable image registration algorithms greatly depends upon the choice of hyperparameters. In this work, we present HyperMorph, a learning-based strategy that removes the need to repeatedly train models to quantify the effects of hyperparameters on model performance. HyperMorph employs a hypernetwork which takes the desired hyperparameters as input and predicts the parameters of a registration network tuned to these values. In contrast to existing learning-based methods, HyperMorph estimates optimal deformation fields for arbitrary image pairs and any hyperparameter value from a continuous interval by exploiting sharing of similar weights across the landscape of registration networks. A single HyperMorph model then enables fast hyperparameter tuning at test-time, requiring dramatically less compute and human time compared to existing methods. This is a significant advantage over registration frameworks that are optimized across discrete, predefined hyperparameter values in the hope of finding an optimal configuration. We demonstrate that a single HyperMorph model facilitates discovery of optimal hyperparameter values for different dataset subpopulations, registration tasks, or even individual anatomical regions. This last result indicates a potential benefit and future direction of estimating a spatially varying field of smoothness hyperparameters for simultaneously optimal registration of all anatomical structures. HyperMorph also provides the flexibility to identify the ideal hyperparameter for an individual image pair. For example, a pair of subjects with very different anatomies would benefit from weak regularization allowing warps of high non-linearity. We are eager to explore hypernetworks for a greater number of hyperparameters. We believe HyperMorph will drastically alleviate the burden of retraining networks with different hyperparameter values, thereby enabling efficient development of finely optimized models for image registration. Support for this research was provided by BRAIN U01 MH117023, NIBIB P41 EB015896, R01 EB023281, R01 EB006758, R21 EB018907, R01 EB019956, P41 EB030006, NIA R56 AG064027, R01 AG064027, AG008122, AG016495, NIMH R01 MH123195, NINDS R01 NS0525851, R21 NS072652, R01 NS070963 and NS083534, U01 NS086625, U24 NS10059103, R01 NS105820, NIH BNR U01 MH093765, the HCP, NICHD K99 HD101553, SIG RR023401, RR019307, and RR023043, and the Wistron Corporation. BF has a financial interest in CorticoMetrics which is reviewed and managed by MGH and MGB. - [1] Arsigny, V., Commowick, O., Pennec, X., Ayache, N.: A log-euclidean framework for statistics on diffeomorphisms. In: MICCAI: Medical Image Computing and Computer Assisted Interventions. pp. 924–31. Springer (2006) - [2] Ashburner, J.: A fast diffeomorphic image registration algorithm. Neuroimage 38(1), 95–113 (2007) - [3] Ashburner, J., Friston, K.J.: Voxel-based morphometry-the methods. 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The Cambridge History of English and American Literature in 18 Volumes (1907–21). Volume VI. The Drama to 1642, Part Two. § 16. Prynnes Histriomastix The foolish and short-sighted policy of the first two Stewarts was not likely to diminish, in any way, this bitter feeling against the unholy amusement which they favoured and protected. Instead, it raised up a fresh engine of reform before which both court and stage, eventually, went down. In 1625, the year of Charles's accession, an anonymous puritan opened a new, and, in the light of subsequent events, an ominous line of attack. It was hopeless to ask the crown to cleanse the Augean stables, and the city had long since given up the task in despair; he, therefore, addressed himself to parliament, round which the hopes of all reformers were beginning to cluster. His petition, calling itself A Short Treatise against Stage-Playes, is a brief and exceedingly businesslike enumeration of the chief arguments against the drama. In these twenty-eight pages may be found the whole gist of Histriomastix; indeed, the tract reads so much like a first draft of its unwidely successor that the suspicion is forced upon us that it was either written by Prynne himself, who as we know, began to collect his materials in 1624, or taken by him from another writer to be made the basis of his book. When we of the twentieth century hold in our hands the cube of printed matter known as Histriomastix, and turn over its eleven hundred pages, in which marginal notes and references to authorities, for the most part, long since forgotten, often take up more room than the text itself, we find it very difficult to realise just what the book meant in its own day. To us, it seems half pathetic and half ridiculous, a gigantic monument of misplaced energy and zeal, a pyramid left gaunt and useless on the sands of time. To a great extent, the work was the outcome of a peculiar personality. Prynne was a fanatic of that indomitable and most intolerant kind—the moral enthusiast. Apparently with very little of the milk of human kindness in his composition, he burned with an internal flame of righteous conviction, and this alone could have sustained him, not merely in his sufferings, but, also, in those untiring labours which his pen produced, over and above the immense Histriomastix. Yet, at the same time, he was thoroughly representative, his idiosyncrasies being extreme developments of, rather than departures from, the normal characteristics of his fellow reformers. If it be ever possible for one man to sum up a movement in his own person, Prynne summed up puritanism. And, since his book epitomises, likewise, the whole puritan attack upon the stage, a consideration of author and book together form a suitable close to the present study. The story of its publication and of his cruel punishment is too well known to require lengthy treatment here. Nor is this the place to go into the vexed question as to whether he was technically guilty of seditious libel. After more than seven years' labour, and after several fruitless attempts to procure a licence, he managed at last, in 1632, to get his great work through the press. About the time when the last sheets were being worked off, queen Henrietta Maria and her women were engaged in rehearsing a pastoral play for a performance at Whitehall, which, apparently, did not actually take place until the book was in circulation. The idea of women appearing on the stage was new and shocking to English spectators. In 1629, a company of French actresses, at the invitation of the queen, had attempted to give a performance at Blackfriars and had been "hissed, hooted and pippen-pelted from the stage." Prynne referred to this incident in great glee and, whether in ignorance of the impending pastoral or of set purpose, inserted in the table of contents at the end of his book an expression stigmatising women actors as "notorious whores." He was immediately summoned before the high commission; and, though it is not clear what was the exact charge, there can be no doubt that his chief offence was the accidental or intentional application of these words to the queen's person. The upshot was that he was condemned to stand in the pillory, a penalty he underwent on two separate occasions, to lose both his ears, to be branded as a seditious libeller on both cheeks, to pay a fine of Pounds 5000 and to be perpetually imprisoned. Perhaps, the loss of his Oxford degree and his expulsion from Lincoln's inn were not the lightest part of the punishment to a man of Prynne's habits and temperament. His life sentence was afterwards cancelled by parliament; but he suffered the remainder of the sentence in patience and serenity. Prynne was a narrow-minded, dry-hearted, fierce fanatic; but, could he stand before us now, with his cropped ears and the letters S.L. burnt into his cheeks (Stigmata Laudis he interpreted them, in a rare burst of humour), we should acknowledge that the narrow-mindedness and fanaticism were not all on one side. Despite its enormous length, there is nothing new in Histriomastix, The Player's Scourge or Actors Tragedie, except, perhaps, the extraordinary fierceness of its denunciation. Prynne's knowledge of the stage was of the scantiest description. He owns, indeed, with shame, that, when a "novice," he had been enticed by evil companions to attend "foure severall Playes"; but, with these exceptions, he seems to be completely ignorant of the dramatic literature of the age, his only reference to our greatest dramatist being the indignant observation that "Shackpeers Plaies are printed in the best Crowne paper, far better than most Bibles." But, if Prynne knew little of contemporary drama, his seeming knowledge of anti-dramatic literature was astounding. Laud asserted that, merely to read the works cited by Prynne would take sixty years of an ordinary man's life. The truth was that Prynne could not have read a tithe of his authorities; and he quotes, for the most part, not from the authors themselves, but from the quotations of previous puritan writers. During a campaign of over sixty years, carried on by a large number of eager seekers for chapter and verse, half the accessible writers of antiquity, and most of those since the beginning of the Christian era, had been ransacked for even the slightest hint of anti-dramatic feeling, which, when discovered, was pounced upon and pigeonholed under its special argument. The same points, too, were made by puritan after puritan with scarcely a change of word, and in sublime innocence of the sin of plagiarism. Thus, the stream of argument and quotation went on swelling from year to year, until, at last, it emptied itself into Prynne's great reservoir. In his case, such a method was extremely dangerous; for his was the pursuit of proof, not of truth. A single statement from an author in dispraise, or apparent dispraise, of plays is allowed to outweigh the testimony of the writer's whole life and character. Thus, Plutarch, Horace and Cicero are found in company with the early fathers as abhorrers of stage plays. This must not be taken as an impeachment of Prynne's honesty. He was honest enough; but he often quotes at second hand, and, even when he had the original before him, he was blinded by the force of zeal to anything that conflicted with his argument—as what controversialist is not? Perhaps the most original thing about the book is its arrangement. It is divided into two parts, and these, in turn, are subdivided into acts and scenes with an occasional chorus. This dramatic setting, curious in a book written against the stage, was intended to carry out the idea of The Actors Tragedie suggested on the title-page; but, also, it was an extremely convenient form for the purposes of the argument. The first act, for example, naturally deals with the satanic origin of the theatre, while, in the seventh, Prynne triumphantly marshals his mass of authorities in seven different squadrons or scenes, according to period or character, the whole being crowned with a chorus in which he announces that none can withstand his "all-conquering troopes." This plan of arrangement may owe something to Gosson's Playes confuted in five Actions; but the execution and the details were all Prynne's. His book is the last of the series which we have to note. Its size and elaboration, the supposed insult to the queen, the celebrated trial and the sufferings of the author, must have brought the topic of stage morality very much to the fore and have greatly increased the bitterness of the puritan party. But Histriomastix had no imitators. It had completely exhausted the subject. Besides, it was now dangerous to write against the theatre, since this involved the risk of offending royalty and of thus falling into the inexorable hands of the high commission. Further than this, events were fast drifting towards revolution, and the minds of men were filled with other and greater matters than the stage. Whether, as has been suggested, Prynne's attack did anything to reform the stage, it would be extremely difficult to determine; and, in any case, the question is a somewhat idle one. Of greater importance is the fact that the theatre was in a far from prosperous condition immediately before its suppression, as is clear from a curious little tract printed, in 1641, under the title The Stage-Players Complaint. It was not to be expected, however, that so drastic a measure could be carried out without difficulty. Parliament found it necessary in 1647 and, again, in 1648 to pass further and more stringent ordinances against the stage, ordering all players to be apprehended and publicly whipped, all playhouses to be pulled down and any one present at a play to pay a fine of five shillings. Protests were not wanting against this policy. In 1643, two tracts appeared: one, The Actors Remonstrance, a humble request for the restoration of acting rights in return for sweeping reforms, which, incidentally, gives an interesting glimpse of what went on behind the scenes of theatrical life; the other, The Players Petition to the Parliament, a piece of satirical verse, which mocked at the Rump under pretence of appealing to it. The sauciness of the latter, however, was nothing to that of an unknown person who, at the beginning of 1649, actually published a book called Mr. William Prynne, his defence of Stage-Players or a Retraction of his former book. Needless to say, the indignant victim of this effrontery at once issued a denial of the charge.
South Dakota, also known as the Mount Rushmore State, is a state located in the midwestern region of the United States. While it may not be the most talked about state, it surely has a lot to offer in terms of natural beauty, history, and recreation. In this blog post, we will discuss some of the many pros of South Dakota that make it worth a visit. First and foremost, South Dakota is home to one of the most famous landmarks in the world – Mount Rushmore. This iconic monument features the faces of four of America's most well-known presidents: George Washington, Thomas Jefferson, Theodore Roosevelt, and Abraham Lincoln. Visiting Mount Rushmore is an experience like no other. The monument is just as impressive in person as it is in pictures. Another must-see attraction in South Dakota is the Badlands National Park. A unique landscape boasting natural wonders like rugged canyons, towering spires, and rock formations, Badlands National Park is the perfect place to get up close and personal with nature. You can hike, bike, or even drive through the park to take in the breathtaking views. South Dakota is also rich in history. The Crazy Horse Memorial is one of the most notable examples. This ongoing sculpture project is dedicated to tribal leader Crazy Horse and is set to be the world's largest sculpture once complete. You can learn about the history of the monument and the Native American culture at the on-site Indian Museum of North America. For those who enjoy outdoor activities, South Dakota has plenty to offer. The Black Hills offer ample opportunities for hiking, camping, fishing, and much more. Custer State Park is another gem in South Dakota. This state park is home to a diverse array of wildlife, including bison, elk, and pronghorn antelope. You can take a scenic drive through the park or hike one of its many trails. Finally, South Dakota is a great place to experience small-town America. Towns like Deadwood and Hill City have maintained their historic charm and offer unique shopping, dining, and lodging experiences. The famous Sturgis Motorcycle Rally, which takes place annually in August, is also held in South Dakota and attracts motorcycle enthusiasts from around the world. In conclusion, South Dakota may not be the first destination that comes to mind when planning a trip, but it has so much to offer. From natural wonders like Mount Rushmore and Badlands National Park to historic landmarks like the Crazy Horse Memorial and the allure of small-town America, South Dakota is truly a hidden gem. So next time you're planning a trip, consider adding South Dakota to your list of must-visit destinations. Quick navigation What are the top advantages of living in South Dakota? South Dakota is a beautiful state situated in the heart of America, offering an abundance of advantages for its residents. One of the top benefits is the low cost of living, which is significantly lower than the national average. This means that housing, groceries, and other essentials are cheaper than in other parts of the country. Additionally, South Dakota has no state income tax, making it an attractive option for people looking to keep more of their hard-earned money. Another major advantage of living in South Dakota is its natural beauty. The state is home to the iconic Mount Rushmore National Memorial, which attracts tourists from all over the world. South Dakota also boasts an abundance of national parks and forests, like the stunning Black Hills and Badlands National Park. These areas offer endless opportunities for outdoor adventures, such as hiking, camping, fishing, and skiing. Residents of South Dakota can enjoy these natural wonders year-round, making it a wonderful place to live for those who love the great outdoors. In conclusion, South Dakota offers a low cost of living and breathtaking scenery, making it an excellent place to call home. From the friendly locals to the vast wilderness, residents of this state truly have it all. If you're looking for a peaceful and affordable lifestyle surrounded by natural beauty, South Dakota may just be the perfect fit for you. How has South Dakota's economy recently experienced growth and development? South Dakota has experienced significant growth and development in its economy in recent years. The state has seen a rise in tourism and outdoor recreation, particularly in areas such as the Black Hills, which has benefited the state's tourism industry. Additionally, the state has a thriving agricultural sector with the production of commodities such as corn, soybeans, and beef. South Dakota's manufacturing sector has also shown growth, with companies such as Daktronics and Raven Industries expanding their businesses in the state. The state has also become a hot spot for technology companies. Sioux Falls has become a hub for financial technology (fintech) start-ups and has attracted major companies such as Amazon and Google to open data centers in the state. This growth has also resulted in an increase in job opportunities, particularly in the skilled labor sector. South Dakota's low taxes, business-friendly climate, and access to resources have attracted businesses and investors to the state. Overall, South Dakota has seen substantial growth and development in its economy in recent years. The state's emphasis on tourism, agriculture, manufacturing, and technology has provided diverse opportunities for job growth and attracted businesses to invest in the state. What are some of the most popular tourist attractions in South Dakota? South Dakota, one of the most iconic states in the United States, is a haven of natural beauty and scenic landscapes, historic landmarks, and awe-inspiring tourist attractions. Mt. Rushmore, undoubtedly the most popular attraction in the state, is the shrine of presidential sculptures featuring four of America's most iconic presidents- George Washington, Thomas Jefferson, Theodore Roosevelt, and Abraham Lincoln. This national memorial is not only breathtaking but also a symbol of freedom, hope, and the American Spirit, and attracts thousands of visitors every year. Another magnificent tourist attraction in South Dakota is the Badlands National Park, a mesmerizing geological formation of towering spires, canyons, and layered rocks that showcase millions of years of geological history. The park is an oasis of rugged beauty that covers 244,000 acres of fossil-rich terrain, and is famed for its dramatic sunsets, unique wildlife, and vibrant colors. Visitors can explore the park's many hiking trails, take scenic drives, or go camping to fully immerse themselves in this wild wonderland. Lastly, the city of Deadwood is a must-visit destination in South Dakota that exudes an unparalleled sense of history and western charm. The city was founded during the Black Hills Gold Rush in the 1870s and is home to numerous historic sites, museums, and casinos. One of its most famous attractions is the Mount Moriah Cemetery, the final resting place of Wild Bill Hickok and Calamity Jane, two legendary figures in American western lore, and a site steeped in history. Overall, South Dakota boasts a wealth of attractions and natural wonders that makes it a top destination for travelers of all kinds. How does the cost of living in South Dakota compare to other states in the U.S.? South Dakota is known for its wide-open spaces, unique landscapes, and friendly people. Apart from its natural wonders and flourishing agriculture and tourism industries, the state has recently become a sought-after location for people looking for affordable living options. Compared to other states in the US, South Dakota's cost of living is relatively low, making it an attractive place for those who want to stretch their budgets. Housing, transportation, and food are some of the essential expenses that are noticeably less expensive in South Dakota than in other states. The cost of housing in South Dakota is one of the most attractive aspects of the state's cost of living. The state offers numerous affordable housing options to its residents, with average monthly rents as low as $750 for a one-bedroom apartment. The property taxes in South Dakota are also notably low, with the state ranking 47th out of 50 for property taxes, meaning that homeowners can save significantly on their taxes compared to other states. Additionally, the overall cost of living in South Dakota is 6.8% lower than the national average, with goods and services costing less than in many other states. Overall, South Dakota's cost of living is much lower than most US states. Although there are variations within the state, the cost of living remains affordable and favorable, even in the more expensive cities. The lower cost of living in South Dakota provides its residents with more disposable income, allowing them to enjoy a higher standard of living while saving money for the future. This makes the state an attractive destination not only for people looking to retire but also for young professionals, entrepreneurs, and families looking to start afresh in a bustling and affordable state. What opportunities are available for outdoor recreational activities in South Dakota? South Dakota is a state that offers a wide range of opportunities for outdoor recreational activities. Visitors and locals alike have access to a wealth of outdoor recreational activities to explore. The state has several national parks, including Badlands National Park, Wind Cave National Park, and the iconic Mount Rushmore National Memorial. Each of these parks provides unique opportunities for outdoor activities, including hiking, camping, wildlife viewing, and many more. South Dakota is also home to several lakes and rivers that provide excellent fishing, boating, and kayaking opportunities. The Missouri River is a particularly popular spot for water-based activities, with several marinas and boat ramps along its banks. Hunting is a big part of South Dakota's outdoor culture, with game such as pheasant, deer, and elk being popular targets. There are also several golf courses throughout the state that offer beautiful scenery and challenging courses. In conclusion, South Dakota offers a plethora of opportunities for outdoor recreational activities. From hiking and camping to fishing and hunting, visitors and residents are sure to find an activity that suits their interests. With its stunning natural landscapes and variety of outdoor activities, South Dakota is a haven for anyone seeking adventure in the great outdoors.
How Long Do Guinea Pigs Live? Lifespan is one of the five key factors people look at before getting a pet. The longer they live, the better. As with humans, most pet lovers mourn bitterly over the death of their pet. Whether it's because of old age or illness, losing a pet can be traumatizing, hence, the reason most pet lovers will opt in for a long-lived pet. For guinea pigs, they have a short lifespan of 7 – 8 years with an average lifespan of 5 – 8 years. Although guinea pigs can live up to 14 years with optimum care, it is very rare. Therefore, if you're bothered about losing your guinea pig a few years after you had bonded with it, you should consider the joy and companion it'll bring you while it is alive. Guinea pigs are fascinating pets that enjoy the company of their owners. They are sociable, easy to maintain and are ideal for a family with kids. Moreover, to mention that you can enhance their longevity is something fascinating. Read on to learn how you can enhance your guinea pig's lifespan. How Long Do Guinea Pigs Live? Guinea Pigs are short-lived animals with a wild average lifespan ranging from 1 – 4 years. In captivity, they can live for about 6 – 10 years with optimum care. Why guinea pigs have a short lifespan especially in the wild is because they are prey animals. For this reason, they hardly grow old without being preyed on by predator animals such as cats, coyotes, wolves, weasels, snakes, hawks, and owls. What Affects the Lifespan of Your Guinea Pig? Many animals have rapid growth within their first 1 – 3 years of life. This applies to guinea pigs too. Guinea pigs will grow fast and reach adulthood (sexual maturity) around 3 – 4 months of age – such that if a young male and female of this age are housed together, they're going to breed. Therefore, an animal who attain sexual maturity this early is likely to have a short lifespan. The reason isn't far-fetched. Reproduction (this involves mating, gestation, and giving birth) tends to put so much stress/strain on their body system that they begin to age and deteriorate in health really fast. Nonetheless, even with a meaningful average lifespan of 5 – 8 years, several factors can shorten it. These factors include poor dieting, genetics, environment, and old age. Let's look at these factors one after the other: As stated earlier, captive breed guinea pigs have an average lifespan of about 5 – 8 years. While some breeds can outlive this range, some will not because of their genetics or breed. For example, shelties/silkies and the Peruvians have been seen to live up to 12 – 14 years before dying of old age. The hairless breeds of guinea pigs such as the skinny and the Baldwin tend to be short-lived with a lifespan of about 3 – 5 years. By environment, this involves where your animal lives, how it's set up, and how clean it is. A spacious, well-ventilated, well decorated, and clean cage will ensure good health and eliminate stress in your pet's life. However, its lifespan will shorten if it's kept in an unclean, undersized cage. Having to visit the veterinarian so often because of infectious diseases borne out of poor habitation will shorten the lifespan of your guinea pig. When investigated, it was found out that the oldest guinea pig who lived for 14 years was maintained on a diet of fresh vegetables, water, regular veterinarian checkups, and lots of exercises. Some of these vegetables include hay, kale, lettuce, etc. Many of the times, the causes of most chronic ailments such as arthritis, cardiovascular disease, and tumors are diet-related. As a good diet can enhance your animal's health, a poor diet with little or no nutritional value to your pet can shorten its life as well. Like humans, the older a guinea pig gets, the less reproductive and active it becomes. Also, aging guinea pigs tend to exhibit the same characteristics and even ailments as humans. You'll notice that as your guinea pig ages, its health starts deteriorating. Even with optimum care and frequent veterinarian visits, your aged piggie may develop ailments such as arthritis, cataracts, heart disease, stroke, dementia, graying, and even tumor (skin cancer). Graying mostly appears around the mouth and nose where you notice some gray fur. Also, old age usually comes with lots of sleeping, less activity, less appetite for food, and in some cases even isolation. These also are signs of any of the ailments mentioned above. Oldest Guinea Pig Guinea pigs reach maturity at 3 – 4 months old, and at this age, a pair can start to breed. However, depending on the breed, between the ages of 3 – 8 years, a guinea pig is considered old. The oldest guinea pig ever known lived for 14 years and some months. What Is the Most Common Cause of Death in Guinea Pigs? The most common cause of death in pet guinea pigs is pneumonia or inflammation of the lungs. Pneumonia in guinea pigs is a disease that is caused by a bacterial infection called Bordetella bronchiseptica. However, besides Bordetella bronchiseptica, other bacteria such as Streptococcus zooepidemicus and Streptococcus pneumoniae also cause pneumonia in guinea pigs. How Can You Increase Guinea Pig Lifespan? After coming this far in this article, I believe that you understand in clear terms why a guinea pig will live long and what can shorten its lifespan. If poor dieting, unclean undersized environment, and lack of exercise can affect the lifespan of your pet, optimizing your care and ensuring you eliminate these factors will increase your guinea pig's lifespan. In a nutshell, to increase the lifespan of your guinea pig, follow these tips below: Choose Good Breeds And A Healthy Guinea Pig Guinea pigs come in different breeds. Some breeds live long such as the Silkies/Shelties or Peruvians, and there are those with a very short lifespan. The Silkies/Shelties or Peruvians have the longest lifespan. They can live for 12 to 14 years. The hairless breeds such as the skinny and the Baldwin tend to be short-lived at 3 to 5 years. For starters, you're advised to choose a healthy guinea pig. Guinea Pig Age This is equally important. Besides good health, the age of your pet as of when you got it will determine how long you'll own it as a pet. Remember that guinea pigs attain sexual maturity really fast – at 3 – 4 months old. And by 3 – 5 or 8 years in some breeds, they're already aged. Thus, if you get your piggie when it's already 3 years old or even older, that's already an old or aged piggie that will soon die of old age. Therefore, when it comes to guinea pigs, it is best you get them when they are still babies or at most 6 months old. This way, you'll still get to spend some time bonding with your pet before it dies. Maintain Guinea Pig Cage Comfortability and Cleaning A clean and comfortable environment equals healthy guinea pigs and vice versa. These include buying a comfortable standard-sized cage, using the right bedding, ensuring the cage is well ventilated or you use a humidifier in your home, and regularly cleaning the entire cage. Cleaning your pet's cage is of two ways. There's spot cleaning and deep or entire cleaning. In spot cleaning, you only ensure you clean out leftover foods immediately it's done and also cleans out fresh poops once it defecates. This will keep the cage bacteria-free and smelling nice. Also, from time to time, bathe and groom your pet, especially long-haired. This is to keep it clean, smelling nice, and mites/lies free. If your pet is clean, you will reduce the risk of disease. Guinea Habitat Guinea Pig Cage by Midwest Keep Your Guinea Pig Healthy and Happy The best and only way to keep your guinea pig healthy and happy is to give it top-notch care. By this I mean giving the right diet, engaging in lots of exercises, regular grooming (hair brushing and nail clipping), regular vet visits, paying attention to signs of illness, and timely treatment. Common diseases such as lung inflammation, skin or eye infection can be timely detected and treated with regular veterinarian checkups. Guinea pigs are the chattery or vocal type of pets. They like to bond with their owners and also with other pets. Hence, to keep them happy means to have some fun time with them. You can play with them and cuddle them or best get yours a Guinea Pig Mate to play with. Providing necessary cage accessories to chew and play with is also important. This helps to stimulate their brain and make them alert. Guinea Pigs are one of the most common and friendly pets, especially in the United States. They are not as skittish and fragile as rabbits or other smaller rodents like gerbils and hamsters. They are wonderful pets for first-time keepers and kids. They are easy to maintain, bond with and sociable. Guinea pigs are one of the house pets that love to stay in groups. Hence, if you happen to house only one guinea pig in your home, the animal may not do well because of boredom and loneliness. Nonetheless, with all these great qualities, guinea pigs are short-lived. This means that they have a short lifespan and will likely die at age 5 to 8 years – because as they are, they tend to develop some health issues. But if you don't mind their short lifespan, guinea pigs will make you a great indoor pet.
The high amount of CO2 has been released to the atmosphere and causes severe environmental issues related to global warming and climate change. Carbon capture and storage (CCS) technology, including chemical looping combustion (CLC), is considered as the promising strategy to reduce the cost of CO2 separation, avoid the NOx increment, and increase the combustion efficiency. In this study, the 40 wt%Fe2O3/TiO2 was prepared using the incipient wetness impregnation method for the application as an oxygen carrier. The oxygen carrier was reacted with coal and biomass gasified syngas composed of H2, CO, and CH4 in a fluidized bed reactor under various operating conditions. A higher reaction rate was achieved by the increment of superficial velocity, operating temperature, and the concentration of CO or H2. With 25% CO, application of 1000 °C operating temperature resulted in a higher utilization value compared to 800 °C operating temperature. When CH4 was applied in the system, the occurrence of hydrogen production and carbon deposition due to the decomposition interrupted the analysis and calculation process. The higher syngas concentration in the CLC test led to a greater reaction rate due to the better diffusion capability. However, the higher reaction rate caused blocking and sintering on the oxygen carrier and reduced the final utilization at the end of reaction. The test under 10 redox cycles, kinetics analysis, and proposed reaction mechanism were also carried out by this study. 原文 \| English \| 文章編號 \| 104026 \| 期刊 \| Materials Today Communications \| 卷 \| 32 \| DOIs \| \| 出版狀態 \| Published - 2022 8月 \| All Science Journal Classification (ASJC) codes - 一般材料科學 - 材料力學 - 材料化學
In This Article - ❯How To Pronounce Jameeliah? - ❯Names With Similar Sound As Jameeliah - ❯Popular Sibling Names For Jameeliah - ❯ Other Popular Names Beginning With J - ❯Names With Similar Meaning As Jameeliah - ❯Acrostic Poem On Jameeliah - ❯'Jameeliah' In QR Code - ❯Jameeliah's Zodiac Sign As Per Western Astrology - ❯Jameeliah's Zodiac Sign And Birth Star As Per Vedic Astrology - ❯Jameeliah Personality Traits As Per Numerology - ❯Infographic: Know The Name Jameeliah's Personality As Per Numerology - ❯Jameeliah In Different Languages - ❯Jameeliah In Fancy Fonts - ❯Adorable 'Jameeliah' Wallpapers To Share - ❯How To Communicate The Name Jameeliah In Sign Languages - ❯Name Numerology For Jameeliah - ❯Baby Name Lists Containing Jameeliah - ❯Frequently Asked Questions - ❯Look Up For Many More Names How To Pronounce Jameeliah? The way you pronounce a name can make all the difference. Listen to the sound of the name Jameeliah in Arabic. 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'Jameeliah' In QR Code Here's a unique feature for the modern, tech-savvy, and curious parents – have your baby's name in a QR code. If you want your close circle to know your newborn's name, all you need to do is simply scan and share it. The code not only shows the name but its meaning as well; this means you don't have to painfully explain the meaning of your baby's name anymore! So, go ahead. Download, save, and share it with your family and friends, or use it to create personalized keepsakes for your little one. Jameeliah's Zodiac Sign As Per Western Astrology Western astrology includes the construction of a horoscope based on the person's exact time of birth and location to understand the positions of the planet, stars, and zodiac signs at that time. However, in popular culture, it is often narrowed down to the sun sign, which depends on the person's birth date.There are 12 zodiac signs, each having dominant traits, planetary rulers, elemental connection, and more. Zodiac sign or Sun sign The Earth's orbit around the sun is divided into 12 zodiac signs covering 30-degree sectors. According to Western astrology, the zodiac or sun sign depends on the sun's position in one of these sectors at the time of your birth. Starting from the sun's position at the March equinox, the chart goes anti-clockwise from Aries, followed by Taurus, Gemini, Cancer, Leo, Virgo, Libra, Scorpio, Sagittarius, Capricorn, Aquarius, and Pisces. These signs are ruled by planetary bodies - Mars, Venus, Mercury, Moon, Sun, Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, and Neptune. Furthermore, they are categorized into triplicities or elemental signs - fire, water, air, and earth - that govern their characteristics. Each of these zodiac signs features certain personality traits that may determine how a person presents themselves. Why the date of birth matters Each zodiac sign in Western astrology is linked to a specific range of dates in the year. Unlike Vedic astrology, where names can sometimes be used to infer astrological details, Western astrology relies entirely on the birth date. To know more about your baby's zodiac sign, choose the period in which your baby's date of birth falls, from the options given below. This will give you a glimpse into the world of astrology tailored for your baby. Select your baby's birthdate range Mar 21 – Apr 19 Apr 20 – May 20 May 21 – Jun 20 Jun 21 – Jul 22 Jul 23 – Aug 22 Aug 23 – Sep 22 Sep 23 – Oct 22 Oct 23 – Nov 21 Nov 22 – Dec 21 Dec 22 – Jan 19 Jan 20 – Feb 18 Feb 19 – Mar 20 Jameeliah's Zodiac Sign And Birth Star As Per Vedic Astrology Vedic astrology, also called Jyotisha, provides deep insights into a person's life based on celestial positions at birth. Rashi and nakshatra, which are an integral part of Jyotisha, are believed to influence an individual's personality and life events. The following sections give you rashi-related information, such as the associated letters, elements, ruling body, quality, and nakshatra for the name Jameeliah. These details help analyze a person's characteristics, personality, and behavior. Zodiac Sign (Rashi) As shown in the following table, each rashi is associated with specific sounds, which are often used as the starting letters of names for newborns in Hindu families. Each rashi is represented by a figure and one of the five elements – Earth, Water, Fire, Air, and Ether (Space). One ruling celestial body, known as its 'rashi lord' or 'ruler' is assigned to these rashis. These bodies include Venus, Mars, Sun, Moon, Mercury, Jupiter, and Saturn. Furthermore, the rashis are assigned various qualities or gunas. Rashi (zodiac sign) \| Makar (Capricorn) \| Starting letters for Makar (Capricorn) rashi \| KH, J \| Representation \| Crocodile \| Element \| Earth \| Ruling body \| Saturn \| Quality \| Movable \| Birth Star (Nakshatra) Another important aspect of Vedic Astrology is the nakshatras, the lunar constellations or star clusters that the Moon occupies during a person's birth. There are 27 nakshatras, each with its own unique qualities, attributes, and symbolism. Each rashi contains two-and-one-fourth nakshatras in it. For example, Aries contains Ashwini, Bharani, and Krithika nakshatras. The below table provides information on the nakshatras' degrees on the zodiac circle, their lords and related syllables, for babies born in the Makar (Capricorn) rashi. These syllables/phonetics are popularly used to choose the baby name. For precise nakshatra calculation based on your baby's birthplace and date, use our Nakshatra Calculator. Nakshatra \| Degrees Of The Nakshatra \| Nakshatra Lord (Ruler) \| Name Syllables \| Utharashada (Utharadam) \| Capricorn (0 to 10 degrees) \| Sun \| Be, Bo, Ja, Ji, Bha, Bhe, Bho, Jaa, Jee \| Sravana (Shravana, Thiruvonam) \| Capricorn (10 to 23.20 degrees) \| Moon \| Ju, Je, Jo, Khi, So, Khu, Khe, Kho \| Dhanishta (Avittam) \| Capricorn (23.20 to 30 degrees) \| Mars \| Ga, Gi, Gu, Ge, Gee \| Jameeliah Personality Traits As Per Numerology The numerology belief system envisages a relationship between a name and numbers. The related numbers are believed to give insights into a person's character. We have researched this area to connect the numerology-based characteristic traits to the letters of the English alphabet. And the results are fascinating. Numerology followers believe that each letter signifies attributes that can influence a person's attitude and approach. Among these placements, the most significant are the first letter (Cornerstone) and the last letter (Capstone) of a name. Cornerstone highlights your primary personality traits and explains how you face challenges and opportunities in life. Capstone can tell you about your approach to work and how you complete them. Often, a letter may be repeated twice or more in a name. This repetition signifies the intensification or amplification of the traits associated with the letter in an individual's personality. Read to know what characteristics the name Jameeliah is known for in numerology. Here we have avoided repetition of letters and added them just once for a better reading experience. JYou are self-sufficient, motivated, and trustworthy. You are always driven to succeed and have an innovative outlook.. AYou are ambitious, brave, and independent. You tend to be dominating and seek power and status. MYou are hard-working, goal-oriented, and enterprising. You will succeed in business and financial matters. EYou may be suitable for financial, legal, and public work. However, a repetition of these letters more than seven times can indicate frivolity. LYou are talented, expressive, and imaginative. You have a magnetic personality and enjoy artistic pursuits. IYou are ambitious, brave, and independent. You tend to be dominating and seek power and status. HYou are methodical and practical while working. However, you tend to leave much to fate. Infographic: Know The Name Jameeliah's Personality As Per Numerology Jameeliah In Different Languages It's exciting to see our baby's name spelled and written in various languages. See how people spell Jameeliah in Spanish, French, German, Italian, and more! Each language has its own way of saying Jameeliah, but it's still the same special name. Learn how the name looks and sounds in different languages around the world! Name \| Language \| Code \| Jameeliah \| English \| en \| 贾米利亚 \| Chinese \| zh-CN \| जमीलिया \| Hindi \| hi \| Jameeliah \| Spanish \| es \| Jameeliah \| French \| fr \| جميلة \| Arabic \| ar \| জামেলিয়া \| Bengali \| bn \| Jameeliah \| Portuguese \| pt \| Джамилия \| Russian \| ru \| جمیلہ \| Urdu \| ur \| Jameeliah \| Indonesian \| id \| Jameeliah \| German \| de \| ジャミーリア \| Japanese \| ja \| जमीलिया \| Marathi \| mr \| జమీలియా \| Telugu \| te \| Jameeliah \| Turkish \| tr \| ஜமீலியா \| Tamil \| ta \| Jameeliah \| Vietnamese \| vi \| Jameeliah \| Tagalog \| tl \| 자밀리아 \| Korean \| ko \| Jameeliah \| Hausa \| ha \| Jameeliah \| Swahili \| sw \| Jameeliah \| Javanese \| jv \| Jameeliah \| Italian \| it \| ਜਮੀਲੀਆ \| Punjabi \| pa \| જમીલિયા \| Gujarati \| gu \| เจมีลิอาห์ \| Thai \| th \| ಜಮೀಲಿಯಾ \| Kannada \| kn \| ጀሚልያስ \| Amharic \| am \| जमीलिया \| Bhojpuri \| bho \| Jameeliah \| Yoruba \| yo \| Jameeliah In Fancy Fonts Visualize your little one's name in different captivating fonts. You can use these fancy styles on birth announcement cards, nursery decorations, personalized gifts, to name a few. Select the perfect font from these options for a touch of personalization. - Double Struck Font𝕁 𝕒 𝕞 𝕖 𝕖 𝕝 𝕚 𝕒 𝕙 - Bold Script Font𝓙 𝓪 𝓶 𝓮 𝓮 𝓵 𝓲 𝓪 𝓱 - Fancy Style 35 Fontյ α m ε ε レ ï α h - Fancy Style 7 FontĴ Δ Μ € € Ł Ɨ Δ Ħ - Love FontJ♥ a♥ m♥ e♥ e♥ l♥ i♥ a♥ h♥ - Black Square Font🅹 🅰 🅼 🅴 🅴 🅻 🅸 🅰 🅷 - Hand Writing 2 FontJ α ɱ ҽ ҽ ʅ ι α ԋ - X Above Bellow FontJ͓̽ a͓̽ m͓̽ e͓̽ e͓̽ l͓̽ i͓̽ a͓̽ h͓̽ Liked our fancy fonts for Jameeliah? Why not go a step forward with these beautiful posters? They are perfect to download and use as display pictures or social media posts! You may also use them as part of decorating your child's room. These personalized wallpapers celebrate the positive vibes of the name, offering a unique way to show how much this name means to you. What's more! You have multiple options here to choose depending on your mood or occasion. Jameeliah 3D Wallpaper Jameeliah Birthday Wallpaper 'I Love Jameeliah' Wallpaper Stylish Jameeliah Wallpaper Jameeliah Name Initial Wallpaper How To Communicate The Name Jameeliah In Sign Languages In Nautical Flags In Sign Language In Braille Alphabet In Morse Code In Barcode In Binary 01001010 01100001 01101101 01100101 01100101 01101100 01101001 01100001 01101000 Name Numerology For Jameeliah Numerology is an occult system that gives significance to numbers and their influence on human life and destiny. Numerologists attribute specific qualities, energies, and characteristics to a number. Parents who believe in numerology prefer to choose baby names that resonate positively with the child's unique numerical vibrations, often derived from their date of birth. Here we give a general birth number and personality traits of the name Jameeliah, based on the Pythagorean (Western) system. This analysis will differ from child to child based on their date of birth. You may use our numerology calculator for more personalized information. Destiny Number You should strive to be a leader. You are the one to take control of things and take the initiative. You think for yourself and will not follow others. Personality Number Introvert, highly intelligent and keenly observant. Mysterious, independent, and possess the ability to see through people. You exude a great deal of wisdom, spirituality, and confidence. You could be arrogant too, but take care not to offend others. Soul Number A natural entertainer, highly creative and inspirational. You are friendly, outgoing and social. Baby Name Lists Containing Jameeliah Read through our baby name lists that include the name Jameeliah and several other similar names. The wider the choice, the better your selection. Isn't it? Frequently Asked Questions 1. What is the meaning of the name Jameeliah? The name Jameeliah means woman with dashing looks. 2. What is the origin of the name Jameeliah? Jameeliah has an Arabic origin. 3. How to pronounce the name Jameeliah? Jameeliah is pronounced as juh-meel-ee-uh. - Astrology, Hermes (2023); Astrology for Beginners. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/370635414_Astrology_for_Beginners - Shirley Lawrence; The Secret Science of Numerology: The Hidden Meaning of Numbers and Letters. https://www.academia.edu/97492675/The_Secret_Science_of_Numerology_The_Hidden_Meaning_of_Numbers_and_Letters_Shirley_Lawrence&nav_from=a3c5c3fd-555f-4584-b66d-4a3c8023402e&rw_pos=0 - Britannica, The Editors of Encyclopaedia; "zodiac"; Encyclopedia Britannica. https://www.britannica.com/topic/zodiac - P.V.R. Narasimha Rao; Vedic Astrology: An Integrated Approach. https://www.vedicastrologer.org/articles/vedic_astro_textbook.pdf - Paulo Martins; A Concise History of Hindu Astrology and Indian Spirituality; Scholars Journal of Arts, Humanities and Social Sciences. Look Up For Many More Names Do you have a name in mind and want to know more about it? Or want to find names belonging to a particular origin, religion, or having a specific meaning? Use our search tool below to explore more baby names with different combinations. - Author - Fact-checker
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Bullock - 786-809 Farm valuation: A comparison of methods for French farms by Philippe Jeanneaux & Yann Desjeux & Geoffroy Enjolras & Laure Latruffe - 810-831 Wine industry perceptions and reactions to the COVID‐19 crisis in the Old and New Worlds: Do business models make a difference? by Britta Niklas & Jean‐Marie Cardebat & Robin M. Back & Davide Gaeta & Vicente Pinilla & João Rebelo & Roberto Jara‐Rojas & Guenter Schamel - 832-849 Consumers' purchase intention of wild freshwater fish during the COVID‐19 pandemic by Tinggui Chen & Hui Wang - 850-873 Local food in times of crisis: The impact of COVID‐19 and two reinforcing primes by Martina Vecchi & Edward C. Jaenicke & Claudia Schmidt - 874-884 Same DNA, same location, same price? Price differences across distribution e‐channels of a single online retailer by Vladimir Fedoseev & Svetlana Fedoseeva - 885-904 Investigating the price effects of honey quality attributes in a European country: Evidence from a hedonic price approach by Petjon Ballco & Fatma Jaafer & Tiziana de Magistris - 905-922 Consumer choices in agricultural markets with multitier collective labels and private brands by Zhanguo Zhu & Qinyuan Shen & Zhifeng Gao - 923-945 The role of agricultural insurance in boosting agricultural output: An aggregate analysis from Chinese provinces by Baoling Zou & Zanjie Ren & Ashok K. Mishra & Stefan Hirsch - 946-969 Analysis of coffee production efficiency and productivity strategy in African and non‐African countries by Chih‐Yu Yang & Ching‐Cheng Lu & Yung‐Ho Chiu & Tai‐Yu Lin - 970-989 China's corn and biofuel policies and agricultural trade: Projections from an international agricultural commodity market model by Xi He & Miguel Carriquiry & Amani Elobeid & Dermot Hayes & Minghao Li & Wendong Zhang - 990-1011 Multiscale downside risk interdependence between the major agricultural commodities by Dejan Živkov & Jasmina Đurašković & Marina Gajić‐Glamočlija - 1012-1031 Price expectations, risk aversion, and choice of sales methods for large‐scale farmers under incomplete market conditions by Peng Peng & Zhigang Xu - 1032-1047 Preventing households from food insecurity in rural Burkina Faso: Does nonfarm income matter? by Windinkonté Séogo July 2022, Volume 38, Issue 3 - 461-485 Inventory management and loss in beer retailing by Timothy J. Richards & Stephen F. Hamilton - 486-504 Plural forms and differentiation strategies in the agri‐food sector: Evidence from the U.S. wine industry by Bruno V. Miranda & Brent Ross & Jason Franken & Miguel Gómez - 505-532 The Swedish consumer market for organic and conventional milk: A demand system analysis by Hanna Lindström - 533-556 The organic premium of baby food based on market segments by Yuting Liu & Abdoul G. Sam - 557-578 Food retail profits, competition, and the Great Recession by Rebecca Cleary & Lauren Chenarides - 579-607 Time‐to‐completion for mergers and acquisitions in the food and agribusiness industry by Adesoji O. Adelaja & Ramyani Mukhopadhyay - 608-619 Inequality aversion and consumer ethnocentrism: Food consumer preferences for payoff distributions to farm producers by Jasper Grashuis & Ye Su - 620-635 What you see is what you get, and what you don't goes unsold: Choice overload and purchasing heuristics in a horticulture lab experiment by Aaron Staples & Bridget K. Behe & Patricia Huddleston & Trey Malone - 636-659 Government transfers, COVID‐19 shock, and food insecurity: Evidence from rural households in India by Anjani Kumar & Ashok K. Mishra & Sunil Saroj & Shahidur Rashid - 660-678 The effects of E‐Verify on the share of labor‐Intensive and capital‐Intensive crops: Evidence from farm‐level data by Frida Cruz & Genti Kostandini & Elton Mykerezi & Jeffrey Jordan & Eftila Tanellari - 679-709 Futures–spot price transmission in EU corn markets by Carlotta Penone & Elisa Giampietri & Samuele Trestini - 710-733 Collectivization of smallholder farmers, strategic competition, and market performance: Experiences from two selected villages of West Bengal, India by Niladri Sekhar Bagchi & Pulak Mishra & Bhagirath Behera & V. Ratna Reddy - 734-739 Dynamics of industrial concentration and technical inefficiency in the Indonesian food and beverage industry by Maman Setiawan & Grigorios Emvalomatis & Alfons Oude Lansink April 2022, Volume 38, Issue 2 - 259-278 Retail pass‐through of package downsizing by Metin Çakır - 279-294 A dynamic by‐production framework for measuring productivity change in the presence of socially responsible and undesirable outputs: Evidence from European food processors by Tadesse Getacher Engida & Alfons G. J. M. Oude Lansink & Xudong Rao - 295-311 The influence of farmers markets' characteristics on vendor sales by Jeffrey K. O'Hara & Nony Dutton & Nick Stavely - 312-327 Consumer preferences for agricultural product brands in an E‐commerce environment by Erpeng Wang & Zhenzhen Liu & Zhifeng Gao & Qin Wen & Xianhui Geng - 328-348 Spatial and temporal patterns of consumption of animal‐source foods in Tanzania by Ping Wang & Nhuong Tran & Dolapo Enahoro & Chin Yee Chan & Kelvin Mashisia Shikuku & Karl M. Rich & Kendra Byrd & Shakuntala H. Thilsted - 349-370 Bundling food labels: What role could the labels "Organic," "Local" and "Low Fat" play in fostering the demand for animal‐friendly meat by Faical Akaichi & Klaus Glenk & Cesar Revoredo‐Giha - 371-385 Production environment and managerial techniques in explaining productivity growth in Brazilian beef cattle production by Maristela M. Martins & Humberto F. S. Spolador & Eric Njuki - 386-401 Estimating market power for the Chinese fluid milk market with imported products by Yuquan Chen & Xiaohua Yu - 402-425 In‐kind credit provision through contract farming and formal credit markets by Anette Ruml & Martin C. Parlasca - 426-458 Prices, specialty varieties, and postharvest practices: Insights from cacao value chains in Ecuador by Alexis H. Villacis & Jeffrey R. Alwang & Victor Barrera & Juan Dominguez January 2022, Volume 38, Issue 1 - 3-20 The potential impact of reducing sodium in packaged food: The case of the Chinese instant noodles market by Yu Chen & Chen Zhen - 21-44 Impacts of duo‐regional generic advertising of social media on consumer preference by Xuqi Chen & Yan Heng & Zhifeng Gao & Yuan Jiang - 45-72 Long‐term dynamics of US organic milk, eggs, and yogurt premiums by Syed Badruddoza & Andrea C. Carlson & Jill J. McCluskey - 73-92 Are improvements in convenience good enough for consumers to prefer new food processing technologies? by Dolores Garrido & Rosa Karina Gallardo - 93-107 Understanding consumer attitudes towards ecolabeled food products: A latent class analysis regarding their purchasing motivations by Desjana Grymshi & Eva Crespo‐Cebada & Ahmed Elghannam & Francisco J. Mesías & Carlos Díaz‐Caro - 108-133 Markup estimation: A comparison of contemporary methods at the example of European food retailers by Maximilian Koppenberg & Stefan Hirsch - 134-153 The association between food outlet accessibility and market competition to household food expenditures: Empirical evidence from the convenience store industry in Taiwan by Hung‐Hao Chang & Brian Lee - 154-174 Effect of geographic distance on domestic trade: A case of the US Green industry by Chengyan Yue & Yufeng Lai & Hayk Khachatryan & Alan Hodges - 175-194 Farmers' attitude toward CRISPR/Cas9: The case of blast resistant rice by Linda Ferrari - 195-219 Curbing members' opportunism in first‐tier and federated agricultural marketing cooperatives by Miguel Hernández‐Espallardo & Narciso Arcas‐Lario & Jorge L. Sánchez‐Navarro & Gustavo Marcos‐Matás - 220-235 Labor shortages and immigration: The case of the Canadian agriculture sector by Ibrahim Bousmah & Gilles Grenier - 236-255 Mobile money adoption, input use, and farm output among smallholder rice farmers in Ghana by Awal Abdul‐Rahaman & Awudu Abdulai October 2021, Volume 37, Issue 4 - 685-712 Dynamic model of beer pricing and buyouts by Timothy J. Richards & Bradley J. Rickard - 713-730 Mergers and acquisitions in the U.S. agribusiness sector, 1990–2017 by Carlos J. O. Trejo‐Pech & Michael A. Gunderson & Dayton M. Lambert - 731-748 Is competition among soft drinks, juices, and other major beverage categories responsible for reducing Americans' milk consumption? by Hayden Stewart & Fred Kuchler & William Hahn - 749-763 A price premium for the farmer‐owned label? A choice experiment with milk consumers in the Netherlands by Jasper Grashuis - 764-781 Consumer preferences for foods with clean labels and new food technologies by Kara R. Grant & R. Karina Gallardo & Jill J. McCluskey - 782-803 Comparing the willingness to pay through three elicitation mechanisms: An experimental evidence for organic egg product by Ozge Dinc‐Cavlak & Ozlem Ozdemir - 804-817 Community‐level social capital and agricultural cooperatives: Evidence from Hebei, China by Susan (Sixue) Jia & Xiaobing Xu - 818-837 Market integration and agricultural development: The case of Tibet's ruminant livestock industries by Colin Brown & Jing Zhang & Deqing Zhuoga & Weisi Baiyang & Lava Yadav - 838-857 Weather effects on U.S. cow‐calf production: A long‐term panel analysis by Buddhika Patalee & Glynn T. Tonsor - 858-875 Swine producer willingness to pay for Tier 1 disease risk mitigation under multifaceted ambiguity by Jiwon Lee & Lee L. Schulz & Glynn T. Tonsor - 876-890 Perish or prosper: Trade patterns for highly perishable seafood products by Frank Asche & Hans‐Martin Straume & Erling Vårdal - 891-914 Explaining output price heterogeneity in Dutch horticulture by Evert Los & Cornelis Gardebroek & Ruud Huirne - 915-926 Food product launch and positioning in China—Do claims of credence attributes matter? by Wei Yang & Alan Renwick & Waranan Tantiwat & Cesar Revoredo‐Giha & Dafeng Wu July 2021, Volume 37, Issue 3 - 451-471 Beef quality assurance schemes: Can they improve farm economic performance? by Andreas Tsakiridis & Michael Wallace & James Breen & Cathal O'Donoghue & Kevin Hanrahan - 472-488 Secondary rail car markets for grain transportation and basis values by William Wilson & Prithviraj Lakkakula - 489-514 Influence of food safety standards on trade: Evidence from the pistachio sector by Adrián Rabadán & Ángela Triguero - 515-530 Integration in export marketing channels and farms' labor force composition: Female agricultural workers in the Moroccan vegetable sector by Céline Bignebat & Fatima El Hadad‐Gauthier - 531-549 Promoting farmers market via information nudges and coupons: A randomized control trial by Nicole Didero & Marco Costanigro & Becca B. R. Jablonski - 550-568 Does local label bias consumer taste buds and preference? Evidence of a strawberry sensory experiment by Chenyi He & Ruifeng Liu & Zhifeng Gao & Xin Zhao & Charles A. Sims & Rodolfo M. Nayga - 569-589 Analyzing strategic entrepreneurial choices in agriculture—Empirical evidence from Germany by Viktoria Graskemper & Xiaohua Yu & Jan‐Henning Feil - 590-611 How corporate social responsibility influences consumer behavior: An empirical analysis in the Spanish agrifood sector by Pere Mercadé‐Melé & Carmina Fandos‐Herrera & Sofía Velasco‐Gómez - 612-628 The impact of geographical positioning on agri‐food businesses' failure considering nonlinearities by Mariluz Mate‐Sánchez‐Val - 629-649 Household dairy demand by income groups in an urban Chinese province: A multistage budgeting approach by Beibei Wu & Xudong Shang & Yongfu Chen - 650-664 Welfare analysis of introducing private label packaged salads into the US market by Xiao Meng & Edward C. Jaenicke - 665-682 Price transmission with sparse market information: The case of United States chickpeas by Patrick L. Hatzenbuehler & Xiaoxue Du & Kathleen Painter April 2021, Volume 37, Issue 2 - 215-234 Quick and easy? Respondent evaluations of the Becker–DeGroot–Marschak and multiple price list valuation mechanisms by Daniele Asioli & Adriana Mignani & Frode Alfnes - 235-263 Profitability and profit persistence in EU food retailing: Differences between top competitors and fringe firms by Stefan Hirsch & David Lanter & Robert Finger - 264-285 Social networks and member participation in cooperative governance by Chrysoula Morfi & Jerker Nilsson & Karin Hakelius & Kostas Karantininis - 286-305 Corporate social responsibility and dynamic productivity change in the US food and beverage manufacturing industry by Magdalena Kapelko & Alfons Oude Lansink & Encarna Guillamon‐Saorin - 306-323 Societal attitudes towards in ovo gender determination as an alternative to chick culling by Corrina Reithmayer & Michael Danne & Oliver Mußhoff - 324-347 Survival analysis of farm bankruptcy filings: Evaluating the time to completion of chapter 12 bankruptcy cases by Robert Dinterman & Ani L. Katchova - 348-370 Commodity procurement as contingent claims: Capturing risk and real options in flour milling by William W. Wilson & Jesse Klebe - 371-392 Farmer preferences in contracting with modern retail in Indonesia: A choice experiment by Fanny Widadie & Jos Bijman & Jacques Trienekens - 393-408 Machinery utilization and management organization in Japanese rice farms: Comparison of single‐family, multifamily, and community farms by Hironori Yagi & Tsuneo Hayashi - 409-421 Can poverty status explain obesity in developing countries? Evidence from Ghana by Wisdom Dogbe - 422-437 Diversity of the international competitive performance of the food industry of the European Union member states by Małgorzata Juchniewicz & Katarzyna Łukiewska - 438-448 Driving factors behind consumers' severe response to U.S. beef imports during the candlelight protest in South Korea by Hyun J. Jin January 2021, Volume 37, Issue 1 - 3-24 COVID‐19 and cotton import demand in China by Andrew Muhammad & S. Aaron Smith & Tun‐Hsiang Edward Yu - 25-43 Mapping potential implications of temporary COVID‐19 export bans for the food supply in importing countries using precrisis trade flows by Maximilian Koppenberg & Martina Bozzola & Tobias Dalhaus & Stefan Hirsch - 44-81 Food consumption behavior during the COVID‐19 pandemic by Lauren Chenarides & Carola Grebitus & Jayson L. Lusk & Iryna Printezis - 82-90 Food consumption and stigmatization under COVID‐19: Evidence from Chinese consumers' aversion to Wuhan hot instant noodles by Na Hao & H. Holly Wang - 91-107 Online food prices during the COVID‐19 pandemic by Judith Hillen - 108-121 The impact of the COVID‐19 pandemic on retail dairy prices by Yizao Liu & Adam N. Rabinowitz - 122-141 A descriptive analysis of the COVID‐19 impacts on U.S. pork, turkey, and egg markets by Dermot J. Hayes & Lee L. Schulz & Chad E. Hart & Keri L. Jacobs - 142-159 Who practices urban agriculture? An empirical analysis of participation before and during the COVID‐19 pandemic by Lauren Chenarides & Carola Grebitus & Jayson L. Lusk & Iryna Printezis - 160-170 Impact of the Coronavirus pandemic on plant purchasing in Southeastern United States by Benjamin L. Campbell & Alicia L. Rihn & Julie H. Campbell - 171-186 Measuring the impact of COVID‐19 on stock prices and profits in the food supply chain by Julia Höhler & Alfons Oude Lansink - 187-212 Risk perception and determinants in small‐ and medium‐sized agri‐food enterprises amidst the COVID‐19 pandemic: Evidence from Egypt by Assem Abu Hatab & Carl‐Johan Lagerkvist & Abourehab Esmat October 2020, Volume 36, Issue 4 - 501-521 Does the distribution of ratings affect online grocery sales? Evidence from Amazon by Chinonso E. Etumnu & Kenneth Foster & Nicole O. Widmar & Jayson L. Lusk & David L. Ortega - 522-541 Consumer proximity and brand loyalty in craft soda marketing: A case study of Ale‐8‐One by Samane Zare & Mahdi Asgari & Timothy Woods & Yuqing Zheng
Clitoral hood lift: information on the treatment The clitoral hood, also known as the "clitoral hood", is a special tissue made of skin and mucous membrane that covers the clitoris. The clitoral hood protects against irritation and hypersensitivity. The size of the cl itoral hood varies. In some cases, the clitoral hood can protrude over the labia minora. These changes are often hereditary. The excess foreskin can take on different proportions, which can be corrected surgically. In around 15% of patients, the clitoral hood is corrected in conjunction with a reduction of the labia minora. The clitoral hood is reduced using a gentle technique, whereby the subcutaneous tissue and thus the sensitivity to touch is spared. Below we explain what you should know about a clitoral hood lift. We would be happy to advise you in a discreet and personal consultation in our practice. Feel completely at ease: - Feel confident in front of your partner again - More quality of life and pleasure again - Professional advice - Personal aftercare The incision used to reduce the clitoral hood can affect the position of the clitoris. For aesthetic or functional reasons, the clitoris can be moved towards the vaginal entrance as part of foreskin reduction. This can increase the excitability of the clitoris during sexual intercourse. What our patients say Information at a glance Operation duration 1 hour 6 weeks Local anesthesia / twilight sleep Thread tension Self-dissolving threads Socially acceptable after 5 days Additions or alternatives The anatomy of the clitoris The Greek physician Rufus of Ephesus described the center of female sexual desire around 110 AD. He therefore called the area the clitoris (kleitoris), from which the word kleitoriazein (literally "to tickle" or "to clitorize" in ancient Greek) is derived 1 . The first modern description of the clitoris is attributed to Colombo in 1559. The average diameter of the glans is about 3.5 by 5 millimeters with a total length of the clitoris of about 16 millimeters 2 . The clitoris lies about 25 millimeters above the urethral opening 3 . The externally recognizable parts of the clitoris are the glans (glans), the prepuce (prepuce) and the paired vestibular bulb (bulbus vestibuli). The paired legs (crus clitoridis) and the paired erectile tissue (corpus cavernosum clitoridis), the suspensory ligament (ligamentum suspensorium clitoridis) and the clitoral root are not visible from the outside. The glans contains a high density of sensory cells. The cells include the Pacinian corpuscles, which react to vibration, and the Meissner corpuscles, which are very sensitive to touch. The sensory stimuli travel along the paired head nerves to the pudendal nerve. The nerves enter the spinal cord at the level of the sacrum. Impulses are then sent to the splanchnic nerves of the pelvis in nerve circuits. The nerves increase blood flow and lead to a tightening of certain muscles, for example in the vagina. Facts about the loss of sentience One of the most common concerns with clitoral hood surgery is loss of sensation or hypersensitivity. The Internet often contains polarizing, oversimplified information. It is often not differentiated which operation was performed in the genital area, at what age, for what reason and with what expertise. The sensation after clitoral hood lift and labia reduction was therefore specifically investigated by researchers. Their work was reviewed by independent experts. The surgical results of women in the USA between the ages of 18 and 51 (average 34 years) who opted for intimate surgery mainly for aesthetic reasons were examined. It has been shown that a clitoral hood lift and labiaplasty do not lead to reduced sensitivity in the genital area. 44 percent of the women had more frequent sexual intercourse six months after the operation. In 35 percent of women, the climax was reached more frequently and felt more intense than before the operation 4 . The results are not surprising, as similar breast skin tightening techniques do not affect the sensitivity of the nipples. Sex life is influenced by a variety of factors. The influencing factors range from emotions to physical problems. An aesthetic experience, whether in nature or in art, can touch or move us, even give us goose bumps. It therefore stands to reason that aesthetic satisfaction, which goes hand in hand with an improvement in self-esteem, can lead to an improvement in sexual function. Procedure for a clitoral hood lift Before every operation, we routinely check several times whether all the necessary precautions have been taken to ensure the highest possible level of patient safety. The intimate surgery is only started once all the points on the checklist have been ticked off. If the clitoral hood correction is performed under sedation, you will be given medication to relieve your anxiety and significantly reduce the sensation of pain. An anesthetic cream is then applied so that you do not even feel the anesthetic injections. Within 5 to 10 minutes, the surgical areas will be numb, so that you will only feel that something is happening on the surface of your body if you are not already deeply asleep. The OP The excess skin is first measured and the incision is marked. The operation plan is checked again. The cut is always based on the customized planning, usually as an inverted "V" in the folds. In order to be able to work with the greatest precision, the operation is performed using magnifying glasses. The excess skin is then gently removed. Finally, the wound is closed with fine stitches. These dissolve on their own after about three weeks. The outpatient procedure takes about 30 minutes. After the procedure Immediately after the operation, you will be continuously monitored in the recovery room. When you are fully awake, you can have a drink. If you feel well enough, you are also allowed to eat something if you tolerate it well. You will be supported by CenterPlast nursing staff when you go to the toilet for the first time. Check-up appointments are then arranged and the behavioral measures are discussed with you in detail. Before you leave the practice, you will also receive a comprehensive written report and a telephone number. You can reach the surgeon on this number 24 hours a day in an emergency. Before, after and even during clitoral surgery, you can watch movies / your favorite series with virtual reality glasses. This is entertaining on the one hand, of course, but it has been proven that the distraction it creates also helps to reduce sensitivity to pain. What are the risks of a clitoral hood lift? The tightening of the clitoral hood is usually performed in combination with a reduction of the labia minora in a single operation. Numerous studies report an overall satisfaction rate of 90 to 95 percent after clitoral hood lift and labia reduction. In 80 to 85 percent of patients, their sex life improved. Complications such as wound healing disorders occur in around four percent of cases. Careful preparation and adherence to precautionary measures after the operation help to reduce the risk. Swelling is usually temporary, but can last up to three months in individual cases. Slight cooling in the first few days and physical rest for a few weeks prevent swelling. Nerve injuries and scar pain cannot be ruled out, but are unlikely 5 . Dr. Adelana Santos Stahl Our aim is to offer optimal, discreet and precise treatment based on our extensive expertise in the field of plastic surgery. Dr. Adelana Santos Stahl has a unique international perspective with a female view of plastic surgery. Your individual and detailed approach is the key to the beautiful and natural results. Having trained in Brazil, one of the largest and best-known countries for aesthetic and reconstructive plastic surgery, she understands her patients' desire to look and feel their best. She completed her medical studies and training as a specialist in plastic and aesthetic surgery in Brazil. In 2009, she also successfully passed the German equivalence examinations for the state medical examination. Two years later, in 2011, she received the German and in 2012 the EU specialist certification (EBOPRAS) for plastic surgery. From 2009 to 2013, she deepened her knowledge of aesthetic and reconstructive facial surgery with world-renowned representatives of plastic surgery such as Professor Gubisch at the Marienhospital and Madame Firmin in Paris. A VDÄPC Fellowship (continuing scholarship for graduate students) in Switzerland, France and the USA has further enriched her professional experience. Dr. Santos Stahl is active in various renowned professional associations. In addition to the DGPRÄC and DGBT, she is also a member of the Brazilian Society of Plastic Surgery – SBCP. She is also the author of several scientific articles and, together with her husband, is dedicated to research and clinical studies in the field of plastic surgery. She has been based in Saarbrücken since 2019. You might also be interested in Personal advice We take time for you and offer you customized advice and treatment for your individual result.
LED lighting has gained immense popularity in recent years due to its energy efficiency and long lifespan. As the demand for LED lighting continues to grow, manufacturers are constantly seeking innovative ways to improve its performance and versatility. One such advancement is the development of long PCBs (Printed Circuit Boards) for LED lighting. This article explores the benefits and applications of long PCBs in revolutionizing LED lighting. A Printed Circuit Board (PCB) is a crucial component in LED lighting systems as it provides electrical connections and mechanical support to the LEDs. Traditionally, PCBs for LED lighting were limited in size, which restricted the design possibilities and overall performance of the lighting fixtures. However, with the introduction of long PCBs, manufacturers can now create longer and more flexible LED lighting solutions. Long PCBs allow for more creative and versatile designs in LED lighting fixtures. With the ability to cover larger areas, manufacturers can create unique shapes and configurations that were previously unattainable. This opens up a world of possibilities for architects, interior designers, and lighting professionals to create visually stunning and functional lighting installations. Heat management is crucial for LED lighting to ensure optimal performance and longevity. Long PCBs offer a larger surface area, which facilitates better heat dissipation. This helps to prevent overheating and ensures that the LEDs operate at their optimal temperature, resulting in improved efficiency and extended lifespan. Long PCBs provide a cost-effective solution for LED lighting manufacturers. By utilizing a single long PCB instead of multiple smaller ones, manufacturers can reduce production costs and simplify the assembly process. This not only saves time and resources but also allows for quicker and more efficient manufacturing. Long PCBs enable the creation of seamless lighting installations that can be integrated into architectural structures. Whether it's illuminating a building facade, highlighting a bridge, or accentuating interior spaces, long PCBs offer the flexibility to achieve stunning lighting effects while maintaining a sleek and streamlined appearance. Linear LED lighting fixtures have become increasingly popular in commercial and residential settings. Long PCBs are ideal for linear lighting applications as they can be easily integrated into slim and compact profiles. From under-cabinet lighting in kitchens to accent lighting in retail displays, long PCBs provide a uniform and continuous light source that enhances the overall aesthetics of the space. Long PCBs are well-suited for outdoor lighting applications due to their durability and weather resistance. Whether it's illuminating pathways, parks, or parking lots, long PCBs can be used to create energy-efficient and long-lasting lighting solutions that enhance safety and visibility in outdoor environments. Long PCBs have revolutionized the LED lighting industry by offering enhanced design flexibility, improved heat dissipation, and cost-effective solutions. With their ability to cover larger areas and provide seamless integration, long PCBs have opened up new possibilities for architects, designers, and lighting professionals. As the demand for energy-efficient lighting continues to rise, long PCBs will play a crucial role in shaping the future of LED lighting, enabling innovative and sustainable lighting solutions. Hot tags: Long PCB for LED lighting, Shenzhen China PCB manufacturer, Long LED PCB assembly, aluminum circuit board, AluminumPCB manufacturer, Customized Aluminum PCB, Aluminum PCB quotation, cheap Aluminum PCB, led grow light, Customized, cheap, quotation, suppliers, factory, manufacturer, manufacturing, manufacturing services
In today's dynamic business landscape, staying ahead of the curve is imperative for success. With the rapid advancements in technology, businesses are constantly seeking innovative solutions to streamline operations, enhance productivity, and drive growth. One such groundbreaking technology that has revolutionized the way businesses operate is Artificial Intelligence (AI). In this comprehensive guide, we delve into the transformative power of AI and its profound impact on modern businesses. Understanding Artificial Intelligence Artificial Intelligence, often abbreviated as AI, refers to the simulation of human intelligence in machines programmed to mimic human-like cognitive functions such as learning, problem-solving, and decision-making. Unlike traditional computer programs, AI systems can analyze vast amounts of data, identify patterns, and make intelligent decisions autonomously, without explicit human intervention. The Role of AI in Business Operations In today's fiercely competitive business landscape, organizations are leveraging AI across various domains to drive efficiency, optimize processes, and gain a competitive edge. Here are some key areas where AI is making significant strides: 1. Predictive Analytics Predictive analytics powered by AI algorithms enables businesses to forecast future trends, customer behavior, and market dynamics with unprecedented accuracy. By analyzing historical data and identifying patterns, businesses can make informed decisions, mitigate risks, and seize opportunities proactively. 2. Personalized Marketing AI-driven marketing solutions enable businesses to deliver personalized experiences to their customers by analyzing vast amounts of data to understand individual preferences, behavior patterns, and purchase history. Through targeted marketing campaigns, businesses can enhance customer engagement, drive conversions, and foster brand loyalty. 3. Process Automation AI-powered automation tools streamline repetitive tasks, eliminate manual errors, and enhance operational efficiency across various business functions, including customer service, inventory management, and financial analysis. By automating routine tasks, businesses can free up human resources to focus on more strategic initiatives, driving productivity and innovation. 4. Customer Service AI-powered chatbots and virtual assistants are transforming the customer service landscape by providing real-time support and personalized assistance round the clock. By leveraging natural language processing (NLP) and machine learning algorithms, businesses can address customer inquiries promptly, resolve issues efficiently, and deliver superior customer experiences. 5. Risk Management AI-powered risk management solutions analyze vast datasets to identify potential risks, detect anomalies, and mitigate threats in real-time. By leveraging advanced predictive models and machine learning algorithms, businesses can enhance risk assessment, fraud detection, and compliance monitoring, thereby safeguarding their assets and reputation. Harnessing the Power of AI for Business Growth In today's digital age, embracing AI technologies is no longer a luxury but a strategic imperative for businesses looking to thrive in a rapidly evolving marketplace. By harnessing the power of AI, businesses can unlock new opportunities, drive innovation, and achieve sustainable growth. Whether it's optimizing operations, enhancing customer experiences, or gaining actionable insights, AI holds the key to unlocking the full potential of modern businesses. the adoption of Artificial Intelligence is reshaping the business landscape, offering unparalleled opportunities for innovation, growth, and competitive advantage. By harnessing the power of AI-driven technologies, businesses can unlock new efficiencies, drive meaningful insights, and stay ahead of the competition in today's fast-paced digital economy. Embrace AI, and embark on a transformative journey towards success in the modern business world.
General principles and requirements for the establishment of non-profit organizations establishment of non-profit organizations, requirements for the establishment of non-profit organizations, stages of establishing non-profit organizationsAbstract Formulation of the problem. One of the main constitutional rights of citizens in a democracy is the right of association, i.e. the right to freely create different organizations, to enter into them and out of them. Article 36 of the Constitution declares that every citizen has the right to freedom of association in the public organizations in order to exercise and to protect its rights and freedoms. However, this is not enough to ensure the existence of non-profit organizations that combine equal and independent citizens ofUkraine. In modern conditions of rapid civil law reforms, there are new and convenient forms of association of citizens for the purpose of exercising their rights, which are aimed at achieving social benefits. In our country, an effective mechanism needs to be realized for the rights and freedoms of citizens by establishing and guaranteeing activity of non-profit organizations and non-interference of the state in the activities of these organizations, with the exception of restrictions established by law in the interests of national security and public order, public health or the protection of the rights and freedoms of others. The relevance of the problem of the general principles and requirements for the establishment of non-profit organizations consists in setting up the optimal mechanism for implementing the citizens' right to freedom of association. This mechanism should be transparent and understandable to ordinary members of civil relations with the inception of non-profit organization and guarantee citizens the right to freedom of association. Analysis of the recent research materials and publications. Problems that occur during activity of non-profit organizations studied and continue to be studied by well-known civil law scientists such as V. Borisova, I. Kucherenko, I. Spasibo-Fateeva, M. Galyanticha, I. Zhyhalkina, V. Poddubny, V. Kochin, O. Bіlyaeva, N. Fіlatova, M. Mendzhul, and etc., which underlines the importance of scientific research. Despite the considerable interest of scientists on the activities of non- profit organizations, there are still many unsolved issues, such as a list of basic principles and requirements for the establishment of non-profit organizations. Purpose of the article – to analyze the process of establishing non-profit organizations and determining the requirements that apply at different stages of their establishment. Presenting the main material. The Civil Code of Ukraine, which contains general requirements for the establishment of legal persons of private law, unfortunately, does not set up the features of establishment of non-profit organizations, giving preference to specific legislation that regulates its individual types. Therefore, it is necessary to investigate the stages of establishing non-profit organizations inUkraine, indicating the particular requirements for each of them. As stipulated in the Civil Code, a legal entity of private law arises from the moment of state registration. However, this process may be preceded by the development and adoption of constituent documents, if necessary, special permissions should be obtained, i.e. two or three legal fact have to be performed. Considering features of a non-profit organizations legal status, it may be noted that the stages of creating a non-profit organization are the next: - defining the purpose of the organization activities; - empowering organization attributes of a legal entity of private law; - fixing the founders' will in the constituent documents; - registration of non-profit organization in the order provided for legal entities of private law in light of the individual characteristics of their types. Conclusions. The choice of a form of non-profit organization, as well as the nature of its activities may impose some peculiarities on the general procedure for its registration process. After receiving the documents, a non-profit organization is formally valid and can start its activities in accordance with the stated objectives. Therefore, a non-profit organization will acquire the rights and obligations, will have its own property, and will be liable to the full extent of its assets. Activities of non-profit organization is established as a perpetual via default, if the term is not limited by the founders in the documents of the organization. Konstytutsiia Ukrainy vid 28.06.1996. [Konstitution of Ukraine of 28.06.1996]. rada.gov.ua. Retrieved from http://zakon2.rada.gov.ua/laws/show/254k/96-vr [in Ukrainian]. Tsyvil'nyj kodeks Ukrainy vid 16.01.2003 № 435-IV. [Civil code of Ukraineof 16.01.2003 No 435-IV]. rada.gov.ua. Retrieved from http://zakon4.rada.gov.ua/laws/show/435-15 [in Ukrainian]. Spasybo-Fatieieva, I.V. (Eds.). (2013). Pravove rehuliuvannia nekomertsijnykh orhanizatsij v Ukraini. [Legal regulation of nonprofit organizations in Ukraine]. Kharkiv: Pravo [in Ukrainian]. Borysova, V. (2002). Do problem stvorennia iurydychnykh osib [The problems of creating legal entities]. Visnyk Akademii pravovykh nauk Ukrainy, 2 (29), 79–88 [in Ukrainian]. Kucherenko, I.M. (2004). Orhanizatsijno-pravovi formy iurydychnykh osib pryvatnoho prava. [The organizational forms of legal persons of private law]. Kyiv: Instytut derzhavy i prava im. V. M. Korets'koho NAN Ukrainy [in Ukrainian]. Pro derzhavnu reiestratsiiu iurydychnykh osib ta fizychnykh osib-pidpryiemtsiv: Zakon Ukrainy vid 15.05.2003 № 755-IV. [On state registration of legal entities and individual entrepreneurs: the law of Ukraine of 15.05.2003 No 755-IV]. rada.gov.ua. Retrieved from http://zakon4.rada.gov.ua/laws/show/755-15 [in Ukrainian]. Pro svobodu sovisti ta relihijni orhanizatsii: Zakon Ukrainy vid 23.04.1991 № 987-XII. [On Freedom of Conscience and Religious Organizations: the law of Ukraine of 23.04.1991 No 987-XII]. rada.gov.ua. Retrieved from http://zakon4.rada.gov.ua/laws/show/987-12 [in Ukrainian]. Pro profesijni spilky, ikh prava ta harantii diial'nosti: Zakon Ukrainy vid 15.09.1999 № 1045-XIV. [On trade unions, their rights and guarantees of their activities: the law of Ukraine of 15.09.1999 No 1045-XIV]. rada.gov.ua. Retrieved from http://zakon4.rada.gov.ua/laws/show/1045-14 [in Ukrainian]. Sprava «Korets'kyj ta inshi proty Ukrainy». Zaiava № 40269/02 Rishennia vid 03.04.2008. [The case "Koretsky against Ukraine" Application No 40269/02. Resolution of 03.04.2008]. rada.gov.ua. Retrieved from http://zakon4.rada.gov.ua/laws/show/974_446 [in Ukrainian]. Pro hromads'ki ob'iednannia: Zakon Ukrainy vid 22.03.2012 № 4572-VI. [On non-profit organization: the law of Ukraine of 22.03.2012 No 4572-VI]. rada.gov.ua. Retrieved from http://zakon4.rada.gov.ua/laws/show/4572-17 [in Ukrainian]. How to Cite Copyright (c) 2016 Theory and practice of jurisprudence This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
Graduation ceremonies are a momentous occasion in every student's life. It is a time to celebrate the years of hard work and dedication that have led to this important milestone. One of the most iconic symbols of graduation is the academic regalia, which typically includes a cap, gown, and hood. While the cap and gown are fairly standard in design and color, the hood is where students have the opportunity to showcase their individuality and academic achievements. The colors of the graduation hood are significant as they represent the student's academic discipline and degree level. Each color corresponds to a specific field of study, allowing students to proudly display their area of expertise. One of the key purposes of the graduation hood colors is to provide comfort and identity to the wearer. By wearing the hood in their designated color, students can easily identify others in their field of study and create a sense of camaraderie among their peers. It also allows family and friends to recognize and celebrate the student's academic accomplishments. The graduation hood colors are not just for aesthetic purposes, but also have historical significance. The tradition of using specific colors to denote academic disciplines dates back to the Middle Ages when universities first began to award degrees. The colors were chosen based on the colors of the robes worn by monks and scholars during that time period. In addition to providing comfort and identity, the graduation hood colors also serve as a form of recognition and honor. Students work hard to earn their degrees and the colors of the hood symbolize their dedication and achievements in their chosen field of study. It is a way for students to proudly display their accomplishments and showcase their expertise to the world. Overall, the graduation hood colors play a significant role in the graduation ceremony. They not only provide comfort and identity to the wearer, but also serve as a symbol of academic achievement and recognition. Whether it's a vibrant red for business, a regal purple for law, or a bright green for medicine, the graduation hood colors allow students to proudly display their academic discipline and celebrate their accomplishments with their peers. View details View details View details View details
Have you ever wondered if vibrators can be used in concrete construction? Vibrators are commonly associated with pleasure and relaxation, but they also play a crucial role in certain industries, including concrete construction. In this article, we will explore the fascinating world of concrete construction and how vibrators are used to enhance the quality and durability of concrete structures. Yes, vibrators can definitely be used in concrete construction. Vibrators are an essential tool in the construction industry, specifically for the compaction of concrete. They help in achieving better concrete consolidation, improving the strength and durability of the concrete structure. In this article, we will explore the different types of vibrators, their purpose in construction, the working principle behind them, factors to consider when using vibrators, the proper procedure for using them, advantages of their usage, as well as the challenges and limitations associated with their use. We will also discuss industry standards and guidelines for vibrator usage and the future trends and innovations in vibrator technology. What are Vibrators? Definition of Vibrators Vibrators, in the context of concrete construction, are mechanical devices used to consolidate and compact concrete. They generate vibrations that help in removing air voids and improving the overall quality of the concrete. Vibrators are available in various types and sizes, each designed for specific applications in construction. Types of Vibrators There are different types of vibrators used in concrete construction: - Internal Vibrators (Immersion or Needle Vibrators): These vibrators are immersed into the concrete mix and are used for consolidating and compacting the concrete in a localized area. - External Vibrators: Also known as surface vibrators, these vibrators are placed on the surface of the concrete and are used for consolidating and compacting large areas of concrete. - Surface Vibrators: These vibrators are used to vibrate the surface of the concrete for improving its finish and reducing air voids. - Formwork Vibrators: Formwork vibrators are specifically designed to be attached to formwork structures, helping in the compaction of concrete in formwork. Importance of Vibrators in Concrete Construction Compaction of Concrete One of the primary purposes of using vibrators in concrete construction is to achieve proper compaction. Vibrators help in eliminating air pockets and voids within the concrete, ensuring that the mixture is densely packed. This, in turn, improves the overall strength and durability of the concrete structure. Increasing Concrete Strength Proper compaction through the use of vibrators leads to increased concrete strength. When the concrete mixture is vibrated, the particles get closer together, reducing the chances of porosity. This leads to a denser and more robust concrete structure, capable of withstanding heavy loads and environmental stresses. Enhancing Concrete Durability In addition to increasing concrete strength, vibrators also enhance the durability of the structure. By removing air voids, the permeability of the concrete is reduced, reducing the risk of water penetration and subsequent deterioration. This ensures that the concrete remains intact and structurally sound for a longer period of time. Eliminating Air Pockets Air pockets or voids in concrete can greatly weaken the structure and compromise its integrity. Vibrators help in eliminating these air pockets by causing the concrete mixture to flow and settle evenly, thus producing a more homogeneous and solid material. Reducing Honeycombing Honeycombing refers to the presence of rough, uneven surfaces in concrete that result from inadequate compaction. Vibrators play a crucial role in reducing honeycombing by ensuring proper consolidation and compaction of the concrete. This results in a smoother and more visually appealing surface finish. Types of Vibrators Used in Concrete Construction Internal Vibrators (Immersion or Needle Vibrators) Internal vibrators, also known as immersion or needle vibrators, are the most commonly used type of vibrator in concrete construction. These vibrators are inserted into the concrete mixture and are capable of achieving deep compaction. They are especially effective in consolidating concrete in tight spaces or around reinforcement. External Vibrators External vibrators, as the name suggests, are placed on the surface of the concrete and are used for consolidating large areas of concrete. They are particularly useful for consolidating thin slabs, column formwork, and precast elements. External vibrators provide a more uniform distribution of vibration throughout the concrete mass. Surface Vibrators Surface vibrators are designed specifically for vibrating the surface of concrete. They are used to achieve a smooth finish and reduce the presence of air voids near the surface. Surface vibrators are commonly used in applications such as road pavements, floors, and footpaths. Formwork Vibrators Formwork vibrators are attached to formwork structures and are used to vibrate the concrete during pouring. They ensure proper consolidation of the concrete against the formwork, resulting in good concrete-to-form bond and improved surface quality. Formwork vibrators are crucial for achieving high-quality concrete finishes. Working Principle of Vibrators Vibration Generation Mechanism Vibrators work on the principle of generating vibrations that are transmitted to the concrete. They usually consist of an electric motor or a pneumatic power source coupled with an eccentric weight. As the motor rotates or the air pressure fluctuates, the eccentric weight generates centrifugal force, causing the whole vibrator to vibrate. Transmission of Vibration to Concrete The vibrations generated by the vibrator are transmitted to the concrete through the shaft or head of the vibrator. For internal vibrators, the vibrator head is immersed directly into the concrete mixture. For external and surface vibrators, the vibrations are transmitted through the surface of the concrete. The vibrations cause the concrete to flow and settle, eliminating air voids and improving compaction. Effect on Concrete Mixture The vibrations produced by the vibrators affect the behavior of the concrete mixture in several ways. Firstly, the vibrations help in reducing the friction between the concrete particles, allowing them to move more freely and settle into a more compact arrangement. Secondly, the vibrations promote the release of entrapped air bubbles, reducing the overall porosity of the concrete and increasing its density. Finally, the vibrations also help in leveling the concrete surface, resulting in a smoother and more uniform finish. Factors to Consider When Using Vibrators Concrete Mixture Design The design of the concrete mixture is an important factor when considering the use of vibrators. The workability and viscosity of the concrete should be suitable for effective vibration. The mixture should not be too dry or too wet, as this can hinder proper compaction. The aggregate size and grading also play a role in determining the effectiveness of the vibrators. Consistency of Concrete The consistency of the concrete, commonly referred to as slump, is another critical factor to consider. The slump should be appropriate for the specific application and should allow for effective vibration. A slump that is too low may result in inadequate compaction, while a slump that is too high may lead to segregation and poor quality concrete. Cohesion and Workability of Concrete The cohesion and workability of the concrete are crucial for achieving proper compaction. The concrete should have sufficient cohesion to allow for the proper transmission of vibration throughout the mixture. It should also have the right level of workability, ensuring that it flows easily and fills all the formwork or voids. Size and Shape of Reinforcement The size and shape of the reinforcement play a significant role in determining the type and placement of vibrators. Reinforcement should be considered while choosing the type and size of the vibrator to ensure that the desired compaction is achieved around the reinforcement. Additionally, the presence of reinforcement may necessitate the use of specialized vibrators, such as needle vibrators, to reach the desired areas. Formwork Design The design of the formwork is important when considering vibrator usage. The formwork should be properly constructed and adequately supported to withstand the vibrations produced by the vibrator. The positioning of the vibrators should be planned in advance, ensuring that all areas of the concrete are adequately compacted and that there are no obstructions preventing proper vibration. Location and Accessibility The location and accessibility of the concrete structure also play a role in vibrator usage. If the structure is in a difficult-to-reach location, it may require the use of flexible shafts or remote-controlled vibrators for effective compaction. The accessibility of power sources or air supply for pneumatic vibrators should also be taken into consideration. Proper Procedure for Using Vibrators in Concrete Construction Preparation before Vibrating Before using vibrators, certain preparations should be made. The formwork should be properly installed and securely fastened to prevent movement or displacement during vibration. Any debris, dirt, or excess water should be removed from the formwork and the surrounding area. It is also important to have a clear plan for vibrator placement and movement to ensure proper compaction. Appropriate Placement of Vibrators The placement of vibrators is crucial for achieving effective compaction. Vibrators should be inserted vertically into the concrete at predetermined intervals to ensure that the entire concrete mass is vibrated uniformly. The spacing between vibrator insertions may vary depending on the type of vibrator and the size of the concrete pour. Duration and Frequency of Vibration The duration and frequency of vibration depend on various factors, including the type of vibrator, the slump of the concrete, and the size of the pour. Generally, the vibrator should be inserted into the concrete for a specific duration at each insertion point. The frequency of vibration should be adjusted to ensure proper compaction without causing segregation or excessive bleeding of the concrete. Monitoring and Adjusting Vibrator Placement During the vibration process, it is important to monitor the concrete to ensure that proper compaction is being achieved. If air bubbles or voids are visible, adjustments may need to be made to the placement or duration of vibration. It may be necessary to reposition the vibrator or extend the duration of vibration in specific areas to ensure uniform compaction. Safety Measures When using vibrators, it is important to prioritize safety. Operators should wear appropriate personal protective equipment, including gloves, goggles, and ear protection. Vibrators should be carefully handled and operated according to the manufacturer's instructions. Power sources should be properly grounded, and all safety precautions should be followed to prevent accidents or injuries. Advantages of Using Vibrators in Concrete Construction Improved Concrete Compaction The use of vibrators in concrete construction leads to improved compaction and consolidation. This results in a concrete structure that is more dense, uniform, and free of air voids. The improved compaction ensures that the concrete is capable of withstanding heavy loads and provides long-term durability. Enhanced Bonding Strength Proper compaction through the use of vibrators improves the bonding between the concrete and any embedded reinforcement or formwork. This enhances the overall strength and stability of the structure. The increased bonding strength ensures that the concrete remains structurally secure and prevents the development of cracks or separations. Elimination of Voids Vibrators are highly effective in eliminating air pockets and voids within the concrete. Air voids not only reduce the strength of the concrete but also increase its permeability, making it more susceptible to water damage and deterioration. By removing these voids, vibrators contribute to the production of a more durable and long-lasting concrete structure. Higher Quality Concrete Surfaces The use of vibrators also improves the quality and finish of concrete surfaces. By reducing the presence of air pockets and honeycombing, vibrators help in achieving a smoother and more visually appealing surface finish. This is particularly important for architectural or decorative concrete elements where aesthetics are a key consideration. Reduced Shrinkage and Cracking Proper compaction through the use of vibrators can significantly reduce shrinkage and cracking in concrete. Vibrators help in achieving a more uniform distribution of the concrete mixture, eliminating potential weak points that are prone to shrinkage and cracking. This results in a more structurally stable and durable concrete structure over time. Challenges and Limitations of Vibrators in Concrete Construction Effectiveness with Different Concrete Mixes The effectiveness of vibrators may vary depending on the specific characteristics of the concrete mix. Different mix designs have different workability and viscosity, which can affect the ability of the vibrator to achieve proper compaction. It is important to consider the specific requirements of the mix design and choose the appropriate type and size of vibrator accordingly. Vibration Damage to Formwork The vibrations generated by the vibrator can potentially cause damage to the formwork if not properly controlled. Excessive vibration can lead to formwork movement or displacement, resulting in misalignment or poor surface finishes. Proper formwork design and reinforcement are necessary to withstand the vibrations and prevent any damage to the formwork. Potential Noise and Vibration Hazards The use of vibrators in concrete construction can create noise and vibrations that may pose hazards to workers and surrounding areas. Prolonged exposure to high levels of noise can result in hearing damage, while excessive vibrations can cause hand-arm vibration syndrome (HAVS). Proper safety precautions, such as wearing protective equipment and limiting exposure time, should be implemented to mitigate these risks. Training and Skill Requirements The effective use of vibrators in concrete construction requires proper training and skill. Operators should be trained in the correct use and handling of the vibrators to achieve optimal results. They should be knowledgeable about the type of vibrator suitable for specific applications, the duration and frequency of vibration, and the monitoring of compaction. Proper training and ongoing skill development are essential for maximizing the benefits of vibrator usage. Equipment Cost and Maintenance Vibrators can be a significant investment for construction projects. The cost of purchasing or renting vibrators, as well as the associated equipment such as flexible shafts or remote control systems, should be considered. Additionally, regular maintenance and servicing of the vibrators are necessary to ensure their continued performance and longevity. Proper storage and cleaning should also be practiced to prevent any damage or degradation of the equipment. Industry Standards and Guidelines for Vibrator Usage ASTM Standards The ASTM International has developed standards that provide guidelines for the use of vibrators in concrete construction. ASTM C31/C31M-20, for example, focuses on the making and curing of concrete test specimens and provides recommendations on the use of vibrators for consolidation and compaction. ACI Guidelines The American Concrete Institute (ACI) also provides guidelines for vibrator usage in concrete construction. ACI 309R-05, "Guide for Consolidation of Concrete," offers recommendations on the selection, use, and maintenance of vibrators to achieve proper compaction. Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) Regulations The Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) sets regulations and standards related to the safe use of vibrators and equipment in construction. Employers are responsible for ensuring compliance with OSHA guidelines, which include providing appropriate personal protective equipment, implementing safety training programs, and conducting regular inspections to identify and mitigate potential hazards. Future Trends and Innovations in Vibrator Technology Smart Vibrators with Sensors The future of vibrator technology lies in the development of "smart" vibrators equipped with sensors. These sensors can provide real-time information about the compaction level, concrete density, and other important parameters. This data can be used to optimize the vibration process, ensuring consistent and uniform compaction throughout the concrete. Wireless Control Systems Wireless control systems are also being developed for vibrators, allowing operators to remotely control and monitor multiple vibrators simultaneously. This enhances efficiency and reduces the physical strain on operators, particularly in large-scale construction projects. Sustainable and Environmentally Friendly Vibrators Sustainability is a growing concern in the construction industry, and vibrator technology is also moving towards more environmentally friendly solutions. Vibrators with reduced energy consumption and lower noise levels are being developed to minimize their impact on the environment and provide a more sustainable alternative. Improved Ergonomics and User-Friendliness Future vibrators are expected to focus on improved ergonomics and user-friendliness. Lighter and more compact designs, coupled with user-friendly interfaces, will make vibrators easier to handle and operate. These advancements will enhance the overall productivity and efficiency of the construction process. In conclusion, vibrators play a vital role in concrete construction by ensuring proper compaction, improving concrete strength and durability, eliminating air pockets, and reducing honeycombing. The different types of vibrators, such as internal, external, surface, and formwork vibrators, provide versatility in achieving specific compaction requirements. Factors such as concrete mixture design, consistency, cohesion, reinforcement, formwork, and accessibility need to be considered when using vibrators. Adhering to a proper procedure, including preparation, appropriate placement, duration, monitoring, and safety measures, ensures effective vibrator usage. Vibrators offer advantages such as improved compaction, enhanced bonding strength, void elimination, higher quality surfaces, and reduced shrinkage. However, challenges and limitations, such as varying effectiveness, potential formwork damage, noise and vibration hazards, skill requirements, and equipment cost and maintenance need to be acknowledged. Following industry standards and guidelines, including ASTM and ACI recommendations, as well as complying with OSHA regulations, ensures safe vibrator usage. Future trends in vibrator technology focus on smart sensors, wireless control systems, sustainability, and improved ergonomics, aiming to enhance efficiency and user experience in concrete construction. Overall, vibrators are indispensable tools in achieving high-quality concrete structures in the construction industry.
Ielts GT Writing Task 2 Sample 54 Compare the benefits and drawbacks of traditional banking services versus online banking. In your opinion, which mode of banking is more convenient and secure, and what are the implications for individuals and society as a whole? The comparison between traditional banking services and online banking unveils differing approaches to financial transactions and services. This essay will examine the benefits and drawbacks of each mode of banking, followed by an analysis of their convenience, security, and implications for individuals and society. While traditional banking offers personalized service and physical branches, online banking provides convenience and accessibility. However, online banking raises concerns about security and digital literacy. Ultimately, the choice between traditional banking and online banking depends on individual preferences and needs, with implications for financial access and technological advancement. This essay will first discuss the benefits and drawbacks of traditional banking services, highlighting personalized service and physical presence. Subsequently, it will explore the advantages and disadvantages of online banking, emphasizing convenience and security concerns. Finally, it will analyze the implications of choosing between traditional and online banking for individuals' financial access and society's technological advancement. Traditional banking services offer personalized assistance and face-to-face interactions, which some individuals find reassuring. Having physical branches allows customers to access services such as cash deposits, withdrawals, and in-person consultations. However, the reliance on physical branches may limit accessibility for individuals in remote areas or with mobility issues. Additionally, traditional banking hours may not accommodate the schedules of working individuals, leading to inconvenience. In contrast, online banking provides convenience and accessibility, allowing customers to conduct transactions and manage accounts from anywhere with internet access. Online banking platforms offer features such as 24/7 account access, mobile banking apps, and online bill payments, streamlining financial management processes. However, concerns about security, including cyber threats such as phishing scams and data breaches, remain prevalent. Moreover, digital literacy and access to technology may pose barriers for some individuals, particularly older adults or those with limited internet access. In conclusion, both traditional banking services and online banking offer unique benefits and drawbacks. While traditional banking provides personalized service and physical presence, online banking offers convenience and accessibility. The choice between the two modes of banking depends on individual preferences and needs. However, as society increasingly adopts digital technologies, online banking is likely to become more prevalent, highlighting the importance of addressing security concerns and promoting digital literacy for all individuals. Note: This is a sample answer, and there can be many other views and sentences used to write the answer.
The macroeconomic situation in the countries of the Eurasian Economic Union has improved by the end of 2023. This is stated in the results of monitoring conducted by the Eurasian Economic Commission on a regular basis. It is noted that macroeconomic indicators include the levels of inflation, debt and deficit of the consolidated budget of the public administration sector. "For the EEU economies, it is necessary to take into account the desire for economic development at a pace that is ahead of not only global, but also the countries of Southeast Asia," stressed the Minister for Integration and Macroeconomics of the EEC Sergey Glazyev. According to him, they are currently the main sources of economic growth in the world. The meeting participants also considered conceptual approaches to the implementation of mechanisms and programs of conditional targeted financing for the development of catching-up economies of the regions of the Union states. As Glazyev noted, the development of approaches to the development of catching-up economies of the regions is an important element of the integrated development of the economies of the Union countries. At the same time, the issues of forming a development budget in the EEU, finding sources of financing and enhancing the participation of development institutions to achieve these goals remain relevant. "One of the successful examples of joint work in this area in the EEU is the creation, with the support of the Commission, of a Consortium of Development Institutions, which includes development institutions from Armenia, Kyrgyzstan and Russia," Sergey Glazyev said. source: https://tj.sputniknews.ru/20240429/eaeu-makroekonomika-pokazateli-1062670188.html
Moving the mouse cursor over the top of the page will display the menu bar. One of the most powerful and effective sources of learning for music students is the other students: learning from and with each other. Peer learning occurs in every conservatoire but usually informally. The aim of the design of the learning pods was to enhance motivation: specifically autonomy (students formulate their own goals and strategies), competence (learning outcomes facilitated by structured framework, creative methods and reflective documentation) and relatedness (it is done by and for groups of students who share their outcomes with other groups). In this research two semi-structured learning groups (pods) were formed that were steered and assessed by the students themselves. One pod focused on performance preparation and the other on creative collaboration. Students were coached on how to formulate goals and give and receive feedback in a respectful way and were required to document their process. Data was collected through questionnaires, logbooks, workshop session video recordings, as well as performance video recordings (in the case of the creative pod). Results found that both pods had a positive effect on motivation (autonomy, competence and relatedness) and confidence. This page contains media that is intended to start playback automatically on opening. This may include sound. Your browser is blocking automated playback. Please click here to start media.
Home > Terms > English (EN) > Titanic remains Titanic remains Remains of human victims, their boots and clothing partially buried in the mud at the Titanic site two-and-a-half miles below the ocean's surface, where the wreckage of the legendary ocean liner lies. The remains were identified by the undersea photos taken in 2004 and newly released by the Institute for Exploration, Center for Archaeological Oceanography, in observance of the 100th anniversary of the ship's sinking. The scientist, who was responsible for mapping the shipwreck during a 2010 expedition sponsored by NOAA, rereleased the images in their full form (they were originally published to show only one boot) to serve as a reminder that the site is an underwater resting place that needs to be protected and respected. A U.S. bill introduced by Sen. John Kerry would amend the Titanic Maritime Memorial Act of 1986 to protect the wreck from salvage and intrusive research. But since the ocean liner sank in international waters after hitting an iceberg on April 14, 1912, there are limits to what the U.S. or any one country can do. - Part of Speech: noun - Synonym(s): - Blossary: - Industry/Domain: Archaeology - Category: Artifacts - Company: - Product: - Acronym-Abbreviation: Other Languages: Member comments Terms in the News Billy Morgan Sports; Snowboarding The British snowboarder Billy Morgan has landed the sport's first ever 1800 quadruple cork. The rider, who represented Great Britain in the 2014 Winter Olympics in Sochi, was in Livigno, Italy, when he achieved the man-oeuvre. It involves flipping four times, while body also spins with five complete rotations on a sideways or downward-facing axis. The trick ... Marzieh Afkham Broadcasting & receiving; News Marzieh Afkham, who is the country's first foreign ministry spokeswoman, will head a mission in east Asia, the state news agency reported. It is not clear to which country she will be posted as her appointment has yet to be announced officially. Afkham will only be the second female ambassador Iran has had. Under the last shah's rule, Mehrangiz Dolatshahi, a ... Weekly Packet Language; Online services; Slang; Internet Weekly Packet or "Paquete Semanal" as it is known in Cuba is a term used by Cubans to describe the information that is gathered from the internet outside of Cuba and saved onto hard drives to be transported into Cuba itself. Weekly Packets are then sold to Cuban's without internet access, allowing them to obtain information just days - and sometimes hours - after it ... Asian Infrastructure Investment Bank (AIIB) Banking; Investment banking The Asian Infrastructure Investment Bank (AIIB) is an international financial institution established to address the need in Asia for infrastructure development. According to the Asian Development Bank, Asia needs $800 billion each year for roads, ports, power plants or other infrastructure projects before 2020. Originally proposed by China in 2013, a signing ... Online services; Internet Spartan is the codename given to the new Microsoft Windows 10 browser that will replace Microsoft Windows Internet Explorer. The new browser will be built from the ground up and disregard any code from the IE platform. It has a new rendering engine that is built to be compatible with how the web is written today. The name Spartan is named after the ... Featured Terms tiger shark The tiger shark (Galeocerdo cuvier) is a species of shark which live in many tropical and temperate deep waters. They have dark stripes along the top ... Featured blossaries Venezuelan Rum With Designation Of Origin Browers Terms By Category - Home theatre system(386) - Television(289) - Amplifier(190) - Digital camera(164) - Digital photo frame(27) - Radio(7) Consumer electronics(1079) Terms - News(147) - Radio & TV broadcasting equipment(126) - TV equipment(9) - Set top box(6) - Radios & accessories(5) - TV antenna(1) Broadcasting & receiving(296) Terms - Lumber(635) - Concrete(329) - Stone(231) - Wood flooring(155) - Tiles(153) - Bricks(40) Building materials(1584) Terms - General astrology(655) - Zodiac(168) - Natal astrology(27)
Transcript available below. Tag: swordfish Fog Horn (A Call to Action) - One week left! The OpenCTD and Oceanography for Everyone has been selected as a finalist in National Geographic's Chasing Genius Challenge! Please help me win the People's Choice award by voting for the OpenCTD. Visit http://www.natgeochasinggenius.com/video/776, create or sign into your Chasing Genius account, and click the yellow star to vote on my video. You can vote once per day until September 15. - "Everyone is homeless. We can't help each other because everyone needs help." Ayana Johnson is working to raise funds (and the Waitt Foundation is matching donations, to help the people of Barbuda, where almost every structure on the island was leveled. Flotsam (what we're obsessed with right now) - Yes, I would like to pet a giant isopod, thank you. - We have a new expedition planned to the Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands. Join us: Marine Ecology and Underwater Robotics in the Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands. - The Manatee Sheriff sends Manatee officers to rescue stranded manatees in Manatee County. The 90's were a big decade for the environmental movement. The media landscape was filled with environmentally-themed programming. Major laws in the US and internationally were passed to protect the planet. Formative events galvanized, diversified, and sometimes radicalized the conservation community. And, like many other of our generation, we came of age right in the middle of it. Here are 25 signs that your laid the foundation for your environmental ethic squarely in the 1990's. Happy Holidays from Southern Fried Science. 1. Captain Planet taught us that "The Power is Yours!" You knew this would be on the list, so let's get it out of the way. Moving on. Read More "25 signs that you were a conservation child of the 90's" » A press release circulating on Twitter, which claims that a "deadly expansion" of a California fishery will negatively affect critically endangered leatherback sea turtles, has been making waves in the marine conservation and fisheries communities, inspiring a series of interesting discussions. Is it better to buy US-caught seafood with some bycatch than foreign-caught seafood from fleets with less strict environmental regulations? Is the current "Pacific leatherback conservation area", a large region of the ocean where no fishing is allowed, too much of a restriction on U.S. fisheries? Can there be a balance between fisheries and conservation? I invited Jonathan Gonzalez, a California graphic designer with a strong interest in marine conservation issues, to write a guest post about the swordfish fishery in question. You can follow him on Twitter here, and he's happy to answer your questions about this issue in the comments section of this post. In addition to his graphic design work, Jonathan has served as the assistant director of the Santa Barbara Marine Mammal center, and has worked with the California Shark Coalition to gather support from fishermen for the state's recent ban on shark fins. by Jonathan Gonzalez Fisheries are complicated and often misunderstood. We often see conflicting information about what fish we should or should not eat and we see general statements about certain gear types that over simplify an extremely complex issue. But don't be discouraged, learning about fisheries can be very fun and can lead to eating seafood with confidence, free of any guilt or confusion. One particular fishery I want to talk about that is not only complicated, but in my opinion it is California's most misunderstood fishery. I'm talking about the drift gillnet (DGN) fishery for swordfish and common thresher sharks (CTS). Swordfish, CTS and mako sharks caught in Hawaiian set longlines are also landed in California, but I am not going to talk about that here. I am going to focus on the DGN fishery because this fishery has been in the headlines a bit lately because of recent motions that were voted on at a Pacific Fisheries Management Council (PFMC) meeting. Here is a press release you may have seen that in my opinion is full of factual errors and a few downright slanderous statements. I'm not going to point them all out and I'm not going to try to tell you what to do. Instead I am going to give you some background about the fishery and provide you with information that will hopefully help you to make an informed decision for yourself. Read More "Good intentions and negative transfer effects: The California swordfish fishery" » In a world where greenwashing, overfishing, bycatch and pirate fishing run rampant, it can be difficult for eco-conscious consumers to know what to buy. Many eco-certification agencies exist, but they often offer conflicting advice. Who should you listen to? Read More "MSC considering granting sustainable status to a fishery with high shark bycatch" »
FAQ About Dog Breeds What is the best dog breed for people with intellectual disabilities? There isn't a single "best" dog breed for people with intellectual disabilities as it depends on a variety of factors such as the individual's needs, lifestyle, and living situation. However, some dog breeds that are often recommended for therapy and emotional support for people with intellectual disabilities include Golden Retrievers, Labradors, Poodles, and Cavalier King Charles Spaniels. These breeds are typically friendly, patient, and easy to train, which can be beneficial for individuals with intellectual disabilities who may need a gentle and loving companion. However, it's important to note that each individual has unique needs, and it's best to work with a professional to determine the best breed and training plan for their specific situation.
- Review - Open access - Published: Emerging functions and clinical applications of exosomes in human oral diseases Cell & Bioscience volume 10, Article number: 68 (2020) Exosomes are cell-derived membranous vesicles of endosomal origin secreted by all type of cells and present in various body fluids. Exosomes are enriched in peptides, lipids, and nucleic acids, emerging as vital modulators in intercellular communication. Exosomes are increasingly being evaluated as biomarkers for diagnosis and prognosis of diseases, because the constituents of exosomes could be reprogrammed depending on the states of diseases. These features also make exosomes a research hotspot in oral diseases in recent years. In this review, we outlined the characteristics of exosomes, focused on the differential expressions and altered biological functions of exosomes in oral diseases, including oral squamous cell carcinoma, oral leukoplakia, periodontitis, primary Sjögren's syndrome, oral lichen planus, as well as hand foot and mouth disease. Besides, accumulated evidence documents that it is implementable to consider the natural nanostructured exosomes as a new strategy for disease treatment. Herein, we highlighted the therapeutic potential of exosomes in oral tissue regeneration, oncotherapy, wound healing, and their superiority as therapeutic drug delivery vehicles. It has been more than 30 years since exosomes were first described as small vesicles which were generated during the process of reticulocyte maturation and mediated the selective externalization and removal of transferrin receptor from the erythrocyte [1]. Exosomes have a characteristic lipid bilayer with an average thickness of about 5 nm and a cup-shaped morphology, appearing as flattened spheres with diameters ranging from 30 to 150 nm [2] (Fig. 1a). Exosomes are derived from almost all types of cells and present in various biological fluids, such as plasma, serum, saliva, urine and human milk [1, 3,4,5]. In recent years, exosomes represent a new signaling paradigm to mediate intercellular communication because of their capacity to exchange components, including proteins, nucleic acids, and lipids [6, 7] (Fig. 1b). The critical involvement of exosomes in different types of diseases may clarify the potential mechanisms of pathological processes. At present, tumor-derived exosomes are of most interest, because of their promotion in tumor proliferation, migration and invasion ability, and their contribution to immune suppression in tumor microenvironment [8, 9]. In addition, exosomes are reported to play a role in regulating inflammatory and immune diseases, such as rheumatoid arthritis, Sjogren's syndrome and systemic lupus erythematosus [10]. It was reported that TNF-α+ exosomes promoted the T cell mediated pathogenesis of rheumatoid arthritis by inhibiting T cell-activation induced death [11]. Meanwhile, other studies focus on the potentially clinical applications of exosomes in tissue regeneration, targeted therapy, artificial exosome mimetics, or as biomarkers [12, 13]. For example, the combination of exosomes from human adipose stem cells and polydopamine-coating PLGA scaffold successfully accelerated the restoration of critical-sized mouse calvarial defects [14]. Zheng et al. found that proteasome subunit alpha type 7 (PSMA7) was remarkably higher in patients with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) than healthy controls, which indicated that exosomal PSMA7 may be a biomarker for IBD diagnosis, therefore releasing patients from the pain of colonoscopy [15]. Recent studies have revealed the multifaceted roles of exosomes in oral diseases. Oral cancer-derived exosomes exacerbated the malignancy of cancers [16,17,18,19]. Li et al. proved the hypoxic oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) cells secreted miR-21-rich exosomes in a HIF-dependent manner [20]. Increased exosomal miR-21 markedly enhanced the expression of snail and vimentin, but decreased E-cadherin level in OSCC cells, which ultimately contributed to the migration and invasion of OSCC cells [20]. Exosomes were also a kind of message transmitter that transmitted signals between tumor cells and other type cells. Exosomal miR-29a-3p from OSCC cells promoted M2-type macrophages polarization, and such macrophages enhanced the proliferation and migration of OSCC cells [21]. The ubiquitous existence of exosomes in human body fluids makes exosomal composition promising biomarkers for real-time monitoring in clinical application. In our previous work, circulating exosomal miRNAs were identified differentially expressed in oral lichen planus (OLP) patients. Especially, the increased expression of circulating exosomal miR-34a-5p in OLP was positively correlated with the disease severity [22]. Of importance, in regenerative medicine, exosomes derived from oral mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) were able to regenerate oral tissues such as dental pulp and periodontal tissues [23,24,25,26]. Based on the current knowledge, we describe the mechanisms of exosomes formation and signal transmission, and summarize the latest studies on the roles of exosomes in different oral diseases. Moreover, we emphasize the potentially clinical applications of exosomes on oral tissue regeneration, oncotherapy, wound healing, and as therapeutic drug vehicles for oral diseases. Characterization of exosomes Exosomes originate from an endocytic compartment. Originally, early endosome is formed by inward budding of plasma membrane. During maturation of early endosome, the inward budding of limited areas of the endosomal membrane to form intraluminal vesicles (ILVs) produces multivesicular bodies (MVBs), also known as late endosomes [27]. During the inwarding process of ILVs, many cytoplasmic components are encapsulated. Two fates have been identified for MVBs: some of them deliver to lysosomes or autophasome for degradation, while others fuse with the plasma membrane. In the former process, MVBs directly fuse with lysosomes to form autolysosome or fuse with autophasosome to form amphisome, where endocytosed cargos are degraded; while, in the latter process, MVBs fuse with plasma membrane inducing exosome secretion [28, 29]. It is usually considered that exosome secretion requires formation of an endosomal sorting complex required for transport (ESCRT) machinery [22]. Evidence demonstrated that exosomes were closely associated with cell proliferation, apoptosis, antigen presentation, immune regulation, tissue regeneration and tumor initiation [30,31,32]. How exosomes transmit the signals into incorporating cells is still an unresolved question, but three potential mechanisms have been demonstrated (Fig. 2): (1) exosomes are endocytosed/internalized and then fuse with the endosomal limiting membrane of recipient cells; (2) exosomal membranes directly fuse with the plasma membrane of recipient cell; (3) exosomes attach to recipient cell surface by receptor-ligand interaction [33, 34]. After reception, it is the diverse biological composition within the exosomes, including proteins, lipids and nucleic acid that functions in exosomes mediate intercellular signaling transmission, which play key roles in maintaining homeostasis and regulating the physiopathological processes [35, 36]. Exosomes in oral diseases Exosomes in oral squamous cell carcinoma Oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) is the most common epithelial cancer of the head and neck [37, 38]. OSCC is highly malignant and prone to local invasion and cervical lymph node metastasis, causing facial deformity, speech and esthetic disorders and leading to low survival rate and poor quality of life [38]. Proteins in OSCC cell-derived exosomes Exosomal proteins can promote tumor development in both paracrine and autocrine ways. Exosomes containing EGFR from OSCC cells were capable of transforming normal epithelial cells into a mesenchymal phenotype in a paracrine fashion [17]. Hou et al. found that exosomes from salivary adenoid cystic carcinoma cell line SACC-83 enhanced the migration and invasion ability of the parental SACC-83 by targeting cell junction-associated proteins, including claudin-1, ZO-1, and β-catenin [16, 39]. The protein composition in OSCC cell-derived exosomes (OSCC-Exos) could be changed significantly after ionizing radiation [40, 41]. This alteration reinforced the exosome secretion, the survival of irradiated OSCC cells, and the proliferation of non-irradiated OSCC cells, because exosomes were able to repair the broken DNA-double strand [40]. Furthermore, differential expression patterns of protein in OSCC-Exos probably reflected the states of disease. Ono et al. revealed that exosomes secreted by metastatic phenotype of OSCC cells comprised larger amount of oncogenic proteins, including EpCAM, EGFR, and HSP90 than their parental OSCC cells. In addition, highly expressed HSP90, TRAP1 and HSP105 were correlated with poor prognosis of OSCC and thus could be potential prognostic biomarkers for OSCC [42]. Moreover, OSCC-Exos internalized by NK cells could up-regulated the expression of interferon regulatory factor 3 (IRF-3) and its phosphorylation by releasing NF-κB-activating kinase-associated protein 1 into NK cells [43]. Overexpressed IRF-3 drove NK cells to express type I interferon, chemokine and costimulatory molecules, hence enhancing their tumor-suppressing functions, including cell proliferation, release of perforin and granzyme M, and cytotoxicity toward tumor cells [43]. MiRNAs in OSCC cell-derived exosomes Hypoxia is a common feature of OSCC and associated with aggressiveness and poor outcomes [44]. Li et al. found that exosomes purified from supernatants of hypoxic OSCC cell lines SCC-9 and CAL-27 significantly overexpressed miR-21 in a HIF-1a and HIF-2a–dependent manner, which promoted the migration and invasion of OSCC cells in vitro and induced tumor growth and metastasis in xenograft mice model [20]. Interestingly, exosomes derived from cisplatin-resistant OSCC cells could transfer miR-21 into their OSCC parental cells [18]. This transference of miR-21 exerted an enhancement effect on chemoresistance and decreased the DNA damage signaling in response to cisplatin by targeting phosphatase and tensin homolog and programmed cell death 4 [18]. Therefore, hypoxia and cisplatin treatment may simultaneously stimulate tumor cells to generate miR-21-rich exosomes, which in turn reinforce the prometastatic behaviors and the resistance to chemotherapy, respectively. Sakha et al. identified that exosomes secreted from highly metastatic human oral cancer cell line HOC313-LM (HOC313-LM-Exo) could induce cell growth via activating the ERK and AKT pathways. HOC313-LM-Exo expressed highly amount of miR-342–3p and miR-1246, enhancing the cell motility of its parental cell line HOC313 and the establishment of the metastatic niche by communication between cancer cells and normal cells. Exosomal miR-1246, in particular, was significantly associated with the malignancy by directly targeting DENN/MADD Domain Containing 2D [19]. OSCC cell-derived exosomal miRNAs can exacerbate the severity of disease not only by functioning on the OSCC cells itself, but also by boosting the M2-polarization of macrophages. Macrophages are documented to play critical roles in the tumor microenvironment. With the induction of tumor cells they can differentiate into tumor-associated macrophages (TAM), which is similar to M2-like phenotype polarization, showing great diversity and plasticity [45]. We have previously identified that the expression of CD163+ macrophages (M2 macrophages) was higher in oral leukoplakia (OLK) and OSCC than that in normal oral mucosa [46, 47]. Others also proved a marked positive correlation between the increased CD163+ macrophages and the pathological grade of OSCC [48], supporting the importance of M2 macrophages in the progression of OLK and OSCC. Recently, a report found the positive participation of OSCC-Exos in M2-subtype macrophages polarization [21]. This M2 polarization was induced by highly-expressed miR-29a-3p in OSCC-Exos, which negatively regulated the activity of SOCS1/STAT6 signaling pathway, aggravating the proliferation and invasion of SCC9 and CAL-27 [21]. Carcinoma associated-fibroblast-derived exosomes Carcinoma associated-fibroblasts (CAFs) are a highly enriched cellular stromal component of many solid tumors [49, 50]. By secreting diverse cytokines, growth factors and chemokines, CAFs enhanced the drug-resistance acquisition, induced the EMT, and contributed to the progression, invasion, metastasis, and angiogenesis of cancer cells [51]. Recently, extracellular vesicles were reported to play a central role in the crosstalk between tumor cells and CAFs [52,53,54,55]. Jiang et al. showed that normal human gingival fibroblasts exhibited a phenotype switch to CAFs after co-culture with CAL-27-derived microvesicles [55]. The microvesicle-activated CAFs in turn promoted the migration and invasion of OSCC cells via producing more lactate [55]. In addition, exosomal miR-155 derived from melanoma cells upregulated the expression of proangiogenic factors, such as VEGF, FGF2, MMP9, in CAFs by targeting SOCS1/JAK2/STAT3 signaling pathway, which resulted in the increase of melanoma angiogenesis [56]. On the other hand, CAF-derived exosomes modified the metabolic reprogramming of cancer cells, and upregulated the expression of invasion-associated genes, such as ROCK2, FLOT1 and FAM129B [54]. Li et al. found that the expression of miR-34a-5p in CAF-derived exosomes was significantly reduced, while overexpression of exosomal miR-34a-5p could inhibit the tumorigenesis of OSCC [53]. After binding with its direct downstream target AXL, miR-34a-5p strengthened OSCC malignancy through directly targeting the AKT/GSK-3β/β-catenin/Snail signaling pathway [53]. Besides, Languino et al. proved that, in OSCC, CAF-derived exosomes could stimulate the TGF-β signaling pathway in keratinocytes by exosomal TβRII [52], which enhanced the possibility that TGF-β signaling might be influenced by intercellular communication between tumor and the microenvironment. Body fluids-derived exosomes in OSCC Liquid biopsy has been extensively investigated in recent years because of obvious advantages, such as its minimal invasiveness, painlessness, inexpensiveness, and repeatability [57]. Since biological cargos of exosomes from various physiological fluids changed greatly depending on different stages and types of diseases, it is of great potential to exploit exosomal cargos as biomarkers in the field of liquid biopsy. Salivary exosomes in OSCC Zlotogorski-Hurvitz et al. identified that the size and concentration of OSCC-Exos from oral fluid were larger and higher than that of healthy individuals and the expression of CD81 was significantly lower in OSCC [58]. Gai et al. revealed an upregulation of miR-412-3p, miR-512-3p, miR-27a-3p, miR-373-3p and miR-494-3p in salivary exosomes from OSCC patients [59]; furthermore, miR-302b-3p and miR-517b-3p were expressed specifically only in samples from OSCC group [59]. In addition, proteome analysis showed that salivary exosomes isolated from OSCC patients were enriched in proteins related to the inflammatory system, transport of metals, as well as cellular growth and proliferation [60]. These functional biomolecules within the salivary exosomes were able to induce inflammatory cells migrate to the tumor sites through chemotactic mechanisms, which may be important in the subsequent immunoediting of inflammatory cells [60]. Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR)-based spectrum of salivary exosomes could differentiate OSCC from healthy individuals with a sensitivity of 100% and specificity of 89%, displaying a specific mid-infrared spectral signature for OC salivary exosomes [61]. This difference was caused by the subtle changes of exosomal proteins, lipids and nucleic acids in salivary from patients with OSCC [61]. Circulating exosomes in OSCC It was reported that plasma exosomes from OSCC exerted suppressive effects on immune system by downregulating the expression of NKG2D in NK cells [62]. In patients with active disease, plasma exosomes were more effective to establish an immune suppressive microenvironment by increasing the apoptosis of CD8+ T cells, inhibiting the proliferation of CD4+ T cells, and promoting the production of Treg cells [62]. These findings indicated that circulating exosomes from OSCC may contribute to the development of OSCC by suppressing the anti-cancer effects of NK cells and T cells. In addition to affecting the anti-cancer immunity, circulating exosomes also displayed a tight connection with OSCC status. Compared to plasma free miRNAs, the expression profiles of plasma exosomal miRNAs from tongue SCC patients more resembled the tumor tissues [63]. Similarly, the level of PD-L1 carried by plasma exosomes instead of soluble PD-L1 level was correlated with disease severity, the UICC stage and the lymph node status [64]. Moreover, Wang et al. have identified a higher expression of laminin-332 in plasma exosomes from OSCC patients with lymph node metastasis [65]. Li et al. found that serum exosomal miR-21 level was closely associated with HIF-1a/HIF-2a expression, T stage, and lymph node metastasis [20]. Therefore, cargos in circulating exosomes were of potentiality to be used as novel diagnostic biomarkers for the surveillance of tumor conditions and lymph node metastasis in OSCC. Exosomes in oral leukoplakia Oral leukoplakia (OLK) refers to a white patch or plaque of the oral mucosa that cannot be defined as a known disease or disorder and carries an increased risk of progressing to OSCC [66]. OLK is one of the most common oral premalignant disorders (OPMD) with malignant transformation rates of 2% to 5% [67]. A newly published study reported that exosomal miR-8485 secreted by MSCs derived from OLK with dysplasia played a promoting role in the proliferation, migration and invasion of DOK and SCC-15 cell lines [68]. Another research demonstrated that in hamster OPMD model, bone marrow-MSCs-derived extracellular vesicles with genetically modified overexpression of miR-185 (MSC-EV-miR-185) were capable of remarkably attenuating inflammation severity and decreasing degree of dysplasia in the OPMD tissue [69].The MSC-EV-miR-185 treatment obviously reduced the expression of proliferation marker PCNA and angiogenic marker CD31, and induced cell apoptosis in the buccal lesions, indicating their potential value as a novel therapeutic option for OPMD [69]. Exosomes in periodontitis Periodontitis is a chronic multifactorial inflammatory disease of supporting tooth structures initiated by dysbiotic plaque biofilms [70, 71]. It is primarily characterized by the loss of periodontal tissue support including clinical attachment loss, alveolar bone destruction, presence of periodontal pocketing and gingival bleeding, irreversibly impairing the integrity of the periodontium and finally leading to tooth loss [72, 73]. Periodontal ligament fibroblasts (PDLFs) are the main cell populations that contact pathogenic microorganisms in early periodontal inflammation [74]. After lipopolysaccharide (LPS) stimuli, human PDLF-derived exosomes slightly upregulated the expression of IL-6 and TNF-α in osteoblasts, and concomitantly significantly inhibited the expression of osteogenesis-related elememts, including collagen-I and osteoprotegerin, and reduced the activity of alkaline phosphatase [75]. PDLFs also engage in the maintenance of periodontal tissue homeostasis in the oral mechanical environment [76]. Stimulated with cyclic stretch, PDLFs secreted exosomes that could suppress IL-1β production in LPS-treated macrophages through the inhibition of NF-κB signaling pathway [77]. Periodontal ligament stem cells (PDLSCs) is a unique MSC population that displays self-renewal ability and multipotency when interacts with their surrounding inflammatory microenvironment [78]. Compared with exosomes extracted from normal PDLSCs, exosomes derived from LPS-stimulated PDLSCs contained a higher amount of miR‐155 and its downstream target Sirtuin‐1, which reduced the expression of Th17 but increased the expression of Treg, thereby alleviating the inflammation through the Th17/Treg/miR‐155‐5p/Sirtuin‐1 regulatory network [79]. In salivary, the level of exosomal PD-L1 mRNA was higher in periodontitis than controls, and high expressions of PD-L1 were associated with advanced stages of periodontitis [80]. On the contrary, the level of salivary CD9 and CD81 exosomes was reduced in periodontitis and negatively correlated with disease status [79, 81]. Exosomes in primary Sjögren's syndrome Primary Sjögren's syndrome (pSS) is a chronic autoimmune disorder characterized by focal lymphocytic infiltration of the exocrine glands, such as salivary gland and lacrimal gland, mostly leading to dry eyes and dry mouth [82, 83]. Although the exact etiology and pathogens still remain unclear, evidence imply the critical role of exosomes in the dysregulation of immune system in pSS. In pSS, salivary gland epithelial cells (SGECs), one main source to secrete autoantigens such as Ro/SSA and La/SSB, played a pivotal role in the initiation and progression of pSS in the local immune response [84, 85]. Recently, SGECs was reported to secreted exosomes that were highly contained autoantigens of Ro/SSA, La/SSB and Sm, demonstrating a novel mechanism of autoantigen presentation causing the autoimmune response [86]. In addition, Aqrawi et al. identified novel potential biomarkers of APMAP, GNA13, WDR1 in saliva-derived exosomes and APEX1, PRDX3, CPNE1 in tear-derived exosomes from pSS that may be used as an additional diagnostic process to increase diagnostic accuracy [87]. Epstein–Barr virus (EBV) was considered as another important factor contributing to the pathogenesis of pSS because of its tropism for salivary glands and the ability to preferentially infect B cells [88]. Gallo et al. showed that exosomal ebv-miR-BART13-3p derived from EBV-infected B cells was functionally transferred into SGECs [89]. The exosomal ebv-miR-BART13-3p directly targeted stromal interacting molecule 1 (STM1) in SGECs, and then resulted in loss of store operated Ca2+ entry and Ca2+-dependent activation of nuclear factor of activated T cells, leading to the salivary dysfunction in pSS [89]. Exosomes in oral lichen planus Oral lichen planus (OLP) is a common inflammatory autoimmune disease involving oral mucosa with unclarified etiology [90]. Clinically, OLP usually presents as symmetrical, bilateral or multiple lesions with 6 different clinic patterns of reticular, papular, plaque, erosive, bullous, and atrophic [91]. Pathogenesis of OLP has not been completely elucidated yet. However, T cell-mediated antigen-specific mechanism was found to play a key role in the pathogenesis of OLP, which leaded to the disruption of basement membrane by inducing the apoptosis of keratinocytes [92]. Recent studies indicated that the aberrant expression of exosomal miRNAs might participate in the development of OLP. J-S Byun et al. reported that exosomal miR-4484 from salivary was increased in patients with OLP [93]. Our group showed that plasma-derived exosomal miR-34a-5p and miR-130b-3p were significantly upregulated while exosomal miR-301b-3p was downregulated in OLP, and a positive correlation was found between expression of exosomal miR-34a-5p and the severity of OLP [22]. We also found that circulating exosomes from OLP, especially the erosive type, could significantly enhance T cell proliferation and attenuate the apoptosis, and remarkably increase the migration capacity of T cells as well as the ratio of IFN-γ/IL-4, potentially accelerating the OLP progression by regulating the T cell-mediated inflammatory response [94]. Exosomes in hand, foot and mouth disease Hand, foot, and mouth disease (HFMD) is a worldwide epidemic acute viral illness, in which two major causative agents human enterovirus 71 (EV71) and coxsackievirus A16 (CVA16) account for more than 70% of cases in recent outbreaks [95, 96]. The extremely severe HFMD (ESHFMD) mainly caused by EV71 has severe neurologic clinical symptoms and significant fatalities [97]. Jia et al. validated three significantly differential expressed serum exosomal miRNAs (miR-671-5p, miR-16-5p and miR-150-5p) between children with HFMD and healthy controls, where exosomal miR-671-5p and miR-150-5p were decreased while exosomal miR-16-5p was increased in patients with a specificity of 72–100% and sensitivity of 78–100% [98]. In addition, significant difference was also identified among the three exosomal miRNAs between mild HFMD and ESHFMD, where miR-671-5p was only detectable in healthy and mild HFMD, providing supplemental biomarkers for subtyping HFMD infections [98] (Table 1). Present and future prospects of exosomes on oral treatments Therapeutic potential of mesenchymal stem cell-derived exosomes Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are progenitor cells with differential potential and self-renewable capacity [99], originally isolated from bone marrow and subsequently from other tissues [100]. In addition to the well-known bone marrow-derived MSCs (BM-MSCs) and adipose-derived stem cells (ADSCs), in the field of dental research, several types of dental stem cells isolated from mature and immature teeth, such as dental pulp stem cells (DP-MSCs), stem cells derived from dental pulp of human exfoliated deciduous teeth (SHEDs) and periodontal ligament stem cells (PDLSCs), are attracting more and more attention [99]. Notably, in the latest studies, MSCs-derived exosomes are increasingly recognized as promising strategies to alleviate tissue injury and promote tissue regeneration in dental treatment, including dental pulp regeneration, oral oncotherapy and periodontal regeneration. Exosomes and dental pulp regeneration Huang et al. showed that exosomes derived from DP-MSCs (DP-MSCs-Exos) cultured under odontogenic differentiation conditions triggered dental pulp-like tissue regeneration, such as increased expression of DMP1, DPP and active blood vessels in a tooth root-slice model [101]. Normally, dental pulp is highly vascularized which is fundamental to nutrient supply, waste removal and anti-inflammatory response [102]. It was reported that dental pulp cells-derived exosomes contributed to the vascularization via promoting the proliferation, pro-angiogenic factor expression (VEGF-A, MMP-9, FGF-2, KDR), and tube formation of human umbilical vein endothelial cells [103]. In addition, the tooth development was modulated by interaction between the epithelial cells and mesenchymal cells, and exosomes was critical in this process. Exosomes derived from epithelial cells promote mesenchymal cells to produce dentin sialoprotein and undergo mineralization while exosomes secreted by mesenchymal cells escalated the expression of basement membrane components, ameloblastin and amelogenenin in epithelial cells [104]. Moreover, it is worth noting that schwann cells, the principal glial cells in peripheral nervous system, played an important immunomodulatory role in dentin repair. Exosomes from schwann cells accelerated the proliferation and matained the multipotency and self-renewal capacities of dental pulp cells through upregulation of Oct4, Sox2 and Nanog, providing great application potential in tissue regeneration [105]. To be brief, exosomes may lead to dental pulp regeneration via increasing the expression of specific proteins, promoting the vascularization, modulating the interaction between epithelial and mesenchymal cells, and augmenting the abilities of dental pulp cells, which might serve as an important therapeutic method in the future. Exosomes and oncotherapy In 2016, Altanerova et al. demonstrated that DP-MSC-Exos may inhibit tumor through its dual tumor cell killing activity. For one thing, exosomes released from DP-MSCs that transduced with yCD::UPRT mRNA (yCD::UPRT-DP-MSCs-Exos), a suicide gene, could be internalized by tumor cells and allow tumor cells to translate nontoxic 5-FC to toxic 5-FU, leading to cancer cell death in a dose-dependent manner in the presence of a prodrug 5-fluorocytosine [24]. For another, the yCD::UPRT-DP-MSCs-Exos labeled with iron oxide (Venofer) behaved as magnetic nanoparticles, which were more effective at inducing tumor cell death by alternating magnetic field-induced intracellular hyperthermia and/or by exposure to the prodrug 5-FC [24, 67]. Moreover, exosomes derived from menstrual mesenchymal stem cells (MenSC-Exos) exerted an antitumor effect by decreasing the angiogenesis in OSCC model [106]. Besides, exosomes derived from SHEDs (SHEDs-Exos) displayed potent anti-inflammatory properties by suppressing edema, cathepsin B and MMPs induced by carrageenan in mice [107]. Under oxidative stress conditions, SHEDs-Exos was reported to show neuroprotective abilities via inhibiting the apoptosis of dopaminergic neurons [108]. Exosomes and periodontal regeneration It was found that MSCs mediated periodontal regeneration through secretion of exosomes. In rats with periodontal intrabony deficiencies, collagen sponges that contained human MSCs-Exos could more efficiently repair the defects than control rats with newly-formed bone and PDL, and concomitantly lead to the proliferation of PCNA+ cells [25]. The followed experiments performed in PDL cells proved that, human MSCs-Exos could be rapidly taken up by PDL cells and promoted the migration and proliferation of PDL cells through CD73-mediated adenosine receptor activation of AKT and ERK signaling pathways [25]. Researchers also observed that exosomes secreted by adipose-derived stem cells (ASCs-Exos), exerted a better therapeutic effect on ligature-induced periodontitis compared to ADSCs themselves, which manifested as a higher area of newly formed tissues [109]. Wound healing efficiency of exosomes The oral mucosa displays unique regenerative properties such as foetal-like wound healing and antibacterial properties [110, 111]. On contrary to the "reparation" of skin wounds that heal with scar, the "regeneration" of wounds in the oral mucosa tends to heal without scar [112]. Therefore, sheets of oral mucosal epithelial cells (OMECs) are currently used after endoscopic removal of superficial tumours in the esophagus to alleviate esophageal stricture and improve mucosal healing. The latest research showed that, exosomes isolated from conditioned media of human OMECs sheets exhibited pro-regenerative effects on skin wound healing [26]. These exosomes attenuated the proliferation of human skin fibroblasts in a dose-dependent manner and considerably increase the gene expression of growth factor HGF, VEGFA, FGF2 and CTGF in vivo, and significantly reduced the wound size in rat models in vitro [26]. These findings revealed the clinical application potential of combining cell sheets with exosomes in the future treatment of patients with early esophageal cancer. Application of exosomes as therapeutic drug delivery vehicles Although chemotherapy have already exhibited excellent therapeutic effects on OSCC treatment at present, it often shows severe side effects. In recent years, nanodrug delivery system have emerged as a key advance in cancer treatment for its multiple advantages than traditional drugs, including diminished drug degradation, increased targeting efficiency and prolonged drug release [113]. Notably, exosomes derived from different cells with specific cell tropism and enhanced ability to target specific tissues or organs are newly recognized natural nanocarriers [114, 115]. Besides, it seems more easier for exosomes to escape phagocytosis by the mononuclear phagocyte system than the synthetic nanodrugs, making them function as an "invisibility cloak" for incorporated therapeutic agents [116]. Signal regulatory protein α (SIRPα), a cell-surface protein mainly expressed on macrophages and dendritic cells, could bind to CD47 [117]. In our previous study, we identified that CD47 was overexpressed in OSCC lesions and cell lines, and the CD47-SIRP-α interaction inhibited the engulfment of tumor cells by macrophages and promoted M2 macrophages differentiation, mediating the anti-phagocytosis and immune escape of OSCC cells [46, 47]. Accordingly, Koh et al. established a type of exosomes engineered with SIRPα variants (SIRPα-exosomes) [118]. The SIRPα-exosomes significantly increased the phagocytic capacity of macrophage, attenuated tumor growth. Moreover, the SIRPα-exosome based platform remarkably augmented T cell infiltration in syngeneic mouse models of cancer [118]. It is plausible to speculate that exosomes equipped with specific antagonists, an emerging strategy for nano-immuno cancer therapy, may be promising for tumor treatment in the future. Paclitaxel, performing best to induce the apoptosis of OSCC cells (40–50%) in comparison with daunarubicin, doxorubicin and vincristine, and exhibiting a highest negative correlation with multiple drug resistance (MDR)-linked gene expression, may be the best choice of treatment for the studied OSCC patients [119]. Kim et al. showed that the incorporation of paclitaxel into exosomes significantly augmented paclitaxel accumulation in drug-resistant lung cancer cells and was 50 times more cytotoxic than conventional paclitaxel in vitro [116]. All the results imply the superior inhibition of exosomes carrying paclitaxel on OSCC cells and merit further exploration and confirmation. Efforts to develop RNA interference therapeutic technology have been significantly intensified for biomedical application. Delivering short interfering RNA (siRNA) to recipient cells is an effective method to selectively suppress target mRNA of interest, showing great potential for use in disease treatment [120]. However, naked siRNA is rapidly degraded by nucleases in the blood circulation and might fail to pass into target cell membranes due to their negatively charged surface [121, 122]. Encapsulation of siRNAs in exosomes is a promising novel strategy to overcome most of these delivery issues. It is noteworthy that DNA damage-related response plays a central role in maintaining genomic stability and cellular survival. RAD51, as a DNA repair gene, is involved in DNA damage response, cell cycle checkpoint and maintains the stability of the gene [123, 124]. Overexpression of RAD51 was documented in diverse human tumors, and was predicted significantly related to OSCC prognosis [125]. Shtam et al. have successfully transfected two different siRNAs against RAD51 and RAD52 into exosomes [121]. They proved that exosome-delivered RAD51 siRNA functionally inhibited RAD51 expression in tumor cells, induced the accumulation of cells in S and G2/M phases, and then caused massive reproductive cell death [121]. Similarly, encapsulation of RAD51 siRNA into exosome is of great potential to improve OSCC therapeutic efficiency. Growing evidence suggests that exosomes act as an important regulator in oral diseases. Exosomes derived from OSCC cells and body fluids function as key promoters in the angiogenesis, invasion, migration and metastasis of OSCC, which is a research focus all along. In recent years, the effects of exosomes on other oral diseases such as periodontitis and oral lichen planus are also receiving attentions, providing us with a more comprehensive understanding about the roles that exosomes play in oral diseases. Moreover, exosomes containing multiple biological molecules display great potential to be exploited to assist clinical diagnosis and evaluate prognosis. Exosomes-based therapies are promising strategies in oral tissue regeneration, cancer treatment, and as drug delivery vehicles in the coming future. However, researches are still largely limited at present. Future studies should not only investigate the biological functions and precise molecular mechanisms of exosomes in oral diseases, but also address the clinical applications of exosomes to facilitate the clinical translation. Availability of data and materials Not applicable. - ASCs: Adipose-derived stem cells - CAFs: Carcinoma associated-fibroblasts - DP-MSCs: Dental pulp stem cells Epstein–Barr virus Endosomal sorting complex required for transport Extremely severe Hand, foot, and mouth disease Hand, foot, and mouth disease Inflammatory bowel disease - ILVs: Intraluminal vesicles Multiple drug resistance - MSCs: Mesenchymal stem cells - BM-MSCs: Bone marrow-derived MSCs - MVBs: Multivesicular bodies Oral lichen planus Oral premalignant disorders - OMECs: Oral mucosal epithelial cells Oral squamous cell carcinoma - OSCC-Exos: OSCC cell-derived exosomes Oral leukoplakia - PDLFs: Periodontal ligament fibroblasts - PDLSCs: Periodontal ligament stem cells - pSS: Primary Sjögren's syndrome - SGECs: Salivary gland epithelial cells - SHEDs: Stem cells derived from dental pulp of human exfoliated deciduous teeth - SIRPα: Signal regulatory protein α Tumor-associated macrophages Kourembanas S. 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F1000Res. 2018. https://doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.15650.2.eCollection2018. Li S, Liu X, Zhou Y, Acharya A, Savkovic V, Xu C, et al. Shared genetic and epigenetic mechanisms between chronic periodontitis and oral squamous cell carcinoma. Oral Oncol. 2018;86:216–24. This work was supported by Grants from the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Nos. 81771080, 81970949, 81371147) and State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases (SKLOD) Open Fund (SKLOD2020OF01) to Gang Zhou. Grants from National Natural Science Foundation of China Nos. 81771080, 81970949 and 81371147, State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases (SKLOD) Open Fund (SKLOD2020OF01) to Gang Zhou. Author information Authors and Affiliations QP drafted the first version and drew figures of this manuscript. JYY revised this manuscript and make tables. QP and JYY retrieved literatures together and contributed equally to the manuscript. JZ and GZ reviewed and gave advice to the final version of this manuscript. All authors read and approved the final manuscript. Corresponding author Ethics declarations Ethics approval and consent to participate Not applicable. Consent for publication Not applicable. Competing interests The authors declare that they have no competing interests. Additional information Publisher's Note Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations. Rights and permissions Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated in a credit line to the data. About this article Cite this article Peng, Q., Yang, Jy. & Zhou, G. Emerging functions and clinical applications of exosomes in human oral diseases. Cell Biosci 10, 68 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1186/s13578-020-00424-0 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s13578-020-00424-0
Understanding Contractual Obligations: Key Concepts and Practical Tips In the world of contract law, understanding contractual obligations is essential for both individuals and businesses. Contracts are legal agreements that outline the rights and obligations of the parties involved. Whether you are drafting a contract or entering into one, it is crucial to have a clear understanding of the key concepts and practical tips surrounding contractual obligations. In this article, we will explore these concepts and provide valuable insights to help you navigate the complex world of contract law. Key Concepts: 1. Offer and Acceptance: A contract begins with an offer by one party and the acceptance of that offer by the other party. Both offer and acceptance must be communicated clearly and must be made with the intention to create a legal relationship. It's important to ensure that all parties are on the same page regarding the terms and conditions of the contract. 2. Consideration: Consideration is something of value that is exchanged between the parties. In a contract, each party must give or promise something in return for the other party's promise. Consideration can be in the form of money, goods, services, or even a promise to do or refrain from doing something. Without consideration, a contract may be deemed unenforceable. 3. Intention to Create Legal Relations: For a contract to be legally binding, the parties must have the intention to create legal relations. This means that both parties must be aware of and agree that the contract will have legal consequences. Contracts between family members or social arrangements may not necessarily be legally binding unless there is a clear intention to create legal obligations. 4. Capacity: The parties entering into a contract must have the legal capacity to do so. This means that they must have the mental capacity, be of legal age, and not be under the influence of alcohol or drugs. If one party does not have the capacity to enter into a contract, it may be considered void or voidable. 5. Legality: A contract must have a lawful purpose. It cannot involve illegal activities or go against public policy. Contracts that involve illegal activities are generally unenforceable in court. Practical Tips: 1. Clearly Define Obligations: When drafting a contract, it is crucial to clearly define the obligations of each party. Use clear and concise language to avoid any confusion or ambiguity. Clearly outline each party's rights, duties, and responsibilities to ensure that there is no room for misinterpretation. 2. Specify Deadlines and Timeframes: Including specific deadlines and timeframes in a contract is important for ensuring that both parties fulfill their obligations in a timely manner. This helps to prevent any delays or misunderstandings and provides a clear timeline for performance. 3. Seek Legal Advice: If you are unsure about any aspect of a contract or its obligations, it is always wise to seek legal advice. A solicitor can guide you through the process, help you understand the legal implications, and ensure that your rights are protected. Click here to find out more about the importance of seeking legal advice in real-life case studies. 4. Regularly Review and Update Contracts: As circumstances change, it is important to review and update contracts to ensure that they remain relevant and enforceable. This is particularly important when entering into long-term contracts that may span several years. Keep track of any changes in the business landscape and make necessary amendments to avoid any potential disputes. Understanding contractual obligations is crucial in any legal agreement. By grasping the key concepts and following practical tips, you can navigate the complex world of contract law with confidence. Remember to clearly define obligations, specify deadlines, seek legal advice when needed, and regularly review and update contracts. By doing so, you can ensure that your contractual obligations are met, minimizing risks and maximizing legal protection. For more information on various legal topics, such as solicitor salaries, client relationship management skills, law school education, and securing training contracts, explore the related articles linked below. Related Articles: – Unveiling Real-Life Case Studies: Insights into Legal Practice and Decision-Making – Exploring Solicitor Salaries in the UK: Average Earnings and Factors Affecting Income – Mastering Client Relationship Management: Skills for Solicitors to Enhance Trust and Loyalty – Pursuing a Law School Education in the UK: Choosing the Right Path for Your Future – Securing Training Contracts: A Roadmap to Becoming a Solicitor
During the Digital Humanities Hackathon 2019 in Helsinki our group is researching advertisements in newspapers. This blog post is part of our case study on drug ads. The blog post shows first results and the methods we used. Many of the results raised new question and could open up new interesting research fields. In the 19th century the first aim of an advertiser was to ensure that his message caught the eye among the vast variety of notices of different kinds in small letters. This meant that the visual presentation of advertisements, and particularly of medical ones, was one of the main tools to attach viewers' attention in the first place. To sell drugs, companies often used inventive ways to market their products. Apart from addressing certain illnesses or medicines, drugs ads have also reflected gender distinction either with their linguistic styles or visual images as a part of the products' marketing. During the Victorian period there were four leading pill-makers who also made the most of the newspaper advertising; James Morison, the creator of Universal Pills, a 'venerable' Salopian called Thomas Parr who sold "Parr's Life Pills" to increase the beauty of women, Thomas Holloway who is also classified as a first world-wide advertiser, and Thomas Beecham who invented "Beecham's Pills" and claimed to cure "bilious and nervous disorders" 1 One of the most lucrative and deceptive areas of advertising involved the so-called "patent" medicines. Actually, they weren't patented and they were not really medicine, but rather, exotic concoctions of liquor and narcotics, as noted in the 1900 Puck Magazine illustration above 2. Prior to the regulation of both medicine and advertising in the 1900s by the British government, patent medicines were frequently touted as effective treatments for illnesses as serious as cancer and liver disease. However, many of the pills and syrups were exposed as having no effect or contained dependent ingredients. Research questions - How are keywords related to gender (women/men) and distributed over time in drug ads? - What adjectives were used in drug ads for women or men? - What kind of illnesses appeared in drug ads for women or men? - What pictures were used in drugs ads for women or men? Approach / Methods The following section will line out our approach for using computational methods to gain insights into gender and drug advertisement. The first part lines out a computational approach to extract the words associated with gender in drug advertisement in the newspaper "The Morning Post" in the 19th century (1800 -1900). For the examples and visual advertisements in this blog post we also used other newspapers than "The Morning Post". The latter part shows how we used the advanced Gale search engine (http://gdc.galegroup.com/gdc/artemis/AdvancedSearchPage?p=BNCN) to enrich a qualitative insight into the images used in drug advertisement in the 19th century. As the programming language for our study we used Python along with an array of complimenting libraries for doing data analysis. As our IDE we used Jupyter notebooks, as they allow for a segmented coding environment where the code runs directly in the browser and is easy to document. We started by extracting the dataset of advertisements from The Morning Post from the Octavo API (https://app.swaggerhub.com/apis-docs/comhis/octavo/1.3.0#/). In order to do make a local version of the data we created a subset consisting of 40,000 advertisements from each decade. We then tokenized the data by removing all non-alphanumeric characters. To get access to images from the advertisement we used the new Gale Search Engine (http://gdc.galegroup.com). We used the advanced search functionality to get all the hits annotated as "Advertisements". We then searched for the keywords from our list of medical keywords, and filtered for images. The images were then copied, selected and interpreted. We also used microanalysis constantly to check the results of the data analysis. What were the difficulties with the analysis for this case study? - One problem was the under-segmentation of the available advertisements. We then used co-occurrence analysis and vector space analysis to get meaningful results. - As usual when working with historical newspapers, OCR problems potentially affected our analysis. - No visualization of the relationship between original text and data exists. This made it difficult for us to proof the results. - As usual when working with historical newspapers, we had the problem of selection bias. We countered this problem by using one big newspaper where we had a sense of the context. - There are no relative frequencies in the Gale interface First Results Pills for women or men? Figure 1 shows the distribution of gender related keywords over time in drug ads in the 19th century. For the analysis we used following keywords (male, men, man, gentlemen, boy, boys, gentlemen, female, girl, woman, women, wife, wifes, females, girls). The figure shows interesting and surprising results at the same time. In the first decades of the 19th century, males dominated in drug ads, even though females were addressed more and more frequently. Between 1860 and 1880, keywords related to men raised again. This surprisingly turned around in between 1880 and 1900. Keywords related to women were mentioned more often than keywords related to men: Gender descriptive language in primarily female and male drug ads? As men and women have different stereotypes in general, adjectives in advertisements for each gender are used differently. But does this apply also to the 19th century drug ads? It can be said that there were obvious differences in the use of of adjectives in male or female related drug ads. As seen from the word clouds and figures below, "nervous" as a sign of emotional weakness and "delicate" dominated the female drug ads while "respectable", or "good" were typical adjectives in male drug ads. Although the adjective "nervous" dominated the drug advertisements for women, it also occurred in the male context within the seven most frequently used adjectives. Pills for diseases of the nervous system for women: Pills for diseases of the nervous system for men: It is very interesting that the use of the word "nervous" in women's advertisements was less common after 1860, but this development did not occur in men's drug advertising. A closer look into the drug advertisements has given possible solutions for this development. It may be that pills for nervousness did not longer have the same market in the new era of psychological treatment. In addition, the word neurosis became more frequent in the English language in the 1860s onwards. And neurosis is often tied to the process of medicalization of psychological issues. Nervous disorders in female related ads did more and more appear in other contexts than drug selling. For example, in the context of electro-therapy: Different sexes, different (amount of) diseases? Another noteworthy point of the gender-relevant content of drug ads was the distribution of genders according to the illnesses. Female images were primarily used for the diagnoses related to nerves or anxiousness as a reference to their being more emotional, whereas male figures were used in the context of severe diseases like cardiovascular conditions 3 or rheumatism. Even at first glance it becomes clear that drug ads for men and women are linked to diseases in ratio 25:9 respectively. The two graphs have only asthma, bile, colds, and plaints in common. Drug ads for men contained a long list of various serious illnesses like rheumatism, pulmonary diseases, epilepsy, scurvy, dyspepsia, deafness etc. while ads for women addressed "soft diseases" like heartburn or colds. It is necessary to note that out of the common health issues, asthma is mentioned mostly in female related drug ads, whereas it is very slight for males throughout the whole century. Gender stereotypes in visualized drug advertisements in the 19th century? Drug advertisements of the period in question put a prominent accent on the featuring human figures; often women, sometimes men and in a few cases children, and each of them represented in different styles – mostly patterned on cultural stereotypes and standards. Images in drug advertisements started to surface after 1850. Before 1850, hardly any images were used to advertise pills or waters (liquid medicines, e.g. syrup). "Parr's Life Pills", an example of patent medicines marketed as cure-alls, was one of the companies using pictures in the advertisements already in the 1850s. Parr's advertisement is showing a large group of people with Parr himself in the centre shooting with a crossbow displaying his own strength and healthiness while others, mostly females, are admiring him. Also Holloway's pills is using visualized ads in the 1850s. Just like Parr, Holloway used a large group of people as an image, putting a male in the center again, possibly just like Parr showing himself? While drug ads in the 1850s where showing specific scenes involving figures in action, drug ads of the late 19th century were illustrated with static female figures (Figures 17 and 18) but again men in action (Figures 19 and 20). Drug advertisements in the 1880s till mid 1890s were dominated by female images, whereas the opposite sex became more frequent after 1895. When it comes to facial expressions, women are shown calmer and serious while men are more natural and ambitious: Written by Sarah Oberbichler, Khanim Garayeva, and Kalle Kusk Gjetting Data analysis by Ruben Ros Edited by Ilona Pikkanen ↑1 Turner, Ernest Sackville. The Shocking History of Advertising, Great Britain 1965. pp. 61-64; Advertisement for Beecham's Pills, in: https://www.bl.uk/collection-items/advertisement-for-beechams-pills, 21.05.2019. ↑2 History of Advertising Regulation in Communication Law and Ethics. An open-content course for Radford University COMS 400 Students and others [https://revolutionsincommunication.com/law/?page_id=730], 21.05.2019. ↑3 Wanda Leppard, Shirley Matile Ogletree, and Emily Wallen, Gender Stereotyping in Medical Advertising: Much Ado About Something? in: Sex Roles (1993), 29/llH2, pp. 1.
The legal term of identity describes identical objects or circumstances. Are z. If, for example, two people were seen driving the same vehicle on one day, then the people were traveling in the same vehicle; if there had only been identical models of a vehicle type, it would not have been the same vehicle. In customs law of identification, which is the securing against exchange or modification of below comes customs supervision transported goods , of particular importance, as this is a core element in the prevention against tax and customs offenses represents. Objects and measures for securing identity are called means of identity . These are: - Sealing with a customs seal - Room lock - Package lock - Unmistakable description of the goods in the accompanying documents (e.g. by listing stamped serial numbers in a certificate of identity ) - Customs security / escort - ↑ Private sales transactions with heritable building rights - no "identity" between the property and the heritable building right. In: Control Board. Retrieved January 13, 2020 (German).
A physical disability results in a "limitation on a person's physical functioning, mobility, dexterity or stamina" (Equality Act, 2010). An individual who has a physical disability may have a reduced ability – or inability – to walk, move their hands and arms, sit and stand, or control their muscles. It does not necessarily stop an individual from performing specific tasks but it does make them more challenging. A person may be born with a physical disability or acquire it in life due to an accident, injury, illness or as a side effect of a medical condition. Examples of physical disability include cerebral palsy, multiple sclerosis, epilepsy, cancer, amputations, and spinal cord injuries.
The dropout layer is a layer used in the construction of neural networks to prevent overfitting. In this process, individual nodes are excluded in various training runs using a probability, as if they were not part of the network architecture at all. However, before we can get to the details of this layer, we should first understand how a neural network works and why overfitting can occur. How does a Perceptron work? The perceptron is originally a mathematical model and was only later used in computer science and Machine Learning due to its ability to learn complex relationships. In its simplest form, it consists of exactly one so-called neuron, which imitates the structure of the human brain. The perceptron has several inputs at which it receives numerical information, i.e. numerical values. Depending on the application, the number of inputs can differ. The inputs have different weights, which indicate how influential the inputs are for the final output. During the learning process, the weights are changed to produce the best possible results. The neuron itself then forms the sum of the input values multiplied by the weights of the inputs. This weighted sum is passed on to the so-called activation function. In the simplest form of a neuron, there are exactly two outputs, so only binary outputs can be predicted, for example, "Yes" or "No" or "Active" or "Inactive", etc. If the neuron has binary output values, a function is used whose values also lie between 0 and 1. An example of a frequently used activation function is the sigmoid function. The values of the function vary between 0 and 1 and actually take these values almost exclusively. Except for x = 0, there is a steep increase and a jump from 0 to 1. Thus, if the weighted sum of the perceptron exceeds x = 0 and the perceptron uses sigmoid as an activation function, the output also changes accordingly from 0 to 1. What is Overfitting? The term overfitting is used in the context of predictive models that are too specific to the training data set and thus learn the scatter of the data along with it. This often happens when the model has too complex a structure for the underlying data. The problem then is that the trained model generalizes very poorly, i.e., provides inadequate predictions for new, unseen data. The performance on the training data set, on the other hand, was very good, which is why one could assume a high model quality. With deep neural networks, it can happen that the complex model learns the statistical noise of the training data set and thus delivers good results in training. In the test data set, however, and especially afterward in the application, this noise is no longer present, and therefore the generalization of the model is very poor. However, we do not want to abandon the deep and complex architecture of the network, as this is the only way to learn complex relationships and thus solve difficult problems. Before the introduction of the dropout layer, this was a complicated balancing act to find the right architecture that is still complex enough for the underlying problem, but also not prone to overfitting. How does the Dropout Layer works? With dropout, certain nodes are set to the value zero in a training run, i.e. removed from the network. Thus, they have no influence on the prediction and also in the backpropagation. Thus, a new, slightly modified network architecture is built in each run and the network learns to produce good predictions without certain inputs. When installing the dropout layer, a so-called dropout probability must also be specified. This determines how many of the nodes in the layer will be set equal to 0. If we have an input layer with ten input values, a dropout probability of 10% means that one random input will be set equal to zero in each training pass. If instead, it is a hidden layer, the same logic is applied to the hidden nodes. So a dropout probability of 10% means that 10% of the nodes will not be used in each run. The optimal probability also depends strongly on the layer type. As various papers have found, for the input layer, a dropout probability close to one is optimal. For hidden layers, on the other hand, a probability close to 50% leads to better results. Why does the dropout layer prevent overfitting? In deep neural networks, overfitting usually occurs because certain neurons from different layers influence each other. Simply put, this leads, for example, to certain neurons correcting the errors of previous nodes and thus depending on each other or simply passing on the good results of the previous layer without major changes. This results in comparatively poor generalization. By using the dropout layer, on the other hand, neurons can no longer rely on the nodes from previous or subsequent layers, since they cannot assume that they even exist in that particular training run. This leads to neurons, provably, recognizing more fundamental structures in data that do not depend on the existence of individual neurons. These dependencies actually occur relatively frequently in regular neural networks, as this is an easy way to quickly reduce the loss function and thereby quickly get closer to the goal of the model. Also, as mentioned earlier, the dropout slightly changes the architecture of the network. Thus, the trained-out model is then a combination of many, slightly different models. We are already familiar with this approach from ensemble learning, such as in Random Forests. It turns out that the ensemble of many, relatively similar models usually gives better results than a single model. This phenomenon is known as the "Wisdom of the Crowds". How do you build Dropout into an existing network? In practice, the dropout layer is often used after a fully-connected layer, since this has comparatively many parameters and the probability of so-called "co-adaptation", i.e. the dependence of neurons on each other, is very high. However, theoretically, a dropout layer can also be inserted after any layer, but this can then also lead to worse results. Practically, the dropout layer is simply inserted after the desired layer and then uses the neurons of the previous layer as inputs. Depending on the value of the probability, some of these neurons are then set to zero and passed on to the subsequent layer. It is particularly useful to use the dropout layers in larger neural networks. This is because an architecture with many layers tends to overfit much more strongly than smaller networks. It is also important to increase the number of nodes accordingly when a dropout layer is added. As a rule of thumb, the number of nodes before the introduction of the dropout is divided by the dropout rate. What happens to the dropout during inference? As we have now established, the use of a dropout layer during training is an important factor in avoiding overfitting. However, the question remains whether this system is also used when the model has been trained and is then used for predictions for new data. In fact, the dropout layers are no longer used for predictions after training. This means that all neurons remain for the final prediction. However, the model now has more neurons available than it did during training. However, as a result, the weights in the output layer are significantly higher than what was learned during training. Therefore, the weights are scaled with the amount of the dropout rate so that the model still makes good predictions. How to use the dropout layers in Python? For Python, there are already many predefined implementations with which you can use dropout layers. The best-known is probably that of Keras or TensorFlow. You can import these, like other layer types, via "tf.keras.layers": Then you pass the parameters, i.e. on the one hand the size of the input vector and the dropout probability, which you should choose depending on the layer type and the network structure. The layer can then be used by passing actual values in the variable "data". There is also the parameter "training", which specifies whether the dropout layer is only used in training and not in the prediction of new values, the so-called inference. If the parameter is not explicitly set, the dropout layer will only be active for "model.fit()", i.e. training, and not for "model.predict()", i.e. predicting new values. What are the advantages of using a Dropout Layer? The dropout layer is an additional layer in a neural network that is used for regularization. The integration of this layer offers several advantages, which we will examine in more detail in this section. Originally, it was mostly used to prevent overfitting, but it has now become an important part of deep learning. - Improved generalization: The most important benefit of the dropout layer is that it improves the generalization performance of the model by preventing overfitting. By. The random deactivation of neurons during training prevents so-called co-adaptation, forcing the model to find and use truly robust features in the data. This feature allows the model to perform better on new, unseen data and has a better overall performance. - Effective regularization without complex architectures: Furthermore, the dropout layer provides an effective architecture that leads to regularization of the model without increasing the computational power significantly. Traditional regularization methods, such as L1 and L2 regularization, introduce additional parameters that are computationally intensive and potentially difficult to tune. The dropout layer, on the other hand, is easy to implement and changes the network architecture only very slightly. This has made it a popular option for deep learning models. - Reducing overfitting: The model is overfitted if it specializes too much in the training data during training and learns it by heart. As a result, the model performs poorly on new, unseen data. Dropout reduces the risk of overfitting by throwing out random neurons in each iteration and thus integrating a certain amount of noise into the learning process. This forces the model to learn more robust representations and thus generalize better. - Simplicity and computational efficiency: The dropout layer is also very easy to integrate when implemented in TensorFlow or PyTorch. This simplicity allows researchers to quickly run different experiments and test whether the performance of the model improves or not. Additionally, it is a popular choice as it does not increase the computational power, making the dropout layer a very efficient regularization technique. - Robustness against noisy data: Finally, the dropout layer also enables training with noisy data, i.e. data sets that do not have optimal data quality. Without the dropout, there would be a high risk of the model adapting to this noise and thus overfitting because it adapts too strongly to the training data. By omitting the neurons, on the other hand, this risk is reduced as the network cannot adapt too strongly to the existing noise. This is particularly advantageous when the data quality of real information is not always optimal. In conclusion, the dropout layer is a valuable regularization technique that is particularly important for deep learning applications and offers advantages over established regularization methods. The main positive features are What are the best practices when working with Dropout Layers? The dropout layer is an important component of almost any neural network. In this section, we look at best practices for integrating this layer into existing networks and how it can be used to create robust models. During implementation, the so-called dropout rate must be defined, which determines how many neurons are skipped in each step. A suitable value must be found here. A dropout rate that is too low may not lead to suitable regularization and end up in overfitting. A dropout rate that is too high, on the other hand, can lead to the model not being able to learn effectively and therefore not converging. The dropout layer must then be placed correctly in the network. There are various ways of integrating these according to fully-connected or convolutional layers. There is no rule of thumb as to which implementation makes the most sense. Instead, it should be experimented with in several training runs to find the optimum position. However, there is one rule when placing the layer, namely that the dropout layer on the output layer should be avoided, especially for classification tasks. This can lead to undesirable randomness in the predictions and thus negatively affect the performance of the overall model. In addition, the dropout layer must be used consistently in both the training and testing phases to keep the architecture constant. The difference here, however, is that the dropout rate is set to 0 in the test phase to be able to make accurate predictions. By constantly monitoring the performance of the model, you ensure that the dropout layer has been used optimally and that the dropout rate has been selected correctly. This also allows you to intervene at an early stage if the model is not converging sufficiently or is slipping into overfitting. In TensorFlow, for example, TensorBoard can be used to continuously monitor the development of the loss function to detect deviations at an early stage. It should then also be checked whether it makes sense to combine the dropout layer with other regularization techniques such as L1 or L2. This can make sense in some cases and should therefore always be considered. Building deep learning models is always an iterative process that may require experimentation and fine-tuning. The same naturally also applies to the use of dropout layers. It is necessary to check which dropout rate is optimal or at which point the layer is installed. This is what you should take with you - A dropout is a layer in a neural network that sets neurons to zero with a defined probability, i.e. ignores them in a training run. - In this way, the danger of overfitting can be reduced in deep neural networks, since the neurons do not form a so-called adaptation among themselves, but recognize deeper structures in the data. - The dropout layer can be used in the input layer as well as in the hidden layers. However, it has been shown that different dropout probabilities should be used depending on the layer type. - However, once the training has been trained out, the dropout layer is no longer used for predictions. However, in order for the model to continue to produce good results, the weights are scaled using the dropout rate. What is the Correlation Matrix? Exploring Correlation Matrix: Understanding Correlations, Construction, Interpretation, and Visualization. What is Decentralized AI? Unlocking the Potential of Decentralized AI: Transforming Technology with Distributed Intelligence and Collaborative Networks. What is the Ridge Regression? Exploring Ridge Regression: Benefits, Implementation in Python and the differences to Ordinary Least Squares (OLS). What is a Activation Function? Learn about activation functions: the building blocks of deep learning. Maximize your model's performance with the right function. What is Regularization? Unlocking the Power of Regularization: Learn how regularization techniques enhance model performance and prevent overfitting. What is a Conditional Random Field (CRF)? Unlocking the Power of Conditional Random Fields: Discover advanced techniques and applications in this comprehensive guide. Other Articles on the Topic of Dropout Layer You can find the documentation of the TensorFlow Dropout Layer here.
This comprehensive guide explores everything you need to know about embracing a wellhealthorganic lifestyle and unlocking the secrets to vitality and well-being. All information healthy life wellhealthorganic Understanding the Essence of wellhealthorganic Embarking on a journey towards wellhealthorganic encompasses more than just adopting a diet or exercise regimen. It's a lifestyle centered around nourishing the body, mind, and soul with organic, natural, and sustainable practices. From mindful eating to embracing eco-friendly habits, every aspect of wellhealthorganic contributes to overall wellness. The Benefits of Embracing wellhealthorganic Embracing a wellhealthorganic lifestyle yields a myriad of benefits that extend far beyond physical health. Not only does it support optimal physical well-being by providing essential nutrients and reducing exposure to harmful toxins, but it also nurtures mental clarity, emotional balance, and spiritual harmony. Moreover, wellhealthorganic practices promote environmental sustainability, contributing to a healthier planet for future generations. Key Components of a wellhealthorganic Lifestyle A wellhealthorganic lifestyle encompasses various components that work synergistically to promote holistic wellness: Nutrition and Diet Supporting Paragraph: Opting for organic, whole foods free from pesticides, hormones, and artificial additives forms the cornerstone of a wellhealthorganic diet. Incorporating a diverse array of fruits, vegetables, whole grains, and lean proteins ensures optimal nutrition and vitality. Physical Activity and Exercise Supporting Paragraph: Regular physical activity is essential for maintaining overall health and vitality. Whether it's engaging in cardiovascular exercises, strength training, or mind-body practices like yoga and tai chi, staying active enhances cardiovascular health, boosts mood, and improves overall quality of life. Mindfulness and Mental Well-being Supporting Paragraph: Practicing mindfulness, meditation, and stress-reduction techniques fosters mental clarity, emotional resilience, and inner peace. Cultivating a positive mindset and nurturing emotional well-being are integral aspects of a wellhealthorganic lifestyle. Environmental Consciousness Supporting Paragraph: Embracing eco-friendly practices such as recycling, reducing waste, conserving energy, and supporting sustainable agriculture aligns with the principles of wellhealthorganic. By minimizing our environmental footprint, we contribute to a healthier planet and promote overall well-being. FAQs about wellhealthorganic What are the primary principles of wellhealthorganic? Answer: The primary principles of wellhealthorganic revolve around consuming organic, whole foods, engaging in regular physical activity, nurturing mental and emotional well-being, and adopting eco-friendly practices. Is wellhealthorganic suitable for everyone? Answer: Yes, wellhealthorganic is suitable for individuals of all ages and backgrounds. It emphasizes a balanced approach to wellness, making it accessible and adaptable to diverse lifestyles. How can I transition to a wellhealthorganic lifestyle? Answer: Transitioning to a wellhealthorganic lifestyle involves making gradual changes and adopting sustainable habits. Start by incorporating more organic foods into your diet, increasing physical activity, practicing mindfulness, and minimizing environmental impact. What are the benefits of organic farming? Answer: Organic farming promotes soil health, biodiversity, and sustainable agriculture practices. It reduces reliance on synthetic pesticides and fertilizers, leading to cleaner air, water, and soil. Can wellhealthorganic practices help reduce stress? Answer: Yes, wellhealthorganic practices such as mindfulness, meditation, and regular exercise are effective in reducing stress levels, promoting relaxation, and enhancing overall well-being. Are there any specific foods I should focus on in a wellhealthorganic diet? Answer: Emphasize whole, nutrient-dense foods such as fruits, vegetables, whole grains, legumes, nuts, and seeds in your wellhealthorganic diet. These foods provide essential vitamins, minerals, antioxidants, and fiber for optimal health. In conclusion, embracing a wellhealthorganic lifestyle offers a pathway to vibrant health, vitality, and longevity. By prioritizing organic, natural, and sustainable practices, we can nourish our bodies, minds, and souls while contributing to a healthier planet. Whether it's through mindful eating, regular exercise, or environmental consciousness, each step towards wellhealthorganic brings us closer to a life of holistic wellness and fulfillment.
With their ability to adapt to various lighting conditions, peace lilies are often considered low-light houseplants. But will these tropicals still bloom and thrive if kept continually in dark spots? Determining just how little light-lit lilies need help to avoid stunting their growth. Want to learn more about can peace lily grow in dark & how much light your Spathiphyllum needs to prosper? Read on. Can Peace Lily Grow In Dark? While peace lilies can initially tolerate low-light areas, lack of adequate sunlight will eventually inhibit flowering and cause decline. Providing even minimal bright, indirect light keeps plants actively growing. Supplementing dark corners with artificial lighting enables sustaining healthy, peaceful lilies. Table of Contents Core Findings Can Peace Lily Grow In Dark? Can peace lily grow in low light? Yes, Peace Lilies can grow in low light conditions but thrive in indirect sunlight. Though they can't survive in complete darkness, they can certainly live in shady corners. However, don't expect them to thrive. Think of peace lilies like shade-loving adventurers, not dungeon dwellers. Indirect sunlight is their ideal environment, allowing them to produce those beautiful blooms. In complete darkness, the plant will stretch, its leaves losing their luster and the blooms fading. Eventually, with no light for photosynthesis, the entire plant will weaken and may die. But fear not, Even if your home lacks sunny windows! Just give your peace lily a spot with some filtered light, perhaps near a north-facing window. Remember, though, like any tropical plant, it dislikes cold temperatures and overwatering. Ensure good drainage in its pot and let the soil dry slightly between waterings. So, while peace lilies can handle the shadows, remember, they're not true darkness dwellers. Give them a touch of light, and they'll thrive, adding a touch of elegance to your shady spaces. Peace lilies, often mistaken as perennials due to their resilient nature, thrive in low-light conditions. Learn more about whether peace lilies are annuals or perennials here. How Much Low Light Peace Lily Can Handle? How much darkness can they handle before fading away? Good news: Peace lilies are champions of low light! They happily live in dimly lit corners, thriving on filtered sun or indirect light. Think of north-facing windows or spots a few feet away from brighter areas. But a warning: Complete darkness is a no-go. Without any light for photosynthesis, your peace lily will stretch, its leaves losing their shine and blooms disappearing. Eventually, the entire plant weakens and may succumb. Here's a quick guide: - Ideal: Filtered sunlight or bright, indirect light - Tolerable: Shady corners with some filtered light - No-go: Complete darkness Tips for happy low-light lilies: - Rotate the pot occasionally: Even in low light, some areas receive more than others. Rotate the pot every few weeks to ensure even growth. - No direct sun: Harsh sunlight can scorch the leaves. Avoid placing your peace lily in south-facing windows or direct sunbeams. - Mimic their natural habitat: Peace lilies are tropical plants that love humidity. Regularly spritz the foliage or position the pot atop a tray of pebbles immersed in water for optimal moisture. - Water wisely: Overwatering is a common enemy in low light. Check the soil moisture. Only hydrate when the upper layer seems parched to maintain ideal moisture levels. Remember: While peace lilies are low-light superstars, a touch of filtered light goes a long way. Give them that, and they'll reward you with healthy, vibrant foliage and the occasional elegant bloom, even in your shadiest corners. So,can peace lily grow without sunlight? Yes. Signs Of Insufficient Light Not all houseplants are sunbathing enthusiasts. But even shade-loving pals like peace lilies need enough light to thrive. So, how do you know if your leafy companions are craving some extra sunshine? Keep an eye out for these telltale signs: Stretched Stems and Droopy Leaves Notice your plant suddenly sprouting long, lanky stems? Or maybe its leaves are looking droopy and sad, like deflated balloons. This classic stretching act is a plant's desperate attempt to reach for more light. We may wonder can peace lily live in low light? Yes, it can Pale or Yellow Foliage Vibrant green leaves are a sign of a happy, healthy plant. But when light is lacking, those cheerful greens fade to pale yellows or even sickly whites. Think faded photo booth pictures: not a good look! Slow Growth and Fewer Blooms Plants fueled by sunlight grow at a steady pace, bursting with new leaves and maybe even blooms. But in the dim, their growth slows down like a movie on slow motion. Fewer new leaves, and those beautiful flowers? Forget about it. Leaf Drop and Brown Tips Things get even worse when the light deprivation continues. Yellow leaves might start dropping, leaving your plant looking sparse and skeletal. Brown or crispy leaf tips are another red flag, screaming for a brighter spot. Remember, These signs are your plant's way of crying out for help! Don't wait until they're completely wilted to act. Give them a boost of indirect sunlight, or invest in some grow lights for the darkest corners. With a little sunshine and love, your leafy friends will be back to their vibrant, happy selves in no time. It's crucial to note that while peace lilies thrive in low-light areas, they can be harmful to pets, including birds. So, be aware before bringing peace to lily home. How Do Peace Lilies Adapt To Low Light Settings? Peace Lilies adapt remarkably to low light conditions. Let's peek into their secret adaptations: Light-Hungry Leaves Their leaves aren't just pretty decorations. They're packed with chlorophyll, the green pigment that captures sunlight for photosynthesis. Peace lilies have extra-large leaves compared to their size, maximizing their light-grabbing surface area. Think of them as leafy solar panels, soaking up even the faintest glow. Efficient Photosynthesis Even in low light, their photosynthetic machinery gets to work. Peace lilies adjust their metabolism to operate at lower light levels, converting that precious sunlight into energy with surprising efficiency. It's like dimming the lights but still getting things done! Slow and Steady Wins the Race Forget fast-paced growth spurts. In low light, peace lilies take their time, conserving energy and growing at a slower, more deliberate pace. This controlled growth helps them avoid stretching or becoming leggy, maintaining their compact, elegant form. Resourceful Root System Their roots play a crucial role, too. Peace lilies develop shallow, fibrous root systems that spread close to the soil surface. This allows them to efficiently absorb moisture and nutrients from the top layer of soil, which tends to be warmer and more aerated even in dim conditions. While peace lilies are low-light champs, complete darkness is a no-go. Ideally, give them filtered sunlight or bright, indirect light. A touch of sunshine goes a long way, keeping them healthy and happy and those elegant white flowers blooming even in your shadiest corners. Many believe peace lilies make excellent houseplants due to their low-light tolerance. Care Guidance Of Peace Lily In A Dark Place Peace lilies, popular indoor plants known for their stunning white flowers and glossy green leaves, thrive in low-light areas. Here's how to care for them: - Light: Indirect light is perfect; avoid direct sunlight as it can harm the plant. - Watering: Keep soil consistently moist but not soggy. To avoid root rot, only water the plant when the upper soil layer is dry to the touch. - Drainage: Ensure pots have drainage holes to prevent waterlogging. - Temperature: Maintain warm conditions; avoid cold temperatures. - Feeding: Use a balanced liquid fertilizer monthly during the growing season. - Cleaning: Wipe leaves gently to remove dust. - Yellow Leaves: Trim yellowed leaves to encourage new growth. - Artificial Light: If natural light is limited, supplement with artificial light. Peace lilies are not true lilies and are safe for pets. With these simple steps, your indoor peace lily, standing about two feet tall, will thrive even in dimly lit spaces. Where Should I Place My Peace Lily In A Low-Light Room? Finding the perfect spot for your peace lily in a low-light room is key to a happy plant! Remember, they love filtered sunlight, not complete darkness. Here are some ideal locations: Bonus tip: If you're unsure about the light in a specific spot, use a light meter app on your phone. Aim for readings between 50 and 100 foot-candles for happy, thriving peace lilies! With the right low-light location, your peace lily will reward you with vibrant green leaves and even those elegant white blooms, adding a touch of elegance to your dimly lit space. While watering is crucial for peace lilies, using sugar water is a common myth. Find out if peace lilies truly like sugar water and its impact on their growth. Common Myths About Peace Lilies And Light Peace lilies, with their elegant white blooms and glossy green leaves, are known for their low light tolerance. But even these leafy champs come with some light-related myths! Let's dispel the darkness and shine a light on the truth: - Myth #1: Peace lilies thrive in complete darkness. Fact: While they can handle dim corners, complete darkness is a no-go. Without any light for photosynthesis, they'll weaken, stretch, and eventually fade away. Think of them like shade-loving adventurers, not dungeon dwellers. - Myth #2: Direct sunlight is their best friend. Fact: Sunshine can be harsh! Direct sunlight can scorch their leaves and stunt growth. Opt for filtered or indirect sunlight through north-facing windows or a few feet away from brighter windows. - Myth #3: Artificial lights are a perfect substitute for natural light. Fact: While grow lights can help, they're not a magic solution. Natural light is still best for overall health and flower production. Use artificial lights only as a supplement in very dim rooms. - Myth #4: They'll clean the air in even the darkest corners. Fact: Although peace lilies do filter some pollutants, their air-purifying power relies on light for photosynthesis. In complete darkness, their air-cleaning abilities decline significantly. Contrary to popular belief, peace lilies don't thrive in full sun. Which isn't true, actually. Frequently Asked Questions Are Peace Lilies OK in Low Light? Yes, Peace Lilies do well in low light but prefer indirect sunlight. Water when the soil is dry about an inch deep. Do Peace Lilies Like Dark Corners? Not quite. They thrive in indirect light, but dark corners might hinder growth, causing fewer blooms. How Often Should I Water My Peace Lily in Low-Light Conditions? Check soil moisture. In low light, hydrate the plant when the upper layer of soil has dried out to ensure its healthy growth. Are There Specific Varieties of Peace Lilies Better Suited for Low-Light Conditions? Yes, some varieties like "Sensation" or "Domino" handle low light better, adapting to indoor settings. Can Peace Lily Survive in Low Light? Can Peace Lily Grow in Dark Indoors? They can survive but grow better in indirect light. Dark spaces may slow growth and flowering. Can Peace Lily Grow in Dark in Winter? It's tough. They prefer indirect light even in winter. Too dark might affect their health. Can Peace Lily Grow in Dark in Water? Not ideal. They need some light for photosynthesis. Low light might hinder growth in water. Peace Lilies indeed tolerate low light but shine brightest in indirect sunlight. While they manage in dim spaces, complete darkness stunts growth and blooming. Their adaptability to filtered light keeps them healthy. Remember, for optimal growth, a touch of light is vital. So, can Peace lily grow in dark corners? Not ideally, but they'll thrive with a hint of brightness.
White mistletoe (Viscum album L.) White mistletoe is a perennial parasitic shrub from the Loranthaceae family Other names: witch's nest, bird mistletoe, winter seeds, goat nuts, bird nuts, bird glue, vortex nest, willow. A parasitic shrub that forms hemispherical bushes on various, mostly deciduous trees. The branches are woody, forked, arranged oppositely; leaves sessile, opposite, thick-skinned, with clearly visible 3-4 longitudinal veins, yellow-green, overwintering; plants are dioecious, flowers are small, inconspicuous, crowded 3-6 at the top of the stem and in the forks of the stems, stamens are larger than pistils; the fruit is a juicy, white, shiny globular berry with sticky pulp, with one or more seeds. Mistletoe blooms in March – April, berries ripen in May-June. Mistletoe spreads with the help of birds that willingly eat its berries; cleaning the beak on the bark of trees, they leave seeds adhering to the beak on it, which, due to the content of rubber, stick to the branches and germinate. For medicinal purposes, young stems with mistletoe leaves – Stipites Visci cum Foliis or leaves alone are used. Raw materials are collected in late autumn or early winter (November-December). Both fresh leaves and dry raw materials are used. Contains active substances: The chemical composition of mistletoe is complex, many constituents have been found, but the active substances have not been established. According to some reports, a white amphora substance viscotoxin (up to 0.1%) was isolated from mistletoe, consisting of viscerin, oleanolic and ursolic acids, as well as choline and its derivatives (acetylcholine, propylethylcholine), which are considered the main active ingredients; contains amines (viscalbin, viscamine, etc.), alcohols (pinite, quebrachite, etc.), fatty oil, vitamin C, carotene, resinous substances, etc. Medicinal use: Currently, in medical practice, a decoction of young mistletoe branches is used for hypertension and as a tonic for intestinal atony. A liquid extract from young mistletoe leaves is used for pulmonary and nosebleeds. For the treatment of the early stages of hypertension, a thick extract of "Omelen" and a new-galenic product "Viskulen" are used. The drug "Ascofit", which includes a tincture of fresh mistletoe leaves, is used to treat all kinds of neuralgia (radiculitis, ischalgia, lumbago). Mistletoe is widely used in folk medicine to treat various diseases: as an anticonvulsant for epilepsy, hysteria, dizziness, as a hemostatic agent for uterine and hemorrhoidal bleeding, as an external remedy for soothing abscesses. Usually used mistletoe from birches. Water decoction is drunk with increased blood pressure, headache, epilepsy. A decoction of mistletoe from hornbeam, oak, pine is used for heart disease, nervous diseases, asthma, rheumatism, tangles, cancer, and pulmonary tuberculosis.
March, 2023 Buying a property is a major decision and a significant investment. For most people, it's among the most significant decisions in their lifetime. While renting may seem like an attractive option, there are several reasons why buying a property is better in the long run. This article will explore the benefits of buying a property over renting. One of the most significant benefits of buying a property is the potential for equity. Equity is the difference between the value of the property and the amount owed on the mortgage. Over time, as you pay down your mortgage and the property increases in value, your equity grows. This equity can be used for future investments, renovations, or even retirement. Buying a property provides a sense of stability and security. With a fixed-rate mortgage, your monthly payments are predictable and will not increase over time. This allows you to plan for the future and provides peace of mind knowing you have a stable living situation. Homeowners are eligible for several tax benefits, including mortgage interest deductions, property tax deductions, and capital gains exclusions. These tax benefits can help reduce your overall tax liability and provide additional savings. When you own a property, you have the freedom to make it your own. You can make changes and renovations to the property to suit your needs and preferences. This freedom is impossible when renting, where you are limited in what you can do to the property. Historically, properties have increased in value over time. While there is no guarantee that your property will increase in value over the long term, it likely will. This appreciation can provide a significant return on investment if you want to sell the property. When you own a property, you have control over the property. You can choose who lives on the property, what changes to make, and how the property is maintained. This control is not possible when renting, as you are subject to the landlord's rules and regulations. Inflation can erode the value of your money over time. When you own a property, the value of the property tends to increase with inflation, providing a hedge against inflation. Buying a property is a significant investment. However, it provides several benefits over renting. These benefits include equity, stability, tax benefits, freedom, appreciation, control, and protection against inflation. While there are risks involved with owning a property, the benefits outweigh the risks in the long run. If you are considering buying a property, it is important to do your research and consult a professional to ensure that it is the right decision for your financial situation. Finding the right property to buy can be daunting, but with a little research and preparation, you can make the process easier and more successful. Here are some tips on how to find the right property to buy: Before you start your search, it's important to determine your needs. Consider the location, size, and type of property that will best suit your lifestyle and budget. Determine your budget and stick to it. This will help narrow down your search and ensure that you are looking at properties that you can afford. A reputable real estate agent can help you find properties that meet your needs and budget. They can also provide valuable insights into the local market and help you navigate the buying process. Use online resources, such as property websites, to search for properties that meet your criteria. These websites often provide detailed information on properties, including photos, virtual tours, and property details. Attend open houses and view properties in person better to understand the layout, condition, and location. This can also help you determine whether the property is a good fit for your needs. When looking at properties, consider the neighbourhood and surrounding areas. Look for safe neighbourhoods that provide access to amenities and services that meet your needs. Before making an offer, inspect the property with a professional to ensure it is in good condition. This can help you avoid costly repairs and unexpected expenses down the road. After you have researched and viewed the property, make an informed decision based on your needs, budget, and the condition and location of the property. Finding the right property to buy takes time, research, and careful consideration. By determining your needs, setting a budget, working with a real estate agent, researching online, attending open houses, considering the neighbourhood, inspecting the property, and making an informed decision, you can increase your chances of finding a property that meets your needs and provides a sound investment for your future.
Now showing items 1-8 of 8 Assessing nurses' adherence to the see-and-treat guidelines of Botswana's national cervical cancer prevention programme (American Association for Cancer Research, https://www.aacr.org/, 2019-12-18) The see-and-treat approach for cervical cancer screening (VIA followed by immediate cryotherapy) was first pilot tested in Botswana in 2009. Botswana's Ministry of Health and the Botswana-UPenn Partnership collaborated to ... Availability of WHO essential medicines for cancer treatment in Botswana (American Society of Clinical Oncology, http://www.asco.org/, 2018-01-23) Purpose Stock outs of cancer drugs are potentially fatal but have not been systematically studied in low- and middle-income countries. The aim of this study was to determine the availability and alignment of the Botswana ... Co-infection with HPV types from the same species provides natural cross-protection from progression to cervical cancer (BioMed Central (BMC), http://www.infectagentscancer.com/, 2014-08) Background: The worldwide administration of bivalent and quadrivalent HPV vaccines has resulted in cross-protection against non-vaccine HPV types. Infection with multiple HPV types may offer similar cross-protection in the ... Factors related to advanced stage of cancer presentation in Botswana (American Society of Clinical Oncology, https://beta.asco.org/, 2018-12) Purpose: Botswana, a country with a high prevalence of HIV, has an increasing incidence of cancer related mortality in the post–antiretroviral therapy era. Despite universal access to free healthcare, the majority of ... Botswana's HIV response: policies, context, and future directions (Wiley, http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/, 2020-01-17) This brief report describes key periods in the history of the national public health response to the HIV epidemic in Botswana. It reveals the context leading to the development of HIV policies presently in place and current ... HIV infection and survival among women with cervical cancer (American Society of Clinical Oncology, https://beta.asco.org/, 2016-08-29) Cervical cancer is the leading cause of cancer death among the 20 million women with HIV worldwide. We sought to determine whether HIV infection affected survival in women with invasive cervical cancer. Patients ... Explaining disparities in oncology health systems delays and stage at diagnosis between men and women in Botswana: A cohort study (Public Library of Science, http://www.plosone.org/, 2019-06-06) Men in Botswana present with more advanced cancer than women, leading to poorer outcomes. We sought to explain sex-specific differences in time to and stage at treatment initiation. Cancer patients who ... Impact of human immunodeficiency virus infection on survival and acute toxicities from chemoradiation therapy for cervical cancer patients in a limited-resource setting (Elsevier, https://www.elsevier.com/en-xm, 2018-05-01) Purpose—To prospectively compare survival between human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected versus HIV-uninfected cervical cancer patients who initiated curative chemoradiation therapy (CRT) in a limited-resource ...
Water is Life ; How to save it ? By SK Kapoor. " Thousands have lived without love, but no one without water", W.H. Auden , American English Poet has very well explained the importance of love in his thoughts. Nature has created water, soil and air. All the three components are critical for humans, animals and plant life on our planet. But water is the most essential natural resource on earth. Water is the ultimate life supporting system to humans. Drinking water is a source of nutrition for humanity. Hydrogen atoms in water reduces the heat on earth. This indicates that the water is important of existence of life and for maintaining ecological balance as well! French explorer Jacques has well said that the water cycle and life cycle are the one. Out of 71% of water on earth only 2.5% consists of freshwater , that is, usable but unfortunately sheerly wasted by us. Burgeoning population also engraves the problem of water scarcity. Hence, being responsible individuals, it's our duty to embrace nature's creation and to protect it from being wasted. We need not to make extra efforts for water conservation, all we need to do is to bring some positive changes in our daily activities. ● At the bottom, we need to change our habit of running tap while brushing. ● Using buckets instead if shower , will save around 100 lt. Of water everyday. ● Rain water harvesting systems must be installed in houses and buildings. ● Plants will be blessed to be watered with rain water instead of normal running tap. ● Government should make stringent rules for those who pollute the water bodies. ● It takes a lot of water to produce food , so by not wasting food we also contribute to reduce water wastage as well. ● In order to save water, 3R principle must be used ie. Reduce- the water wastage, Reuse and Recycle – the water for other purposes. Small efforts from the end of millions of people will bring a big positive result toward Save Water Campaign. So we should join our hands for the cause of saving water. "Water I am, born to be free, Save me now ,or I shall flee!" – Share This Article –
How to Manage Your Finances Everyone loves to spend money, including you and me. However, it is easy to spend money carelessly. There's a high possibility that careless spending will cause your money to disappear into thin air. What are some good ways to handle or spend money? Do you feel confident managing your finances, or do you struggle to set up a budget and make plans for how to spend and save your money? Although it takes time and effort to manage money, the financial stability it delivers is rewarding. Here is some practical advice on how to manage your money well to ensure financial security, emphasizing several key elements. 1. Save to spend There are many reasons why we want to make money or maintain financial stability. Our ability to purchase what we want, eat at a fine restaurant for dinner, and even find a girlfriend is made possible by our financial security. With low salaries and high commodity prices, it might be challenging to construct a personal financial management strategy in developing nations like Myanmar. Therefore, it is possible that only through the systematic use of money would saving money become a priority. Another crucial point regarding money savings remains. Cash should never be saved because it can be lost and has a fixed value. As a result, it makes sense to invest in digital currency while saving money in high-interest banks. Additionally, if you have certain objectives and motives, it will be efficient and effective. 2.Reduce your monthly spending For many people, changing their spending habits to have enough money to pay their bills on time and have money left over from each paycheck to save is the most difficult aspect of money management. Quitting your unneeded purchasing habits can help you save more money each month and is a simple way to cut your monthly expenses. Finding unnecessary spending and getting rid of it will help you reduce your monthly expenses and increase your savings. 3.Clear your debt If you do not properly manage your debt, it can be a significant financial burden and have a bad effect on your future. It might seem impossible to get out of debt, but with time and careful planning, you can. Making timely monthly payments is the most crucial thing to keep in mind when you have debt. 4.Establish and follow a budget plan You may better manage your income and expenses by making a budget. Setting up a budget may seem like a lot of work, but having a financial plan will help you stay motivated to meet your financial objectives. There are various budgeting strategies, each having a unique method for managing your finances. In a standard budget, you allocate a certain percentage of your income to each expense, saving the rest. The process of managing your finances should be ongoing, and you should check in on it frequently to see how things are going. By implementing these techniques, you may strengthen your money management skills and increase your confidence.
Flood is one of the natural phenomenon that have high potential to cause damage in terms of loss of lives, destruction to property and economic loss. This cross sectional study conducted by using convenience sampling method. The objective of this study is to demonstrate and illustrate the factors affecting food insecurity among the flood victims at Bera, Malaysia on the digital mapping by using the Geographic Information System (GIS) as the study on the factors of food insecurity and the illustration of the factors through the digital mapping is limited. The combination of questionnaire from the Household Food Security Survey Model (HFSSM), Household Food Insecurity Access Field (HFIAS), and anthropometric assessment with some modification were used in this study. There were 210 of respondents out of 247 respondents were agree .to be interviewed. Chi square and logistic regression were utilized to know the factors that associated with household food insecurity. The results show that the percentage of the household with food insecure was 29.6% (n=73) according to HFSSM. Thirteen out of seventeen villages have been identified as food insecure in which the three highest food insecure were Kampung Padang Luas (50%), Kampung Kuala Triang (53.8%), and Kampung Bohor Bharu (53.3%). This paper highlight on the factors of food insecurity and on how the GIS application help to demonstrate and visualize the area of food insecurity at Bera, Malaysia. Item Type: \| Thesis (Degree) \| Creators: \| Creators Email / ID Num. Musa, Siti Salwani UNSPECIFIED \| Subjects: \| R Medicine > R Medicine (General) > Computer applications to medicine. Medical informatics R Medicine > R Medicine (General) > Neural Networks (Computer). Artificial intelligence R Medicine > RA Public aspects of medicine > Public health. Hygiene. Preventive Medicine \| Divisions: \| Universiti Teknologi MARA, Shah Alam > Faculty of Health Sciences \| Programme: \| Bachelor (Hons.) of Nutrition and Dietetics \| Keywords: \| information, food, flood \| Date: \| January 2016 \| URI: \| https://ir.uitm.edu.my/id/eprint/27918 \| TD_SITI SALWANI MUSA HS 16_5.pdf Download (3MB)
Safeguarding sensitive information within PDF documents has become increasingly vital as the exchange of digital documents has become the norm in all kinds of settings. It can therefore be necessary to conceal some of the confidential or sensitive information within a PDF file when sharing important documents with others. Digitally, this is known as masking text. Masking text involves hiding specific content within a PDF to protect confidential information or discreetly correct errors or typos. In this comprehensive guide, we will delve into the reasons why you might want to mask text in a PDF file and what information you should hide, we'll answer some FAQs, and we'll also explain the process of how to mask text using one of the most innovative PDF editors on the market. How to Mask Content in PDF with UPDF UPDF is an AI-driven PDF editing tool which provides a more intuitive and powerful way to manage your PDF files. UPDF offers a modernised and advanced redaction feature which is designed to enable users to effectively mask content within PDF documents. Here's our easy-to-follow step-by-step guide on how to mask words in PDF: Step 1. Download UPDF and Open Your Document Download and then launch UPDF. Then, select "Open File" to choose the PDF document in which you'd like to mask text. Windows • macOS • iOS • Android 100% secure Step 2. Go to the "Redact" Tool To access the redaction tool, click on the "Redact" icon on the left-hand toolbar. Step 3. Mask Text in PDF This software offers 2 methods to help you mask content in PDF. One of them is to select the text you want to mask, and the other is to search and mask. Method 1. Select Text to Mask Above your document, you'll see an option called "Mark for redaction" - click this, then select the text that you want to redact, and then click "Apply Redactions" from the popup menu. Method 2. Search Words to Mask If you want to search text on PDF and then mask them all or some of them, click the "Find Text & Redact". Enter the words in the search bar, and you can find all of the words in this page are highlighted and listed on the search panel. Now select the texts you want to mask and click the "Redact" button below. If you want to make changes to the redaction property, click "Properties" from the top menu above your document and make the required changes. With UPDF's user-friendly interface and helpful redaction feature, masking text in PDFs becomes an easy process. To have the best PDF editing tool on the market, make sure to download UPDF so that you can try out its powerful functionalities for yourself. Windows • macOS • iOS • Android 100% secure Why Do You Need to Mask Something in PDF? There are numerous reasons why masking text in PDF documents can be essential. We've listed some of the most common reasons as to why you may need to mask text in a PDF file: - Protection of Sensitive Information: If your PDF documents contain confidential data such as personal details, financial information, or other content that should be shielded from unauthorised access, you may want to conceal this information to prevent it from falling into the wrong hands. - Error Correction: Making typos or spelling errors is very common, and can be a huge inconvenience when you've already saved your PDF file. Masking allows users to rectify these issues discreetly without altering the overall appearance of the document. - Compliance Requirements: Many industries are subject to regulatory standards regarding data privacy and security. Masking sensitive information helps organisations remain compliant with these regulations and avoid potential legal ramifications. - Presentation Purposes: In presentations or reports, you might want to focus on specific parts of a document while temporarily hiding other sections to avoid distractions and keep the attention of your audience. - Selective Sharing: Sometimes, you might need to share a PDF file with someone who needs to see the majority of the document, but isn't authorised to view the more private or sensitive information within it. In these cases, you'll find it useful to obscure certain parts of the document that you don't want to share. - Anonymising Personal Data: When conducting research or data analysis, it can be necessary to conceal the identities of individuals while presenting research results and analysing patterns and trends. What Information Should You Mask When Sharing? When sharing PDF documents, it can be crucial to identify and mask sensitive information to safeguard privacy. By carefully assessing the content of your PDF documents and how they are going to be used or shared, you can determine which information requires masking to ensure privacy and security. Here are the most common types of information that you may want to mask within your documents: Personal Details: Personally Identifiable Information (PII) is data that can be used to identify an individual, and it should be concealed when sharing a PDF file. This includes names, usernames, addresses, phone numbers, social security numbers, and email addresses. Also under this umbrella are things like passport numbers, driving license numbers, or government-issued identification numbers. Financial Details: Needless to say, it's imperative to hide any financial information detailed within a PDF file when sharing it with others. Bank account numbers, credit card details, and financial statements should all be masked to prevent identity theft or fraud. Confidential Business Information: Trade secrets, legal case information, or business strategies should also be redacted from your PDF files. This is important for your business to maintain an advantage over the prying eyes of competitors and protect any confidential plans or information. Sensitive Corporate Information: It's important to protect the identities and information of the employees within a business as well as customer data. Things like employee names, payroll data, performance reviews and disciplinary actions should be hidden from any PDFs that you plan to share, as well as sensitive customer information. Security Credentials: When sharing a PDF file, it's also crucial to ensure that you mask all passwords, encryption keys and access codes, as well as answers to security questions used for authentication and API keys. FAQs about Masking Content in PDF Can I Mask a Field in PDF? Yes, you can - with UPDF, you can easily mask fields in your PDF files. Masking a form field in PDF is the same as masking text in PDF, and just go to the "Redact" feature and follow the simple steps in our user-friendly guide (detailed previously in this article) and you'll be able to conceal any information that you require within your PDF documents. Can I Mask PDF Content Online for Free? While some online tools claim to offer free PDF masking capabilities, they often provide only a rectangle shape to cover the text that you want to mask. This provides very limited functionality and does not guarantee secure redaction, as it can easily be removed with the right software. It's much more advisable to use offline tools like UPDF for a more comprehensive and reliable masking experience. How to Mask Content in PDF with Adobe Acrobat? Adobe Acrobat also offers redaction features for masking content in PDFs. Here's how you can redact data from a PDF document using Adobe: 1. First, launch the Adobe Acrobat Pro software and open the PDF file that you want to redact. 2. Next, click on "Tools" and then "Redact" from the options on the interface. 3. Click on "Mark for Redaction" then "Text & Images". 4. Select the text or images that you need to redact, then click "Apply". If you'd like to customise your PDF document, do this before selecting "Apply" - after editing, you can then apply the redaction that is required and save your PDF file. The Adobe Acrobat software is very costly compared to UPDF, which provides an array of PDF editing features at a much more affordable price point. Adobe's pricing starts at $22.99 per month, whereas UPDF's prices start from only $35.99 per year - only 1/12 of Adobe's fee. UPDF also offers a one-time perpetual fee for as little as $55.99 which is incredible value for money, as this gives the user access to the software for life. You can check the full comparison between Acrobat and UPDF to get more information. Mastering the art of masking text in PDF documents is undeniably crucial for safeguarding sensitive information, discreetly concealing typos or errors, and ensuring that your business complies with any privacy regulations. With UPDF's user-friendly interface and innovative redaction feature, users can efficiently and effectively protect their data with ease by masking text in their PDF files. We highly recommend UPDF as the go-to solution for masking text in PDFs, and for all of your PDF editing needs. Why not download and try using UPDF today? Take advantage of its wide variety of PDF editing capabilities, including the redaction feature which provides the user with unparalleled privacy and security for your PDF documents. If you want to know more about UPDF, you can read the UPDF review on the high-authority website howtogeek. Windows • macOS • iOS • Android 100% secure
In 1967, a public architectural competition was announced for the design of the central area of Zlín. The chairman of the jury was Professor Bohuslav Fuchs, who himself dealt with the Zlín centre masterplan in the 1930s. A total of 9 design collectives took part in the competition. The first prize was not awarded, but the second prize was won by the team of Brno architect Jiří Gřegorčík. His study also included the solution for traffic problems at the right-bank road, and new buildings on náměstí Práce and náměstí Míru. These realisations did not take place, however, as both squares were to be developed in more detail in the next project. The spaces around Vodní, Revoluční (today třída Tomáše Bati), Murzínova (today Dlouhá), Kvítková and Lorencova streets were the first to get their turn. More detailed designs were to be prepared for the intended projects by the end of 1968. It is precisely in the peripheral parts of the centre that intensive construction begun in the 1970s. At that time, a large-capacity residential building with 210 residential units was also built on Vodní Street - on a place where there were previously approximately twenty family houses with gardens, which were gradually pulled down. For the project task of building along Vodní Street, the basic data formulated on the one hand by the results of the competition, and on the other hand by the department of the chief architect, led by Adolf Zikmund, are known. According to the assignment, it was to be an individual building, the architectural solution of which should lead to "unique and original architecture" with regard to its location. The height was set to roughly 8 floors, and the capacity of the building to 210 residential units. The house with small apartments, as it was called, was intended to serve elderly or childless couples. The resulting form was designed by architect Jan Palacký from Stavoprojekt Gottwaldov. This graduate of Prague's UMPRUM started working in the already nationalised Baťa company with the architect Vladimír Kubečka, and belonged to a prominent group of architects who came to Zlín after the war, thus starting their career in already nationalised design offices. The implementation began a few years later in 1971. The large capacity, flat-roofed house measures 15.2 x 109.1 metres in plan and faces north and south. The building has a distinct horizontal composition, which is made up of strips of brownish-red ceramic cladding under the windows. The space between the windows is treated with a grey-white textured plaster. The ceramic strip cladding also covers the sides of the structure. The inset balconies provide a vertical element on the façade. A reinforced concrete frame superstructure is placed on the roof. Architect Palacký also paid attention to the materials; the parterre is lined with limestone blocks. On the north side, there is a canopy that runs along the entire length of the building, and today smaller commercial spaces or offices are located here. The ground floor on the south side is recessed in such a way that its depth creates a roof over the entrances to the apartment sections and forms a generous archway stretching along the entire length of the south side, which is immediately adjacent to the park. The residents thus enjoy immediate contact with greenery even though they live just a few minutes from the city centre. The house has seven floors with residential units and is divided into ten sections. It contains 210 units as required in the brief; seven 1+1 and fourteen 2+1 units per each of the seven floors. In each section, on the northern edge, there is a U-shaped staircase and a small elevator; in one section there are three apartments per floor. The loadbearing structure is made of frames with a module of 360 cm with brick infills and partitions. In the basement, there were cellars and laundry boxes, a mangle room with a dryer, and the necessary technical rooms. Underground parking was also planned, but for financial reasons was not built. For the same reasons, the originally planned more generous layouts of the apartments, which included a pair of symmetrically designed apartments in each section, were also changed. Each unit was to have a larger entrance hall with a pantry, a separate kitchen connected to the dining area and access to the balcony. In 1998, another eighteen apartment units were built on the roof. The original transparent superstructure was completely covered and the character of the building was altered. Apart from these changes and the replacement of windows, the house remains in a relatively well-preserved condition, even with regard to the material solution of the façade and ground floor. The apartment house by Jan Palacký is one of the most architecturally successful large-capacity buildings in the extended city centre which were designed at the end of the 1960s. Their implementation during the 1970s, despite financial problems, stuck to the original concept as well as the good masterplan resulting from the architectural competition.
In the quest for a robust immune system, many overlook the pivotal role of spinal health, particularly the upper cervical region. Strive Spinal Health in Albemarle, NC, emphasizes how upper cervical chiropractic care can be a vital component in enhancing immune function and maintaining overall wellness. The Link Between Upper Cervical Health and the Immune System The upper cervical spine, consisting of the atlas and axis, is intimately connected to the body's nervous system, which in turn influences immune responses. Misalignments in these vertebrae can potentially disrupt nervous system function, impacting the body's ability to fight off illnesses. Upper cervical chiropractic care aims to correct these misalignments, thereby supporting the nervous system's optimal functioning and enhancing immune competence. How Upper Cervical Adjustments Enhance Immunity Optimal Nerve Function: Proper alignment of the upper cervical spine ensures that nerve pathways remain unimpeded, facilitating better communication between the brain and immune system. Stress Reduction: Misalignments can contribute to physical stress, which is known to weaken the immune system. By alleviating this stress, upper cervical care can help strengthen the body's immune response. Promotion of Overall Health: Improved nerve function can enhance other body systems, contributing to better general health and increased immune resilience. Comprehensive Immune Support at Strive Spinal Health Understanding that immune health is affected by various factors, Strive Spinal Health adopts a holistic approach to care. Alongside precise chiropractic adjustments, the clinic offers lifestyle and nutritional counseling to further support immune function. This comprehensive strategy ensures that patients receive care that addresses multiple aspects of health. A Community Resource for Wellness Strive Spinal Health serves not just the residents of Albemarle but also welcomes individuals from surrounding areas looking for natural ways to improve their health. The clinic's commitment to providing integrative care makes it a valuable resource for those seeking to enhance their immune system through chiropractic care. Personalized Care Plans Every patient at Strive Spinal Health receives a personalized care plan tailored to their specific health needs and wellness goals. These plans are designed after a thorough assessment, which may include diagnostic imaging and a detailed health history, to ensure the most effective treatment and advice are provided. Embracing a Holistic Approach to Immune Health For those seeking to bolster their immune system and enhance their overall health, upper cervical chiropractic care offers a promising solution. By focusing on spinal health and its connection to nervous system function, this specialized care provides a foundation for stronger immunity and better health. Author's Note: As with any health care approach, it's essential to consult with healthcare professionals to tailor treatments to your individual health needs, particularly when addressing immune system health.
According to market research firm Markets and Markets, the global recycled polyester bottle (PET) market size is expected to grow from US$11 billion in 2023 to US$15 billion in 2028, with a compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of 6.5%. The main reason for this growth is rising global demand for sustainable packaging. The research firm also noted that bottles and containers are the largest and fastest-growing application segment in the recycled PET market during the forecast period. Among all regions in the world, Asia-Pacific is one of the largest and fastest-growing markets for recycled PET and is expected to account for the largest market share in the global recycled PET market. Mechanical recycling is a multi-step process that transforms post-consumer PET into reusable materials through physical rather than chemical means. This method involves sorting, cleaning, processing, melting, extrusion, and cutting of PET pellets. Unlike chemical recycling, which breaks down plastics into their chemical components, mechanical recycling retains the original polymer structure of PET, making it a more straightforward and less energy-intensive method. The Sorting Phase The initial phase of mechanical recycling is sorting, a critical step where PET plastics are separated from other materials. This automated process uses advanced technologies such as near-infrared spectroscopy, which can distinguish PET from other types of plastics and contaminants. Effective sorting ensures that the subsequent recycling steps are efficient and that the quality of the recycled PET is high. Once sorted, the PET bottles, usually compacted into bales, undergo a thorough cleaning process. This phase is divided into several steps to ensure the removal of contaminants and prepare the PET for further processing: Bottle Brick Unpacking: The bales are fed into a bottle brick unpacking machine, which breaks them up for easier handling. Drum Screening: The broken-up bottles pass through a drum screen that separates stones, sand, metals, and other impurities. Label Separation: Equipment designed to remove labels scrapes off up to 96% of the labels attached to the bottles. This step is crucial as labels can interfere with the recycling process and degrade the quality of PET. Manual Sorting and Flake Production Following the initial cleaning, a manual sorting phase ensures any remaining non-PET materials are removed. The cleaned bottles are then crushed into smaller pieces called bottle flakes. This size reduction is vital as it increases the surface area for subsequent cleaning steps, enhancing the removal of any remaining contaminants. Advanced Cleaning Techniques The bottle flakes undergo a series of cleaning processes to ensure they are free from oil stains, adhesives, and other residues. This is typically achieved through a combination of hot water cleaning and chemical reagents like baking soda. High-speed friction washing ensures thorough cleaning, while continuous washing cycles help maintain the high quality of the flakes. Color sorting equipment is then used to separate flakes by color, ensuring consistency in the final product. Melting and Pelletizing The clean PET flakes are then melted and extruded into PET pellets. This step involves heating the flakes until they reach a molten state, after which they are extruded and cut into uniform pellets. These PET pellets are the raw material for producing new PET bottles and can also be used in food packaging, thanks to their high purity and quality. The PET pellets produced through mechanical recycling have a wide range of applications. Primarily, they are used to manufacture new PET bottles, creating a closed-loop system that significantly reduces the need for virgin PET. Additionally, PET finds applications in the production of various textiles, carpets, and automotive components such as seat belts. This versatility highlights the importance of mechanical recycling in not only reducing plastic waste but also in providing sustainable alternatives for numerous industries. Mechanical recycling of PET offers several environmental and economic benefits: Energy Efficiency: Compared to chemical recycling, mechanical recycling requires less energy, making it a more sustainable option. Reduction in Plastic Waste: By converting post-consumer PET into new products, mechanical recycling helps reduce the volume of plastic waste that ends up in landfills and oceans. Resource Conservation: Recycling PET conserves natural resources by reducing the demand for virgin PET production, which relies on petroleum. Economic Opportunities: The recycling industry creates jobs and stimulates economic growth through the development of new technologies and the production of recycled materials. Despite its advantages, mechanical recycling faces challenges such as contamination of input materials and the degradation of PET quality over multiple recycling cycles. Innovations in sorting technologies and cleaning processes are continuously being developed to address these issues. The future of PET recycling lies in improving the efficiency and scalability of mechanical recycling while exploring complementary methods such as chemical recycling for materials that cannot be processed mechanically. Mechanical recycling stands as a cornerstone in the efforts to manage PET waste and promote sustainability. Its comprehensive process, from sorting and cleaning to pelletizing, ensures that post-consumer PET is effectively transformed into high-quality recycled materials. As global demand for sustainable packaging solutions continues to rise, mechanical recycling will play an increasingly vital role in achieving a circular economy and reducing the environmental impact of plastic waste.
Monumental Lies The murder of George Floyd by a Minneapolis Police officer last year sparked a wave of social justice protests, including ones targeting monuments that celebrate segregationists, slave-owners, conquistadors and Confederate leaders. Since then, about 160 monuments have come down, but roughly 2,000 remain standing. We teamed up with Type Investigations to visit dozens of Confederate monuments and found that for devoted followers, they inspire a disturbing – and distorted – view of history: Confederate generals as heroes. Slaves who were happy to work for them. That twisted history is also shared with schoolchildren on class trips. And you won't believe who's funding these sites to keep them running. Then, reporter Stan Alcorn follows the story of New Mexico's great monument controversy. In 1998, the state was set to celebrate its cuarto centenario: the 400th anniversary of the state's colonization by the Spanish. But a dramatic act of vandalism would turn the making of a monument in Albuquerque into a fight over history the city didn't expect. This show is an update from a 2020 episode that was based on reporting originally broadcast Dec. 8, 2018.
Tantalum products Niobium Products Tantalum-tungsten products Tantalum-niobium combination products Niobium-Zirconium Products Manufacturing strength The House Appearance Production equipment Quality inspection instrument Sustainable development Social responsibility Production safety Conflict mine resources Quality Control Company Profile Development process Honor Qualification In the video Company News Karma Knowledge Industry knowledge The Importance of Tantalum Welding in Modern Industries Tantalum, a rare and valuable metal known for its exceptional resistance to corrosion and high melting point, plays a crucial role in various industries ranging from aerospace to electronics. Tantalum welding, a specialized process used to join tantalum components together, is essential for ensuring the integrity and reliability of products in these industries. Tantalum Seamless Pipe: The High-Performance Material for Industrial Applications Tantalum, a rare and refractory metal, is prized for its unique combination of properties that make it highly valuable in various industrial applications. Among the different forms in which tantalum is used, seamless pipes have gained significant attention due to their superior performance and versatility. Tantalum seamless pipe is fabricated without any seams or welds, ensuring uniformity and strength throughout the entire length of the pipe. Let's delve into the advantages of using tantalum seamless pipes: Niobium Wire A Key Component in Superconducting Technology Niobium (Nb) wire is a critical material in the field of superconductivity, where electrical resistance drops to zero at very low temperatures. This unique property makes niobium wire indispensable for applications ranging from magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) machines to particle accelerators and even next-generation power transmission lines. Niobium Target A Versatile Material for Sputtering Applications Niobium (Nb), a transition metal with a unique combination of physical and chemical properties, has found significant use in various industrial applications. One of its key roles is as a sputtering target in the field of thin-film deposition technology. Sputtering is a process where atoms or molecules are ejected from a solid target material and deposited onto a substrate to form a thin film. Niobium targets are particularly valued due to their ability to produce films with specific characteristics that are essential in numerous technological applications. Tantalum Target A Key Component in Sputtering Processes In the realm of physical vapor deposition (PVD), a technique widely used in the fabrication of advanced materials and thin-film coatings, sputtering stands out as a preferred method. Central to this process is the sputtering target, which can be made from various materials depending on the desired film properties. Among these, the tantalum target is an essential component due to its unique characteristics that translate into high-quality deposited films with remarkable properties.
English Bishop Urges Faithful to Receive in Hand, or Make Spiritual Communion Many Churches around the world have issued precautionary guidelines for Masses, or cancelled public Masses entirely, because of the coronavirus outbreak which originated in China late last year. LANCASTER, England — The Bishop of Lancaster on Thursday issued a decree meant to reduce the risk of coronavirus transmission at Mass, which focused on suspending the sign of peace and the reception of Holy Communion from the chalice. The March 5 decree, signed by the diocese's bishop and its chancellor, discouraged, but did not attempt to prohibit, reception of the Host on the tongue. Bishop Paul Swarbrick introduced seven "pastoral measures" in the diocese effective March 5-21 "to reduce possible transmission" of coronavirus. The sign of peace, reception from the chalice by the lay faithful, and the use of holy water stoups have been suspended. "Those who choose to receive the Sacred Host on the tongue should be encouraged to receive on the hand instead. Their doing this represents an act of loving charity to their community. Alternatively, they should be encouraged to make a 'Spiritual Communion'," the decree states. It addes that churches and chapels open for private prayer should remain open, with regular sanitization; ministers should wash and sanitize their hands before and after distributing Holy Communion; and "shared hymnbooks and Mass books should ideally not be used at this time." There are 147 confirmed cases of coronavirus in England. There has been one death in the country due to the infection. Many Churches around the world have issued precautionary guidelines for Masses, or cancelled public Masses entirely, because of the coronavirus outbreak which originated in China late last year. The new strain of coronavirus causes a respiratory disease, COVID-19, and has a fatality rate of roughly 3%. There have been more than 100,000 confirmed cases of coronavirus in at least 81 countries, and more than 3,400 deaths. The vast majority of cases and deaths have been in China. Like the Diocese of Lancaster, the Archdiocese of Chicago has urged hygienic practices, and it it said that "given the frequency of direct contact with saliva in the distribution of Holy Communion on the tongue, every consideration should be given by each individual to receive Holy Communion reverently in open hands for the time being." The Archdiocese of Portland in Oregon said March 2 that "a parish cannot ban the reception of Holy Communion on the tongue, nor may an Ordinary or Extraordinary minister refuse a person requesting Holy Communion on the tongue." Its worship office emphasized that ministers of Holy Communion should be "able to distribute Holy Communion without risk of touching the hands or the tongue," and that "parishioners should also be instructed how to receive Holy Communion properly either on the tongue or in the hand." The Portland archdiocese said, "We consulted with two physicians regarding this issue, one of which is a specialist in immunology for the State of Oregon. They agreed that done properly the reception of Holy Communion on the tongue or in the hand pose a more or less equal risk." "The risk of touching the tongue and passing the saliva on to others is obviously a danger however the chance of touching someone's hand is equally probable and one's hands have a greater exposure to germs." The Portland archdiocese referred to Redemptionis sacramentum, the Congregation for Divine Worship's 2004 instruction on certain matters to be observed or to be avoided regarding the Most Holy Eucharist, which notes that "each of the faithful always has the right to receive Holy Communion on the tongue, at his choice." Immediately to Portland's north, in the Archdiocese of Seattle, Archbishop Paul Etienne issued a differing set of directives in response to coronavirus. The Northwest Catholic wrote March 3 that Archbishop Etienne "said that holy water should be removed from fonts" and "that Communion hosts should be received only in the hand, not on the tongue." On March 4, Bishop Thomas Daly of Spokane encouraged pastors to suspend the sign of peace, and to refrain from distributing the Precious Blood. He added that "this might also provide a catechetical opportunity to remind the faithful that reception of the Sacred Host is indeed reception of the body, blood, soul, and divinity of Christ." The following day, after a meeting "with local health experts, the vicars, school and other diocesan leaders," Bishop Daly added that clerics should "consider encouraging parishioners to receive Holy Communion in the hand. Receiving in the hand carries a risk of infection, but there is an increased danger of transmitting this virus through droplets in the mouth." Archbishop John Wester of Santa Fe issued directives March 3 that directly prohibited the reception of the Eucharist on the tongue. "During the flu season and given the possibility of being exposed to the coronavirus, ALL communicants are to receive Communion in the hand," the archbishop said. The Diocese of Tucson said March 5 that "as receiving Holy Communion on the tongue almost always involves some accidental touch with tongues and lips, Holy Communion should be distributed only in the hand for the immediate future." In guidelines updated March 6, the Diocese of Phoenix said that at the current stage of the outbreak, pastors "may implement" voluntary precautions, among which is that they "may invite communicants to receive on the hand," adding that "reception of Communion on the tongue could inadvertently contaminate the hands of those distributing Communion. However, individual communicants have the right to decide." Should the outbreak become worse, pastors would be mandated to "invite communicants to receive on the hand." On March 5, Bishop Peter Baldacchino of Las Cruces issued guidelines which said that "it is still left to the discretion of the communicant how they wish to receive the Host. Please note that it may be good to notify them that receiving Holy Communion in the hand and not on the tongue is preferred to limit the exposure of being exposed to the Coronavirus Disease." Bishop Baldacchino added that "as the distribution of Holy Communion involves contact with both the mouth and hands, any Extraordinary Minister of Holy Communion who feels uncomfortable distributing Communion should be allowed to temporarily step down from ministry." Archbishop Leonard Blair of Hartford wrote March 3 to the clerics of his local Church to say that "Communion on the tongue should be strongly discouraged" as a precautionary measure against the spread of coronavirus. A Feb. 28 memo sent from Archbishop Blair in his capacity as chairman of the US Conference of Catholic Bishops' Committee on Divine Worship to the US bishops regarded "liturgical celebrations amid public health concerns regarding the spread of the coronavirus." The memo offered considerations "meant to be helpful" to bishops "if and when it becomes necessary to take preventative steps with regard to the celebration of the liturgy in your local church." The precautionary measures it offered were "suspending the exchange of the sign of peace" and "suspending the distribution of Holy Communion to the faithful via the chalice." Prohibiting the reception of Holy Communion on the tongue was not mentioned in the memo. CNA contacted the USCCB and the archdioceses of Seattle and Santa Fe March 5 to inquire whether an ordinary is able to prohibit the reception of Communion on the tongue, considering that the Congregation for Divine Worship has called that a right of the faithful. No responses have been forthcoming. - Keywords: - bishop of lancaster or make spiritual communion - bishop of lancaster, take communion by hand - coronavirus in england - one death in england from coronavirus
The world of cryptography is facing a major disruption with the advent of quantum computing. Quantum computers are able to solve problems that traditional computers cannot due to their immense computational power. This could have a significant impact on blockchain cryptography as quantum computers would be able to crack private keys stored within asymmetric cryptography and elliptic curve cryptography, two popular curve-based schemes used in blockchain technologies today. But quantum computing is not only a threat, it also brings new opportunities to improve security and speed of transactions in blockchain and cryptocurrency. Quantum Computing Revolutionizing Cryptography Quantum computing has the potential to revolutionize the way we use cryptographic algorithms and create secure networks within blockchain technologies and cryptocurrency systems. By using quantum algorithms, they can process data much faster than traditional machines. "Quantum computing has the potential to break current encryption algorithms and create new, unbreakable forms of encryption" says cryptographer, Dr. Sarah Kaiser. Quantum Encryption Safeguarding Cryptocurrency Quantum encryption methods can provide unbreakable forms of encryption using quantum computers. "This is a game changer for the powers that currently exist in the market," says blockchain expert, John McAfee. Current blockchain encryption and cryptography has been tested by blockchain cryptographers and is far from perfect. Quantum computing may provide us with an alternative form of encrypted cryptocurrencies that will be much more secure than anything we have seen thus far! Quantum Blockchain A Layer of Extra Security The quantum computing community is heavily researching the potential impact of quantum computing on blockchain technology and cryptocurrency. With sophisticated quantum computers in the hands of quantum computing experts, it is possible to create future cybersecurity measures that can protect against even the most sophisticated threats we face today. Quantum blockchain technology is a useful security mechanism that could protect against hypothetical blockchain attacks. By using quantum computing to detect malicious activity on the blockchain, it can provide an additional layer of security compared to classical computing methods alone. The field of quantum computing is rapidly advancing and its potential impact on blockchain and cryptocurrency cannot be ignored. The development of quantum encryption, quantum key distribution and quantum blockchain can bring new levels of security to the industry. As quantum computing becomes more advanced and more affordable, the use of quantum computing will become more widespread. This is an exciting development that will continue to evolve over time. - Dr. Sarah Kaiser, cryptographer at Stanford University - John McAfee, blockchain expert and founder of McAfee Inc. - Quantum computing problems, National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) - Quantum Blockchain: A New Frontier in Cybersecurity, Deloitte Insights.
The Brighter Side of a Hawk Rescue By Jennifer Taylor, Animal Care Coordinator Things aren't always as bad as they seem. This summer after a call about a downed hawk at a campground in Eastham I was reminded of this… The report was that a Red-tailed Hawk was on the ground and could not fly. It would run away when people approached, and there was a hawk seen circling above it. One of our summer Interns, Bekka Evans and I, drove there to attempt to capture the bird. The hawk was being monitored by a campground employee until we arrived. Everyone was so helpful and concerned. We were met by the woman who called us about the bird, at the check-in desk. Then we followed another woman in a golf cart to the bird's exact location. (Often we go to rescue an animal, only to never find it!) The bird was a juvenile and it was covered with flies. Flies mean wounds. I immediately thought of past patients in similar situations who were so badly injured they could not survive. Gruesome pictures flashed through my head. I dreaded the whole rescue at that point "knowing" the outcome was probably bad. But, there stood the Intern who was young and excited and finally out in the field, faced with an impressive bird that we were going to save. Thank goodness for youth! My adrenalin rushed in and we set out to wrangle the hawk. It was extremely difficult to catch, running like a champion, diving through brambles with lightning speed (compared to our plodding) and perching upon branches deep within the thickets. The three of us tried surrounding it several times. Many attempts were made to leap and grab from knee-height, only to be left behind by the crafty bird. Eventually we managed to nab it and bring it back to Wild Care. When we examined the bird we were so thrilled to find there was NO WOUND! All of the blood was from a broken feather. Feathers are full of blood when they are first forming. The bird had damaged a feather and the blood saturated the other feathers on the wing and had dried, gluing the feathers together and rendering the bird flightless and vulnerable. We washed and rinsed the wing over the course of several days. Although this was quite stressful, the young hawk was a good patient and ate well on its own. Bekka was very happy to release the bird back to its family at the campground one week later. Wild Care is Going Green Wild Care Receives a $21,191 TernSOLAR Challenge Grantfrom Tern Foundation. Help us meet the challenge. 15 June, 2024 Wildlife Baby Shower 2024! 05 April, 2024 Wild Night Out 28 February, 2024 Wildlife Winter/Spring Talk Series Wild Care has a state-of-the-art seabird therapy pool, which allows seabirds and waterfowl to exercise on running water. This will help our bird friends recover more quickly so they can get back to their watery habitats!
#1 Food to Fight Inflammation, According to a Dietician Horton, B. (2020, November 3). #1 Food to Fight Inflammation, According to a Dietician. Eating Well. https://www.eatingwell.com/article/7871476/best-food-to-fight-inflammation-according-to-dietitian/?did=699205-20211117&utm_campaign=daily-nosh_newsletter&utm_source=eatingwell.com&utm_medium=email&utm_content=111721&cid=699205&mid=72199337311&lctg=27074372 Sometimes inflammation is a good thing—it's a defense mechanism. For instance, inflammation helps heal a cut. But then there's the type of inflammation that is a slow, ongoing simmer in the background of your body. That's called chronic inflammation and over time it will take a toll on your health and ups your risk of developing some major diseases. Chronic inflammation also has no overt symptoms so it's hard to know if you're experiencing it. Fortunately, you can be proactive: research shows you can reduce inflammation with your diet. To continue reading, follow the link above.
How Many Hole In Human Body? There are seven natural body openings or orifices providing access to an internal cavity through a natural passage called a canal duct or meatus.Feb 19 2013 What are the holes in your body? An orifice is an opening or a hole most often in the body such as your mouth or your nostril. How many holes are in a human head? A foramen (plural: foramina ) is an opening inside the body that allows key structures to connect one part of the body to another. The skull bones that contain foramina include the frontal ethmoid sphenoid maxilla palatine temporal and occipital. There are 21 foramina in the human skull. Are eyes considered holes? An opening or aperture any external opening in the body of an animal. In a typical mammalian body such as the human body the body orifices are: nostrils eyes mouth ear canals anus urethra vagina orifices of nipples orifices of sweat glands navel. orifice of external acoustic meatus. … Which hole is used to make a woman pregnant? For a woman to become pregnant a man's sperm need to be placed into her vagina. This usually happens when a man's erect penis is inserted into a woman's vagina during sex and a fluid called semen is ejaculated from the man's penis into her vagina. Sperm usually passes through the womb to reach the fallopian tube. Which bones protect the brain? The skull protects the brain and forms the shape of the face. The spinal cord a pathway for messages between the brain and the body is protected by the backbone or spinal column. How many openings are in the female body? If you believe the hole babies come out of is the same hole used for urination you're sadly mistaken. In fact women have three portals: a urethra vagina and anus. How do we get pregnant? Getting pregnant Pregnancy happens when a sperm fertilises an egg which can happen even if you've not had sexual intercourse (penetration). Are teeth bones? What is bone made of? Bones are made of connective tissue reinforced with calcium and specialised bone cells. Most bones also contain bone marrow where blood cells are made. Bones work with muscles and joints to hold our body together and support freedom of movement. This is called the musculoskeletal system. Which bones protect lungs? What is the main part of girl called? The vagina is just one part of a women's private parts But in fact the vagina is just a part of the package so to speak. The outer portion of a woman's privates is actually called the vulva. That includes the inner and outer labia the clitoris clitoral hood and the opening to the urethra and vagina. How sperm is released in female? The Female Reproductive System During sex sperm cells travel through the vagina to the uterus and fallopian tubes. In the fallopian tube the sperm meets the egg that was released from the ovary during ovulation. How do sperms travel? The protected sperm with the greatest motility travel through the layers of cervical mucus that guard the entrance to the uterus. … Once the sperm have entered the uterus contractions propel the sperm upward into the fallopian tubes. The first sperm enter the tubes minutes after ejaculation. Can males get pregnant? Can virgins get pregnant? Technically it's possible to get pregnant without having sex even if you're a virgin. That's the submission of experts. They warn that if you're not planning on having a baby any time soon it's important to know what kind of sexual behaviour might put you at risk of getting pregnant. How can I get twins? Twins can occur either when two separate eggs become fertilized in the womb or when a single fertilized egg splits into two embryos. Having twins is more common now than it was in the past. According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) twin births have nearly doubled over the last 40 years. What is dentin? What is the strongest bone in the body? The femur is the strongest bone in the body and it is the longest bone in the human body. What is cementum? Cementum is a hard layer of tissue that helps the periodontal ligament attach firmly to a tooth. Made of cementoblasts cementum slowly forms over a lifetime. Cementum is a hard calcified layer of tissue that covers the root of the tooth. What is the 206 bones of the body? The names of these bones are: - Frontal - Parietal (2) - Temporal (2) - Occipital - Sphenoid - Ethmoid - Mandible - Maxilla (2) Are bone cells alive? Biological causes of osteoporosis Bones are living tissue which have their own blood vessels and are made of various cells proteins minerals and vitamins. This structure enables them to grow transform and repair themselves throughout life. Where is the spongy bone? Cancellous bone is the meshwork of spongy tissue (trabeculae) of mature adult bone typically found at the core of vertebral bones in the spine and the ends of the long bones (such as the femur or thigh bone). What bone is between breast? Sternum \| \| Anatomical terms of bone \| Where is the true ribs? How many bones are in ribs? The human rib cage is made up of 12 paired rib bones each of which articulates with the vertebral column posteriorly and terminates anteriorly as cartilage. The small joints between the ribs and the vertebrae permit a gliding motion of the ribs on the vertebrae during breathing. Does sperm make woman happy? Semen makes you happy. That's the remarkable conclusion of a study comparing women whose partners wear condoms with those whose partners don't. The study which is bound to provoke controversy showed that the women who were directly exposed to semen were less depressed. Can a girl get pregnant by another girl? The short answer to this question is no not through sexual intercourse. Two cisgender women (meaning assigned female at birth) in a relationship cannot become pregnant without some form of assisted reproductive technology (ART). How much sperm is enough for pregnancy? You're most likely to be fertile if your ejaculate — the semen discharged in a single ejaculation — contains at least 15 million sperm per milliliter. Too little sperm in an ejaculation might make it more difficult to get pregnant because there are fewer candidates available to fertilize the egg. What is female sperm called? They are also referred to as sex cells. Female gametes are called ova or egg cells and male gametes are called sperm. Gametes are haploid cells and each cell carries only one copy of each chromosome. These reproductive cells are produced through a type of cell division called meiosis. Can sperm live for 10 days? Although the possibility of sperm storage has rarely been considered procedures such as artificial insemination indicate that sperm may survive in a woman's body not just for 5 days but for 10 days or more. Moreover human pregnancies following single coitus indicate conception virtually throughout the cycle. Why are male bigger than female? Can a man have a uterus? How do men give birth? Robert Winston a pioneer of in-vitro fertilization told London's Sunday Times that "male pregnancy would certainly be possible" by having an embryo implanted in a man's abdomen – with the placenta attached to an internal organ such as the bowel – and later delivered surgically. How Many Holes Does a Human Have? How Many Holes Does A Human Body Have? \| Info Junkie TV How Many Holes Does A Straw Have? The Correct Answer Explained Why does this balloon have -1 holes? Leave a Comment You must be logged in to post a comment.
Introduction: Hitchhiking Adventures in Europe Europe is full of incredible sites, cultures, and experiences just waiting to be explored. For the fearless and adventurous traveler, hitchhiking offers a unique way to explore this continent affordably and intimately. Far from just hailing a cab or catching a plane, hitchhiking enables travelers to explore Europe at their own pace, create their own routes, and encounter unexpected opportunities along the way. Hitchhiking is a great way to meet locals, see cities from a different perspective, and embrace the challenge of exploration with a bit of risk involved. If you're feeling daring enough to take the plunge and dive into unfamiliar territory, here's everything you need to know about hitchhiking adventures in Europe. Safety Tips for Hitchhiking Adventures in Europe Hitchhiking can be an exciting and adventurous way to explore Europe, but it is also important to stay safe. Make sure you do your research before setting out and keep these key safety tips in mind: - Always check current news and warnings for the country you are visiting. - Be aware of potential scam attempts, and always trust your gut. - Carry a personal alarm or pepper spray when traveling alone. - Stay in well-lit public areas instead of taking rides from strangers in remote locations. - Do not carry large amounts of cash with you. - Keep your important documents (e.g.. passport) with you at all times. - Make sure someone knows your itinerary before leaving. - Tell the driver if you feel unsafe during the ride. - Always ask for recommendations from locals regarding good destinations and safe hitchhiking routes. By following these safety tips for hitchhiking adventures in Europe, you can rest assured that you will have an amazing and unforgettable experience! Planning for the Adventure of a Lifetime: Hitchhiking in Europe Hitchhiking across Europe can be an amazing adventure! But before you go, it is important to plan your trip so that you can stay safe and enjoy everything that Europe has to offer. When preparing for a hitchhiking trip, there are a few things to consider: visa restrictions, budgeting, and packing lists. Visa Restrictions Depending on where you are travelling from, you may need to obtain a visa for certain countries in Europe. It is important to research the visa requirements for each country before travelling in order to avoid any issues while crossing borders. Additionally, most visas have a time limit of validity, so make sure the dates of your trip fall within that time. Traveling in Europe can be expensive, but it is possible to do it on a budget. Make sure to research the cost of food, accommodation, and transportation in each destination to get an idea of how much money you will need for your trip. Additionally, look into unique ways to save money when traveling such as Couchsurfing, WWOOFing, and using ride-sharing apps. Packing Lists When packing for a hitchhiking trip, it is important to keep the luggage light and organized. Think through the items you really need and pack only those essentials. Additionally, research the weather in each location to make sure you have the right clothing for the trip. Finally, bring some form of identification with you at all times! Hitchhiking Routes & Destinations Europe is a continent filled with diverse cultures, stunning landscapes, and fascinating destinations for travelers. Whether you're a thrill-seeker looking for an exciting new adventure, or a more relaxed traveler in search of a unique way to explore the continent, hitchhiking can be an ideal way to traverse the region, while keeping your costs low. Whether you've only got a week to spend abroad, or have allotted a few weeks to traveling via this method, there are a variety of popular routes and destinations you can explore. Popular routes include hitchhiking from London to Scotland, Madrid to Lisbon, and Budapest to Vienna. While on your journey, some essential spots to check out could include Prague, Barcelona, Amsterdam, and the beautiful Bavarian countryside. No matter which route and destinations you choose to explore, making sure to plan ahead will ensure that you get the most out of your hitchhiking adventure. How to Get Free (or Extremely Cheap) Accommodation in Europe Accommodation is one of the biggest expenses for travelers. Thankfully, there are many ways to save money on a place to stay while hitchhiking in Europe. Here are some of the top options for free or extremely cheap accommodation. - Stay with Friends and Family – Many travelers have friends or family that live in parts of Europe. Reaching out to them can be a great way to save money on accommodation. - Camping – Camping is an affordable option for those looking to take advantage of the outdoors while traveling. It's important to research local laws regarding camping before planning a trip. - Couchsurfing – Couchsurfing is a popular service which allows travelers to stay with locals in their house or apartment. Hosts are usually friendly and provide valuable insight into their country. - House Sitting – House sitting is when someone takes care of the house of a local while they are away. This is a great way to get free accommodation and get to know the area. - Hostels – Hostels are usually less expensive than hotels and many are designed specifically for travelers. They offer a wide range of amenities, from private rooms to common areas. - Work Exchange – Exchanging work for accommodation is a great way to save money and even learn a new skill. Most hostels and farms offer this type of exchange. - Hospitality Services – Hospitality services such as warmshowers.org pair hosts with travelers in need of accommodation. This type of service often includes meals and cultural exchanges. These are just some of the ways travelers can save money on accommodation while hitchhiking in Europe. With a little creativity, travelers can find free or extremely cheap accommodation options. Dine On A Budget Traveling in Europe can be expensive but that doesn't mean you have to sacrifice a full belly. Even if you're on a tight budget, there are plenty of ways to save money on meals without skimping on flavor. Here are a few tips to help you survive the road: - Eat local dishes – The best way to experience the culture and get the most bang for your buck is to visit the local restaurants and try the regional cuisine. This is often cheaper than standard tourist fare. - Pack snacks – Pack simple snacks like granola bars and dried fruit that will keep you full in between meals. - Visit markets – Stop by local markets and buy fresh fruit and vegetables. You can also find samples of cheese, olives, and other tasty treats that you can enjoy on the go. - Take advantage of freebies – Many cities offer free or almost free walking tours, some of which include food tastings along the way. - Cook for yourself – Most hostels and Airbnb rentals will have basic kitchen facilities. Spend some time at the grocery store stocking up on staples like rice, beans, and noodles. This will help you stretch your budget far. Eating on a tight budget doesn't mean you have to sacrifice an authentic cultural experience. With a bit of research and a few savvy tips, you can enjoy all the flavors Europe has to offer while still keeping your wallet happy. Common Challenges and Solutions for Hitchhiking in Europe Hitchhiking is a great way to travel throughout Europe, but there are some common challenges and pitfalls that travelers can encounter along the way. Being aware of these obstacles and knowing how to handle them can help make the journey smoother and more enjoyable. One of the most common challenges for hitchhikers is the language barrier. Many people speak English in Europe, but communication can still be difficult when you are traveling between countries with different languages. To mitigate this, it is important to learn the basic phrases of any language you plan to encounter. Knowing simple words like "Please" and "Thank you" can go a long way. Additionally, having a translation app on your phone can also be beneficial. Another challenge many hitchhiking travelers face is finding adequate, and free or extremely cheap, accommodation during their journeys. It is important to research the best affordable options for lodging ahead of time, including checking out hostels or couchsurfing. Additionally, camping can be a great option in remote areas that are away from cities, but be sure to familiarize yourself with local laws first. Navigating the different cultures can also be a challenge for hitchhikers in Europe. People in different countries have their own customs and beliefs, so it's important to stay respectful and open-minded. Additionally, learning more about the culture before you arrive can help prepare you for the experience. Though there are common challenges, with the right preparation and knowledge, you can have a safe and enjoyable hitchhiking adventure in Europe. Knowing the potential obstacles you could encounter helps you to stay informed and prepared to handle any situation you may come across. Language Barriers Navigating a new country can be tough, especially if you lack knowledge of the local language. When hitchhiking your way around Europe, language barriers can be a huge challenge. One way to tackle this challenge is to learn some simple phrases in the language of the country you're visiting ahead of time. You can also carry a pocket-sized dictionary with you for easier communication. Another great solution is to take a translation app with you. There are a variety of apps available that can instantly translate words and phrases from one language to another. This is extremely useful in case you find yourself in a difficult situation where you need to communicate quickly. However, it's important to remember that most people appreciate it when you try to speak their native language, so learning some basic phrases can go a long way. To help you get started, here are some essential phrases for hitchhiking in Europe: - Hello – Bonjour (French), Hallo (German), Hola (Spanish) - Thank you – Merci (French), Danke (German), Gracias (Spanish) - Goodbye – Au revoir (French), Auf Wiedersehen (German), Adiós (Spanish) - Where is the nearest town? – Où est la ville la plus proche? (French), Wo ist die nächste Stadt? (German), ¿Dónde está la ciudad más cercana? (Spanish) - Where can I find a bus stop? – Où puis-je trouver une station de bus? (French), Wo kann ich eine Bushaltestelle finden? (German), ¿Dónde puedo encontrar una parada de autobús? (Spanish) Culture Shocks When you travel to a country with a different culture, it can be both exciting and overwhelming. It's important to understand that normal everyday behaviors may not be the same in other countries as they are at home. What is considered polite and acceptable behavior in one country may not be viewed the same in another country. For example, in some countries it is considered polite to haggle over the price of an item. In other countries, bargaining is not done and it is considered very rude. The best way to find out what is considered polite and acceptable in the country you visit is to do research before departing. It also helps to talk with local people, as they will be able to provide an insider's perspective about the culture of the place you are visiting. Spending time with locals or participating in cultural activities is a great way to learn more about the culture of the place you are visiting. Another tip for adapting to a new culture is to maintain a flexible and open mind. Many countries have their own unique way of doing things, and it can be helpful to remember that just because something may not seem logical to us, doesn't mean it's wrong. Remaining mindful of cultural differences and maintaining a positive attitude will help make your trip a successful one. Itinerary Ideas Planning a hitchhiking adventure in Europe can be daunting – especially if you're on a tight budget or short on time. To help get started, we've outlined some sample itineraries based on various time limits including one week, two weeks, and one month. For a one week adventure, aim to cover one destination each day. This could include classic cities like Paris, Berlin, Amsterdam, or Prague. Spend your mornings exploring the new city by foot, visiting popular attractions or cultural sites. In the afternoon focus on getting to your next destination. Many inter-city buses and trains will take you from city centre to city centre – there's no need for expensive transfers from one airport to the other. If you plan on staying in Europe for two weeks, you'll have more of an opportunity to explore the surrounding countryside. Head out of the city and take your chances on the side of the road, but don't forget to use our Hitchhiking Safety Tips. You can even alternate hitchhiking with public transport if it suits your budget. If you have a month or more to explore Europe, you'll have enough time to really dive deeper into the culture of each country. To take full advantage of this time, you'll want to make sure that you have all the necessary visas. You can find the visa requirements on official government websites. No matter how long you plan to stay, remember to take some down time here and there. You'll enjoy your adventure a lot more when you're well rested and recharged! Wrapping Up Your Hitchhiking Adventures in Europe Once you've finished your hitchhiking adventure, it's time to reflect on the experience. This awesome journey should have given you a better understanding of the different countries and cultures of Europe. It's also likely that you've amassed some seriously useful tips, as well as strengthened your budgeting skills. Throughout your travels, the most important thing was safety. After all, hitchhiking can be a dangerous endeavor, so it's important to take the time to plan ahead, develop safety strategies, and consult local authorities if you find yourself in a sticky situation. You should also be proud of how thrifty you were during this adventure – seeking free or extremely cheap accommodation, dining on a budget, and mastering the art of bartering. Finally, don't forget to brush up on the local language to make the most of your cultural experiences! Congratulations, you are now officially an expert at hitchhiking in Europe! Before you embark on your next great adventure, why not sign up for our newsletter for more tips and tricks to plan unforgettable journeys. Sign Up for More Tips and Tricks If you're keen to embark on the ultimate European hitchhiking adventure, don't miss out on signing up to our exclusive newsletter. With it, you'll get more tips and tricks that will help make your adventure even more incredible! We'll bring you regular updates on changing travel regulations, recommended routes, the best places to stay for free or cheap, and even insider secrets from experienced hitchhikers who have roamed Europe and beyond. You won't find this kind of information anywhere else, so don't wait! Sign up today to join our growing community of adventurous hitchhikers. comments: 0
The WHO estimates that by 2020, 15.5 million people will experience cancer and global cancer deaths will increase from 7.1 million in 2002 to 11.5 million in 2030.1 Both insomnia and depression often develop as associated psychologic comorbidities and can become chronic issues even in the event of remission. Insomnia is more common among patients with cancer than among the general population2 and those with nonmalignant medical conditions.3,4 Insomnia is a significant independent predictor of reduced patient functioning when function 3 months prior to diagnosis is compared with function 8 weeks postdiagnosis,5 regardless of cancer site or stage. Quantification of insomnia syndrome is important from a morbidity and quality-of-life perspective, but also because of potential interaction with mortality.6 Among the general population, emerging epidemiologic data suggest higher rates of all-cause mortality for individuals with shortened duration of sleep.7–11 Insomnia is equally associated with higher mortality rates among cardiology patients12,13 and poorer prognosis among patients with chronic diseases.14 In addition, increased standardized incidence rates of liver and lung cancer have been noted among patients with newly diagnosed sleep disorders.15 Although sleep disturbance is commonly reported among patients with cancer,16 data regarding exact prevalence of insomnia syndrome distinct from sleep disturbance are more limited. One of the challenges in interpreting the literature is poor differentiation between symptoms of insomnia and insomnia syndrome. A variety of screening tools have been used across heterogeneous patient groups17 (supplemental Appendix 1 and eTable 1; available with this article at JNCCN.org), and often long-term follow-up data are not available. Reported insomnia prevalence among patients newly diagnosed with or recently treated for cancer varies from 30.9% to 54.3%.18–22 Similarly high rates of insomnia symptoms, 23% to 44%,23–27 have been identified up to 5 years after initiation of adjuvant therapy for cancer, and insomnia continues to remain a significant issue among long-term survivors (>5 years),28,29 illustrating the chronicity of this sleep disturbance. Sleep disturbance has been reported in nearly 50% of patients with advanced cancer30 and is associated with increased pain, depression, anxiety, and a worse sense of well-being.31 At a practical level, patients may be reluctant to report their symptoms due to the belief that sleep disturbance is a natural consequence of their diagnosis, and medical staff may be reluctant to pose relevant questions due to lack of expertise in managing these symptoms. Despite this, 25% to 50% of all psychotropic prescriptions written for patients who have cancer are for hypnotics.32,33 To our knowledge, insomnia prevalence has not previously been quantified in an Irish oncology cohort. The NCCN Clinical Practice Guidelines in Oncology (NCCN Guidelines) for Survivorship34 recommend dedicated sleep assessment, reflecting acknowledgment of the increased insomnia prevalence among patients with cancer, and its association with increased symptom distress scores. The Irish Sleep Apnoea Trust reports that insomnia affects 6% to 15% of the general Irish population; a multinational European study in the general population that included Ireland reported a rate of 7% of severe insomnia, with higher rates among women than men.35 We conducted a prospective nonblinded questionnaire-based study over a 6-month period from June to December 2014 at a single tertiary-level Irish hospital, in collaboration with the psycho-oncology service to ensure that any significant mental health issues identified through study participation were dealt with in a sensitive and expeditious manner. Institutional ethical board approval was obtained and a 40-item questionnaire (supplemental eAppendix 1) was prospectively administered to ambulatory patients with cancer attending either the oncology day ward or the outpatient clinic. Inclusion criteria were confirmed cancer diagnosis, age ≥18 years, ability to read and complete a questionnaire, and capacity to provide informed consent. All eligible patients were invited to participate. After providing consent, participants completed a self-report questionnaire encompassing demographic and clinical data, patient-reported functional status,36,37 and the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS).38 Inpatients were excluded from this study. The primary study endpoint was assessment of the prevalence of insomnia syndrome among the ambulatory patient cohort. Secondary endpoints included investigation of predisposing, precipitating, and perpetuating factors for insomnia syndrome. Data Reduction Our prespecified criteria for insomnia syndrome combines those of the International Classification of Sleep Disorders, version 1,39 and the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (Fourth Edition; DSM-IV)40 and were described by Savard and Morin17 in their comprehensive review of insomnia among patients with cancer. The 4 criteria used were (1) difficulty initiating sleep or difficulty maintaining sleep, (2) sleep disturbance occurring ≥3 nights per week, (3) sleep disturbance causing significant impairment of daytime functioning or severe distress, and (4) sleep disturbance present ≥1 month. Patients who met all 4 criteria were coded as having insomnia syndrome. Impact on daytime functioning and distress was self-reported and not objectively assessed. Those who met some but not all 4 criteria were coded as having insomnia symptoms. The 40-item questionnaire (supplemental eAppendix 1) was designed to incorporate the sleep-related components of the Hamilton Depression Rating Scale,41 quantify duration and nature of sleep disturbance, evaluate sleep hygiene in the context of well-described precipitating and perpetuating factors for sleep disturbance,17 and evaluate patients' experiences of inquiries regarding sleep disturbance and preferences for intervention. The Patient-Reported Functional Status (PRFS) is a patient-completed measure of performance status that represents the activities/function domain of the Patient-Generated Subjective Global Assessment (PG-SGA) measure.37,42 It is based on the ECOG scale but is expressed in lay terms.36,43 In contrast to the ECOG scale, it is a 5-point scale in which 0 is "normal with no limitations," 1 is "not my normal self, but able to be up and about with fairly normal activities," 2 is "not feeling up to most things, but in bed or chair less than half the day," 3 is "able to do little activity and spend most of the day in bed or chair," and 4 is "pretty much bedridden, rarely out of bed." HADS38 was used to screen for depression (HADS-D) and anxiety (HADS-A) as potential confounding variables. This measure is frequently used among patients with cancer because it is characterized by an absence of somatic symptoms that may be attributable to either medical or psychiatric conditions. HADS is a 14-item questionnaire and each item has a Likert response scale. Final scores are cumulative, with higher scores suggestive of a case. The cutoff value used for cases was a score of ≥11, consistent with the original authors' description of the scale and with an indication of moderate severity of either anxiety or depression. We are aware that lower values have been suggested in some more recent literature.44 We used this scale to assess for anxiety and depression as 2 separate variables, as proposed by its original authors, rather than a combined score, which has been proposed elsewhere.44 The validity of separating the 2 subscales in patients with cancer was confirmed in 568 patients by Moorey et al45; use of HADS to detect anxiety and depressive states separately in a 2-factor model has also been found to be invariant across sex or disease phase among patients with cancer.46 Data Analysis All patients who accepted and at least partially completed the questionnaire were included for the purpose of data analysis. To explore clinical and demographic factors potentially associated with insomnia syndrome, we first performed univariate logistical regression analysis on factors such as sex, age, alcohol consumption, HADS-D and HADS-A scores, cancer subtypes, smoking status, caffeine and corticosteroid use, and surgery. All variables that had a P value of <.05 were then entered into a multivariate logistical regression model to identify potential independent predictors of insomnia syndrome. Demographic and Clinical Characteristics Of the 337 patients invited to participate, 87% consented to study inclusion (n=294); 12 declined without explanation, 15 were too unwell to participate, 8 declined due to lack of appropriate reading aids, 4 declined due to language difficulties, and 4 declined due to time constraints. Table 1 lists the baseline demographics, cancer subtype, and treatment modalities received by our patient cohort. The predominant respondent age group was 55 to 64 years (n=77; 26%), and 70.7% (n=208) of respondents were female. Consistent with an ambulatory patient cohort, 81.3% (n=239) of patients had a self-reported performance status36 of 0 to 1. Breast, colorectal, and lung were the most common cancer subtypes represented. Most respondents (n=245; 83.3%) were receiving active chemotherapy, slightly more than one-half (56.6%) had undergone oncologic surgery, and 17% (n=50) had been hospitalized in the month prior to completion of our questionnaire. Patient Demographic and Clinical Characteristics Insomnia Syndrome A total of 62% (n=183) of patients reported sleep disturbance after their diagnosis; of these, 37% (n=67) reported a significant impact on physical function and 63% (n=115) reported moderate to severe distress relating to this disturbance. Concerningly, 19% (n=34) indicated that their sleep disturbance had impacted their ability to tolerate further treatment and 24% (n=44) felt it had impacted their cognition. Among the entire cohort, 33% (n=98) of patients met all 4 prespecified criteria for insomnia syndrome (ie, they reported difficulty initiating sleep or difficulty maintaining sleep, sleep disturbance occurring ≥3 nights per week, sleep disturbance causing significant impairment of daytime functioning or severe distress, and sleep disturbance present ≥1 month). Only 34% (n=33) of patients who met insomnia syndrome criteria had any preexisting history of sleep disturbance. Of the patients who did not meet insomnia syndrome criteria, 45% (n=89) had ≥1 of the 4 critical diagnostic symptoms: 69 had 1 symptom, 19 had 2 symptoms, and 1 patient had 3 symptoms. Among the entire cohort, 6% (n=18) of patients had a HADS score of ≥11, with 10 of these patients having both HADS-D and HADS-A ≥11. The patients with a HADS score of ≥11 were contacted individually regarding potential referral to psycho-oncology based on patient preference, in addition to further clinical assessment; 3 were already attending psycho-oncology, 3 requested referral, and 12 patients declined referral. Patients' treating physicians were informed of high HADS-D/A scores so that these patients' psychologic status could be more closely monitored with additional opportunities for referral if required. By univariate analysis, female sex, age <65 years, cancer subtype, alcohol consumption, and HADS-D/A score ≥11 were associated with statistically significant higher odds ratios of insomnia syndrome (Table 2). Multivariate analysis demonstrated 3 independent predictors of insomnia syndrome: breast cancer (odds ratio [OR], 3.17; P =.01), age <65 years (OR, 1.8; P=.03), and alcohol consumption (OR, 2.3; P=.005) (Table 3). Univariate Analysis Multivariate Analysis Sleep Hygiene Alcohol consumption, low level of physical activity, high caffeine intake, and electronic stimulus prior to going to bed are all recognized as factors that impact sleep negatively.47 At the time of study, 67.4% (n=198) of patients reported alcohol consumption; 36 patients did not complete further questions regarding regularity of alcohol consumption. Of those who did respond to more detailed questions regarding alcohol consumption, 76% (n=196) reported alcohol consumption no more than once per week and 24% (n=62) more than once per week. Overall, 12% (n=34) of all respondents had used alcohol on occasion as a sleep aid and 45% (n=132) of patients were unaware that alcohol consumption could impact sleep. Notably, among the 98 patients with insomnia syndrome, 80% (n=79) reported alcohol consumption at the time of study participation. A total of 81.3% (n=239) of the entire study population self-reported a performance status of 0 to 1, and consequently it is unsurprising that more than one-half (54%; n=159) of the patients reported physical activity lasting at least 30 minutes more than once per week. A minority of patients in the entire study population engaged in meditation (7%; n=22), yoga (6%; n=19), mindfulness (5%; n=14), Pilates (2%; n=5), and acupuncture (1%; n=3). Of the 98 patients with insomnia syndrome, 98% (n=79) drank caffeine in some form every day, and significantly more than one-half reported drinking caffeine-containing beverages after 6:00 pm; 9.8% (n=10) reported drinking caffeine after 10:00 pm. In terms of electronic stimuli, in the hour before bed, 85% (n=84) of patients with insomnia syndrome watched television and 89% (n=87) reported either television or computer use. Previous Inquiry and Preferences for Intervention Among all respondents, 62% (n=182) thought that cancer management should incorporate sleep assessment, but only 34% (n=100) recalled having such an assessment. Of the patients who recalled previous inquiries about sleep disturbance, 27% had been asked by their oncologist, which was comparable to the 27% who reported similar inquiries from their general practitioner. Other patients reported being questioned by the oncology nurse (18%), palliative care team (15%), and palliative care nurses (5%). Regarding preferred intervention, respondents were asked to indicate on a Likert scale their degree of comfort with a variety of interventions; a score of 10 indicated that patients would be extremely comfortable with the relevant intervention, whereas a score of 1 implied indifference. Written information (mean score, 5.96; 95% CI, 5.52–6.41), mindfulness therapy (mean score, 4.87; 95% CI, 4.43–5.32), and a once-off lecture on sleep management (mean score, 4.82; 95%, CI, 4.38–5.26) were favored over pharmacologic intervention (ie, sleeping tablets) (mean score, 4.58; 95% CI, 4.16–5.00). Respondents allocated a mean score of 3.92 (95% CI, 3.52–4.32) to an individual session with a psychiatrist/psychologist and a mean score of 4.12 (95% CI, 3.71–4.52) to cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT). A series of lectures or group workshops on sleep management were the least popular, with mean scores of 3.57 (95% CI, 3.20–3.95) and 3.54 (95% CI, 3.16–3.92), respectively. This pattern of patient preference is further corroborated by evaluating the frequency distribution of the scores allocated to each of the interventions (supplemental eTable 2). Insomnia is a significant problem for patients with cancer at all stages of their treatment trajectory, with an impact on multiple functional domains and a deleterious effect on overall quality of life.48 Improving sleep outcomes is significantly related to improvements in quality of life and reduced daytime fatigue.49 Data also suggest an association between rest/activity cycles and both response to treatment and overall survival.6 Insomnia incidence in this Irish cohort of patients with cancer was more than twice that of the general population. It was comparable to findings reported elsewhere and would justify dedicated sleep assessment.2–4 One-third of our patient cohort met criteria for insomnia syndrome and most had no preexisting history of sleep disorder, suggesting causality with both their diagnosis and treatment. Similar to the findings of Palesh et al50 among 826 patients attending oncology private practice groups in the United States, younger age and female sex represent significant risk factors for insomnia syndrome in our Irish cohort. Both these factors and cancer subtype are obviously nonmodifiable but should lower the threshold of clinical vigilance to screen for significant sleep disorders. Two-thirds of patients in our study drank alcohol no more than once per week; concerningly, >10% of these patients had occasionally used alcohol as a sleep aid and nearly half were unaware it could impact sleep patterns detrimentally. Alcohol consumption is a modifiable risk factor that independently predicts insomnia syndrome in our patient cohort. Insomnia is often described as existing within a symptom cluster with close association to anxiety, depression, and fatigue.51–54 Preexisting psychologic morbidity is also a consideration, particularly among patients with breast cancer.55,56 In our cohort, HAD score of ≥11 increased the OR of insomnia syndrome, demonstrating additional utility of this scale. It also allowed us to identify and expeditiously refer these patients to our psycho-oncology colleagues. One limitation of our study was that although our questionnaire integrated components of previously validated scales, the questionnaire itself has not been externally validated. Equally, our study used a point prevalence self-reported questionnaire without objective measures of sleep disturbance and insomnia. Polysomnography is considered the gold standard for measurement, but it is cumbersome for patients who have cancer, and consequently is used in few studies.54,57 Our study also relied on self-report of impact of sleep disturbance on both physical and cognitive function. Pharmacologic intervention in the form of hypnotics is the most commonly prescribed intervention for insomnia58 yet more specific data in terms of efficacy among patients with cancer is required.59 In our cohort, patient preference was for nonpharmacologic interventions ranging from written information, to mindfulness therapy, to once-off lectures and CBT. In noncancer groups, CBT for insomnia (CBT-I) consisting of 4 key components—sleep restriction, stimulus control, cognitive restructuring, and relaxation training—is the most effective and durable treatment for insomnia. It has also been validated among patients with cancer in several randomized trials.49,60–63 In the current setting of restricted resources, alternative strategies to individual CBT-I need to be evaluated. Group therapy as compared with individual CBT has been shown to be effective in patients without cancer both as an early intervention and for chronic insomnia.64,65 Equally, computer-based interventions,66 telephone-based consultations,67 and self-help strategies68 have all demonstrated efficacy in noncancer populations. Data in patients with cancer are more limited but remain encouraging and potentially more immediately applicable. Ritterband et al69 investigated the feasibility of an internet-based CBT tool, and reported that the intervention group had greater improvements in insomnia severity, sleep efficiency, sleep onset latency, and sleep quality compared with the control group. Savard et al70 demonstrated the feasibility of a self-help program for treating insomnia comorbid with cancer, with statistically and clinically meaningful improvements in numerous sleep variables and overall quality of life. The investigators subsequently conducted a 3-arm randomized controlled trial comparing video-based CBT versus professionally delivered CBT versus no treatment in 242 patients with breast cancer.71 Although face-to-face delivery was associated with superior remission rates and improvements in overall insomnia severity, both CBT groups reported clinically meaningful improvements in sleep variables compared with the control group. Less resource-intensive models of CBT-I delivery represent an important option, particularly in centers without dedicated psycho-oncology services, and require further exploration. Sleep hygiene is considered ineffective as monotherapy, but does promote behaviors that facilitate sleep in an attempt to limit those that contribute to insomnia.61 In the trial by Dirksen and Epstein,61 the control group received sleep education and information on sleep hygiene. Even addressing sleep disturbances at this low level of complexity seemed to produce meaningful improvements in sleep patterns. Our cohort demonstrated lack of awareness regarding sleep hygiene and exhibited behaviors that have the potential to perpetuate sleep disturbance and ultimately promote the development of insomnia. They also reported willingness to receive written information regarding this topic, which represents a relatively low-cost opportunity for intervention in the absence of dedicated CBT-I programs that remain the gold standard. 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Chapter 5, Part 2: Act of Desperation Between the Signal and the Noise by Roger Feinman The Main Weaknesses of Lifton's Theory Texas Governor John Connally was unquestionably struck from the rear. "Lifton makes no attempt to explain Connally's wounds within the terms of his theory. He does not seem to notice the problem at all." (Powers, Thomas and Alan Rich, "Robbing the Grave," New York Magazine, February 23, 1981, p. 46) Would Lifton have us presume that Governor Connally volunteered to take a near fatal shot from behind to assist the conspirators in persuading the world that someone was indeed firing from the rear? Or, perhaps the assassins, throwing caution to the winds, chose to shoot Connally from the rear, but not JFK, to that same end, supremely confident in their ability to hit one but not the other by mistake. What if whoever shot Connally (assuming as James Reston, Jr. does, that he was a deliberate target) had missed and instead shot Kennedy by mistake? Another, even more pivotal weakness of Lifton's trajectory reversal idea (BE, p. 343) is that it rests upon the assumption that the three bullet shells which were found on the sixth floor of the Texas School Book Depository near the window from which the Warren Commission alleged that Oswald fired the shots were planted by conspirators, and upon the further assumption that the plan called for the number of wounds inflicted during the shooting to correlate perfectly with the number of allegedly planted bullet shells. This, however, is not necessarily so: If a greater number of shells existed than wounds, it could be explained away that one or more of the shots fired had missed their target. If, however, fewer shells existed than wounds "attributable" to them, then the wounds would have to be correlated in such a way as to accommodate the number of shells. Moreover, Lifton makes no effort to address the weighty issue whether the three shells would have been planted before or after the shooting, let alone how or by whom. Lifton acknowledges this problem: One fact of my hypothesis was that it demonstrated, in theory at least, that the plotters could know, once they saw the body, how much ammunition was needed, and so could coordinate the planting of bullets with the fabrication of trajectories. (BE, p. 359) Really? How would they know how many bullet fragments to plant? Did they know how many times John Connally was struck? Could they plant fragments in Connally's chest, wrist and thigh? Wasn't it necessary, in Lifton's world, to plant the three cartridge shells beforehand? Ignoring the faults implicit in his a priori reasoning, consider the consequences. I am grateful to researcher W. Anthony Marsh for pointing out that, if the conspirators had planted the three cartridge shells in the Book Depository, but "gotten lucky" and made the fatal hit with one shot from the knoll, the conspiracy would have been immediately exposed. As he further muses, the number of known or suspected separate and distinct shots far exceeded the three shells recovered (JFK's head and upper back/lower neck, Connally's chest and wrist, the limousine windshield and chrome topping, and bystander James Tague). I agree with many students of the case that there are doubts about the legitimacy of CE 399. Looking at the totality of Lifton's ammunition–planting scheme, however, why plant a whole bullet on a stretcher, but only fragments in the car? What about the fragments that actually were found in the President's skull, or those that were too minute to recover? Were they planted (and perhaps "sprayed" through the brain) too? How did the plotters know that a bullet fired from the front would not completely escape the limousine and later be recovered — maybe hours or days after the shooting? Further Weaknesses Bullets make tracks through the body, not just holes on the skin surface. Conspirators would have to chance that the autopsy pathologists would not be curious why fake rear bullet entries on the right side of the President's body and head did not make exits on the left front side of the body and head. One of the earliest seeds of doubt concerning the case was the eye– and ear–witness testimony that sounds of gunshots attracted their attention to the knoll. Also, Lifton's conspirators would have had to consider the possibility that a grassy knoll assassin would be apprehended by police or aroused citizens before he could either conceal his weapon or escape or do both. - What if Kennedy had lived? What if he had miraculously escaped from Elm Street with only a non–life–threatening throat wound? - What if Jacqueline Kennedy or someone else in the limousine had been hit from the grassy knoll or front by mistake? - What if an innocent bystander had been accidentally hit by a grassy knoll bullet? The Back Wound During the early days of the controversy surrounding President Kennedy's assassination, critics of the Warren Commission contested the single–bullet theory, that one shot traversed the bodies of both President Kennedy and Governor John Connally causing a total of seven wounds to both men, with evidence from the Commission's own investigation that the President's back wound was too low to have followed a trajectory consistent with the Commission's reconstruction. In Best Evidence David Lifton takes the same body of evidence and bends it to his own purposes, contending that it was fraudulent and, therefore, untrustworthy. Lifton argues that the wound in President Kennedy's back was shallow and had no exit because it was artificially made by the conspirators during the alteration of Kennedy's body. He reminds us that Sibert and O'Neill's account of the unsuccessful probing of that wound at autopsy is "inconsistent with the subsequent autopsy conclusion that the bullet passed all the way through…" (BE, p. 344). (Here, Lifton overstates his case. The inconsistency was only with a downward trajectory from back–to–front.) Distracting his readers with autobiographical musings, Lifton does not detain us with an explanation of why he relies on the Secret Service description of the head wound, while rejecting their description of the back wound as a sham. (BE, pp. 311–312) How does Lifton account for the fact that the President's back wound was too low to support a downward trajectory from the sixth floor of the Depository? How could such a crucial mistake arise in such an elaborate scheme? Lifton theorizes that back wound was fabricated before anyone knew of the throat wound. (See BE, p. 347 fn.) The mistake in placing the fake back wound too low was due to his conspirators' ignorance. (BE, p. 374) It may be asked why, if the conspirators were ignorant of the throat wound, which could later be termed the exit for a bullet, they found it necessary to create the back wound at all? In other words, why deliberately create a wound for which there would be no apparent exit? Naturally, Lifton has an answer for this. He theorizes that the conspirators meant for the so–called "stretcher bullet" (CE 399) discovered at Parkland Hospital to be "paired" with the false back wound that they would create, so they planted the bullet at Parkland Hospital. (BE, p. 345) Further, according to Lifton, this was the only purpose of the wound — to link it to an "Oswald bullet", not to conceal the true nature of the wounds on the front of the body. (See BE, page 347 fn., and pages 372–374) Weighing the weaknesses and the risks inherent in such a scheme, the argument appears preposterous: - It commits the conspirators to using up one whole bullet out of three (i.e., the shells found in the depository). - (Would not Lifton's conspirators have had to make absolutely sure, before planting the bullet, of how Kennedy indeed was hit? Wouldn't it be careless of them not to? In other words, Lifton wants it both ways: a careful, pre–planned scheme to alter the body, but with no immediate reconnaissance to determine what alterations were necessary or tolerable.) - It assumes that no Parkland doctor, nurse or orderly would even have the opportunity to observe the President's back; - It assumes the bullet would indeed be found and turned over to the Secret Service, not lost or pocketed by a souvenir hunter; - It assumes Jacqueline Kennedy would be silent as to whatever she observed. A more elegant and obvious solution, it seems, would have been simply to embed a slug in the back wound and have it found at autopsy. Would this not have provided the strongest possible case against Oswald? Lifton's thesis that the back wound was fake, and any evidence that it was real was invented for corroboration, labors under a weighty burden of evidence. Secret Service Agent Glen Bennett Secret Service Agent Glen Bennett was riding in the right rear seat of the Secret Service follow–up car behind the presidential limousine. Bennett saw a shot hit the President in the back, probably the second shot fired in the assassination. During the return trip to Washington aboard Air Force One on the afternoon of the assassination, Bennett wrote the following notes in hand: The President's auto moved down a slight grade and the crowd was very sparse. At this point I heard a noise that immediately reminded me of a firecracker. I immediately, upon hearing the supposed firecracker, looked at the Boss's car. At this exact time I saw a shot that hit the Boss about 4 inches down from the right shoulder; a second shot followed immediately and hit the right rear high of the Boss's head. But see Bennett's formal typed report, in which he differs on sequence. I heard what sounded like a fire–cracker. I immediately looked from the right/crowd/physical area/and looked towards the President who was seated in the right rear seat of his limousine open convertible. At the moment I looked at the back of the President, I heard another fire–cracker noise and saw the shot hit the President about four inches down from the right shoulder. A second shot followed immediately and hit the right rear high of the President's head. (CE1024; 18H760)(dated 11–23–63) Since David Lifton's theory requires that President Kennedy was not shot in the back, because he alleges that shots were fired only from in front, Lifton is forced to insinuate that Bennett was in on the plot, and that his reports of what he observed were intended to provide a "cover story" for the plotters. In Chapter 11 of Best Evidence, Lifton asks why else the Director of the Secret Service, James Rowley, would have sent Bennett's reports to the Warren Commission. Lifton fails to mention, of course, that by providing Bennett's reports, Rowley was offering eyewitness evidence that the location of the back wound was far below where the official autopsy results placed it. If Rowley intended to prove either the existence or the location of the back wound to the Warren Commission, his effort was certainly redundant. The Commission both received and ignored abundant evidence in this regard. Lifton did not consider an equally plausible motive: Secret Service Agent Kellerman testified that no one was aware of the wound in President Kennedy's back until his body was lifted up from the autopsy table by one of the pathologists, Lt. Col. Pierre Finck. As I discussed in Chapter Four, Kellerman's testimony directly contradicted a field memorandum filed by the FBI's Sibert and O'Neill as an adjunct to their narrative report on the autopsy. There, the FBI agents reported that, during a conversation that included Kellerman, Dr. Burkley referred to the back wound before the start of the autopsy. Rowley's transmittal of the Bennett reports to the Commission contradicted the sworn testimony of another of his agents, Roy Kellerman. Rowley may have meant to alert the Commission that Kellerman's testimony was erroneous, perhaps even deliberately untruthful, by providing them with the Bennett statements. This could have been a bureaucrat's canny ploy to wash his hands clean of a possibly deliberate effort by the Secret Service to discredit the FBI's reporting of the autopsy. Whatever Rowley's motivation may have been, however, there are certainly less sinister possibilities than the one that Lifton proposes. The President's Clothing Lifton alleges that the plotters created fake holes in the rear of the President's clothing. The holes in the clothing were artificially inflicted in the wrong locations, however, because the conspirators, not realizing the existence of the throat wound at the time, had committed the mistake of making the back wound too low. (Best Evidence, Chapter 9) How does he dismiss the discrepancy in the holes' sizes? The conspirators made another mistake. If that is the case, however, their "mistake" was most fortuitous. For one thing, it left minute traces of copper embedded in the margins of the "fake" bullet holes: "Minute traces of copper" were found around the edges of the holes in the back of the jacket and shirt. (FBI, Memo of Jevons to Conran, November 26, 1963, #62–109060–1086). Also, Lifton's conspirators "mistakenly" made one hole higher on the back than the other. Consider the testimony of FBI Special Agent Robert Frazier, who was assigned to the FBI laboratory's firearms identification unit in Washington, D.C.: - Mr Frazier - There was located on the rear of the coat 5–3/8 inches below the top of the collar, a hole, further located as 1–¾ inches to the right of the midline or the seam down the center of the coat; all of these being as you look at the back of the coat. (5H 59) - Mr Specter - Did any tests conducted on the coat disclose any metallic substance on that area of that hole? - Mr Frazier - Yes, sir. I had a spectrographer run an analysis of a portion of the hole which accounts for its being slightly enlarged at the present time. He took a sample of cloth and made an analysis of it.… Traces of copper were found around the margins of the hole in the back of the coat, and as a control, a very small section under the collar was taken, and no copper being found there, it was concluded that the copper was foreign to the coat itself. (5H59) - Mr Frazier - I found on the back of the shirt a hole, 5–¾ inches below the top of the collar, and as you look at the back of the shirt, 1–1/8 inch to the right of the midline of the shirt, which is this hole I am indicating. (5H 60) - Mr Dulles - Is the hole in the shirt and the hole in the coat you have just described in a position that indicates that the same instrument, whatever it was, or the same bullet, made the two? - Mr Frazier - Yes; they are. They are both — the coat hole is 5–3/8 inches below the top of the collar. The shirt hole is 5–¾ inches, which could be accounted for by a portion of the collar sticking up above the coat about a half inch. - Mr Dulles - I see. - Mr Frazier - And they are both located approximately the same distance to the right of the midline of both garments. Now, on the front of the shirt, I found what amounts to one hole. Actually, it is a hole through both the button line of the shirt and the buttonhole line which overlap down the front of the shirt when it is buttoned. - Mr Specter - Proceed. - Mr Frazier - This hole is located immediately below the button being centered seven–eighths of an inch below the button on the shirt, and similarly seven–eighths of an inch below the button hole on the opposite side. - The Chairman - You are speaking of the collar button itself, aren't you? - Mr Frazier - The collar button. - The Chairman - Yes. - Mr Frazier - In each instance for these holes, the one through the button line and the one through the buttonhole line, the hole amounts to a ragged slit approximately one–half inch in height. It is oriented vertically, and the fibers of the cloth are protruding outward, that is, have been pushed from the inside out. I could not actually determine from the characteristics of the hole whether or not it was caused by a bullet. However, I can say that it was caused by a projectile of some type which exited from the shirt at that point and that is again assuming that when I first examined the shirt it was — it had not been altered from the condition it was in at the time the hole was made. - Mr Specter - What characteristics differ between the hole in the rear of the shirt and the holes in the front of the shirt which lead you to conclude that the hole in the rear of the shirt was caused by a bullet but which are absent as to the holes in the front of the shirt? - Mr Frazier - The hole in the front of the shirt does not have the round characteristic shape caused by a round bullet entering cloth. It is an irregular slit. It could have been caused by a round bullet, however, since the cloth could have torn in a long slitlike way as the bullet passed through it. But that is not specifically characteristic of a bullet hole to the extent that you could say it was to the exclusion of being a piece of bone or some other type of projectile. FBI photos taken of the President's jacket and shirt are part of the Warren Commission exhibits in the National Archives and have been published in numerous books about the assassination. Lifton's imagined conspirators had such a hot streak that day that they made it appear as though a bullet entering the President's back would have had to turn upward to exit his neck. The Parkland Nurses Sylvia Meagher, in a note to page 140 of her treatise, Accessories After The Fact, called attention to another of Arlen Specter's shenanigans in the development of the medical evidence: Two nurses who had assisted the team of doctors in the emergency room remained there with the President's body after he was pronounced dead. Both nurses testified that they undressed the body, cleaned it, and wrapped it in sheets. The natural question for counsel to pose was whether either of the nurses had seen a wound in the President's back while performing these procedures, but this was not asked. (6H136–137, 141) Harrison E. Livingstone will reveal in a book soon to be published that one of the Parkland nurses, Diana Bowron, who was within close proximity to the President at all times, has been located. She was one of those who washed and cleaned the body after death to prepare it for transport. She has been interviewed and has made a signed statement. She has also examined the purported photograph of the back wound. She says there was a bullet wound in Kennedy's back at Parkland, approximately six inches below the juncture of the neck and shoulder. The Throat Wound Lifton suggests an attempt to hide the throat wound from the autopsy pathologists (BE, p. 545), but he does not explain why his conspirators would not likewise have attempted to conceal the holes in the President's shirt collar, and the nick in the tie. About the throat wound. If it was an entrance, as the Liftonites contend, then why would the entering bullet make such a neat round hole in the throat yet only a small tear in the right lateral wall of the trachea? And, where would that bullet have gone? In the nearly twenty–nine years since the Warren Commission's evidentiary appendices were published, no one has yet proposed a persuasive answer to either of these questions. The Windshield Mr. Lifton has alleged that damage sustained to the windshield of the presidential limousine during the assassination was also faked to support the illusion of shots fired from the rear. Lifton got a copy of former Dallas Police Chief Jesse Curry's book, JFK Assassination File, in December 1969. (Lifton, David. Postcard to Sylvia Meagher, December 13, 1969). Had he studied the clear photographs in Curry's book, as researcher W. Anthony Marsh has done, he would have found a nice one of the limousine at Parkland Hospital's emergency room loading dock, taken moments after the assassination. The photo shows damage to the windshield and its chrome trim. Hedging the Bet: Photo and X–Ray Alteration How does David Lifton deal with the fact that the medical technicians say the autopsy photos are fake? For example, X–ray technician Jerroll Custer has said that the autopsy X–rays now in the National Archives are not the ones that he took during the autopsy, and are not of President Kennedy. (Livingstone, Harrison E., High Treason 2. Carroll & Graf, New York: 1991, p. 130) While it is difficult at times to tell, it appears that David Lifton argues for either one of two propositions: - Either the alteration of the President's body that he terms a "medical forgery" was so skillful that it fooled the pathologists at the autopsy bench, - or else it was bungled and the pathologists were fully aware of the scheme. Lifton theorizes that the rear head wound that he believes was seen in Dallas was "erased" by restoring the back of the head, at least on the autopsy photos and X–rays (BE, pages 505–506) He suggests that the false photographic and X–ray record was created after midnight. Was President Kennedy's body altered to deceive the autopsy surgeons, or to deceive the camera? Was there no alteration to the body, but falsification of the photographic record? These questions are central to the conspiracy question, yet after leading his readers through several hundred pages of endless speculation before raising them, Lifton does nothing more than to fudge his answers. If the "medical forgery" of wounds on the President's body that Lifton has imagined was so good, why substitute faked photos and X–rays? Lifton replies: "The plot was elegant in conception but bungled in execution," he is reported to have explained. "What was supposed to happen isn't what did happen … and that's why what did happen looked so chaotic and blundering." ("His J.F.K. Obsession: For David Lifton, The Assassination is a Labyrinth Without End," Los Angeles Times, November 20, 1988, Id.) In other words, Lifton's bogeymen, though unknown and invisible, are subject to Murphy's Law. Lifton's conspiracy theory, which earns a new definition for "internal logic", requires assassins firing frangible bullets only from somewhere in front of Kennedy for the purpose of leaving the rear of his body unmarked, and for leaving only shallow entrance wounds later to be enlarged to appear as exits, and further calls for post hoc accessories to the crime manually creating rear entrance wounds to mislead the autopsy surgeons. His assassins could not risk firing from behind Kennedy for fear of creating undesired trajectories, although rear–to–front trajectories are exactly what they wanted! In Lifton's arcane world, everyone purposefully acts in a certain way to achieve diametrically opposite results. He claims to enjoy a profound psycho linguistic empathy and rapport with Dr. Humes, the chief autopsy pathologist. As I discussed in Chapter Three, no matter what Humes has said in his testimony, Lifton always seems to know what he really means. Lifton ignores that the autopsy X–rays and photos were secreted away; that physical specimens from the autopsy are still missing; and, that the chain of possession of all these items is muddled. Why would these events have occurred if, as Lifton asserts, a perfectly planned medical forgery framing Lee Harvey Oswald went undetected?
Personal privacy Does Kaiser Cover Counseling Personal privacy is an issue for many individuals when it comes to therapy. With BetterHelp, you can access therapy from the convenience of your own house, which can supply a sense of personal privacy. In-person therapy, on the other hand, requires you to meet a therapist in person at their office. Therapist Selection When it pertains to in-person therapy, your alternatives for therapists may be restricted by your location. With BetterHelp, you have access to a larger network of therapists, which means that you have a better possibility of finding a therapist who is a good fit for you. In conclusion, BetterHelp treatment provides numerous advantages over conventional in-person therapy, including cost, therapist, and benefit choice. While there are other online treatment platforms offered, BetterHelp stands out for its big network of therapists and affordable prices strategies. Eventually, the choice in between online therapy and conventional in-person treatment comes down to individual choice and individual requirements. Treatment can be useful for a wide variety of mental health conditions. In this post, we'll explore 10 various conditions that people may have and how therapy can help. Depression is a typical mental health condition that affects countless individuals worldwide. Treatment can help by offering a safe area to talk about your feelings and sensations. A therapist can assist you recognize unfavorable idea patterns and habits and deal with you to develop coping techniques and favorable practices. Anxiety is another typical mental health condition that can be incapacitating. Therapy can help by teaching you relaxation strategies, such as deep breathing and mindfulness, and dealing with you to establish coping techniques to handle anxiety triggers. 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Here are a few of the benefits of seeing a therapist from a mental perspective: Increased self-awareness Among the main advantages of seeing a therapist is increased self-awareness. A therapist can assist you determine patterns in your habits, ideas, and emotions, in addition to the underlying beliefs and worths that drive them. By ending up being more knowledgeable about these patterns, you can acquire a deeper understanding of yourself and your inspirations, which can result in individual growth and advancement. Enhanced emotional regulation Emotional policy is the capability to manage and manage one's feelings in an adaptive and healthy method. Seeing a therapist can assist individuals learn and practice emotional regulation techniques, such as deep breathing and mindfulness, that can be helpful in lowering and managing tough emotions stress. Better interpersonal relationships Interpersonal relationships are an important part of mental health and health and wellbeing. Seeing a therapist can help individuals improve their communication skills, assertiveness, and compassion, which can cause healthier and more fulfilling relationships with others. Increased analytical abilities Therapy can also assist people establish analytical skills. By dealing with a therapist, people can learn to approach problems in a more efficient and systematic way, recognize potential solutions, and make decisions that are aligned with their goals and worths. Improved self-esteem Self-confidence refers to an individual's sense of self-respect and worth. Seeing a therapist can assist people recognize and challenge unfavorable self-talk and beliefs that can add to low self-confidence. Through therapy, individuals can learn to develop a more positive and sensible self-image, which can lead to increased confidence and self-worth. Improved coping abilities Coping skills are techniques and techniques that people utilize to handle stress and misfortune. 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Are you tired of navigating crowded shopping malls, endlessly searching for the perfect item, just out of stock? Welcome to the digital age where e-commerce has revolutionized the way we buy and sell goods and services. But what is e-commerce and how does it affect our lives? Please Wait A Moment: Now, you are in Part 1: Understand Basics. What? Go To Other Parts: (Links will open in a new tab) Part 2: Part 3: Without further delay. Let's go into details. What is E-commerce? E-commerce, short for electronic commerce, refers to the buying and selling of goods or services over the Internet. It encompasses a wide range of activities including online retail, electronic payments, online auctions, digital marketing and supply chain E-commerce enables businesses to reach a global audience, operate 24/7 and provide a convenient shopping experience for consumers who can browse and purchase products or services from the comfort of their homes using various devices such as computers, smartphones. , or From startups operating from home offices to multinationals with sprawling e-commerce empires, businesses of all sizes and industries are harnessing the power of e-commerce to reach new customers, streamline operations and drive revenue growth. Types of E-commerce Let's explore the different types of Business-to-consumer e-commerce involves transactions between businesses and individual consumers. It is the most common type of e-commerce where businesses sell products or services directly to end users through online channels. Examples include online retail stores, subscription services, and digital downloads. Business-to-business e-commerce refers to transactions between businesses where one business sells products or services to another business. B2B e-commerce often involves large transaction volumes, long sales cycles, and complex supply chain relationships. Examples include wholesale purchases, procurement of supplies and outsourcing of services. Consumer-to-consumer e-commerce involves transactions between individual consumers, where one consumer sells products or services to another consumer. C2C e-commerce platforms provide a marketplace for people to buy and sell goods directly to each other without the involvement of businesses. Examples include online classifieds, auction sites, and peer-to-peer rental platforms. Consumer-to-business e-commerce turns the traditional B2C dynamic on its head, where individual consumers offer products or services to businesses. C2B e-commerce models include freelance marketplaces, where businesses hire independent contractors for projects, and influencer marketing platforms, where brands collaborate with social media personalities to promote their products. (B2G) and Government-to-Business (G2B): Business-to-government e-commerce involves transactions between businesses and government agencies, where businesses sell products or services to government agencies or departments. Examples include government procurement portals and online bidding platforms. On the other hand, government-to-business e-commerce involves government agencies or departments selling products or services to businesses. Mobile Commerce Mobile commerce refers to e-commerce transactions conducted through mobile devices such as smartphones and tablets. With the adoption of mobile technology and the rise of mobile apps and mobile optimized websites, m-commerce has become an integral part of the e-commerce landscape. Examples include mobile shopping apps, mobile payment solutions, and location-based services. Social Commerce: Social commerce integrates social media platforms with e-commerce functionality, allowing businesses to sell products directly through social media channels. Social commerce platforms enable users to seamlessly discover, share and buy products across their social networks. Examples include social media buy buttons, shoppable posts, and peer Omnichannel commerce integrates multiple sales channels and touchpoints to provide customers with a seamless and integrated shopping experience. This approach allows consumers to interact with the brand across various channels, including online websites, mobile apps, brick-and-mortar stores, social media and telephone sales. Examples include click-to-collect services, buy online, pick-up-in-store (BOPIS) and cross-channel marketing campaigns. These are the main types of e-commerce, each offering different business models, customer needs and market By understanding the different types of e-commerce, businesses can choose the most suitable approach to reach their target audience, increase sales and achieve their growth goals in the digital marketplace. Main Duties and Work in E-commerce Website Management: At the heart of e-commerce is the online platform where transactions take place. Website managers oversee the design, development, and maintenance of e-commerce websites that are user-friendly, visually appealing, and optimized for conversion. This includes managing product listings, updating content, and implementing features such as search functionality, customer reviews, and secure checkout processes. Digital Marketing: E-commerce relies heavily on digital marketing strategies to attract and retain customers. Digital marketers are responsible for driving traffic to e-commerce websites through strategies such as search engine optimization (SEO), pay-per-click (PPC) advertising, email marketing, social media marketing and content marketing. By creating engaging campaigns and leveraging data analytics, digital marketers aim to increase brand visibility, generate leads and ultimately increase sales. Product Management: Product managers play a vital role in e-commerce by overseeing the entire lifecycle of products sold online. This includes conducting market research to identify trends and opportunities, collaborating with suppliers and manufacturers to source products, setting pricing and inventory levels, and analyzing sales data to optimize product offerings. Product managers must balance customer needs with business goals to ensure a diverse and profitable product inventory. Customer Service: Providing exceptional customer service is essential for e-commerce businesses to build trust and loyalty among their customer base. Customer service representatives handle inquiries, complaints and returns, resolving issues in a timely and professional manner. In addition to solving individual customer problems, customer service teams also gather feedback to identify areas for improvement and improve the overall shopping experience. Supply Chain Management: E-commerce relies on a complex network of suppliers, manufacturers, distributors and logistics providers to efficiently fulfill orders. Supply chain managers oversee the collection, storage, and transportation of goods from production facilities to distribution centers to the customer's doorstep. By optimizing inventory levels, streamlining shipping processes, and reducing delivery times, supply chain managers play a critical role in providing customers with a seamless shopping Data Analytics: Data is the lifeblood of e-commerce, providing valuable insights into customer behavior, market trends and business performance. Data analysts collect, analyze and interpret vast amounts of data to inform decision making and drive strategic initiatives. By identifying patterns, trends and opportunities, data analysts help e-commerce businesses optimize marketing campaigns, personalize the shopping experience and increase profitability. IT and Security: With the proliferation of cyber threats and data breaches, IT and security professionals play a critical role in protecting e-commerce systems and protecting sensitive information. IT professionals are responsible for maintaining the integrity and functionality of e-commerce platforms, implementing security measures such as encryption and firewalls, and conducting regular audits to identify vulnerabilities. By prioritizing cybersecurity, e-commerce businesses can build trust with customers and protect their reputation. Main Roles in E-commerce E-commerce Manager/Director: Responsible for overseeing all e-commerce operations including strategy development, website management, marketing and sales. They set goals, manage budgets and ensure the overall success of an e-commerce business. Developer/Designer: Designs, develops and maintains e-commerce websites to ensure functionality, user experience and visual appeal. They work closely with stakeholders to implement features that improve the shopping experience and increase conversions. Digital Marketer: Develops and implements digital marketing strategies to drive traffic, generate leads and increase sales through various online channels such as search engines, social media, email and content marketing. Product Manager: Manages the lifecycle of products sold through an e-commerce platform, from sourcing and pricing to promotion and merchandising. They analyze market trends, customer feedback and sales data to optimize product offerings and increase profitability. Customer Service Representative: Assists customers before, during and after the purchase process, resolving inquiries, resolving issues and ensuring a positive shopping experience. They can communicate with customers via phone, email, chat or social media. Chain/Logistics Coordinator: Coordinates the movement of goods from suppliers to customers, ensuring timely delivery, efficient inventory management and cost-effective shipping solutions. They collaborate with vendors, carriers and warehouse teams to streamline Payment Processing Specialist: Manages online payment processing systems, including payment gateways, merchant accounts and fraud detection tools. They ensure secure and seamless transactions, monitor fraudulent activities and resolve payment related issues. Data Analyst: Analyzes e-commerce data to uncover insights, trends and opportunities for optimization. They create reports and dashboards to track key performance indicators (KPIs) such as website traffic, conversion rates and customer behavior, providing recommendations for improvement. Creator/Manager: Creates and curates content for e-commerce website, blog, social media and other digital platforms to engage audiences, improve brand visibility and drive traffic. They optimize content for search engines and user experience. Development/Sales Manager: Identifies and pursues growth opportunities for the e-commerce business, such as expanding into new markets, forming partnerships with suppliers or distributors, or launching new product lines. They build and maintain relationships with key stakeholders to increase revenue and market share. These roles cover various aspects of running an e-commerce business, and individuals may specialize in one or more areas based on their skills, expertise and interests. Benefits of E-commerce Global Reach: E-commerce transcends geographical boundaries and allows businesses to reach customers anywhere in the world. This global reach opens up new markets and revenue streams, allowing businesses to expand their customer base and grow their brand internationally. 24/7 Accessibility: Unlike traditional brick and mortar stores, e-commerce websites are open 24 hours a day, 7 days a week. This means customers can shop at their convenience during lunch breaks, late at night or even on holidays. This convenience improves the overall shopping experience and increases customer Cost Savings: E-commerce eliminates the need for a physical storefront, reducing overhead costs such as rent, utilities and staffing. Additionally, digital marketing strategies are more cost-effective than traditional advertising methods, allowing businesses to allocate resources more efficiently and achieve higher returns on investment. Personalization: E-commerce platforms leverage data analytics and customer insights to personalize the shopping experience. By tracking browsing behavior, purchase history and preferences, businesses can recommend relevant products, create promotional offers and deliver targeted marketing messages that resonate with individual Scalability: E-commerce offers businesses the scalability and flexibility to adapt to changing market conditions and customer demands. Whether it's expanding product offerings, entering new markets or optimizing operations, e-commerce platforms can easily scale growth without the constraints of physical infrastructure. Streamlined Operations: E-commerce streamlines the entire sales process from order placement to payment processing to order fulfillment. Automated systems and integrations with inventory management, payment gateways and shipping providers streamline operations and reduce manual tasks, allowing businesses to operate more efficiently and focus on core operations. Importance of E-commerce Economic Growth: E-commerce plays a vital role in driving economic growth by facilitating trade and commerce on a global scale. By connecting buyers and sellers across borders, e-commerce stimulates innovation, creates job opportunities and contributes to GDP growth in both developed and developing economies. Accessibility and Inclusivity: E-commerce promotes accessibility and inclusion by providing businesses of all sizes and people from diverse backgrounds with equal opportunities to participate in the digital economy. Be it a small artisan shop or a multinational corporation, e-commerce levels the playing field and empowers entrepreneurs to compete on merit rather than scale. Empowerment: E-commerce offers consumers greater choice, transparency and convenience in their shopping experiences. With access to a wide range of products, price comparisons and consumer reviews at their fingertips, consumers can make informed purchasing decisions and have greater influence on brands and businesses. Transformation: E-commerce drives digital transformation across industries by encouraging businesses to adopt technology, innovation and data-driven strategies. From adopting e-commerce platforms to integrating omnichannel experiences, businesses are forced to evolve and adapt to changing consumer behaviors and market dynamics in the digital age. Resilience and Adaptability: In an increasingly volatile and uncertain world, e-commerce provides businesses with resilience and adaptability to weather disruptions and crises. Whether it's a global pandemic, natural disaster or economic downturn, e-commerce allows businesses to pivot quickly, diversify revenue streams and maintain continuity of operations. Uses and Utility of E-commerce Retail Sales: One of the primary uses of e-commerce is retail sales, where businesses sell products directly to consumers through online platforms. From clothing and electronics to groceries and home appliances, virtually any product can be bought and sold online, providing consumers with convenience and choice. Services: E-commerce is not just limited to physical goods – it also includes the sale of services such as online courses, consulting, digital downloads and subscriptions. Service-based businesses can use e-commerce platforms to reach a wider audience and monetize their expertise in various fields. Digital Products: E-commerce facilitates the sale of digital products such as e-books, software, music, videos and online memberships. With instant delivery and no physical inventory to manage, selling digital products is highly profitable for businesses and appeals to consumers who want immediate access to content. B2B Transactions: E-commerce platforms offer business-to-business (B2B) transactions where businesses buy goods or services from other businesses. This includes wholesale purchases, procurement of supplies or outsourcing of services, streamlining the procurement process and fostering collaboration between companies. Platforms: E-commerce marketplaces such as Amazon, eBay and Alibaba act as online platforms where multiple sellers can list their products for sale. These marketplaces provide a centralized location for buyers to find, compare and buy products from a variety of sellers, offering convenience and variety. Dropshipping: Dropshipping is a business model where retailers sell products to customers without inventory. Instead, when a customer places an order, the retailer buys the product from a third-party supplier, who ships it directly to the customer. E-commerce platforms facilitate dropshipping by connecting retailers with suppliers and automating order fulfillment processes. How Does E-commerce Generate Money? Product Sales: The main source of revenue for e-commerce businesses is selling products or services directly to consumers. Whether physical goods such as clothing, electronics or home appliances or digital products such as e-books, software or online courses, e-commerce platforms facilitate transactions between buyers and sellers, generating revenue through product sales. Subscription Models: Some e-commerce businesses offer subscription-based services where customers pay a recurring fee for access to products, content or premium features. Subscription models are common in industries such as streaming media (e.g., Netflix, Spotify), software-as-a-service (SaaS) platforms (e.g., Adobe Creative Cloud, Microsoft Office 365), and subscription boxes (e.g., Birchbox, Blue). . Apron), provides steady income over time. Membership Fees: E-commerce marketplaces and membership-based platforms may charge sellers a membership fee or subscription fee to access the platform's features and services. For example, Amazon charges sellers a monthly subscription fee for the Amazon Seller Central platform, which provides tools and resources to sell products on the Amazon marketplace. Transaction Fees: E-commerce platforms often charge transaction fees or commissions on every sale made through their platform. These fees may vary depending on factors such as the type of product sold, volume of sales and method of payment processing. For example, Etsy charges sellers a transaction fee and a payment processing fee for each sale made on its platform. Advertising and Sponsorship: E-commerce businesses can generate additional revenue through advertising and sponsorship opportunities. This may include displaying third-party advertisements on their website, partnering with brands for sponsored content or product placements, or promoting affiliate products and earning commissions on referred sales. E-commerce marketplaces such as Amazon and eBay offer advertising programs that allow sellers to promote their products to a wider audience and increase visibility. Cross-selling and Up-selling: E-commerce businesses can increase revenue by implementing cross-selling and up-selling techniques to encourage customers to purchase additional products or upgrade to higher-value offers. Cross-selling is recommending related or complementary products based on customers' purchase history or browsing behavior, while upselling is persuading customers to upgrade to a more expensive or premium version of a product or Data Monetization: E-commerce businesses collect valuable data on customer preferences, behaviors, and purchasing patterns, which can be monetized through a variety of means, including selling anonymized data to third-party advertisers, using the data for targeted advertising and personalized marketing campaigns, or leveraging data insights. Optimize product offerings, pricing strategies and operational processes. How Much Income can E-commerce Earn per Month? Monthly Income Approx. $2,500 to $8,700+ per month €2,275 to €7,917+ £2,025 to £7,047+ ₹1,35,900 to ₹1,50,412+ The revenue potential of an e-commerce business can vary significantly based on many factors such as niche, target market, marketing strategies, operational efficiency and more. Let's walk through a hypothetical example to provide some insight: You decide to start an e-commerce business selling a niche product - personalized planners and stationery. 1. Market Research: You will conduct comprehensive market research to identify your target audience, understand their needs and evaluate competitors. You will find demand for high-quality personalized planners among professionals and students alike. 2. Product Pricing: After factoring in production costs, shipping, and desired profit margin, you set the price for your personalized planners at $30 each. 3. Sales Forecast: Based on your market research and marketing efforts, you estimate that you will initially sell around 500 planners per month. 4. Marketing You plan to budget $1000 per month for digital marketing campaigns, including social media advertising, influencer partnerships, and search engine optimization (SEO). 5. Operational This includes costs such as website hosting, domain registration, payment processing fees and any additional overhead costs. Estimate these at $300 per month. Revenue per Month: 500 planners * $30 = $15,000 Cost of Goods Sold This includes production costs, packaging, and shipping. Let's assume it's $10 per planner. So, 500 planners * $10 = $5000. Gross Profit: Revenue - COGS = $15,000 - $5000 = Marketing and Operational Expenses: $1000 (Marketing) + $300 (Operational Costs) = $1300 Net Profit: Gross Profit - Expenses = $10,000 - $1300 = $8,700 In this example, your e-commerce business can generate a net profit of $8,700 per month. However, keep in mind that this is only a simplified illustration and actual results may vary based on many factors, including market fluctuations, competition, seasonality and the effectiveness of your marketing efforts. Continuous optimization and adaptation are key to continued success in e-commerce. List of Tools, Equipment Used in E-commerce Computer or Laptop: A reliable computer or laptop is required to handle various aspects of an e-commerce business, including website management, product listings, order processing, customer communication and data analysis. Internet Connection: A stable and high-speed Internet connection is critical for conducting online transactions, communicating with customers, accessing e-commerce platforms and performing website operations. E-commerce Platform: E-commerce platforms like Shopify, WooCommerce, BigCommerce, Magento and Squarespace provide the tools and infrastructure needed to create and manage online stores. These platforms offer features such as website builders, product management, order processing, payment gateways and marketing tools. Website Design Software: Design software tools such as Adobe Photoshop, Sketch or Canva are used to create visually appealing graphics, product images, banners and promotional materials for an e-commerce website. Content Management System (CMS): A CMS like WordPress or Drupal allows for easy content creation, management and publishing on an e-commerce website. It allows users to update product descriptions, blog posts and other website content without technical expertise. Payment Gateway: Payment gateway providers such as PayPal, Stripe, Square and Authorize.Net enable secure online transactions by processing credit card payments, debit card payments and other types of online payments. Shipping and Logistics Software: Shipping and logistics software tools like ShipStation, Shippo, and Easyship help e-commerce businesses manage shipping logistics, print shipping labels, track packages, and calculate shipping costs for orders. Inventory Management Software: Inventory management software such as TradeGecko, Stitch Labs and Cin7 allow e-commerce businesses to track stock levels, manage product variants and automate inventory replenishment processes. Relationship Management (CRM) Software: CRM software tools like HubSpot, Salesforce, and Zoho CRM help e-commerce businesses manage customer interactions, track sales leads, and analyze customer data to improve marketing and customer service. Email Marketing Software: Email marketing platforms like Mailchimp, Constant Contact and Clavio enable e-commerce businesses to create and send targeted email campaigns, newsletters and promotional offers to engage with customers and increase sales. Analytics and Reporting Tools: Analytics tools such as Google Analytics, Adobe Analytics and Mixpanel provide insights into website traffic, user behavior, conversion rates and other key performance indicators (KPIs) to optimize marketing strategies and website performance. Social Media Management Tools: Social media management platforms like Hootsuite, Buffer, and Sprout Social allow e-commerce businesses to schedule posts, monitor social media activity, engage with followers, and analyze social media performance across multiple channels. Customer Support Software: Customer support tools such as Zendesk, Freshdesk and Intercom enable e-commerce businesses to provide timely and effective customer support through various channels such as live chat, email and phone support. Security Software: Security software tools such as antivirus programs, firewall software, and website security plugins help protect e-commerce websites from malware, hackers, and other cyber threats to ensure the safety and privacy of customer Overall, these tools and equipment are essential for the successful operation and management of an e-commerce business, enabling entrepreneurs to create, launch and grow their online stores efficiently and effectively. Niches Topics, Categories Fashion and Apparel: Sustainable fashion Activewear and athleisure Vintage and thrift clothing Maternity wear Plus-size fashion Eco-friendly and organic clothing Luxury fashion and designer brands Streetwear and urban fashion Beauty and Natural and organic skincare Vegan and cruelty-free beauty Men's grooming and skincare Anti-aging skincare Makeup brushes and tools Ethnic haircare products Subscription beauty boxes K-beauty and J-beauty products Health and Wellness: Herbal supplements and vitamins Fitness equipment and accessories Yoga and meditation supplies Organic and natural foods Meal prep and healthy eating kits CBD and hemp products Mental health and self-care products Sleep aids and relaxation products Home and Living: Eco-friendly home decor Smart home gadgets and technology Sustainable furniture and furnishings DIY and craft supplies Home organization and storage Indoor plants and gardening supplies Kitchen gadgets and appliances Personalized home accessories Electronics and Wearable technology Smartphones and accessories Gaming consoles and accessories Drones and remote-controlled vehicles Home entertainment systems Wireless headphones and speakers Fitness trackers and smartwatches Virtual reality (VR) and augmented reality (AR) devices Baby and Kids: Organic baby clothing and accessories Eco-friendly baby care products Educational toys and games Baby gear and nursery furniture Children's books and learning Personalized gifts for kids Baby shower and new parent gifts Kids' party supplies and decorations Natural and organic pet food Eco-friendly pet supplies Pet grooming and hygiene products Custom pet accessories and apparel Pet toys and enrichment products Veterinary supplements and Subscription pet boxes Pet-themed gifts and merchandise Sports and Outdoors: Camping and hiking gear Outdoor apparel and footwear Fitness trackers and GPS watches Cycling accessories and equipment Water sports gear and equipment Golf clubs and accessories Skiing and snowboarding gear Adventure travel accessories Food and Beverage: Specialty gourmet foods Artisanal chocolates and confections Craft beer and spirits Organic and natural snacks International cuisine and spices Specialty coffee and tea Health and wellness supplements Plant-based and vegan foods Arts and Crafts: Handmade jewelry and accessories Art supplies and materials DIY crafting kits and projects Fine art prints and paintings Custom stationery and paper goods Sewing and knitting supplies Calligraphy and lettering tools Pottery and ceramics E-commerce represents a dynamic and fast-growing sector of the global economy, offering entrepreneurs enormous opportunities to create innovative businesses, reach new audiences and drive revenue growth in the digital marketplace. From traditional retail to niche markets and emerging trends, e-commerce spans a wide variety of industries and business models, each with its unique challenges and opportunities. By leveraging technology, data analytics, and digital marketing strategies, businesses can harness the benefits of e-commerce to streamline operations, improve customer experiences, and increase profitability. Whether it's selling products or services directly to consumers, facilitating transactions between businesses, or harnessing the power of social media and mobile commerce, e-commerce enables businesses to adapt and thrive in an increasingly digital world. However, success in e-commerce requires careful planning, strategic decision-making, and ongoing innovation to stay ahead of the competition and meet evolving customer needs. By identifying niche markets, leveraging technology tools, and offering exceptional products and services, entrepreneurs can build sustainable and profitable e-commerce businesses that increase customer and shareholder value alike. Ultimately, the future of e-commerce holds endless possibilities for those willing to embrace change, seize opportunities and navigate the complexities of the digital landscape. As technology advances and consumer behaviors evolve, e-commerce remains a driving force of innovation and transformation, shaping the way we buy, sell and interact in the modern marketplace. (Frequently Asked Questions) How do I start an e-commerce business if I have no experience? Starting an e-commerce business without prior experience may seem daunting, but with the right approach it is completely possible. Start by conducting thorough market research to identify potential niches and target audiences. Then, choose a user-friendly e-commerce platform like Shopify or WooCommerce, which provide intuitive tools and templates to build your online store. Use resources like online tutorials, forums and communities to learn the basics of e-commerce and don't hesitate to get advice from experienced entrepreneurs. Remember, every successful e-commerce business is started from scratch, so embrace the learning curve and stick to your vision. How much money do I need to start an e-commerce business? The amount of money required to start an e-commerce business can vary depending on factors such as your business model, product selection, marketing strategy and scalability goals. Some e-commerce businesses can be started with minimal investment using dropshipping or print-on-demand services, while others may require more substantial upfront capital for inventory, website development and marketing costs. Creating a detailed business plan and budget is essential to accurately estimate your start-up costs and secure funding if needed. Remember, starting small and scaling up gradually will help minimize financial risks and ensure long-term How can I attract customers to my e-commerce website? Attracting customers to your e-commerce website requires a combination of strategic marketing strategies, engaging content and exceptional customer experiences. Start by optimizing your website for search engines (SEO) to improve visibility and drive organic traffic. Use social media platforms, email marketing and content marketing to engage with your target audience and build brand awareness. Offer incentives such as discounts, promotions and loyalty programs to encourage purchases and encourage repeat business. Above all, prioritize customer satisfaction by providing seamless navigation, personalized recommendations and responsive customer support to build trust and loyalty. How do I handle shipping and fulfillment for my e-commerce orders? Shipping and fulfillment are critical aspects of running an e-commerce business and there are many options available to streamline the process. Consider partnering with third-party logistics (3PL) providers to outsource order fulfillment and shipping logistics, allowing you to focus on core business operations. Alternatively, you can complete orders in-house using shipping software and carrier services such as UPS, FedEx or USPS. Offer flexible shipping options such as standard, expedited and international shipping to meet customer preferences and optimize delivery times. Communicate transparently with customers about shipping costs, tracking information and delivery estimates to ensure a positive post-purchase How can I ensure the security of my e-commerce website and customer data? Protecting your e-commerce website and customer data is vital to maintaining trust and credibility in the digital marketplace. Start by implementing strong security measures like SSL encryption, secure payment gateways and regular website backups to protect sensitive information from cyber threats. Use strong password protocols, multi-factor authentication, and firewall protection to prevent unauthorized access to your website and administrative accounts. Get information about the latest security vulnerabilities and patches for your e-commerce platform and plugins, and update the software regularly to mitigate potential risks. Additionally, comply with data protection regulations such as GDPR or CCPA and clearly communicate your privacy policy and terms of service to customers to demonstrate your commitment to data security and privacy protection. DisclaimerThis blog post is for general information, awareness, knowledge and educational purposes only. Always, it is better to check the latest updates and do more research and consult experts to get complete details. The author and publisher do not assume any responsibility or liability for any actions taken based on the information provided in this blog post. If you find any mistake or error in this article, please let us know and also give suggestions to correct it. Only true human beings can share this with others and help them gain knowledge and understanding. Thank you for coming. See you soon in another part.
- Original research - Open access - Published: Sub-minute acquisition with deep learning-based image filter in the diagnosis of colorectal cancers using total-body 18F-FDG PET/CT EJNMMI Research volume 13, Article number: 66 (2023) This study aimed to retrospectively evaluate the feasibility of total-body 18F-FDG PET/CT ultrafast acquisition combined with a deep learning (DL) image filter in the diagnosis of colorectal cancers (CRCs). The clinical and preoperative imaging data of patients with CRCs were collected. All patients underwent a 300-s list-mode total-body 18F-FDG PET/CT scan. The dataset was divided into groups with acquisition durations of 10, 20, 30, 60, and 120 s. PET images were reconstructed using ordered subset expectation maximisation, and post-processing filters, including a Gaussian smoothing filter with 3 mm full width at half maximum (3 mm FWHM) and a DL image filter. The effects of the Gaussian and DL image filters on image quality, detection rate, and uptake value of primary and liver metastases of CRCs at different acquisition durations were compared using a 5-point Likert scale and semi-quantitative analysis, with the 300-s image with a Gaussian filter as the standard. All 34 recruited patients with CRCs had single colorectal lesions, and the diagnosis was verified pathologically. Of the total patients, 11 had liver metastases, and 113 liver metastases were detected. The 10-s dataset could not be evaluated due to high noise, regardless of whether it was filtered by Gaussian or DL image filters. The signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) of the liver and mediastinal blood pool in the images acquired for 10, 20, 30, and 60 s with a Gaussian filter was lower than that of the 300-s images (P < 0.01). The DL filter significantly improved the SNR and visual image quality score compared to the Gaussian filter (P < 0.01). There was no statistical difference in the SNR of the liver and mediastinal blood pool, SUVmax and TBR of CRCs and liver metastases, and the number of detectable liver metastases between the 20- and 30-s DL image filter and 300-s images with the Gaussian filter (P > 0.05). The DL filter can significantly improve the image quality of total-body 18F-FDG PET/CT ultrafast acquisition. Deep learning-based image filtering methods can significantly reduce the noise of ultrafast acquisition, making them suitable for clinical diagnosis possible. Recently, new PET/CT scanners with long-axial field of view (LAFOV) and silicon photomultiplier (SiPM) detection systems have been introduced, such as the axial FOV of 194-cm PET/CT (uEXPLORER, United Imaging Healthcare Co), 106-cm PET/CT (Biograph Vision Quadra, Siemens Healthineers), and 64-cm PET/CT (PennPET Explorer) scanners [1,2,3,4]. These LAFOV PET/CT scanners are characterised by increased sensitivity owing to their ability to collect more photons during scanning, allowing reduced tracer injection doses and shortened acquisition time. Shorter acquisition durations are desirable for the comfort of patients, particularly those who are distressed, claustrophobic, have shortness of breath, are children, or require less dosage of anaesthetic; shorter acquisition durations is also cost-effective. One of the challenges in routine PET/CT is to deal with patients with dyspnoea in a recumbent position or severe pain following bone metastases. In such cases, maintaining diagnostic performance whilst achieving fast PET acquisitions would be especially beneficial. However, shortening the acquisition time may result in increased noise, lower signal-to-noise ratio (SNR), and potentially unnecessary image artefacts [5]. These factors may affect the quality and accuracy of the images, potentially compromising the diagnosis and treatment planning for the patient, especially for the detection of liver metastases or interference of physiological accumulation of 18F-FDG by the adjacent colon in colorectal cancer (CRC). Benign FDG uptake in the colon on PET/CT indicates physiological uptake, inflammation (such as inflammatory bowel disease), and benign lesions (such as benign polyps). This can affect the detection and diagnosis of CRCs, especially when the difference between tumour and colon benign uptake is not significant or when there is noise interference. The advent of deep learning-based image filters has the potential to decrease noise and enhance image quality in short-term image acquisition, such as HYPER DLR launched by United Imaging Healthcare and licenced by the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) 510(k) clearance. HYPER DLR, a deep learning-based algorithm for PET image filters, can effectively remove noise from images captured under low count rate conditions, significantly improving image quality. This technology can boost image SNRs by 42% and increase imaging speed [6]. Xing et al. attempted to use HYPER DLR to reduce image noise and achieved good results, but did not evaluate the image quality with an acquisition time of less than 1 min [6]. Some researchers have explored ultrafast PET acquisition and attempted to evaluate PET image quality within 1 min [7,8,9,10]. However, image noise caused by short-term acquisition using a Gaussian filter has affected the diagnosis, with standard detectors covering an axial field of view [11]. Although these studies on the ultrafast acquisition of PET/CT have revealed that acquisition speed has significantly improved, studies on the quality of images using a Gaussian filter still need to be completed. Further to this, previous studies have included a variety of diseases, but there is a lack of research on CRC, specifically in patients with liver metastasis. The effect of liver noise on the ability to detect metastatic tumours remains unknown. Therefore, considering the 300-s OSEM reconstruction image with a 3 mm Gaussian smoothing filter as a standard image, we retrospectively compared the effects of the Gaussian and DL image filters on image quality, detection rate, and uptake rate of primary and metastatic CRCs in total-body PET/CT imaging at different acquisition durations (10, 20, 30, 60, and 120 s). Study design and population The local Institutional Review Board approved this retrospective study (No. KY2023-020-01) and waived the requirement for informed consent. From April 2022 to December 2022, 34 consecutive patients with CRCs were enrolled in this study. Inclusion criteria Patients were included in this study based on the following inclusion criteria: (i) no previous history of malignancies; (ii) the diagnosis was confirmed by histopathology; and (iii) only received symptomatic treatment and had no history of chemotherapy, radiotherapy, or surgical resection before the PET/CT scan. Exclusion criteria Patients were excluded for the following reasons: (i) incomplete image datasets and (ii) lack of a final histological diagnosis. Patient preparation and PET/CT protocol All patients fasted for more than 4 h before 18F-FDG injection according to the EANM procedure guidelines for tumour imaging (version 2.0) [12]. All patients underwent implantation of 22 G indwelling intravenous catheters (Jierui Medical Product), followed by 18F-FDG manual administration with 2.96 MBq/kg. The patients were instructed to lie on the bed as calmly as possible. Imaging was started 60 ± 5 min after 18F-FDG injection. Image acquisition was performed using a total-body PET/CT scanner (uEXPLORER, United Imaging Healthcare, Shanghai, China) with an axial FOV of 194 cm. Additional file 1: Table 1 lists the parameters of the PET component of the PET/CT scanner. Low-dose CT was performed before PET for attenuation correction and anatomical localisation with a dose-modulation technique. Subsequently, total-body PET imaging was performed using a 3D list-mode with 300-s acquisition for one-bed position. PET images were initially reconstructed with OSEM using data from the full 300-s acquisition. Images were post-processed using a 3 mm isotropic Gaussian smoothing filter. The necessary correction methods were applied, such as attenuation and scatter correction. Subsequently, the PET images were reconstructed using various acquisition times (10, 20, 30, 60, and 120 s) to simulate fast scans with both Gaussian and DL image filters. The parameters used in the OSEM reconstruction process included time of flight (TOF) and point spread function (PSF) modelling, three iterations, 20 subsets, 600 cm field of view, a matrix size of 192 × 192, a pixel size of 3.125 × 3.125 × 2.886 mm3, and a Gaussian post-filter of 3 mm FWHM. For the DL image filter process, the Gaussian post-filter was replaced, whereas all other reconstruction parameters were the same as described above. Imaging analysis All images were transferred to a workstation (uWS-MI:R002, United Imaging Healthcare) and reviewed in standard planes. Taking the 300-s image with a Gaussian filter image as a standard image, Gaussian and DL filtering images with five image datasets (10, 20, 30, 60, and 120 s) were included for comparison. For qualitative analysis, the image quality of various time-point PET/CT datasets was evaluated visually by two nuclear physicians (Xiaochun Zhang and Taotao Sun) with over a decade of experience in PET/CT diagnosis. According to the widely used 5-point Likert scale, the image quality was scored, and the criteria were as follows: (i) very poor image quality and excessive noise (score 1); (ii) poor image quality and increased noise (score 2); (iii) fair image quality, similar to the regular image of daily practice (score 3); (iv) good image quality, superior to the regular image of daily practice (score 4); and (v) excellent image quality with minimal noise (score 5) [13,14,15,16,17]. The two readers were blinded to the evaluation of the various time-point PET/CT dataset images and scored. To eliminate intra-observer variability in the quantitative analysis, PET/CT images were quantitatively evaluated by a single nuclear physician with over a decade of experience in PET/CT diagnosis. Semi-automatic 3D delineation of the FDG-avid lesions was performed to cover the entire tumour. 3D isocontour volume of interest (VOI) based on 41% of the maximum standardised uptake value (SUVmax) thresholds was used and recommended by EANM guidelines [12]. The tumour VOIs were obtained with the 300-s OSEM reconstruction with Gaussian (3 mm FWHM) filter and subsequently replicated and applied to other PET acquisition datasets of images. Mean standardised uptake value (SUVmean), maximum standardised uptake value (SUVmax), and peak standardised uptake value (SUVpeak) within a 1-cm3 spherical volume were automatically generated. According to the recommendations of PERCIST, hepatic 18F-FDG activity was assessed using a fixed 3-cm-diameter spherical VOI on the right lobe of the liver [18, 19]. Additionally, 18F-FDG activity in the mediastinal blood pool was evaluated using a cylindrical VOI with a diameter of 1 cm and a long axis of 2 cm (parallel to the descending aorta) at the centre of the descending thoracic aorta. The SUVmean and standard deviation (SD) of the liver and mediastinal blood pool were recorded. The liver and mediastinal blood pool SNRs were calculated by dividing SUVmean by SD. The calculation formula used was as follows: The tumour-to-background ratio (TBR) was calculated by dividing the SUVmax of the tumour by the SUVmean of the liver. The calculation formula used was as follows: To evaluate the detectability of the primary lesion of CRCs, the SUVmax of the adjacent proximal and distal bowel of the tumour was measured, and the tumour-to-adjacent bowel ratio (TAR) was calculated. The calculation formula used was as follows: For patients with multiple liver metastases, the number of liver metastases was found on the 300-s image with a Gaussian filter image as a standard image reference, and the analysis focused on the largest and smallest lesions on the standard reconstruction. The liver metastases TBR and detection rate of liver metastases were calculated. The calculation formula used was as follows: Statistical analysis Continuous variables were presented as mean ± SD, and categorical variables were presented as frequencies and percentages. The weighted Kappa statistic was applied to evaluate inter-observer agreement for different acquisition durations of the PET/CT datasets image scores. The value of the agreement was categorised as follows: no agreement (κ < 0), slight agreement (0 ≤ κ < 0.2), fair agreement (0.21 ≤ κ < 0.4), moderate agreement (0.41 ≤ κ < 0.6), substantial agreement (0.61 ≤ κ < 0.8), and excellent agreement (0.81 ≤ κ ≤ 1). The Friedman's test with post hoc comparisons using Bonferroni correction was used to compare differences in SNR, TBR, and tumour SUVs among various time-point PET/CT dataset images. Statistical analyses were performed using SPSS (v.26.0), GraphPad Prism (v.9.0.0), and MedCalc (v.19.0.7). A two-tailed probability value of < 0.05 was considered statistically significant. From April 2022 to December 2022, 34 consecutive patients with a single CRC lesion, histopathologically confirmed, were enrolled in this study. Of the total patients, 11 had liver metastases, and 113 liver metastases were detected. All 11 patients underwent triple-phase abdominal contrast-enhanced CT (CECT), and the size of the liver metastases was measured using enhanced CT. Patient characteristics are shown in Table 1. The distribution of the primary tumour sites in CRCs is shown in Additional file 2: Fig. 1. Qualitative assessment of image quality and inter-observer agreement Based on a 5-point Likert scale, the weighted kappa coefficient for the inter-observer agreement of the image quality evaluation was 0.822 (95% confidence interval, 0.655–0.989). The 10-, 20-, and 30-s acquisition durations images with Gaussian filter were scored 1 or 2, and none were scored 3. DL image filter significantly improved the visual image quality scores of 20-, 30-, and 60-s acquisition time images compared to Gaussian filter (P < 0.01) (Additional file 3: Fig. 2 and Additional file 4: Fig. 3). The scores of PET image using Gaussian and DL image filter for different acquisition durations are shown in Fig. 1. Quantitative assessment of image quality The 10-s dataset could not be evaluated due to high noise, regardless of whether it was filtered by Gaussian or DL image filters. The SNR of the liver and mediastinal blood pool in the images acquired for 10, 20, 30, and 60 s with a Gaussian filter was lower than that of the 300-s images (P < 0.01) (Additional file 5: Fig. 4). The DL filter significantly improved the SNR and visual image quality score compared to the Gaussian filter (P < 0.01). There was no statistical difference in the SNR of the liver (P = 0.176 and P = 0.635) and mediastinal blood pool (P = 0.257 and P = 0.942) between the 20- and 30-s DL image filter and 300-s images with the Gaussian filter. The SNR of different acquisition duration images with Gaussian and DL image filters is shown in Fig. 2, Table 2, and Table 3. Quantitative assessment of colorectal cancer and liver metastases The SUVmax and TBR of CRCs and liver metastases gradual increased with decreasing acquisition times. There were no statistical differences in the SUVmax (P = 0.961 and P = 0.071) and TBR (P = 0.189 and P = 0.081) of CRCs and liver metastases between the 20- and 30-s DL image filter and 300-s images with the Gaussian filter. The SUVmax and TBR of different acquisition durations of images with Gaussian and DL image filters are shown in Fig. 3, Tables 2, and Table 3. The SUVmax and TBR of the 60- and 120-s images with DL image filter were lower than those of the 300-s images with Gaussian filter (P < 0.01) (Additional file 6: Fig. 5). A comparison of all quantitative data is presented in Additional file 7: Table 2. To evaluate the detectability of primary lesions of CRCs, we introduced TAR, which is the ratio of the primary tumour to tumour–adjacent bowel SUVmax. There was no statistical difference in the TAR (P = 0.324, P = 0.306, P = 0.125, and P = 0.073) between the Gaussian and DL image filter images with different acquisition durations (20, 30, 60, and 120 s) and the 300-s images with Gaussian filter image. With the 300-s images with Gaussian filter image as a standard image reference, a total of 113 liver metastases were detected. The 10- and 20-s acquisition durations images with Gaussian filter exhibited noticeable noise, making it difficult to observe small liver metastases (Fig. 4). Sub-centimetre liver metastases were not conducive to display on the DL image filter image (Fig. 5). Compared with the 300-s images with Gaussian filter images, the detection rate of liver metastases on 60 and 120-s images with DL image filter decreased. In terms of the number of detectable liver metastases, the 10- and 20-s acquisition durations images with Gaussian filter were significantly lower than the 300-s images with Gaussian filter images (P < 0.05). There was no statistical difference in the number of detectable liver metastases between the 20- and 30-s images with DL filter and the 300-s images with Gaussian filter image (P = 0.077 and P = 0.123). Our current study shows that DL image filter can significantly improve the image quality and SNR for low count data. Without affecting the quantitative evaluation of CRCs or liver metastases, the acquisition time of total-body PET/CT can be reduced to 20 s using DL image filter. For the visual qualitative evaluation of image quality, DL image filter significantly improved the image quality score of 20-, 30-, and 60-s acquisition time images compared with Gaussian filter (P < 0.01). Visually, there was no difference in image quality between DL image filter images and 300-s images with Gaussian filter images (Additional file 8: Fig. 6). For the SNR of the liver and mediastinal blood pool, compared with Gaussian filter, DL image filter can increase the SNR of 20-s, 30-s, and 60-s datasets images by three times (Fig. 3A and 3B). Because of the 10-s datasets, whether Gaussian filter or DL image filter was too poor in SNR, it was not considered. Compared with the 300-s images with Gaussian filter images, the SNR of the 20- and 30-s images with DL image filter was similar. When the acquisition time for PET/CT imaging is reduced, the image noise level tends to increase significantly. The SUVmax of CRC and liver metastatic lesions also tends to increase gradually. This observation applies to both images processed with a Gaussian filter and DL image filter. However, it is noted that the increase in SUVmax is relatively lower when using the DL image filter compared to the Gaussian filter. The detection of sub-centimetre liver metastases of CRCs is still a problem that puzzles PET/CT daily work. It is worth noting that DL image filter makes it difficult to detect sub-centimetre liver metastases from CRCs. In this study, we compared the data from similar studies [9]. The results are presented in Table 4. Compared with the current study, the SNR of the liver and mediastinal blood pool in Zhang et al.'s study is higher than that of our image data, whether it is 30- or 300-s image with a Gaussian filter. We speculate that this is caused by different FDG doses (3.7 vs. 2.96 MBq/kg). Meanwhile, we also found that the SNR of the 20- and 30-s DL image filter images was higher than that of Zhang et al.'s 30-s Gaussian filter image [9]. Additionally, the SNR of 30-s DL image filter image was similar to that of Zhang et al.'s 300 s with a Gaussian filter image [9]. It has been demonstrated that the SNR of DL image filter images is better than that of Gaussian filter by a 30-s ultrafast acquisition by total-body PET/CT. And the 30-s DL image filter images was equivalent to the 300-s reconstruction images. The SUV and TBR of CRCs in this study were significantly higher than those in Zhang et al.'s study, presumably because of the different types of tumours included. The increase in image noise due to fast acquisition may affect the detection and diagnosis of CRCs, especially when the difference between tumour and benign colon uptake is not significant or noise interference. Our study also evaluated the detectability of CRC lesions, compared the difference between CRC lesions and adjacent bowel benign FDG uptake, and used the SUVmax of lesions and adjacent bowel uptake. The shortened acquisition time led to deviations in SUVmax caused by noise. Significantly, compared with the 300-s image with a Gaussian filter images, we have shortened the acquisition time and are more friendly to patients who cannot tolerate the conventional PET/CT acquisition time. In the routine management of CRCs, ultrafast acquisition may be a practical substitute for 300-s PET/CT acquisition. Additionally, our study found that the SUVmax of the Gaussian filter image datasets acquired for more than 60 s was consistent with the results of the datasets acquired for 5 min (Fig. 4). Our results are consistent with Tan et al.'s research on assessing CRCs with data collected at 1–5 different minute time points using the same equipment [20]. However, these results differ from those of Sher et al., who found that the SUVmax of images collected at 1.5 min differed from those collected at 5 min [21]. This may be due to differences in equipment (long-axial FOV PET detectors and standard PET detectors) and the composition of the study cases, which are not focused on CRCs (mainly lymphoma and lung cancer). Limitations of our study The limitations of this study include its small sample size and retrospective design. One limitation of this study is that only one patient had a BMI greater than 30, defined as obesity. It is well known that obesity affects SNR and reduces the SNR of fast-acquisition PET images. This study also did not qualitatively and quantitatively evaluate the nearby lymph nodes of colorectal cancer, which will be the focus of the next step. The DL filter can significantly improve the image quality of total-body 18F-FDG PET/CT ultrafast acquisition. Deep learning-based image filtering methods can significantly reduce the noise of ultrafast acquisition, making them suitable for clinical diagnosis possible. Availability of data and materials All data in the current study are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request. Contrast-enhanced CT Colorectal cancer Field of view Long-axial field of view Ordered subset expectation maximisation Point spread function Signal-to-noise ratio - SiPM: Silicon photomultiplier Standard deviation - SUVmax: Standardised uptake value - SUVmean: Mean standardised uptake value - SUVpeak: Peak standardised uptake value Tumour-to-adjacent bowel ratio Tumour-to-background ratio Time of flight Badawi RD, Shi H, Hu P, Chen S, Xu T, Price PM, et al. First human imaging studies with the EXPLORER total-body PET scanner. J Nucl Med. 2019;60:299–303. Pantel AR, Viswanath V, Daube-Witherspoon ME, Dubroff JG, Muehllehner G, Parma MJ, et al. PennPET explorer: human imaging on a whole-body imager. J Nucl Med. 2020;61:144–51. Nadig V, Herrmann K, Mottaghy FM, Schulz V. Hybrid total-body pet scanners-current status and future perspectives. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging. 2022;49:445–59. Alberts I, Hünermund J-N, Prenosil G, Mingels C, Bohn KP, Viscione M, et al. Clinical performance of long axial field of view PET/CT: a head-to-head intra-individual comparison of the biograph vision Quadra with the biograph vision PET/CT. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging. 2021;48:2395–404. Akamatsu G, Ishikawa K, Mitsumoto K, Taniguchi T, Ohya N, Baba S, et al. Improvement in PET/CT image quality with a combination of point-spread function and time-of-flight in relation to reconstruction parameters. J Nucl Med. 2012;53:1716–22. Xing Y, Qiao W, Wang T, Wang Y, Li C, Lv Y, et al. Deep learning-assisted PET imaging achieves fast scan/low-dose examination. EJNMMI Phys. 2022;9:7. Lasnon C, Coudrais N, Houdu B, Nganoa C, Salomon T, Enilorac B, et al. How fast can we scan patients with modern (digital) PET/CT systems? Eur J Radiol. 2020;129:109144. Hu P, Zhang Y, Yu H, Chen S, Tan H, Qi C, et al. Total-body 18F-FDG PET/CT scan in oncology patients: How fast could it be? Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging. 2021;48:2384–94. Zhang Y, Hu P, He Y, Yu H, Tan H, Liu G, et al. Ultrafast 30-s total-body PET/CT scan: a preliminary study. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging. 2022;49:2504–13. Balamoutoff N, Serrano B, Hugonnet F, Garnier N, Paulmier B, Faraggi M. Added value of a single fast 20-second deep-inspiration breath-hold acquisition in FDG PET/CT in the assessment of lung nodules. Radiology. 2018;286:260–70. Filippi L, Schillaci O. Total-body [18F]FDG PET/CT scan has stepped into the arena: the faster, the better. Is it always true? Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging. 2022;49:3322–7. Boellaard R, Delgado-Bolton R, Oyen WJG, Giammarile F, Tatsch K, Eschner W, et al. FDG PET/CT: EANM procedure guidelines for tumour imaging: version 2.0. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging. 2015;42:328–54. Everaert H, Vanhove C, Lahoutte T, Muylle K, Caveliers V, Bossuyt A, et al. 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This work was funded by Regional Innovation and Development Joint Fund of National Natural Science Foundation of China (No.U22A20345); Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Artificial Intelligence in Medical Image Analysis and Application (No. 2022B1212010011); the National Key R&D Program of China (No. 2021YFF1201003); and the High-level Hospital Construction Project of Guangdong (No. DFJHBF202105). Author information Authors and Affiliations ETL and ZJL contributed equally to this work. ETL, ZJL, LJ, and ZYL were involved in conception and design. LJ and ZYL contributed to administrative support. ZJL and YLY were involved in provision of study materials or patients. ETL, YLY, XCZ, and TTS contributed to collection and assembly of data. ETL, ZJL, and YLY were involved in data analysis and interpretation. YL and YMZ contributed to technical support of deep learning reconstruction, parameter adjustment, and optimisation. ETL, ZJL, and YLY were involved in manuscript writing. All authors contributed to final approval of manuscript. Corresponding authors Ethics declarations Ethics approval and consent to participate The authors are accountable for all aspects of the work in ensuring that questions related to the accuracy or integrity of any part of the work are appropriately investigated and resolved. The study was conducted in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki (as revised in 2013). The study was approved by the Research Ethics Committee of Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital (No. KY2023-020–01), and individual consent for this retrospective analysis was waived. Consent for publication Not applicable. Competing interests Author Yang Lv and Yumo Zhao are all full-time employees of United Imaging Healthcare, Shanghai, China. The other authors working at Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital have full control of the data and declare that they have no conflict of interest. All authors have completed the ICMJE uniform disclosure form. Additional information Publisher's Note Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations. Supplementary Information Additional file 1: Table 1. Parameters of the PET component of PET/CT scanner Additional file 2: Figure 1. Distribution of the primary tumour sites of CRCs. Each circle represents a single patient. Of the 34 CRC cases, 11 were located in the ascending colon, five in the transverse colon, 10 in the descending colon, seven in the sigmoid colon, and one in the rectum Additional file 3: Figure 2. A patient with CRC and liver metastases. Maximum intensity projection (MIP) PET images (A), anteroposterior MIP PET images (B), and oblique MIP PET images (C) with Gaussian filter with different acquisition durations (10, 20, 30, 60, 120, and 300 second). B and C, partial enlargement of MIP PET images for displaying the liver metastases and colon cancer (white arrow). As the acquisition duration was extended, the noise in the image gradually decreased Additional file 4: Figure 3. The same patient was on the 10-, 20-, 30-, 60-, and 120-second DL filter image. MIP PET images (A), anteroposterior MIP PET images (B), and oblique MIP PET images (C) with DL image filter for displaying the liver metastases and colon cancer (white arrow). DL image filter significantly improves the visual image quality of 20-, 30-, and 60-second acquisition time images compared to a 300-second Gaussian filter Additional file 5: Figure 4. The SNR of different acquisition durations images with Gaussian and DL image filters. The SNR of the liver (A) and mediastinal blood pool (B) of 10-, 20-, 30-, and 60-second acquisition durations images reconstructed with the same reconstruction parameters is lower than that of 300-second Gaussian filter images (P < 0.01) Additional file 6: Figure 5. The SUVmax and TBR of different acquisition durations images with Gaussian and DL image filters. The SUVmax (A) and TBR (B) of the 60- and 120-second DL image filter images were lower than those of the 300-second Gaussian filter image (P < 0.01) Additional file 7: Table 2. Comparison of SNR, SUVmax, and TBR of images with different acquisition durations reconstructed by Gaussian filter and deep learning filter Additional file 8: Figure 6. With the 300-second Gaussian filter image as a standard image reference, the comparison of the image quality between the 10-, 20-, and 30-second Gaussian and DL image filter in some cases. A–H The partial enlargement of MIP PET images to display the colon cancer (white arrow) Rights and permissions Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. About this article Cite this article Liu, E., Lyu, Z., Yang, Y. et al. Sub-minute acquisition with deep learning-based image filter in the diagnosis of colorectal cancers using total-body 18F-FDG PET/CT. EJNMMI Res 13, 66 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1186/s13550-023-01015-z DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s13550-023-01015-z
Child Employment and Children in Entertainment The Children in Entertainment and Employment Team covers the whole of Hampshire excluding the cities of Southampton and Portsmouth. They are responsible for: - Issuing Work Permits for Young People wanting to work or volunteer - Issuing Performance Licences for Children and Young People wanting to participate in entertainment or performances - Issuing Chaperone Licences to allow adults to assist children and young people in entertainment or performances - Issuing Body of Persons Approvals (BOPA) to Organisations - Child employment Child employment and the law The hours of work and conditions of Child Employment are described by the Children and Young Persons Acts 1933 and 1963, the Children (Protection at Work) Regulations 1998 and Hampshire County Council Byelaws on the Employment of Children 1998. These laws are to protect the health and safety along with the well-being and attainment of education of children.Children may do light work from the age of 13 years until they are no longer of compulsory school age. A young person is of compulsory school age until the last Friday in June in the school year in which they reach the age of sixteen years. Light work means work which is not likely to be harmful to the safety, health or development of children and is not harmful to their attendance at school or participation in work experience. Permitted work for 13 year olds Children aged 13 years are permitted to be employed in light work in one or more of the following specified categories: - light agricultural or horticultural work. This is provided they are under the direct supervision of a parent/guardian - delivery of newspapers, journals, leaflets etc - domestic work in hotels and other establishments offering accommodation or schools - car washing that is by hand and in a private residential setting - within a Café or Restaurant - retail and shop work - hairdressing salons - administration within an Office Environment - within a Riding Stable or yard List of Prohibited Employment No child of any age may be employed: - in a cinema, theatre, discotheque, dance hall or night club (except in connection with a performance given entirely by children or under the terms and conditions of a performance licence) - to sell or deliver alcohol, except in sealed containers - to deliver milk - to deliver fuel oils - within a commercial kitchen - to collect or sort refuse - in any work which is more than 3 metres above ground or internal floor level - in employment involving harmful exposure to physical, biological or chemical agents - to collect money or to sell or canvass door to door - any work involving exposure to adult material or in situations which are for this reason otherwise unsuitable for children - within telephone sales - within any slaughterhouse or in any part of a butcher's shop or other premises connected with the killing of livestock, butchery, or the preparation of meat for sale - as an attendant or assistant in a fairground or amusement arcade or in any other premises used for the purpose of public amusement by means of automatic machines, games of chance or skill or similar devices - to provide personal care of Residents of any Residential Care Home or Nursing Home - other legislation prohibits children's employment within industrial undertaking and street trading. Important Information for Employers Employers are required by law to register any children who work for them, whether paid or unpaid. An Application for Child Employment must be made by the employer. A General Risk Assessment will be required from the employer before a Work Permit is issued. A child can have more than one employer and each job role must have a separate permit issued. An application for the Employment of a Child must be submitted for approval to the Local Authority in which the employment takes place, within 7 days of commencement of work. Once the Application is fully completed and signed by the employer, parent and young person, it is the employer's responsibility to email to [email protected]. Applications submitted any other way, will not be processed. Once the application is received, our Service Level Agreement is to process this within 10 working days and the Work Permit will be emailed to the employer and parent. It may be necessary for an Employment Officer to undertake a visit to the premises of place of work before a Permit is issued. Please be aware, an Employer can be prosecuted for employing a child illegally and in addition, the insurance which the employer must have for his employees may not be valid. Hours of work for 13 and 14 year olds: Term time: Monday - Friday Maximum of 2 hours Either 1 hour before & 1 hour after school or 2 hours after school Maximum of 5 hours Maximum of 2 hours Maximum 12 hours per week during term timeSchool Holidays: Monday - Friday Maximum of 5 hours Maximum of 5 hours Maximum of 2 hours Maximum 25 hours per week during school holidaysHours of work for 15 and 16 year olds: Term time: Monday - Friday Maximum of 2 hours Either 1 hour before & 1 hour after school or 2 hours after school Maximum of 8 hours Maximum of 2 hours Maximum 12 hours per week during term timeSchool Holidays: Monday - Friday Maximum of 8 hours Maximum of 8 hours Maximum of 2 hours Maximum 35 hours per week during school holidaysChildren are only permitted to work between the hours of 7am to 7pm. Any child employed must have a rest break of no less than 1 hour following 4 hours of continuous employment and during the year have at least 2 consecutive weeks in the school holidays which are free from work. This information is only a general guide. Employers and parents must consult the relevant legislation for assistance with specific queries. - Children in entertainment Many children participate in performances on stage, television and film while others are involved in modelling or paid sporting activities. The Children (Performance and Activities) (England) Regulations 2014 regulate children taking part in these activities and the Local Authority administers a licensing system designed to protect the child and give paramount consideration to their health, welfare and education. The regulations apply to all children from birth until they reach compulsory school leaving age. A child is of compulsory school age until the last Friday in June in the school year in which they reach the age of 16. A child may perform without a license for up to four days, but only if: - They are not being paid for the performance - No absence from school is required and/or - They have not performed in the previous six months Performances arranged by School, Scouts, Guides and Youth Clubs are exempt from licensing. Exemptions do not include Festivals, Choirs and form of Competition. This is not an exhaustive list so please contact us for further details. The licensing authority is the Local Authority (LA) where the child lives. If a child attends' boarding school, it is the local authority where the school is located. If a child lives outside of the UK, it will be the LA where the licence applicant lives or has business premises. A child performing abroad must be licensed by their local magistrate's court. A complete Performance Licence Application must be submitted 21 days before the Performance takes place. If a licence is requested at shorter notice, every effort will be made to oblige but authorisation cannot be guaranteed. It is the responsibility of the Applicant to chase up any incomplete, missing or illegible paperwork. Please Note: When completing the Licence Application, the 'Applicant' is: - Performances: Person responsible for the production. - Modelling: Person who proposes to engage the child. - Paid Sporting Activity: Person responsible for organising the event. For Safeguarding reasons, notification alone will not constitute an application within the deadline, therefore incomplete or part applications will be automatically deleted. All children performing under a Licence, must be in the care of a Chaperone or their parent. This can only be a Local Authority Approved Chaperone. There are various conditions and restrictions that apply to child performances. Further information and the application form can be found via the below links. (Daily Restrictions in Relation to all Performances Document) Apply for a Performance Licence If you wish to apply for a Performance Licence, please submit a Complete Application, to include: - Part 1 & Part 2 of the Application Form. Submitted as a whole, signed document and not in two parts, with a handwritten or electronic pdf signature. Signatures are not acceptable if typed in or any other way. (Application for a Performance Licence Document) - The Applicant's Child Protection Policy - Venue Risk Assessment - Copy of the Child's Birth Certificate - Authorisation of Absence from child's school, where applicable - A headshot photograph of the child. Please be aware that your Child Protection Policy must be reviewed regularly and must be at least biennially. Please ensure Applications for are emailed to [email protected]. Applications submitted any other way will not be processed. - Chaperone It is a legal requirement that children engaged in public performances or entertainment under a Licence must be supervised by a Local Authority Approved Chaperone unless they are in the care of either their parent/guardian or agreed tutor. The Local Authority in which the Chaperone lives is responsible for the approval of Chaperone Licence. Approved Chaperones are essential to ensure that proper provision is made to secure a child's health, safety and welfare whilst at the place of performance. The process to become an Approved Chaperone will include an Enhanced Disclosure & Barring Service [DBS] check, an informal online interview, verifying your identity and two references being taken up. We aim to process all applications within 12 weeks but please note this is subject to receiving the DBS result from the DBS Service. This timescale is governed entirely by the DBS Service. Once approved, the applicant is issued with a licence valid for 3 years. Charges for Chaperone Licence The charges for obtaining a Chaperone Licence, are as follows: Volunteer Chaperone Licence: New Licence with DBS £25 New Licence without DBS £18 (If you have an Enhanced DBS with Child Workforce, on Child Barred List and registered on Update Service) Renewal Licence with DBS £15 Renewal Licence without DBS £5 (If you have an Enhanced DBS with Child Workforce, on Child Barred List and registered on Update Service)Professional Chaperone Licence: New Licence with DBS £80 New Licence without DBS £33 (If you have an Enhanced DBS with Child Workforce, on Child Barred List and registered on Update Service) Renewal Licence with DBS £65 Renewal Licence without DBS £10 (If you have an Enhanced DBS with Child Workforce, on Child Barred List and registered on Update Service)Apply for a Chaperone Licence If you wish to apply to become a registered Chaperone, please complete the following steps. Step 1: Fully complete the Chaperone Application Form Step 2: Ensure you have 3 pieces of verification as per the DBS Guidance notes Step 3: Fully read and Sign the Code of Conduct Step 4: Ensure you have a recent Headshot photograph of yourself Step 5: If you currently have an Enhanced Child Workforce DBS with Child Barred List on the DBS Update Service, please ensure you have the DBS Certificate (Page 1). This must be the original certificate not the Update Service notification. Step 6: Email all the above to [email protected] ensuring the attached documents are clear and readable. Please detail on the email if you wish for an organisation to be invoiced for the cost of the Licence. Please note: Incomplete applications will be deleted We do not carry out DBS Checks unless you are applying for a Chaperone Licence - Body of persons approval (BOPA) The Children (Performances and Activities) (England) Regulations 2014, allows us to issue a Body of Personal Approval Licence to an organisation that would normally be required to individually license any children taking part in performances. This Licence can allow children to take part in performances without the need for individual licences being applied for. Please view our Guide to BOPA document as this will give you all the information you need to be able to apply. You must apply at least 21 days before the first performance. Apply for a BOPA If you wish to apply to for a BOPA, please complete the following steps: Step 1: Complete the Application Form Step 2: Email the completed Application Pack along with your Child Protection Policy and Venue Risk Assessment to [email protected] Please be aware that your Child Protection Policy must be reviewed regularly and must be at least biennially. Once we receive your Application Pack, we will fully assess all the information and organise an online interview with you. If the application is successful, then a BOPA will be produced for individual shows only. A 12-month BOPA approval will no longer be issued. - Contacts For further information and advice: Email [email protected] Telephone 01962 876300Opening hours: Monday - Thursday: 8:30am to 5pm and Friday: 8:30am to 4:30pm Due to external visits, our officers may not always be available in the office. In this instance, please email or leave an answerphone message.
Explore the various methods of concatenating strings in C, including the safe functions to use and common errors to avoid. Master the art of string concatenation for efficient programming. Concatenating Strings in C Using strcat() function When it comes to concatenating strings in C, one of the most commonly used functions is strcat(). This function is used to concatenate two strings by appending the contents of the second string to the end of the first string. It is a simple and straightforward way to combine strings in C programming. One thing to keep in mind when using strcat() is that it does not check for buffer overflow. This means that if the destination string is not large enough to hold the concatenated result, it can lead to a buffer overflow, which can result in unpredictable behavior and security vulnerabilities. It is essential to allocate sufficient memory for the destination string before using strcat() to avoid these issues. An example of using strcat() in C is shown below: char str1[20] = "Hello"; char str2[] = " World"; strcat(str1, str2); printf("%s\n", str1); In this example, the strcat() function is used to concatenate the strings "Hello" and "World", resulting in the output "Hello World". Using sprintf() function Another way to concatenate strings in C is to use the sprintf() function. This function is used to format and store a series of characters in a string. It allows you to concatenate strings with more flexibility and control compared to strcat(). One advantage of using sprintf() is that it automatically handles the memory allocation for the destination string. This helps prevent buffer overflow issues that can arise when using strcat(). Additionally, sprintf() allows you to format the concatenated string using placeholders, making it easier to include variables and control the output format. Here is an example of using sprintf() in C: char str[50]; int num = 10; sprintf(str, "The number is %d", num); printf("%s\n", str); In this example, sprintf() is used to concatenate the string "The number is " with the value of the variable num, resulting in the output "The number is 10". Using strncat() function The strncat() function in C is similar to strcat(), but it allows you to specify a maximum number of characters to concatenate from the source string. This can be useful for limiting the length of the concatenated result and preventing buffer overflow issues. One thing to keep in mind when using strncat() is that you need to ensure that the destination string has enough space to accommodate the concatenated result, including the null terminator. Failing to allocate sufficient memory can lead to buffer overflow issues, so it is crucial to handle memory allocation properly when using strncat(). Here is an example of using strncat() in C: char dest[20] = "Hello"; char src[] = " World"; strncat(dest, src, 4); printf("%s\n", dest); In this example, strncat() is used to concatenate only the first 4 characters from the source string " World" to the destination string "Hello", resulting in the output "Hello Wor". Common Mistakes in String Concatenation Forgetting to Allocate Memory When it comes to string concatenation in C, one of the most that programmers make is forgetting to allocate memory for the resulting string. This can lead to buffer overflows and memory corruption, causing unexpected behavior in the program. To avoid this mistake, always make sure to allocate enough memory for the concatenated string before performing the concatenation operation. Not Checking for Buffer Overflow Another mistake that programmers often make is not checking for buffer overflow when concatenating strings. Buffer overflow occurs when the resulting string is larger than the allocated memory space, leading to data corruption and potential security vulnerabilities. To prevent buffer overflow, always check the size of the resulting string before concatenating and ensure that it fits within the allocated memory space. Mixing Up the Order of Strings Mixing up the order of strings during concatenation is also a common mistake that can lead to unexpected results. When concatenating multiple strings, it's essential to maintain the correct order to ensure that the resulting string makes sense. Mixing up the order can result in nonsensical output or even program crashes. To avoid this mistake, double-check the order of the strings before concatenating them. Best Practices for String Concatenation in C Always Allocate Sufficient Memory When it comes to string concatenation in C, one of the most crucial aspects to consider is memory allocation. Without allocating enough memory for the concatenated string, you run the risk of buffer overflows, which can lead to unpredictable behavior and security vulnerabilities. To ensure that you always allocate sufficient memory, you can use functions like malloc() or calloc() to dynamically allocate memory based on the size of the concatenated strings. By doing so, you can prevent unexpected errors and ensure that your program runs smoothly. Use Safe String Concatenation Functions In C programming, there are several safe string concatenation functions that you can use to avoid common pitfalls and vulnerabilities. Functions like strncat() and snprintf() allow you to specify the maximum number of characters to concatenate, thereby preventing buffer overflows and ensuring the integrity of your strings. By using these safe string concatenation functions, you can greatly reduce the risk of memory corruption and buffer overflow vulnerabilities in your code. Remember, it's always better to be safe than sorry when it comes to handling strings in C. Check for Errors and Handle Them Gracefully In any programming language, error handling is a critical aspect of writing reliable and robust code. When it comes to string concatenation in C, it's important to check for errors after each concatenation operation and handle them gracefully to prevent unexpected crashes or bugs. You can use error-checking mechanisms like return values or error codes to verify the success of string concatenation operations. Additionally, you can implement error-handling routines to gracefully handle any errors that may occur during the concatenation process. By checking for errors and handling them gracefully, you can ensure that your program remains stable and responsive even in the face of unexpected issues. Remember, a little bit of error checking can go a long way in maintaining the reliability and integrity of your C programs. In conclusion, when it comes to string concatenation in C, always remember to allocate sufficient memory, use safe concatenation functions, and check for errors diligently. By following these best practices, you can write more secure and robust C programs that handle string concatenation with ease and efficiency.
Find Your Perfect Business Degree www.business-management-degree.net is an advertising-supported site. Featured or trusted partner programs and all school search, finder, or match results are for schools that compensate us. This compensation does not influence our school rankings, resource guides, or other editorially-independent information published on this site. A career in Human Resources and a career in Human Services are both exceptional careers to embark upon. Most people are not aware that they are entirely different because the job title sounds like one and the same. Although both are focused on helping people, they each help their communities in a different capacity. Depending on your interests, you will want to pursue a degree that is right for you. A position in Human Resources, in general, refers to the individual who oversees the management of company benefits for employees. They are responsible for recruiting new hires and for terminating others. They guide the new employee through the process of becoming "one of the team," which includes managing benefit packages, compensation, retirement plans, and healthcare benefits. The Human Resources clerk is responsible for maintaining all employee records and upholding labor regulations mandated by federal and state laws. With your online Bachelor's degree in Human Resources, you will learn how to maintain good employer/employee relationships. The Human Resources clerk acts as an advocate and mediator in times of turmoil between employers and/or other employees. They must be proficient in the laws of ethics and discrimination and the legalities of all other employment practices, in addition to processing payroll and other similar accounting requirements. Your Bachelor's degree in Human Resources will qualify you for positions such as: - Human Resources Clerk, - Recruiter, - Human Resources Assistant, - Payroll Specialist or - Training and Development Coordinator. The Human Services clerk is committed to servicing the community in a different way. They provide goods or services to those who are disadvantaged or with various other needs or disabilities. This may include the elderly, those recovering from drug or alcohol abuse, or issues involving children or teens adjusting to new homes or who have been abused. Human Service clerks act as liaisons between two parties to solve problems. The Human Services representative must be a caring, loving person with a genuine love for helping people. You will work closely with your clients with a mutual goal of improving their quality of life. In addition to providing goods, you may be asked to find the best social service programs to fit their needs at the time, requiring you to collect data to determine eligibility. Some possible job titles for someone owning a Bachelor's degree in Human Services may include: - Social Caseworker, - Child Welfare Agent, - Family Court Coordinator, - Probation Officer - or Domestic Violence Agent. Individuals in these positions must be proficient in their people skills and must be emotionally stable due to the occasional sensitive nature of the conditions that plague clients. Strong leadership skills are helpful. A career in human resources or human services is rewarding and fulfilling. After all, helping others should be everyone's ultimate goal. Both careers demand that you adhere to all confidentiality policies. Also, a career in Human Services may require certification, depending on your state's requirements. For more information, please check out our list of Best Online Schools for Bachelor's of Human Resources degrees that we have compiled for your review. Check this out, too: The Best Online Schools for Master's in Human Resources
⭐ Maths In maths, we will be covering the content in the table within class. Click on the focus to view a video (if there is one) to introduce the learning. Then, click on your work below (unless stated). What we are covering this week If you are self-isolating, email the office and we can email you links and work. Day \| Focus \| Monday \| Identifying and comparing angles \| Tuesday \| Measuring angles \| Wednesday \| Measuring angles \| Thursday \| Drawing angles \| Friday \| Drawing angles \| Step 2 - Work to complete: This may not be the work we complete in the classroom. Click on the day's resources starting with the questions and then mark using the answer sheet. These may be separated into year 5 and year 6 - click your year group. The worksheets get harder as you answer each question. Go up to a level that suits you. You do not need to print these off, you can answer them on a separate piece of paper.
The scarcity of spatial data on agricultural intensification often results in a reliance on cropland expansion as the sole quantifiable variable for assessing food production, being especially the case for smallholder farming systems in drylands. Here, we demonstrate that a new generation of satellite data and computer science technologies can be applied to derive key cropping system metrics, used to categorize seven archetypes of cropping systems in western Sahel for the year 2019. On a large scale, we document a widespread existence of extensive, yet distinct different patterns of agricultural intensification. In Senegal, for instance, 67% of croplands experienced intensification with no obvious decline in soil fertility while in contrast, Niger experienced only 13% intensification. The variations between countries can be attributed to historical agrarian cultures and development trajectories. Our approach provides a step forward in identifying agricultural intensification of smallholder farmers in drylands, with the findings emphasizing the adaptability to local environmental conditions.
Did I give my cat too much insulin? "If a cat receives too much insulin, it is possible for the blood sugar level to drop dangerously low." Clinical signs displayed by a cat with a very low blood sugar level include weakness and lethargy, shaking, unsteadiness and even convulsions. What kind of insulin does a diabetic cat take? Initially, her diabetes was moderately controlled on 5 to 6 units of recombinant human protamine zinc insulin (PZI) (40 U/mL; ProZinc, bi-vetmedica.com), but over the year prior to presentation the insulin dose had been progressively increased with no improvement in glycemic control. How often should you diagnose a cat with diabetes? These assessments may need to be performed every few weeks when a cat is first diagnosed with diabetes in order to determine the appropriate dose of insulin, but can be spaced out further once the diabetes is more well-regulated. Which is the best insulin meter for cats? Walmart's ReliOn series is good if you're in the USA. AccuChek, Bayer Contour, and OneTouch are all good but more pricy meters. You do NOT want a meter with Tru or True in the name, and you do NOT want the Freestyle lite with butterflies on the strips – these meters are inaccurate on cats. 1. Make sure you have a recommended insulin. How often should I give my Cat diabetes shots? Though ideally injections should be spaced 12 hours apart, varying injection times by 1-2 hours when needed will not adversely affect a cats' treatment. What kind of diabetes can a cat have? An alarming number of cats are developing diabetes mellitus, which is the inability to produce enough insulin to balance blood sugar, or glucose, levels . When to take your cat to the vet for diabetes? A change in eating and drinking routines may also signal the onset of diabetes in cats. "Without insulin, [a cat's] body can't use glucose. So in the beginning you notice your cat is really hungry and is still losing weight," says Koble. If you notice any of these signs, take your cat to the veterinarian immediately. How much does it cost to care for a diabetic cat? It requires a lifelong, daily commitment, but it's something that can be done. Q: What does it cost to care for a diabetic cat? A: Most clients probably spend about $20-$30 a month on insulin, syringes, and other supplies. It's not terribly expensive once it's being managed. Q: What are the newest treatments for feline diabetes? What's the normal blood glucose level for a cat? If she has diabetes, you and your vet will have to work together to ensure her glucose level remains in a normal range throughout the day. According to The Cat Practice in Birmingham, Michigan, the normal blood glucose range for a cat is between 75 and 159 mg/dL, though the number may climb higher if the cat is stressed or frightened.
Senior Researcher - Bergen +47 901 42 945 Environmental research infrastructures building FAIR services NORCE has participated in a large European project where 13 European environmental research infrastructures collaborated to make their datasets and services more compatible with the FAIR principles. The ENVRI-FAIR project ran from 2019 to 2023, and NORCE participated in a work package for infrastructures that deliver geoscience data. How to help researchers find relevant data? Although many datasets are available on the internet, it can be difficult for a researcher to identify relevant data and then use them in their research. Reasons for this could be, for example, that different data sources describe and categorize their data with different terms and use different formats to store the data. It can also be difficult to find out which permissions and license conditions are linked to the use of the data. That's why the FAIR principles came about As an answer to the need, a publication entitled FAIR Guiding Principles for scientific data management and stewardship was published in 2016. FAIR is an abbreviation for Findability, Accessibility, Interoperability and Reusability. The idea was that by following the FAIR principles, data providers can make it possible for researchers to find relevant data sets for their research, understand which licenses regulate the use of the data sets, gain access to data and reuse them. There are several initiatives to implement and spread knowledge about the FAIR principles, see e.g. https://force11.org/info/the-f... and https://www.go-fair.org/go-fai.... Enlighten visualization of data from the EPOS e-infrastructure: Use case 'Geo-scientific data around Vesuvius volcano'. In ENVRI-FAIR, 13 environmental research infrastructures worked together to make their datasets and services more compatible with the FAIR principles. This would also prepare these infrastructures to connect to the European Open Science Cloud (EOSC, https://eosc-portal.eu/). One of the infrastructures was the European Plate Observing System (EPOS) which is a comprehensive e-infrastructure with a data portal where researchers can search for and download geoscientific data, especially related to plate tectonics. EPOS includes data from various disciplines, including seismic data, geodetic data and data from volcano observatories. In ENVRI-FAIR, EPOS participated in the work package for geoscience infrastructures. Many European research institutions were involved, including the Department of Geosciences at the University of Bergen and NORCE. UiB and NORCE have previously been central to the development of the Norwegian node of the EPOS infrastructure. NORCE's role in ENVRI-FAIR NORCE's role in ENVRI-FAIR was linked to the Enlighten-web software. Enlighten-web is a web application for interactive visual analysis developed by NORCE. Namely, EPOS wants to make various external analysis tools available in its data portal, for example for visual analysis of geoscientific data. NORCE's role in the ENVRI-FAIR project was therefore to look at how Enlighten can be made available from the data portal in EPOS in a way that follows the FAIR principles. In EPOS, such tools and resources are called Integrated Core Services - Distributed, or ICS-D for short. Besides Enlighten, ICS-D in this project included two other components; SWIRRL is a framework developed by KNMI (The Royal Netherlands Meteorological Institute) for defining and executing workflows. In ENVRI-FAIR, this applies to workflows for preparing data and starting Jupyter notebooks and Enlighten. The last component is Jupyter notebooks, a tool for LiterateProgramming. Together, these services form a Virtual Research Environment (VRE) for data analysis and visualization. Work done A gap analysis was made of the ICS-D components with regard to the FAIR principles. The gap analysis resulted in three main activities being defined to make these components more compatible with the FAIR principles. The first was to define metadata for the ICS-D components. This metadata should then be included in the EPOS portal, to give users of the portal the opportunity to discover and use ICS-D components that are relevant to their needs. NORCE defined metadata that describes Enlighten web and what it can be used for. The metadata was defined using the SHAPEness METADATA EDITOR which represents such data in a standardized way (Resource Description Framework), and EPOS-DCAT-AP metadata model and interoperability. The next main activity was to facilitate the creation and storage of provenance data from ICS-D. Provenance data is important, for example, for users to know to what extent they can trust services and data. Specifically, NORCE has created templates that SWIRRL can use to register provenance data for the Enlighten web service. These templates use so-called Provenance Notation, PROV-N. We have also arranged for provenance data to be stored for Enlighten web visualizations. The third and last main activity was the necessary extensions and adaptations of the ICS-D software. A workflow was defined in SWIRRL to prepare data from the portal for display in Enlighten web. NORCE created a program for conversion from various data formats used in the EPOS portal to a format that Enlighten-web can read. This program is run as part of the aforementioned workflow in SWIRRL. One reason why we chose this solution is the consideration of the provenance. NORCE also had to make some minor adjustments to Enlighten web so that it can be launched from the portal using SWIRRL. The SWIRRL framework is made available for testing the ICS-D components Jupyter Notebook and Enlighten-web. The work in this project has made these components more ready to be connected to EOSC through the use of standardized metadata and provenance data. The results are illustrated in a use case called Geo-scientific data around Vesuvius volcano. This includes data from historical and modern earthquakes, satellite data, data on faults and geological maps. A screenshot from Enlighten web showing these data types is shown above. EPOS is well advanced in implementing the FAIR principles. Project facts ENVRI-FAIR prosjektet 01.01.19 - 31.12.23
In the realm of dental prosthetics, the quest for materials that not only mimic the natural aesthetics of teeth but also offer superior functional properties has led to significant advancements. Among these, the introduction of polyether ether ketone (PEEK) and polyether ketone ketone (PEKK) stands out as a transformative development. These materials, emerging from the broader polyaryletherketone (PAEK) group, have heralded a new era in dental and medical applications, thanks to their high performance and compatibility with dental aesthetics. The Edge of Innovation: PEEK and PEKK in Dentistry PEEK and PEKK are not just any materials; they embody the cutting-edge of dental material science. Their utility spans a wide array of dental prosthetics, including implants, crowns, bridges, and tooth restorations. What sets them apart is their aesthetic compatibility with natural teeth colors and a suite of functional characteristics that are indispensable in dental applications. These include their fine polishing ability, low water sorption, slight polymerization shrinkage, low residual monomer content, and color stability. Recent studies have further illuminated their potential, showcasing PEEK and PEKK's superior performance in maintaining color stability and resisting water absorption when compared to traditional materials, especially after exposure to common staining agents like coffee and red wine. The Clinical Challenge: Balancing Aesthetics and Functionality Despite the promising attributes of PEEK and PEKK, the journey toward their widespread adoption in dental prosthetics is not without challenges. An important aspect of their application — color stability — directly impacts patient satisfaction and, by extension, the clinical success of dental restorations. Factors such as material composition, dietary habits, and oral hygiene practices play critical roles in this regard. Innovative approaches aimed at enhancing the biocompatibility and cell adhesion of PEKK surfaces, for instance, underscore the ongoing efforts to refine these materials for optimal clinical outcomes. The study involving the immobilization of hydroxyapatite on PEKK surfaces represents a significant step forward, improving cell adhesion and potentially facilitating better integration of dental implants. Looking Ahead: The Future of Dental Materials As the dental industry continues to evolve, the importance of materials that can fulfill both aesthetic and functional requirements cannot be overstated. The advancements in PEEK and PEKK technology, including their impressive mechanical properties and color stability, are indicative of the future direction of dental prosthetics. Yet, the quest for the ideal dental material is ongoing. Further research into the mechanical behavior of 3D-printed PEKK, for example, highlights the need for a comprehensive understanding of these materials at both the macro and nanoscale levels. Such investigations are crucial for optimizing their properties and ensuring their suitability for a wide range of dental applications. In conclusion, the advent of PEEK and PEKK in dental prosthetics represents a significant leap forward in our quest for materials that do not compromise on aesthetics or functionality. As research progresses and these materials are further refined, their potential to revolutionize dental care and patient satisfaction is immense. The future, it seems, smiles brightly on those who invest in the innovation of dental materials.
Roll over image to zoom in Click to open expanded view In stock Categories: Sensors, Light\| Infrared\| Sound, Object Detection Tags: motion, pir, PIR "Passive Infrared " sensors allow you to sense motion, almost always used to detect whether a human has moved in or out of the sensors range. How to Use PIR Sensor The PIR sensor have 3 pins: - Power: 3-5 VDC - Output: High (when motion detected) Low (no motion detected) - Ground: connected to ground The output pin will go "high" to 3.3V and light up the LED when motion detected. - Input Voltage: DC 3-5V - Output signal: 3.3V (motion detected-output high) - Detection Angle: 110 degree - Detection Angle: max 7 m How Does The PIR Sensor Work The PIR sensor itself has two slots each one of them is made of a special material that is sensitive to infrared. When a warm body like a human or animal passes by, it first intercepts one half of the PIR sensor. This causes a positive differential change between the two halves. These change pulses are what is detected. Additional information Title \| Default Title \| Be the first to review "PIR Motion sensor module (Adjustable Range)" Cancel reply There are no reviews yet.
Semarang, the capital of Central Java, is a vibrant city that blends rich history with modern growth, and is a tourist destination in its own right. But when I visited there in December 2023, aboard the MS Westerdam, my sights were set further away. I wanted to go to Borobodur, the largest and one of the greatest Buddhist monuments in the world, and a UNESCO World Heritage site. Borobodur is located near Yogyakarta which is, one-way, with no traffic snafus, a more than two-hour drive from the port of Semarang. But this is central Java in Indonesia, and nothing, and I mean nothing, ever gets anywhere on time. I was told repeatedly, by several people who should know, that the one-way trip from Semarang to Borobodur would take at least 4-5 hours. So let's do the math! The ship was docking in Semarang at 11 AM, and the all-aboard time was 8:30 PM. There was no way I could reasonably expect to go to Borobodur, explore, and make it back to the ship on time. So, still determined, I shifted to Plan B – the Shore Excursions department onboard the MS Westerdam. They had a day-trip to Borobodur available. I have taken lots of tours in the past organized by the ShoreEx group, and I've always enjoyed them. But I originally stayed away from their offering as I was concerned that it would be too crowded. Now I signed up. And it turned out to be an EXCELLENT decision for two reasons. Number one, if you're on a ship-organized tour and your tour is delayed, no problem, they'll wait for you. This reason I knew about. But the second reason I discovered while I was on one of the more than ten full-sized buses that made their way in a convoy to Borobodur. We had a police escort which stopped traffic while the convoy proceeded. No traffic problems here! Yes, ten buses of tourists is a lot, BUT given that we had no traffic issues to contend with, I think it was a more than worthy tradeoff! Borobudur was breathtaking! It is one of the most significant and visually striking cultural landmarks in Indonesia. So iconic of Indonesia's cultural heritage, that it is actually featured on Indonesian banknotes as a symbol of pride and historical significance. Built during the 9th century during the reign of the Sailendra Dynasty, it is an architectural marvel constructed from volcanic rock and two million stone blocks. Structured as a step pyramid of six square platforms topped by three circular platforms, it has 504 Buddha statues and over 2,672 relief panels. According to historical accounts, it appears that Borobudur may have been deserted soon after it was built, when the Sailendra Dynasty was overthrown in AD 850. After centuries of neglect and covered by volcanic ash, Borobudur was rediscovered by Sir Thomas Stamford Raffles in 1812. At the time, it was in very poor condition, covered in dirt and bushes. He began the process of uncovering the complex which was continued by H.C. Cornelius in 1814. Cornelius, with the support of 200 local people, cleared the area, and thus began a period of recording, reconstructing and "saving" Borobudur that continued, off-and-on, until the 1930s. From 1907-1911, Theodore Van Erp, a Dutch colonist oversaw the restoration of the Temple. But it wasn't until 1973 that the Indonesian government, with guidance and help from UNESCO, conducted major restorations that went on until 1983, with the hope that Borobodur could survive another 1,000 years. The massive step pyramid structure follows the concept of a mandala, a symbolic representation of the universe in Hindu and Buddhist cosmology. We followed the Buddhist tradition of entering the Temple from the east entrance and circled it clockwise (with the Temple on our rights). The true Buddhist tradition of Pradaksina would have required us to circle the Temple three times, most of us only did it once. The temple itself comprises of three levels: Kamadhatu (the world of desires), Rupadhatu (the world of forms), and Arupadhatu (the formless world). As you ascend the monument, you metaphorically move through these spiritual stages. We were only permitted to climb the first level. Each of the 2,672 relief panels and 504 Buddha statues are intricately carved, depicting various aspects of Buddhist teachings. Essentially, they serve as a sort of guidebook to 8th-century Javanese life, illustrating scenes from everyday life as well as various spiritual narratives from the Buddhist scriptures. On the drive back to the port, we stopped at a cultural centre that showcased different arts, and of course there were also several shops where you could buy them. I stopped first to see Wayang Kulit, or shadow puppetry, which originated here in central Java, and is a traditional art form dating back to the 10th century. Performed using intricately crafted buffalo-hide puppets that cast shadows on a screen, a single puppeteer (known as the dalang) manipulates the puppets, voices characters, and directs the gamelan orchestra. The gamelan consists of various traditional instruments such as gongs, drums, and xylophones. It was explained to us that these performances often explore epic Hindu-Javanese tales like the Ramayana and the Mahabharata, and are not only entertainment but also a medium for moral and philosophical education. They also had a roomful of artisans creating intricately-designed silver jewellery. I had seen this type of craftsmanship before at UC Silver Gold when I was in Bali, and then, I managed to keep my credit card safely in my pocket. This time though, I couldn't resist. I bought myself a handcrafted delicately-stunning silver bracelet. Despite the police escorts in both directions, we were still about an hour late for stated all-aboard time of 8:30 PM. Which made me even happier that I had taken the ship-sponsored tour. It had been a long day, but Borobodur was breathtaking, and worth every moment of the trip.
undergraduate Talk Show "AI Film - New Era in Multimedia Technology On May 7, the talk show "AI Film - New Era in Multimedia Technology" was held at 3 Quang Trung Campus. The event was attended by DTU School of Engineering & Technology Vice - Rector Dr. Pham Phu Anh Huy; Film director Pham Vinh Khuong from Ho Chi Minh City, and a great many DTU lecturers and students. Director Pham Vinh Khuong Known by the nickname "the boss smartphone filmmaking" since the graphic and 3D effect movies he made on his phone met with great success, Pham Vinh Khuong is enjoying a lot of attention for having directed the first AI movie in the world. His film projects are becoming a constant source of creative inspiration for many young filmmakers sharing his passion for filmmaking on a smartphone. Pham Vinh Khuong recently managed to obtain AI footage using his own smartphone. His film projects are becoming a source of creative inspiration for many young filmmakers sharing his passion for filmmaking on a smartphone. Director Pham Vinh Khuong told the DTU students how to maintain focus and he spoke on the body language to flexibly handle filming equipment At the talk show, Pham Vinh Khuong spoke on the skills necessary for smartphone filmmaking and on ways to overcome the difficulties and limitations of using phones for filmmaking. According to the young director's personal experience, knowledge of releasing body constraints and body language can minimize camera shake while moving. Filmmakers should also utilize natural and artificial lighting to give depth to their shots. Facing limitations in smartphone filmmaking, he independently researched specific filming techniques and applied techniques like handheld one-shot and dolly zoom on his smartphone. Director Pham Vinh Khuong with DTU lecturers and students He furthermore shared his experience on unique filming techniques, how to maintain focus, how to release the body, and the body language to flexibly handle filming equipment with the DTU students. "A noticeable disadvantage of filming with a smartphone is the danger of camera shake," Pham Vinh Khuong explained. "I therefore apply my knowledge of releasing the body and of body language into my filming. The body itself becomes a gimbal: your hands hold the camera and your legs move so as to minimize shake during motion. In addition, the image quality with a smartphone won't match that of professional equipment, but if post-processing is handled well, you can still produce footage of near-professional quality." The talk show provided the DTU students with a fresh and exciting look at the use of smartphones and artificial intelligence in filming and production. The convenience and utility of smartphone filmmaking will surely be of interest to young people and especially to DTU students, who may now experiment with it for their studies and other activities. (Media Center) TAGS: Talk Show, "AI Film - New Era in Multimedia Technology", DTU, DTU Lecturers, DTU Students Other News Five DTU Student Ambassadors Showcase Talent in Their First Journey to SingaporeFinals of the P2A Hybrid Mobility in Business & Entrepreneurship and Technology & Intelligence 2024"Electric Vehicle Technology Training" WorkshopOne more SkillsLab to Enhance the Quality of Architectural EducationThe 4th Student Scientific Research Conference of the DTU School of Business and Economics2024 Pharmacy Career Orientation Program with Mega Lifesciences Company2024 Student Scientific Research Conference of the DTU International SchoolStudy IT at DTU, with 300+ Ranking in the World and IT Labs Sponsored by CorporationsDTU Language, Social Sciences, and Humanities: A Popular Choice for High-Scoring Applicants
North Wheatley Church of England Primary Believe \| Achieve \| Thrive Personal and Character Development at North Wheatley Books are the gateway to the curriculum and open our eyes to things we can't always see, feel or experience for ourselves. Carefully selected texts support the aims of the school in developing pupils' to become responsible, respectful and active citizens. Books are used through the curriculum and assemblies to develop and deepen pupils' understanding of the fundamental British values of democracy, individual liberty, the rule of law, and mutual respect and tolerance and promote equality of opportunity so that all pupils can thrive together, understanding that difference is a positive, not a negative, and that individual characteristics make people unique. Books are selected to ensure that all the 9 protected characteristics are explored. Our promotion of British Values in school As a school, we value and celebrate the diverse heritages of everybody. Alongside this, we value and celebrate being part of Britain. In general terms, this means that we celebrate traditions and customs in the course of the year; for example, Harvest Festival, Eid, Diwali and Christmas to name but a few. We also value and celebrate national events, e.g. The Queen's Jubilee. Our school's core values align closely with British values and through these, our pupils will become productive citizens of modern Britain. These values are threaded throughout school life and evident in pupils' behaviour in all areas. These values are taught explicitly through Personal, Social, Health and Emotional (PSHE) and Religious Education (RE) and through our deep and rich, concept curriculum underpinned by our Christian Values. Children learn about being part of Britain from different perspectives. They learn where Britain is in relation to the rest of Europe and other countries in the world and about significant events in British history such as 'The Gunpowder plot' and key historical figures. See our Promoting British Values Statement below to find out how else we promote British Values in our school. The North Wheatley C of E Primary Personal Development and Cultural Passport supports pupils' Spiritual, moral, social and cultural development by providing opportunities to access a wide range of experiences beyond the curriculum. These 10 carefully planned experiences aim to provide children with the following skills throughout their North Wheatley journey. To reflect on their own beliefs and choices having widened their perspective as a result of gaining knowledge of, and respect for, different people's faiths, feelings and values. To greater understand and have an appreciation of the wide range of cultural influences that have shaped their own heritage and that of others. To participate in and respond positively to artistic, musical, sporting and cultural opportunities. To widen their understanding of the school values of Community, Hope, Respect, Faith, Wisdom and Courage through first-hand experiences beyond the classroom. To develop an deeper of understanding of who they are, what their personal values, dreams and aspirations are.
NICOSIA, Cyprus – The prominent anti-racist NGO KISA (Action for Equality, Support, Antiracism) in Nicosia, Cyprus, became the target of a shocking attack when an improvised explosive device severely damaged the organization's property. Amnesty International's Cyprus Researcher Kondylia Gogou addressed the violent incident, expressing serious concerns about the safety of human rights defenders in the country. Gogou emphasized that racist violence is on the rise in Cyprus, and KISA and its volunteers have faced repeated threats, verbal attacks, and smear campaigns due to their work supporting refugees and migrants and denouncing hate crimes. Gogou called on the authorities in Cyprus to send a clear message that attacks on human rights defenders and NGOs will not be tolerated. She urged for a prompt, thorough, independent, and impartial investigation into the attack and emphasized the need for effective measures to protect the safety of KISA staff and activists. The attack occurred in the early hours of January 5, causing severe damage to the premises of the NGO, including windows, photocopiers, and computers. This incident comes after years of reported threats and harassment directed towards KISA volunteers and activists from anti-migrant and nationalist groups. Despite complaints to the authorities, investigations into the threats have not yielded any known outcomes. In recent years, racialized people, including refugees and migrants, were subjected to pogrom-like attacks in Chloraka and Limassol, and racist attacks in Limassol and Chloraka in previous years. The European Commission against Racism and Intolerance (ECRI) found that the public discourse in Cyprus had become "increasingly xenophobic." These incidents highlight a troubling trend of rising xenophobia and racism in the country. KISA's status as an NGO has also faced challenges, as it was removed from the Registry of Associations and proceedings for its dissolution were initiated in December 2020. Despite these obstacles, KISA continues to operate as a non-profit company, advocating for the rights of refugees and migrants in Cyprus. In conclusion, the attack on KISA's premises underscores the urgent need for authorities to address rising racist violence in Cyprus and to ensure the safety of human rights defenders and NGOs. The incidents of threats, harassment, and attacks on refugees and migrants reflect a concerning trend that warrants immediate attention and action.
The world of medicine is constantly evolving, and PCD pharma franchise companies are at the forefront of bringing the latest advancements to patients. One exciting area of development is the use of Artificial Intelligence (AI) to create personalized medicine approaches. Imagine a future where your medications are customized to fit your unique needs. This is the promise of personalized medicine, and AI is playing a crucial role in making it a reality. So, how exactly can PCD pharma companies leverage AI for personalized medicine? Let's delve deeper. What is Personalized Medicine? Traditionally, medications are often prescribed based on a "one-size-fits-all" approach. However, personalized medicine takes a more individualistic view. It considers factors like your genes, age, lifestyle habits, and even your gut microbiome to determine the most effective and safest treatment for you. Here's a simple analogy: Think of a key and a lock. A traditional medication might be like a generic key that can potentially open several locks, but it might not be the perfect fit for any of them. Personalized medicine, on the other hand, strives to create a unique key specifically designed to unlock your specific "lock" – your unique health needs. How Can PCD Pharma Companies Use AI for Personalized Medicine? PCD pharma companies can leverage AI in several ways to advance personalized medicine: - Analyzing Patient Data: AI can analyze vast amounts of patient data, including medical history, genetic information, and lifestyle habits. This data can then be used to identify patterns and predict how individual patients might respond to different medications. - Imagine this: A PCD franchise company receives data from a patient who suffers from high blood pressure. This data includes the patient's age, weight, lifestyle choices, and genetic makeup. Using AI, the PCD company can analyze this data and predict how the patient might react to different blood pressure medications, helping them choose the most suitable option. - Developing Personalized Dosage Recommendations: AI can analyze patient data to suggest personalized dosages for medications. This can be particularly important for medications with a narrow therapeutic window, meaning there's a fine line between an effective dose and one that might cause side effects. - For example, a PCD pharma company might use AI to analyze data from a patient with diabetes. Based on the patient's weight, metabolism, and other factors, AI can recommend a personalized dosage of insulin to ensure optimal blood sugar control while minimizing the risk of side effects. - Predicting Drug Interactions: AI can analyze a patient's medication history and predict potential interactions between different drugs. This can help PCD pharma companies recommend medication combinations that are safe and effective for each individual. - Think of it like this: A patient using a PCD pharma company's medication for allergies might also be taking another medication for a different condition. AI can analyze both medications and predict any potential negative interactions, allowing the PCD company to advise the patient and their doctor accordingly. - Tailoring Medication Delivery Systems: AI can be used to develop customized medication delivery systems. This could involve creating medications with controlled release mechanisms or personalized packaging solutions that ensure patients adhere to their prescribed dosages. - For instance, a PCD pharma company might use AI to develop a special pill coating for a patient who has difficulty swallowing medication. This coating could allow the medication to dissolve slowly in the patient's mouth, making it easier to take. Benefits of AI-powered Personalized Medicine with PCD Pharma Companies There are numerous benefits to leveraging AI for personalized medicine through PCD pharma companies: - Improved Treatment Outcomes: By tailoring treatments to individual patients, AI can help improve treatment outcomes and reduce the risk of side effects. - Enhanced Patient Experience: Personalized medicine provides patients with a more proactive role in their healthcare decisions, leading to a more positive patient experience. - Reduced Healthcare Costs: By optimizing medication use and preventing adverse drug reactions, AI can potentially help reduce healthcare costs for patients and insurance companies. - More Efficient Drug Development: AI can help PCD pharma companies identify patients who are most likely to benefit from new medications during clinical trials, leading to a more efficient drug development process. Challenges and Considerations for PCD Pharma Companies While AI holds immense potential for personalized medicine, there are also some challenges PCD pharma companies need to consider: - Data Privacy and Security: It is critical to protect patient data's safety and privacy. PCD pharma companies need to have robust data security measures in place to protect sensitive information. - Regulatory Compliance: As AI technology is still evolving, regulations surrounding its use in healthcare are still being developed. PCD pharma companies need to stay updated on evolving regulations and ensure compliance. - Accessibility and Equity: PCD pharma companies need to ensure that AI-powered personalized medicine is accessible to all patients, regardless of socioeconomic background. The Future of AI in PCD Pharma and Personalized Medicine The use of AI in PCD pharma for personalized medicine is still in its early stages, but it holds immense promise for the future of healthcare. As AI technology continues to develop and become more accessible, we can expect to see even more innovative applications emerge. Here's a look at potential future developments: - AI-powered Diagnostics: AI could be used to analyze medical images and other diagnostic tests with greater accuracy, leading to earlier and more precise diagnoses. This could allow for earlier intervention and improved treatment outcomes. - Development of Precision Medicine: Personalized medicine can be further refined into "precision medicine" which takes individual genetic variations into account. AI can analyze a patient's genome to identify specific mutations or markers that might influence their response to certain medications. This can lead to the development of even more targeted and effective treatments. - AI-powered Chatbots and Virtual Assistants: PCD pharma companies could utilize AI-powered chatbots and virtual assistants to answer patient questions, provide medication information, and even offer basic health advice. This may enhance adherence to treatment programs and patient participation. The Role of Patients and Collaboration The success of AI-powered personalized medicine hinges not just on technological advancements but also on patient involvement and collaboration between various stakeholders. - Patient Education and Awareness: Patients need to be aware of the potential benefits and limitations of AI-powered personalized medicine. PCD pharma companies can play a crucial role in educating patients about this technology and empowering them to participate actively in their healthcare decisions. - Collaboration between PCD Pharma Companies, Doctors, and Researchers: Effective implementation of AI requires collaboration between PCD pharma companies, doctors, and researchers. Sharing data and expertise can accelerate the development and adoption of AI-powered solutions for personalized medicine. Conclusion: A Brighter Future for Healthcare Leveraging AI for personalized medicine represents a significant step forward in healthcare. PCD pharma companies are well-positioned to play a leading role in this transformation by utilizing AI to develop and deliver customized medication solutions for individual patients. As technology continues to evolve and collaboration strengthens, the future of healthcare promises to be brighter, with personalized medicine becoming a reality for all.
Plants with thorns or prickly leaves are ideal for deterring intruders. Do you no longer know how to prevent unwanted intrusions into your garden? A good idea can be a natural dam, installed at the edge of the plot without disfiguring the garden. What is a defensive fence? PUSH Hedge defensive is an impermeable plant barrier that helps prevent intrusions by domestic animals (dogs, cats) or wild animals (spectators, foxes). The interest of this hedge lies in its size, its airtightness, its tangled or thorny branches, depending on the shrubs chosen for its composition. It also allows you to replace a concrete wall, fence or even a gabion as privacy protection around the garden and maintain a natural and green aesthetic, all at a lower cost. Which plants should you choose to create a defensive hedge? Green or red leaves, evergreen or deciduous, branched, flowering, fruiting or thorny… The list of plants is wide enough to get a defensive hedge that will be in harmony with the other plants that decorate your garden. Among the most common plants: How to maintain a defensive fence? After choosing the bushes according to the soil and exposure to the sun, after a few months they can develop and reach a height of more than 1.5 meters. Depending on the climate and the chosen species, it will be necessary to water in the event of a prolonged drought, just as with ordinary hedges. It is also recommended to cut each bush by a third of its height, every six months to a year, for a period of three years. This will allow it to branch out and become even denser later. Then simply let it grow naturally, removing damaged, faded elements or those that would tend to stick out and bother your neighbors or passers-by.
Unveiling the Symbolism of Thistles: Meanings and Cultural Significance Introduction to Thistles: More Than Just a Weed The thistle, often regarded as a mere weed or a symbol of untamed nature, holds profound meanings and significant symbolism across various cultures around the world. This spiky plant, easily recognized by its prickly covering and beautiful purple flowers, carries with it historical depth and cultural significance that may surprise many. From its status as a national symbol of Scotland to its use in heraldry and popular culture, thistles have a rich symbolic presence worth exploring. Cultural and Historical Significance of Thistles Thistles in Scotland Perhaps nowhere are thistles more revered than in Scotland, where the rugged plant is deemed the national symbol. According to legend, the thistle played a crucial role during a Norse invasion. The story goes that one night, Norse invaders attempted to surprise Scottish forces by removing their shoes to silently steal upon the Scots. However, one Norseman stepped on a thistle and his cries of pain alerted the Scottish defenders. Since then, the thistle has been adopted as a symbol of protection and national pride. Thistles in Heraldry In heraldry, the symbolism of the thistle is often connected to resilience and defense, reflecting its tough, prickly nature. Many coat of arms and badges across Europe incorporate the thistle to signify protection and fortitude, particularly those in Scotland. The Order of the Thistle, one of the highest chivalric honors in Scotland, prominently features the thistle in its insignia, further cementing its status as a symbol of defense and nobility. Symbolic Meanings of Thistles Protection and Defense The protective symbolism of thistles is one of the most commonly acknowledged themes associated with the plant. Its sharp spines can cause pain to those who touch it, symbolizing a natural mechanism of defense. This characteristic makes the thistle a metaphor for both physical and psychological barriers that protect an individual's well-being from external threats. Resilience and Survival Thistles are exceptionally hardy; they can thrive in harsh environments and poor soil conditions where other plants might fail. This resilience makes them a symbol of the ability to persist and flourish despite adversity. For many, the thistle represents inner strength, determination, and the capacity to overcome challenges. Christian Symbolism In Christian symbolism, thistles have been used to represent the fall of man and the existence of sin due to their thorny nature. It is often mentioned that thistles grew in the Garden of Eden after the sin of Adam and Eve. Furthermore, thistles are sometimes considered a symbol of Christ's crown of thorns, adding a layer of penitence and suffering to its meaning. Thistles in Literature and Popular Culture The imagery of thistles has been employed in various forms of literature and popular culture, often echoing the themes of resilience and defense. In poetry, thistles are sometimes used to symbolize rough beauty or the ability to endure. Writers like Robert Burns and Emily Dickinson have referenced the thistle in their works, each highlighting different aspects of its symbolism. Conclusion: Reflecting on the Thistle While it may be easy to dismiss the thistle as nothing more than a stubborn weed, its widespread symbolism and historical significance reveal much deeper meanings. Across cultures and through the ages, the thistle stands as a powerful emblem of protection, resilience, and survival. Its presence in national emblems, coats of arms, literature, and folklore continues to influence perceptions and understandings of this fascinating plant. Through unveiling the various layers of symbolism associated with thistles, we gain a broader appreciation of this humble yet formidable botanical figure. Exploring the Symbolism of Fog in Literature and Culture Unlocking the Symbolic Meanings of Geraniums
Filter Search for grants Call Navigation Call key data Projects on Legislative and Policy Priorities in the fields of Nature & Biodiversity and Circular Economy & Quality of Life Funding Program LIFE - sub-programme "Nature and Biodiversity" Call number 19.09.2024 17:00 Funding rate Call budget € 9,000,000.00 Link to the call Link to the submission Call content short description The proposed projects under the topic LIFE-2024-PLP-ENV-NAT shall aim to address the following specific needs identified by the Member States in the sub-programme Circular Economy and Quality of Life and in the sub-programme Nature and Biodiversity. Call objectives The contracting authority expects to award only 1 grant per specific priority. Priority 1: Support for mapping, condition assessment and restoration of marine habitats The objective of the project is to support EU Member States to advance their implementation of the Birds and Habitats Directives (BHD) in the marine environment and the Marine Strategy Framework Directive (MSFD), and under the perspective of the development of a EU approach to overarching restoration objective for the long-term recovery of nature the project will help to support Member States by providing them the best knowledge on methods and steps to: 1) map the location of marine habitats within their marine areas, 2) assess the condition of these marine habitats 3) implement suitable measures to restore and/or re-establish these marine habitats. Priority 2: Extended Producers Responsibility (EPR) Extended Producer Responsibility (EPR) is one of the instruments that can significantly contribute to progress towards the objective of ensuring sound waste management in line with the waste hierarchy, at the end of a product's life cycle. In particular, making producers responsible for the management at the end of life of their products can encourage the development, production and marketing of products that are suitable for multiple/prolonged use, that contain recycled materials, that are durable and easily reparable and that are, after having become waste, suitable for preparing for re-use and recycling in order to facilitate proper implementation of the waste hierarchy. EPR can therefore contribute substantially to reducing waste generation and decoupling resource use from economic growth. EPR schemes have been set up both in EU legislation and by the Member States. The Member States have the sole responsibility in ensuring compliance with the rules of the EPR schemes set up on their territories, regardless of whether the scheme is based on EU rules or national rules. Stakeholders/producers often raise that the EPR landscape is diverse and therefore needs harmonizing to ensure a smooth functioning of the internal market. At present a complete picture on EPR schemes that are set up in the Member States is not available and there is also not a full understanding of the aspects that could be further streamlined, without disrupting the functioning of the national schemes, the respective administrative structures of EPR schemes and their governance. The overall objective of this specific priority is to fill this gap. Priority 3: Capacity building and training of private sector stakeholders in implementing the EU Regulation on Deforestation-free products The new Regulation (EU) 2023/1115 on deforestation-free products (EUDR) entered into force on 29 June 2023. A main driver of deforestation is the expansion of agricultural land that is linked to the production of commodities like cattle, wood, cocoa, soy, palm oil, coffee, rubber, and some of their derived products, such as leather, chocolate, tyres, or furniture. As a major economy and consumer of these commodities linked to deforestation and forest degradation, the EU is committed to lead the way to solving the problem. Under the new Regulation, any operator or non-SME trader who places or makes available these commodities and products on the EU market, or exports from it, must be able to prove that the products do not originate from deforested land nor have contributed to forest degradation. The new rules aim to: - avoid that the listed products Europeans buy, use and consume contribute to deforestation and forest degradation in the EU and globally; - reduce carbon emissions caused by EU consumption and production of the relevant commodities by at least 32 million metric tonnes a year; - address all deforestation driven by agricultural expansion to produce the commodities in the scope of the regulation, as well as forest degradation. By 30 December 2023 EU Member States had to designate their Competent Authorities (CA) and the list of designated Member States Competent Authorities can be consulted and is updated when the Commission is notified of new designations. Large and middle enterprise operators and traders have to implement the new rules by 30 December 2024, while micro and small enterprises will enjoy a longer adaptation period, as well as other specific provisions. Article 15(1) of the regulation stipulates that "without prejudice to the operators' obligation to exercise due diligence as set out in Article 8, Member States may provide technical and other assistance and guidance to operators. (...) Technical and other assistance and guidance shall take into account the situation of SMEs, including microenterprises, and natural persons, in order to facilitate compliance with this Regulation. The objective of this project is to support the efforts of EU Member States to raise the level of awareness about the EUDR obligations amongst operators and traders and more particularly that of SMEs, including microenterprises, and natural persons, and to build their capacity to comply with their obligations under the new regulation. Proposals should cover at least 4 EU Member States but the proposed approaches should demonstrate a high degree of replicability and include a clear action plan to communicate experiences, critical success factors and results towards relevant actors and stakeholders across other EU countries, including in English. Priority 4: Holistic orientations towards environmental new infrastructures in Ukrainian cities - Debris The project aims to contribute to the green reconstruction of Ukraine by designing customised solutions to improve the management of removal of construction debris in Ukraine. Priority 5: Holistic orientations towards environmental new infrastructures in Ukrainian cities - Water In the context of the Ukrainian's path towards the European Union and aligning with the EU acquis, the project aims at building on a legislative and policy framework to showcase solutions to water management challenges in the country. Priority 6: Developing best practices in low tillage farming without herbicides The European Green Deal has set out ambitious objectives for the reduction of nutrient losses and the use of harmful chemicals (pesticides) in agriculture. So-called 'regenerative' farming practices promise the potential to reduce the need for external fertiliser inputs through practices to improve soil fertility. Key practices include continuous plant cover, diverse crop mixes (including cover crops), minimal tillage of soils, minimal artificial inputs, and integration of livestock in the management of soils. However, a key challenge remains the reconciliation of low/no tillage practices on the one hand with low/no use of chemical plant protection products on the other. Many no-tillage operations use herbicides to manage weeds and to terminate cover crops before planting a new crop. Similarly, organic farms have traditionally found it difficult to apply low/no-tillage practices, as tillage is regarded as a necessary means of controlling weeds in the absence of chemical inputs in organic agriculture. Hence, there is a need to develop knowledge in this area. The reduction of nutrient losses and the use of harmful chemicals in agriculture have been identified as essential objectives under the EU's Biodiversity Strategy to 2030 and the targets set out in the Global Biodiversity Framework. Existing policies (Common Agricultural Policy, Horizon Europe) already promote organic farming and regenerative practices in various ways. Considering the specificities of this priority, the consortium could include agricultural research institutes, farm advisory services, organic farmers and regenerative farmers' associations, and others entities with the requisite knowledge and experiences. Priority 7: Circular Europe Hotspot, a new governance model for the ECESP, with a focus on Circular Business model mainstreaming The European Circular Economy Stakeholder Platform (ECESP) is an initiative of the EU Circular Economy Action Plan (CEAP), launched together with the European Economic and Social Committee (EESC) in 2017. Since then, it has successfully gathered stakeholders across Europe and has promoted their circular solutions contributing to the transition to a circular economy in the EU. The activities of the Platform are led by a group of stakeholders (stakeholder organisations, which are leaders in the field). This group, known as Coordination Group, has grown in experience with the platform. The aim of this project is to better equip the future group of stakeholders leading the activities of the platform under the new Commission's mandate, so they contribute to the successful implementation of the EU circular economy policies and work towards eliminating the obstacles that are inhibiting it. To attain this, this project will have the following objectives: - Identify and ensure the exchange of good practices from relevant stakeholders (national, regional, and local circular economy actors). - Foster the debate and dialogue among the circular economy community at the level closer to the citizens (i.e., focus on Member States, regions, and cities, rather than Brussels, the project should prioritise engagement at national, regional, and local level for instance acting as hubs for circular economy). - Facilitate capacity and capability building and knowledge creation. Within this project, the above-mentioned objectives will be focused on circular business models (CBMs). These are at the core of the transition to a circular economy, which will require far-reaching transformations across value chains. Within the Sustainable Products Initiative, the respective impact assessment, and the Communication on 'Making sustainable products the norm' (March 2022) an 'European Circular Business Hub', which will 'support the uptake of circular business models, channel information and services including awareness raising, cooperation, training and exchanges of best practices' was announced to support mainstream private businesses with this challenge. It will build on the expertise and service offering of existing EU actions, such as Enterprise Europe Network Sustainability Advisors and the network of European green tech cluster. Furthermore, the ESPR proposes specific support measures for SMEs and microenterprises, both at EU as well as Member state level. Therefore, the project also has as core objectives to: - Support and stimulate the shift to circular business models (CBM) and practices, including but not limited to sectors or products with ESPR relevance, which would have to be further assessed/defined. - Mainstream circular business models and linked innovative approaches as well as targeted support to SMEs and micro-enterprises. - Support the Commission in its activities to bring different stakeholders together to promote CBMs and practices, and in preparing guidance on boosting CBMs for businesses, Member States and regions. Priority 8: Support for actions to address degassing of NMVOCs in inland waterway and maritime transport Inland waterway transport and maritime transport are major sources of air pollution (SOx, PM, NOx), impacting human health in coastal areas and ecosystems (sea, land). So far, the focus at EU level for this sector has been on emissions from propulsion (combustion engines) and on-board engines. However, shipping can also cause air pollution in other ways. This kind of air pollution is related to the cargo. This relates to chemical substances that by coincidence (leakages) or on purpose (to clear the vessel for new cargo) evaporate from the vessel. The latter is called degassing. The main category of substances that can be cleared in this way are Non-Methane Volatile Organic Compounds (NMVOCs). Degassing of Non-Methane Volatile Organic Compounds (NMVOCs) is an issue that is getting more attention. One of the reasons is NMVOCs neurological toxicity. In addition, NMVOCs contribute to ground level ozone and PM formation, and therefore they are in the scope of Directive (EU) 2016/2284. Unfortunately, no Member State addressed the issue of degassing from vessels in their National Air Pollution Control Programmes submitted under this Directive and not much is known about the exact order of magnitude. The overall objective of this project will be to assess the current situation regarding the transport of Non Methane Volatile Organic Compounds in inland waterway and maritime transport and the issue of degassing, and assess pathways and measures to (further) limit or ban degassing of NMVOCs in inland waterway and maritime transport. Considering the specificity of this topic, applicants are expected to have a thorough knowledge of and experience with current regional, national, EU (e.g. National Emission reduction Commitment Directive, Ambient Air Quality Directives) and international (e.g. IMO) legislation, regulations and initiatives related to emissions of air pollutants from inland waterway and maritime transport. Priority 9: Testing and promoting high-quality biodiversity certificate and credit schemes in EU wetlands The Kunming-Montreal Global Biodiversity Framework sets the ambition to double biodiversity financing from 2020 to 2030, both nationally and internationally, and includes a concrete commitment to stimulate innovative support instruments for biodiversity. Biodiversity certificates and credits can become an increasingly important tool to help landowners and managers obtain a reward for their positive actions for nature, and thus make the restoration, protection and sustainable management of ecosystems a virtuous new business model in Europe. Although a great deal of technical experience has been gained, thanks, in particular, to LIFE, Horizon and cohesion projects, and the implementation of the Birds, Habitats and Water Framework Directives, there is still a lack of economic models for making the protection, restoration and sustainable management of wetlands in Europe a profitable activity for landowners and managers. Certification and credits application are often limited to small-scale projects within pilot-stage initiatives. The current proliferation of biodiversity and climate certification schemes in Europe and elsewhere, combined with the lack of a structured market, is a source of confusion for those who undertake nature-positive actions to produce certificates and credits, and those who purchase them, and even a source of reputational damage, particularly in terms of greenwashing. The project aims to scan and test the various biodiversity and climate certification systems and credit schemes on EU wetlands to identify the key elements needed to provide the high-quality guarantees expected by investors, buyers and stakeholders including landowners, land managers and local communities. read more Expected effects and impacts Priority 1: Support for mapping, condition assessment and restoration of marine habitats The project will contribute to the EU restoration plan under the EU Biodiversity strategy and assist Member States in fulfilling their existing obligations under the BHD and MSFD, as well as prepare for the implementation of Article 5 of the proposed NRL. It will provide: - support and concrete guidance on necessary steps and methods for mapping, assessment of condition and restoration of all marine habitats listed in Annex II of the proposed NRL in EU seas and similar support for habitats of species; - an overview of best available and validated scientific methodologies with a focus on those which can provide the necessary information in a cost-effective and coherent way; - identify possible gaps in knowledge as well as best ways to deal with them, including by identifying short and medium-term research priorities. Throughout the project, Member States authorities and relevant organisations gathering marine restoration experts should be involved to ensure that the results, in the form of a comprehensive manual, will be relevant and applicable for implementation of legal obligations. Finally, the outcome should be presented and disseminated to Member States to facilitate its use and uptake on the ground. Priority 2: Extended Producers Responsibility (EPR) The project should: - Elaborate a report on the state of play in EPR schemes across EU Member States, assessing main achievements, barriers, and opportunities for their implementation, highlighting data gap, best practices, guidelines. - The report should also include an overview and assessment of EPR fees modulation implemented in EPRs. - This would allow policymakers to have a clear overview of the state of play of the implementation and enforcement of EPR measures across the EU, and to better assess the outcome of the policies adopted, or in the process of being adopted. The overview should also propose possible innovative solutions to the main challenges of the sector, such as establishing a methodology for EPR fee rates that is transparent, functional and reflects end of life costs in a comprehensive way, or clearly allocating producer responsibility in a context of limited data availability. Finally, the report should focus on long-term impact and aim at future-proofing the findings and proposals presented, for example by considering the foreseeable technological advances of Artificial Intelligence, with the threats and opportunities connected. - Develop an online pilot for an EU wide EPR register to demonstrate its feasibility, including governance, technical and economic sustainability. - In order to ensure appropriate monitoring and compliance with the obligations of producers, the WFD establishes a producer register to be set by each Member State. - The setting up of an EU-wide EPR register offers opportunities for synergies and cost reduction for the administrations. - On this basis, the project should take the necessary steps to put in place a pilot EU-wide EPR register, that should not be limited to a specific waste stream and should contain the information generally required for national EPR systems. A particular attention to the reproducibility of the proposed model is key to enable future development in particular for waste streams complex to govern such as packaging or vehicles. The online pilot EU-wide EPR register should contain links and references to national waste management authorities' websites to strengthen coherence. - The project should propose options for the governance of the proposed EU-wide EPR register and assess its technical and economic sustainability. - Raise awareness among producers, citizens, groups of consumers, on the EPR and involvement in circular use of resources. - The project should disseminate the results and lessons learned through communication and awareness-raising campaigns. The project could include training packages on EPR and generally on the polluter pays principle, not only aimed at civil society, e.g. citizens, consumers group, but specifically at producers, since making them aware of the waste their product can produce is the first step to make them responsible. - The project should aim at creating an EU wide community where waste experts can exchange views on innovative waste management practices and technological advances, in the form of workshops, training sessions, seminars and dedicated events to be held periodically, whether hybrid or physical. This would contribute to providing policymakers with the input needed to elaborate up-to-date, efficient and future-proof legislation and policy. The expected impacts of the project will contribute to: - Enhanced clarity on the state of play of the implementation of EPR provisions across Member States; on the number and types of products or waste streams covered by EPR schemes in different Member States; - Increased awareness on EPR and polluter pays principle, and communication materials available potentially to all EU citizens by the end of the project; - Set up an academia-driven community where experts from different fields and sectors can exchange views on sustainable development, environmental and climate protection, and provide continuous feedback to policy on EPR and circularity. - Enhanced harmonisation among different pieces of EU waste legislation, including product legislation (e.g. ESPR), leading to better policymaking. Priority 3: Capacity building and training of private sector stakeholders in implementing the EU Regulation on Deforestation-free products The proposal should include a clear intervention logic and description of the chain of change that is expected to generate the results of the project; as well the proposal should indicate a first estimate of baseline and expected results. Proposals submitted under this priority should demonstrate how they will contribute to: - Increased awareness amongst EU operators and traders, and more particularly SMEs including microenterprises, about the EUDR and its requirements; - Providing capacity, skills and appropriate advice to companies, and more particularly SMEs including microenterprises, for implementing the EUDR requirements; - Use of appropriate tools and methods to support the implementation of the EUDR by the EU operators and traders, and more particularly SMEs including microenterprises; - Develop, implement and roll-out compliance tools and approaches for use by the relevant sectors; - Proposals should propose indicators which are specific to the proposed activities. The results and impacts should be quantified for the end of the project and for 5 years after the end of the project. Priority 4: Holistic orientations towards environmental new infrastructures in Ukrainian cities - Debris The project shall contribute to: - the development of a methodology and a step by step process for ensuring a safe and circular removal/re-use of construction debris in the specific Ukrainian context; - the definition, identification and testing of appropriate and customised solutions to address the challenge of a safe and effective management of the construction in Ukraine; - support the municipalities with information and relevant knowledge for implementing of the most appropriate solution in their context. In addition, it is expected that the project improves the coordination among the donors community. Proposals should include indicators which are specific to the proposed activities. The results and impacts should be quantified for the end of the project and for 5 years after the end of the project. Priority 5: Holistic orientations towards environmental new infrastructures in Ukrainian cities - Water It is expected that the specific priority awarded in the framework of this call will have a substantial support to: - improve water and sanitation services management for Ukrainian cities; - facilitate the use of innovative and state of the art water services management approaches through twinning with EU cities (preferably members of Covenant of Mayors or Green City Accord, or participating in LIFE Strategic Integrated Projects for water management plans) - Provide capacity building and training for relevant city administrative, technical and political staff on strategic planning; - identify further needs to the full implementation of water management facilitate replication Priority 6: Developing best practices in low tillage farming without herbicides The project will contribute to a wide range of objectives and Union legislation, including the improvement of ecosystem health and biodiversity in agricultural areas, facilitating the improvement of soil health and biodiversity, as well as the protection of aquatic ecosystems impacted by excess nutrients as well as chemical plant protection products and their derivatives. Priority 7: Circular Europe Hotspot, a new governance model for the ECESP, with a focus on Circular Business model mainstreaming The project strives to create positive impact by promoting circular solutions contributing to the successful transition to a circular economy in the EU. These impacts will be delivered by: - Identifying and ensuring the exchange of good practices from relevant stakeholders (national, regional and local circular economy actors). - Fostering the debate and dialogue among the circular economy community. - Facilitate capacity and capability building as well as knowledge creation. In particular, related to the Platform, the expected main impacts relate to: - A clear governance system for the group of stakeholders that drive pro-actively the work of the platform and ensure cross dissemination. - Strong cooperation with Member State representatives as to also support policy making at national and regional level. - Offer to future stakeholders selected to be part of Circular Europe Hotspot quality services so they can scale up the activities of the platform more efficiently. - Wider outreach of the stakeholder pillar of the platform. In addition to the common objectives, for CBMs the envisaged core impacts relate to: - Increased uptake and efficient shift towards circular business models including for ESPR relevant sectors and SMEs, based on: - Increased awareness and knowledge about potential CBM approaches amongst economic actors, including with regard to furniture and textiles as well as other potential ESPR priority products. - Availability of targeted hands-on guidance and tools on how to potentially transition the business model, practices or individual products towards more circular approaches; channel finance and investment and foster partnerships. - Application of best-practices and knowledge shared via networks/ exchange amongst peers and other stakeholders. - Improved/Facilitated access to funding by raising awareness about existing funding options for businesses (EU, national, regional) to support their transition to CBMs. The applicants are encouraged to develop or identify key performance indicators (KPIs) who support quantification of the envisaged impacts related to the expected outcomes and deliverables below. The KPIs should be included in the annual activity report. Indicators, which can be considered include (non-exhaustive): - Screening of best practice taken-up; - Number of events training schemes and capacity building activities developed; - Number of trainers trained and/or trainings held; - Number of companies, including in ESPR relevant sectors, benefitting from the trainings and using the tools/approaches developed; - Quantitative and qualitative surveys to test knowledge and progress towards shifting to CBMs; - Evaluation surveys by relevant stakeholders. Expected outcomes: - Identification of good practices that will be incorporated into the website of the platform, as well as list of useful networks, sector organisations and other intermediaries. 30% of these should be on CBMs. - Participation in and organisation of events and trainings on the topics identified in the work plan and agreed with the organisations. 20% of these should be on CBMs. - Proposal of knowledge sharing, matchmaking and mentoring tools and events to facilitate the involvement of SMEs. 30% of these should be relevant for CBMs. - At least a working subgroup for textiles, plastics, green public procurement, investments and CBMs - Organisation of awareness raising campaigns, communication activities and specific engagement actions. 30% should be relevant for CBMs. - Establishment of at least one circular hub per geographical region in Europe (Southern, Nordic, Eastern and Central European countries). - Preparation of presentations, guidelines and tools per working group and other relevant knowledge sources (e.g. climate, investments...). 30% of these should be relevant for CBMs. - Develop and share guidance to practitioners incl. SMEs and recommendations to public authorities. 50% should be relevant for CBMs. - Facilitate access to funding for business strategy and implementation work for economic actors wanting to transition to more circular business models (via funding map/screening). - Analyse CBM opportunities and pathways with a specific focus on to be defined/assessed products and sectors with ESPR relevance. It is expected to see in the proposal a detailed description of the resources that would be mobilised for specific expected outcomes given a clear indication to the split between more general activities under "Circular Europe Hotspot" as well as specific activities and deliverables linked to CBMs. Furthermore, expected deliverables should be quantified to facilitate the assessment of proposals (e.g. number of good practices, trainings/hours etc). Priority 8: Support for actions to address degassing of NMVOCs in inland waterway and maritime transport The project is expected to contribute to an environmentally and economically sustainable pathway for the reduction of degassing in EU waters, and possibly beyond, in a holistic and consistent manner, with similar approaches everywhere in the EU, providing a level playing field for shipping and for the (petro)chemical industry and an equal protection for all from degassing of NMVOCs throughout the EU. The deliverables after completion of the project will offer a clear handle to reduce emissions of NMVOCs from shipping. The ultimate impact of the project and the follow-up implementation and funding actions will be lower emissions of NMVOCs from shipping, contributing to less air pollution (NMVOCs, but also secondary PM and ozone), and in this way, easier compliance with AAQD and NECD targets, a better health situation for workers on vessels and in ports and of citizens living close to waterways and ports, a reduced impact of NMVOCs on ecosystems, as well as a reduced impact on global warming from shipping. Priority 9: Testing and promoting high-quality biodiversity certificate and credit schemes in EU wetlands It is expected that the project, through concrete demonstrator cases, leads to the identification of the key factors needed to make the protection, restoration and sustainable management of wetlands in Europe a profitable and sustainable business model through biodiversity certification and credit schemes. The objective will be to obtain practical feedback in order to identify the relevant stakeholders on the supply and demand sides and to define the market structuring issues and the needs in terms of financing mechanisms. In addition, the project is expected to characterise the regulatory gaps that are hampering the deployment of these schemes and may require political action. read more Expected results Priority 1: Support for mapping, condition assessment and restoration of marine habitats The project shall draft a comprehensive manual on the necessary steps and methods for 1) mapping relevant habitats 2) assessing condition and setting favorable reference area for relevant habitats and assessing quality, quantity and connectivity of habitats of relevant species and 3) restoration measures for habitats and habitats of relevant species, building on available experience and knowledge. It would be of added value to also include in the manual cost estimations for mapping, assessing conditions and restoration measures, wherever possible, based on available information. Throughout the project, the applicants are required to cooperate with the European Environment Agency, European Commission's Joint Research Center and where necessary engage with other relevant organisations and projects (e.g. under Horizon Europe), to benefit from their ongoing work and activities that might be complementary to this project. It is expected, at the beginning of the project implementation, to organise one workshop with marine restoration experts from Member States and relevant organisations to investigate their needs and collect their views and experiences. Alternatively, workshops can be organised for each EU regional sea or they can be combined with other events that cover the same topic or involve same experts (for example, Natura 2000 biogeographical seminars in case these will take place during the project). In particular, it is expected that the project should build on knowledge acquired by the research community as well as through the implementation of relevant environmental legislation. Finally, it is required to organizing workshop(s) with Member States' authorities to present the final results and provide guidance on how to apply and implement the manual on the ground. Priority 2: Extended Producers Responsibility (EPR) The project should carry out activities to address the above-identified specific needs. These activities can include, and are not limited to, desk and field research, IT development, events organization. Priority 3: Capacity building and training of private sector stakeholders in implementing the EU Regulation on Deforestation-free products Activities include: - Activities aimed at increasing awareness, knowledge and know-how; - Development of training modules and guidance materials; - Trainings activities tailored to the specificities of the sectors targeted; - Train-the-trainer activities; - Dissemination of relevant information / documentation / training materials in EU languages; - Promotion of collaborative approaches among companies (eg: large and small companies operating in the same value chain, or on cooperation among companies in proximity); - Facilitation of peer-to-peer learning and exchanges of best practices. The approaches proposed should build on experiences and lessons learned from other relevant projects and programmes. The proposed approaches should demonstrate a high degree of replicability. Priority 4: Holistic orientations towards environmental new infrastructures in Ukrainian cities - Debris Potential applicants should include both Ukrainian and European union partners. See below the minimum requirement on the consortium. The project shall include: - The analysis of what has been already done in Ukraine and/or similar contexts in the area of debris removal, including best practices from guidance on disasters' debris removal such as the UNDP guidance, and the EU Construction and Demolition Waste Protocol and Guidelines; - Factual-based design of customised solution(s) to improve the construction debris removal in Ukraine with a focus on particular waste streams like asbestos and their testing in real conditions, ideally in a couple of locations; - Based on the results of the customised solution(s), develop a methodology and step-by-step processes to be used by the relevant end users i.e. staff of the municipalities and donor community. The proposed approaches should demonstrate a high degree of replicability. - Build capacity and the disseminate of the results in the relevant networks. The project should actively involve national or regional competent authorities, research bodies and relevant stakeholder groups as well as support the development of proposals of further actions (content, planning and budget) to be implemented under other EU and national programmes or public private partnerships. Priority 5: Holistic orientations towards environmental new infrastructures in Ukrainian cities - Water The project aims to support, in cooperation with EU cities, small or medium size Ukrainian cities and contribute to the implementation of the water management framework. It should include at least one of the following: - the development of relevant urban planning approaches and permitting actions at municipal level, with possible use of dedicated Geographical Information Systems or satellites; - the identification and design of innovative solutions to improve access to safe drinking water and wastewater treatment; - the promotion of innovative solutions for the design and reconstruction of water and wastewater infrastructures and treatment facilities. The project should involve the relevant national authorities and to consider the broader water challenges in the country, such as water resources availability and vulnerability (notably vulnerability to contamination by industrial activities), climate change effects, and more frequent droughts and floods; doing so will help ensure that the modernization of Water and Sanitation Services and implements innovative, sustainable, green, and resilient options, like nature-based wastewater solutions. The project should also develop proposals for further actions (content, planning and budget) to be implemented under other EU and national programmes or public private partnerships. Priority 6: Developing best practices in low tillage farming without herbicides The project will include: - a review of existing scientific and other relevant literature on low/no-tillage practices, including experience from Europe and other regions of the world, in order to establish the baseline of available knowledge. The review should consider, in particular, approaches associated with organic farming as well as so-called 'regenerative' practices that seek to minimise soil disturbance while at the same time avoiding the reliance on herbicides for weed control, - concrete field tests and demonstration projects on low/no-tillage farming without use of herbicides, in cooperation with a number of farms, including research farms. The field experiments should cover a range of major crops, including livestock farming, and reflect different soil and climate conditions typical of European farming. In terms of outputs, the project is expected to: - produce a review of low/no-tillage farming practices without herbicides based on field experiments that demonstrate various methods and best practices of 'regenerative' practices that seek to minimise soil disturbance and contribute to nature restoration, - undertake activities aimed at disseminating the outcome of the literature review and collecting the feedback from the farming community in cooperation with independent (non-commercial) farm advisory services in a number of Member States, - produce a final report on low/no-tillage farming without herbicides based on the two previous outcomes. Priority 7: Circular Europe Hotspot, a new governance model for the ECESP, with a focus on Circular Business model mainstreaming Activities can include: - Identification, mapping of good practices, and population of the website of the platform, including those of relevance for the uptake of CBMs and practices. - Identification and list of useful networks, sector organisations and other intermediaries that could further spread the information and tools, in particular, a multiplayer per Member State that can eventually act as a national circular hub. - Participation in targeted events on circular economy to represent the platform, as well as developing and organizing a series of trainings and events within the website of the platform (continuing with the EU Circular Talks branding), in particular with the aim of disseminating content and methods related to CBMs. - Identify and propose knowledge sharing, matchmaking and mentoring tools and events to facilitate the involvement of SMEs and micro-enterprises. A number of these proposals should have to target CBMs including in ESPR relevant sectors such as textiles and furniture. - Launch of awareness raising campaigns, communication activities and specific engagement actions, involving the organisations selected and channelling them through the Platform's website. - Organisation and steering of sectorial working subgroups, among the stakeholder selected, one of which would have to focus on CBMs. - Build up circular economy hubs at national or regional level on behalf of the platform. Cross sectorial or specific hubs related to circular economy will be also possible. - Collect Circular Economy theory including CBMs and translate it into practical and easy to understand concepts to share in presentations, guidelines and tools. - Develop and share guidance and trainings to practitioners and recommendation to public authorities. In particular, in the case of CBMs: - Assess potential approaches and gather best practices of CBM. - Analyse and define ESPR relevant sectors and sectors/products with the highest potential to develop CBM approaches, taking into account the upcoming ESPR working plan. - Assess available EU and national funding and support options available with regard to the transition to CBMs including for SMEs and micro-enterprises. - Analyse the interaction/interplay of CBMs with EU legislation: identify supporting legislation, or those creating challenges to mainstreaming CBMs. - Deliver training and provide practical hands-on guidance to support the transition to CBMs including targeted approaches for SMEs and micro-enterprises and 'training-the-trainers' via the EEN. - Liaison with Enterprise Europe Network, including training and application of tools, developing the role of sustainability advisers in EEN hubs as multipliers. - Support the Commission in preparing guidance on: - Directing investment and funding and optimising local resource stocks and flows, with a view to creating circular value and jobs. - How to support uptake and partnerships for the circular economy between social enterprises and other actors, including mainstream businesses. Priority 8: Support for actions to address degassing of NMVOCs in inland waterway and maritime transport The project activities shall include: - Exploring and quantifying the scope and nature of the issue of degassing of NMVOCs in the EU and quantifying its impacts on health and the environment to the extent possible; - Drafting an inventory and analysis of existing legislation and initiatives at EU and international level, as well as guidance documents, with relevance for degassing, to explore effectiveness and synergies; - Drafting an inventory of needs, options, bottlenecks and barriers for degassing and possible alternative solutions to degassing in inland waterway and maritime transport (governance and implementation, technical, legal, environmental, economic, financial); - Developing options and scenarios for implementation measures and funding, including quantifying costs and benefits (socio-economic, environmental); - Exploring the possible use of EU financial support mechanisms, taking into account the nature of the stakeholders; - Setting up a cooperation structure at EU level for support to legislative governance, transfer of best practice, dialogue with industry (i.a. vessel owners and operators, ports, chemical industry, authorities, NGOs, ...); - Investigating how, by supporting developments and/or ratification of international conventions and participation in the IMO and UNECE fora, the issue of degassing from vessels from non-EU countries can be addressed which would also benefit EU based ship owners and operators operating in EU waters, including the possibility of (regional) "NMVOC Emission Control Areas" (geographic scope, air pollutants, ...); - Proposing recommendations for funding (including infrastructure and research and innovation needs), implementation measures, governance, and any other issue of relevance. The project is expected to take into account and, where useful, build on related initiatives (e.g. the CDNI ratification process, UNECE, ADN, IMO (e.g. ECAs), ...), and relevant EU legislation (e.g. on air quality, transport of dangerous goods, eFTI, ...) and guidelines in place or under development, as well as policy initiatives such as the European Green Deal, the Zero Pollution Action Plan, Fit for 55, Circular Economy initiatives and Naiades III, to maximise synergies. Deliverables must reflect the above-mentioned activities and should also include the following: - A report on the state of play of transport of NMVOCs in maritime and inland water shipping and the problem of degassing. - A report on the needs and barriers for reducing degassing of NMVOCs in the EU, and solutions on how best to address these. - During the project, the set-up of a long-term cooperation structure at EU level for exchanges of best practice and governance, and for discussing relevant implementation options. - Proposals for a harmonised approach for the reduction of degassing in EU inland waters and maritime waters (options and scenarios, with a cost-benefit assessment). - Recommendations on how to best use EU funding instruments to support the reduction of degassing of NMVOCs in the EU, to accompany a transition of a situation of a relative freedom to emit NMVOCs towards a situation in which degassing of these air pollutants is not allowed and alternatives are available (e.g. degassing infrastructure or dedicated tankers). - Recommendations on how best to address and support the reduction of degassing in an international context (e.g. ECAs, IMO actions). Priority 9: Testing and promoting high-quality biodiversity certificate and credit schemes in EU wetlands The expected deliverables include: - a benchmarking report on biodiversity certification and credit systems for wetlands, - a feasibility report and proposal for biodiversity certification or credit systems applicable to European wetlands, - a pilot platform for linking investors and buyers of biodiversity certificates or credits from European wetlands, - a financial report on the transactions carried out and their terms and conditions, - a report on the potential for replication and upscaling across Europe. read more Eligibility Criteria Regions / countries for funding Moldova (Moldova), Iceland (Ísland), North Macedonia (Северна Македонија), Ukraine (Україна) eligible entities Education and training institution, International organization, Non-Profit Organisation (NPO) / Non-Governmental Organisation (NGO), Other, Private institution, incl. private company (private for profit), Public Body (national, regional and local; incl. EGTCs), Research Institution incl. University, Small and medium-sized enterprise (SME) Mandatory partnership Project Partnership In order to be eligible, the applicants (beneficiaries and affiliated entities) must: - be legal entities (public or private bodies) - be established in one of the eligible countries, i.e.: - EU Member States (including overseas countries and territories (OCTs)) - non-EU countries: - listed EEA countries and countries associated to the LIFE Programme (associated countries) or countries which are in ongoing negotiations for an association agreement and where the agreement enters into force before grant signature (list of participating countries) - the coordinator must be established in an eligible country Entities from other countries (not listed above) are exceptionally eligible, if the granting authority considers their participation essential for the implementation of the action (see work programme). Natural persons are NOT eligible (with the exception of self-employed persons, i.e. sole traders, where the company does not have legal personality separate from that of the natural person). International organisations are eligible. The rules on eligible countries do not apply to them. EU bodies (with the exception of the European Commission Joint Research Centre) can NOT be part of the consortium. Entities which do not have legal personality under their national law may exceptionally participate, provided that their representatives have the capacity to undertake legal obligations on their behalf, and offer guarantees for the protection of the EU financial interests equivalent to that offered by legal persons. The following activities are not considered as eligible for funding under this call: - land purchase - volunteer work - financial support to third parties other eligibility criteria Each priority has specific eligibility conditions: Priority 1: Support for mapping, condition assessment and restoration of marine habitats - Consortium: To be eligible, the consortium shall include at least one organisation actively working on marine restoration. - Duration: 36 months - Maximum EU contribution: € 1,300,000.00 Priority 2: Extended Producers Responsibility (EPR) - Consortium: n/a - Duration: 24 months - Maximum EU contribution: € 1,000,000.00 Priority 3: Capacity building and training of private sector stakeholders in implementing the EU Regulation on Deforestation-free products - Consortium: n/a - Duration: 36 months - Maximum EU contribution: € 1,000,000.00 Priority 4: Holistic orientations towards environmental new infrastructures in Ukrainian cities - Debris - Consortium: To be eligible, the consortium shall include one or more Ukrainian small or medium-sized municipality involved in the testing of the solutions. - Duration: 24 months - Maximum EU contribution: € 1,000,000.00 Priority 5: Holistic orientations towards environmental new infrastructures in Ukrainian cities - Water - Consortium: To be eligible, the consortium shall include one or more Ukrainian small or medium-sized municipality and one or more EU cities. - Duration: 24 months - Maximum EU contribution: € 1,000,000.00 Priority 6: Developing best practices in low tillage farming without herbicides - Consortium: n/a - Duration: 48 months - Maximum EU contribution: € 1,200,000.00 Priority 7: Circular Europe Hotspot, a new governance model for the ECESP, with a focus on Circular Business model mainstreaming - Consortium: n/a - Duration: 36 months - Maximum EU contribution: € 1,800,000.00 Priority 8: Support for actions to address degassing of NMVOCs in inland waterway and maritime transport - Consortium: The consortium shall include one or more applicants who have direct involvement in regulating and/or operating inland waterway and maritime transport such as Member States, Regions, (Associations of) inland and maritime ports or individual port authorities, inland and maritime (Associations of) vessel operators and cargo owners and (Petro-) chemical industry associations. - Duration: 30 months - Maximum EU contribution: € 1,000,000.00 Priority 9: Testing and promoting high-quality biodiversity certificate and credit schemes in EU wetlands - Consortium: To be eligible, the consortium must include at least one representative of each type of applicant identified above, i.e. wetland owners and managers, companies interested in purchasing certificates or credits and intermediaries interested in putting suppliers and buyers of certificates and credits in contact with each other. - Duration: 24 months - Maximum EU contribution: € 1,000,000.00 Additional information Relevance for EU Macro-Region EUSAIR - EU Strategy for the Adriatic and Ionian Region, EUSALP - EU Strategy for the Alpine Space, EUSBSR - EU Strategy for the Baltic Sea Region, EUSDR - EU Strategy for the Danube Region UN Sustainable Development Goals (UN-SDGs) project duration between 24 and 48 months Additional Information Proposals must be submitted electronically via the Funding & Tenders Portal Electronic Submission System (accessible via the Topic page in the Search Funding & Tenders section. Paper submissions are NOT possible. Project acronym — Your project acronym must include the word LIFE. Proposals must be complete and contain all the requested information and all required annexes and supporting documents: - Application Form Part A — contains administrative information about the participants (future coordinator, beneficiaries and affiliated entities) and the summarised budget for the project (to be filled in directly online) - Application Form Part B — contains the technical description of the project (to be downloaded from the Portal Submission System, completed and then assembled and re-uploaded) - Part C — contains additional project data and the project's contribution to EU programme key performance indicators (to be filled in directly online) - Mandatory annexes and supporting documents (to be uploaded): - for single stage: - detailed budget table (mandatory excel template available in the Submission System) - activity reports of last year: not applicable - participant information (mandatory doc template available in the Submission System) - letters of support from competent authorities, if a ailable (not mandatory and not template) - other annexes, if available (not mandatory). - for single stage: Proposals are limited to maximum 50 pages (Part B). Call documents LIFE-2024-PLP Call documentLIFE-2024-PLP Call document(749kB) To see more information about this call, you can register for free here or log in with an existing account. Log in Register now
In this sixth grade social studies, students learn about world regions and cultures. The focus is on geography, history, and culture in multiple global regions. Students will analyze regional, physical, and cultural characteristics of places. The analysis will show how these factors influenced people who lived there and how the people and characteristics have changed over time. Units of study include: - Intro to Culture and Geography - Ancient Societies - Ancient Europe - Ancient Africa - Ancient Asia - Ancient Americas - Global Conflict - Global Movements
Lamu grapples with chikungunya and dengue fever endemics What you need to know: - Most of the prevailing cases are found in Lamu Island areas of Kashmir, Kandahar, Gadeni, Bajuri, Wiyoni, Mkomani, Matondoni, Shella, Hidabo, Makafuni, and Mararani. - In the mainland areas, such cases have been rampant in Hindi Division, Mokowe, Bar'goni, Mpeketoni and parts of Witu . Fatma Mohamed, a 31-year-old mother of two, could have died of chikungunya disease were it not for her husband, Mr Mohamed Ali, who rushed her to Langoni Hospital in Lamu town. Ms Mohamed was admitted to the facility for three days shortly after tests turned positive for the viral disease. Chikungunya is among Kenya's neglected tropical diseases. It is transmitted to humans by mosquitoes. It is caused by the chikungunya virus and its symptoms include fever, severe joint pain, muscle pain, swollen joints, headache, nausea, fatigue and rashes. "I am happy that I have recovered. I thank my husband for rushing me to the facility. Else, I would have died," said Ms Mohamed. Mr Shee Kombo,50, a resident of Kiwayu Island in Lamu East, had to be urgently taken to the King Fahad Hospital in Lamu Town recently after he developed sudden fever, chills and severe headache with a sharp pain behind the eyes. She also felt muscle and joint pain plus extreme fatigue. After various laboratory tests, he was diagnosed with dengue fever. Dengue fever is another mosquito-borne viral infection found in tropical and sub-tropical climates worldwide. Patients suffering from the disease also show symptoms such as abdominal pain, nausea, vomiting and a faint red rash on the upper body. The virus responsible for causing dengue can also cause an acute flu-like illness. Elsewhere, Sindi Kale's baby, two-year-old Sule, developed fever and frequent vomiting recently. Ms Sindi lives in Kiangwe village in terror-prone Boni Forest. She sought assistance from local leaders to help her take her fourth-born baby to hospital as she does not have a source of income. The baby was later diagnosed with both chikungunya and dengue fever at Langoni Hospital. Baby Sule was admitted at the facility for three days. "My baby is now okay. I was advised to ensure the baby takes enough water daily," said Ms Sindi. Ms Mohamed, Mr Kombo, and Baby Sule are just a few of the hundreds of cases of dengue fever and chikungunya that are being detected in Lamu almost daily. Currently, Lamu is grappling with chikungunya and dengue fever, with some hospitals admitting being overwhelmed by the many admissions related to the two diseases in recent times. At Langoni Hospital, the facility has a laboratory with advanced equipment that does all the tests required. The management confirmed that dengue fever and chikungunya are rampant. Statistics at the hospital show that more than 20 patients with severe chikungunya and dengue fever were admitted there in December alone, while more than 10 others who tested positive were treated at home. Langoni Hospital Director and Consultant Surgeon, Dr Nurein Mohidin, said the facility is currently having many chikungunya and dengue fever patients' admissions. This has forced them to discharge some patients prematurely to create space for others. "All our wards are at full capacity," said Dr Mohidin. County Disease Surveillance Office admitted that dengue fever is rampant across Lamu, noting that at least 1,170 cases were confirmed between January and November 2021. The number is high compared to 2020, where only 34 people were diagnosed with dengue fever. The county's health data also indicates that another 80 individualso suffered from Chikungunya in Lamu between January and February 2021. In 2020, no case of Chikungunya was reported in the county. Most of the prevailing cases are found mostly in Lamu Island areas of Kashmir, Kandahar, Gadeni, Bajuri, Wiyoni, Mkomani, Matondoni, Shella, Hidabo, Makafuni, and Mararani. In the mainland areas, such cases have been rampant in Hindi Division, Mokowe, Bar'goni, Mpeketoni and parts of Witu . Lamu Health Executive Anne Gathoni said in an effort to deal with the situation, routine surveillance has been ongoing across Lamu. She urged those with symptoms to present themselves to nearest health facilities so that their samples can be taken for further tests. "We have a whole unit on disease surveillance here. These diseases, especially dengue fever, are managed conservatively. We have always encouraged patients to consume enough fluids and use Panadol for the fever. We're no longer doing routine testing other than for surveillance," said Dr Gathoni. She also advised residents to maintain a clean environment and to get rid of any mosquito breeding grounds. "Stagnant water and bushes around homes will harbour mosquitoes and result in increased bites. When there is a number of infected individuals, the mosquitoes will pick the virus and take it to the next individual through a bite. My advice to the people is to eliminate all mosquito breeding sites near their homes and sleep under insecticide-treated bed nets." Mr Athman Abdalla, a resident of Mkomani, urged the devolved government to consider closing all the open sewers in the old town, terming them key mosquito breeding sites. This report is produced in partnership with the African Investigative Journalism Conference, an initiative of the Journalism Department at the University of Witwatersrand in South Africa, and the Nation Media Group.
From smartphones to computers, electronic devices are an integral part of our daily lives. But have people ever wondered how these devices are made? Electronic components are the building blocks of these devices, and they go through a production process to become the products we use every day. The production of electronic components involves several stages, starting with the creation of the raw materials. These materials are then processed and shaped into the desired form, such as resistors, capacitors, and transistors. Once the components are created, they are assembled into larger electronic devices, such as circuit boards and microchips. One common electronic component is the resistor, which is used to resist the flow of electric current. Resistors are made from materials such as carbon and metal and come in different sizes and values. For example, a 1k ohm resistor will have a resistance of 1,000 ohms. Another common electronic component is the capacitor, which stores electric charge. Capacitors are made from two conductive plates separated by a non-conductive material, and they come in different types and values. For example, a 100 microfarad capacitor can store 100 millionth of a farad of electric charge. A third common electronic component is the transistor, which acts as a switch or amplifier. Transistors are made from semiconductor materials, such as silicon, and come in different types, including bipolar junction transistors (BJTs) and field-effect transistors (FETs). Electronic components are essential in the production of modern devices, and their quality and reliability are crucial for the devices' performance. Therefore, it is essential to use high-quality components and follow proper manufacturing processes to ensure the devices function correctly. In conclusion, electronic components play a vital role in the production of electronic devices, and they go through a production process to become the products we use every day. Resistors, capacitors, and transistors are just a few examples of common electronic components, and their quality and reliability are crucial for the devices' performance. Media Contact Company Name: SHINE EVER (HONGKONG) CO., LIMITED Email: Send Email Phone: 86755-83220118 Address:Room 606, Side of Building 405, Shangbu Industrial Zone, No. 156, Zhenxing Road, Huahang Community, Huaqiangbei Street, Futian District, Shenzhen City, Guangdong Province. Country: China Website: https://www.shinecomponents.com/

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